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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78844 ***
+                          WEST AFRICAN FORESTS
+                              AND FORESTRY
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—=Mixed Evergreen Forest on the edge of Barombo
+Lake (Elephant Lake), Cotton Trees in foreground.=]
+
+                                                           Frontispiece.
+
+                          WEST AFRICAN FORESTS
+                              AND FORESTRY
+
+                                   BY
+
+                            A. HAROLD UNWIN
+                         D.OEC., M.CAN., S.F.E.
+              Late Senior Conservator of Forests, Nigeria
+
+                         WITH 110 ILLUSTRATIONS
+                             BY THE AUTHOR
+
+                          T. FISHER UNWIN LTD
+                        LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE
+
+
+                       _First published in 1920_
+
+                        _(All rights reserved)_
+
+
+
+
+                                   TO
+                               MY MOTHER
+
+
+
+
+                                PREFACE
+
+
+While going round inspecting timber areas being worked by European firms
+in Nigeria, I have often been asked for a book with illustrations
+showing the different kinds of trees which might be felled, and also
+giving some account of the trees themselves, as well as the main work of
+the Forest Department. It is with the idea of trying to supply this want
+that I have mainly compiled this work, in the hope that, however
+imperfect it may be, the various timber getters and users in Nigeria may
+find it useful.
+
+I have not attempted to give accurate descriptions of the trees, as this
+has already been done by Mr. Foster in his work _Notes on Nigerian Trees
+and Plants_, and I would refer readers to that volume, and to the
+botanical works, such as _Useful Plants of Nigeria_, issued under the
+authority of the Director of Kew Gardens, and the _Flora of Tropical
+Africa_, by Oliver; but only refer to some specific feature of the trees
+that are most common or useful, by which they can be recognized by an
+ordinary observer without botanical knowledge.
+
+I wish to acknowledge with thanks the assistance given to me by the
+Central and Southern Secretaries for permission to use the annual Forest
+Report from the year 1906 onwards.
+
+I wish also to express my thanks to the Under-Secretary of State for the
+Colonies for permission to use my Reports on the Forests of Sierra Leone
+and the Afforestation of Togo.
+
+To Mr. H. N. Thompson, the Chief Conservator of Forests of Nigeria, I am
+indebted for much useful information obtained from his Report on the
+Gold Coast Forests.
+
+To Mr. R. E. Dennett, Deputy Chief Conservator of Forests, who has given
+me much help and advice in compiling this work, and more especially for
+reading through the proofs, I tender my grateful thanks.
+
+Two most valuable chapters on the Forests and botanical features of the
+Northern Provinces of Nigeria were written by Dr. J. M. Dalziel, to whom
+I owe grateful thanks for his encouragement in this work.
+
+My greatest thanks are due to Mr. C. E. Lane-Poole, Commissioner of
+Forests, Victoria, for the use of the list of the Sierra Leone trees.
+
+To M. Chevalier I return grateful thanks for his list of the Ivory Coast
+trees.
+
+For the constant and unfailing interest and devotion to the work of Miss
+Christina E. Lacy, acting as amanuensis, I beg to extend my heartfelt
+thanks.
+
+Further thanks are also due to my wife, who has lent not only practical
+assistance, but has been the mainspring of inspiration for the
+completion of this work.
+
+
+
+
+                                CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+  PREFACE                                                           7-8
+
+  TABLE OF CHAPTERS                                               9, 10
+
+  LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS                                           11-16
+
+                               CHAPTER I
+
+  THE FORESTS OF WESTERN AFRICA                                   17-19
+
+                               CHAPTER II
+
+  THE GAMBIA                                                         20
+
+    DESCRIPTIONS OF TREES AND FORESTS                                20
+
+       APPENDIX I. THE FOREST LAW. (FEES)                            23
+
+       APPENDIX II. FOREST EXPORTS                                   24
+
+                              CHAPTER III
+
+  SIERRA LEONE                                                       25
+
+    I. THE FORESTS                                                   25
+
+   II. NOTES ON TIMBER TREES. (EXPORT AND LOCAL USE)                 26
+
+  III. TREES CUT FOR LOCAL USE                                       31
+
+   IV. MINOR FOREST PRODUCE                                          35
+
+    V. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT, SIERRA LEONE                           39
+
+   VI. BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES OF INDIGENOUS TREES, WITH      41
+       DESCRIPTION
+
+       APPENDIX I. EXPORTS OF FOREST PRODUCE                         63
+
+       APPENDIX II. FOREST PRODUCE, 1827-1835                        64
+
+       APPENDIX III. IMPORTS OF TIMBER INTO SIERRA LEONE             65
+
+                               CHAPTER IV
+
+  LIBERIA                                                            66
+
+    I. THE GOLA FOREST                                               66
+
+   II. NOTES ON THE MOST VALUABLE TREES                              66
+
+  III. THE CONDITIONS OF WORKING TIMBER                              69
+
+   IV. BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES OF INDIGENOUS TREES            70
+
+       APPENDIX. FOREST EXPORTS                                      80
+
+                               CHAPTER V
+
+  THE IVORY COAST                                                    81
+
+    A NOTE ON THE FOREST AND MAHOGANY INDUSTRY                       81
+
+    BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES OF TREES. BY MONSIEUR             83
+    AUGUST CHEVALIER
+
+    APPENDIX. FOREST EXPORTS                                         90
+
+                               CHAPTER VI
+
+  THE GOLD COAST                                                     91
+
+    THE FORESTRY POSITION                                            91
+
+    NOTES ON INDIGENOUS TREES                                        93
+
+    BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES. (FROM MR. H. N.                  93
+    THOMPSON’S REPORT)
+
+    APPENDIX. FOREST EXPORTS                                        115
+
+                              CHAPTER VII
+
+  TOGO                                                              116
+
+    I. THE FORESTS                                                  116
+
+   II. THE FOREST PLANTATIONS                                       119
+
+  III. THE DISTRICT PLANTATIONS                                     122
+
+   IV. NOTES ON INDIGENOUS TREES. BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES    127
+
+       APPENDIX I. INTRODUCED SPECIES OF TREES PLANTED              148
+
+       APPENDIX II. CENSUS OF PLANTATIONS                           149
+
+       APPENDIX III. EXPORTS OF FOREST PRODUCE                      150
+
+                              CHAPTER VIII
+
+  NIGERIA                                                           151
+
+    I. THE RIVERS, PORTS AND FORESTS                                151
+
+   II. THE MAHOGANY AND TIMBER INDUSTRIES                           155
+
+  III. THE PERMANENT FORESTS OR FOREST RESERVES                     160
+
+   IV. AFFORESTATION IN NIGERIA                                     166
+
+    V. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT                                        184
+
+   VI. REVIEW OF THE BOTANICAL FEATURES OF N. NIGERIA. BY DR. J.    188
+       M. DALZIEL
+
+       SOME TREES OF HAUSALAND. BY DR. J. M. DALZIEL                205
+
+       APPENDIX I. BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES OF INDIGENOUS     218
+       TREES. NORTHERN PROVINCES
+
+       APPENDIX II. EXPORTS OF FOREST PRODUCE                       226
+
+       APPENDIX III. IMPORTS OF TIMBER INTO NIGERIA                 227
+
+       APPENDIX IV. THE FEES AND ROYALTIES ON TIMBER TREES          228
+
+                               CHAPTER IX
+
+  THE NIGERIAN TIMBER TREES                                         235
+
+                               CHAPTER X
+
+  THE FORESTS AND TIMBER PRODUCTION OF THE BRITISH SPHERE           415
+  OF THE CAMEROONS
+
+    (WITH A NOTE ON THE FRENCH AND BELGIAN CONGO AND
+    SPANISH GUINEA)
+
+    NOTES ON DESCRIPTIONS OF TREES. BOTANICAL AND                   425
+    VERNACULAR NAMES
+
+       APPENDIX I. EXPORTS OF FOREST PRODUCE                        444
+
+       APPENDIX II. EXPORTS OF TIMBER ACCORDING TO PORT OF          445
+       SHIPMENT
+
+       APPENDIX III. EXPORTS OF TIMBER ACCORDING TO DESTINATION     446
+
+                               CHAPTER XI
+
+  THE OIL BEANS, SEEDS AND NUTS OF THE FOREST                       447
+
+                              CHAPTER XII
+
+  THE OIL PALM AND PALM KERNEL INDUSTRY                             464
+
+                              CHAPTER XIII
+
+  THE FOREST IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE                             485
+
+                              CHAPTER XIV
+
+  BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICAN FORESTS                              496
+
+  INDEX                                                             501
+
+
+
+
+                             ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                   I.
+
+    1. Mixed Evergreen Forest on the edge of Barombo     _Frontispiece_
+       Lake (Elephant Lake). Cotton Trees in foreground
+
+                           II. SIERRA LEONE.
+
+                                                         _To face page_
+
+    2. Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_), in the Forest,              16
+       Gumah
+
+    3. Mature Cola Tree (_Cola vera_), growing in Fundo              16
+       village, Protectorate of Sierra Leone
+
+    4. View of Gumah Mountain from the Gumah                         16
+
+    5. African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_), showing                  24
+       bole in middle foreground, near Bureh Town Bridge
+
+    6. African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_), showing                  24
+       scaly bark at base of tree, the late Mr. C. W.
+       Smythe standing beside it
+
+    7. _Pterocarpus esculentus_ in flower near Fakar                 40
+       Kole, at the edge of the Peninsular Forest
+
+    8. Forest of true Gum Copal (_Copaifera                          40
+       salikounda_), showing nearly all the trees bare
+       of foliage and dying, due to overtapping, near
+       Sussuwuru, Moyamba District
+
+    9. True Gum Copal (_Copaifera salikounda_), showing              40
+       base of stem with tapping squares, near the bank
+       of the Rokell River, north of Moyamba District
+
+                             III. LIBERIA.
+
+   10. Large Brimstone Tree (_Sarcocephalus sp._), Gola              66
+       Forest
+
+   11. African Satinwood (_Afrormosia laxiflora_), Gola              66
+       Forest
+
+   12. Gola Forest, general view, near Morro River                   80
+
+   13. Mahogany (_Khaya Ivoriensis_), the late Mr. C.                80
+       W. Smythe standing beside it, Gola Forest
+
+   14. Young Yawey Cedar (_Heritiera?_), Gola Forest                 80
+
+                               IV. TOGO.
+
+   15. Teak Plantation of 1908, 35¾ feet high, Sokode,               90
+       in 1911
+
+   16. Teak Plantation of 1907 and 1908 on hill-side,                90
+       Atakpame
+
+   17. One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to                     116
+       ten-year-old trees, 1911
+
+   18. Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode                     116
+
+   19. Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode                   116
+
+   20. Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode                    116
+
+   21. _Chlorophora excelsa_, 1911                                  126
+
+   22. Five-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode                    126
+
+   23. Five-year-old _Khaya Senegalensis_, 1911                     126
+
+   24. Teak Plantation made in 1907 at Pfandu, in 1911              136
+
+   25. _Khaya Klaineana_, 17 feet in girth, Misahohe                136
+       Station
+
+   26. Corner of a 1907 Teak Plantation, Pfandu, in 1911            136
+
+                      V. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.
+
+                          EBUTTEMETTA GARDENS.
+
+   27. Large Teak Tree (_Tectona grandis_), about                   150
+       sixteen years old, Ebuttemetta Gardens
+
+   28. Large Para (_Hevea Braziliensis_), Ebuttemetta               150
+       Gardens, age about sixteen years
+
+                      VI. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.
+
+             OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM AND RAILWAY PLANTATION AND
+                         TWO STUDIES OF CAPSULES.
+
+   29. The Chief Conservator of Forests’ House, with                162
+       five-year-old _Albizzia Lebbek_ standing beside
+       it
+
+   30. Three capsules of Mahogany (_Khaya grandis                   162
+       Ivoriensis_ and _Punchii_), from banks of Owena
+       River
+
+   31. Capsules of three species of Entandrophragma:                162
+       _E. macrophyllum_, the largest; _E. utilis_, the
+       next in size; and _E. cylindricum_, the smallest
+
+   32. _Cedrela odorata_, seven years old, with Forest              174
+       Office in background, Olokemeji
+
+   33. _Cedrela odorata_, Cigar-box Cedar, girth 5                  174
+       feet, twelve years old, Olokemeji Arboretum
+
+   34. Teak (_Tectona grandis_), ten years old,                     174
+       Olokemeji Arboretum
+
+   35. Teak, six years old, Olokemeji Arboretum                     184
+
+   36. _Khaya Senegalensis_, five years old, from seed              184
+       obtained by H. N. Thompson, Esq., in Shaki
+       District
+
+   37. Mature Iroko Tree (_Chlorophora excelsa_),                   184
+       over 12 feet in girth in 1911, since cut down
+       and used for building the Chief Conservator of
+       Forests’ house
+
+                   VII. NORTHERN PROVINCES, NIGERIA.
+
+   38. Marsh or “fadama” with islets of foliage, Benué              196
+       overflow near Yola
+
+   39. The Lower Niger in flood                                     196
+
+   40. Fringing Forest on River Benué, in the rainy                 196
+       season
+
+   41. A Baobab (_Adansonia digitata_)                              208
+
+   42. Giginya or “Fan Palm” (_Borassus flabellifer_,               208
+       var. _Æthiopum_), with waterlilies (_Nymphæaceæ_)
+
+               VIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM.
+
+   43. Mahogany (_Khaya grandis_), 6½ years old,                    216
+       showing bent leader, owing to previous one being
+       eaten out by the leading-shoot borer
+
+   44. 1909 Mahogany (_Khaya grandis_ and _K. Punchii_)             216
+       Plantation after six years’ growth, near road to
+       Chief Conservator’s house, Olokemeji Arboretum
+
+   45. The largest Mahogany (_Khaya Punchii_), seven                216
+       years old, Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest
+       Reserve
+
+   46. Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation, Olokemeji                228
+       Arboretum, showing it at the end of the dry
+       season, March 1915, Captain Owens
+
+   47. _Cedrela odorata_, Cigar-box Cedar, three years              228
+       old (seen close), R. E. Dennett, Esq.
+
+   48. Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation, with H.             228
+       N. Thompson, Esq., 1911
+
+   49. Shea Butter Tree (_Butyrospermum Parkii_),                   234
+       standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house,
+       June 1915, after being protected from fire eight
+       years
+
+   50. Teak (_Tectona grandis_), three years old,                   234
+       Compartment 2, Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+   51. Shea Butter Tree (_Butyrospermum Parkii_) in                 234
+       fruit, April 1911, standing near the Conservator
+       of Forests’ house. This tree has been protected
+       from fire for nearly four years
+
+   52. Shea Butter Tree (_Butyrospermum Parkii_),                   234
+       standing near the Conservator of Forests’
+       house. The same tree of which the fruit was
+       photographed April 1911
+
+                      IX. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.
+
+                  STUDIES OF TREES, OLOKEMEJI RESERVE.
+
+   53. Mature Opepe (_Sarcocephalus esculentus_), in                250
+       middle of picture, across Ogun River, Olokemeji
+       Forest Reserve
+
+   54. Mature Oganwo (_Khaya Punchii_), near Dajopa,                250
+       Olokemeji Reserve, showing base of stem for
+       nearly 12 feet stripped of bark
+
+   55. Large Emido (_Mimusops multinervis_), 10 feet in             250
+       girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+   56. Large-leaved Mahogany (_Khaya grandis_), 14                  260
+       feet in girth, with smaller Iroko (_Chlorophora
+       excelsa_), standing at the side, Olokemeji
+       Forest Reserve
+
+   57. Arere (_Triplochiton Nigericum_), 120 feet high,             260
+       thirty years old
+
+   58. Ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_), 7 feet 6                  260
+       inches in girth, on Dajopa Road, Olokemeji
+       Reserve
+
+   59. Large Ayin (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_), 10 feet in             272
+       girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+   60. Oil Palm in bearing, two bunches of fruit in                 272
+       view, Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+   61. Base of 14-foot Bilinga (_Afzelia Africana_),                284
+       Dajopa Forest Reserve, Olokemeji Reserve
+
+   62. Shea Butter (_Butyrospermum Parkii_), 7 feet in              284
+       girth, near Oniloku Road, Olokemeji Reserve
+
+   63. Afara (_Terminalia superba_), base of mature                 284
+       tree over 12 feet in girth, Olokemeji Reserve
+
+   64. _Afzelia Africana_, 14 feet in girth, showing                284
+       bole and usual fork, Ijaiye Range, Dajopa,
+       Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+                           X. WESTERN CIRCLE.
+
+                          FOREST TREES, ILARO.
+
+   65. _Khaya Ivoriensis_, 14 feet 8 inches in girth,               294
+       Ilaro Forest Reserve
+
+   66. Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_), 8 feet in girth,              294
+       standing in Ilaro Forest Reserve after Forest
+       was cleared
+
+                          XI. WESTERN CIRCLE.
+
+                   DRY ZONE VEGETATION, OYO DISTRICT.
+
+   67. _Khaya Senegalensis_, 1910, on bank of Ogun                  308
+       River, near Iporin, Oyo Province
+
+   68. Locust Tree (_Parkia filicoidea_), in bearing,               308
+       Oyo District, 1910
+
+                          XII. WESTERN CIRCLE.
+
+               STUDIES OF FOREST VEGETATION, ADO AND MAMU
+                                FOREST.
+
+   69. Mature Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) and Teak,               320
+       one year old, Mamu Forest Reserve, Ibadan
+       Province, 1915
+
+   70. Large full-grown Iroko Tree (_Chlorophora                    320
+       excelsa_) standing near Ibadan, Jebu Ode Road,
+       Mamu Forest Reserve, in May 1910. See Fig. 69,
+       which is of the same tree taken five years later
+
+   71. Untouched Forest on summit of Ado Rock, Oyo                  320
+       Province, 1910
+
+             XIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OSHUN AND MAMU FORESTS.
+
+   72. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking                      332
+       downstream, Oshun Forest Reserve
+
+   73. Large Arere Tree (_Triplochiton Nigericum_)                  332
+       already girdled and dead
+
+   74. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking                      332
+       upstream, Oshun Forest Reserve, Jebu Ode District
+
+   75. Ride between Compartments C and D, Mamu Forest               332
+       Reserve, Funtumia seedlings on either side, six
+       to eight years old
+
+              XIV. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, ONDO AND IWOYE
+                               FORESTS.
+
+   76. Path in Iwoye Forest, Western Circle, showing                342
+       parts of four mahogany trees in the picture
+
+   77. Mature Cocoanut Grove near stream in the middle              342
+       of Idanre Town, 1910
+
+               XV. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, IFON FOREST.
+
+   78. Osse River, looking downstream, edge of the                  354
+       Pool, Ifon District
+
+   79. Mixed Forest near Osse, looking upstream, Ifon               354
+       District
+
+              XVI. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, EBEKWI FOREST.
+
+   80. Heavy Sapeli Mahogany (_Entandrophragma utilis_)             364
+       standing near the road between Uyeri and Benin
+       City, Benin Province
+
+   81. Agba (Benin), (_Pterogopodium?_), standing near              364
+       Ifon Road, south of Uyeri, Benin Province
+
+                     XVII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA.
+
+                        OGBA PLANTATION, BENIN.
+
+   82. Benin Satinwood (_Afrormosia laxiflora_)                     376
+       standing in the Ogba Plantation, Benin District
+
+   83. Mixed Mahogany Plantation, _Khaya grandis_                   376
+       on left, _K. Punchii_ in centre, and
+       Entandrophragma in the right foreground, six
+       years old, near Ogba, Benin Province
+
+   84. Ogea, Gum Copal (_Daniellia caudata_), standing              376
+       in the Ogba Plantation, Benin Province
+
+              XVIII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, OBAGIE FOREST, BENIN.
+
+   85. _Khaya anthoteca_, 16 feet in girth, Obagie                  384
+       Forest Reserve, Benin Province
+
+   86. Okan (_Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_), African                    384
+       Greenheart, 24 feet in girth, standing in Obagie
+       Forest Reserve, Benin Province
+
+                XIX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, KOKO TOWN
+                              MAHOGANY.
+
+   87. Koko Town, with raft of mahogany logs moored                 396
+       near the bank
+
+   88. Mahogany logs floating in the river above Koko               396
+       Town
+
+            XX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, OSSE RIVER FOREST.
+
+   89. Funtumia Rubber Plantation, both sides of the                408
+       road, Igwoshudi, Benin
+
+   90. Mahogany Plantation, _Khaya Punchii_, twelve                 408
+       years old, near Noami, on the banks of the Osse
+       River, Benin Province
+
+   91. Entandrophragma log with three sides already                 408
+       squared and fourth partially cut ready for
+       squaring
+
+   92. Stump of _Khaya Punchii_ with log at base, left              408
+       in the Benin Forest
+
+            XXI. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.
+
+              DEGEMA FOREST STATION, INCLUDING IMO BRIDGE.
+
+   93. _Mimusops Djave_, about twelve years old,                    414
+       standing near Prison, Degema Station, Eastern
+       Circle
+
+   94. Mature Light African Greenheart, _Piptadenia                 414
+       Africana_, standing in the middle of Degema
+       Station
+
+   95. Young Oil Bean Tree in bearing, _Pentaclethra                414
+       macrophylla_, Degema Station
+
+   96. Red Oak, _Berlinia acuminata_, 20 feet in girth,             414
+       standing near the Sombreiro River, Degema Station
+
+   97. Base of Red Oak, _Berlinia acuminata_, showing               428
+       smooth bark with comparatively few large scales,
+       Degema Station
+
+   98. Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, nursery bed, with              428
+       seedlings two years old, at the side of Forest
+       House, Degema
+
+   99. The temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo, on                 446
+       the Eastern Division, Nigerian Railway. Note,
+       only native, locally grown timber used in its
+       construction
+
+  100. Medium-sized African Pearwood, _Mimusops Djave_,             446
+       standing in the middle of the road outside
+       Degema Station on the road to Illimema, since
+       felled, and logs sold in England
+
+  101. Inoi Tree, _Poga oleosa_, standing at the edge               446
+       of the Degema Station grounds
+
+                 XXII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CALABAR
+                       ARBORETUM AND STATION.
+
+  102. Oil Palm, _Elæis Guineensis_, eight years old,               460
+       in bearing, showing nine out of the twenty-one
+       bunches of fruit on the tree
+
+  103. Seven-year-old Oil Palm in bearing, rather                   460
+       over-pruned, showing male inflorescence just
+       below boy’s finger and bunch of fruit in the
+       middle of the picture
+
+  104. Mature _Brachystegia spicæformis_ standing at                472
+       the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing
+       the typical shape of the crown and branches
+
+  105. Base of mature _Brachystegia spicæformis_                    472
+       standing at the side of the Calabar Road,
+       Calabar, showing both the scaly untouched bark
+       and the wounded section covered with nodules
+
+              XXIII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CROSS RIVER.
+
+                        TEAK PLANTATIONS, NDEH.
+
+  106. Rest House Teak Plantation at Ndeh, showing rows             486
+       of trees 9 feet apart and 4 feet between
+
+  107. View between the lines of one-year-old Teak                  486
+       Plantation at Ndeh, in which trees were planted
+       4 feet apart
+
+            XXIV. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.
+
+                            IKRIGON FOREST.
+
+  108. Shinglewood, _Terminalia scutifera_, 12 feet in              496
+       girth, standing in the Ikrigon Forest Reserve,
+       Eastern Circle
+
+  109. Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, 15 feet in girth,              496
+       standing in Ikrigon Forest Reserve
+
+  110. Mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis (?)_, standing at              496
+       the edge of Ikrigon Forest Reserve, showing base
+       of trunk with old bark wounds already healed over
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—=Red Ironwood (Lophira procera) in the Forest,
+Gumah.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—=Mature Cola Tree (Cola vera), growing in Fundo
+Village, Protectorate of Sierra Leone.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—=View of Gumah Mountain, from the Gumah.=]
+
+
+                          WEST AFRICAN FORESTS
+                              AND FORESTRY
+
+                               CHAPTER I
+
+                     THE FORESTS OF WESTERN AFRICA
+
+
+From a large scale-map of Africa, the various British West African
+Colonies and Protectorates, as well as Liberia, French Ivory Coast, the
+late German Colonies of Togo and Cameroons, can be seen on the western
+side of that Continent. In fact, these territories are all within the
+Tropics, and also between the latitudes of 13° North in the Gambia to
+nearly the Equator in the Cameroons, and between longitude of 17° West
+to 10° East. Roughly speaking, Upper Guinea, as this part is usually
+called, covers an area of 100 to 200 miles wide by a length of over
+1,500 miles, as a sylvan belt mainly of one type of vegetation, which
+botanically, however, only begins to alter as the boundary of the
+Cameroons is approached in the eastern part of Nigeria. Therefore one
+finds several trees extending right through this area, and also an
+almost unbroken forest all the way along the coast line, and roughly 100
+to 150 miles inland. The width of the forest varies rather according to
+the aspect of the coast line, because the prevalent wind being south-
+west, the greatest rainfall, and thus the heaviest type of forest,
+occurs when the coast line runs at right angles to the prevailing wind.
+This occurs, for instance, near Calabar, Nigeria in the Cameroons, part
+of the Gold Coast near Axim, and Sierra Leone near Freetown. In some
+instances this effect is accentuated by the proximity of mountains near
+the coast, as, for instance, north of Calabar and north of Benin. One
+tree, which might be taken as a type, is the Rhodesian Mahogany,
+_Afzelia Africana_, which is found right in this belt of forest on its
+northern side. As the name implies, it is also found in Rhodesia, near
+the Victoria Falls. Mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis_, is another tree
+found in the Gambia, also in Nigeria right up to the Cameroon border,
+over 1,500 miles away.
+
+However, in this huge forest belt there are great variations in the
+rainfall, from 20 to over 175 inches in the Oban Hills of Nigeria. There
+are also, naturally, variations in soil and elevation, which make
+differences in the character of the forest. The proximity to the sea
+causes yet another difference in the type of vegetation, combined as it
+often is with low elevation.
+
+Broadly speaking, then, one can differentiate several distinct types of
+forest, though owing to slight changes in a locality the one merges into
+the other and very sharp boundary lines cannot be drawn.
+
+I. The Mangrove Swamps are usually near the sea coast, though not always
+at the sea coast; a strip of Evergreen Forest is usually found actually
+on the sandy dunes of the sea coast. The Mangrove Swamps also extend up
+the rivers near the coast as a fringe a mile or more wide.
+
+II. The Evergreen Forest is usually found on the sea coast, also
+extending inland up the rivers, and also on low land up to an elevation
+of a few hundred feet, as, for instance, the forest on the banks of the
+Calabar River.
+
+III. The Freshwater Swamp Forests are also found in this type of
+locality.
+
+IV. The Mixed intermediate Forest is found usually where the rainfall
+does not exceed 60 inches, or in slightly hilly country, and contains a
+few deciduous trees. Typical trees of this forest are the _Triplochiton
+Nigericum_ and _Mimusops multinervis_. It contains both evergreen and
+deciduous trees.
+
+V. The Fringing Forest, or “Gallerie” Forest of the Germans, is found at
+the edge of rivers or lakes, where the rainfall is otherwise too low for
+the mixed deciduous forests.
+
+VI. The Savannah Forest, sometimes so-called Dry-zone Forest, usually
+occurs with a rainfall of 30 to 50 inches. The typical tree of this is
+the _Lophira alata_.
+
+VII. The Evergreen Forest of the hills, chiefly above an altitude of
+2,000 or 3,000 feet. It is especially noticeable on Mount Itakum and the
+Boji Hills (elevation 5,000 feet).
+
+VIII. The Open Orchard Forest, with shrubby trees of small growth.
+
+These, then, roughly follow the Œcological Divisions according to
+Warming, which are as follows:
+
+  Mangrove Swamp,
+
+  True Savannah,
+
+  Treeless Savannah, low and high grass,
+
+  Bush Savannah,
+
+  Tree Savannah,
+
+  Savannah Forest,
+
+  Sclerophyllus formations, such as
+
+     Bush and Forest,
+
+     Bamboo Forest.
+
+Forests are in addition named after the locality, such as Benin Forests,
+Oban Forests, Ondo Forests. Again, yet another nomenclature is after the
+kind of tree represented, such as Evergreen Forest, where all the trees
+are evergreen all the year round; for instance, Calabar Forests, Ondo,
+South Benin.
+
+The mixed forests and intermediate forests, where the trees are both
+evergreen and deciduous, growing side by side, such as Olokemeji
+Forests, Benin Forests, Obubra Forests, and Bende Forests. Thus
+summarising the Nigerian Forests, we get the following formations:
+
+  1. Nigerian Swamp                  Evergreen: Mangrove, type tree.
+
+  2. Evergreen Forests               _Lophira procera_, _Parinarium_.
+
+  2a. Freshwater Swamp Forests       _Cynometra mitragyne_.
+
+  3. Mixed Deciduous, intermediate   _Triplochiton_, Iroko,
+  Forests                            _Chlorophora excelsa_.
+
+  3a. Fringing Forests               Mixed, deciduous really.
+
+  4. Canopied Deciduous Forests      Olokemeji: _Berlinia_, _Afzelia_.
+  (sometimes termed dense Savannah
+  Forests)
+
+  5. Open Deciduous Forests          _Paradaniella Oliverii_, _Eugenia
+                                     Owariensis_, _Terminalia
+                                     Togoensis_.
+
+  6. Tree Savannah Orchard Forest    _Lophira alata_, Shea butter,
+                                     _Acacia_; _Iwu, Oyo, Ndeh_.
+
+  7. Treeless Savannah               Grass, a few stunted bushes of
+                                     _Acacia Isoberlinia_, North Ogoja.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II
+
+                               THE GAMBIA
+
+
+In the early part of the nineteenth century a considerable quantity of
+African Mahogany, obtained from _Khaya Senegalensis_, a dry-zone
+mahogany-tree, was shipped to England; in fact, this was the original
+source of African Mahogany, as also it was the first tree from which it
+was obtained. Even now this tree is one of the most prevalent in the
+strip of land on both banks of the Gambia, so far as British territory
+is concerned.
+
+At the present time no mahogany is being shipped from the Gambia, but
+recently an Ordinance was passed regulating the cutting of firewood and
+forest trees.
+
+Forests in the ordinary sense of the word cannot be said to exist in the
+Gambia, but no doubt a considerable amount of timber could be obtained
+from the dry-zone country. The total length of the colony is 300 miles,
+and approximately 5 miles wide, on either side of the Gambia River,
+which makes it in the aggregate a considerable tract of country, in all
+4,500 square miles, of which the colony proper occupies 4 square miles.
+
+So far only Rosewood (_Pterocarpus erinaceus_), Mahogany (_Khaya
+Senegalensis_), and small pieces of Baywood, probably also a mahogany,
+have been reported from the Gambia. In 1908 a certain amount of wood was
+cut for the making of charcoal by a man from the Canary Islands. In
+1909, 102 tons of charcoal were exported, and in 1910, 176 tons, valued
+at £634. Since then no other returns are available, so apparently this
+industry has come to an end. There is no Forest Officer in the Gambia,
+and no proposals for Forest Reserves have been put forward by the
+Government. Part of the land near the mouth of the Gambia is swampy and
+covered with the usual Mangrove forests.
+
+In the _Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, vol. viii, 1910, p. 244, it
+is stated that the specimens of rosewood and mahogany forwarded to the
+Imperial Institute were reported on as follows:
+
+Rosewood (_Dalbergia sp._), reddish-yellow with darker lines and red
+pores, solid and compact, resembling rosewood except in colour. The
+timber would not pass as rosewood on the market. It has an agreeable
+odour, is hard and heavy, weighing 45½ lb. per cubic foot. It turned and
+polished well, sawed very easily, but was difficult to plane; planing
+left a smooth, bright surface.
+
+Mahogany (_Khaya Senegalensis_) may be looked upon as inferior baywood,
+the wood light in colour, of poor figure, hard to plane, but when planed
+leaves the surface bright and woolly in alternate bands; very cross
+grained, sawed and turned easily. Weight, 41½ lb. per cubic foot. Should
+be very useful locally, but probably not of sufficient value for much
+export trade.
+
+Even in this comparatively small colony a certain amount of forest land
+should be preserved, more especially that which is unsuitable for
+agriculture. In every country there is always some poor or rocky land
+which is not favourable to the growing of agricultural crops.
+
+The oil palm is another useful tree, which yields the well-known palm
+oil and kernels; however, here the oil is required locally for
+alimentary purposes, and therefore only the palm kernels are exported.
+
+The following shows the exports for five years:
+
+  Year.   Tons.     £       s.   d.
+
+  1910    467     5,640     0    0
+
+  1911    443     4,756     0    0
+
+  1912    445     6,518     0    0
+
+  1913    545     9,026     0    0
+
+  1914    494½    7,814    17   11
+
+It will be noticed that the very high prices ruling for part of 1913 and
+the beginning of 1914 had the effect of causing increased exports to be
+made.
+
+Here, as in the case of other products, planting could be undertaken
+with advantage, as the yield of kernels and oil is good; even if the
+increased amount of oil produced was sold locally, the increased output
+of kernels would find a market in England, where they are needed.
+
+It is a tree which allows cultivation of field crops to be made between
+the oil palms for several years before the palms become too big and shut
+out the light necessary for field crops. In the drier climate of the
+Gambia a planting distance of probably 16 feet would be sufficient to
+ensure a good yield, and yet give sufficient distance between the trees
+to allow room for them even when mature.
+
+If an Agricultural or Forest Department, which at present does not exist
+in the Gambia, could not supply young seedlings or nuts for planting,
+one of the trading firms could secure them from one of the other West
+Coast Protectorates. Of course, in many cases, if the natives could be
+induced to believe that a good price would always be paid for kernels,
+they would no doubt make small plantations of oil palms themselves, as
+some fruit always falls to the ground in the picking, is thus not
+boiled, and so is suitable for furnishing seed for planting. It is, of
+course, inadvisable to plant boiled nuts, as many do not germinate,
+owing to the germ having been destroyed by the boiling of the fruit;
+others do, however, as can be seen in the young oil palms sprouting from
+heaps of uncracked nuts which the natives leave near the villages.
+
+
+                               APPENDIX I
+
+                         FOREST FEES IN GAMBIA
+
+
+A new list was published by the Legislative Council in Gambia which
+fixes the different rates of fees for the right of felling useful timber
+for export.
+
+The fees are as follows:
+
+             _Felling of Useful Timber for Export._
+
+  For each sort of useful trunk            10s. per trunk.
+
+      _Felling of Useful Timber which is not intended for Export._
+
+  For each trunk, Rosewood (Jacaranda,     5s. per trunk.
+  Palisander wood)
+
+  For each trunk, Mahogany                 1s. per foot after felling.
+
+  For each trunk in Mandingo Falls         9d. per foot after felling.
+
+  For each trunk in Tumbo                  8d. per foot after felling.
+
+  For each trunk in Jaffo                  6d. per foot after felling.
+
+  For each trunk, Cotton-tree              4d. per foot after felling.
+
+  For every other valuable tree            4d. per cubic foot.
+
+
+                              APPENDIX II
+
+                       THE GAMBIA—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+  [Quant.: Quantity.]
+
+ ----------+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------
+           |        1909.      |        1910.      |       1911.
+  Products.+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+           |  Quant.   |   £   |  Quant.   |   £   |  Quant.   |   £
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+  Cane     |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Gum      |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —
+  Arabic   |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Ground   |53,644 tons|323,231|58,456 tons|387,943|47,931 tons|437,472
+  nuts     |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Palm     | 389 tons  |  3,526| 467 tons  |  5,640| 444 tons  |  4,758
+  kernels  |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Rubber   |15,548 lb. |  1,550| 7,148 lb. |    952|10,733 lb. |    836
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Wax      |48,969 lb. |  2,180|25,718 lb. |  1,274|33,871 lb. |  1,514
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Wood and |  4 pkgs.  |      4| 162 pkgs. |     63| 155 pkgs. |     28
+  timber   |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Oil      | 361 gals. |     39| 108 gals. |     12|     —     |   —
+  (palm)   |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Lumber   |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Gum copal|     —     |   —   |  90 lb.   |   —   |     —     |   —
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+    TOTALS |  4 pkgs.  |330,530| 162 pkgs. |395,885| 155 pkgs. |444,608
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |54,033 tons|       |58,923 tons|       |48,375 tons|
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |64,509 lb. |       |32,956 lb. |       |44,604 lb. |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+           | 361 gals. |       | 108 gals. |       |           |
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+ ----------+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------
+           |        1912.      |        1913.      |       1914.
+  Products.+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+           |  Quant.   |   £   |  Quant.   |   £   |  Quant.   |   £
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+  Cane     |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —   | 59 bdls.  |      4
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Gum      |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —   |  2 tons   |     44
+  Arabic   |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Ground   |64,169 tons|502,069|67,404 tons|622,098|66,884 tons|650,460
+  nuts     |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Palm     | 445 tons  |  6,518| 546 tons  |  9,026| 494 tons  |  7,814
+  kernels  |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Rubber   | 4,335 lb. |    409|12,995 lb. |  1,027| 3,548 lb. |    102
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Wax      |30,830 lb. |  1,164|31,518 lb. |    990|15,513 lb. |    473
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Wood and | 178 pkgs. |     55|1,562 pkgs.|     20| 30 pkgs.  |     10
+  timber   |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Oil      |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —
+  (palm)   |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Lumber   | 273 feet  |      2|     —     |   —   |     —     |   —
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+  Gum copal|     —     |   —   |     —     |   —   |     —     |   —
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+    TOTALS | 178 pkgs. |500,218|1,562 pkgs.|633,161| 30 pkgs.  |658,911
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |64,614 tons|       |67,950 tons|       |67,382 tons|
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+           |35,165 lb. |       |44,513 lb. |       |19,061 lb. |
+           |           |       |           |       |           |
+           | 273 feet  |       |           |       | 59 bdls.  |
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.—=African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing bole
+in middle foreground, near Bureh Town Bridge.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.—=African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing Scaly
+Bark at base of tree, the late Mr. C. W. Smythe standing beside it.=]
+
+                                                          To face p. 24.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER III
+
+                              SIERRA LEONE
+
+
+                            I. THE FORESTS.
+
+
+The Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone cover an area of
+approximately 34,000 square miles, or, to make it more comprehensible,
+it is almost the same size as Ireland. Probably in the earliest times
+the whole territory was covered with some kind of arborescent growth,
+varying from open savannah and deciduous forest to close, impenetrable
+evergreen rain forest.
+
+Now scarcely 1 per cent. of this forest remains, one of the most
+important tracts being the Sierra Leone or Peninsular Mountain Forest,
+situated on the mountain due east of Freetown. The whole of this region
+was once covered with forest, now reduced to an area of approximately 48
+square miles, or 30,000 acres. All this tract down to the 500-foot
+control line has been reserved as a permanent forest, so that eventually
+the whole peninsular forest will have an area of 75 square miles.
+Illustrations Nos. 2 and 4 show a general view of these forests.
+
+Other important mountain forests are those situated on the Kassewe
+Hills, Kagnari Mountains, Kambui Hills, Panguma Hills, Nimmini
+Mountains, Loma Mountains, Bunbola Hills, and Maramper Hills. In
+addition to these areas, timber trees are felled at Kangahan and Yonni,
+as well as in the peninsular mountains and Maramper Hills, especially
+for local use.
+
+Turning now to a consideration of the forests more in detail, one
+naturally first deals with the most accessible ones, i.e. of the
+peninsular mountains. From the beautiful harbour of Freetown, Sierra
+Leone, one sees the edge of these forests between Leicester Peak and
+Sugar Loaf Mountains. From these two points it skirts the hill station,
+extending thence roughly parallel to the sea as far as Kent; the largest
+wooded slopes face the ocean, only a narrow strip of forest being found
+on the landward side of the mountains near Burehtown and John Obey. The
+forest extends practically from the water’s edge on the estuary of the
+Bureh River right up the mountains to an elevation of 2,000 feet, with a
+rainfall of upwards of 160 inches per year. Silvan vegetation is very
+luxuriant, the giant trees standing close together, often entwined and
+joined to each other by various large creepers, the whole forming an
+almost impenetrable grove, into which only the diffused light of the sun
+reaches. The undergrowth is not very thick, except where old trees have
+fallen or where mature trees have been felled; this is partly owing to
+the dense shade of the tall trees, and therefore the trunks of these
+trees can be seen. A large Cedar Mahogany 23 feet in circumference was
+seen. This specimen of a mahogany was one of the largest trees found,
+and shows to what size the trees attain in this peninsular forest. One
+of the commonest trees found is the Red Ironwood, or sometimes called in
+Sierra Leone Ironpost, botanically known as _Lophira procera_. A picture
+of a large specimen of one of this species is shown as illustration No.
+2. Another very common tree is a species of Mimusops, known as pearwood,
+or sometimes mahogany, when sold as timber. The African Violetwood,
+sometimes known as Blackwood, is comparatively common. Rhodesian
+Mahogany, usually called Kontah, botanically known as _Afzelia
+Africana_, is also found. Real African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_) is
+seen singly scattered throughout forests. A patch of true Gum Copal
+trees is found, as well as isolated specimens in some parts of the
+forest. Rock Elm (_Chlorophora excelsa_) is seen both in the forest and
+in the clearings made for farms. The Oil Palm (_Elaeis guineensis_) is
+sparsely distributed in the forest, but more frequent in the abandoned
+farms. The above-named trees are representative of some of the very
+large number of hardwoods and other trees of economic value in the
+forest. There are, however, also a very large number of softwoods found
+scattered amongst the other trees in the forest; a beautiful Whitewood
+(_Alstonia Congensis_) is, for instance, one of such softwoods. The
+Cotton Tree (_Eriodendron anfractuosum_) is probably the one most
+commonly found. Various Albizzias are also met with in a similar manner.
+
+
+                       II. NOTES ON TIMBER TREES.
+
+
+Taking now the different species of timber trees individually, the
+following are most important:
+
+1. Real African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_), which is termed Tortorza by
+the Timanis and Paulai by the Mendis. As illustration No. 5 shows, this
+is a very large and tall tree. It often attains a bole length of 50 feet
+and a girth of 16 feet. It is found singly, scattered through the
+forest. The habit of its branches, open crown, and greyish bark make it
+look not unlike a European oak. In reality the bark is scaly, gradually
+peeling off in flakes. The tree in illustration No. 6 shows this
+characteristic peculiarity to advantage, and also shows a medium-sized
+tree, approximately 10 feet in girth. The tree fruits moderately, and
+has an indehiscent capsule not unlike the shape, size and colour of an
+oak-apple. The capsule has five faint ribs on its surface, but contains
+only three seeds. The little seedling, with light grey stem and white
+lenticels, is easily recognized. It usually has also only three leaflets
+on its leaves, instead of forming true digitate leaves as a full-grown
+tree. The sapling once started shows fairly rapid growth, and during the
+early years stands a good deal of shade. It should therefore be
+classified as a slight shade-bearer. African Oak is a dark reddish-brown
+wood, which is very hard and most durable. It has, of course, a much
+closer grain than ordinary oak. A very smooth surface can be obtained by
+planing the timber. Locally, small trees are cut for conversion by pit-
+saw into timber for boat keels. This timber was exported as teak from
+Sierra Leone 1827 to 1835 for use in the English Navy. It was afterwards
+lost sight of, though the natives continued to use it locally. During
+1908 a few round logs of short length (12-16 feet) of this timber were
+exported to England and sold in a Liverpool market for 2s. 6d. per cubic
+foot (extreme measure).
+
+2. Ironpost, or African Oak, or Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_), is the
+most common tree throughout the peninsula. According to the Conservator
+of Forests in Sierra Leone, 80 per cent. of the trees of the peninsular
+forest are _Lophira procera_. All stages of growth are found, from the
+smallest seedlings to the largest tree, over 100 feet high and 20 feet
+in girth. In the forest the tree has an orange-coloured bark, which
+rapidly turns grey when exposed to the rays of the sun. The bole is not
+always quite cylindrical, especially near the base, where it often
+develops rather angular root protuberances. This seems to occur more
+often on rocky ground, such as that where the tree is found in the
+peninsula. For a similar reason the bole is not always straight, though
+in the ordinary way the tree has a comparatively small crown with short
+branches. Thus, in proportion to the size of the tree, the bole is very
+long, the twigs are thickish, and the long thin paper-knifelike leaves
+appear at the ends of them. Seedlings seem to come up wherever suitable
+conditions of reproduction are found. A clear bole is typical of these
+trees in the pole stage of growth. Illustration No. 2 shows a large
+specimen on the edge of the forest, and there are many large trees with
+the peculiar root protuberances, growing in the forest. The timber is
+very hard and of a dark red colour, which it retains when dry. The
+heartwood forms comparatively early in the life of the tree, and
+although the sapwood is white, it is almost as hard as the heartwood.
+For this reason comparatively small trees yield timber, and thus can be
+felled earlier than trees in which the heartwood forms later. Of course,
+in this connection it should not be forgotten that the market does not
+desire logs of too small a size, i.e. of 18 inches or under, when
+squared. Locally this is known as Ironpost, and is sold for house-
+building, and, as its name implies, it is used for the uprights of the
+house. The Public Works Department have a regular schedule of timbers
+which are used, and this timber is mentioned amongst them, and is bought
+from native contractors at 3d. per superficial foot for boards, and 3d.
+to 6d. per linear foot for beams and posts. This timber has been used as
+a substitute for real African Oak, when it is sold as African Oak. A
+regular supply of logs could be obtained from the peninsular forest.
+
+3. Cedar Mahogany (_Pseudocedrela sp._; termed Bissimi by the Mendis).
+This tree, which grows to a very large size, is not very prevalent. The
+largest tree, some 23 feet in girth, was found above the Gumah. The bole
+is usually very long and straight, which makes it very cylindrical. This
+last characteristic of the tree is all the more accentuated by its
+having no root projections at its base. This species appears to be one
+of the largest trees in the forest. It is apparently a very fast-growing
+tree, forming heartwood comparatively early, though the sapwood is
+rather wide (up to 10 inches in a tree 7 feet in diameter). This timber
+has not been exported, but wood from similar trees on the coast has been
+exported and sold in the European market as mahogany (scented). There is
+no reason to believe, therefore, that the wood from this tree would not
+fetch a similar price. Owing to this tree being so fullwooded, a larger
+proportion of the bole can be converted into logs than is the case with
+other kinds of mahogany trees which have large root flanges.
+
+4. African Walnut (_Lovoa Klaineana_). This is a medium-sized tree of
+the Mahogany family, which, owing to the brown colour of the wood, has
+been termed African Walnut in the timber trade. Although not very
+prevalent, it yields one of the timbers suitable for export.
+
+5. Satin Mahogany (_Guarea sp._) is another medium-sized tree which is
+prevalent in most parts of the peninsula. The grain of the timber is of
+course similar to Mahogany, as the tree from which it is obtained
+belongs to the Mahogany family. The timber when planed has a satiny
+sheen on it, which may make it valuable in the European market. It has
+not been cut for local use.
+
+6. African Pearwood (_Mimusops sp._) is a large tree with a good bole of
+fair length. Only a moderate number of this species were found, but
+there are at least two, if not three, other species of Mimusops which
+yield a timber which has been sold as mahogany. The grain of the timber
+of the first-named tree is more open, sometimes figured, and of a
+lighter reddish colour than the other species. These other trees yield a
+dark-red timber of close grain, which is much harder than mahogany.
+These Mimusops are found at a higher altitude than most timber trees.
+The forest, therefore, above an elevation of 2,000 feet, is much more
+valuable owing to the presence of this tree. These trees attain a girth
+of 12 feet and a height of upwards of 150 feet. The bark of the trunk of
+the tree is smoother than that of mahogany.
+
+7. White Mahogany (_Canarium Schweinfurthii_), also known sometimes as
+Gaboon Mahogany, is a very tall forest tree which attains a bole length
+of 70 feet, with a girth of 10 feet. It is not very plentiful, but is
+one of the light-coloured species of mahogany. It has a definite
+shipping value of 2s. 6d. in the round per cubic foot.
+
+8. African Mammee or Mammy Apple (_Ochrocarpus Africanus_) is a large
+tree attaining a girth of 10 feet, with a bole length of 30 feet. It is
+moderately prevalent. The timber has a pretty grain, and is of a reddish
+colour, which is similar to mahogany.
+
+9. Dita (_Detarium Senegalense_) is a large tree with the bole length of
+30 feet and a girth of 12 feet. Although it is not a very common tree,
+it is a useful addition to the number of trees which yield timber
+similar to mahogany. The fruit is large, has an edible pericarp, and is
+sold in the market under the name of Dita.
+
+10. Red Cedar (species of Sterculiaceæ) is a large and straight-growing
+tree, which reaches a girth of 10 feet. The tree has very characteristic
+root flanges, which can be seen in illustration No. 10. The timber has a
+mahogany-like grain, though of a somewhat more open texture. It is one
+of the most prevalent trees in the peninsular forest.
+
+11. Kontah, or Mahogany (_Afzelia Africana_), is a large tree with oval
+crown and bole length of 30 feet. Only a few specimens were met with in
+the forest, though the tree often grows up in old clearings. The timber
+is of a reddish-brown colour, somewhat hard and very durable. It takes
+the place of an oak timber economically, although it is not really of
+that type. The grain of the timber has much longer and more open pores
+than oak, though it could probably be sold as an oak or teak substitute
+in the European market.
+
+12. Rock Elm, also known as African Oak or Teak, is a common tree
+attaining large dimensions. Being a very durable wood of moderate
+hardness, it largely takes the place of European oak in the economy of
+the country, which, with its yellowish light-brown wood, rapidly
+becoming a nice old-oak brown colour, makes it a very similar timber,
+although, as the first name, Rock Elm, indicates, the tree is
+botanically a member of the Elm family. White ants occasionally attack
+its sapwood, but make no progress in the heartwood. The wood is not
+attacked by fungi to any extent. Wherever the rainfall is sufficient,
+seedlings of this tree come up in the old farms, and when cut down it
+sprouts again from the stump.
+
+13. East Indian Walnut (_Albizzia Lebbek_) is a medium-sized tree which
+grows very quickly. The heartwood, which matures comparatively early, is
+a light-brown colour, similar to walnut. The timber has an open, pretty
+grain. It is one of the trees which comes up in old farms, provided
+rainfall is moderate.
+
+14. Satinwood (_Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_) is a medium-sized tree with a
+clear bole of 30 feet, combined with a narrow crown and small branches.
+It is a very common tree in the peninsular forest, and it is also found
+growing up in the old farms, where the rainfall is adequate (60 inches).
+The wood is the typical light-yellow colour. The grain of the timber is
+very fine and hard, which makes it less liable to shrink than other more
+open-grained woods. The heartwood forms early, though where trees grow
+up very quickly, roughly only half of the diameter width of a tree is
+made of heartwood. That is to say, in a tree a foot in diameter,
+approximately 6 inches will be heartwood. In the evergreen forest there
+is another species of Zanthoxylum which attains a rather larger size
+than the first named. It is, however, not quite so prevalent as the
+other species. In common with other species of Zanthoxylum, it bears all
+round the stem extremely large woody spines. In this species the spiny
+protuberances are exactly like small round cones of wood, with a
+diameter 2 inches at the base. Yet a third species of _Zanthoxylum
+Senegalense_ yields a similar satinwood, almost as close grained, which,
+however, is found growing as a small tree at the edge of the deciduous
+forest before the dry-zone belt is reached. This tree is characterised
+by its much smaller leaf, with pinnæ broader in proportion to their
+length than the former species. In a similar manner the woody
+protrusions on the stem do not project more than three-quarters of an
+inch from it, compared to those of the second-named species, which
+attain a length of 3 inches. The timber of this dry-zone Satinwood is
+just as valuable as the former species. It is fairly prevalent in the
+more open forest where it is found. It withstands the annual grass fires
+to some extent, and seedlings appear in the neighbourhood of mature
+trees.
+
+15. Violetwood is a medium-sized tree with a smooth bark not unlike
+beech, and a bole of up to 20 feet in length and 12 feet in girth. It
+is, however, a little crooked in growth, but this is not an undesirable
+feature, because the texture of the grain often thus becomes figured.
+Specimens which were collected showed this growth, and a few species had
+a very pretty figured grain. It is quite a common tree in the peninsular
+forest. The fruit of this tree is a pod about a foot long and an inch
+wide, containing on the average eight oblong flattish beans. The wood is
+of a greenish-brown colour, and is very hard, heavy and durable, judging
+by the timber of fallen trees. The timber when planed has a scent of
+violets, hence the English name which I have given to it. The tree has
+not been cut for use as an export timber, though it is well worth a
+trial. It is not used locally, so that all available supplies of timber
+could be used for export.
+
+16. _Pterocarpus erinaceus_ (African Rosewood) is a small tree of the
+savannah forest, which is found in the Karina district and other parts
+of the country. It is one of the commonest trees, and occurs in small
+groups scattered throughout these forests. The timber is a reddish-brown
+colour and of a similar texture to the ordinary Camwood or Padauk, of
+which genus it is a member. The wood, however, of this species is much
+harder than that of the others, and the coloration is often partially
+streaked, both features being due probably to the much slower growth
+owing to the annual grass fires. From the neighbouring territory of
+Senegal the timber has been exported to France as African Rosewood,
+where it finds a good market; but it is doubtful if it could compete
+with the Bahia Rosewood in the English market, owing to its less
+brilliant colour; the timber is, however, worth a trial.
+
+17. _Baphia nitida_ (Camwood) is a small-sized tree, which is commonly
+found at the edge of villages and in old farms. It is a somewhat slow-
+growing tree, in which the heartwood forms none too early and in a
+somewhat irregular manner, occasionally small patches forming
+comparatively near the bark. The wood is hard, and the heartwood of a
+deep claret-red colour. The timber is close grained and of fine texture,
+which planes very smooth after being cut and dried. In recent years much
+smaller quantities of Camwood have been sent away (see Appendix I) than
+between the years 1827 and 1835 (see Appendix II), when between 5 and
+802 tons were exported. In this connection, too, there can be no doubt
+that Camwood is obtained from the tree known botanically as _Baphia
+nitida_, because this tree is found in Sierra Leone, whereas Barwood, or
+the so-called Camwood of Nigeria, the produce of _Pterocarpus
+tinctorius_ or Osun, which has not yet been reported from the
+neighbourhood of Sierra Leone, could not have been absolutely killed out
+between the years 1835 and 1900.
+
+
+                     III. TREES CUT FOR LOCAL USE.
+
+
+1. _Morinda citrifolia?_ (the Brimstone) is the most common tree, from
+which the largest amount of timber which is used locally is obtained.
+Growing, as it does, with a girth up to 20 feet and a bole length of 50
+feet, the local sawyers can usually make a very large number of 12-feet
+planks 1 inch thick out of each tree. The chief use of this timber is
+for weather-boards, which are sold at 10s. per 100 feet. All the native
+houses in Freetown are faced with weather-boards of this kind of timber.
+After being cut down, shoots sprout out from the stump, forming in a few
+years small trees of useful size, especially in old farms. The name of
+this tree, Brimstone, denotes the wonderful sulphur-like colour of the
+wood. The durability of this timber for outside work and its termite-
+resisting qualities have given it a premier position amongst local
+timbers. The Brimstone has a fruit not unlike coffee, and bears seeds
+plentifully; it should therefore not be difficult to raise seedlings for
+making plantations. The trees grown from stool-shoots do not appear to
+attain nearly such a large size as those grown from seedlings in the
+forest.
+
+2. _Chlorophora excelsa_ (Rock Elm, African Oak) is a common tree which
+is cut for local use. The heartwood, which rapidly darkens from a light-
+yellow brown colour to a dark old-oak brown colour on exposure to air,
+is very durable for inside or outside work. Though white ants attacks
+and destroy the sapwood, they make little or no progress in properly
+seasoned heartwood. Locally it realises 10s. per 100 feet. It is
+plentiful, and has a distinct tendency to spread into old farms, where
+the seedlings have more light to develop than in the forest.
+
+3. _Iyawey_ (Red Cedar, or Isganwe) is also a common tree which is cut
+for local use. It is a large and straight-growing tree, and attains a
+girth of about 10 feet. Owing to the wood being comparatively soft, easy
+to saw and of a nice red colour, it fetches 12s. per 100 feet, which is
+more than is obtained for several other local timbers.
+
+4. _Oldfieldia Africana_ (Black Oak, Beechwood) is cut for local use,
+for sale as planks at 2¼d. per foot, and uprights and beams at 3s. per
+cubic foot. One of the chief uses of this timber is for the keelsons of
+the locally made sea-going boats. Owing to the difficulty of the local
+sawyers in handling heavy logs on the raised wooden pit-saw framework on
+which the logs are sawn, only comparatively small trees are felled, and
+consequently there is more waste, and undersized trees are prematurely
+sacrificed owing to the poor methods of the local sawyers. Less timber,
+especially heartwood, is thus obtained.
+
+5. _Parinarium sp._ (White Oak) is a moderately common tree. It attains
+a good height and a girth of 12 feet. It has large root flanges reaching
+about 10 feet up the bole. Although a somewhat hard wood, it is used
+locally either as planks and posts or as beams and logs. It is said to
+be durable, and is worth 2s. per cubic foot when sawn.
+
+6. _Afzelia Africana_ (Mahogany, Kontah) is a medium-sized tree which is
+not very prevalent in the forest, but is much more so outside in the
+open forest country. The timber, which is hard, has an open grain with a
+good yellow-brown colour, not unlike Iroko. It is very durable, and used
+as planks and logs. In the plank it is sold at 6d. per superficial foot,
+and in the log at 3s. 6d. per cubic foot. This is considered one of the
+best local woods, partly owing to its grain being somewhat similar to
+mahogany. Seedlings appear in old farms where there are but few
+grasshoppers. Otherwise trees grown in a nursery are attacked by these
+insects, as well as by rodents of different kinds.
+
+7. _Daniellia Ogea_ (Blue Bessie) is sold as planks at 3d. per
+superficial foot. It is closely related to _Paradaniella Thurifera_; the
+former tree is more prevalent in the green forest, and the latter in the
+open deciduous forests, which attains a girth of 10 feet and a bole
+length of 30 feet, while the first-named species reaches a girth of over
+20 feet and a bole length of over 100 feet. It is sold locally chiefly
+for house-building.
+
+8. _Griffonia palescens Koronko_ is felled for sale as planks at 2½d.
+per superficial foot.
+
+9. _Coula edulis?_ (Almond Wood) is a medium-sized tree which is cut
+into planks 1 to 2 inches thick and up to 12 feet long, and sold at 2½d.
+per superficial foot.
+
+10. _Rhizophora racemosa_ (Mangrove) grows in pure “stands” in the
+swamps near the sea coast, chiefly in the estuaries of the rivers. It
+attains a girth of 4 feet and a height of 80 feet. It is sold as poles 9
+to 12 feet in diameter at the rate of 2½d. per cubic foot. Very large
+areas of mangrove forest occur, so that ample supplies of this kind of
+timber are assured. Locally it is often used for house-building, and is
+preferred to many other timbers.
+
+11. _Ochrocarpus Africanus_ (Mammy Apple) is a large tree attaining a
+girth of 10 feet and a bole length of 30 feet. It is evidently not so
+prevalent as it used to be, owing to the fact that the best trees have
+been felled. Seedlings, however, appear very readily from the large
+fruit when it falls in suitable germinating places in the forest. It is
+much prized locally on account of its pretty grain and red mahogany-like
+colour. It is sold as planks, joists or posts at 3d. or 3½d. per
+superficial foot.
+
+12. _Anisophyllea laurina_ (Monkey Apple) is a very lofty tree,
+attaining a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of 40 feet. Although
+moderately prevalent in the forests, it is very plentiful outside in the
+deciduous forests. It shoots up very strongly from the stump after an
+old tree has been cut down. Wood obtained from these stool-shoots is,
+however, not so good or of such large size as that obtained from
+seedling trees. The timber is a light-brown colour, but a very pretty
+grain, full of medullary rays, giving it a sheen not unlike oak. Locally
+it is sold as joists and posts at the price of 3d. to 6d. per
+superficial foot.
+
+13. _Lophira procera_ (Red Oak, Kokank, also known as Ironpost) is sold
+as planks, posts and beams at 3½d. to 6d. per superficial foot. It is
+chiefly used for house-building. A full description of this tree is
+given under the heading of the export timbers, so that nothing more need
+be added here.
+
+14. _Parinarium excelsum_ (Rough-skinned Plum) is a very common tree,
+which attains a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of 30 feet. It yields
+a hard timber with open grain. It is sold locally as planks or logs at
+6d. per cubic foot for building timber. The fruit, which, as the name
+indicates, is like a green plum, is covered with white lenticels, making
+the surface very rough. The flesh is of a yellowish colour and soft,
+with a pasty nature. It has a sweet, pleasant taste. The wood, when
+freshly cut, has a sweet, beeswax-like scent, similar to that of the
+fruit.
+
+15. Whismore, which is sold as planks at 2½d. per superficial foot, is
+another very useful timber, not unlike cedar in texture. The tree comes
+up very readily in old farms, and has very large tripinnate leaves.
+Apparently it grows very fast, though this does not appear to hinder the
+early formation of heartwood, which is of a very light brown colour,
+though the sapwood is quite white. It attains a girth of about 9 feet
+and a bole length of 50 feet. The bark forms very characteristic
+fissures, dividing it into more or less diamond-shaped pieces, rather
+reminiscent of the European Elm. Although the tree does not occur in
+actual groups, more than one will usually be found in the same locality.
+
+16. _Uapaca Heudelotti_ (Sugar Plum, Red Cedar) is a large tree with
+rather a spread of crown and numerous aerial roots. It attains a girth
+of 9 feet and a bole length of 20 feet. The timber has a close and fine
+grain, and is of a reddish colour. Locally it is cut and used for the
+ribs of sea-going boats. It is apparently quite durable for this
+purpose. It is very prevalent, and usually grows near waterways.
+
+17. _Pycnanthus Kombo_ (White Cedar) is a very large tree which attains
+a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of 80 feet. It is very prevalent,
+and can be recognised by the flat crown and long straight branches
+coming out at right angles to the stem. When cut it exudes a reddish-
+coloured mass of semi-liquid nature. The bark reminds one of the
+Mahoganies, though on the whole it is more fissured. The timber is soft
+and of a pinkish colour, though it gives more the impression that it is
+white and tinged with red. It has a very open grain with particularly
+long pores, reminding one of cedar (_Cedrela_). It is cut locally for
+sale as planks.
+
+18. _Pterocarpus Erinaceus_ (African Rosewood) is mentioned amongst the
+number of possible export timber-bearing trees. It is also used locally
+in the making of a musical instrument called Balangi, after the timber
+has lain some months in the ground. In the drier portions of the country
+it is a useful tree for house-building. It seeds readily, and is usually
+found in large quantities.
+
+19. _Baphia nitida_ (Camwood) is also one of the export produce bearing
+trees, but which has been used as a colouring matter for putting on the
+body from time immemorial. The local people, however, prefer to use
+cakes of the ground-up produce of the Barwood (_Pterocarpus Tinctorius_)
+from Southern Nigeria, which commands a higher price. That this product
+of _Baphia nitida_ is the true Camwood is practically proved by the fact
+that this tree was first identified from Sierra Leone, whence it is all
+exported, and also by the fact that Barwood, or the Southern Nigeria
+Camwood, is not found in Sierra Leone.
+
+Although the above completes the description of the most important local
+timber trees, there are many others which might be used with
+satisfaction. One of these trees, known as Yabonji by the Mendis, has a
+grain, colour and softness similar to white pine, and is sold locally as
+yellow pine. _Erythrophlœum Guineense_ (Sassybark) yields a hard timber
+suitable for bridge-building, as it is very durable and grows to a large
+size, though not always with a very long bole. Mountain Mahogany, a
+species of Lonchocarpus, has a grain similar to pine, with resin-like
+canals in the wood. It grows to a large size, with a straight bole 50
+feet in length and a girth of 10 feet. Combwood (_Conapharingia
+pachysiphon_) is a small tree, which yields a yellow wood similar in
+texture and grain to boxwood, though a little softer. Locally it is used
+for making native combs. There is also a so-called Leopardwood, termed
+Koligi by the Mendis, which has a curious striped grain a little
+reminiscent of a leopard’s skin; hence the name. The local inhabitants
+have various chewsticks, which are obtained from guttiferous trees or
+Vernonia species. _Carapa Gayensis_ is found and used locally both as a
+timber and also the seeds for making an oil for the skin. In connection
+with all this local felling it should be noticed that there is scope for
+sawn timber of all kinds, more especially when it is taken in
+conjunction with the fact that over 2,000,000 feet board measure of
+planks, etc., are imported every year. A small mill placed near Bureh
+Town would probably be able to supply all wants as far as Freetown and
+the immediate neighbourhood were concerned, and water power might be
+available from the Gumah River, which flows down very rapidly to the
+sea. A mill, on the whole, is more economical in conversion than the
+local sawyer, as all slabs are left to rot in the forest, but these a
+mill would consume in power-making, or they would be resawn into smaller
+boards or shingles. At present there is no sawmill in the whole country,
+so that there is an open field for this venture, with a forest adjacent
+to the market and suitable conditions of labour.
+
+
+                       IV. MINOR FOREST PRODUCE.
+
+
+No account of the Sierra Leone forest would be complete without a
+description of the two chief vegetable products of the forest, namely
+Palm Oil and Kernels and Gum Copal.
+
+Turning first of all to Gum Copal, known botanically as _Copaifera
+Salikounda_, which is a true copal gum, not to be confused with the gum
+from _Daniellia Ogea_ and other allied species, illustrations Nos. 8 and
+9 show this tree standing in the open, and also the shape of the trunk
+at nearer inspection. It will be seen that it is rather a tall tree,
+with open thin crown and straight upward-spreading branches. The bole
+usually does not exceed 30 feet in length, and then forks or divides
+into three main stems. The curious marks on the stem, making the tree
+look as if it were attacked with some form of canker, are those made by
+tapping the trees for the gum. At the beginning of the dry season small
+squares of bark, about an inch across, are removed from the tree,
+beginning at the ground, upwards to 20 and 30 feet. At the corners of
+each little square gum gradually exudes during the dry season in the
+form of an ever-increasing sized globular tear, which hardens on
+exposure to the air. By the end of the dry season, as in February or
+March, it has attained a size of half an inch or so, and is then quite
+hard and white and nearly transparent. Only a few little pieces of bark
+adhere to its surface, and these are easily removed. Then these tears
+are collected in a bag, sorted, and then sold to the European firms in
+Sierra Leone and elsewhere. The average tree yields 1 lb. of gum copal
+per year.
+
+In the peninsular forest a patch of Gum Copal trees is found near Bureh
+Town. In the Protectorate, irregular belts occur, such as that on the
+Kassewe Hills and north of Moyamba. On the banks of the Rokell River,
+too, it occurs in single specimens dotted along the bank. The smooth
+grey bark of the stem is not unlike Beech, except for the fact that it
+is pitted by the tapping squares, which occlude only very gradually.
+
+The leaves are in pairs, but have such a straight inner edge that they
+appear like one leaf which has been cut in half down the middle. The
+main vein of the leaf is at one side of it. In this manner the leaf is
+unmistakable, though a Cynometra leaf is somewhat similar, and also a
+Bauhinia; but in the former the vein is more in the centre and the
+leaves are quite separate and not close together, and in the latter they
+are joined at the base. The tree appears to be easily killed by
+overtapping. Before the formation of the Forest Department, whole
+forests had been destroyed in this way, one of which I saw north of
+Moyamba during an inspection of the Gum Copal belt.
+
+The timber of this tree is a red-brown colour, of hard texture, with a
+pretty grain. It is, of course, of the type of purple-heart. It is very
+durable and termite-proof, though a borer attacks it slightly. The wood
+of trees killed by overtapping proves to be quite sound and useful for
+any purpose where a hard timber is required.
+
+The tree can be grown from the flat, round, paper-like seeds, which are
+bought at £1 a bushel in Sierra Leone. The tree usually bears well, and
+the seed is collected off the ground. Young self-sown seedlings are
+found, which shows that the seeds germinate readily too. It does not
+stand transplanting very well, but with care soon recovers. It grows
+rapidly, and reaches a tapable size in ten years, approximately. It does
+not seem very exacting with regard to soil. In the peninsula it grows on
+rocky soil, and in Moyamba on an alluvial soil.
+
+Recently the exports have decreased, as the following figures show,
+chiefly owing to the destruction of the trees by overtapping. However,
+when the forests have recovered, the younger trees have matured, and the
+trees since planted are in bearing, and an increase may be expected. It
+is the most valuable, Gum Copal usually being worth 8d. to 1s. 6d. a
+pound, but if quite clean and white it fetches as much as 2s. 6d. a
+pound. Its chief use is for varnish-making, though the best grades are
+used for pharmaceutical preparations. It is far easier to tap than
+rubber, and the cost of preparation is therefore very low, so that it
+should prove worth cultivating on a large scale. The market for Gum
+Copal is a comparatively large one, and other sources of supply, such as
+those of Kauri Gum from New Zealand, are decreasing, or not entirely
+meeting the demand. It is only a question of time before the whole
+supply will have to be obtained from cultivated trees.
+
+It stands a certain amount of shade during the first four years, but
+from the fifth year onwards it is distinctly a light-loving species. On
+the whole it is almost a gregarious tree, as usually groups of trees are
+found up to fifty or more, and in a whole forest the prevalent tree will
+be Gum Copal; for instance, in the Gum Copal belt near Susuwuru. A
+planting distance of 6 feet will probably prove advantageous, as the
+tree has a distinct tendency to branch low down on the stem if not
+forced to grow up straight by the presence of other trees. Then in the
+tenth year a judicious thinning out of the weakest trees by tapping to
+death would give additional space to the others and allow for greater
+girth increment for the other clean-stemmed trees. An early financial
+yield would also thus be obtained.
+
+In the economy of the country, more important even than the Gum Copal is
+the Oil Palm (_Elæis Guineensis_), which is found in the Forest,
+scattered in groups and belts amongst farms inland, as at Blama, and
+near the sea coast, as at Sherbro, and also as isolated individual trees
+in the drier parts of the Protectorate. Towards the northernmost part of
+the country it is not seen at all, though climatically there is nothing
+to stop it growing if planted in suitable localities. It tends to spread
+with increasing cultivation of the ground, so long as the rainfall is
+sufficient and the soil moist enough for it. In the forest itself it is
+very sparsely distributed. Owing to the large population and the
+comparatively small area on which the Oil Palm is really plentiful, more
+palm oil is eaten than exported. This is most clearly seen in the
+quantity of exports of both products, which show a much larger
+proportion of kernels than oil.
+
+The fruit usually ripens in January, February, March, or sometimes
+earlier, and is left for six months. Usually the trees have to some
+extent been cleared by the natives, then on a certain day the bunches of
+fruit may be cut. This takes place after the natives have cut the bush
+down for making the chief’s farm. It also ensures, incidentally, that
+most of the fruit is quite ripe, though this is not the reason why the
+natives may not begin cutting off the bunches when they like. The
+bunches of fruit are left in the forest at convenient places at the edge
+of the path, covered with palm leaves. After a week or so these are
+taken to the village, and all the drupes cut off with a machete. These
+are next put in large earthenware pots with a little water, which are
+then placed over a good fire. In about an hour the fruit is thoroughly
+steamed. The fruit is then piled into a trough of beaten clay with a
+palm-nut bottom, or even stones. Water is poured in, and the fruit is
+pounded with the feet and also with a small pestle. The oil gradually
+rises in yellow fatty masses on the surface of the water, and is
+collected with the hand and put into a clean pot. As soon as a pot is
+filled, it is placed over a good fire to boil. When it has been boiled
+thoroughly it is strained, the strained oil being that usually eaten or
+sold to firms for export. The residue of dirt and pieces of fibre is
+used as an illuminant in the native lamps. The nuts are placed in the
+sun to dry for two or three months, after which they are cracked with a
+stone or a piece of iron and the kernels collected in boxes or bags for
+sale. The fibre in the washing trough is thoroughly squeezed by hand and
+all oil extracted. The water is let out of the trough gradually, and all
+oil collected from the sides of it. It is also washed down with water to
+collect the more adhesive particles. Even so, there is a large
+percentage of waste. An oil is also made from the kernels by heating
+them in an iron vessel over a fire. This oil is used for the skin or for
+wounds.
+
+In the ordinary way oil palms are not planted, though in moving to a new
+area where farms have not been made before the natives take oil-palm
+fruit with them, which get scattered as nuts; these germinate and form
+the nucleus of a group of oil palms in that locality. Considering the
+large population and its increasing need for the oil, the planting of
+oil palms appears to be remunerative.
+
+Palm Wine-tree (_Raphia vinifera_) is used very largely where it is
+found in the extensive forests near the rivers and sea coast in swampy
+places. Piassava fibre is obtained from this source, but so far has not
+been used in Sierra Leone for this purpose, whereas in the neighbouring
+country some of the best piassava is obtained. The people are, however,
+otherwise occupied, so that until there is a greater population it is
+unlikely that this industry will be taken up. The approximate area of
+wine palms is 3,000 square miles in various parts of the whole country.
+Some of the best areas are found on the banks of the Mano, Morro, Maho
+and Rokell Rivers. The long fronds of the leaves yield the steering and
+pushing poles for canoes, also most useful rafters and scantlings for
+houses. The leaves themselves are made into mats for covering the
+houses. They are said to last seven years when properly put on. The
+fruit of the tree is used for stupefying fish, which can then be very
+easily speared by the natives. The tree is usually set on fire to draw
+the palm wine, though this more often happens subsequently to the taking
+of the wine. A tree does not last more than three years with severe
+tapping, such as it is subject to by the natives.
+
+_Borassus flabellifer_ (Fan Palm, Bottle Palm) is found in the northern,
+drier part of the Protectorate, but so far is not used to any extent for
+house-building, for which the timber is most suitable, being very
+durable, of good length, and can be split. The nuts of the large
+coconut-like fruit are useful as a substitute for vegetable ivory,
+though thus far no use has been made of them. The approximate area of
+distribution of this species of tree is about 4,000 square miles. Quite
+a trade is done in various kinds of bark, altogether from about fifteen
+different species of trees, of which most are collected in the
+Peninsular Forest. Amongst them is found the Sasswood, or that of
+_Erythrophlœum Guineense_, the notorious native poison, though it is not
+at all certain that nowadays in Sierra Leone it is used for this
+purpose.
+
+
+               V. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT OF SIERRA LEONE.
+
+
+In the course of 1911 a Forest Department was formed by the appointment
+of a Conservator of Forests; this has been gradually enlarged until
+there are now three Assistant Conservators of Forests as well. The chief
+work of the Department so far has been the drafting and passing of a
+Forestry Ordinance in 1912 and the demarcation of two Forest Reserves.
+The Peninsular Forest, with its new boundaries, comprises 75 square
+miles, and the Kassewe Hill. Other areas have been set aside, notably
+the Kagnari Hills and Kambui Hills as Forest Reserves, and Nimmini and
+Loma Forests examined previous to demarcation with a view to their
+reservation. The Gum Forests were closed to tappers with the consent of
+the chief, so that the trees could recover from previous overtapping. In
+addition to this work, some rubber planting has been done in the Gumah,
+and one Assistant spends all his time on this work, nurseries having
+been formed in different places—Mano, Bo, and Falaba. A large number of
+botanical specimens of the trees and shrubs have been forwarded to Kew
+for identification, so that gradually the silvan vegetation is becoming
+known. No planting of oil palms (_Elæis Guineensis_) has been undertaken
+yet, despite the large export of this product. Rubber planting has not
+been forgotten either. So far very little revenue has been received for
+timber-felling fees, which means really that in the past the forests
+have been destroyed, and now only small quantities can be cut. It does
+indeed make one pause and think what immense forests must have existed
+in the days of 1827, when so many loads of timber were exported, as
+shown in the table on p. 64. If those forests had been preserved then,
+they would be yielding high returns now, and the Department would be
+self-supporting, instead of having money invested first in plantations
+before returns are obtained. However, now that the Department has been
+formed, a definite Forest Ordinance has been passed, under which Forest
+Reserves can be made, and the future of the existing forests is thus
+assured. Sooner or later all of them will yield a monetary return,
+besides benefiting the country climatically and preserving the soil.
+
+One can really look upon Forestry as a kind of Endowment Assurance, with
+returns which may begin at once with existing forests, or later with
+afforestation begun now. The return is always sure, more especially now,
+with continually rising timber prices. In Sierra Leone, of course, for
+some years money will have to be put into Forestry work before adequate
+returns can be made, owing to the reckless mismanagement of the forest
+in the early part of the nineteenth century. For the purpose of easy
+reference, a list of some of the most important timber trees is
+appended, and with both the Mendi and Timani names, when it is possible
+to give these, and an English equivalent is also given where one uses a
+name suggestive of the use of the timber.
+
+So far the Department has not leased any areas for the exploitation of
+timber for export or local use, though there are several areas
+available, such as the peninsular forest. Even an organization of the
+sawyers and boat-builders would be a useful work, and machinery for
+cutting the various woods would lead to greater production and a saving
+of timber, of which so much is now wasted. Again, the enormous demand
+for firewood in Freetown, most of which is waterborne, could be more
+advantageously met with a small sawmill or movable plant in connection
+with the other wood-using industries already named. The mangrove swamps
+would provide material ready at hand for conversion. The railway
+requires firewood at certain points; there again is scope for improved
+methods of dealing with it, yielding profit both to the contractor and
+to the Forest Department.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.—=Pterocarpus esculentus in flower near Fakar
+Kole, at the edge of the Peninsular Forest.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.—=Forest of true Gum Copal (Copaifera salikounda),
+showing nearly all the trees bare of foliage and dying, due to
+overtapping, near Sussuwuru, Moyamba District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.—=True Gum Copal (Copaifera salikounda), showing
+base of stem with tapping squares, near the bank of the Rokell River,
+north of Moyamba District.=]
+
+                                                          To face p. 40.
+
+
+                      VI.—INDIGENOUS FOREST TREES
+
+ Species marked with an asterisk (*) are Lane Poole’s[1]; those marked
+                 with an obelisk (†) are the Author’s.
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus candelabrum_. Screw Pine. Bambi (Mendi).
+
+ _Pandanus sp._ near _P. candelabrum_.* Screw Pine. Pambei (Mendi).
+
+  It is a tree with wide-spreading prop roots always growing in running
+  fresh water. The leaves are used in basket-making.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_.* Oil Palm. Ankump (Timani); Tui, Tauwi, Taupwi
+ (young trees), (Mendi).
+
+  The well-known Oil Palm. It is a most useful tree, thriving best near
+  villages, but growing abundantly in the northern part of the forests.
+  The nuts contain a large quantity of oil. They are used also for
+  planting.
+
+ _Borassus flabellifer_.* Fan or Daleb Palm. Tunka (Timani); Hoke
+ (Mendi).
+
+  It grows to about 70 feet in the grass country. Umbrellas are made
+  from the leaves, also baskets. The stems are used for building-posts.
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_.* Wine Palm. Ankent (Timani); Duvui (Mendi).
+
+  Sometimes called the Tombo Palm. It is very gregarious, being
+  frequently found forming almost a small forest in swampy ground.
+
+ _Raphia sp._ near _R. Gaertneri_.* Kili (Mendi).
+
+  It is a small plant of only 10 feet, growing in the swamps. It does
+  not yield wine. Baskets and mats are made from the leaf stalks and
+  thatch from the leaves.
+
+ _Calamus sp._* Balui (Mendi).
+
+  This is a climbing palm or rattan, growing to the top of the highest
+  trees, having a diameter of 2 inches, armed with strong hooked spines.
+  The stem, when split, is used for tying the rafters of houses; lengths
+  of it are used as clothes-lines. Suspension bridges are even made over
+  the river.
+
+ _Calamus sp._* Tambelei (Mendi).
+
+  This species grows as high as the preceding one, but is only ½ inch in
+  diameter. Besides being used as cordage, it is employed as thatching.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Dracæna Mannii_.* Ningei (Mendi).
+
+  This tree grows to 30 feet in height, and is called the Asparagus Tree
+  by Europeans, because the flavour of the young leaves is like
+  asparagus. The natives eat them chopped with their rice.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Trema affinis_.* Gombei (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree, from 25 to 30 feet. It springs up in cleared farms; the
+  wood is of little use except as thatching laths. The bark is peeled
+  and eaten for coughs.
+
+ _Trema Africana_.* †
+
+  A medium-sized tree.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Ficus Vogelii_.* Jol, Lopi (Timani); Gonwi (Mendi).
+
+  A much-branched tree, yielding a latex, which coagulated has been sold
+  at from 6d. to 1s. a lb. in London as paste rubber.
+
+ _Ficus sp._* Wild Fig or Sandpaper Tree. Indäihen (Mendi).
+
+  This species has rough leaves like sandpaper, hence its name. They are
+  used to clean woodwork.
+
+ _Ficus platyphytes_. Gonwé (Mendi).
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_.* Iroko, Teak, African Oak. Tema (Timani); Sime
+ or Semei (Mendi).
+
+  It is found particularly near old clearings, but not so frequently in
+  the forest. It is a termite-resisting timber; called Teak, Oroko or
+  African Oak, when exported, it is worth about 1½d. per superficial
+  foot. At one time the latex was used as an adulterant for rubber. It
+  polishes well and makes very handsome furniture. Canoes, pestles,
+  rice-basins, etc., are made from it. Dr. Unwin suggests that Iroko is
+  a corruption for rock elm.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_.* Corkwood. Ofika (Timani); Govwi (Mendi).
+
+  It is a common tree, growing to about 60 feet in old farm lands, and
+  affords a shade for forest species to get a footing. It is remarkable
+  for its wide-spreading prop roots and large palmate leaves.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_.* Fofoi (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Myrianthus sp._* Fofoi (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_.* Fofoi (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree with edible fruit.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Coula edulis_.* Tokei (Mendi).
+
+  It is a large tree bearing walnut-like nuts, the kernels of which are
+  good to eat both raw and cooked. Oil is obtained from the kernels,
+  which are valued at £7 a ton.
+
+ _Olax_.*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+
+=Loranthaceæ.=
+
+ _Loranthus langwensis_.* Mistletoe. Gongui (Mendi).
+
+  This is the common mistletoe, which may be seen growing on a great
+  number of trees. Specially common on Guava and Kola Trees.
+
+
+=Menispermaceæ.=
+
+ _Triclisia macrophylla_. Ndawi (Mendi).
+
+  A climbing shrub.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Xylopia Æthiopica_.* The Spice Tree. Umberikum (Timani); Kewe or Hewe
+ (Mendi).
+
+  Its fruit is much in demand as medicine.
+
+ _Xylopia sp. Dinklagei_.* Mountain Spice. Kapus (Timani); Hui, Hewe
+ (Mendi).
+
+ _Monodora Myristica_.* Calabash Nutmeg or False Nutmeg. Gboite (Mendi).
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, with rose-pink, sweet-smelling flowers. The
+  fruit is the false nutmeg.
+
+ _Xylopia sp._ near _X. Elliotii_.* Yellow Wood. Belvi or Kpaini
+ (Mendi).
+
+  This tree grows to a medium height, with thin but very straight stem
+  up to 18 inches in diameter. Its wood has been exported to Europe,
+  where it has taken the place of American whitewood.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_.*
+
+  A tall tree of 20 feet, growing on the bank of the Moa River.
+
+ _Cleistopholis sp._ near _C. patens_.* Moigbwamy (Mendi).
+
+  This tree grows to a height of 80 feet. Strips of the bark are used by
+  the natives for making brow-bands and shoulder-straps when carrying
+  palm hampers.
+
+ _Hexalobus grandiflorus_.* Njahewe (Mendi).
+
+  It is a large, wide-crowned tree, with conspicuous white flowers.
+
+ _Pachypodanthium Staudtii_.*
+
+  A large-boled forest tree, with grey, rough bark, of which the timber
+  is very hard to saw.
+
+ _Stenanthera hamata_.*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Uvaria Afzelii_.*
+
+  A tree of 15 feet in height, with very heavy-scented flowers.
+
+ _Uvaria sp._*
+
+  A tall, straight tree, with blackish-green longitudinally ribbed bark.
+
+ _Uvaria macrocarpa_.* Finger Root.
+
+  This tree is found 15 feet in height. The root is used medicinally by
+  the Creoles, and by them called Finger Root.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_.* White Cedar. Kuwul (Timani); Boye (Mendi).
+
+  It is a very tall tree, attaining a girth of 12 feet, which is cut
+  locally, but not for export, owing to its soft wood and open grain.
+
+
+=Moringaceæ.=
+
+ _Moringa pterygosperma_.* Horse-radish Tree; or Oil of Ben Tree.
+
+  The oil in the seeds is 38 per cent., and they are valued at £9 a ton
+  in London. The oil is suitable for lubricating clocks and watches. The
+  wood is not used.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium macrophyllum_.* Gingerbread Plum. Ndawei (Mendi).
+
+  It is a small tree bearing a fruit the size of a goose’s egg. The
+  fruit is the edible ginger-plum.
+
+ _Parinarium excelsum_.* Rough-skinned Plum. Abbis (Timani); Ndanwi
+ Badgi (Mendi).
+
+  This tree attains a large size and seeds very readily. It yields a
+  useful hardwood; is felled locally and for building purposes. The
+  grain of the wood is too open to be of much use for export. It is of a
+  reddish-brown colour. The pulp around the seed is eaten.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Paradaniella thurifera_.* Ilorin Balsam Tree. Bessi (Timani); Bessi
+ Kpessei or Gbassei (Mendi).
+
+  A quick-growing, soft-wooded tree, pretty evenly distributed through
+  the forest. It attains a girth of 9 feet and a bole length of 30 feet.
+  It is cut locally for house-building and other purposes. A fragrant
+  resin is exuded and much used as a scent by the Creoles and natives.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Sasswood. Kukorn (Timani); Gogwi (Mendi).
+
+  A large but not very straight-growing tree, which attains a girth of 9
+  feet. It has been exported, but the price obtained for it is not
+  available. The wood is hard, but works up well, and has been used by
+  the Public Works Department of Southern Nigeria.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum sp._ near _E. micranthum_.* † Sasswood or Redwater Tree.
+
+  The bark contains a virulent poison, which is used as an ordeal. It is
+  a large forest tree, having a green bole. The wood is used to make
+  canoes.
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalensis_.*
+
+  A tree 20 feet high, with handsome red flowers. The branches are armed
+  with prickles. The wood is used for fencing.
+
+ _Erythrina sp._* Malei (Mendi).
+
+  This is a large tree, 80 feet in height, with wide-spreading branches.
+  The stem is pale grey and covered with strong prickles. The flowers
+  are pink.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_.* K’Kuperb (Timani); Mbeli or Mbelignli (Mendi).
+
+  This tree is very plentiful, and attains a large size. The wood is of
+  a brown colour, hard and durable. Strong canoes are made from it.
+
+ _Cynometra Vogelii_.*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Xylia Evansii_.* † Bunga (Timani); Tegai (Mendi).
+
+  A medium tree.
+
+ _Griffonia palescens_. Koronko (Timani); Koronko (Mendi).
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_.* Oil Bean Tree. Kekung (Timani); Fai, Fae
+ (Mendi).
+
+  The wood is of a brown colour, hard and durable. The natives use the
+  ashes of the burnt pods for making soap. The wood is sold for 1s. 1d.
+  per cubic foot in the English market.
+
+ _Parkia Africana_. Locust Bean. Ebbe (Timani); Gumwi (Mendi).
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_. Forest Locust. Gimwi (Mendi).
+
+ _Parkia biglobosa_.* Locust Bean.
+
+  A wide crowned tree, 50 feet in height, bearing conspicuous red
+  flowers and long pods. The pulp around the seed is edible, but the
+  seed itself is considered a great delicacy ground and mixed in soup.
+
+ _Parkia sp._ Gumni (Mendi).
+
+  The tree is much like the _P. biglobosa_, but is found growing wild in
+  the forests. It differs in having well-developed buttress roots. The
+  seed is not eaten.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus_. Mountain Mahogany. Ali (Timani); Jumbowill (Mendi),
+ probably Peltophorum sp.
+
+  A very tall and straight tree, with a bole of 50 feet and a girth of
+  10 feet. It is found everywhere, especially on the edges of old
+  clearings and in old farms. It has been felled for export, but no data
+  are available as to its worth. The wood resembles pine, being soft and
+  full of resin-like canals.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus cyanescens_.* Big-leaved Indigo. Jalei, Walwei (Mendi).
+
+  A valuable dye is obtained from the leaves, which takes the place of
+  indigo and is sold at from 4s. to 4s. 6d. a pound in England.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_.*
+
+  A branched and gnarled tree growing on the sea shore, its roots often
+  being washed by the tide. The timber is close-grained, hard and
+  durable.
+
+ _Cassia Sieberiana_.* Bongbo or Bangbwei (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree bearing handsome yellow flowers. A decoction is made from
+  the root to ease elephantiasis, also stomach troubles.
+
+ _Copaifera Guibourtiana_.* Sierra Leone Gum Copal. Akak (Timani); Kobwi
+ (Mendi).
+
+  This tree was found growing on the ridges and low-lying land near York
+  and Bureh Town, also in Ronietta, Karene District, and Kassewe Hills.
+  It is noted for its gum. The dead wood works up very well, having a
+  fine grain and red colour, and should be of value for export. Locally
+  it has only been used for bridge-building. The average price paid by
+  local traders for the gum appears to be 1s. a pound.
+
+ _Copaifera salikounda_.* Buini (Mendi).
+
+  A large tree.
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_. Atont (Timani); Batwi (Mendi).
+
+ _Pterocarpus erinaceus_.* Rosewood. Katai (Timani); Bundwi Batwi
+ (Mendi).
+
+  This is a small but valuable tree, confined principally to the drier
+  parts of the country, particularly in the Karina forests. The wood
+  finds a good market in France. Locally it is used to make a musical
+  instrument called “Balangi.” The seeds are intoxicating when eaten
+  raw.
+
+ _Macrolobium sp._ Jamostima (Mendi).
+
+ _Macrolobium Palisotii_. K’Pal (Timani); Bumbi (Mendi).
+
+ _Macrolobium sp.?_* _Limba?_ African Violet Wood. Tunfall (Timani);
+ Pfandi or Mbombi (Mendi).
+
+  It yields a wood with a pleasant scent, which grows to a stem length
+  of 20 feet and girth of 12 feet. The wood would probably be figured,
+  owing to its peculiar growth, ebony-like, hard, heavy and of a
+  greenish-brown colour. It bears a pod about a foot long and an inch
+  wide. The tree grows in great quantities, but it is not used locally,
+  owing to its hardness. It should be tried in European markets.
+
+ _Macrolobium elongatum_.*
+
+  It is a small shrubby tree.
+
+ _Macrolobium sp._ near _M. Heudelotii_.* †
+
+  A medium-sized tree found chiefly near water. The pod is larger than
+  the other Macrolobiums.
+
+ _Macrolobium Limba_.* Mbombi (Mendi).
+
+  This tree reaches a height of 40 feet. Its roasted leaves, when ground
+  and mixed with water and ashes, are used for ulcers.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_.* Black Tumbler or Velvet Tamarind. Mabump (Temni),
+ (Timani); Mamboi (Mendi).
+
+  A medium-sized tree bearing edible, velvety seed-vessels.
+
+ _Dialium Senegalense_. Black Tumbler. Baut, I (Timani); Burogono Mambui
+ (Mendi).
+
+ _Afzelia bracteata_.* Konta. Konta (Timani); Bendiguri or Kpendeideli
+ (Mendi).
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_.*
+
+  These two trees are very much alike as far as timber is concerned. The
+  wood is much used locally, and it may be of value for export, as the
+  texture is similar to mahogany. The _A. Africana_ yields a
+  particularly good mahogany substitute under the name of Kontah or
+  Counter wood.
+
+ _Afzelia sp._*
+
+  A large-crowned tree.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_.* Kpendei (Mendi).
+
+  This tree grows to a height of 80 feet, having a very conspicuous
+  flower. It is much used in cabinet-making.
+
+ _B. Heudelotiana_.* Helei (Mendi).
+
+  A large tree, 50 feet in height.
+
+ _B. sp._ near _B. stipulaceæ_.* Tzabembi (Mendi).
+
+  A large tree, the seeds of which are made into counters by the Mendis
+  to play Warry.
+
+ _Brachystegia sp._* Bodgei (Mendi).
+
+  It reaches the height of 150 feet, and is one of the largest forest
+  trees, with wide buttress roots.
+
+ _Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum_.* Hellebolei (Mendi).
+
+  A large tree.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus gabunensis_.* African Greenheart. Mbeli-deli (Mendi).
+
+  It is very similar to _Piptadenia Africana_ in appearance, and also
+  yields a strong, hard wood.
+
+ _Dalbergia sp._* Dalbergia Rosewood. Balakenta (Timani); Firbandu
+ Ndambabuli (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Baphia polygalaceæ_.* Ndambabuli (Mendi).
+
+  A climber, 10 feet in height. The stem used for killing fish.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_.* Camwood Tree. Mat, Kam (Timani); Bendwi or Bunduei
+ (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree from which dyewood, a fast red dye, is obtained. The wood
+  is hard and heavy, and is used for rice-mortar pestles and walking-
+  sticks.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownii_.* Albizzia. Bakbwi or Bpakpei (Mendi).
+
+  This is a medium-sized tree yielding a reddish wood of moderately fine
+  grain, somewhat resembling mahogany. The heartwood is very pretty. It
+  should be saleable in Liverpool market.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_.* Folei-kpakpei, Bakbaboi (Mendi).
+
+  This species rarely attains a diameter at the base of more than 18
+  inches. It nearly always has a rotten heart.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalense_.* Mahogany, Dita. Kita (Timani); Dupwi II, Kolei
+ (Mendi).
+
+  It is a very lofty tree, which yields a wood sold as mahogany in the
+  Liverpool market. The grain is not so close as is usual in mahogany,
+  but the colour is good. The fruit is edible and eaten locally. Dita is
+  the name given to it. It is not very common.
+
+ _Detarium sp._*
+
+  A large tree of 60 or 70 feet in height, probably a new species.
+
+ _Millettia_ cf. _drastica_.*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Millettia Lane-Poolei_.* Togbeli (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree or shrub about 15 feet in height, with white, scentless
+  flowers. There are three other varieties, with flowers ranging from
+  white and pink to mauve.
+
+ _Millettia pallens_.*
+
+  A medium-sized tree with mauve flowers.
+
+ _Millettia sp._ near _M. Sangana_.*
+
+  A medium-sized tree with erect pods and mauve flowers.
+
+ _Millettia rhodantha_.*
+
+  A medium-sized tree with yellow, aromatic wood.
+
+ _Mimosa Dinklagei_.* Gumgui (Mendi).
+
+  A medium-sized tree, 50 feet in height.
+
+ _Newtonia insignis_.*
+
+  A tree about 80 feet in height, with well developed buttress roots.
+
+ _Peltophorum_.* Njomboguli (Mendi).
+
+  A large tree.
+
+ _Ormosia monophylla_.*
+
+
+=Linaceæ.=
+
+ _Ochthocosmus Africanum_.* Tuanyei (Mendi).
+
+  A small, fairly common tree.
+
+
+=Humiriaceæ.=
+
+ _Saccoglottis Gabunensis_.*
+
+  This tree yields a first-class timber. The bark strips off cleanly and
+  is sold in Calabar at 5s. a roll 30 inches long and 18 inches in
+  diameter.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_.* Spiny Satinwood. Witkoran (Timani); Pfui
+ II (Mendi).
+
+  This tree yields a very pretty yellow wood, with a somewhat open
+  grain.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum sp._ Satinwood. Bek (Timani); Pfui (Mendi).
+
+  A medium-sized tree, with most peculiar conically shaped woody
+  protrusions on the bark. It has not been cut locally.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum rubescens_.*
+
+  An armed tree from 12 to 15 feet high.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Canarium Schweinfurthii_. White Mahogany. Beri (Mendi).
+
+  This tree is not very common. A very large tree which has been found
+  150 feet high, with a bole of 70 feet and a girth of 10 feet. It could
+  be cut locally and would make a valuable addition to local furniture
+  woods. It is, however, hard to saw.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Lovoa Klaineana_.* † African Walnut.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, not very common; the value of the timber
+  varies from 1¾d. to 3d. per foot.
+
+ _Lovoa sp._ near _L. Klaineana_. African Walnut.
+
+  A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Carapa procera_.* Crabwood, Coondi, Kakunt (Timani); Kuwi Kowi
+ (Mendi).
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, which is evenly distributed everywhere. It
+  yields a mahogany-like wood, which has been sold in the Liverpool
+  market.
+
+ _Carapa Gayensis_.
+
+ _Guarea_. Satin Mahogany. Kaffi (Mendi).
+
+  A fair-sized tree, having a grain similar to mahogany, but with a
+  satiny sheen which may make it very valuable. It is not cut locally,
+  but might be tried for export.
+
+ _Guarea sp._ near _leptotricha_.* † Kaffi (Mendi).
+
+  A tree.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela_. Cedar Mahogany. Bissimi (Mendi).
+
+  This tree grows to a very large size. The timber is similar to that of
+  a tree found in Southern Nigeria, but it appears to be a different
+  species; the sapwood is wider and the heartwood has a better colour.
+  It is fairly common.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela sp._ near _P. utilis_.*
+
+  A large tall tree, yielding a handsome wood.
+
+ _Ekebergia_.*
+
+  Medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Khaya_.*
+
+  Dr. A. H. Unwin found a Khaya in a Gola forest which has since been
+  ceded to Liberia. The Khayas yield timber (African Mahogany), gum,
+  tanning-barks and medicaments.
+
+ _Trichilia Heudelotii_.*
+
+ _Trichilia sp._ near _T. Prieuriana_.*
+
+  A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Trichilia sp._* Jawei (Mendi).
+
+ _Turræa sp._*
+
+  A small tree, from 12 to 15 feet.
+
+
+=Polygalaceæ.=
+
+ _Carpolobia alba_.* Bofelei or Gibofoyoi (Mendi).
+
+  It is a small tree called Poor Man’s Candle.
+
+ _Carpolobia lutea_.*
+
+  A shrub or small tree.
+
+
+=Dichapetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Chailletia toxicaria_.* Magbevi (Mendi).
+
+  A violent poison is made from the kernel, used by the natives to
+  destroy dogs and vermin. They have also used it to poison well-water
+  in hostile villages. The pulp of the fruit is harmless and edible.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Heudelotii_. Mahogany. Kino (Timani); Boi (Mendi).
+
+  This tree yields a mahogany valued at 2d.-3½d. per superficial foot.
+  It is rather an uncommon tree, but as it seeds very readily and
+  develops rapidly, more could be planted. A large number are found
+  along the river banks.
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_.* Gbolei (Mendi).
+
+  A tree 90 feet high with horse-chestnutlike leaf. The timber is soft,
+  and used for making masks for Bundu devils, also rice spoons and
+  plates. The seeds are rich in oil, but the natives do not extract it;
+  they are, however, used by the native women in the rattle for their
+  Bundu dance.
+
+ _Uapaca Guineensis_.* Sugar Plum, Red Cedar. Kulil (Timani); Kondi
+ (Mendi).
+
+  A large spreading tree with aerial roots. It is cut locally and used
+  for the ribs of local boats. The wood is of a reddish colour and fine
+  grain, which might sell as mahogany. Some species yield edible fruits.
+
+ _Uapaca Heudelotii_.*
+
+  This is a tree growing up to 60 feet along the bank of the Moo River.
+
+ _Uapaca Togoensis_.*
+
+  This tree grows in the riverside forests.
+
+ _Oldfieldia Africana_.* Real African Oak. Tortorza (Timani); Paulai,
+ Pawi Kpaoloe (Mendi).
+
+  This tree attains a large size, a height of 120 feet and diameter at
+  the base of 5½ feet. The bole often reaches 60 feet without a branch,
+  though sometimes the bole is short, owing to its growing in a laterite
+  soil. It is more frequent in the southern than the northern forests.
+  It has not been cut locally, though the natives recognise it as a very
+  hard wood. It has been used for dock gates.
+
+ _Cyclostemon_. Toye (Mendi).
+
+ _Flueggea microcarpa_.* Tigwi (Mendi).
+
+ _Amanoa bracteata_.* Jagbouei (Mendi).
+
+  A tree which grows up to 5 feet in diameter, and straight from the
+  ground to a height of 60 feet. It is then much branched. The timber is
+  not used.
+
+ _Anthostema Senegalense_.* Mamboi (Mendi).
+
+  It is a small tree growing on the sea shore.
+
+ _Antidesma laciniatum_.
+
+  A tree attaining a height of 25 feet.
+
+ _Bridelia ferruginea_.*
+
+  It is a small tree of about 20 feet high, very much branched. All
+  through the dry season it drips water at night.
+
+ _Bridelia micrantha_.* Igili (Mendi).
+
+  This species also reaches a height of 20 feet. It is used for making
+  charcoal, and a medicine is made from meat stewed in the water in
+  which the roots have been boiled.
+
+ _Hasskarlia didymostemon_.*
+
+  This tree grows to a height of 50 feet, with a diameter at the base of
+  20 feet. It is one of the diœcious trees.
+
+ _Hymenocardia acida_.* Fagbajoi (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree, knotted, gnarled and branched, growing both in the open
+  and in the forest.
+
+ _Hymenocardia Heudelotii_.*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Hymenocardia lyrata_.* †
+
+  This species is found in the peninsular forests.
+
+ _Macaranga Barteri_.* Ndeiwei (Mendi).
+
+  It is a medium-sized armed tree, reaching about 50 feet, and 18 inches
+  in diameter at the base. A light wood used for firewood.
+
+ _Macaranga heterophylla_.* Fofui (Mendi).
+
+  A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Macaranga monandra_.* Ndeiwei (Mendi).
+
+  It is a medium-sized armed tree, up to 50 feet high, and 8 inches at
+  the base, with reddish-brown pubescent branches. It is useless except
+  as firewood.
+
+ _Mæsobotrya sp._*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Mareya spicata_.* Nguangua (Mendi).
+
+  A tree reaching 30 feet in height. The leaves have a bitter taste; a
+  decoction of them is used as a poison.
+
+ _Microdesmis puberula_.* Nikli (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree, reaching about 15 feet in height. The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Phyllanthus discoideus_.* Tijoi (Mendi).
+
+  A common tree, 60 feet in height, with a diameter of 18 inches.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Mangifera Africana_.* White Oak or Greenheart. Peri (Timani); Bewe-
+ Bauban (Mendi).
+
+  A tree growing to 40 feet in height, with root flanges extending 10
+  feet up the stem; it has a girth of 12 feet. The tree is cut locally.
+  The seeds are edible.
+
+ _Spondias lutea_.* Common Plum or the Hog Plum of the Creoles. Luep
+ (Timani); Bogi or Gbojei (Mendi).
+
+  A large tree, with rough, grey bark; it resists the grass fires very
+  well. They yield timber, tanning material, medicaments and edible
+  fruit, from which a spirituous drink is prepared.
+
+ _Odina sp._*
+
+  It reaches a height of 30 feet.
+
+ _Sorindeia juglandifolia_.* Creole Damson. Ni-Kaffei (Mendi).
+
+  A tree of 50 feet in height, having aerial roots. A broken branch or
+  scraped root has a resinous smell.
+
+
+=Icacinaceæ.=
+
+ _Leptaulos daphnoides_.* Propri (Timani); Bongani (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Bersama Paullinioides_.* Nyomdobai (Mendi).
+
+  A tree growing to a height of 35 feet. It is regarded as an evil tree,
+  and neither man nor beast touches it. A poison is extracted from the
+  root, with which Mendis poison their enemies.
+
+ _Lecaniodiscus cupanioides_.* †
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Phialodiscus unijugatus_.* Yokomi (Mendi).
+
+  A tree of 50 feet in height. This tree bears conspicuous red capsules,
+  which contain black seeds having a yellow ovule. The leaves and twigs
+  are macerated in pools in the rivers to kill fish.
+
+ _Schmidelia Africana_.* Komigbulei (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Glyphæa Grewioides_.* Swamp Rice. Beibolei (Mendi).
+
+  A decoction of the leaves is used for curing gonorrhœa.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_.* Baobab, Cream of Tartar or Monkey Bread. Ungari
+ (Timani); Sackwi Mbauwi (Mendi).
+
+  It is a slow-growing tree, but a valuable one, yielding fibre, paper
+  pulp and a native medicine. Sodium chloride, potassium and acid
+  tartrate have been found in the leaves.
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_.* Kinguei (Mendi).
+
+  A large deciduous tree, often called the Red Cotton Tree on account of
+  its flowers. It yields a fibre called Kapok.
+
+ _Eriodendron anfractuosum_. Cotton Tree. Pullum (Timani); Ungwe
+ (Mendi).
+
+ _Eriodendron orientale_.* Cotton Tree. Nhuei (Mendi).
+
+  The Cotton Tree of commerce. The fibre fetches from 2d. to 4d. a pound
+  in London. It grows readily from seed. The seed is valuable, as it
+  yields an oil, and the ash of the seed contains 28·5 per cent. of
+  phosphoric acid and 24·6 per cent. of potash (the latter makes a
+  valuable manure). The wood is used locally for canoes and platters.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_.* African Tragacantha. Kobei (Mendi).
+
+  The ashes are used for soap. It yields a gum similar to that of
+  Tragacanth, _Astragalus gummifer_.
+
+ _Sterculia cordifolia_. Red Oak. K’fut (Timani); Buni (Mendi).
+
+ _Cola acuminata_.* The Kola Tree. Tuloi (Mendi).
+
+  This tree yields the Kola nut, a most valuable export. Very little,
+  however, is sent to Europe, but great quantities to French Senegal. It
+  contains great stimulating properties, and enables travellers to march
+  long distances without food. The tree grows wild in certain forests,
+  and begins to yield at six or seven years old. The nut is little
+  thought of by Europeans, owing to its bitter taste. The price varies
+  from £10 to £12 a measure (160 lb.).
+
+ _Cola angustifolia_.* Denbehawi (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree, the leaves of which are used as a stomach medicine. The
+  Munchis use the wood to make their short bows.
+
+ _Cola leonensis_.* † Booni (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree with large leaves.
+
+ _Cola simiarum_.* Baboon Kola. N’goloduloi (Mendi).
+
+  A large tree, 60 feet in height. A fine specimen of it grows over the
+  wooden bridge at Kennema.
+
+ _Heritiera_.* Red Cedar or Harmon. Yawi (Mendi).
+
+  It yields a very handsome, easily worked wood, useful for any purpose.
+  The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Leptonychia_.* Mbagboldede (Mendi).
+
+  It grows only to the size of a shrub or small tree. The leaves are
+  used to cure thorn wounds.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira procera_.* African Oak, Red Ironwood, Ironpost. Ringa
+ (Timani); Hendui or Endwi (Mendi).
+
+  This tree attains about the same size of the Oldfieldia; there does
+  not seem to be any microscopical difference in the texture or grain of
+  the wood. It is much used by builders, as it is proof against the
+  attacks of termites. This tree also yields oily seeds and medicaments.
+
+ _Lophira Alata_.* Katank (Timani); Endwi (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree having seed yielding 43 per cent. oil, valued at £24 to
+  £25 a ton.
+
+ _Gomphia congesta_.* Colonguli (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree undergrowth.
+
+ _Ochna sp._*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Ochrocarpus Africanus_.* African Apple or Mammy Apple Tree. Mammee,
+ Bakum (Timani); Kaikumba (Mendi).
+
+  A large tree, attaining a girth of 10 feet and a bole of from 20 to 30
+  feet. It has been cut locally, and is much prized on account of its
+  pretty grain and red colour. It is used for joinery and similar work.
+
+ _Garcinia Kola_.* † Kofé (Mendi).
+
+ _Garcinia epunctata_.* †
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Garcinia polyantha_.* Bitter Kola. Sagbei (Mendi).
+
+  This is a small tree with thick yellow latex; the fruit is edible.
+
+ _Pentadesma butyraceæ_.* Chewstick. Komdi (Timani); Mdayen (Mendi).
+
+  Chewstick. This is a very prevalent tree, though it does not reach
+  very stout dimensions. The roots are used extensively for native
+  chewsticks.
+
+ _Haronga Madagascariensis_.* Mbeli (Mendi).
+
+  It is a small tree which grows readily on farm lands. The juice below
+  the bark is orange-red. The wood resembles that of Proteaceous trees
+  and is very beautiful.
+
+ _Mammea sapota_.*
+
+  Locally called Mammy Supporter. It is a handsome tree and has an
+  edible fruit.
+
+ _Vismia leonensis_.*
+
+  A small tree of 15 feet.
+
+ _Allanblackia floribunda_.*
+
+  A medium-sized tree.
+
+
+=Violaceæ.=
+
+ _Alsodeia sp._*
+
+  A small tree. Some of these yield timber.
+
+ _Alsodeia sp._*
+
+  A medium-sized tree growing near the river.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Homalium molle_.* Niagalei (Mendi).
+
+  It is a large tree, very tall and straight.
+
+ _Homalium sp._* Kologalei (Mendi).
+
+  A large straight tree, often confused with _H. molle_.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Anisophyllea laurina_.* Monkey Apple. Kant (Timani); Kanti (Mendi).
+
+  This is a very lofty tree, with a bole of 40 feet and girth of 12
+  feet. It has not been tried as timber away from the locality, but
+  should be valuable as an export, having a pretty grain, full of
+  medullary rays. The local value is 3d. to 6d. per lineal foot. It is
+  fairly common in the forest, but very plentiful outside, as it shoots
+  up from the stump when cut down. Naturally, the wood from such trees
+  is not so good as from seedlings.
+
+ _Rhizophora racemosa_.* Mangrove. Dingi (Mendi).
+
+  This is a small tree of the swamps which is found very useful for
+  poles and firewood. It fetches a high price from the bakers—£1 10s. to
+  £1 15s. a cord. The bark contains 18 per cent. of tannin.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Anogeissus_.* †
+
+  A chewstick with a black heart. It will kill out Lalong grass.
+
+ _Laguncularia racemosa_.*
+
+  This is a shrub which grows in the mangrove swamps. It yields a
+  second-rate tannin bark.
+
+ _Terminalia scutifera_.* †
+
+  A large straight, tall-boled tree, yielding a useful timber to
+  shipwrights.
+
+ _Terminalia sp._* Bagi (Mendi).
+
+  A very large tree, even taller than _T. superba_, and the timber is
+  yellower. The tree is gnarled and much branched near the sea-shore.
+  The wood is much used for canoes. Dye and a yellow wash for sore feet
+  are obtained from the bark.
+
+ _Terminalia superba_.* Kojagei (Mendi).
+
+  A very large tree of 150 feet or more. The timber is soft and white,
+  used for indoor work, but it is much attacked by borers.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eugenia calophylloides_.*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+
+=Melastomaceæ.=
+
+ _Memecylon_, cf. _M. spathulandra_.†
+
+  It is a small tree growing in the swamps near Bureh town.
+
+
+=Araliaceæ.=
+
+ _Cussonia Djalonensis_.
+
+  A medium-sized to large tree growing in the savannah forests. It has a
+  thick grey, rough bark.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Mimusops sp._ Benin Mahogany. Tuntumi (Timani); Sukai I (Mendi).
+
+  It is a kind of mahogany which is very common, and attains a girth of
+  12 feet, with a smaller bole than the ordinary mahogany. The wood is
+  of a reddish colour and rather hard. This tree is found growing at a
+  higher altitude than most timber trees, which makes the forest
+  situated at 2,000 feet much more valuable.
+
+ _Mimusops sp._ Mahogany substitute. Bobbyboya Water (Timani).
+
+  This is a very large tree, with hard red wood sold as mahogany, not
+  very plentiful.
+
+ _Mimusops_. Mahogany substitute. Abugie (Mendi).
+
+  Another species of hard mahogany. It is not very plentiful, but worthy
+  of export. It is of large size and good “form figure,” somewhat the
+  shape of a cylinder.
+
+ _Mimusops Djave_.* †
+
+  A large beautiful tree, yielding a valuable sound timber.
+
+ _Mimusops_. African Pearwood. Sukai II (Mendi).
+
+  A large tree with a good bole. It has been exported and sold in the
+  Hamburg market at 6d. a foot. The wood is of a reddish colour, a
+  little harder than mahogany, and of close grain. It would pay to plant
+  out any seedlings found.
+
+ _Sideroxylon longistylum_. Kafe or Kaffi (Mendi).
+
+  Some species yield timber, edible seeds and medicaments.
+
+ _Sideroxylon Alymerii_. Teyei (Mendi).
+
+  A medium-sized tree bearing a seed rich in oil. The oil of the seed is
+  very like that of the coconut in taste; it is used for frying food or
+  for hair-oil.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp._ Tuinynelli (Mendi).
+
+  All the Chrysophyllum species yield timber and edible fruits.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp._ Star-apple. Terle (Mendi).
+
+ _Chrysophyllum ellipticus_.* Beari (Mendi).
+
+  A small species growing on the sea-shore.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum_. African Star-apple. Bungi (Mendi).
+
+ _Chrysophyllum pruniforme_.* Heleilahin (Mendi).
+
+  Elephants are fond of the bark.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros sp._* †
+
+  A medium-sized ebony.
+
+ _Maba Mannii_.
+
+  A tree.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Anthocleista nobilis_.* Pongoi-hei (Mendi).
+
+  This is a larger species than the _A. parviflora_; it is not armed.
+  The root is used as a medicine. The wood is soft and useless.
+
+ _Anthocleista parviflora_.* Pongoi-hini (Mendi).
+
+  In English sometimes called Cabbage Palm. This species reaches
+  scarcely over 30 feet in height; it is armed with strong, twin-set
+  spines. The wood is soft and useless.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_.* African Rubber Tree. Emarr (Timani); Buboi
+ (Mendi).
+
+  This tree grows to a height of 50 feet. It is rare in Sierra Leone,
+  but has been found in Kagnari, Nimmini and Loma Mountains. It yields a
+  good rubber.
+
+ _Funtumia Africana_.* Rubber. Buboi (Mendi).
+
+  This species grows to a height of 70 feet. It yields an abundant latex
+  of no commercial value.
+
+ _Polyadoa Elliotii_. Boxwood. K’Palen (Timani); Kofee or Kofei (Mendi).
+
+  It is a small tree with greenish pimply bark. The wood is very hard,
+  like boxwood, and is used to make hair combs and hoe handles. Medicine
+  is made from the bark.
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_.* † Kauwi (Mendi).
+
+  A large, tall tree with a straight stem, found in the peninsular
+  forests.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis jenje_.* Common Rubber Vine. Huwi Djenjei
+ (Mendi).
+
+  The export of this rubber was at one time very profitable, but the
+  natives overtapped the tree, and even dug up the roots to extract the
+  rubber. The fruit of this species is edible.
+
+ _Landolphia Heudelotii_.*
+
+  This is a climber 40 feet in height, and one of the most valuable of
+  the Landolphias, found in many parts; but it is the characteristic
+  vegetation of the dry interior of Senegambia and the Upper Niger.
+
+ _Landolphia leonensis_.* Nali (Mendi).
+
+  A climber reaching the tops of the highest trees. The fruit is 3½
+  inches in diameter. The pulp around the seed is edible. The latex is
+  used as bird-lime, but yields no rubber, and cannot even be used as an
+  adulterant.
+
+ _Callichilia subsessilis_.*
+
+  It is a shrub or small tree having a handsome flower.
+
+ _Conopharyngia crassa_.*
+
+  A small tree bearing a double fruit as large as a child’s head.
+
+ _C. longiflora_.*
+
+  A small tree bearing a conspicuous heavy-scented flower.
+
+ _Holarrhena Africana_.* Nukoi (Mendi).
+
+  A small or medium-sized tree. Wooden serving spoons for rice are made
+  from the wood. The leaves beaten to a pulp are used for poultices.
+
+ _Holarrhena ovata_.* Bubbuoi (Mendi).
+
+  Used as a stirring-stick.
+
+ _Pleioceras Afzelii_.
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Pleiocarpa tricarpella_.
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_. Kawogei (Mendi).
+
+  A very common small tree, 20 feet high. Swizzle-sticks for mixing
+  drinks are made from it, and the natives use the large branches for
+  mixing indigo dye.
+
+ _Voacanga Africana_.*
+
+  A tree 30 feet high bearing very fragrant flowers.
+
+ _Voacanga obtusa_.*
+
+  A tall tree.
+
+ _Voacanga Thonnersii_.*
+
+  A medium-sized tree of 50 feet in height, with ornamental cream
+  flowers. It has been seen growing in the swamp-land near the 180th
+  milestone on the railway to Kennema.
+
+
+=Asclepiadaceæ.=
+
+ _Xysmalobium granitiolum_.
+
+  A small tree in the river bed.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Cordia sp._ Kpetellahen (Mendi).
+
+  It is a large tree growing on river banks. The bark is edible.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Vitex grandifolia_.
+
+  Some of this species yield timber, vegetables, edible fruits and
+  medicaments.
+
+ _Vitex Cienkowskii_.* Heinokohun (Mendi).
+
+  A tall tree growing at the edge of the forest.
+
+ _Vitex doniana_.* Lubei (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree growing in the savannah country in the Koinadugu
+  district. An ink made from the leaves is used by the Mohammedan
+  teachers.
+
+ _Vitex micrantha_.* Fevei (Mendi).
+
+  A tree reaching a height of 70 feet and 2 feet 6 inches at the base.
+  The timber is useful for many purposes. The Mohammedan teacher has his
+  school slates made from it.
+
+ _Vitex oxycuspis_.* †
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Avicennia Africana_.*
+
+  A small tree growing in the mangrove swamps.
+
+ _Premna hispida_.* Kafei (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree. A decoction for ulcerated mouths is made from the
+  leaves.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathodea campanulata_.* Tulip Tree.
+
+  It is a large tree yielding timber, edible seeds and medicaments. It
+  is also used as an ornamental tree.
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_.* Anyolo (Timani); Bogi Ponamagbei (Mendi).
+
+  It is a tree reaching a height of 40 feet. Its use is principally
+  medicinal. The root and leaves are used for scrotal elephantiasis, and
+  a decoction from the bark is applied to sore feet. It is much used for
+  quick fences, as it grows readily from stakes.
+
+ _Kigelia_.*
+
+  A tree 50 feet in height.
+
+ _Stereospermum leonense_.*
+
+  A medium-sized tree bearing pink blossoms.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Morinda sp.? citrifolia_.* Brimstone. Ketum (Timani); Bundwi Bundui
+ (Mendi).
+
+  This tree grows to a height of 150 feet, and has been found with a
+  bole of 50 feet, a girth of 16 to 20 feet, and diameter of 5 feet
+  without any branches. The wood is of a bright yellow colour, commonly
+  used for weather-boards. It is sold near Freetown at 10s. per 100
+  feet. Its English name is given because of the peculiar colour of the
+  wood. Its durability and ant-resisting qualities have given it a high
+  place among the local timbers. It is used for building wooden vessels,
+  mortars, etc. It will shoot up from the stump, so a good deal of small
+  timber is obtained from old farms. Neither its colour nor grain make
+  it of any worth for export. The bark is made into a decoction for
+  malaria, and the natives after marching bathe their feet in the water
+  in which it has been boiled.
+
+ _Morinda confusa_.* Wawae (Mendi).
+
+  It is a climber, the leaves of which are used in medicine.
+
+ _Morinda quadrangularis_.* Brimstone Bush. Jashuli (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree, 30 feet in height and about 1¼ feet in diameter at the
+  base. It is only useful as firewood. The leaves are used as medicine
+  in various diseases; supposed to be specially efficacious for malaria.
+
+ _Pausynistalia Lane-Poolei_.* Gibowali (Mendi).
+
+  It is a large tree having green-brown deciduous bark, on which marked
+  depressions are left when it comes off. The bole is straight and
+  branchless up to 40 feet. The flowers are light yellow on first coming
+  out, afterwards turning a purple pink.
+
+ _Pavetta Baconia_.*
+
+  A shrub or small tree.
+
+ _Psilanthus ebracteolatus_.*
+
+  A small tree, 20 feet in height, having white flowers.
+
+ _Bertiera glabrata_.* Kafahinei (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree, 25 feet in height. The leaves are made into a medicine
+  to soothe teething babies.
+
+ _Blighia sapida_.* Akee Tree. Islii of the Akus.
+
+  It is cultivated for its fruit, which is wholesome and savoury.
+
+ _Canthium discolor_.* Totengei (Mendi).
+
+  A shrub to small tree with strong, sharp spines.
+
+ _Corynanthe paniculata_.* Gibowuli (Mendi).
+
+  A tree 50 feet high.
+
+ _Craterispermum laurinum_.* Alum Bark. Njelei (Mendi).
+
+  A tree 25 feet in height, having a diameter of 1 foot at the base. The
+  bark, when dried and beaten into powder, is used as a remedy for sore
+  feet. The wood splits easily and is used in thatching.
+
+ _Crossopteryx Kotschyana?_ or _Africana_.*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Croton penduliflorus_.*
+
+  A small tree of 35 feet.
+
+ _Gaertnera paniculata_.*
+
+  This is only found as a small tree on the sea-shore, but said to grow
+  big in the forest.
+
+ _Gardenia sp._ near _G. physophylla_.* Buittigirri (Mendi).
+
+  A medium-sized tree growing in swamps.
+
+ _Heinsia jasminiflora_.* Pegblagei (Mendi).
+
+  It is a tree of about 20 feet in height; the flowers white and much
+  like jasmin. Scrapings of the bark are used for irritation of the skin
+  at rice-harvest.
+
+ _Mitragyne_. Mbuandae or M’boy (Mendi).
+
+  A large, tall tree, 100 feet high and 4½ feet in diameter at the base.
+  It is only found in swamp-land. It yields a light, white wood much
+  used in indoor work. The leaves are very large and are used for
+  wrapping kolas; they are sold in Freetown at 3d. a bundle.
+
+ _Morelia Senegalensis_.*
+
+  This is a small tree half scandent.
+
+ _Oxyanthus unilocularis_.*
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Oxyanthus speciosus_. Pebulai (Mendi).*
+
+  This tree is common near Freetown. The bark is aromatic, and when
+  dried in the sun is used as a scent.
+
+ _Randia acuminata_.*
+
+  A small tree with large oval fruit.
+
+ _Randia genipæflora_.*
+
+  A shrub or small tree.
+
+ _Randia macrantha_.*
+
+  A small tree common everywhere. It bears handsome white fragrant bell-
+  flowers. The black pulp around the seed is edible.
+
+ _Randia malleifera_.* Pondei (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree bearing very fragrant white bell-flowers. The seeds when
+  ground are mixed with water to make a sort of black paint used by the
+  native women.
+
+ _Randia sp._ near _R. macrantha_.*
+
+  A small tree, 20 feet in height, bearing an oval-shaped fruit.
+
+ _Randia sp._ near _R. caudata_.*
+
+  A small tree, 25 feet high, bearing small but conspicuous fan-shaped
+  fragrant flowers.
+
+ _Vangueria nigrescens_.
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_.* Sierra Leone Peach. Ameliki (Timani);
+ Golli Nyumbuyambei (Mendi).
+
+  A very common tree growing to a height of 25 feet. It has conspicuous
+  white heads of flowers and an edible fruit.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia conferta_. African Cabbage Tree, the Soap Tree. Kupkup
+ (Timani); Kongoli (Mendi).
+
+  A small tree about 25 feet in height, growing in the rain forest. The
+  burnt ashes are used in soap-making and the sediment, when dried, is
+  used as snuff or Lubi.
+
+
+                               APPENDIX I
+
+                      SIERRA LEONE—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+  [Quant.: Quantity.]
+
+  ---------+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------
+           |       1910.       |       1911.       |       1912.
+  Products.+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+           | Quant.  |  Value. | Quant.  |  Value. | Quant.  |  Value.
+  ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+           |         |    £    |         |    £    |         |    £
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Camwood  |    —    |      142| 13·382  |       67|    —    |       36
+           |         |         |  tons   |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Coconuts |    —    |      116|    —    |       54|    —    |       99
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Cocoa    |    —    |       41|    —    |    —    |    —    |       17
+  seeds    |         |         |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  African  |  3·544  |      303| 10·559  |      501|  7·062  |      347
+  coffee   |  tons   |         |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Gum copal| 16·446  |    3,075| 27·768  |    2,965| 17·010  |    1,606
+           |  tons   |         |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Ground   |  1,229  |      214|874 bush.|      189|  1,202  |      257
+  nuts     |  bush.  |         |         |         |  bush.  |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Kola     |    —    |       12|    —    |        3|    —    |    —
+  (bitter) |         |         |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Kola     |  0·794  |       10|  2·698  |       51|  2·908  |       56
+  nuts     |  tons   |         |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+  (dried)  |         |         |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Kola     |  1,924  |  279,185|  1,596  |  194,260|  1,649  |  276,473
+  nuts     |  tons   |         |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+  (fresh)  |         |         |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Palm oil | 436,144 |   38,537| 725,648 |   69,927| 728,509 |   67,314
+           |  gals.  |         |  gals.  |         |  gals.  |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Palm     | 35,915  |  559,313| 42,892  |  657,348| 50,750  |  793,177
+  kernels  |  tons   |         |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Piassava |983 tons |   19,492|906 tons |   12,501|  1,146  |   15,461
+           |         |         |         |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Rubber   |  2·266  |      364| 18·501  |    5,917|  9·808  |    2,962
+           |  tons   |         |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Shea     |    —    |       15|    —    |        1|    —    |        3
+  butter   |         |         |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+  Shea nuts|  3·685  |       27|    —    |    —    |    —    |    —
+           |  tons   |         |         |         |         |
+  ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+    TOTALS | 38,848  |  900,846| 45,468  |  943,791| 53,583  |1,157,816
+           |  tons   |         |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+           |  1,229  |         |874 bush.|         |  1,202  |
+           |  bush.  |         |         |         |  bush.  |
+           |         |         |         |         |         |
+           | 436,144 |         | 725,648 |         | 728,509 |
+           |  gals.  |         |  gals.  |         |  gals.  |
+  ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  ---------+-------------------+--------------------
+           |       1913.       |       1914.
+  Products.+---------+---------+---------+----------
+           | Quant.  |  Value. | Quant.  |  Value.
+  ---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+           |         |    £    |         |    £
+           |         |         |         |
+  Camwood  |    —    |    —    |    —    |      142
+           |         |         |         |
+  Coconuts |    —    |      114|    —    |      116
+           |         |         |         |
+  Cocoa    |    —    |       52|    —    |       41
+  seeds    |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |
+  African  |  7·632  |      598|  3·549  |      303
+  coffee   |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Gum copal| 23·764  |    2,682| 16·258  |    3,075
+           |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Ground   |  2,448  |      488|  1,229  |      214
+  nuts     |  bush.  |         |  bush.  |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Kola     |    —    |       30|    —    |       12
+  (bitter) |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Kola     |  0·843  |       66|  0·794  |       10
+  nuts     |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+  (dried)  |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Kola     |  1,865  |  328,003|  1,924  |  279,185
+  nuts     |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+  (fresh)  |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Palm oil | 617,088 |   56,659| 436,144 |   38,537
+           |  gals.  |         |  gals.  |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Palm     | 49,201  |  920,943| 35,915  |  559,313
+  kernels  |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Piassava |839 tons |   12,280|983 tons |   19,492
+           |         |         |         |
+  Rubber   |  5·500  |    1,292|  2·775  |      364
+           |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Shea     |    —    |    —    |    —    |       15
+  butter   |         |         |         |
+           |         |         |         |
+  Shea nuts|    —    |    —    |  3·700  |       27
+           |         |         |  tons   |
+  ---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+    TOTALS | 51,943  |1,323,207| 38,849  |  900,846
+           |  tons   |         |  tons   |
+           |         |         |         |
+           |  2,448  |         |  1,229  |
+           |  bush.  |         |  bush.  |
+           |         |         |         |
+           | 617,088 |         | 436,144 |
+           |  gals.  |         |  gals.  |
+  ---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+
+
+                              APPENDIX II
+
+                      SIERRA LEONE—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+  ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+      Articles.     |  1827.   |  1828.  |  1829.   | 1830. |  1831.
+  ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+  Timber, loads     |  10,742  |  1,114  |                  | 18,983
+                    |          |         |                  |
+  Camwood, tons     |     550  |    303  |       Not        |    592
+                    |          |         |    enumerated    |
+  Palm oil, gallons |  27,011  | 75,676  |                  |364 tons
+                    |          |         |                  |
+  Gum copal, casks  |      81  |    —    |                  |   18
+  ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+      Articles.     |  1832.   |  1833.  |  1834.   | 1835. | Total.
+  ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+  Timber, loads     |  24,048  |  1,771  |  16,951  | 9,302 | 82,911
+                    |          |         |          |       |
+  Camwood, tons     |     644  |    975  |     911  |   802 |  4,837
+                    |          |         |          |       |
+  Palm oil, gallons |397 casks |480 casks|592 casks |   928 |    —
+                    |          |         |          |       |
+  Gum copal, casks  |      96  |    133  |      87  |   197 |   612
+  ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+
+
+                              APPENDIX III
+
+ COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF TIMBER IMPORTS INTO SIERRA LEONE, 1902-7 AND
+                                1910-15
+
+
+  -----+-----------+------++-----+-----------+-------
+  Year.|Superficial|Value.||Year.|Superficial| Value.
+       |   feet.   |      ||     |   feet.   |
+  -----+-----------+------++-----+-----------+-------
+       |           |   £  ||     |           |   £
+       |           |      ||     |           |
+  1902 |    765,501| 4,765||1910 |  1,273,631|  9,935
+       |           |      ||     |           |
+  1903 |  1,705,805|11,066||1911 |    965,410|  8,842
+       |           |      ||     |           |
+  1904 |  1,642,738|10,097||1912 |  2,337,851| 21,403
+       |           |      ||     |           |
+  1905 |  1,768,611| 8,886||1913 |  2,507,327| 22,425
+       |           |      ||     |           |
+  1906 |  1,188,702| 9,827||1914 |  2,883,564| 26,893
+       |           |      ||     |           |
+  1907 |  2,351,559|18,856||1915 |  2,503,751| 26,279
+  -----+-----------+------++-----+-----------+-------
+  TOTAL|  9,422,916|63,497||TOTAL| 12,471,534|115,777
+  -----+-----------+------++-----+-----------+-------
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IV
+
+                                LIBERIA
+
+
+                          I. THE GOLA FOREST.
+
+
+This comparatively narrow strip of Africa, extending from Cape Palmas on
+the east to the Mano River on the west, an area of 40,000 square miles,
+is a Negro Republic under the nominal protection of the United States.
+It is bounded on the west by the British Colony and Protectorate of
+Sierra Leone, and on the north and east by the French possessions of
+Senegal and the French Ivory Coast.
+
+Some years ago a large rubber company was formed to exploit the wild-
+growing rubber vines and trees, and until recently fairly large amounts
+were secured. Apart from rubber, however, there are large forests, one
+of the best being the Gola Forest, on the western boundary and
+contiguous to the Sierra Leone Protectorate.
+
+This Gola Forest is formed by the confluence of the Morro and Mano
+Rivers, being thus triangular in shape and approximately 250 square
+miles in extent. No natives actually live in it, though there are a few
+villages at the edge, such as Yandahun and Dambarra. The typical forest
+is seen in the view of the River Morro near the junction of the Mano.
+Here herds of elephants roam and make tracks through the dense growth of
+numerous trees; in fact, the only paths there have been made by the
+elephant. The Chief of Tunkia always has at least ten youths with him
+learning the art of elephant-hunting, for which a large fee for tuition
+is paid. In illustrations Nos. 10 and 12 views of the inner parts of the
+forest are given.
+
+
+                      II. THE MOST VALUABLE TREES.
+
+
+The chief species of trees suitable for cutting for export are the
+following:
+
+1. Mahogany (_Khaya ivoriensis_), probably, a very well textured wood
+with some very pretty medullary rays and a thorough sheen on it when
+planed. Illustration No. 13 shows a specimen of this tree.
+
+2. Satinwood (_Afrormosia laxiflora_), a large tree with smooth bark,
+which varies from light green or yellow to an orange-red shade, thus
+making it very conspicuous in the forest. See illustration No. 11, which
+shows one of these trees of medium size.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.—=Large Brimstone Tree (Sarcocephalus sp.), Gola
+Forest.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.—=African Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora). Gola
+Forest.=]
+
+                                                          To face p. 66.
+
+3. The African Oak (_Oldfieldia africana_), Paulai of the Mendis is more
+common in the southern than in the northern part of the forest. It
+attains a large size, but has not yet been exploited either by a
+European or a native firm. This is one of the most durable of African
+timbers. As it has already been described in the chapter on the Sierra
+Leone trees, further notes on this tree are unnecessary here.
+Illustrations Nos. 5 and 6 show this tree to advantage, especially its
+straightness of growth.
+
+4. The real Satinwood (_Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_), not an uncommon
+tree, of small size. It is most easily recognised by its very long
+pinnate leaves. One leaf may attain a length of 6 feet. There is another
+species of Zanthoxylum which also has a similar kind of timber.
+
+5. African Walnut (_Lovoa Klaineana_). This tree is not very prevalent,
+but is scattered in small groups throughout the forest.
+
+6. Cedar Mahogany, a species of Guarea which attains a large size. It is
+none too prevalent, though it is scattered singly throughout the forest.
+
+7. African Pearwood (_Mimusops lacera_) is a very good reddish timber,
+often with figure in the grain. Although much harder than mahogany, it
+has been sold as such.
+
+8. The Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) is common near the old farms, but
+is not so prevalent in the forest proper. It has not yet been exploited
+from here, nor is it cut locally.
+
+9. The Red Ironwood Tree (_Lophira procera_) is very prevalent, and
+attains much the same size as elsewhere. It has not yet been exploited.
+
+10. The so-called Mahogany, the timber of a tree, a species of
+Parinarium, known as Pauwilli of the Mendis. This is one of the most
+prevalent trees in the forest. It is also somewhat gregarious, as many
+as forty specimens being sometimes found in one group. The timber of
+this tree was exported from Southern Nigeria some years ago. It grows to
+a height of 150 feet, with a clear bole of 60 feet in height, and
+upwards of 18 feet in girth. Illustration No. 2 shows the trunk
+especially, and the base of one of these trees. A most typical scene in
+the northern part of the Gola Forest is shown in illustration No. 12,
+several of the trees in that picture being Pauwilli.
+
+All the above-mentioned trees have been cut and exported in the log from
+various parts of Western Africa. There are, however, several other trees
+which might be cut and used as export timbers, as, for instance:
+
+11. The White Mahogany (_Canarium Schweinfurthii_), which attains the
+same size as elsewhere, but is not so commonly found.
+
+12. Rhodesian Mahogany (_Afzelia bracteata?_), which is fairly common
+and attains a medium size.
+
+13. _Brachystegia spicæformis_, which yields a light-brown hardish
+timber with very pretty grain. (See illustration No. 104, which shows a
+very large specimen of this tree in Nigeria.) It is very prevalent, in
+fact one of the commonest trees in the Gola Forest, so that large
+quantities of timber could be obtained.
+
+14. Wismah (Sierra Leone name) is also found, and apparently grows up
+very quickly in old farms.
+
+15. The Red Oak (_Berlinia auriculata_) is quite prevalent, especially
+near the banks of streams. It attains a large size, and the timber has
+been sold as oak in the European market. Here it has not yet been cut.
+
+In addition to the trees which can be felled for conversion into export
+timbers, there are others which may be cut for sale locally, such as:
+
+16. The Brimstone (_Morinda citrifolia?_), one of the most suitable
+trees for the purpose. One of the largest trees was 5 feet in diameter,
+and had also a clear bole of 50 feet. On the whole it grows to a larger
+size in the Gola Forest than in Sierra Leone. Illustration No. 10 shows
+one of these trees from which a timber specimen had been cut.
+
+17. The Hamon, which is apparently a species of Sterculiaceæ, although
+not of enormous size, has a straight bole, which divides up into four or
+five very large and thin root flanges. It is one of the most prevalent
+trees in the forest. Illustration No. 14 shows the peculiar formation of
+the roots of this tree.
+
+18. _Piptadenia africana_, a very large tree with small and fine pinnate
+leaves. It is frequently met with, in fact one of the commonest of the
+trees in the forest. It yields a hard brown wood which is durable.
+
+19. The so-called Mountain Mahogany, probably a species of Leguminoseæ.
+It attains a large size, and yields a timber not unlike that of Red
+Pine.
+
+Up to the present no local or other sawyers have worked in this forest.
+Although only a few trees have been mentioned which could be cut for use
+locally, there are many others out of approximately a hundred different
+kinds which are found in the forest.
+
+There are other products, such as oil beans, obtained from _Pentaclethra
+macrophylla_, a large forest tree; gum copal, obtained from _Daniellia
+Ogea_, one of the largest forest trees; palm oil and kernels from the
+Oil Palm (_Elæis guineensis_), which is found in all the clearings.
+Piassava, obtained from _Raphia vinifera_, is found on the banks of the
+two rivers, Morro and Mano. Rubber could be obtained from the African
+Rubber Tree (_Funtumia elastica_) and various rubber vines, such as
+_Landolphia Owariensis_, and others. Dika nuts could be procured, as the
+tree which bears them, _Irvingia Barteri_, is commonly found; also the
+Tallow Tree (_Pentadesma butyracea_), which bears a large number of oil-
+bearing nuts in its large fruit; the Dita (_Detarium Senegalensis_),
+which yields a mango-like fruit, eaten locally. Bitter Kola (_Garcinia
+kola_) is found, but not often sold in the local market. The rough-
+skinned _Parinarium excelsum_ yields a fruit which is eaten locally; the
+African Star-apple (_Chrysophyllum Africanum_) is found in the forest,
+and also planted. In other villages the Akee, being obtained from
+_Blighia sapida_, is quite common in the forest, though the edible fruit
+is not used. The Mackay or Sea Bean (_Entada scandens_) is a huge
+creeper which grows to 350 feet in length and 3 feet in girth. Near
+Dambarra, from a stout specimen hung a complete pod containing fourteen
+beans.
+
+
+                   III. CONDITIONS OF WORKING TIMBER.
+
+
+The Mano or Bewa River forms the natural outlet for the extraction of
+timber, as the Morro River forms one boundary of the Gola Forest, and
+this river joins the former rather more than half-way through the
+forest. The Mano River reaches the sea about 80 miles from the end of
+the forest; thus logs of timber could be brought down the Mano straight
+into the sea.
+
+Very good timber of various kinds of mahogany has been shipped from
+several ports, such as Sassandra and Grand Bassam on the Ivory Coast.
+Good prices, such as 1s. to 2s. 3d. per superficial foot, have usually
+been paid for this timber. There is therefore no reason why similar
+timber from Liberia should not fetch equally good rates, when properly
+cut, squared, and sold under similar conditions.
+
+Conditions of working are very similar on the West Coast of Africa, but
+may vary somewhat in detail from place to place. However, if at the
+outset natives accustomed to working timber in Nigeria or the Ivory
+Coast were employed, good results would be obtained. Gradually a local
+native staff would be built up, so that the services of those from
+another part of the coast could be dispensed with and cheaper working
+thus assured; because imported labour, whether skilled or otherwise, is
+usually more expensive than that of the locality. Lower shipping rates
+should be paid from Liberia than from the Ivory Coast or Gold Coast,
+owing to the distance being less to the European markets where the
+timber is sold.
+
+The other forests of Liberia should be thoroughly examined to see what
+amount of timber is there. It is usual to work several areas in
+conjunction, as the cost of management per unit of output (the log) is
+thus reduced.
+
+
+                       IV. TREES AND RUBBER VINES
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_. Oil Palm.
+
+  The well-known Oil Palm. It does not thrive in the forests among
+  taller trees. It grows best near villages. (Found in Sierra Leone,
+  too.) Quantities of oil obtained from it. The leaves are used for roof
+  coverings.
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_. Wine Palm.
+
+  The leaves used in weaving, brushes, mats, etc. Grows in swampy
+  ground.
+
+ _Borassus flabellifer_ and _B. Æthiopium_. Fan Palm, Piassave.
+
+  Both most useful trees. The leaves for roofs, fibre for ropes. The sap
+  made into a sweet kind of toddy. Wood for house and bridge building.
+  The _B. Æthiopium_ grows from 60 to 80 feet high, the leaves 5 to 12
+  feet long.
+
+ _Ancistrophyllum_.
+
+  Fibre used for weaving.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Dracæna surculosa_. Dragon’s Blood.
+
+  A much branched tree, having white flowers and red berries. Found in
+  Sino Kim, Kakatown and Monrovia.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Oroko, Teak, African Oak.
+
+  A large, well-known tree, used for many purposes where durability is
+  required. Frequently found; it grows well near old farms. It is also
+  found in Sierra Leone. The wood seems to be proof against termites and
+  fungoid diseases. It is the best wood for railway sleepers.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_. Corkwood.
+
+  The first tree to appear after a farm has been abandoned; its thick
+  leaves, when they fall, form a heavy layer of humus.
+
+ _Antiaris_. Fig species.
+
+  Fig-like fruit, used in medicine.
+
+ _Ficus Vogelii_. Rubber.
+
+  Grows from 20 to 40 feet, yields so-called Balata, or an inferior
+  rubber. Found on St. Paul’s River, Grand Basā.
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Rubber.
+
+  Yields rubber; branches reddish colour; grows in the Kuru country.
+
+ _Ficus Whyteii_. Rubber.
+
+  A large forest tree yielding abundant rubber.
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_.
+
+  A deciduous tree having mulberry-like fruit of pleasant taste.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Coula edulis_.
+
+  Bark and leaves have a resinous sap. The oily seeds of this tree are
+  very pleasant to the taste; it has no connection, however, with the
+  Cola Nut.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Xylopia oxypetala_. Yellow wood.
+
+  A moderate-sized tree with white, scented flowers, growing in the bush
+  of the littoral.
+
+ _Xylopia Dinklagei_.
+
+  A small glabrous tree.
+
+ _Xylopia Æthiopica_.
+
+  From 30 to 60 feet in height. Fruit aromatic, used as a tonic. Wood
+  elastic, made into masts and oars.
+
+ _Xylopia humilis_.
+
+  A small tree with broad top and pendulous branches, growing in the
+  primary forests of the littoral.
+
+ _Uvaria scabrida_.
+
+  A moderate-sized tree in the primary forest, found on the banks of the
+  Cestos River.
+
+ _Uvaria Dinklagei_.
+
+  Similar to the last; grows in the humid parts of the coast bush.
+
+ _Uvaria Afzelii_.
+
+  Similar to the above.
+
+ _Polyalthia Oliverii_.
+
+  A small glabrous tree growing in the coast forests.
+
+ _Popowia Whyteii_.
+
+  A small tree with glabrous leaves.
+
+ _Anona muricata_. Sour Sop.
+
+  A small glabrous tree, the Sour Sop of English colonists.
+
+ _Anona palustris_. Alligator Apple.
+
+  A tree with soft wood, used as cork. Fruit edible, frequently made
+  into a refreshing drink. It is found in the swamps of Grand Basā.
+
+ _Monodora myristica_. Calabash Nutmeg.
+
+  A small tree having showy flowers and aromatic seed; the much esteemed
+  Calabash Nutmeg of West Africa.
+
+ _Monodora tenuifolia_.
+
+  Found in the primary forests of Grand Basā. Very similar to the last;
+  narrower leaved.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Dinklagei_. Muskat Nut.
+
+  Tree reaches the height of 30 feet, with drooping branches. It
+  supplies good timber and oily seeds.
+
+ _Pycnanthus kombo_.
+
+  The seeds of this variety contain 73 per cent. of fat and burn like a
+  candle.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium macrophyllum_. Rough-skinned Plum.
+
+  A very common tree, used locally for building purposes; oak-like
+  texture. Fruit yellow, the size of a goose-egg; sometimes called
+  Gingerbread Plum.
+
+ _Parinarium excelsum_. Wild Plum.
+
+ _Parinarium sp._ Wild Plum.
+
+  Also found in Sierra Leone. Used for building locally; grain too open
+  for export. _P. excelsum_ and _sp._ very similar.
+
+ _Chrysobalanus icaco_. Cocoa Plum.
+
+ _Chrysobalanus ellipticus_. Cocoa Plum.
+
+  A tall shrub or small tree, with greenish-purple edible fruit known as
+  Cocoa Plums. These two are very similar; both found near Grand Basā.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Lonchocarpus laxiflora_. Mountain Mahogany.
+
+  Supplies a good useful wood and dyes. It is also found in Sierra
+  Leone.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_.
+
+  An ornamental tree with downy twigs, reddish-violet papilionaceous
+  flowers; wood hard and heavy, not very well known. Found in Grand
+  Basā.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus Barteri_.
+
+  Similar to _L. sericeus_, but a loftier tree.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus Zenkeri_.
+
+ _Entada scandens_. Mackay or Sea Bean.
+
+  The well-known liana, the fibre used in rope and net making.
+
+ _Dialium Senegalense_. Black Tumbler.
+
+  A hard wood, useful in the building trade; also grows in Sierra Leone.
+
+ _Dialium Englerii_.
+
+  Timber useful for many purposes. A refreshing drink is made from the
+  edible fruit.
+
+ _Dialium Dinklagei_.
+
+  A small tree with umbrella-like top.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_. Albizzia.
+
+  All Albizzias are proof against termites. Wood used where durability
+  is required, and therefore very valuable. The branches are pendulous,
+  flowers white and fragrant. Found in Monrovia and Sino Basin.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownei_. Albizzia.
+
+  A hard, useful wood. A large forest tree with cracked greyish bark.
+
+ _Albizzia sp._ Albizzia.
+
+  A large tree of good form and hard wood. The tree cylinder-shaped,
+  heartwood a bright, pretty colour. Not very plentiful. Quite worthy of
+  export.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalense_. Mahogany, Dita.
+
+  A beautifully marked hard wood, with a bole of 30 feet and girth of 12
+  feet.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_. Oil Bean Tree.
+
+  Yields oil-bearing seeds or beans, used as an article of food. The
+  ashes after burning the dry pods are useful in soap-making.
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_. Forest Locust or Locust Bean.
+
+  A very common tree in Liberia, but wood of little value. The bean is
+  eaten locally.
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalense_.
+
+  Deeply cleft bark; wood of little value.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_.
+
+  It grows everywhere in great quantities in Liberia. The wood is hard
+  and valuable.
+
+ _Afrormosia laxiflora_. Satinwood.
+
+  A beautiful clear brown wood, used for building purposes.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_. Camwood.
+
+  Very valuable as a red dye-wood.
+
+ _Baphia pubescens_. Camwood.
+
+  Valuable dye-wood.
+
+ _Cassia podocarpa_.
+
+  Grows best on very dry ground; common on native farms, 70 miles up the
+  St. Paul River. Wood extraordinarily hard.
+
+ _Mimosa Dinklagei_.
+
+  A small tree found in the coast woods of Grand Basā.
+
+ _Daniellia Ogea_. Benin Gum Copal.
+
+  Wood soft. When the tree has attained a large size, it is attacked by
+  the boring beetle; the gum then exudes and falls to the ground, and is
+  so collected. Value, 5d. or 6d. a pound.
+
+ _Daniellia sp._ Gum Copal sp.
+
+  Very similar to the _C. Ogea_.
+
+ _Didelotia Engleri_.
+
+  A small tree found in the humid woods of the coast.
+
+ _Polystemonanthus Dinklagei_.
+
+  A small tree growing on the banks of St. John’s River, Grand Basā.
+
+ _Xylia Evansii_.
+
+  Beautiful plumed trees; small heads of flowers. A pretty ornamental
+  tree.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Zanthoxylon sp._ Satinwood.
+
+  Fairly hard wood, with rough, knotty bark in the shape of cone-like,
+  woody protrusions.
+
+ _Zanthoxylon macrophyllum_. Spiny Satinwood.
+
+  Smaller than the last, but somewhat similar; the wood a very pretty
+  yellow, with open grain.
+
+ _Citrus aurantium_. Common Orange.
+
+  A very ornamental tree. Leaves and buds used in perfumery. Fruit
+  edible, valuable for export. Timber useful in many ways.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Irvingia Barteri_. Dika Nut or Borbor.
+
+  The fruit is edible, seeds oily. Dika butter, dika bread and a kind of
+  chocolate are made from it. The wood is also used.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Canarium Schweinfurthii_.
+
+  Wood useful in commerce. The oily seeds are edible.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Lovoa Klaineana_. African Walnut.
+
+  Has a shady crown of branches. A good shade tree.
+
+ _Carapa procera_. Crabwood.
+
+  A small tree cut and sold as cedar mahogany for building purposes.
+
+ _Carapa Gayensis_.
+
+  This tree supplies a good timber; the oily seeds are used in medicine.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela_. Cedar Mahogany or African Walnut.
+
+  The tree is 65 feet in height, wood used for building purposes and for
+  furniture; not very common. It should be a useful export timber.
+
+ _Trichilia Heudelotii_.
+
+  A small tree; wood easy to work; not well known.
+
+ _Khaya grandis_. Benin Mahogany.
+
+  A fine tree, sometimes attaining the height of 130 feet, and 14 feet
+  in diameter. The trunk has slight root flanges. The wood of a
+  beautiful surface, a most valuable wood in furniture and carriage
+  making.
+
+ _Guarea Africana_. Satin Mahogany.
+
+  Grain similar to mahogany and might be sold for it. Should be a useful
+  export wood.
+
+ _Pynærtia ealænsis_.
+
+  Not very well known; flowers in long, showy panicles.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Heudelotii._? Mahogany.
+
+  Sold as mahogany. The wood is used locally for boat-building. The tree
+  seeds readily, so could easily be planted.
+
+ _Hasskarlia didymostemon_.
+
+  Attains the height of 40 to 80 feet; leaves yellowish-green and yellow
+  catkins. Not well known.
+
+ _Oldfieldia Africana_. Real African Oak.
+
+  A tall, fine tree, with a bole of 50 feet and girth of 16 feet. Most
+  useful in boat-building, especially for the keels. It seeds very
+  readily. Many years ago it was exported as teak (1827-35), though this
+  afterwards ceased.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Mangifera_. Mango species, Greenheart.
+
+  The Mango Tree, very plentiful. It attains a girth of 12 feet. A
+  greyish wood used for building purposes.
+
+ _Mangifera sp._ Bush Pawpaw.
+
+  Used in building.
+
+ _Mangifera sp._ Whitewood.
+
+  Used in building.
+
+ _Odina acida_.
+
+  A small deciduous, glabrous tree; the powdered bark, mixed with other
+  substances, used as a paint for the face.
+
+ _Spondias lutea_.
+
+  A tall, glabrous tree, with yellow, plum-like fruits, which are
+  edible. They are often made into a refreshing drink. The wood bright-
+  coloured and hard; it has the useful quality of growing when put in as
+  fence posts.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Akee.
+
+  A useful shade tree near dwellings, growing to the height of 97½ feet.
+  Wood light yellow in colour.
+
+ _Allophyllus Africana_.
+
+  A small, common tree with hard, blackish fruit, growing along the
+  coast of Grand Basā; wood useful in many ways.
+
+ _Dodonæa viscosa_.
+
+  A small tree having viscid branchlets saturated with resin, which
+  serve as torches. The wood is used for engraving and in turnery.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Gossypium Peruvianum_. Kidney-tree Cotton.
+
+  These African cotton-plants are still imperfectly known. Probably used
+  locally.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Eriodendron anfractuosum_. Cotton Tree.
+
+  Grows to the height of 160 feet. Smooth, bright grey bark, having
+  cracked appearance. Wood not of much value in commerce. Handsome,
+  brilliant crimson flowers.
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_. Red Cotton Tree.
+
+  A large deciduous tree, often attaining 162 feet in height, with
+  tuberculate, prickly bark and scarlet flowers with firm, velvety
+  petals. Wood of little value in commerce.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia oblonga_. Yellow Wood.
+
+  A tree of medium height, the wood soft, and fibre strong and tough.
+  Exudes gum.
+
+ _Sterculia sp._
+
+  Fruit edible, the oily seeds used medicinally.
+
+ _Triplochiton_.
+
+  Fruit winged, flowers panicled, leaves ragged.
+
+ _Cola acuminata_. Cola.
+
+  Much like the Poplar in appearance. The wood is used in ship-building,
+  house-building and furniture. The oily, edible Cola Nut is in great
+  demand.
+
+ _Cola digitata_.
+
+  The oily seeds much used in medicine.
+
+ _Heritiera utilis_.
+
+  The timber hard and useful for various purposes, the bark in tanning.
+  Fruit woody.
+
+
+=Dilleniaceæ.=
+
+ _Tetracera potatoria_. Water Tree.
+
+  A small, hairy tree growing on the dry and sunny parts of the coast
+  savannahs. It yields a profuse amount of water from the stems; hence
+  its name.
+
+ _Tetracera leiocarpa_.
+
+  Very similar to the above. Used as a medicine by the natives.
+
+ _Tetracera Dinklagei_.
+
+  Similar to the other Tetracera species.
+
+ _Tetracera sp._ White Cedar.
+
+  Reaches a girth of 10 or 12 feet. Wood soft and grain too open for
+  export.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira procera_. African Oak or Red Ironwood.
+
+  This tree yields oil-bearing seeds. The wood is hard and heavy, of a
+  reddish brown. Sold as African Oak. The wood is also used in charcoal-
+  making.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Pentadesma_. Butter or Tallow Tree.
+
+  A tall, slender tree growing by the streams. Wood light in colour,
+  useful in various ways. Also found in Sierra Leone.
+
+ _Garcinia kola_. Bitter Cola.
+
+  A large but slow-growing tree, with a hard, prettily grained wood,
+  rather uncommon.
+
+ _Garcinia sp._? Mahogany.
+
+  The wood sometimes sold as mahogany.
+
+ _Garcinia sp._ Chew-stick.
+
+  The smaller roots are used as chew-sticks, but taking these in the
+  drastic method in which it is done generally means death to the tree.
+  It is found on summits of the mountains.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Smeathmannia lævigata_.
+
+ _Smeathmannia sp._
+
+  The buds are single, growing in the axils of the leaves. Leaves
+  toothed. There are fifteen species of this tree; not very common. Wood
+  of little value.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Rhizophora mangle_.
+
+  The Mangrove species. It grows in swamps or on the banks of rivers of
+  Liberia. The wood is hard and heavy but easily worked; much used for
+  poles and firewood, the bark in tanning.
+
+ _Rhizophora racemosa_.
+
+  The Mangrove species. Very similar to the above.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Psidium guajava_. Guava.
+
+  A small tree growing near Monrovia. Fruit edible, the well-known Guava
+  of commerce.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Mimusops sp._ The Bobby Water or Benin Mahogany.
+
+  A very common kind of Mahogany, attaining a bole of 50 feet and girth
+  of 12 feet. It will grow at a higher elevation than most forest trees.
+  Wood very useful in the making of furniture.
+
+ _Mimusops lacera_. African Pearwood.
+
+  A tall, fine-looking tree, with good bole. It would pay to plant these
+  unsparingly. It grows well near the coast. The hard, red wood is very
+  useful and most valuable in furniture-making, inlaying, veneering,
+  etc.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp._
+
+  A tree of medium height. Fruit edible. The wood not well known in
+  commerce.
+
+ _Sideroxylon longistylum_.
+
+  This tree supplies a good timber. The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Omphalocarpum_.
+
+  A kind of Guttapercha is obtained from this tree. It supplies also a
+  good, useful timber.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_. Swizzle-stick.
+
+  A good workable timber is obtained from it. Stone fruit.
+
+ _Funtumia Africana_. False Rubber Tree.
+
+  The rubber is useless, being sticky, like birdlime. Height from 15 to
+  20 feet.
+
+ _Funtumia sp._ Boxwood.
+
+  Much the same as above. Found also in Sierra Leone.
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_. True Rubber Tree.
+
+  One of the most important rubber-trees of Africa (also Sierra Leone);
+  produces good rubber. Height 100 feet.
+
+ _Conopharyngia_. Rubber.
+
+  Another rubber-tree, yielding only small quantities, of little use in
+  commerce.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis_. Vine Rubber.
+
+  Another of the best rubber-trees; grows in the Sino Basin.
+
+ _Landolphia jenje_. Vine or White Ball Rubber.
+
+  A very good rubber, even better than _L. Owariensis_.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_.
+
+  A pinnate-leaved tree with dense panicles of pink flowers like the
+  foxglove; the fruit long and slender. The bright-coloured wood is very
+  even in texture, much used in fence-making.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Sierra Leone Peach.
+
+  Flowers in large heads, white and fragrant. Deep-red fruit, the peach
+  of the country, the size of a man’s fist. The wood much used for
+  inlaying.
+
+ _Morinda sp._? Brimstone.
+
+  A tree with bole of 50 feet in height, girth from 16 to 20 feet. The
+  wood is bright yellow in colour, not of much value, but the root-wood
+  is sold in the native markets for yellow dye and the bole wood for
+  weather-boards. It is very hard and resists attacks of insects.
+
+ _Randia maculata_.
+
+  A very pretty ornamental tree, with glossy leaves and white flowers.
+
+ _Coffea Liberica_. Liberian Coffee.
+
+  A tree about 20 feet in height. Coffee-berries the size of a cherry.
+
+
+                                APPENDIX
+
+                         LIBERIA—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+  -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------
+      Products.    |  1908.  |   £   |  1909.  |     £|  1910.  |   £
+  -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------
+  Palm kernels     | 200,489 | 41,916|    —    |   —  |    —    |   —
+                   |  bush.  |       |         |      |         |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Palm oil         | 876,000 | 60,223|    —    |   —  |  1,149  |   359
+                   |  gals.  |       |         |      |  bush.  |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Rubber           | 169,566 |  8,478|    —    |   —  |    —    |   —
+                   |   lb.   |       |         |      |         |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Coffee           |1,459,082| 27,966|    —    |   —  |6,774 lb.|   353
+                   |   lb.   |       |         |      |         |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Coffee seed      |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —  |1,690,955|32,978
+                   |         |       |         |      |   lb.   |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Coffee scions    |    —    |   —   |2,082,540|35,830|    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |   lb.   |      |         |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Coffee trees     |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —  |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Piassava         |7,396,863| 38,528|    —    |   —  |    —    |   —
+                   |   lb.   |       |         |      |         |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Kola nuts        |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —  | 384,830 | 2,408
+                   |         |       |         |      |   lb.   |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Calabar beans    |4,318 lb.|     37|    —    |   —  |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Guttapercha      |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —  |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Camwood          |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —  |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+  Ivory            | 14,514  |  4,447|    —    |   —  |    —    |   —
+                   |   lb.   |       |         |      |         |
+  -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------
+    TOTALS         |9,044,343|181,599|2,082,540|35,830|2,082,559|36,098
+                   |   lb.   |       |   lb.   |      |   lb.   |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+                   | 876,000 |       |         |      |  1,149  |
+                   |  gals.  |       |         |      |  bush.  |
+                   |         |       |         |      |         |
+                   | 200,489 |       |         |      |         |
+                   |  bush.  |       |         |      |         |
+  -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------
+      Products.    |  1911.  |   £   |  1912.  |   £
+  -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------
+  Palm kernels     |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Palm oil         |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Rubber           |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Coffee           | 103,032 |  5,648| 93,822  | 4,589
+                   |   lb.   |       |   lb.   |
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Coffee seed      |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Coffee scions    |1,851,993| 38,508|1,514,193|47,456
+                   |   lb.   |       |   lb.   |
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Coffee trees     |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Piassava         |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Kola nuts        |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Calabar beans    |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Guttapercha      |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Camwood          |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+                   |         |       |         |
+  Ivory            |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —
+  -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------
+    TOTALS         |1,955,025| 44,156|1,608,015|52,045
+                   |   lb.   |       |   lb.   |
+  -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.—=Gola Forest, general view, near Morro River.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.—=Mahogany (Khaya Ivoriensis), the late Mr. C. W.
+Smythe standing beside it, Gola Forest.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.—=Young Yawey Cedar (Heritiera?), Gola Forest.=]
+
+                                                          To face p. 80.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER V
+
+                            THE IVORY COAST
+
+
+Thanks to Monsieur Auguste Chevalier’s very varied and extensive travels
+on the Ivory Coast, we have obtained very graphic descriptions of the
+belt of forest extending nearly 150 miles inland and parallel to the
+coast.
+
+In his books _Les Végétaux Utiles de l’Afrique Tropicale Française_,
+Fasc. V., _Première Etude sur les Bois de la Côte d’Ivoire_, and _Les
+Végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française_, Fasc. VII (Première
+Partie), _Documents sur le Palmier à Huile_, on the vegetation of this
+French Colony, not only are there general descriptions of some of the
+best and most accessible forests, but also there are full descriptions
+of the individual trees, together with most of their botanical and most
+valuable vernacular names.
+
+Considering that the area of the Ivory Coast is 130,000 square miles,
+and the forest belt about 150 miles wide, the mahogany industry should
+be still further developed than it is at the present time.
+
+So far, on the average, the Ivory Coast has been noted for its figured
+mahogany, the Ports of Grand Bassam, Assinie (a town and river of Upper
+Guinea), and La Hou being the most noted, and having given almost their
+name to different classes of Ivory Coast mahogany. For several reasons
+this type of mahogany has fetched higher prices than that of the average
+from elsewhere. Sassandra, at the mouth of a similar named river, and
+also Cavally, on the Cavally, are minor ports for the shipment of
+mahogany.
+
+First and foremost the wood obtained from what Monsieur Chevalier terms
+_Khaya Ivoriensis_ is of a much more sheeny nature than that of either
+_Khaya Senegalensis_, _Khaya grandis_ or _Khaya Punchii_.
+
+In the next place, the method of working is most peculiar. Usually,
+individual natives cut a few trees at a time, standing nearest a
+waterway or lagoon; in fact, these were picked trees which the natives
+thought contained figured wood, and this had the effect of only a one-
+sided working of the forest, thus leaving many other valuable trees. On
+the average, the distribution of the numbers and of the various species
+is about the same as in other parts of West Africa. Apparently many of
+the ordinary trees have often been left standing, or at any rate most of
+those which are too inaccessible. A tree standing more than about a mile
+from water is too far for a native working almost single-handed, and
+only collecting a few labourers for hauling his logs to the waterway.
+
+In recent years, however, British as well as French firms, with a larger
+amount of capital, have started to work the forests. Regulations have
+been drawn up by the local Government in a similar manner and of a
+similar nature to those in force generally on the West Coast of Africa.
+The Government also has built a railway passing through and near some of
+the forests north of Grand Bassam. Since its inception, a further
+impetus has been given to the mahogany trade. However, in the matter of
+water transport, the rivers of the Ivory Coast, such as the Tano, mostly
+flowing in British territory, but emptying itself into the sea at
+Assinie (the port for logs in French territory), the Yar or Abi, the
+Komoe, the Zini, and Bandana, the Sassandra and Cavally, can none of
+them be said to be at all good for the floating out of logs. La Hou is
+the port for the Bandana and Zini Rivers, after their junction;
+Sassandra is the port for the Sassandra and Cavally for the Cavally. At
+the mouth of each of them there is a shallow bar, and this in turn
+causes a bad surf, and in other parts the coast lacks harbours, and the
+formation of it is unsuitable for the shipment of timber. No doubt, as
+time goes on, an effective means will be invented for dealing with the
+passage of the logs through the surf, especially at the mouths of
+rivers. So far, from all accounts, the rivers themselves have not been
+cleared of snags and rocky obstructions for the transport of the timber.
+This factor again has reacted on the output, and many of the finest
+forests remain unworked. Owing to the fact of this accidental policy of
+only cutting the best mahogany trees, the intensive exploitation of the
+forests by cutting other species of trees (the timber of which has
+already found a market in Europe) has been greatly hindered. Among such
+timbers are the following:
+
+  _Khaya Ivoriensis_,
+
+  _Chlorophora excelsa_,
+
+  _Lophira alata_,
+
+  _Afzelia microcarpa_,
+
+  _Entandrophragma macrophylla_,
+
+  _Canarium Schweinfurthii_, or _Occidentalis_.
+
+On the whole, English firms working on the Ivory Coast have been
+encouraged and not hindered, but some of the minor regulations appear to
+be rather irksome and vexatious in their working, and the firms have
+felt that their tenure of the forest rights was not quite so secure as
+elsewhere in West Africa.
+
+The export duties placed on mahogany cut on the banks of the Tano in
+Gold Coast territory are almost of such a nature as to prohibit the
+profitable working of the Tano forests.
+
+
+                             LIST OF TREES
+
+                             (CHEVALIER’S.)
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus candelabrum_. Sometimes known as Screw Pine.
+
+  A well-branched tree, supported by aerial roots; leaves spinous and in
+  dense spirals.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Borassus flabellifer_ Ronier (Colons); Dendo (Attie); Makube (Fanti);
+ Ekube (Agni).
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Dracæna Perrotetti_. Nkiebe (Mbonoi); Adjonde (Ebrie).
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Celtis integrifolia_. Mgua (Abe); Tongo (Bondoukou).
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Antiaris toxiaria_. Ake (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Corkwood (English); Akede (Abe); Bakana (Fanti);
+ Guele (Bondoukou); Elui (Agni); Bonzo (Bambara); Agui (Ebrie); Odum
+ (Appollonien).
+
+ _Ficus Goliath_. Abono (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Ficus Guineensis_. Aturn (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Mekhi (Attie); Diangue (Agni); Karfa (Bambara).
+
+ _Pontya excelsa_. Metchi (Attie); Triwa (Agni).
+
+ _Morus mesozygia_. Bana (Attie); Cecerui (Agni).
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_. Parasolier (Colons); Loho (Abe); Guima Djuna
+ (Bondoukou); Egui (Agni); Congo-congo (Gabonais).
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Agnon (Abe); Atolaie (Mbonoi); Agniere (Ebrie).
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_. Nianga-magui (English); Diancangue (Attie);
+ Nianga (Agni); Nianga-magui (Indenie).
+
+ _Treculia africana_. Izaquente Portugais (Colons); Yukugo (Bondoukou).
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Coula edulis_. Atsan (Attie); Bogüe (Agni); Akion (Ebrie).
+
+ _Ongokea Klaineana_. So (Abe).
+
+ _Strombosia pustulata_. Myole Polie (Abe); Patabua (Bondoukou); Fognian
+ (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Octoknemataceæ.=
+
+ _Octoknema affinis_. Guangua (Attie).
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Cleistopholis patens_. Kotopuan (Attie); Bofu (Fanti); Eutie (Agni).
+
+ _Enantia chlorantha_. Mbawe (Abe); Esuro (Attie).
+
+ _Monodora myristica_. Mbang (Attie); Efuen (Agni); Hane (Ebrie).
+
+ _Stenanthera hamata_. T’sainfi (Attie); Surua (Agni).
+
+ _Pachypodanthium_.
+
+ _Xylopia æthiopica_. Ethiopian pepper (Colons); Fonde (Attie); Efomu
+ (Agni); Endiar or N’diar (Wolof).
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Cœlocaryon oxycarpum_. Kinkonawon (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_. Walehe (Abe); Hetere (Bondoukou); Etama (Agni);
+ Anaküe (Mbonoi); Edna (Appolonien).
+
+
+=Capparidaceæ.=
+
+ _Buchholzia macrophylla_. Mon (Attie); Akotompo (Fanti); Amizi (Agni);
+ Do (Trepo).
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Chrysobalanus ellipticus_. Hanfuru (Agni).
+
+ _Parinarium robustum_. Aroba (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Parinarium tenuifolium_. Simua (Attie); Gatesima (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_. San (Attie); Piampian (Fanti); Kuanguan (Agni).
+
+ _Albizzia ferruginea_.
+
+ _Albizzia gigantea_. Turndogo, Bosole (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Albizzia rhombifolia_. Küe (Attie); Pranpran (Fanti); Kure (Agni).
+
+ _Afzelia microcarpa_. Asemigniri (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Aphanocalyx sp._ Redwood (Colons); Taceribe (Mbonoi); Arabmetu
+ (Adionkron).
+
+ _Baphia nitida_. Camwood (English); Tte (Attie); Ekuro (Fanti); Exin
+ (Agni); Eseme (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_. Beguan (Attie); Gueguirotta baka (Agni).
+
+ _Cynometra Vogelii_. Tiupe (Attie).
+
+ _Cynometra cryptosepalum_. Kiukuesin (Attie); Patapara (Agni).
+
+ _Daniellia oblonga_. Trakuan (Attie); Kuangua (Agni).
+
+ _Dialium Dinklagei_.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_. Fe (Attie); Warie (Agni).
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Ivoriensis_. Amerere (Agni).
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Erüi (Agni); Teli (Bambara); Aranhe
+ (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_. Acacia de Gabon (Colons); Akuosi, Amba
+ (Fanti); Ekopa (Agni).
+
+ _Macrolobium Palisoti_.
+
+ _Milletia sp._ Vandaküe (Attie); Bakahehessi (Agni); Ekimi (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Parkia Agboensis_. Lo (Abe); Dogo (Bondoukou); Asama (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_. Owala (Gabonais).
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_. Bon (Attie); Nainvi (Bondoukou); Kuangua iniama
+ (Agni).
+
+ _Piptadenia Chevalieri_. Lo (Attie).
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_. Totohote (Attie); Assihaoto (Agni).
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thonningii_.
+
+
+=Pandaceæ.=
+
+ _Porphyranthus Zenkeri_. Tebo (Attie); Akwankusuma (Fanti); Akuana
+ (Agni).
+
+
+=Linaceæ.=
+
+ _Phyllocosmus Africanus_.
+
+
+=Humiriaceæ.=
+
+ _Saccoglottis Gabunensis_. Amuan (Attie).
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Fagara macrophylla_. Hanwego (Bondoukou); Kengüe (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Zanthoxylum parvifolium_. M’Bon (Attie); Kanton (Fanti); Hendje,
+ Hengué (Agni).
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Hannoa Klaineana_. Haiefai? (Abe); Neube? (Attie); Hete bake (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Irvingia_. Akwabu (Mbonoi); Lubigniati (Adionkron).
+
+ _Mannia Africana_. Hate (Attie); Sotibia (Fanti); Bomoku (Agni); Akodo
+ (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Canarium Occidentalis_. Okume d’Ivoire (Colons); Segna (Attie);
+ Krendja Haigue (Agni).
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Bingeria Africana_. Hakue (Attie); Hague (Agni).
+
+ _Carapa microcarpa_. Dona (Abe); Kuli pia (Bondoukou); Kobi (Bambara).
+
+ _Carapa velutina_. Bibiabe (Attie); Akumasse (Fanti); Sorowa (Agni).
+
+ _Charia Indeniensis_. Zacoba (Attie); Zacoba (Agni).
+
+ _Entandrophragma ferruginea_. Locobo (Attie); Tiamatiama (Agni).
+
+ _Entandrophragma macrophylla_. Baka-biringui (Abe); Lokoba (Attie);
+ Kaiguigo (Bondoukou); Makua (Mbonoi); Tiamatiama (Appolonien).
+
+ _Entandrophragma rufa_. Cedrat (Colons); Kaiguigo (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Entandrophragma Septentrionalis_. Baka-birin-gui (Abe); Keiwgo
+ (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Khaya Ivoriensis_. Bariba or Biribi (Colons); Ekuie (Abe); Lokobua
+ (Attie); Dukuma Dugura (Agni); Humpe (Ebrie); Tiamatiama (Appolonien).
+
+ _Pynærtia Occidentalis_. Hainde (Agni); Kassekui (Mbonoi); Dubiri
+ Keguigo (Appolonien).
+
+ _Trichilia Candollei_. Tanna (English); Fe (Attie); Tenuba, Tanuba
+ (Agni).
+
+ _Trichilia cedrata_. Ngnanake (Abe); Mbosse (Agni); Anokue (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Trichilia acutifoliata_.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Macaranga Heudelotii_. Abo (Attie); Eson (Fanti); Ekna (Agni).
+
+ _Mæsobotrya Stapfiana_. Senan (Attie); Emuinguim (Fanti); Asa bogüie
+ (Agni).
+
+ _Oldfieldia Africana_. African Teak (English); Fu (Attie); Etüi (Agni).
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_. Hobo Hapi (Abe); Isain (Attie); Sosaü
+ (Fanti); Haipi (Bondoukou); Haipi (Agni); Poposi (Mbonoi); Poposi
+ (Ebrie); Nbob (Moyen Cavally).
+
+ _Uapaca Benguelensis_. African Oak (English); Chêne d’Afrique (Colons);
+ Rikio (Abe); Niondobi (Bondoukou); Cosomon (Bambara); Sannaba (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Uapaca Bingervillensis_. Rikio (Abe); Na (Attie); Kayo (Bondoukou);
+ Elekhua (Agni); Orobo (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Alchornea sp._ Bonyurome (Mbonoi); Aguaya (Ebrie); Tatairo (Moyen
+ Cavally).
+
+ _Baccaurea Bonneti_. Habizacue (Attie); Kuatiecuale (Agni).
+
+ _Bridelia speciosa_. Chicue (Attie).
+
+ _Hasskarlia didymostemon_. Nguepe (Attie); Echirua (Agni).
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Hæmatostaphis Barteri_. Vi (Abe); Esanke, Esangue (Attie).
+
+ _Lannea acidissima_. Ngolo ngoloti (Abe); Tchiko (Attie); Kakoro
+ (Fanti); Durgo, Duroko, Duko (Bondoukou); Borepore (Agni).
+
+ _Lannea sp._ Ebruke (Attie); Bembe (Bambara).
+
+ _Spondias lutea_. Ngua (Abe); Ningo (Bambara); Haperrie (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Icacinaceæ.=
+
+ _Leptaulus daphnoides_. Paradedi (Attie); Eborodumuen (Agni).
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Sago (Bondoukou); Finzan (Bambara).
+
+ _Deinbollia Indeniensis_. Ngua, Abo (Attie); Ekosuba, Zenna, Kerenya
+ (Agni); Kaüsa (Indenie).
+
+ _Placodiscus pseudostipularis_. Para dakue (Attie).
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Duboscia macrocarpa_. Pianro (Agni).
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Cola cordifolia_. Awa (Attie); Amhio (Bondoukou); Dabudabu (Agni);
+ Ntaba (Bambara).
+
+ _Cola mirabilis_. Gnibi (Attie); Kamou aguire (Agni).
+
+ _Cola proteiformis_. Kouanda (Attie); Kokotsi (Fanti); Guiangon (Agni).
+
+ _Cola vera_. Awasse (Abe); Lo (Attie); Buesse (Mbonoi); Hapo (Ebrie);
+ Guere (Neyau); Guresu (Bete); Hure (Plapo); We (Trepo); Halu
+ (Adionkron).
+
+ _Pterygota cordifolia_. Ape (Attie); Sounoum (Fanti); Ware Borf ware
+ (Agni).
+
+ _Sterculia oblonga_. Azodo (Abe).
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_. Porepore (Abe); Botapia (Attie); Lomburu
+ (Bondoukou); Kotokie (Indenia).
+
+ _Triplochiton scleroxylon_. Hofa (Abe); Samba, Sankamba (Bondoukou);
+ Batabua (Agni); Wa-wa (Appolonien); Wa-wa (Indenia).
+
+
+=Scytopetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Rhaptopetalum Tieghemi_. Mosangui (Attie); Djo Arbi (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira procera_. Nokue (Attie); Esore (Agni).
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Allanblackia parviflora_. Wohotelimon (Abe); Bissaboko (Attie);
+ Akumase (Fanti); Alabenun (Agni); Wotobe Ewotebo (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Garcinia polyantha_. Mamie Kini (Agni).
+
+ _Ochrocarpus Africanus_. African Apricot (Colons); Quelipe Kelipe
+ (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Pentadesma leucantha_. Piche Aboko (Attie); Allahbanunu (Agni).
+
+ _Symphonia globulifera_. Arquane (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Homalium Africanum_. Akouibia (Fanti); Akoima (Agni).
+
+ _Scottellia coriaceæ_. Bakaza (Attie); Aburuhi (Fanti).
+
+ _Scottellia Kamerunensis_. Akosica (Abe); Edde (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Rhizophora racemosa_. Paletuvier rouge (Colons); Ntagne (Attie);
+ Koghia bera (Fanti); Ende (Agni).
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Anogeissus sp._ Kakaleka (Bondoukou); Krekete (Bambara).
+
+ _Combretodendron viridiflora_. Kati (Abe); Esive (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Terminalia altissima_. Pe (Abe); Fram (Bondoukou); Frake (Agni).
+
+ _Terminalia Ivoriensis_. Satinwood (English); Mboti, Buma (Attie);
+ Tuhidja (Bondoukou); Framine (Agni); Fela (Bambara); Cauri (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eugenia syzygium_. Amerere (Agni).
+
+
+=Melastomaceæ.=
+
+ _Memecylon polyanthemos_. Taisin (Attie); Tai (Agni).
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros sanza_. Nguobi, Kusibiri (Attie); Sanza, Minika, Asun, Seka
+ (Agni).
+
+
+=Oleaceæ.=
+
+ _Linociera Mannii_. Akodiombi, Zakuebiembi (Attie); Akokotsua (Fanti);
+ Aqua egbua (Agni); Akoriie (Indenie).
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Anthocleista nobilis_. Buro-Nuro (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_. Kokue (Attie).
+
+ _Conopharyngia crassa_. Choka (Attie); Akotompo Atsim (Fanti); Pakie-
+ pakie, Kuakie-kuakie (Agni); Apukur (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Funtumia Africana_. Pesin (Attie); Wala (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_. Pechi (Attie); Poyndua (Fanti); Efurumundu (Agni);
+ Ofuntum (Appolonien); Twe (Neyau); Uruba su (Bete); Dorose-Populu
+ (Plapo); Bebeti (Moyen Cavally).
+
+ _Picralima Elliotii_. Hainfain (Attie); Kakana (Agni).
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_. Embi-siembi (Agni); Gonguonkiur (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Vitex micrantha_. Kiangu (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathodea campanulata_. Tulipier de Gabon (Colons); Kokomazur
+ (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Grumilea vanosa_. Tchiat Kottse (Attie); Aburese baka (Agni).
+
+ _Gardenia viscidissima_.
+
+ _Mitragyne macrophylla_. Sofo (Attie); Bahia (Agni).
+
+ _Morinda citrifolia_. Alongua (Bondoukou); Sangongo (Bambara).
+
+ _Pseudocinchona Africana_. Mbrahu (Abe); Kiumba (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Tetere (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Sarcocephalus Pobeguini_. Ndebere (Attie); Ekusamba (Fanti); Boisima
+ (Agni); Zeronga (Bambara).
+
+
+                                APPENDIX
+
+                       IVORY COAST—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+  [Quant.: Quantity.]
+
+  ------------+--------------+--------------------+---------------------
+              |     1909.    |        1910.       |        1911.
+    Products. +------+-------+------------+-------+------------+--------
+              |Quant.|   £   |   Quant.   |   £   |   Quant.   |   £
+  ------------+------+-------+------------+-------+------------+--------
+              | Tons.|       |    Tons.   |       |    Tons.   |
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Colas       |     1|       |      —     |       |     8      |    717
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Palm kernels| 5,191| 45,421|  5,422     | 47,450| 5,251      | 66,223
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Doumane     |     2|     26|      —     |   —   |     5      |     56
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Ginger      |   —  |   —   |      —     |   —   |      —     |    —
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Palm oil    | 6,367|119,398|  5,954     |111,651| 6,625      |169,305
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Coco-oil    |   —  |   —   |      —     |       |      —     |    —
+  (touloucoume|      |       |            |       |            |
+  de palmiste)|      |       |            |       |            |
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Gum copal   |     1|     77|      0·0882|      4|     0·6106 |      4
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Rubber      |   368| 67,604|    391     |121,490|   351      |110,916
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Beurre de   |   —  |   —   |      —     |   —   |     0·15415|      4
+  karité      |      |       |            |       |            |
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Soumbaras   |   —  |   —   |      —     |   —   |      —     |    —
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Woods       |15,994| 33,321| 13,783     |  2,871|23,812      |  9,426
+  (cabinet-   |      |       |            |       |            |
+  making      |      |       |            |       |            |
+  etc.;       |      |       |            |       |            |
+  mahogany)   |      |       |            |       |            |
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Kapok       |   —  |   —   |      —     |   —   |      —     |    —
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Piassava    |    14|     99|      —     |   —   |      —     |    —
+              |      |       |            |       |            |
+  Bamboos     |   —  |   —   |      —     |   —   |      —     |    —
+  ------------+------+-------+------------+-------+------------+--------
+    TOTALS    |27,938|265,949| 25,550·882 |283,468|36,054·76475|356,655
+  ------------+------+-------+------------+-------+------------+--------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  ------------+--------------+--------------------
+              |     1912.    |        1913.
+    Products. +------+-------+------------+-------
+              |Quant.|   £   |   Quant.   |   £
+  ------------+------+-------+------------+-------
+              | Tons.|       |    Tons.   |
+              |      |       |            |
+  Colas       |     9|    770|    24      |  2,007
+              |      |       |            |
+  Palm kernels| 6,799| 73,656| 6,949      |104,030
+              |      |       |            |
+  Doumane     |     8|     89|     0·7742 |     12
+              |      |       |            |
+  Ginger      |   —  |   —   |     0·0098 |      5
+              |      |       |            |
+  Palm oil    | 6,776|155,294| 6,014      |125,921
+              |      |       |            |
+  Coco-oil    |   —  |       |     0·5194 |   —
+  (touloucoume|      |       |            |
+  de palmiste)|      |       |            |
+              |      |       |            |
+  Gum copal   |     1|     98|     1      |     99
+              |      |       |            |
+  Rubber      | 1,376|344,020|   394      | 78,239
+              |      |       |            |
+  Beurre de   |     1|     22|     8      |    128
+  karité      |      |       |            |
+              |      |       |            |
+  Soumbaras   |   —  |   —   |     0·098  |      2
+              |      |       |            |
+  Woods       |30,489|120,688|42,651      |208,869
+  (cabinet-   |      |       |            |
+  making      |      |       |            |
+  etc.;       |      |       |            |
+  mahogany)   |      |       |            |
+              |      |       |            |
+  Kapok       |   —  |   —   |     2      |     28
+              |      |       |            |
+  Piassava    |     7|     45|     3      |     23
+              |      |       |            |
+  Bamboos     |   —  |   —   |     0·56804|      1
+  ------------+------+-------+------------+-------
+    TOTALS    |45,466|624,676|56,047·96944|519,364
+  ------------+------+-------+------------+-------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.—=Teak Plantation of 1908, 35¾ feet high, Sokode,
+in 1911.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.—=Teak Plantation of 1907 and 1908 on Hill-side,
+Atakpame.=]
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI
+
+                             THE GOLD COAST
+
+
+Area, 80,000 square miles.
+
+During 1909, a most interesting and exhaustive _Report on the Forest of
+the Gold Coast_, as well as Ashanti and the Northern Territories, was
+written by Mr. H. N. Thompson, the Chief Conservator of Forests of
+Nigeria. As a result of this Report, a Forest Department was formed in
+1910. This Forest Department now consists of a Conservator, Deputy, and
+three Assistant Conservators of Forests. However, legislation for the
+proper preservation of the forest and creation of Forest Reserves has
+not been passed, so that the scope of the Forest Department’s usefulness
+has been much curtailed.
+
+It would be quite superfluous here to try and describe the forests in
+such a masterly fashion as has been done by Mr. Thompson, but anyone who
+is interested in the Gold Coast Forests should read the Report for
+themselves. It will suffice to give an outline of the main features of
+the Forest Administration and a general description of the forests.
+
+With the author’s permission I have given a list of the timber-trees,
+together with the botanical names, so far as they are known.
+
+The people of this very rich country have in a short-sighted way very
+much hindered real progress in Forestry by refusing to assist in the
+creation of Forest Reserves. Forest Reserves are, of course, simply
+forest permanently set aside for the production of timber or other such
+forest products. The people of the Gold Coast have, apparently, judging
+by extracts from the local Press, got the idea into their heads that the
+making of a Forest Reserve necessarily means the ownership of the land
+on which the forest stands passing into the possession of the
+Government. This, of course, is quite a contrary view to the true
+conception of a Forest Reserve, which is an area set apart by the
+Supreme Government as a forest for the permanent production of timber,
+etc., and usually managed by the Forest Department of the country. It
+may be a State forest, a communal forest, a municipal forest, or even a
+private forest which is thus placed under Forest Laws as a Forest
+Reserve. The user (that is, the man who has the right of usufruct in it)
+is not generally in a position to protect it thoroughly, and to some
+extent foregoes present temporary profits for future permanent returns.
+
+The diverse forms of forests named above, under the permanent management
+of the State, are seen in Switzerland, Germany, France, Russia, Japan,
+and India, not to mention Nigeria, so that it cannot be called an
+isolated system.
+
+The cocoa industry has quite overshadowed that of collecting palm fruit,
+making palm oil, and cracking of palm nuts to obtain the kernels, with
+the result that these exports are small compared with Sierra Leone even,
+which is a much smaller colony, with a climate less propitious for palm-
+trees.
+
+The following table shows the exports for the last five years:
+
+            Tons.      £
+
+  1909     14,553   113,784
+
+  1910     14,252   185,058
+
+  1911     13,254   175,890
+
+  1912     14,629   205,365
+
+  1913      9,744   159,128
+
+In the year 1913 forest produce, in the shape of logs, etc., to the
+value of £3,327,743 was exported. It would be disastrous to the country
+if a few loud-voiced, narrow-minded people were to prevent proper
+measures being adopted for the welfare of the country. Considering their
+previous education and small experience in these wide economic matters,
+it is only natural that they should take this view, but, on the other
+hand, that is no reason why the Supreme Government should not do what is
+necessary for the future permanent benefit of the country. A child is
+not allowed to play with fire, although it may very much like to see the
+flames; in the same way the British people, as locally represented by
+the Gold Coast Government, cannot allow the inhabitants of the district
+to play fast and loose with their priceless treasures, the African
+forests, well knowing that the country will be permanently injured
+thereby. Examples are to be found to-day of countries which have allowed
+their forests to be destroyed. Spain and Portugal are typical of this,
+and even in Africa one has the spectacle of France putting untold
+millions into Forestry in Algeria in order to restore the rainfall.
+Morocco and Mesopotamia are further examples of countries in a similar
+condition, where the forests have been destroyed. Palestine, with its
+ancient forests of Lebanon, is the most drastic example of forest
+destruction, quite apart from Turkish misrule. A similar process has
+taken place in the Soudan, and this locality is only now being
+laboriously re-afforested by the Forest Department there. In India,
+European countries, Canada, Australia, and in the United States it has
+been proved that it is only by a central Government Agency that the
+forests will be properly preserved both for this generation and the
+next; therefore, before it is too late, it behoves the Gold Coast people
+to recognise their responsibility to future generations and allow the
+necessary legislation, so that the forests may be preserved and rightly
+utilised.
+
+
+               LIST OF INDIGENOUS TREES AND RUBBER VINES
+
+     (From Mr. H. N. Thompson’s Report on the Gold Coast Forests.)
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus sp._ Ntung (Fanti); Ntung (Ashanti); Ndau (Apollonian); Ndau
+ (Aowin); Ekpa (Krepi).
+
+  Screw Pine. Often found near villages on the coast and where drier
+  conditions prevail, in sheltered spots. Reaches height of 30 feet.
+  Leaves used in mat-making.
+
+
+=Gramineæ.=
+
+ _Bamboo sp._
+
+  Some of these attain a great height. Used for many purposes by the
+  natives.
+
+
+=Cyperaceæ.=
+
+ _Bulbostylis barbata_.
+
+ _Bulbostylis laniceps_.
+
+  Quite small trees.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Ancistrophyllum sp._ Eye (Fanti).
+
+  Large kind of rattan. Scandent palm.
+
+ _Borassus flabellifer_. Makube (Fanti); Makube (Ashanti); Kube
+ (Akwapim); Malankwi (Apollonian); Ago (Quitta); Ago (Krepi); Ago
+ (Accra).
+
+ _Borassus æthiopica_.
+
+  The wood, exclusive of pith, extremely hard. Pericarp of nut edible.
+  Savannah forests.
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_. Adube and Doka (Fanti); Doka (Ashanti); Tombo
+ (general West Coast); Doka (Apollonian); Doka (Aowin); Alati (Quitta);
+ Alati (Krepi).
+
+ _Raphia Hookeri_.
+
+  Wine (from stem) and bamboo palm. Piassava fibre prepared from the
+  rachis and the leaves, poles from bamboo in building; pinnæ for
+  baskets and thatch. Seed beaten to pulp thrown in water to catch fish.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_. Abe (Fanti); Arere, Abeletia (Apollonian); Beteng
+ (Aowin); Ede (Quitta); Ede (Krepi).
+
+  Oil Palm of commerce. Derived from this tree, also, the chief supply
+  of palm wine and piassava fibre. The coast natives use the leaf rachis
+  for building and the leaves for thatch.
+
+ _Calamus Barteri_.
+
+  Scandent palm.
+
+ _Calamus deerratus_. (West) Uwatia and Oyea (Ash.) (Ashanti).
+
+  The common rattan; marshes.
+
+ _Cocos nucifera_. Kube (Fanti); Kukwi (Ashanti); Ajui (Aowin); Eue
+ (Quitta); Eavune (Krepi); Hukwi (Axim).
+
+  Cocoanut, found in the vicinity of villages on the coast, sometimes
+  inland.
+
+ _Fan Palm_ or _Doum_. Ago (general West Coast).
+
+  Wood provides beams for building; fruit edible; leaves for thatching;
+  and a strong wine is made from the stem.
+
+ _Phœnix reclinata_, or Wild Date Palm. Euchresia (Fanti); Mileishia
+ (Apollonian); Mileishia (Aowin); Aeyedi (Quitta); Iedi (Krepi).
+
+  A small date palm; grows on the sea-shore. Fruit edible. The terminal
+  buds are cooked as a vegetable. A wine is made from the stem.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Sansevieria_.
+
+  Small tree, fibre-yielding.
+
+ _Dracæna arborea_.
+
+  40 feet in height.
+
+ _Dracæna Mannii_.
+
+  30 feet in height. Yields a light-coloured dye.
+
+ _Dracæna surculosa_.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Trema affinis_.
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Trema Africana_.
+
+  Small tree of secondary forest.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Shedua or Abonsandua (Twi); Mousandua or Okitsiwanfu
+ (Fanti); Shedua (Ashanti); Adowa (Apollonian); Adowa and Dupain
+ (Aowin); Kapro (Grunchi); Aiu (Krepi); Kingkanga (Hausa).
+
+  Some Ficus are tapped for rubber, others fruited. This species is a
+  large, smooth-barked tree.
+
+ _Ficus platyphylla_.
+
+  Fruit edible, cf. _Vogelii_, and in great demand.
+
+ _Ficus Vogelii_.
+
+  Medium-sized tree. Latex extracted by tapping. A good shade tree.
+
+ _Ficus asperifolia_. Yankran (Fanti).
+
+  Savannah forests. Called Sandpaper Tree, because the rough leaves are
+  used to smooth planks. The ashes are used in making dyes.
+
+ _Ficus elegans_.
+
+ _Ficus eriobotryoides_.
+
+ _Ficus Ottoniæfolia_.
+
+ _Ficus triangularis_.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_. Juma (Wassaw); Ajama (Fanti); Ajama (West), Ojamba
+ (Ashanti); Eguni (Apollonian); Egeun (Aowin); Ajama (Krepi).
+
+  The Umbrella or Corkwood Tree; used as buoys for fishing-nets in
+  Apollonia, and roof shingles in Ashanti.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Niankuma (Fanti); Niankuma (Ashanti); Niankuma
+ (Apollonian); Niangama (Aowin).
+
+  The fruit is eaten by the natives.
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_.
+
+  Small tree with edible fruit.
+
+ _Antiaris sp._ Chenchen (Twi).
+
+  A large tree, the timber of which is liable to attacks by white ants;
+  when seasoned, used for planks. The latex is one of the chief rubber
+  adulterants.
+
+ _Antiaris toxicaria_. Ofu, Ohonton (Fanti).
+
+ _Antiaris Africana_.
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Odoum or Odum (Twi).
+
+  Timber very hard and durable; not easy to export, because it will not
+  float in its green state. A large and valuable timber-tree found in
+  the fringing forests, the driest parts.
+
+
+=Urticaceæ.=
+
+ _Urera_.
+
+  A small tree, very common. Fibre very useful.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Coula edulis_.
+
+  Medium-sized tree with edible fruit.
+
+ _Olax subscorpoidea_.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Anona Senegalensis_.
+
+  The wild Custard Apple. Fruit edible.
+
+ _Anona palustris_.
+
+  Fruit edible. Both these grow in savannah forests. Roots used in
+  making floats.
+
+ _Monodora brevipes_.
+
+  Found in mixed deciduous forests.
+
+ _Monodora tenuifolia_. Dubiddi (Ashanti).
+
+ _Hexalobus grandiflora_.
+
+  A large, handsome tree.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_.
+
+ _Xylopia striata_.
+
+  Xylopias all small trees, except _Æthiopica_.
+
+ _Xylopia Æthiopica_.
+
+  A fairly large tree. Wood resists attacks of white ants. Used for
+  native house-posts.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_. Ote (Twi). Oti or Etsu (Fanti); Oti (Ashanti); Tika
+ (Apollonian); Attenli (Aowin); Oti (Accra).
+
+  The timber is useful for domestic purposes, roof shingles, etc. A
+  fatty oil is obtained from the seeds. A medium-sized tree, straight-
+  stemmed; wood not durable.
+
+
+=Lauraceæ.=
+
+ _Tylostemon Mannii_.
+
+  A small tree.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium sp._ Affram (Twi).
+
+  Wood used by natives for building purposes.
+
+ _Parinarium curatellæfolium_.
+
+  Very common locally. The fruit edible.
+
+ _Parinarium robustum_.
+
+  Very little known about this tree.
+
+ _Parinarium polyandrum_.
+
+  In the savannah forests.
+
+ _Parinarium mobola_.
+
+  Small tree, but good timber. Fruit edible.
+
+ _Chrysobalanus ellipticus_. Ababele (Apollonian).
+
+  Found near fresh-water lagoon. The fruit of a blue colour, small and
+  edible.
+
+
+=Connaraceæ.=
+
+ _Cnestis ferruginea_.
+
+ _Agelæa obliqua_.
+
+
+=Leguminoseæ.=
+
+ _Piptadenia sp._ Dahumah (Twi); Adadawa (Wassaw).
+
+  A large species.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_. Dahomah (Twi); Odahuma (Wassaw).
+
+  Feathery foliage. Fruit a pod 1 foot long, 1 inch broad. A common
+  forest tree; hard timber, good for railway sleepers.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus Gabonensis?_ Denya (Twi); Odenya (Wassaw).
+
+  Very large tree of the evergreen forests.
+
+ _Daniellia Ogea_. Ahedua (Twi).
+
+  Gum Copal.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_. Atawah or Althawah (Twi); Ekuana (Fanti).
+
+  The Oil-bean Tree. Fruit edible; vegetable oils and fats. Timber hard,
+  suitable for turnery.
+
+ _Detarium sp._ Biunwe (Twi).
+
+  A gigantic forest tree. Timber good.
+
+ _Detarium sp._ Bowiwunua (Twi).
+
+  Much like the first. Timber good.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalensis_. Bowiwasi (Fanti).
+
+  Not so large as other species; doubtful if the timber would be durable
+  on exposure to the atmosphere.
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_.
+
+  Fruit edible. The Locust-bean Tree. Savannah forests.
+
+ _Peltophorum sp._ Memchin (Apollonian).
+
+ _Bauhinia reticulata_.
+
+  The bast fibres are very long and tough; used as ropes by the natives.
+
+ _Paradaniella thurifera_.
+
+  Balsam Copaiba Tree—wood oil. Timber of little value.
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thonningii Prekese_.
+
+  Feathery-leaved tree. Four-angled fruit (pod), edible. Used for
+  medicinal purposes. Wood of medium hardness.
+
+ _Xylia Evansii_. Samanta (Twi); Samantawa (Fanti).
+
+ _Pithecolobium altissimum_. Augwameatee (Aowin).
+
+  A medium-sized tree, growing on river banks. A good shade tree.
+
+ _Afrormosia laxiflora_. Duakobin or Duabayi (general West Coast).
+
+  A large tree. Timber good, reddish colour; has been sold in Liverpool
+  as satinwood. Canoes made from it.
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_. Opapao (Twi); Papao (Ashanti); Opapao (Akwapim).
+
+  A first-class, durable tree. Timber very valuable. The dominant tree
+  of the savannah forests. Pod 4 to 7 inches long. Used for railway
+  sleepers, furniture, and building purposes.
+
+ _Afzelia fastigiata_.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_.
+
+  A fine, spreading tree of the savannah forests. Wood hard and durable;
+  used for building. The Sasswood or Ordeal Tree. The bark is poisonous;
+  infusions of it are used by the natives for the ordeal test,
+  especially on the Kroo coast. It regenerates freely from seed.
+  Impervious to attacks of white ants.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum micranthum_. Potedon (Wassaw); Potedon (Fanti); Potedon
+ (Ashanti); Potedon (Apollonian); Etsa (Krepi).
+
+  A reddish-brown coloured poison obtained from it.
+
+ _Tamarindus Indica_.
+
+  Wood very ornamental; fruit edible. The tree is found near the large
+  rivers Volta and Affram.
+
+ _Macrolobium Palisotii_.
+
+ _Macrolobium stipulaceum_.
+
+ _Macrolobium sp._ Wulfram (Fanti); Ofarm (Ashanti); Ndukwun
+ (Apollonian); Kotopapa (Krepi).
+
+  Common in marshy places.
+
+ _Macrolobium limba_.
+
+ _Macrolobium reticulatum_.
+
+  A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Cynometra Afzelii_.
+
+  Cynometra all grow near streams.
+
+ _Cynometra Mannii_.
+
+ _Cynometra sp._
+
+  Fringing forests, close to streams.
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_.
+
+  Found in the fringing forests. Small tree, of little use.
+
+ _Pterocarpus erinaceus_.
+
+  The Senegal Rosewood Tree. The savannah forests.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownei_.
+
+  Fringing forests. Valuable wood, rich brown colour; hard and very
+  durable. Height of tree about 100 to 120 feet, girth of 10 feet.
+
+ _Albizzia Angolensis_.
+
+ _Albizzia Abruana_.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_.
+
+  Found on disused farms. The timber should be useful for local bridge-
+  making, etc., also furniture. A gum of little value obtained from it.
+
+ _Acacia Sieberiana_.
+
+ _Acacia catechu_.
+
+  A common tree, very gregarious, in open grass country. Catechu
+  procured from it. Similar to the species in Burma. The heartwood less
+  well developed than Burmese variety. Sometimes called the Cutch Tree.
+  Gum arabic.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_.
+
+  A small tree, frequently found, except in the driest parts. The
+  Camwood of commerce, though camwood is really the product of
+  Pterocarpus.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_.
+
+  Known as Sierra Leone Tamarind. Very local; fruit edible.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_.
+
+  Medium-sized tree. Gum obtained from it. Ornamental wood; does not
+  work well.
+
+ _Berlinia Auriculata_.
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Berlinia Heudelotii_.
+
+  Medium height. Grows on river banks.
+
+ _Cassia bicapsularis_.
+
+ _Cassia fistula_.
+
+  Tree much like a laburnum, of medium size.
+
+ _Cassia tora_.
+
+ _Cassia alata_.
+
+  Flowers more brilliant than _C. fistula_. Found near villages.
+
+ _Cassia lophira_.
+
+ _Cassia Sieberiana_.
+
+ _Cassia Occidentalis_.
+
+ _Milletia Thonningii_.
+
+ _Milletia Zechiana_.
+
+ _Bussea Occidentalis_.
+
+  A small tree with bright-yellow flowers.
+
+ _Newtonia insignis_.
+
+  A tall tree with very smooth bark.
+
+ _Calpocalyx_.
+
+  A medium-sized tree of the evergreen forests.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_.
+
+  Timber not much good; branches for hoe-handles.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus cyanescens_.
+
+  The young leaves for making blue dye.
+
+ _Entada Soudanica_.
+
+  A small, spiky tree; grows in dry, open country.
+
+ _Entada Abyssinica_.
+
+  Grows in savannah forests. Small tree.
+
+ _Dichrostachys nutans_.
+
+ _Ormosia laxiflora_.
+
+  A tree of about 30 feet in height, much gnarled and twisted.
+
+ _Copaifera salikounda_.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_. Ajumkobi (Ashanti).
+
+  Sold as greenheart in the Liverpool market; 90 or 100 feet in height.
+  Very much like _Piptadenia Africana_.
+
+ _Distemonanthus Benthamianus_.
+
+ _Ecastaphyllum Brownei_.
+
+  A small white-flowered tree.
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalensis_.
+
+  A medium-sized tree, found chiefly in the dry parts. It has very
+  ornamental scarlet flowers.
+
+
+=Linaceæ.=
+
+ _Hugonia acuminata_.
+
+ _Hugonia Planchoni_.
+
+ _Hugonia platysepala_.
+
+ _Hugonia octhocosum_.
+
+  The Hugonia species are all small trees growing on the sea-shore.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_. Ainyere (Apollonian).
+
+  Timber good quality. Bark used medicinally. A tree of the fringing
+  forests—from a shrub on the sea-shore to a tree of 40 feet in height
+  inland.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Hannoa Klaineana_. Feutia (Aowin).
+
+  A medium-sized tree. Timber soft.
+
+ _Irvingia sp._ Okurii (Ashanti).
+
+  Yields a latex copious white when tapped, but turning red on exposure.
+  Used as a rubber adulterant.
+
+ _Irvingia Barterii_.
+
+  One of the species that bears the Dika Nut or Wild Mango of commerce.
+  Edible. Vegetable oils and fats. Tree of medium size.
+
+ _Harrisonia Abyssinica_.
+
+  A small tree.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Boswellia Klaineana_.
+
+  The Ehye or Incense Tree. Timber good.
+
+ _Santiriopsis_.
+
+  Timber good.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Khaya anthotheca_. Kwabohri (Twi); Akwabohori (Fanti); Kwaboho
+ (Ashanti).
+
+  White Mahogany. Medium-sized tree; timber good.
+
+ _Khaya grandis_. Appapayi or Wausauwah (Twi).
+
+  A mahogany growing on the shores of the Sacred Lake. Fringing forests.
+
+ _Khaya Senegalensis_.
+
+  This tree attains the height of from 50 to 60 feet and a girth of 6
+  feet. Grows best in open dry-zone grass country. Not easy to export,
+  as it does not grow near waterways. A gum of little value obtained
+  from it.
+
+ _Khaya Punchii_.
+
+  Found in fringing forests, rainy districts and swamps. Timber very
+  useful in furniture-making.
+
+ _Khaya Ivoriensis_.
+
+  The principal mahogany-yielding tree (Mr. Thompson).
+
+ _Khaya caudata_.
+
+ _Khaya sp._ (_Dubon_ or _Dubini_). Dubini (Twi); Dubini (Wassaw);
+ Odupon or Dubini (Fanti); Odubin (Ashanti); Tiame Tiame (Apollonian);
+ Tiama Tiama (Aowin).
+
+  The ordinary mahogany of the moist evergreen forests.
+
+ _Khaya sp._ Krubua (Twi); Okunmankra (Fanti).
+
+ _Khaya sp._ Afana or Apurro (Twi); Appapyayi (Fanti).
+
+  Two small unidentified trees from the mixed forests.
+
+ _Lovoa Klaineana_ (_Pebedum_). Akwantanuro (Fanti); Kwantanura
+ (Ashanti).
+
+  Shipped sometimes as African Walnut. A good timber-tree, closely
+  resembling the teak in colour and structure. Very ornamental wood.
+
+ _Pynærtia ealænsis_. Kokotswi (Twi); Anchi (Fanti).
+
+  A good timber-tree, much used locally.
+
+ _Guarea sp._ Bossè (Twi).
+
+  A good timber-tree; appearance of cedar, and exported as such. Moist
+  evergreen forests.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela utilis_. Effnobrodidwa (Twi); Effnokonkonti (Ashanti).
+
+  Cedar; the largest of the species. A fine timber-tree.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela Kotschyii_.
+
+  Savannah forests; attains a great height. Timber hard, of reddish
+  colour, gnarled and twisted, so difficult to obtain timber of any
+  size. Used for building by the natives. Roots, bark and leaves used
+  medicinally (rheumatism).
+
+ _Pseudocedrela sp._ Tiama Tiama (Apollonian).
+
+  A new species of the cedars.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela cylindrica_. Peukwa (Twi); Punkwa (Wassaw); Tiama Tiama
+ (Apollonian).
+
+  This cedar produces excellent timber.
+
+ _Carapa Guianensis_. Osuabise (Akwapim); Asokoru (Apollonian); Asoroa
+ (Aowin).
+
+  A large tree of the fringing forests, growing on the banks of the
+  streams; sometimes shipped as mahogany. Vegetable oils and fats
+  obtained from it.
+
+ _Entandrophragma cylindricum_.
+
+ _Entandrophragma ferrugineum_.
+
+ _Entandrophragma macrophylla_.
+
+ _Entandrophragma Septentrionale_.
+
+ _Entandrophragma utilis_.
+
+  Found near Mansu and Supom. The timber of the Entandrophragma species
+  is exported under the name of cedar. The _cylindricum_ attains a
+  height of 100 feet. Wood gummy, and unsuitable for veneers. Sometimes
+  called “unscented mahogany.” The _utilis_ under the name of “sapele
+  scented wood.”
+
+ _Trichilia Heudelottii_.
+
+  A small tree of little value.
+
+ _Trichilia rubescens_.
+
+  Attains a height of 30 feet.
+
+ _Trichilia Prieuriana_.
+
+  Medium-sized tree with flaky bark and much-curled branches. Wood of
+  red colour, not unlike cedar, but close-grained and hard, and has a
+  tendency to twist when sawn.
+
+
+=Malpigheaceæ.=
+
+ _Heteropterys Africana_.
+
+  Small tree; not very well known.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_. Assomah (Twi); Asoma (Fanti); Owama
+ (Ashanti).
+
+  In fringing forests on the banks of streams. Vegetable oils and fats
+  obtained from this tree. The wood is soft, but burns well; used by
+  natives as fuel.
+
+ _Bridelia micrantha_.
+
+  Small tree of the dry zone. A deep reddish-brown dye obtained from
+  this tree. It is made a fast colour by the admixture of old iron, such
+  as old kerosene tins, which seems an important part of the fixing.
+
+ _Macaranga Barterii_.
+
+ _Macaranga heterophylla_.
+
+ _Macaranga monandra_.
+
+ _Macaranga Rowlandii_.
+
+  These four Macaranga species are all small, little-known trees. The
+  Monandra species is a small cauliflorous tree.
+
+ _Mæsobotrya cauliflora_.
+
+  A small tree; has conspicuous red fruit.
+
+ _Mæsobotrya sparsiflora_.
+
+  A small, little-known tree.
+
+ _Megabaria Trillesii_. Chuiansa (Apollonian).
+
+  Small tree bearing poisonous fruit.
+
+ _Microdesmis puberula_. Aforwa (Wassaw); Offenma (Ashanti); Chuiansa
+ (Apollonian).
+
+  A small tree. Wood very useful in the making of agricultural
+  instruments, also chew-sticks.
+
+ _Uapaca Heudelottii_.
+
+  A large tree; very common on river banks.
+
+ _Hasskarlia didymostemon_.
+
+  A small tree; wood of little worth.
+
+ _Hymenocardia acida_.
+
+ _Hymenocardia Chevalieri_.
+
+  The Hymenocardia are both small trees of the savannah forests.
+
+ _Excœcaria_.
+
+  Small tree of the savannah forests.
+
+ _Phyllanthus reticulatus_.
+
+  Small tree of the savannah forests.
+
+ _Bridelia ferruginea_.
+
+  An antidote against poisons.
+
+ _Bridelia atroviridis_.
+
+  Not well known. About 10 feet in height. A small tree of the savannah
+  forests.
+
+ _Discoglypremna caloneura_.
+
+  A small tree of the savannah forests.
+
+ _Elæophorbia drupifera_. Kamhan (Fanti); Dudu (Apollonian); Ajurlo
+ (Krepi).
+
+  A small tree growing near the sea.
+
+ _Cleidion Gabunicum_.
+
+  A small tree. Chew-sticks obtained from it.
+
+ _Antidesma venosum_.
+
+ _Antidesma laciniatum_.
+
+ _Antidesma anbryanthum_.
+
+  A white latex obtained from it.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Spondias lutea_. Atwaba (Fanti); Atawa (Ashanti); Twani (Apollonian);
+ Tongoma (Aowin); Akukan (Quitta); Akukan (Krepi).
+
+  Found in the fringing forests. A very fine tree. Fruit edible, called
+  Hog-plum—like yellow plums in appearance; a sharp, acid taste, not
+  unpleasant.
+
+ _Odina sp._
+
+  A small, uncommon tree.
+
+ _Pseudospondias microcarpa_.
+
+  A fair-sized tree, not unlike the _Spondias lutea_.
+
+ _Trichoscypha_.
+
+  A small tree, little known.
+
+
+=Celastraceæ.=
+
+ _Salacia debilis_.
+
+  A tall shrub, 20 feet in height.
+
+
+=Icacinaceæ.=
+
+ _Apodytes Beninensis_.
+
+  A small tree, little known.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Takwadua (Twi); Takwadua (Wassaw).
+
+  Often planted near villages. A useful shade tree, and part of the
+  fruit edible, called Akee. In the forest a good-sized, straight tree.
+  Timber excellent; hard, good grain, and easily worked.
+
+ _Paullinia pinnata_.
+
+  A small tree or shrub.
+
+ _Phialodiscus unijugata_.
+
+  Small tree. Wood of little account.
+
+ _Lecaniodiscus_.
+
+  Small tree. Wood of little account.
+
+ _Eriocœlum_.
+
+  A river-side tree.
+
+ _Aphania_.
+
+  Small tree, little known.
+
+ _Deinbollia insignis_.
+
+  Small tree, little known.
+
+
+=Melianthaceæ.=
+
+ _Bersama Chippii_.
+
+  A small ornamental tree with sweet-scented flowers.
+
+
+=Rhamnaceæ.=
+
+ _Zizyphus Spina-Christi_.
+
+  A small tree with edible fruit. Wood very useful in cabinet-work.
+
+ _Lasiodiscus_.
+
+  A small, little-known tree.
+
+ _Zizyphus mucronata_.
+
+  A small tree of the savannah forests.
+
+
+=Vitaceæ.=
+
+ _Leea_.
+
+  A small tree of the savannah forests. Fruit edible.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Grewia carpinifolia_.
+
+ _Glyphæa Grewioides_.
+
+ _Triumfetta sp._
+
+  Three small fibre-yielding trees. The Grewia has brilliant yellow
+  flowers.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Hibiscus tiliaceus_.
+
+  A yellow-flowered tree. Wood durable under water.
+
+ _Thespesia populnea_. Fref (Fanti); Eijan (Apollonian).
+
+  A small tree growing on sea-shore.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_. Akata (Twi); Akata (Denkira); Ekuba
+ (Apollonian); Eku (Aowin); Kafro (Grunchi); Agutesi (Krepi); Akronkron
+ (Accra).
+
+  The Silk Cotton Tree. Red-flowered. A tall tree with horizontal
+  branches with spiny protuberances. Grows in the mixed forests. It
+  yields a kapok (fibre) similar to the Eriodendrons.
+
+ _Bombax brevicuspe_. Kuntunkun (Twi); Kuntunkuni (Denkira).
+
+  A new species of cotton-tree. Timber used for canoes, bark for dye,
+  and cotton for native pillows.
+
+ _Bombax sp._ Eku (Twi); Nyi-nu-kobin (general West Coast); Akata
+ (Denkira); Ekuba (Apollonian); Ekui (Aowin); Kafro (Grunchi); Agutesi
+ (Krepi); Akronkron (Accra).
+
+  This species is confined to the rain forests of the maritime zone.
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_.
+
+  The Baobab Tree. The pulp of the fruit is eaten by the natives;
+  flavour acid. The seeds are washed, pounded and steeped in water for
+  ten days. The North-west Ashanti natives use it to flavour soup. This
+  tree is very rich in wood fibre, which realises from £9 to £10 per
+  ton, and is of great commercial value. A gouty-looking tree, and grows
+  in open country, rocky soil.
+
+ _Eriodendron anfractuosum_. Ongina (Twi); Enyena (Wassaw); Onyina or
+ Enyena (Fanti); Enyena (Ashanti); Enyenga (Apollonian); Enyo (Aowin);
+ Gung (Grunchi); Ofwho (Quitta); Ofwho (Krepi).
+
+  The white-flowered silk cotton-tree of the fringing forests, one of
+  the largest trees of West Africa. The wood is very light, and should
+  be useful in making light wood articles, such as boxes and toys, but
+  there is no market for it at present. The fibre is good, and the wood
+  should also make pulp in paper-making; but there is no market, owing
+  to the expense involved in collecting it.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Heritiera utilis_. Awabima (Twi); Pteryyota Wawampe’e (Ashanti);
+ N’yankon, Yankom or Yankun (general West Coast).
+
+  Good timber-tree, medium-sized.
+
+ _Sterculia cordifolia_. Wawapupuo (Twi); Duamenyi (Fanti).
+
+  Tall tree; height, 60 to 100 feet. The wood of little value, as it is
+  very soft. Found in the fringing and intermediate forests.
+
+ _Sterculia tomentosa_.
+
+  Height, 40 to 50 feet. Intermediate and fringing forests. The fruit
+  grows in clusters, kidney shaped, with a dense, reddish tomentum.
+
+ _Sterculia Barterii_.
+
+  Flowers when the tree is leafless—appears covered with red flame. The
+  wood is soft and of little value; it should make a good paper-pulp.
+  The inner bark used to make rope.
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_.
+
+  A medium-sized tree. Wood of little worth.
+
+ _Triplochiton Johnsonii_. Wawa or Wawwaw (Twi); Owawa (Wassaw).
+
+  A good timber-tree. Bark used locally for roofing. Strong, works well
+  and has satiny sheen. When used in exposed places it is subject to
+  dry-rot. Tall, straight-growing tree. Should be useful for inside
+  building.
+
+ _Cola Afzelia_.
+
+  Fringing forests. Monkey Cola. Fruit bright-red in colour, something
+  like Kola. Tree grows to a height of 40 or 50 feet.
+
+ _Cola laurifolia_.
+
+  A very small species.
+
+ _Cola acuminata_. Bessi (Ashanti); Esseri (Apollonian); Ewasi (Aowin);
+ Gwe (Grunchi); Evi (Quitta); Guru (Hausa).
+
+  The Kola Nut of commerce is obtained from this tree.
+
+ _Cola caricifolia_.
+
+ _Mansonia altissima_.
+
+  Timber-tree; useful for domestic purposes.
+
+ _Cola cordifolia_.
+
+  Found in the savannah forests.
+
+ _Cola sublobata_.
+
+ _Cola vera_.
+
+  The Hausa, supposed to be the best.
+
+ _Cola verticulata_.
+
+  Tree little known and of little value.
+
+
+=Scytopetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Scytopetalum Tarquense_.
+
+  A small tree of the evergreen forests, bearing white flowers.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira procera_.
+
+  Lophira is also called the Kaku or Red Ironwood Tree; the most durable
+  timber of the West Coast. Very valuable as fuel; it has highly
+  calorific properties. It grows solely in the maritime zone, in swampy
+  land. It is of great weight, and will not float. Very useful for piles
+  in wharves, etc.
+
+ _Lophira alata_.
+
+  A very fine, tall tree, growing from 20 to 50 feet. The bark is dark
+  and rough; timber very hard and durable. The seeds are rich in oils.
+  The tree is sometimes mistaken for the Shea Butter Tree. Common in
+  open grass country.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Pentadesma butyraceæ_. Pija (Wassaw); Pija (Fanti); Ehukei
+ (Apollonian); Asuaindokun (Aowin); Bromabina (Axim).
+
+  Butter or Tallow Tree. An edible fat is obtained from the seeds. Also
+  used in soap-making. A thick yellow juice exudes from the tree when
+  cut. A fine tree.
+
+ _Allanblackia floribunda_. Suein (Apollonian); Anane (Axim).
+
+  Small tree, not well known.
+
+ _Garcinia Guineensis_. Ablari (Fanti).
+
+  A purgative is made from a decoction of the leaves.
+
+ _Haronga Madagascariensis_. Ngodua (Fanti); Kursua (Apollonian).
+
+  A yellow dye is obtained from the bark. The leaves are used as a
+  medicine for dysentery. There is a red watery exudation from the bark.
+
+ _Psorospermum_.
+
+  A large shrub, sometimes may be called a tree, in the savannah
+  forests.
+
+
+=Cochlospermaceæ.=
+
+ _Cochlospermum tinctorium_.
+
+  A large shrub of the savannah forests. The bark is used in rope-
+  making. A yellow dye is obtained from the roots.
+
+ _Lindackeria dentata_.
+
+  A medium-sized tree.
+
+
+=Violaceæ.=
+
+ _Alsodeia_. Notonima (Ashanti).
+
+  A shrubbery tree of little value.
+
+ _Smeathmannia pubescens_.
+
+  A shrubby tree with conspicuous white flowers.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Oncoba echinata_.
+
+  A small tree with white cauline flowers.
+
+ _Oncoba Gilgiana_.
+
+  A large shrub.
+
+ _Oncoba dentata_.
+
+  A small tree.
+
+ _Rawsonia spinosa_.
+
+  A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Smeathmannia pubescens_.
+
+  A shrubby tree with conspicuous white flowers.
+
+
+=Lecythidaceæ.=
+
+ _Napoleona Vogelii_.
+
+  A small tree, grows by river banks. The wood is easily worked. Fruit
+  edible.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Anopyxis ealænsis_. Kokoti (Wassaw); Anchi or Kokoti (Fanti); Abari
+ (Apollonian).
+
+  Good timber-tree, much used for fuel.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Combretum Afzelia_.
+
+  Found near rivers.
+
+ _Laguncularia racemosa_.
+
+  White Mangrove. Grows in swamps.
+
+ _Anogeissus leiocarpus_.
+
+  A tall tree, from 30 to 50 feet in height. The roots are used as chew-
+  sticks. The heartwood very durable, brown or blackish-brown. The grey
+  ash of sap and heart woods used as a mordant. Tannin and gum obtained
+  from this tree.
+
+ _Combretum Zenkerii_.
+
+  A large, shrubby tree.
+
+ _Combretum sp._ Esseah or Essia (general West Coast).
+
+  The “Stinkwood” Tree.
+
+ _Terminalia sp._ Emril, or Emil or Emiri (general West Coast).
+
+  The wood is used locally for shingles. In intermediate forests.
+  Branches in tiers or whorls. A huge tree, bark black.
+
+ _Terminalia superba_. Offram (Twi); Offram (Fanti).
+
+  Found in the fringing forests, of great height and extremely straight.
+  Branches in whorls, barely noticeable in the full-grown tree. Timber
+  medium strength and hardness, light coloured, with discoloured
+  patches. Works up very well, but of no great value for export.
+
+ _Terminalia macroptera_.
+
+  Found in the savannah forests.
+
+ _Terminalia Togoensis_.
+
+  A small tree of dry zone, of no particular value.
+
+ _Pteleopsis_.
+
+  A large tree. Timber little used.
+
+ _Strephonema Apoloniensis_.
+
+  A small tree, species little known.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eugenia Guineensis_.
+
+  A large tree. Work used for many purposes. Fruit edible and medicinal.
+
+ _Eugenia Owariensis_.
+
+  Grows in the dry zone. A spreading tree.
+
+ _Psidium Guajava_. Aduaba (Apollonian).
+
+  The Guava Tree. Fruit edible.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Omphalocarpum sp._ Assoro (Twi); Ketibubaka (Aowin).
+
+  A workable wood obtained from it, also guttapercha. The seeds worn as
+  ornaments at their feasts by Apollonians.
+
+ _Mimusops multinervis_.
+
+  Grows to the height of 60 or 80 feet, with a corresponding girth.
+  Timber hard and durable, red in colour, with a fine grain. Its weight
+  and hardness are against its ordinary use, but it is a fine wood for
+  sleepers.
+
+ _Butyrospermum Parkii_. N’ku (Fanti); N’ku (Akwapim); Iakuni (Quitta);
+ Sakuni (Krepi).
+
+  Shea Butter Tree. One of the most valuable trees, found very
+  frequently. Bark thick, rough, and often gnarled and twisted. Flowers
+  creamy-white, leaves straplike. The fruit is something like a yellow
+  plum, ripe in May. It is very similar in appearance to the _Lophira
+  alata_, but the Shea butter tree exudes a white latex when cut; the
+  Lophira does not. Timber good, but as the tree is usually only from 20
+  to 30 feet in height (occasionally 50 feet), it is not large enough
+  for most purposes. The vegetable oil or butter has an agreeable
+  sweetish taste, much used in cooking.
+
+ _Mimusops sp._ Opapea (Twi); Opepeli (Fanti).
+
+  Vegetable oils from all the Mimusops species.
+
+ _Mimusops Djave_. Baku (Twi); Baku (Fanti); Baku (Ashanti); Makure
+ (Apollonian); Makwe (Aowin); Abaku (Accra).
+
+  Vegetable oils and fats obtained from _M. Djave_. A very good timber-
+  tree.
+
+ _Vincentella impressa_.
+
+  A new species. A large tree, found growing on the river banks.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum albidum_.
+
+  Edible fruit. Not so well known as _Chrysophyllum Africanum_.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum Africanum_.
+
+  The Star-apple Tree, often cultivated for its fruit, and also as a
+  shade tree.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros mespiliformis_.
+
+  A tree of the fringing forests—the Ebony Tree. Very abundant. Of
+  medium size, 50 to 60 feet in height, 6 to 8 in girth. The heartwood
+  is usually streaked with brown. The larger trees are generally hollow.
+
+ _Diospyros Mombuttensis_.
+
+ _Diospyros xanthochlamys_.
+
+
+=Oleaceæ.=
+
+ _Schrebera Golungensis_.
+
+  Found in the fringing forests. Very uncommon. A large tree; timber
+  very good.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Strychnos emarginata_ and others.
+
+ _Anthocleista sp._
+
+  A medium-sized tree, near fresh-water swamps. Large white flowers.
+  Wood of no special value.
+
+ _Anthocleista magnifica_. Honum (Twi).
+
+  A small tree with very large leaves.
+
+ _Anthocleista nobilis_. Otendui (Fanti); Tendeba (Apollonian); Tendeba
+ (Aowin).
+
+  A small tree, of little value.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Landolphia bracteata_.
+
+  A vine-like tree. Does not yield rubber.
+
+ _Landolphia ferruginea_.
+
+  Like the above.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis_. Pau (Twi); Kwantama (Wassaw); Opaina (Fanti);
+ Jama (Ashanti); Kwantama (general West Coast); Amale (Apollonian); Faia
+ (Aowin); Danko (Hausa); Jahdanko (Accra).
+
+  Two kinds of rubber obtained: “root-rubber,” after crushing the bark
+  and stems and washing out the rubber, or “white-ball,” by tapping and
+  scoring, and coagulating the latex as it exudes by lime-juice rubbed
+  on the bark. It is valued at 1s. 9d. to 2s. a pound, the root-rubber
+  at 1s. 6d. a pound.
+
+ _Landolphia florida_.
+
+  A quantity of milky juice which becomes a pasty mass, but has no
+  market value.
+
+ _Landolphia Droogmansiana_.
+
+  Good rubber obtained when growing in dry ground, worthless when in
+  swampy ground.
+
+ _Landolphia Senegalensis_.
+
+ _Landolphia Thompsonii_.
+
+  Widely spread in the fringing forests; does not yield good rubber,
+  only a pasty mass from the latex.
+
+ _Landolphia scandens_.
+
+  No yield of rubber.
+
+ _Landolphia Klainei_.
+
+  Inferior rubber.
+
+ _Carpodinus hirsuta_. Alibida (Hausa).
+
+  Very robust and hairy (hence its name). Found in mixed forest belts.
+  It yields a flake or paste rubber, extracted by tapping and coagulated
+  by boiling.
+
+ _Clitandra elastica_. Beckindanko (Hausa).
+
+  Yields a good rubber, sold at 1s. 3d. or 1s. 6d. a pound.
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_. Fruntum (Ashanti); Efunmundon (Apollonian);
+ Efunmundon (Aowin); Puni (Krepi).
+
+  The yield of this rubber-tree is called the Lagos or Silk rubber.
+  Found in the evergreen rain forests. Very little inferior to Para
+  rubber. The amount procured from _F. elastica_ is less than Para
+  rubber.
+
+ _Funtumia Africana_.
+
+  Spurious rubber-tree; though in appearance very much like _F.
+  elastica_, the leaves are coarser and pods longer. The latex, when
+  coagulated, forms a sticky mass like birdlime, sometimes used for
+  adulterating other latices.
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_. Niamidua (Twi); Sindra (Ashanti); Nimeribaka
+ (Apollonian).
+
+  Wood rather soft; only fit for inside building or toy-making. It grows
+  best in the swamp country. A fairly large tree, slightly buttressed
+  with smooth bark. The natives mix the latex with rubber.
+
+ _Rauwolfia Cumminsii_.
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_.
+
+  A small tree, not over 20 feet in height.
+
+ _Polyadoa umbellata_.
+
+  Tree of 30 feet in height, growing in the fringing forests near
+  rivers.
+
+ _Holarrhena Wulfsbergii_.
+
+  Grows in the fringing forests. A tree with drooping branches. Flowers
+  white and fragrant. The wood is very soft, of little value.
+
+ _Voacanga Africana_.
+
+  A small tree, widely distributed. It has a milky latex, which is used
+  in adulterating rubber.
+
+
+=Asclepiadaceæ.=
+
+ _Kanahia consimilis_.
+
+  A shrubby tree growing near water.
+
+
+=Convolvulaceæ.=
+
+ _Prevostea Africana_.
+
+  A small tree, little known.
+
+ _Prevostea Heudelotii_.
+
+  Small tree; wood of no value.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Cordia Irvingii_.
+
+  Found in the rain forests of the Okwawu hill system. Timber used
+  locally for shingles. A spreading tree, reaching to about 60 feet in
+  height.
+
+ _Ehretia cymosa_.
+
+  A small tree. Wood used for various purposes. Fruit edible and
+  medicinal.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Lantana camara_.
+
+  Shrubby tree.
+
+ _Lippia adoensis_.
+
+  Shrubby tree.
+
+ _Vitex megaphylla_.
+
+  Both Vitex species grow in the savannah forests.
+
+ _Vitex cuneata_.
+
+  A common tree about 30 feet in height. Of no known value.
+
+ _Avicennia Africana_.
+
+  One of the tallest trees in the mangrove association, yielding a
+  workable wood, medicine and tannin.
+
+ _Clerodendron splendens_.
+
+  A shrubby tree.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathodea campanulata_. Osisiru (Ashanti).
+
+  A medium-sized tree, found in the fringing forests. Provides a useful
+  timber, medicine, and from the seeds an article of food. Large yellow
+  trumpet-shaped flowers.
+
+ _Dolichandrone lutea_.
+
+  A tree of about 30 feet in height.
+
+ _Kigelia pinnata_.
+
+  The fruit has a thick rind and is edible. Timber and drugs obtained
+  from it. Sometimes called Sausage Tree, from the sausage-shaped fruits
+  which hang down a long stalk. A small tree.
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_. Sasanemasa (Ashanti).
+
+  An evergreen tree, from 30 to 40 feet in height. Pink trumpet-shaped
+  flowers. The natives use it as a boundary tree.
+
+
+=Acanthaceæ.=
+
+ _Acantha montana_.
+
+  A shrubby tree having medicinal properties.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Mitragyne macrophylla_. Baya (Twi); Yar-yar, or Ya-ya (general West
+ Coast); Baya (Aowin).
+
+  A large tree growing in the fresh-water swamps. Timber good.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Kusia (Twi); Ekusawa (Fanti); Kishia
+ (general West Coast); Baya (Aowin).
+
+  Good timber, used locally. Wood of a golden yellow colour, very
+  ornamental, hard and durable, easily worked.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus Russegeri_. Osupawa (Fanti).
+
+  The Russegeri grows in the savannah forests.
+
+ _Gardenia tenuifolia_.
+
+  Fruit edible. A bushy, ornamental tree.
+
+ _Urophyllum hirtellum_.
+
+  A shrubby tree. Dyes obtained from it.
+
+ _Randia genipæflora_.
+
+  A small tree having fine trumpet-shaped flowers.
+
+ _Randia maculata_.
+
+  A bushy tree, very ornamental when in flower.
+
+ _Oxyanthus tubiflorus_.
+
+  A very ornamental shrub or small tree. Timber, dyes and medicine
+  obtained from it.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia conferta_.
+
+  A large-leaved, small tree. The timber of one variety fairly good.
+
+
+ _Flintwood_, not identified. Okisibisi (Fanti).
+
+  Good timber, used for mine-props.
+
+
+                                APPENDIX
+
+                       GOLD COAST—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+  ------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------
+              |      1909.       |      1910.       |      1911.
+    Product.  +----------+-------+----------+-------+----------+--------
+              |Quantity. |   £   |Quantity. |   £   |Quantity. |   £
+  ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+----------+--------
+  Cola nuts   |    —     | 93,850|    —     | 77,716|    —     | 93,099
+              |          |       |          |       |          |
+  Lumber      |9,838,959 | 82,937|14,938,749|148,122|13,975,196|138,836
+              | sup. ft. |       | sup. ft. |       | sup. ft. |
+              |          |       |          |       |          |
+  Palm kernels|  11,598  |112,425|  14,182  |185,058|  13,254  |175,891
+              |   tons   |       |   tons   |       |   tons   |
+              |          |       |          |       |          |
+  Palm oil    |2,007,296 |120,978|2,044,868 |161,388|1,610,209 |128,916
+              |  gals.   |       |  gals.   |       |  gals.   |
+              |          |       |          |       |          |
+  Rubber (raw)|1,233 tons|263,694|1,438 tons|355,876|1,191 tons|219,447
+  ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+----------+--------
+    TOTALS    |  12,831  |673,884|  15,620  |928,160|  14,445  |756,189
+              |   tons   |       |   tons   |       |   tons   |
+              |          |       |          |       |          |
+              |2,007,296 |       |2,044,868 |       |1,610,209 |
+              |  gals.   |       |  gals.   |       |  gals.   |
+              |          |       |          |       |          |
+              |9,838,959 |       |14,938,749|       |13,975,196|
+              | sup. ft. |       | sup. ft. |       | sup. ft. |
+  ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+----------+--------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  ------------+------------------+------------------
+              |      1912.       |      1913.
+    Product.  +----------+-------+----------+-------
+              |Quantity. |   £   |Quantity. |   £
+  ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------
+  Cola nuts   |    —     |134,231|    —     |144,705
+              |          |       |          |
+  Lumber      |23,573,891|228,748|37,392,100|366,097
+              | sup. ft. |       | sup. ft. |
+              |          |       |          |
+  Palm kernels|  14,628  |205,364|9,744 tons|159,128
+              |   tons   |       |          |
+              |          |       |          |
+  Palm oil    |1,444,432 |112,885| 860,155  | 65,652
+              |  gals.   |       |  gals.   |
+              |          |       |          |
+  Rubber (raw)| 888 tons |168,729| 588 tons | 87,915
+  ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------
+    TOTALS    |  15,516  |849,957|  10,332  |823,497
+              |   tons   |       |   tons   |
+              |          |       |          |
+              |1,444,432 |       | 860,155  |
+              |  gals.   |       |  gals.   |
+              |          |       |          |
+              |23,573,891|       |37,392,100|
+              | sup. ft. |       | sup. ft. |
+  ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VII
+
+                                  TOGO
+
+
+                             INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+During the latter part of 1911 I had the opportunity of visiting Togo.
+Since August 1914 it has been in the occupation of British and French
+troops, administered as a co-dominion.
+
+Forest Station work has been the main work of the Forest Department
+since the inception, both under the District Officer and subsequently
+under the trained officer. There is only 1 per cent. of forests in the
+whole country.
+
+Lome, the capital of Togo, formed my starting-point, and there His
+Excellency the Governor and the Secretary of the Colony advised me as to
+the best route and supplied me with many interesting details as to the
+system of taxation, etc.
+
+_Taxation._—In Lome every man above sixteen years of age has the choice
+of paying 6s. per year or working twelve days for the Government. On the
+coast it is found that the natives prefer to pay the tax, but inland the
+twelve days’ work is usually given. This Government work consists of
+plantation and road making, bridge-building, erecting rest-houses, and
+many other kinds of public work.
+
+The subject may be divided into three sections:
+
+(1) _The Forests between or at the Stations_.
+
+(2) _The Forest Department Plantations_.
+
+(3) _District Plantations_.
+
+
+               I. THE FORESTS BETWEEN OR AT THE STATIONS.
+
+
+Near Lome the ground is very sparsely covered with thorny shrubs and
+occasional Baobabs, _Adansonia digitata_, but on nearing the valley of
+the Schio the soil improves and small plantations of sugar-cane appear.
+Though no attempt has been made here to develop this industry, the
+natives of Tagblekovke and other places sell large quantities of the
+cane. Oil palms are seen on both sides of the line, chiefly, however, on
+the river banks, owing to the annual grass fires. Scattered silk cotton-
+trees also occur along the river banks, otherwise only the normal dry-
+zone vegetation is found.
+
+The rainfall, however, is quite sufficient for the growth of a deciduous
+forest. The remains of fringing forests on the banks of the Rivers
+Schio, Lili and Haho consist of _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Erythrophlœum
+Guineense_, _Terminalia Togoensis_ and a few specimens of Afzelia or
+Cynometra.
+
+[Illustration: I.
+
+FIG. 17.—=One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to ten-year-old Trees,
+1911.=]
+
+[Illustration: II.
+
+FIG. 18.—=Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]
+
+[Illustration: III.
+
+FIG. 19.—=Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]
+
+[Illustration: IV.
+
+FIG. 20.—=Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 116.
+
+Passing on to the Haho-Baloë district, plantations occur at the junction
+of these rivers in an open plain of scanty dry-zone forest. A fringing
+mixed forest of the normal type, varying from 200 to 500 yards in width,
+was found on the banks of each river, and as it formed a complete fire
+protection, was left untouched. In the open forest the most common trees
+are the Pseudocedrelas, _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Butyrospermum Parkii_
+and Terminalia.
+
+The rainfall varies at this spot from 28 to 39 inches annually. The
+higher rainfall is probably the true average, if considered in
+conjunction with the natural vegetation. A great change in the
+vegetation was noticeable between Nuatjä and Atakpame; the typical dry-
+zone trees, such as _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, Shea Butter, Lophira and
+others, were soon left behind, and on nearing the hilly country of
+Atakpame a more flourishing condition was evident. Oil palms were
+growing in profusion both on the banks of the rivers and also on the
+sides. Large cotton-trees, _Triplochiton Nigericum_, Iroko, _Chlorophora
+excelsa_, _Sterculia cordifolia_ and other trees of this kind were seen.
+The rainfall is much higher here, averaging from 58 inches, spread over
+the months of April, May, June, July, August and September, and a little
+in October. This rises to 58 inches, falls to 52, 105 miles to the north
+of Atakpame, in the Sokode District. This is spread over the usual rainy
+season of West Africa; more rain, however, falls in September than in
+the northern part of Southern Nigeria during the same month. After
+leaving the hills of Atakpame behind, we took the road to Sokode, and
+between the Rivers Tagbadja and Au the following dry-zone trees were
+most prevalent: _Lophira alata_, Shea Butter, _Terminalia Togoensis_ and
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_. As we advanced the Shea Butter Tree ceased, but
+more Terminalia were seen; Pterocarpus in groups and _Pseudocedrela
+Kotschyi_ became very prevalent. Fringing forests were seen in the level
+country which followed along the banks of the Ana River.
+
+On the third day’s march I found a large specimen of _Khaya
+Senegalensis_ and several smaller ones at a place just above the eighth
+parallel of latitude, below which the _Khaya Senegalensis_ is rarely
+found. Beyond this were _Paradaniella thurifera_, _Borassus
+flabelliformis_, Fan Palm, _Afzelia Africana_ and Shea Butter, and less
+of the species already mentioned.
+
+These were succeeded by small pure forests of _Berlinia Kerstingii_,
+Afzelia, _Ormosia laxiflora_, _Bauhinia reticulata_, _Erythrina
+Senegalensis_, _Parinarium polyandrum_ and _Parkia Africana_, syn.
+_filicoidea_. Nearing Blita rest-house, bamboos appeared, _Agave
+rigida_, and also a Ceara-rubber plantation.
+
+It was interesting to find on inquiry that this plantation was the
+result of 1,000,000 Ceara seeds distributed to the natives in 1907. The
+vegetation on the banks of the rivers and streams consisted mostly of
+deciduous forest, with typical dry-zone trees at the edges. In addition,
+_Pentadesma Kerstingii_ and _Dalbergia melanoxylon_ were seen.
+
+The last-named species has, according to German botanists, been confused
+with _Diospyros mespiliformis_, so far as the timber is concerned. The
+last two miles before reaching Sokode were covered with extensive
+plantations.
+
+_Dry-zone Trees._—Between Sokode and Bassari, a distance of 37 miles,
+are the Malfakassa Mountains, of which the summits are mostly bare,
+owing to the annual grass fires, but a dense growth of _Berlinia
+Kerstingii_, Terminalia and _Afzelia Africana_ grow in the moister
+valleys.
+
+On the more open ground the usual dry-zone trees were seen, and the
+_Khaya Senegalensis_ on the banks of each of the four rivers.
+
+The rainfall is the same as that of Sokode, about 52 inches, although
+the atmosphere is moister, which is partly due to the higher altitude.
+
+The somewhat cooler temperature of the air causes heavy dews, and these
+also, in their turn, increase the moisture of the air. The differences
+are thus very marked between Sokode and Bassari as to the atmospheric
+moisture, and also as to the variation in the growth of the trees at the
+two stations.
+
+After a short visit of two days I left Bassari for Jendi, 70 miles to
+the north-west. One range of hills on the way is noticeable for the pure
+formation of iron ore which “crops out” and causes the tree-growth to be
+small.
+
+The vegetation becomes very sparse towards the valley of the Oti, 30
+miles distant from Bassari, and this is owing to a great change in the
+climatic conditions as compared with Bassari, as well as the annual
+grass fires. The sole representatives of the dry-zone vegetation, which,
+near Bassari, had originally consisted of _Khaya Senegalensis_, Afzelia
+and Shea Butter trees, are the Baobabs, _Adansonia digitata_.
+
+The rainfall is only 43 inches per year. The poor vegetation found near
+Jendi gradually gives way, between that station and Kete-Kratschi, to
+more typical dry-zone trees, such as Shea Butter, Lophira, Afzelia and
+_Berlinia Kerstingii_.
+
+Oil palms were found on the third day growing near the banks of the
+streams, and more Afzelia in the open country. _Mimusops multinervis_
+and Diospyros were found near the River Volta, at the edge of a wide
+belt of evergreen forest.
+
+The dry season is much prolonged in most years. On the average the
+rainfall is 46·8 inches. At the next station on the tour, Pfandu, the
+rainfall rises to 55 inches per year. Near the summit of the station
+hill the soil is poor, but excellent on the lower slopes.
+
+The climatic conditions of Pfandu, a substation to Misahöhe, are
+unfavourable, and labour is less obtainable. The road between these two
+stations passes through very poor dry-zone forest, but on entering the
+Misahöhe mountainous region we came upon a fine evergreen forest. The
+most common trees noticed were _Khaya Klainii_, Mahogany, Iroko and
+_Terminalia superba_, the shingle-wood tree, also Triplochiton,
+_Sterculia cordifolia_, _Carapa procera_, _Piptadenia Africana_,
+_Pentaclethra macrophylla_, _Detarium Guineensis_, _Brachystegia
+spicæformis_, _Berlinia acuminata_, _Afrormosia laxiflora_, Satinwood,
+_Alstonia Congensis_, _Ricinodendron Africanum_ and _Eriodendron
+Nigericum_. The mahoganies of this district were remarkably fine trees,
+mostly over 10 feet in girth.
+
+A written permit, costing 3s. per tree, has to be obtained for cutting
+trees, and also permission from the Commissioner, before forest land may
+be cleared.
+
+The high rainfall of Misahöhe, which is 62 inches per year, produces a
+very moist atmosphere.
+
+After a visit of three days to the Misahöhe Station, I left for Palime,
+the terminus of the Lome Railway. On the way down the mountain, the
+contrast between the eastern and western slopes was very noticeable, a
+deciduous forest covering the eastern slope and an evergreen forest the
+western. For the first 10 miles from Palime on the way to Lome,
+mahoganies, oil palms and other trees abounded, but gradually gave way
+to the same drier type of forest as that seen on the Nuatjä railway-
+line.
+
+This condition of vegetation continued until Lome was reached, a
+distance of 75 miles.
+
+
+                 II. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT PLANTATIONS.
+
+
+During 1907 there was a Forestry Conference in Berlin with regard to the
+afforestation of the Colony of Togo (which is wooded only to the extent
+of 1 per cent.), with the result that the area of Haho-Baloë was first
+chosen, and the plantation started at the junction of the rivers.
+
+A fringing mixed forest on each bank of the river was left untouched, as
+they formed a fire protection for the plantation. Pseudocedrelas,
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Butyrospermum Parkii_ and Terminalia were the
+most common trees found in the open forest between the rivers.
+
+The altitude of this area above sea-level is about 480 feet. It slopes
+slightly from north to south and is triangular in shape.
+
+Seedlings were first tried, but did not survive the first season, and
+since that time seeds have been sown, and this proved a great success.
+Eight species of trees have been used to form these plantations:
+
+  (1) Teak, _Tectona grandis_.
+
+  (2) _Afzelia Africana_, also called Rhodesia Mahogany or Apa.
+
+  (3) Sasswood, _Erythrophlœum Guineense_.
+
+  (4) African Mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis_.
+
+  (5) _Khaya Klainii_, Mahogany.
+
+  (6) Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_.
+
+  (7) Kapok, _Ceiba pentandra_.
+
+  (8) _Anogeissus Leiocarpus_, Chew-stick Tree.
+
+One-sixth of the total area, however, has been planted with teak; in
+all, 491,300 seedlings. The Erythrophlœum seedlings are most numerous,
+the wood of this species being hard, durable and termite resisting. It
+has been used with great success for piles and trestles in bridge-
+building.
+
+Afzelia and the two mahoganies will be valuable and useful timbers,
+especially the mahoganies, as they are indigenous to the country, and
+there is not the element of speculation attending introduced trees.
+
+In addition to the eight chief species named above, a few specimens of
+_Detarium Guineense_ (the Dita fruit of Sierra Leone) and Cynometra were
+planted, but their growth is slow. A mixed crop, consisting of _Parkia
+filicoidea_, the Locust Tree, _Prosopis oblonga_, _Anogeissus
+leiocarpus_ and _Detarium Guineense (Senegalense)_, has also been
+planted.
+
+The mixture is a good one, but the growth has been slow. The general
+appearance of the area where teak has been planted, in spite of the fact
+that the bush was left standing, is that of a teak plantation, for the
+teak has outgrown all the indigenous trees and formed a complete
+thicket.
+
+Owing to the lack of drainage in the soil, as well as attacks of the
+borer, the _Khaya Senegalensis_ has grown slowly. Slow growth is noticed
+also in the Apa, _Afzelia Africana_, but that seems to be typical of the
+tree.
+
+During the first year the cost of planting (including building and
+labour) worked out at £4 4s. an acre, but by the third year this amount
+was reduced to £1 2s. The valuation of the whole plantation is at least
+£10,000.
+
+The second Forest Department’s afforestation area is Mo-Kamaa, which is
+being planted in a similar manner and with similar planting methods to
+the area situated near the Haho-Baloë. Tax labour has been used to a
+large extent in these plantations. The situation is particularly
+suitable for planting operations, owing to its being protected on two
+sides by the rivers from the annually recurring fires of this locality.
+The altitude is about 500 feet above sea-level.
+
+As in the case of Haho, nurseries were made for oil palms only, various
+species being sown in lines, between which the forest growth was left
+standing, so as to form shade for the seedlings. Approximately 600,000
+seedlings have survived, about 400,000 Khayas and 200,000 teak.
+
+Dry-zone mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis_, and teak have been planted in
+addition to the oil palm. The Khaya, even up to 12 feet in girth, is
+found all over the locality, and near the bank of the Kamaa a few oil
+palms.
+
+The teak has grown much faster than the Khaya, the average height of the
+former being 6 feet and that of the latter only 2 feet. The teak
+seedlings are beginning to outstrip the indigenous trees in the
+locality.
+
+The mixture of these two trees, as far as can be judged, has been a
+great success. For, by the persistent foliage of the Khaya falling to
+the ground at a different period to that of the teak, the necessary
+protection to the soil, when the teak-trees are leafless, is thus given,
+and the Khaya (Mahogany) benefits by being drawn up by the quickly
+growing teak, and in both cases there is less tendency to form strong
+side branches.
+
+With the advent of the proposed railway, the timber in this locality
+will be of great value; but even without this advantage the present
+value is at least £1,000.
+
+The planting scheme contemplated is enormous, and includes an area of
+96,000 acres. An actual start has been made with 295 acres.
+
+It is an interesting fact that the mixed plantations in the
+afforestation areas have nearly all been made by the Forest Department,
+and the pure plantations by the Commissioners at the District Stations.
+
+Approximately 300 acres are composed of mixed plantations and 256 of
+pure plantations.
+
+The following mixed plantations are found in the Haho-Baloë
+afforestation area:
+
+  (1) Sasswood and Teak.
+
+  (2) Sasswood, Teak and Mahogany, _Khaya senegalensis_.
+
+  (3) Sasswood, Teak and _Khaya Klainii_.
+
+  (4) Sasswood, Afzelia and _Cynometra Afzelia_.
+
+  (5) Sasswood and _Afzelia Africana_.
+
+  (6) Sasswood, _Khaya Senegalensis_ and _Afzelia Africana_.
+
+  (7) Sasswood and _Khaya Klainii_.
+
+The most profitable mixture of all these is the teak, _Khaya Klainii_
+and Sasswood, though all have something in their favour.
+
+These mixed forests need much attention, as one species frequently
+outgrows another, one suppressing the other, and the mixture
+consequently no longer existing. More European supervision is required
+to remove suppressed or crooked trees.
+
+
+                       III. DISTRICT PLANTATIONS.
+
+
+Avenues of trees suitable for street-planting have been largely made in
+Lome. The _Terminalia catappa_ (almond-tree) is one of the most useful
+trees for this purpose; at least 12 feet of the stems are quite free
+from branches, and thus the trees cannot harbour many insects.
+
+The coconut, though made use of for this purpose, is not so suitable, as
+it lacks height-growth; the Dracæna also, which does not improve the
+roadside, and a species of Ficus, probably _platyphylla_, which loses
+its foliage in the dry season, are neither of them a success. Near the
+Government House a large number of _Casuarina equisitifolia_ have been
+planted; these have flourished well, as they can stand the ocean wind
+blowing almost continuously at Lome.
+
+In the Experimental Gardens, which are situated 80 feet above sea-level,
+there are many interesting varieties.
+
+The soil, a mixture of very poor sand with a great deal of iron, is not
+favourable to height-growth of the teak (_Tectona grandis_); the seeds,
+though in great quantities, are small and ill-developed. The mahogany,
+too, showed poor height and girth growth, the locality was evidently not
+suitable for it. Other trees that did not seem to thrive were _Cedrela
+odorata_, the Cigar-box Cedar Tree, _Pithecolobium dulcis_, _Funtumia
+elastica_, Bread-fruit, _Artocarpus incisa_, _Ficus Vogelii_, _Borassus
+flabellifer_, _Bixa orellana_, _Acacia catechu_, _Casuarina
+equisitifolia_, _Manihot Glaziovii_ and _Manihot dichotoma_; but the oil
+palms, _Elæis Guineensis_, and _Ficus elastica_ were doing exceeding
+well and were of a healthy green colour. Bamboos and the usual tropical
+fruits had also been planted. The Kapok tree (_Ceiba pentandra_
+according to German botanists, and _Eriodendron Nigericum_ according to
+Kew botanists), which has been planted too far apart, has made very
+little growth.
+
+Under the guidance of the Director I visited the Agricultural School at
+Nuatja, 50 miles from Lome. Experimental work of all kinds was carried
+on here. In the nurseries were to be found Kapok, _Ceiba pentandra_,
+cotton and oil palms. In a machinery shed were a cotton gin and press,
+and husking machines for other seed. Lectures are given early in the
+year, and as the season advances practical work takes their place.
+
+A great drawback to the extension of the Atakpame District plantations
+(95 miles from Lome) is the shortness of labour, as the natives pay
+their tax instead of working.
+
+The main plantations have been made on the east side of the station, on
+a slope facing south. Teak has been very largely planted here, no less
+than 25,400 seedlings since 1901, when the work was started. Others are
+_Treculia Africana_, African Bread-fruit, Sasswood, _Mimusops
+multinervis_, the hard red wood of the Olokomeji Reserve, Kapok, _Ceiba
+pentandra_, and Cashew Nuts. A new Piptadenia, named _Kerstingii_ after
+Dr. Kersting, was tried, but most of the plants died. An avenue of
+_Eucalyptus citrifolia_, with its delicate foliage, has developed well
+and fully deserves mention.
+
+The teak has grown well everywhere, except in a small swampy area, where
+the trees look unhealthy. The very large crops of seeds during the last
+three years have caused the height-growth to fall off in comparison with
+earlier years.
+
+Most of the trees are planted too far apart, but nevertheless, seeing
+the whole hillside, east of the station, covered with a teak forest
+produces a very wonderful effect on the mind.
+
+If the teak alone is taken as a basis of valuation, the total value
+cannot be less than £2,500.
+
+The Sokode District plantations have a great advantage over those at
+Atakpame, as tax labour has been used almost entirely and the population
+is much larger than elsewhere. As soon as an experiment with regard to
+agricultural crops, fruit and forest trees proved satisfactory,
+plantations were at once made.
+
+The orchards, farms and plantations begin on the south-east slope of the
+hillside, round the station to the south, finishing to the west and
+north-west of the office building. The plantations occur between the
+altitude of 1,000 and 1,260 feet. The variations of soil are very
+remarkable, from poor laterite to rich loam, from sand to swamp; but it
+is not to be wondered at, when the large area is taken into account.
+
+As at nearly all the other stations, teak has been the most extensively
+planted tree, some 81,000 seedlings having been set out on an area of
+115·9 acres. Oil palms have also been planted in great numbers. These
+are set some distance apart to get the full benefit of the sun and
+develop large crowns and stems. Some of the other species planted are:
+_Khaya Senegalensis_, Iroko, _Funtumia elastica_, _Ficus elastica_,
+Ceara Rubber, _Para_, _Hevea Braziliensis_, _Manihot dichotoma_,
+_Manihot heptaphylla_ and _Manihot Pianhyensis_. Three or four species
+only of the following trees: _Albizzia Cæsalpinia_, including _Sappan_,
+_Cassia florida_, _Cedrela odorata_, _Berlinia Kerstingii_, _Ceiba
+pentandra_, _Detarium Senegalense_, _Diospyros mespiliformis_,
+_Anogeissus leiocarpus_, Eucalyptus, _Melia azedarach_, _Morinda
+citrifolia_, _Ormosia laxiflora_, _Parkia Africana_, _Pentadesma
+Kerstingii_, _Poinciana regia_, _Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_, _Pterocarpus
+erinaceus_ and _Aspidosperma Quebracho_.
+
+The mixed plantations are not very plentiful, but teak and oil palms
+have been planted together, though not systematically, and have proved a
+very profitable mixture, which is worthy of notice here. In its early
+years the oil palm is a shade-bearing tree, so that the shade of the
+teak does not hinder its growth. In the oil-bearing season the teak is
+leafless, which is beneficial to the formation of fruit in the oil palm.
+The dense foliage of the oil palm kills the adventitious shoots or side
+branches of the teak, so rendering pruning unnecessary. In the dry
+season the soil is protected most thoroughly by the evergreen foliage of
+the oil palm, and its masses of small roots conserve the moisture of the
+soil, while the wide-spreading roots of the teak allow the surface water
+to run away. For instance, teak and Iroko are not so suitable a mixture,
+as they both cast their leaves at the same time, though when planted
+together the teak tends to accelerate the height-growth of the Iroko,
+and also keeps it freer from the attacks of the gall bug.
+
+If space permitted, many more instances of the advantage and
+disadvantage of these mixtures might be given.
+
+Orchards have been largely planted at Sokode too. Oranges, limes,
+tangerines and _Cola vera_ have done well, and the _Spondias dulcis_
+yields very large fruit. The date palms have not yet fruited. Fibre
+plants, including sisal hemp, and the Panama palms seem to be growing
+well; fibre for Panama hats is obtained from this palm.
+
+A substation of Sokode, Bassari, was my next stopping place. The station
+is situated on the northern side of the mountain, overlooking the valley
+of the River Kamaa. The plantations, with the exception of the _Ficus
+elastica_, which is 200 feet higher up, are all planted below the
+station. The approximate altitude is 1,350 feet above sea-level.
+
+The following species have been most extensively planted: Teak, Oil
+Palms, Afzelia, _Khaya Senegalense_, Iroko, Ebony, Kapok, _Funtumia_,
+_Ficus elastica_, _Manihot heptaphylla_, _Manihot Pianhyensis_,
+_Aspidosperma Quebracho_, _Cæsalpinia Sappan_ and _Cassia florida_.
+Large orchards had been made, and these contained tangerines, lemon and
+many other kinds of tropical fruits; and very fine specimens of
+Eucalyptus trees showed how suitable this locality was for them.
+
+About 200,000 trees have been planted here within ten years.
+
+Funtumia, when planted with teak, grows well in this area, as the shade
+of the teak is beneficial to it; but planted alone, the leaves become a
+poor colour and drop prematurely. The same thing is noticeable when
+planted with mahogany.
+
+In the case of Ebony, one of the knottiest forestry problems of Europe,
+viz. that of finding suitable trees for admixture, has been solved. Many
+of them died when planted pure, but the gaps being filled with teak, the
+ebony seedlings, put into competition with this fast-growing tree, have
+been “drawn” up quicker than they would have otherwise grown, and have
+done remarkably well.
+
+The most northerly station that I visited was Jendi, approximately on
+latitude 9·30, at an altitude of 640 feet above sea-level. The method of
+planting was slightly different at Jendi, agricultural crops being grown
+for three years between the rows of forest-tree seeds, only the oil
+palms and teaks being planted out as one-year seedlings from the
+nursery.
+
+Besides these two species, _Khaya Senegalensis_, _Afzelia Africana_,
+Date Palms, Ceara Rubber, and Rambong Rubber have also been planted.
+Altogether 457,200 seedlings are growing.
+
+As firewood alone is worth 3d. a bundle, timber of all kinds is very
+valuable in this locality, the teak plantation alone being worth £200.
+
+Kete-Kratschi, the station adjoining Jendi and overlooking the Volta
+Valley, is a specially interesting one, because it was started by Graf
+Zech, the late Governor of Togo, who was so desirous of seeing
+plantations made everywhere. At this station the plantations were first
+made half a mile away, and these have done better than the later ones
+planted to the east of the station.
+
+Teak has been largely planted, and considering the poor soil and low
+rainfall, has done remarkably well. For the first time a parasite in the
+shape of a species of Loranthus was found growing on the upper branches
+of two large teak-trees, but no diminution in the growth of the teak was
+noticeable. Afzelia, _Khaya Klainii_ and _Khaya Senegalensis_ have been
+planted in large numbers, and experiments made with _Albizzia lebbek_,
+_Poinciana regia_, _Acacia catechu_ and _Ceiba pentandra_. A few oil
+palms and Casuarinas have found a place in the plantations. Eight miles
+from the Volta Valley is the station of Pfandu, situated on an open,
+isolated hill with a sheer cliff to the east and sloping gradually away
+to the north-west and south.
+
+The only variation here in the planting system was that Cassada was
+largely used as an agricultural crop between the rows of tree seedlings,
+which were put in the year after the Cassada had been planted. Though
+the Cassada afforded a shade for the young seedlings, the latter did not
+seem to show sufficient growth to warrant a further trial of the system.
+The teak especially thrives here, the tree having reached a height of 36
+feet and a girth of 14 inches, and these trees have already been felled
+for house-building purposes. The plantation is valued at £550.
+
+Ceara rubber is now being tapped on a large scale. Sasswood,
+_Erythrophlœum Guineense_, Iroko, Oil Palms, and _Funtumia elastica_
+have been planted in large numbers, and a few Afzelias, _Diospyros
+mespiliformis_ and Kapok trees.
+
+The hill station of Misahöhe overlooks the valley of the Chedscho and
+Agu, with the highest mountain in Togo opposite. The people have means
+to pay the tax here, so labour is scarce and prisoners are employed in
+keeping the plantations clean. The altitude of the highest plantation is
+1,800 feet above sea-level. _Manihot Glaziovii_ has been planted in
+greater numbers than any other tree; next comes Teak, then Para Rubber,
+of which one had been tapped with satisfactory results, _Funtumia
+elastica_, Oil Palms, _Khaya Klainii_, Sasswood and _Cola vera_. Small
+plantations of _Ficus elastica_, Cocoa and _Anogeissus leiocarpus_ have
+also been made. One curious mixture was seen, Teak and _Cola vera_; the
+teak-trees tended to grow much faster, and the Cola benefited by the
+shade.
+
+The most northerly and the driest stations are Sansane Mangu and
+Kalangasshi, where I was told 1,037 acres had been planted with Teak,
+_Khaya Senegalensis_, Ceara Rubber and Afzelia. It is proposed to form
+the third afforestation area of 15,000 acres at Kalangasshi.
+
+In smaller quantities are to be found the Locust Bean, _Parkia
+filicoidea_, _Manihot Glaziovii_, Shea Butter, Iroko, _Ficus elastica_,
+Oil Palms, _Funtumia elastica_, _Afzelia Africana_ and Kapok. Some teak
+and a few other trees had been planted at Bismarckburg, an old
+substation to Kete-Kratschi, and the same varieties at Ho, a substation
+to Misahöhe.
+
+I was unable to obtain figures as to the number of trees planted at the
+above three stations, but teak is reported to be doing well at them all.
+
+In addition to the species of indigenous trees planted, and also
+introduced, species such as Teak, _Tectona grandis_, and many others
+have been planted on a small scale.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.—=Chlorophora excelsa, 1911.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.—=Five-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.—=Five-year-old Khaya Senegalensis, 1911.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 126.
+
+
+                     IV. NOTES ON INDIGENOUS TREES
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus Togoensis_. Kpa (Ewe).
+
+  6½ feet in height.
+
+ _Pandanus Kerstingii_. Abá (Tschaudjo).
+
+  32½ feet in height.
+
+
+=Gramineæ.=
+
+ _Oxytenanthera Abyssinica_.
+
+  Bamboo. 19½ feet to 26 feet in height.
+
+ _Andropogon Sorghum_. Wo (Ewe).
+
+  Used in broom-making and roof-covering.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_. Ala (Ewe); Taro (Tschaudjo); Kpakó (Anago); Ollo
+ (Akposso).
+
+  Leaves used for brooms and brushes, mats, baskets, weaving, etc.
+
+ _Phœnix spinosa_ or _Phœnix reclinata_.
+
+  32½ feet high. Leaves, weaving nets, etc.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_.
+
+  Oil palm. Covering for roofs from leaves.
+
+  Weaving of all kinds, coco fibre, carpets, brushes. Nuts.
+
+ _Borassus flabelliformis_ or _Hyphæne Togoensis_, _Hyphæne coriaceæ_.
+
+  Plaiting for hats, nets, etc.
+
+ _Carludovica palmata_.
+
+
+=Flagellariaceæ.=
+
+ _Flagellaria indica_ L.
+
+  The tough outer stems used as ropes.
+
+
+=Bromeliaceæ.=
+
+ _Ananas_. Atóto (Ewe).
+
+  An attempt has been made to bring the Togo pineapple into the markets,
+  but without success. Fibre much used in weaving, etc.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ ——: Dzogbeblôbe (Ewe).
+
+ _Sansevieria Guineensis_. Baugbaningbamu (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Long, flat leaves, 4⅞ feet long. Fibres useful in commerce. Bowstring
+  hemp.
+
+ _Sansevieria cylindrica_.
+
+  6½ feet long. Fibres useful in commerce. Bowstring hemp.
+
+ _Aloe Barteri_.
+
+ _Aloe Buettneri_.
+
+  Fibre from leaves of both Aloes.
+
+
+=Amaryllidaceæ.=
+
+ _Agave Sisalana_.
+
+ _Mauritius hemp_.
+
+  Both have been introduced into Togo. Fibre used in weaving.
+
+
+=Taccaceæ.=
+
+ _Tacca pinnatifida_. Dzogbenyabo (Ewe); Ludjŭ́ (Tschaudjo); Bōti
+ (Dyakossi).
+
+  Used as a vegetable, having tubers like a potato, about the size of
+  the fist. Leaves much divided. Fibres used in weaving all sorts of
+  articles.
+
+
+=Musaceæ.=
+
+ _Wild bananas_.
+
+  Mohammedan rosaries are made from the seeds.
+
+ _Musa textilis_.
+
+  Fibre much used.
+
+
+=Marantaceæ.=
+
+ _Aframomum_.
+
+  Leaves for roofs.
+
+ _Clinogyne flexuosa_. Fita (Haussa); dworom (Asante).
+
+  Leaves used in paper-making.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Celtis Prantlii_.
+
+  Dwarf variety. Bark fibre very much used.
+
+ _Celtis integrifolia_. Tyentyem (Mangu); Diki (Haussa); Kokojắ (Losso);
+ Patakli (Atakpame).
+
+  130 to 162½ feet high. Wood not very good.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Logo asagu (Ewe); Ssäre (Tschaudjo); Ukloba
+ (Akposso); Odum (Asante); Sserre (Kratschi); Roco (Dahomey).
+
+  130 to 195 feet high. From 39 to 65 feet in circumference. One of the
+  highest trees in the Colony. One of the most useful trees of West
+  Africa for building purposes and furniture.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_.
+
+  65 feet in height. The wood very light, sometimes takes the place of
+  cork. Wood used for cigar boxes, also sometimes in cellulose
+  factories.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Avogolo or awogolu (Ewe).
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_.
+
+  Like horse chestnut in appearance; orange flowers. Wood brittle, used
+  for fences.
+
+ _Antiaris Africana_ (syn. _Antiaris toxicaria_). Logo (Ewe); Ssäre
+ (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Fruit fig-like.
+
+ _Ficus grandicarpa_. Furu (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Milky juice oozes from bark when cut. 65 feet in height. Bark smooth;
+  regular branching. Figs gathered in March.
+
+ _Ficus vallis choudæ_.
+
+ _Ficus exasperata_. Fola (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus bembicicarpa_. Kedā (Tschaudjo).
+
+  There are about 30 varieties of figs.
+
+ _Ficus lutea_.
+
+ _Ficus rokko_. Kedā (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus tiliifolia_. Adyokŭkola (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus umbrosa_. Tisemu (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus djurensis_. Tura (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus brachypus_. Ebö (Ewe); Bauri (Haussa).
+
+  Reddish bark. Wood heavy.
+
+ _Ficus tesselata_.
+
+ _Ficus dusenoides_.
+
+ _Ficus Togoensis_.
+
+ _Ficus sokodensis_.
+
+
+=Proteaceæ.=
+
+ _Faurea speciosa_.
+
+ _Protea Bismarckii_. Düdürede (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Wood yellowish-red in colour, used for furniture. Height 32½ feet.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Ximenia Americana_.
+
+  Yellow heartwood resembles the scented white sandalwood.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Uvaria chamæ_. Agbana (Ewe); Pereng (Kabure); Liasá (Atakpame);
+ Padiivīn (Difale).
+
+  Small tree with edible fruit. Wood greyish-brown, fairly heavy.
+
+ _Cleistopholis patens_. Baledia or Welengéle (Tschaudjo); Nuso or Aru
+ (Atakpame).
+
+  Height 32½ feet to 65 feet. Wood light—used for barrels and drums—of a
+  grey colour.
+
+ _Hexalobus monopetalus_. Tschabola buanda (Tschaudjo); Tumbalaka
+ (Atakpame).
+
+  Grows to large tree in Gallery Forests—small in Savannah. No trial of
+  wood made yet.
+
+ _Xylopia æthiopica_. Tso (Ewe); Ssosi (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Light yellow wood of flexible nature, used for masts of boats.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_. Tschabolabunda (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Root wood takes place of cork.
+
+ _Xylopia Eminii_. Akatapuressosi (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Fairly large tree, wood reddish, used for furniture.
+
+ _Anona sp._
+
+  Root wood of all the species forms a substitute for cork.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_. Óbala (Atakpame).
+
+  Soft wood. Used in box-making.
+
+
+=Capparidaceæ.=
+
+ _Cratæva religiosa_. Anamolum (Tschaudjo); Dengma (Mangu); Tschengunga
+ (Asante). Wood can be turned easily—like boxwood in appearance.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium curatellifolium_. Molemṓle (Tschaudjo); Insofaniwŏche
+ (Mangu); Pótepote (Kratschi); Yafo (Kpedyi).
+
+  Trees of stunted appearance in Savannah, but growing higher in better
+  soil. Wood is oak-like and very hard—uniform texture. Used for wooden
+  pegs or pins, and other purposes in building, when durability is
+  important.
+
+ _Parinarium subcordatum_. Bende noso (Tschaudjo); Insuopangi (Mangu);
+ Pekĭre (Losso).
+
+  Used for rafters in roofs by the natives of Mangu.
+
+ _Parinarium polyandrum_. Bende noso (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Parinarium mobola_.
+
+  Never attains any great height.
+
+ _Parinarium Kerstingii_.
+
+  Attains much greater height than the last, a tree worthy of notice.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Albizzia Brownii_. Pangalan (Tschaudjo); Kokpara (Atakpame).
+
+  Large, handsome forest tree, with greyish-green cracked bark. Wood
+  fairly hard. Light sapwood, dark brownish heartwood.
+
+ _Albizzia Angolensis_. Atikuzẽ (Ewe). Kŭpaussŭto (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Height 97½ feet. Diameter 4⅞ feet.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_. Asihuë (Atakpame).
+
+  The Albizzias are all proof against the termites on account of their
+  hardness. Wood of _A. fastigiata_ used for the felloes of wheels.
+
+ _Acacia catechu_.
+
+ _Acacia Arabica_. Magarua or Bagarua (Hausa).
+
+  About 19½ feet in height. Characteristic tree of the Steppe north of
+  Oti. Numerous.
+
+ _Acacia suma_. Gudjápūpŭ or Gudzawuwu (Ewe); Chrinika (Atakpame).
+
+  Height 32½ feet. Yellowish-white wood, heavy and very hard; used for
+  agricultural implements.
+
+ _Dichrostachys nutans_. Ssossōsi (Tschaudjo); Beniti (Agome).
+
+  Hard wood—dark heartwood, almost black—used for making walking-sticks.
+
+ _Prosopis oblonga_. Akä́ka (Ewe); Pato (Tschaudjo); Pangi (Mangu); Kaki
+ (Atakpame); Kpánenã (Kratschi).
+
+  Hard wood—termite-proof. Young branches used for handles of axes and
+  hatchets.
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thoningii_. Prékese (Ewe).
+
+  A stately tree, only known in Akposso at present. The wood not yet
+  much used.
+
+ _Piptadenia Kerstingii_. Kapaussuto (Kabure).
+
+  Huge tree—stands singly. Blossoms in January, when it is leafless.
+  Fruit appears in April.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_. Alagbáta (Atakpame).
+
+  Wood doubtless of great value.
+
+ _Entada Abyssinica_. Ondutu (Tschaudjo); Kiria (Hausa); Ketschikantscha
+ (Kratschi).
+
+  Tree stunted, leafless in the dry season. Wood spongy, not of much
+  value.
+
+ _Entada scandens_. Klokpakpa (Ewe).
+
+  The well-known Liana, with husks 3¼ feet long, growing abundantly in
+  the coast provinces. The fibre is much used in the making of nets,
+  ropes, etc.
+
+ _Parkia Africana_. Wo (Ewe); Ssuto (Tschaudjo); Dorana (Haussa) Soroño
+ (Asante); Gotschö́ne (Kratschi).
+
+  Height 65 feet. The hard, heavy, pale yellowish wood, locustwood of
+  Sierra Leone. In commerce known as Caindah wood.
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_. Ena (Atakpame).
+
+  Grows plentifully on the coast of Atakpame.
+
+ _Parkia biglobosa_.
+
+  Height 97½ feet. Bark from a clear grey to dark brown, much furrowed.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Tsa (Ewe); Kekëū (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Wood much valued for its heartwood and because of its rarity.
+  Withstands the attacks of termites, and therefore much used in house
+  and ship building, wheels for gun-carriages, etc. Takes a foremost
+  place in export of wood.
+
+ _Burkea Africana_. Tschĭ́sili (Tschaudjo); Kiriandutschi (Haussa);
+ Esseresu opĭrimú (Asante); Atakpla (Atakpame); Kinkiri (Kratschi).
+
+  Height 78 feet. Broad crown. Leaves covered with silky hairs; wood
+  used by the natives for sword handles.
+
+ _Cynometra megalophylla_. Agumuắ (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Found in the coast forests.
+
+ _Cynometra Afzelii_.
+
+ _Cynometra sp._
+
+ _Detarium microcarpum_. Depapātē (Tschaudjo); Naparli (Mangu); Kökpakpa
+ (Kratschi); Záklu (Misahöhe).
+
+  A very heavy wood of a brown colour. Used in boat-building.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalense_.
+
+  Has a larger fruit than the _D. microcarpum_. A beautifully marked
+  hard wood. Grows to a great height. Found exclusively on the coast.
+
+ _Detarium Guineense_.
+
+ _Tamarindus indica_. Keditia (Tschaudjo); Samia (Haussa); Tamarese
+ (Asante); Kö́pu (Kratschi).
+
+  Grows near farms and in the prairies. A clear-coloured wood—very heavy
+  to work; will not float in water; used for mill-wheels, powder coal,
+  etc.
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_. Papac (Ewe); Welu (Tschaudjo); Apakka (Anago);
+ Ukpami (Akposso); Kao (Haussa); Papau (Asante); Kebarre (Kratschi);
+ Kpakpa (Fõ).
+
+  Height 48¾ feet. A very beautifully marked wood. Proof against attacks
+  of termites; much valued in building and for table-making, also
+  mortars for crushing yams.
+
+ _Daniellia thurifera_. Lipiti or Dsati (Ewe); Tschato (Tschaudjo);
+ Orokpo (Anago); Auwolo (Akposso); Masche (Haussa); Saingja (Asante);
+ Kenjang (Kratschi); Sa (Fõ).
+
+  Height from 65 to 97½ feet. Common in the prairies. The sapwood is
+  white, and the heartwood reddish and very hard. Barrels are made from
+  it.
+
+ _Berlinia Heudelotiana_. Ademá or Baba (Ewe); Buda͡u (Tschaudjo);
+ Kochoá (Kratschi).
+
+  Large tree with white showy flowers, growing on banks of rivers. Heavy
+  wood of light brown colour. Only of secondary importance.
+
+ _Berlinia Kerstingii_. Tau (Tschaudjo).
+
+  65 to 97½ feet high, grows on open prairie. Wood used for rafters in
+  house-building.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_.
+
+ _Berlinia tomentosa_.
+
+ _Bauhinia reticulata_. Klo (Ewe); Bākū (Tschaudjo); Nyama (Mangu);
+ Okokotaka (Asante); Tamenasi (Atakpame); Aklō (Anecho).
+
+  Fairly heavy wood of dirty brown colour, easily worked. Very plentiful
+  in the prairies.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_. Zigbli or Toë (Ewe); Madŭ́ (Atakpame).
+
+  32½ to 48¾ feet high, valued as a wood for building, known as Black
+  Tumbler or Velvet Tamarind on the market.
+
+ _Distemonanthus Benthamianus_.
+
+  One of the hardest woods of Togo, a gigantic tree.
+
+ _Cassia Sieberiana_. Gagamagati (Ewe); Tschamanu (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Grows best on dry, stony parts of the prairie. Light brown wood,
+  extraordinarily hard, proof against termites. When burnt it causes
+  headache.
+
+ _Swartzia Madagascariensis_. Subando (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A small tree growing by river banks and on the prairies. Heartwood
+  reddish black.
+
+ _Cordyla Africana_. Kessing (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Wood used in table-making.
+
+ _Ormosia laxiflora_. Kedeleā or Kodoleā (Tschaudjo); Kokoro or Golloklo
+ (Mangu); Obri (Asante); Kekpili (Kratschi); Akũgre (Kpedyi).
+
+  Beautiful clear brown wood, used by the natives for building. It is
+  termite-proof.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_.
+
+  A small slender tree. Tons of the wood are sent yearly to England as
+  red dye-wood.
+
+ _Milletia atite_. Atite (Ewe); Sso abalu (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Spread through all the colonies. Wood very uniformly marked of clear
+  yellowish-white.
+
+ _Pterocarpus erinaceus_. Doti (Ewe); Tim (Tschaudjo); Segbe (Mangu);
+ Keleyu (Kratschi).
+
+  Used as a red dye. Height 65 feet. Very heavy wood of reddish-brown
+  colour. Sold as teak—one of the best woods of commerce.
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_. Keruwowo (Tschaudjo); Futu (Kirikiri).
+
+  Smaller tree than the last, found in prairies. Wood fairly heavy and
+  yellowish-white.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_. Lo (Ewe); Bäbäle (Atakpame); Alobla (Kpedyi).
+
+  Found in prairies and terrace woods. Flowers reddish-violet. Wood not
+  well known.
+
+ _Derris Stuhlmanii_. Tschaloware (Tschaudjo); Bembu (Mangu).
+
+  Height 32½ feet. Hard, yellowish-white wood.
+
+ _Andira inermis_.
+
+  Fairly large mountain tree. The Cabbage Tree of the W. Indies. Hard,
+  yellowish-white wood. The partridge wood of commerce.
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalensis_. Yrewo (Ewe); Nyimu (Mangu); Baklesu
+ (Atakpame).
+
+ Slender tree 32½ feet in height. Bark deeply cleft, cork-like, and
+ thorny. Wood very light and useful in many ways.
+
+ _Dalbergia melanoxylon_. Atiyi (Ewe).
+
+  The heartwood is almost hard as iron, proof against attacks of
+  insects. Used for pillars and piles, also in the making of musical
+  instruments.
+
+ _Brachystegia spicæformis_.
+
+ _Macrolobium stipulaceum_.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_.
+
+
+=Zygophyllaceæ.=
+
+ _Balanites Ægyptiaca_. Kunjanapcule (Mangu); Gushiocho (Kratschi).
+
+  Height 19½ to 26 feet. A beautiful golden brown wood, used in the
+  making of ploughs, clubs, sticks.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Fagara zanthoxyloides_. Eché or Alãfe (Ewe); Kelengma͡u (Tschaudjo);
+ Polu-Dyenye (Mangu); Tigu Schirafinsa (Mangu); Ata (Anago); Uche
+ (Akposso); Che (Fõ); Klongbaŭ (Tim).
+
+  A fairly large tree of the prairie. In appearance like an apple-tree.
+  Bark rough and knotty.
+
+ _Limonia Warneckei_. Kugŏ́nu (Tschaudjo); Nguni (Kabure); Tyanka or
+ Hogogo (Atakpame).
+
+  Wood light yellow, uniform, hard, and very heavy.
+
+ _Limonia Preussii_.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Hannoa undulata_. Dikbere (Tschaudjo); Yayabé (Mangu); Kelantori
+ (Kratschi).
+
+  The wood is of a light greyish-white colour, fairly heavy.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Khaya Senegalensis_. Frimu (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A large tree sometimes attaining a height of 130 feet and over. 13¼
+  feet in diameter. Has a beautiful surface; is most useful in commerce
+  for furniture, carriages, cases for microscopes, etc. The fruit is
+  about the size of an apple, with four valves and four rows of flat
+  seeds.
+
+ _Khaya Klainii_.
+
+  The seed vessel has five valves, and the fruit is larger than the
+  last. Known as the African or Gambia mahogany of commerce.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_. Alu (Ewe); Dituturi (Tschaudjo); Krŭbete
+ (Asante); Kedemponasi (Kratschi).
+
+  65 feet in height. The wood is of a greyish colour, serviceable in
+  building and furniture industry. The natives use it for drums and
+  barrels.
+
+ _Carapa procera_.
+
+  Not much known, though used in Senegambia as a building mahogany.
+
+ _Melia Azedarach_.
+
+  A small, much cultivated tree; the purplish blue flowers are like the
+  Spanish elder. The sapwood whitish, the heartwood reddish. Easy to
+  work; used in the making of furniture.
+
+ _Ekebergia Senegalensis_. Frimŭabalŭ́ (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A large tree growing in the mountainous districts. Wood light yellow
+  and fairly heavy, and uniform texture.
+
+ _Trichilia emetica_. Adyanyapesō (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Trichilia Prieuriana_. Dilifū (Tschaudjo).
+
+  These two are small trees, fairly easy to work, of a light yellowish-
+  coloured wood.
+
+
+=Polygalaceæ.=
+
+ _Securidaca longepedunculata_. Foji (Tschaudjo); Dyōro (Dyakossi); Ua
+ magungŭ́na (Haussa); Atakpati (Atakpame).
+
+  Small tree. A strong useful fibre obtained from the small branches.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Phyllanthus discoideus_. Kongkonga (Tschaudjo); Dantivi (Atakpame);
+ Kamfuắ (Bagu).
+
+  A tall primeval forest tree—occasional clumps in the villages. Hard
+  heavy wood of a beautiful red colour.
+
+ _Hymenocardia acida_. Adudze (Ewe); Atidje (Atakpame).
+
+  The wood is fairly hard, light brown, with the year-rings clearly
+  marked. Very brittle, so only fit for firewood.
+
+ _Hymenocardia ulmoides_. Taboia (Atakpame); Bälä (Afem).
+
+  Height 130 to 162½ feet.
+
+ _Uapaca Togoensis_. Egba (Ewe); Kidgeling (Tschaudjo); Nagudi
+ (Atakpame).
+
+  A prairie tree of medium size. Beautiful brown-coloured wood; used for
+  firewood.
+
+ _Uapaca Heudelotii_. Oli (Atakpame).
+
+  Grows in the terraced woods. Useful in building.
+
+ _Alchornea cordifolia_. Tschufṓu (Tschaudjo); Awowlo (Atakpame).
+
+  A small prairie tree. The hollow twigs are used in pipe-making.
+
+ _Sapium Guineense_.
+
+ _Sapium Kerstingii_.
+
+ _Sapium Mannianum_.
+
+  These three trees are not of much importance.
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_.
+
+  Vegetable oils and fats obtained from this tree. The wood is soft and
+  used for fuel.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Mangifera Indica_.
+
+  Mango tree. A greyish wood, useful for building purposes.
+
+ _Anacardium occidentale_. Atisiā (Ewe).
+
+  Reddish, fairly hard wood, used in boat-building, also for charcoal.
+
+ _Spondias lutea_. Kinyelu (Tschaudjo); Akiko or Agliko (Atakpame);
+ Nayile (Konkomba).
+
+  Tall, slender tree. The fruit is edible, yellow, and downy. Abundant
+  in the prairies, now introduced in many localities. Bright-coloured
+  wood, fairly hard and heavy.
+
+ _Pseudospondias microcarpa_. Onyangba (Atakpame).
+
+  Stately tree, 65 feet in height. Nothing is known of the wood.
+
+ _Lannea acida_. Eknalokpoe (Ewe); Käla (Tschaudjo); Tyĕtĕbu (Mangu);
+ Asogedaka (Atakpame).
+
+  A common tree in the prairies. The greyish hard wood is used by the
+  natives for arm-rings, chairs, etc.
+
+ _Lannea Barteri_. Tingbatau or Patandeu (Tschaudjo); Bēnature (Mangu);
+ Akú (Atakpame.)
+
+  This tree has a characteristic spiral bark. It grows to a height of 65
+  feet, with reddish edible fruit.
+
+ _Hæmatostaphis Barteri_.
+
+  Has a beautiful fruit of a delicious flavour, the blood-plum of Sierra
+  Leone. The wood has not yet been tried.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.—=Teak Plantation made in 1907 at Pfandu, in
+1911.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.—=Khaya Klaineana, 17 feet in girth, Misahohe
+Station.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.—=Corner of a 1907 Teak Plantation, Pfandu, in
+1911.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 136.
+
+ _Heeria insignis_.
+
+  The wood is much valued in the making of specially good furniture.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Adza or Adja (Ewe); Peso (Tschaudjo); Aki (Asante);
+ Keká (Kratschi).
+
+  The wood is light yellow, not of any value. Planted near houses as an
+  orchard tree, and also for its shade. 97½ feet in height.
+
+ _Eriocœlum Kerstingii_. Nimwau Pesō (Tschaudjo); Yevo-Gboma (Atakpame).
+
+  97½ feet in height in the coast forests. A good furniture and building
+  wood.
+
+ _Talisiopsis oliviformis_. Waogbŭ́m (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Perhaps identical with _Zanha golungensis_. 65 to 97½ feet high, with
+  reddish bark. Wood used for furniture and building. The fruit is
+  downy, of an orange colour, and edible.
+
+ _Allophyllus Africanus_. Weti (Atakpame); Kōtīa (Yendi).
+
+  A small bushy tree. The wood used for cleaning the teeth. Useful for
+  working in many ways.
+
+
+=Melianthaceæ.=
+
+ _Bersama Doeringii_.
+
+  This tree has aerial roots. The blossoms in long bunches of white
+  flowers.
+
+
+=Rhamnaceæ.=
+
+ _Zizyphus Jujuba_.
+
+  A small shrub-like tree with edible berries. The wood is used in
+  saddle-making and for agricultural implements.
+
+ _Zizyphus mucronatus_. Pangbaïngu (Tschaudjo); Sausanyebui (Mangu).
+
+  The wood is used in wagon-building.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Grewia gigantiflora_. Adzadze (Ewe); Tolábŭ (Atakpame).
+
+ _Grewia villosa_. Adzadze (Ewe); Yumba (Mangu).
+
+  The natives use the wood for handles of spears.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Thespesia populnea_.
+
+  The sap-wood is a bright red, and the hard heartwood a dark red; used
+  for carriage-building and furniture.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_. Fulṓ or Folṓ (Tschaudjo); Sanbúgo (Mangu).
+
+  Grows on high ground and also by the streams. Height about 162½ feet.
+  A marvellous sight when covered with its crimson blossoms. The bark is
+  smooth and bright grey, with rough cracked appearance. Of small
+  account in commerce.
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_. Adido (Ewe); Kuka (Haussa); Dádie (Asante); Kelle
+ (Kratschi).
+
+  Called also bread-fruit tree.
+
+ _Ceiba pentandra_. Wu (Ewe); Komu (Tschaudjo); Ogu (Anago); Ju
+ (Akposso); Huti (Fõ).
+
+  Wood little used, though it should be valuable in the cellulose
+  factories.
+
+ _Eriodendron Nigericum_.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_. Akplẽ or Loloẽ (Ewe); Kaderabobo (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Sterculia tomentosa_. Akpoklo or Bofuti (Ewe); Modetu (Tschaudjo);
+ Bolusila (Mangu); Oduduku (Atakpame); Kelipotu (Kratschi); Apokpo
+ (Anecho).
+
+ _Sterculia oblonga_.
+
+  The wood of these three trees is soft and of little value. The fibre
+  strong and tough. Tree medium height.
+
+ _Cola cordifolia_. Uuti (Ewe); Dagbongbore (Tschaudjo); Nutssunutssu
+ (Anago); Anwolo (Akposso); Eussŭ́ (Misahöhe).
+
+  A huge tree of the Gallery Forests, also found singly near villages.
+  The leaves are a foot long. The wood hard and heavy, used in
+  Senegambia for strengthening the coast and for rafters.
+
+ _Cola acuminata_.
+
+  The tree resembles the poplar. Proof against the attacks of insects;
+  useful for carriage and furniture-making, and ship-building.
+
+ _Cola laurifolia_. Jojau (Kabure).
+
+  The wood is very pliable and used in the making of bows (for
+  shooting).
+
+ _Cola caricifolia_. Alensuneku (Atakpame).
+
+ _Cola astrophora_.
+
+ _Cola supfiana_.
+
+ _Cola Afzelii_.
+
+ _Triplochiton Johnsonii_.
+
+ _Triplochiton Nigericum_.
+
+ _Pterygota Schumanniana_.
+
+  The wood of these five trees is little known.
+
+ _Firmiana Barteri_. Tschingbelika (Tschaudjo).
+
+  From 130 to 162½ feet high. The regular, pyramidal-shaped trunk ends
+  in plank-like roots. The natives make cups and bowls and floats from
+  the wood. The flowers are a beautiful scarlet, appearing before the
+  leaves.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Ochna Afzelii_. Tanam (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Moderately high tree, with hard, beautifully-marked bright brown wood.
+  Used in turning and table-making.
+
+ _Lophira alata_. Parapára (Tschaudjo); Akpakpla (Anago); Otugba
+ (Akposso); Kekrefunde (Asante); Belengbe (Kratschi); Kotublassu (Fõ).
+
+  A very common tree of the prairies, so much like the Shea butter as to
+  be frequently mistaken for it. The wood is hard, heavy, and dark,
+  reddish-brown, and sold as African oak.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Pentadesma Kerstingii_. Budyonū (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Grows on the wooded banks of streams. A tall, slender tree with
+  lightish brown wood, very similar in texture to that of the Ochnaceæ
+  family. Used by the natives in various ways.
+
+
+=Dipterocarpaceæ.=
+
+ _Monotes Kerstingii_. Kesáng (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Height about 48¾ feet. It is found frequently in the prairies. Easily
+  recognized by the likeness of its leaf to a curved hollow of a hand.
+  The wood is only useful for burning.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Oncoba spinosa_. Kpoe (Ewe); Krutū (Tschaudjo); Kongowura (Kotokoli).
+
+  A tall, thorny shrub, with white rose-like flowers. The wood is
+  capable of taking a good polish, used in inlaying.
+
+ _Caloncoba Gilgiana_. Efiohlĕ (Ewe).
+
+  A fair-sized tree. The wood is also used for inlaying.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Rhizophora mangle_. Woto or Atrati (Ewe).
+
+ _Rhizophora mucronata_.
+
+  Little is yet known of the mangroves of Togo. The _Rhizophora
+  mucronata_ of East Africa has a reddish brown wood, hard and heavy,
+  but easily worked; used in building.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Combretum sokodense_. Ssissiku (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Flourishes in pasture land and by streams. The bark is cork-like and
+  deeply corrugated, the wood brownish and very hard. Height, 35 ft.
+
+ _Combretum Kerstingii_. Alembole (Tschaudjo).
+
+  Hard, greyish-brown wood, used for firewood.
+
+ _Terminalia dictyoneura_. Ssua (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Terminalia macroptera_. Ssua dau (Tschaudjo).
+
+  These two Terminalia both have a beautiful glossy brown wood, useful
+  for many purposes. Both are about 48¾ feet in height.
+
+ _Terminalia Baumannii_. Opäti (Atakpame).
+
+  A beautiful prairie tree, the wood not yet tried.
+
+ _Terminalia superba_.
+
+ _Terminalia Togoensis_.
+
+ _Pteleopsis Kerstingii_. Ssissinā (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A fair-sized tree in the Bassari savannah. The natives say it has
+  neither flowers nor fruit, but this naturally cannot be the case.
+
+ _Anogeissus leiocarpus_. Tsetse or Echéché (Ewe); Kodelia (Tschaudjo);
+ Anyi (Anago); Ogo (Akposso); Kánnâ (Asante); Kakanla (Kratschi); Chlehó
+ (Fõ).
+
+  A tree 97½ feet high, growing on the river banks and on the moist
+  savannahs, very widespread. The fruit is much like that of our alder.
+  The wood very hard, proof against attacks of the termites, with a
+  black heartwood like ebony, and used as such. The most valuable wood
+  of the Colony.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Syzygium Guineense_. Tschapēa (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A fair-sized tree on the shore slopes. A white, easily-worked wood.
+  Used by the natives for making tools, images of their gods, chairs,
+  etc. In some parts for building purposes.
+
+
+=Araliaceæ.=
+
+ _Cussonia Barteri_. Fegblo (Ewe); Kongolu (Tschaudjo); Indoabaka
+ (Mangu); Digo (Anago); Obbŏ (Akposso); Bōnugŭ́ (Misahöhe); Gotti (Fõ).
+
+  A characteristic tree of the Baobab savannahs near Misahöhe. The wood
+  is spongy and cannot be worked, but the ashes are of use in making a
+  blue dye.
+
+
+=Umbelliferæ.=
+
+ _Peucedanum araliaceum_, var. _fraxinifolium_. Ländo (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A tree under medium height, of the pasture lands. The bark of the
+  young shoots is used for squirts and syringes. The wood is easy to
+  cut.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Butyrospermum Parkii_. Yotsa or Yo (Ewe); Ssomū (Tschaudjo); Káde
+ (Hausa); Krangkú (Asante); Kedempo (Atakpame); Aiomiti (Kirikiri).
+
+  The Shea butter tree. Height 48¾ to 65 feet. The tree is so plentiful
+  that it is a rare thing not to find one in any district. The fruit is
+  soft and edible; the wood a beautiful brownish-red of even texture,
+  and capable of taking a good polish. Much used in furniture-making.
+
+ _Pachystela cinerea_.
+
+  An immense tree growing along the coast. Wood unknown in the market.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum obovatum_. Katumbulia (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A tree of medium height with edible fruit. Its wood not known in
+  commerce. It should be of use, as are most of those belonging to this
+  family.
+
+ _Malacantha Warneckeana_. Akara (Atakpame); Pusum (Lamatessi).
+
+  A large tree found among the mountain streams, and also in the plains
+  of the coast regions. The trunk has on the outside wavy cross-lines
+  that look like a border, and give it a very curious appearance. The
+  hard wood is made into shuttles, shovels, scoops, etc., by the
+  natives.
+
+ _Mimusops multinervis_. Ewelisomū (Tschaudjo); Bräkrankū (Asante);
+ Gjira (Kratschi); Ewäti (Anecho).
+
+ _Mimusops Kerstingii_. Ewelisomu (Tschaudjo).
+
+  The wood of both these two Mimusops is like that of the Butyrospermum
+  in colour and structure. Rarely found higher than 32½ feet.
+
+ _Mimusops lacera_. Wueti (Ewe).
+
+  The tallest and most beautiful tree in the immediate neighbourhood of
+  the sea. Its hard red wood is made into walking-sticks, also for
+  inlaying and veneering of furniture and parquets.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros mespiliformis_. Dongke or Jeti (Ewe); Tingalō (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A semi-cultivated tree growing to the height of 81¼ feet. The trunk is
+  often from 3¼ to 4¹⁄₁₆ feet in diameter. A widely spreading shady
+  tree. Its height in the prairies is much less. Found very abundantly
+  and takes a high place as in copses and park lands. The fruit is
+  edible, round, and of a bright red colour. The heartwood is hard and
+  durable, and black as ebony. The tree is of great value commercially
+  for many purposes as ebony.
+
+ _Diospyros mombuttensis_. Liä-nuwasaure (Tschaudjo); Etjannaka
+ (Akposso).
+
+  A tree growing only from small to moderate size on the hill slopes,
+  with a bright-red fruit—a thorn-bearing tree. The wood is durable and
+  hard, used for shovels, walking-sticks, rafters, etc., and the
+  flexible branches in the making of traps.
+
+ _Diospyros tricolor_.
+
+  One of the most frequent trees on the shore and prairies of the coast
+  region, growing only to the height of a man. It has a yellowish-red
+  three-sided fruit; the stem seldom attains more than the thickness of
+  the finger. It is used for walking-sticks. A hard white wood.
+
+ _Maba Warneckii_.
+
+  A fair-sized noticeable tree, rarely found, and little known.
+
+
+=Oleaceæ.=
+
+ _Linociera nilotica_.
+
+  A small, unimportant tree. The wood is light brown, of even texture,
+  and great durability.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Strychnos Buettneri_. Kongofura (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Strychnos laxa_. Wagbebĕ (Ewe); Naprámpŏgo (Dyakossi); Egbo
+ (Atakpame); Go͠ngóvi (Kpedyi); Yokharaúgu (Dagomba).
+
+  Both these trees have a strong stem of bright-coloured wood, with a
+  fine grain, and should be of value. The fruit of the Buettneri is
+  edible, something like an orange.
+
+ _Strychnos pubescens_. Kongŏ (Tschaudjo).
+
+  The natives only use it as firewood.
+
+ _Anthocleista Kerstingii_. Kuwondëü (Tschaudjo); Egu (Atakpame).
+
+  Height 97½ feet, growing in the terraced or gallery woods, and also in
+  small groves. The trunk is very straight at first, then widely
+  branched. The trunk of the young trees is marked with leaf-scars; the
+  leaves attain the length of feet, and are used by the natives as
+  quivers for their arrows. The white, easily-worked wood is used for
+  many purposes.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Holarrhena Wulfenbergii_.
+
+  A tall tree of the Agome Mountains and the coast forests of Sokodé-
+  Bassari, also found singly near villages and farms. The white wood is
+  fairly heavy and easily worked, used in carving figures, etc.
+
+ _Conopharyngia crassa_.
+
+  A tree of varying height, with drooping branches. Found only in
+  Misahöhe.
+
+ _Voacanga Africana_. Kongkong (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A fair-sized, widely-spread tree in copses and by the streams. The
+  wood is like that of the Holarrhena, only of a deeper shade. The round
+  white-coloured fruit, growing two together, look like spots on the
+  dark foliage.
+
+ _Kickxia Africana_ (syn. _Funtumia elastica_).
+
+  Reaches the height of 65 feet. Growing in Misahöhe and Kete-Kratschi.
+  The wood is little known. All the trees of this family are
+  distinguished by a rich milky juice in bark, leaves, and fruit.
+
+ _Alstonia congensis_.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Cordia Gharaf_.
+
+  A fair-sized tree known only in one locality. A hard, durable wood
+  used in building. There is no doubt that there are other species in
+  Togo, and so far as the Cordia has been used, it has proved to be a
+  most useful tree.
+
+ _Ehretia cymosa_. Okoni (Kratschi).
+
+  Found in the coast regions, growing to the height of 13 to 16¼ feet.
+  Seldom met with. It has masses of white blossoms; the fruit is a berry
+  about the size of a pea. The wood has not yet been proved.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Vitex Cienkowskii_. Fõ (Ewe); Panyero (Tschaudjo); Orli (Anago); Uoli
+ (Akposso); Koto (Dyakossi); Gidjiko (Kratschi); Fõjiti (Anecho);
+ Narenga (Dagomba).
+
+  A large barkless tree, with spreading crown. Leaf with five divisions
+  in the form of a hand, the flowers in large clusters of white
+  blossoms. Ink is made from the shiny black, edible fruit and the young
+  leaves. This tree is widely spread over the hill slopes and forest
+  prairies. The wood is moderately hard and useful for inlaying; the
+  natives make ribs of boats from it.
+
+ _Vitex Camporum_. Panyerōbuda (Tschaudjo); Insuakoto (Mangu); Idjawli
+ (Akposso).
+
+  Leaves with three divisions, the underside hairy. Flowers blue, in
+  clusters like the last. The fruit is more like an acorn, and the tree
+  shrub-like. The natives make fishing-tackle from the wood.
+
+ _Vitex cuneata_.
+
+ _Premna Zenkeri_.
+
+  A tall tree growing on the mountain slopes of Bassari. Leaves simple
+  and broad; the small, white flowers are in panicles a foot long. The
+  wood is entirely like the _V. Cienkowskii_.
+
+ _Avicennia Africana_. Amu-ati (Ewe).
+
+  A broad-spreading leafy tree from 39 to 48¾ feet in height, and about
+  7 inches in diameter; leaves dark green, the underside grey, and
+  flowers a smudgy white. Its wood is used for boat-building in Gabun,
+  but little known elsewhere. It is closely allied to the _Avicennia
+  officinalis_ of East Africa, which has a beautiful, violet-coloured
+  wood; is very hard and heavy.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathodea campanulata_. Adadasé (Ewe); Gbetschigbetschi (Atakpame).
+
+  A wonderful leafy tree, 97½ feet in height, with wide-spreading crown
+  of foliage, and greyish-green warty trunk. In the flowering time the
+  tree is a mass of crimson flowers—a beautiful sight in the coast woods
+  and on the hill slopes. In Europe it goes by the name of tulip-tree.
+  The buds are filled with a sweet, watery fluid, which the children use
+  as squirts. The wood should be of great service, but does not seem to
+  be used.
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_. Lifui (Ewe); Akinale (Tschaudjo); Aboboë
+ (Atakpame).
+
+  A medium-sized prairie tree, found plentifully also near the villages,
+  where the small branches are used as material for fences. When the
+  tree is young, it stands very erect, but later the remarkably long
+  branches bend to the ground. The flowers are either rose-coloured,
+  violet, or bright blue. The bright-coloured wood is fairly heavy,
+  uniform in texture, very similar to the _V. Cienkowskii_.
+
+ _Markhamia tomentosa_. Tschitschíñe (Atakpame).
+
+  Appears to grow only among the mountains. The flowers are yellow, with
+  red stripes; the leaves and husks both yellowish brown. Children use
+  the flower buds as playthings. The wood is like that of the
+  _Newbouldia lævis_.
+
+ _Markhamia lutea_.
+
+  Usually found as a shrub, but occasionally to the height of 19½ to 26
+  feet high, with rough or warty, blackish bark, and yellow flowers in
+  great quantities.
+
+ _Stereospermum Kunthianum_. Essobelīa (Tschaudjo); Eké-deká (Atakpame).
+
+  A small tree seldom found taller than 32½ feet, a greenish-grey bark,
+  divested of leaves. When in bloom it has much the appearance of a
+  peach-tree. The flowers, which appear before the leaves, are pink,
+  edged with white and reddish-brown, with striped and spotted lip.
+  Found frequently in the forest savannahs, and occasionally on the
+  highlands. The brownish dye from the bark is used by the girls for
+  their lips, and chewed as Kola. The wood is much the same as the last
+  three species.
+
+ _Kigelia Africana_. Nyakpekpe (Ewe); Abilū (Tschaudjo); Njãkpokpo
+ (Anecho); Njãkpẽ (Anlo).
+
+  Found in damp places in the prairies and on the banks of rivers. The
+  well-known liver-sausage tree. The wood is suitable for small
+  buildings.
+
+ _Kigelia pinnata_.
+
+  Rubiaceæ.
+
+ _Hymenodictyon Kurria_.
+
+  All belonging to this family have simple leaves in pairs. Found as a
+  shrub and a small tree in the terraced woods and mountains. The solid
+  wood, of a clear mahogany colour, is much used in India for
+  agricultural implements, but little known here in Togo.
+
+ _Crossopteryx Africana_. Tyenyeṓlo or Pasau (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Crossopteryx Kotschyana_.
+
+  Found to the height of 32½ feet in the prairies of the coast zone and
+  a few scattered inland. According to the opinion of an importer, this
+  wood is one of the best of Togo. It is clear brown, very hard and
+  heavy, and of fine texture. The natives make shuttles and tablets for
+  the Koran from it.
+
+ _Adina microcephala_. Barā (Tschaudjo).
+
+  A tree of 97½ feet in height, growing on the river banks of Sokodé-
+  Bassaris. The wood takes a very high place as to value, but it has a
+  peculiar odour and an oily feeling to the touch. The fibres from the
+  twigs are made into tooth-brushes.
+
+ _Mitragyne macrophylla_. Yŏwi or Togba (Atakpame).
+
+  A gigantic tree growing on the swampy banks of streams, with an
+  excellent wood used by the natives for making doors, drums and
+  barrels.
+
+ _Mitragyne inermis_. Intyú (Dyakossi); Shero (Dagomba).
+
+  Smaller than the last, found on ground which is occasionally under
+  water. Its yellowish-white wood is used for beams and rafters. It
+  forms also a beautiful, easily-worked furniture wood.
+
+ _Mitragyne Africana_. Séssëu (Atakpame).
+
+  A small tree which flourishes in swampy places and parts overflowed by
+  the streams. Its blossoms are used as hay. The particularly valuable
+  wood is proof against attacks of the termite, very hard, and much used
+  in building. The wood of all the Mitragyne species are valued in
+  Tropical Africa on account of their durability and being proof against
+  weather and easily worked.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus sambucinus_. Akukobasa (Ewe); Kedjetjelo (Tschaudjo);
+ Nyimo (Atakpame).
+
+  A small shrubby tree, with long, tendril-like branches, white fragrant
+  flowers, and strawberry-coloured fruit. The wood is used considerably
+  for mosaic work and inlaying.
+
+ _Gardenia Thunbergia_. Fifei (Ewe); Kau kutoku (Tschaudjo); Lángan͠a
+ (Kratschi); Fifäti (Anecho).
+
+  A small tree or shrub with rigid branches, fragrant white flowers, and
+  yellow, spindle-shaped fruit, tasting like a crab-apple, scattered in
+  small clumps over the prairie. Spoons and similar articles are made
+  from the white, fairly hard wood.
+
+ _Gardenia ternifolia_. Kau këure (Tschaudjo); Nassarlĭ or Nabuli
+ (Dyakossi).
+
+  Similar to the preceding tree in appearance, etc., but the fruit is
+  cylindrical in form, like a small cucumber.
+
+ _Gardenia medicinalis_. Kau belia or abalia (Tschaudjo).
+
+  The same characteristics as the last; the fruit is much smaller,
+  round, and furrowed.
+
+ _Gardenia assimilis_.
+
+ _Gardenia Abeokutā_.
+
+  These trees are all found in the higher forests as undergrowth, and
+  are very similar in every respect.
+
+ _Plectronia vanguerioides_. Dädäfunde (Atakpame).
+
+  Medium-sized tree. Occasionally found as a shrub in the coast and
+  mountain forests. The wood is only useful as firewood.
+
+ _Pavetta Baconiana_. Genferrebiesó (Mangu).
+
+ _Pavetta crassipes_.
+
+  Used as firewood.
+
+ _Morinda citrifolia_. Amakḗ (Ewe); Ketyĕlenga (Tschaudjo); Aké
+ (Atakpame); Maticki (Ho).
+
+  A tree 32½ feet in height, with a broad, shady crown, seems to be
+  bearing blossoms or fruit all the year round. The flowers are in the
+  form of little round bunches; the fruit is greenish-yellow, spongy,
+  and growing together in large masses—each fruit about the size of a
+  pear. The white wood is not of much value, but the rootwood is sold in
+  the native markets for making yellow dye. Two species of this tree
+  seem to be known in Togo, one found frequently on the coasts, the best
+  known, and another variety in North Togo, less common and with a much
+  smaller fruit.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia Senegalensis_. Avenya (Ewe); Tusima or Tingma (Tschaudjo).
+
+  The only one of the family which attains a height of 19½ feet, and
+  stem of 6 or 7 inches in diameter. The leaves are a greyish-green; the
+  flowers, a yellowish-white, appear in great masses. The wood is fairly
+  heavy, light brown in colour, and very easy to work. Of the many
+  varieties from which the twigs and roots are used for brushes, this
+  one is the most valuable.
+
+
+                               APPENDIX I
+
+                   LIST OF INTRODUCED SPECIES PLANTED
+
+
+   1. Terminalia catappa.
+
+   2. Casuarina equisetifolia.
+
+   3. Tectona grandis.
+
+   4. Swietenia bijuga.
+
+   5. Cedrela odorata.
+
+   6. Pithecolobium dulcis.
+
+   7. Artocarpus incisa.
+
+   8. Cassia florida.
+
+   9. Bauhinia Krughii.
+
+  10. Eucalyptus marginata.
+
+  11. Eucalyptus citriodora.
+
+  12. Eucalyptus robusta.
+
+  13. Cæsalpina arborea.
+
+  14. Cæsalpina sappan.
+
+  15. Cæsalpina rostrata.
+
+  16. Cæsalpina coriaria.
+
+  17. Cæsalpina regia.
+
+  18. Poinciana regia.
+
+  19. Poinciana drepanophylla.
+
+  20. Melia azedarach.
+
+  21. Manihot glaziovii.
+
+  22. Manihot dichotoma.
+
+  23. Manihot pyanhyensis.
+
+  24. Manihot heterophylla.
+
+  25. Aspidosperma quebracho.
+
+  26. Phœnix dactylifera.
+
+  27. Cola vera.
+
+  28. Ficus elastica.
+
+  29. Ficus Schlechteri.
+
+  30. Albizzia amara.
+
+  31. Albizzia stipulata.
+
+  32. Acacia Arabica.
+
+  33. Cynometra megalophylla.
+
+  34. Detarium Senegalense.
+
+  35. Parinarium intermedia.
+
+
+                              APPENDIX II
+
+                     CENSUS OF PLANTATIONS IN TOGO
+
+
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+              Tree.                |  At all  |  District  |   Forest
+                                   | Stations.|Plantations.|Plantations.
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+                                   |    No.   |No. Planted.|No. Planted.
+                                   |  Planted.|            |
+                                   |          |            |
+ Teak (_Tectona grandis_)          | 1,022,014|     330,714|     691,300
+                                   |          |            |
+ Sasswood (_Erythrophlœum          | 2,072,877|      15,877|   2,057,000
+ Guineense_)                       |          |            |
+                                   |          |            |
+ African Mahogany (_Khaya          | 9,089,184|   8,169,584|     919,600
+ Senegalensis_)                    |          |            |
+                                   |          |            |
+ Mahogany (_Khaya Klainii_)        |   236,830|       1,830|     235,000
+                                   |          |            |
+ Rhodesian Mahogany (_Afzelia      |   603,054|     157,454|     445,600
+ Africana_)                        |          |            |
+                                   |          |            |
+ Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_)     |   127,951|     105,951|      22,000
+                                   |          |            |
+ Ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_) |     4,735|       4,735|      —
+                                   |          |            |
+ Oil Palm (_Elæis Guineensis_)     |    57,545|      47,545|      10,000
+                                   |          |            |
+ Kapok Tree (_Ceiba pentandra_)    |    77,401|      32,401|      45,000
+                                   |          |            |
+ Ireh Rubber (_Funtumia elastica_) |    26,611|      26,611|      —
+                                   |          |            |
+ Rambong Rubber (_Ficus elastica_) |    18,666|      18,666|      —
+                                   |          |            |
+ Ceara Rubber (_Manihot glaziovii_)|   146,634|     145,634|       1,000
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+     TOTALS                        |13,483,502|   9,057,002|   4,426,500
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+              Tree.                |  At all  |  District  |   Forest
+                                   | Stations.|Plantations.|Plantations.
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+                                   | Acreage. |  Acreage.  |  Acreage.
+                                   |          |            |
+ Teak (_Tectona grandis_)          |    878·27|      471·77|       406·5
+                                   |          |            |
+ Sasswood (_Erythrophlœum          |    586·94|       30·19|      556·75
+ Guineense_)                       |          |            |
+                                   |          |            |
+ African Mahogany (_Khaya          |  2,017·65|    1,713·65|      304·00
+ Senegalensis_)                    |          |            |
+                                   |          |            |
+ Mahogany (_Khaya Klainii_)        |     84·39|        3·73|       80·66
+                                   |          |            |
+ Rhodesian Mahogany (_Afzelia      |    189·29|      104·48|      104·48
+ Africana_)                        |          |            |
+                                   |          |            |
+ Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_)     |    123·03|       93·39|       29·64
+                                   |          |            |
+ Ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_) |     18·32|       18·32|      —
+                                   |          |            |
+ Oil Palm (_Elæis Guineensis_)     |    251·12|      250·12|        1·00
+                                   |          |            |
+ Kapok Tree (_Ceiba pentandra_)    |    113·00|       68·54|       44·46
+                                   |          |            |
+ Ireh Rubber (_Funtumia elastica_) |     47·84|       47·84|      —
+                                   |          |            |
+ Rambong Rubber (_Ficus elastica_) |     43·78|       43·78|      —
+                                   |          |            |
+ Ceara Rubber (_Manihot glaziovii_)|    103·70|      101·87|        1·83
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+     TOTALS                        |  4,456·83|    2,947·68|    1,529·32
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+
+
+                              APPENDIX III
+
+                          TOGO—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+  -------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------
+                     |     1909.    |     1910.    |     1911.
+        Product.     +------+-------+------+-------+------+-------
+                     | Tons.|   £   | Tons.|   £   | Tons.|   £
+  -------------------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------
+  Kola nuts          |   —  |   —   |   —  |   —   |     3|    166
+                     |      |       |      |       |      |
+  Palm kernels       | 8,013| 81,750| 8,216|101,700|13,073|178,932
+                     |      |       |      |       |      |
+  Palm oil           | 2,779| 45,600| 3,096| 61,650| 3,949| 84,410
+                     |      |       |      |       |      |
+  Shea nuts          |   —  |   —   |   —  |   —   |    34|  1,192
+                     |      |       |      |       |      |
+  Piassava and tisal |   —  |   —   |   —  |   —   |    10|     14
+                     |      |       |      |       |      |
+  Kapok              |   —  |   —   |   —  |   —   |     5|    311
+                     |      |       |      |       |      |
+  Woods (all kinds)  |   —  |   —   |   —  |   —   |   170|    350
+                     |      |       |      |       |      |
+  Rubber             |   146| 48,450|   134| 57,350|   143| 41,615
+                     |      |       |      |       |      |
+  Ivory              |   —  |   —   |   —  |   —   |     2|  1,797
+                     |      |       |      |       |      |
+  Hides and skins    |   —  |   —   |   —  |   —   |     8|    607
+  -------------------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------
+      TOTALS         |10,939|175,800|11,448|220,700|17,397|309,344
+  -------------------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  -------------------+--------------+--------------
+                     |     1912.    |     1913.
+        Product.     +------+-------+------+-------
+                     | Tons.|   £   | Tons.|   £
+  -------------------+------+-------+------+-------
+  Kola nuts          |    12|    767|   —  |   —
+                     |      |       |      |
+  Palm kernels       |11,452|168,978| 7,025|127,905
+                     |      |       |      |
+  Palm oil           | 3,284| 70,643| 1,115| 25,900
+                     |      |       |      |
+  Shea nuts          |    39|  1,263|   —  |   —
+                     |      |       |      |
+  Piassava and tisal |    17|    357|   —  |   —
+                     |      |       |      |
+  Kapok              |     7|    357|     9|    472
+                     |      |       |      |
+  Woods (all kinds)  |   137|    126|   —  |   —
+                     |      |       |      |
+  Rubber             |   163| 48,787|    89| 18,029
+                     |      |       |      |
+  Ivory              |     2|  2,085|     3|  2,806
+                     |      |       |      |
+  Hides and skins    |    10|    609|   —  |   —
+  -------------------+------+-------+------+-------
+      TOTALS         |15,123|293,972| 8,241|175,112
+  -------------------+------+-------+------+-------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.—=Large Teak Tree, Tectona grandis, Ebuttemetta
+Gardens, sixteen years old.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.—=Large Para (Hevea Braziliensis), Ebuttemetta
+Gardens, age about sixteen years.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 150.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VIII
+
+                                NIGERIA
+
+
+              I. THE RIVERS, PORTS AND FORESTS OF NIGERIA.
+
+
+Starting from Lagos, the first port of call, the coast is flat, sandy,
+and low-lying as compared with the typical seaboard of Europe with its
+cliffs. Long sandy beaches with scattered coconut palms in the
+background are more prevalent in this part of Nigeria than the water-
+covered mangrove swamps, showing rather a stunted growth. Westwards from
+Lagos there are the scattered mangrove formations in the estuary of the
+Yewa River, near which is the trading station of Badagri. Following the
+line of the coast, somewhat better mangrove areas are found towards the
+mouth of the Benin, Escravos and Forcados Rivers. The estuary of the
+Niger, extending from the last-named river as far as the Sombreiro,
+shows varied development of the mangrove type of vegetation, as well as
+the first admixture of other hardwood trees at the edge of the mangrove
+zone. On the way one passes the Ramos, the Brass, Nun, St. Bartholomew
+and St. Barbara, each forming outlets for the forests further north.
+Beyond the Sombreiro the estuaries of the New Calabar, Cawthorne and
+Bonny Rivers contain further mangrove areas, usually in the form of
+large islands. Eastwards of the Bonny River the mangrove to some extent
+gives way to comparatively large areas known as rain forests, owing to
+the comparatively heavy rainfall in those localities. The Andoni, Opobo,
+Kwaiebo form the outlets for these forests.
+
+The Cross, Calabar, Kwa and Akwayefe are the most easterly rivers in
+Nigeria. In the estuary of each, more especially of the Cross River, the
+finest mangrove forests are to be seen. Next to these in point of height
+and straightness of bole are the forests on the banks of the St. Barbara
+and Forcados Rivers.
+
+The Lagos River, with its present bar-draught of 19 feet, is followed
+eastwards by the port of Forcados, showing 19 feet. As subsidiaries, and
+northwards from Forcados, are the inland ports of Warri and Koko, both,
+and especially the latter, being timber-shipping centres. Sapeli,
+another 40 miles up the Benin River beyond Koko, was and still remains a
+timber port of some importance, and from it the trade name of one kind
+of mahogany, namely Sapeli wood, is derived. Brass, considerably further
+eastward, is practically a seaside port, to which some produce of the
+Niger Delta is brought. Degema, Bugama, Bakana, Okrika and Port Harcourt
+are inland ports all reached from Bonny, situated at the mouth of the
+river of the same name. Opobo, on the Imo, is yet another inland port
+with a 14-foot bar at the river mouth. Eket is the small port for the
+Kwaiebo River, whence small steamers run to Calabar. Oron, on the
+western side of the estuary, is also a port worthy of mention. Though
+Calabar is some 15 miles above the junction of the Akwayefe, Kwa and
+Cross Rivers, it is the chief port of Eastern Nigeria. It is situated on
+the side of a hill some 200 feet high on the bank of the Calabar River,
+which is half a mile wide at this point.
+
+Turning now to the next type of forest met with after leaving the
+mangrove zone, the thick, heavy, evergreen rain forest is seen. On the
+western side in the province of Abeokuta it has very largely been
+destroyed, only comparatively small isolated areas remaining. In the
+Ondo province, however, some of the most extensive and heaviest timber
+areas of this type are found. A good network of rivers, such as the
+Ogun, Ona, Oshun, Oni, Shasha and Owenna, when flooded, form the outlets
+for timber worked in these localities. In the northern part of the Warri
+province and the southern part of the Benin province large
+representative areas of the evergreen type are found, though there they
+tend to mingle with the tall, mixed deciduous forests. To a small extent
+in the Owerri, but to the largest extent in the Calabar province, the
+rain forests find their finest development, culminating in the Oban
+Hills on the eastern side of the latter provinces. The rainfall there is
+175 inches per annum.
+
+The Sasswood is one of the first trees to appear when the mangrove swamp
+gives way to the evergreen forest. Other large trees are the mahoganies,
+found chiefly on the old banks; red ironwood, with its brilliant red
+fresh leaves in the late autumn. In fact, these leaves are often taken
+for flowers, owing to their very bright colour. They gradually, however,
+assume a dark green colour as the season advances. An unidentified
+species of gum-copal which grows to colossal dimensions is found
+scattered rather diffusely and curiously in these areas. Different kinds
+of ebony, with wood varying from brown to green black, are seen
+throughout the zone, though, as with other trees, a different species is
+found in the different provinces; on the whole, the blackest wood is
+found where the rainfall is heaviest.
+
+The mixed deciduous zone, which consists both of deciduous and evergreen
+trees, mingles and gradually develops at the northern edge of the
+evergreen rain forest; in many cases the one goes over into the other
+almost imperceptibly, and it is only perhaps after half a day’s march
+that one realizes that one has left the evergreen type behind and
+reached the forests where half the trees lose their leaves every year. A
+very large development of these forests is found in the Abeokuta, Oyo,
+Jebu-ode and Ondo provinces. Very heavy inroads have been made in these
+forests, and it remains to be seen whether sufficient will be preserved
+to ensure the future fertility of the soil and the requisite rainfall.
+One of the most prominent species is the cotton-tree, with its great
+root buttresses and muscle-like protuberances from the stem. The Obechi,
+or Arere, is another magnificent timber tree, with soft white wood and
+maple-like leaves, which grows to huge dimensions. The African
+greenheart, which may grow 12 feet in diameter, is hard enough to break
+the blade of an axe. The Iroko, taking the place of oak in African
+economy, is another tree frequently met with, and it extends its area of
+distribution as the forests are opened up with clearings. East of the
+Niger this formation is only found to a small extent in the Onitsha
+province; a little larger in the northern part of the Owerri province,
+and still largest in the northern part of the Calabar and the southern
+part of the Ogoja province. In fact, the finest development of the mixed
+deciduous forests is found in the last-named province, just north of the
+Cross River, where it is really at the edge of the true deciduous
+forest. In this zone some three kinds of mahogany are found, in some
+places very diffusely scattered, in others up to a thousand mature trees
+in eight square miles, or in a third nearly every tree a mahogany on
+both sides of the road for over half a mile. The four species in this
+zone vary less from province to province than they do in the case of the
+evergreen forest zone, though the total number may be greater.
+
+Beginning again on the western side, the open deciduous forest or dry-
+zone formation shows itself over a very wide extent in Oyo, Northern
+Jebu-ode, and in the Northern Benin provinces. East of the Niger it is
+of wide extent in the Northern Onitsha and Northern Ogoja provinces, but
+it also occurs in the northern part of the Owerri province as an
+artificial product of man’s destruction of the original forest. In some
+places this formation, owing to the trees being close together, more
+nearly approaches the deciduous forest. In others, owing to the poor and
+stunted nature of the arboreal growth, it more nearly approaches the
+open grass savannah formation. Only north of the Oyo province near
+Shaki, or north of Ogoja in that province, could it be said that this
+kind of formation is seen.
+
+One of the most prominent kinds of trees found is the Shea Butter, the
+nut of which is used in the making of chocolate cream and margarine.
+This tree, varying in size from a large oak to a short, stunted, gnarled
+and burnt relic of better forest conditions, is found over very wide
+areas in the Oyo and northern part of the Abeokuta province. Strangely
+enough, this tree does not appear in the northern part of the Benin or
+Onitsha province, and only occurs again in the north-eastern corner of
+the Ogoja province. The locust-trees, with their open crown and feathery
+leaves and long pods similar to French beans, are conspicuous all
+through the zone, and near the villages are specially preserved.
+Mahogany is represented in this zone as another species which does not
+attain a greater girth than 10 feet and which is often gnarled and
+crooked owing to the annual grass fires. A medium sized Cedrela, or hard
+cigar-box wood, is found in isolated patches in the northern part of the
+Abeokuta and southern part of the Oyo province. The balsam-copaiba-tree
+is also very common in this zone in the North Benin, Onitsha and Ogoja
+provinces.
+
+The forests of this zone are perhaps the least valuable from the
+financial point of view, chiefly owing to their geographical position
+and defective means of transport, but economically they are of great
+value to the agricultural community, both for their forest produce as
+well as their soil-preserving and rainfall-conserving properties. The
+chief timber areas are situated in the heavy rain forest and mixed
+deciduous forest areas, though a few have recently been taken up in the
+mangrove swamps.
+
+As a minor, though important, development to the main forests are the
+evergreen hill forests, which find wide development in the northern part
+of the Jebu-ode, Ondo, Benin, Ogoja and Calabar provinces. On the whole,
+the species do not vary so much as might be expected, and in many cases
+it simply means a further distribution of certain evergreen trees beyond
+their zone of natural development, owing to suitable climatic conditions
+in these hills. For instance, the red ironwood appears next the mangrove
+swamp on the bank of the St. Barbara River, again in the evergreen
+forests near Calabar, and reappears in the hill forests of Oban, much
+further north. Probably the most typical trees of the hill forests are
+an unidentified species of gum-copal, as well as several species of
+Guttiferæ.
+
+The fringing forests are found chiefly on the banks of the rivers in an
+area which is otherwise covered with the open deciduous or dry-zone
+formation. Two leguminous trees are most typical of this zone. Stray
+deciduous or evergreen trees from the other zones are also seen. Such
+forest is thick with a fair amount of undergrowth, and the trees form a
+close canopy. The fringes vary from a few yards to half a mile in width.
+
+A further subsidiary form is found on the summits of the highest
+mountains, such as the Boji Hills, with their stunted satinwood trees,
+shrubs and grass. In some places there is yet another minor formation,
+that of the freshwater swamps. Some typical examples of these are found
+on the banks of the Calabar, Osse and Owenna Rivers. In most cases only
+one, or any how only a few species of trees are found, whereas in the
+major formations several hundred different species appear. The growth in
+these swamp formations, both mangrove and freshwater, is on the whole
+not so large as that of the evergreen forest. Again, the evergreen
+forest does not show such fine development or such height of tree as the
+mixed deciduous forests, though occasionally the greatest girth of bole
+is found in the evergreen forests.
+
+
+                II. THE MAHOGANY AND TIMBER INDUSTRIES.
+
+
+According to Nigerian law, timber includes planks sawn for logs and
+trees hollowed out or shaped for any purpose whatever. The timber-
+working industry, then, is a wide one, covering really three distinct
+fields of activity, though one or more may be combined. First, there is
+the felling of mahogany chiefly, and other furniture-wood trees for
+export. In the second place, the native, and to a slight extent the
+European firms, cut timber for local use, mainly in the forest, such as
+planks, canoes and posts. Thirdly, there is the Government, which under
+the auspices of the Forestry Department chiefly, and to some extent
+under the Public Works Department, cuts timber of various kinds, chiefly
+Iroko, for railway buildings and road bridges.
+
+Turning now first of all to the export industry, which is most important
+at the present time, though the local demand for timber will soon dwarf
+that of the former, there is a definite sequence of action necessary in
+embarking on this form of economic development.
+
+As soon as a firm decides on timber-getting, an application (made out in
+triplicate) has to be sent in with good maps or plans of the area, which
+is applied for, to the Conservator of Forests of that circle. It is
+understood that the area in question has been thoroughly examined by the
+firm before the application is made. A fee of £3 in stamps as well as a
+banker’s guarantee of £400 for each area of 100 square miles is also
+necessary before the application can be considered. The species of tree
+to be cut should also be stated, as well as the names of the villages
+and chiefs occupying or living in or adjacent to the area. Owing to the
+time taken in making the fullest inquiries into the occupancy and other
+rights, as well as ascertaining the financial standing of the firm in
+question, it is usually several months before the applicant hears that
+the area has been granted.
+
+Before this the applicant should also forward a confidential statement,
+stating exactly what capital there is available to develop the timber
+areas. An additional banker’s reference to the Crown Agents will save
+unnecessary delay in the granting of the area.
+
+Before the notification of the grant of the area, the licence is made
+out in the Conservator’s office, for which a £5 stamp as well as three
+good maps are necessary. Roughly, an additional £2 10s. is required to
+satisfy the legal fees upon registration, which follows immediately
+after the execution of the licence by the licensee of the grantees. It
+should be especially noted that anyone acting on behalf of a firm should
+be in the possession of a registered power of attorney, enabling him to
+act in the fullest possible way for the applicant or company acquiring
+land rights. This power of attorney should be registered beforehand,
+otherwise another delay will ensue whilst this is being done.
+
+As soon as the area is granted, the applicant should mark all boundaries
+with the necessary marks, which also appear in the licence. Within six
+months after the granting of the area, work has to be begun. The first
+proceeding is to send in a list of trees, numbered serially from one
+upwards, stating the species, size (girth at 10 feet above ground),
+where situated, name of nearest village and chief occupying land in the
+vicinity, together with the amount of fees and royalties payable on the
+trees. The trees have been marked and numbered previous to the duplicate
+lists being sent in. It is usual to pay a cheque or bill for the fees
+and cash for the royalties, then one of the two lists sent in is
+returned to the sender marked “Permission granted.” Felling can now
+begin. On the whole, the general practice is to cut the trees down in
+the earlier months of the year and have nearly all completed by March or
+April. Logging, with a cross-cut saw or axe, and squaring with an axe
+and adze, follows as soon as the trees are felled, and, as it takes
+longer, continues afterwards right into May or June. Hauling begins as
+soon as sufficient logs are ready to be drawn and the hauling roads have
+been cleared. Usually different gangs haul to those employed on the
+tree-felling and squaring. Eighty or a hundred boys are lined up and
+haul on two ropes attached to the end of the log. The log, having been
+shaped at the end to allow easy hauling over the rollers or ground, is
+“snaked” along to the nearest waterside, river bank or creek. Here two
+timber-dogs are driven in the end for attaching the cane or rope to hold
+several together. In the smaller streams or creeks, single logs, or two
+joined together, float down to another station, where a bigger raft of
+40 to 100 logs is made up. In a good many rivers the rise of the water
+takes place in July, and it is then that the largest number of logs
+float out. Another lesser rise for the most part, except in the largest,
+such as the Cross or Niger Rivers, occurs in October, when all logs
+possible are got out for that season.
+
+Logs left by this last flood usually have to stay until the following
+year, when the river will rise again. Sometimes as many as three seasons
+elapse before it is possible to get out some logs. The higher reaches of
+the Owenna have an unenviable reputation in this respect. Several short
+rainy seasons following each other successively cause the same result.
+The Ijors are the chief “waterboys,” who contract to take logs down the
+creeks at 5s., 10s. or 15s. a log, according to distance and nature of
+the creek. The Ossiomo has also a bad name, owing to its swift current
+and the liability of losing the logs.
+
+Most labour is engaged direct, though handed over to a contractor who is
+paid 1½d. to 1¾d. per foot of timber squared or logged brought to the
+nearest waterside. The labour, however, is paid by the European firm,
+which is entirely responsible for the payment.
+
+The shipment of the logs is made at Koko, Warri or Forcados from Lagos
+and at Lagos itself, the first-named port taking the majority. Many
+firms have a branch store and office at this port, or another firm ships
+logs for others not represented at a fixed charge per log. Export
+entries showing numbers of logs, size and value are presented to the
+Customs Department before shipment. Koko, which used to be quite free
+from the Teredo borer, is now unsafe for logs after a fortnight’s
+floating in the water there.
+
+The shipping companies do not particularly desire logs as freight, owing
+to their weight and unwieldiness in handling. Space is left between them
+to some extent in the hold. The hatches have to be especially long to
+take the biggest logs. From Lagos, Forcados, Calabar, etc., a freight
+rate varying from 35s., 40s., to 45s.[2] per ton for 2¾, 3 and over
+5-ton logs. Koko, on the other hand, is only 25s., with 10s. extra for
+primage. This is the same with the other freight rates.
+
+During the voyage the logs gradually dry, and often by the time they are
+put into the timber yard of the brokers they are split or cracked. Only
+the best logs, 30 feet long and quite sound at the start, stand all the
+rough handling they get. Auction sales take place about once a fortnight
+in the busy season, though sales by private treaty take place
+occasionally. Logs can sometimes be sold ex quay too, though by far the
+most of the wood is sold by public auction. The inclusive charge of
+landing, stacking and selling at the dock is roughly 10 per cent. of the
+value of the log. In fact, it is quite a considerable item of expense,
+and often makes the difference between profit and loss on the smaller
+and lower-grade logs. All logs are sold by the superficial foot, i.e.
+one foot square, one inch thick “sale measure.” Sale measure obtains
+only in the mahogany trade for square logs, and is roughly 20 per cent.
+less than the actual cubical contents of the log. Round logs are
+measured and sold by extreme (full) measure. A wane of six inches or
+less is left on the squared logs, because it makes them less liable to
+crack and split at the corners, and also it saves a good deal of timber
+which would otherwise be wasted.
+
+Liverpool is the best mahogany market, though fair prices are obtainable
+for good logs in London. Hamburg used to be the market for Gaboon wood,
+and on the whole new woods were better received than in the English
+market. As a rule, figured mahogany always commands a good price,
+whereas plain wood, with the exception of roey or counter-top timber,
+only fetches a moderate or low price, unless the market is understocked
+at the time. The best wood is obtained from the Ivory Coast, and the
+next best is Benin or Lagos wood. Sapeli wood is very heavy, and found a
+market chiefly in Germany. Cross River wood has yet to be shipped and
+proved, though samples there looked very good and even showed some
+figure. So far, only the leased areas have been spoken of. Now we return
+to the Reserves, where, however, permits to cut trees can only be
+obtained. Here leases are usually not granted. The rules with regard to
+replanting do not apply in the same way, as all planting is in the hands
+of the Department. On the whole, stricter supervision may be exercised
+in the Reserves than on leased areas. Although a firm has no lease, the
+security of tenure for cutting the trees would be at least as good as
+under a lease. No other firm would be in the same position to fell and
+extract timber as the first one to whom permission was granted. The
+Government would not allow any other amounts of trees to be felled that
+would injure the working of the forest by the first applicant.
+
+Local felling is conducted by one or two firms in their areas, which
+were in the first instance obtained for export timber. For the most
+part, however, the natives or native foreigners fell various kinds of
+trees such as Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, Owussu, _Sarcocephalus
+esculentus_, Ume, _Pterocarpus soyauxii_ and _Pterocarpus Osun_, Edat,
+_Saccoglottis Gabunensis_. Nearly half the permits issued are for Iroko,
+the main building timber of the Yoruba and Benin and Ibo countries. The
+Camwoods or Barwoods are felled next to obtain the brilliant red
+heartwood, chiefly from the roots, but also from the stem. A dyewood
+which produces a fast colour is obtained by rubbing a small pointed
+section on a flattish piece of the same wood. A yellow dyewood is
+obtained from Anyeran _Afrormosia laxiflora_.
+
+The canoe-making industry absorbs a large number of trees. The native,
+chiefly Ijor, chooses the tree with great care as to straightness of
+stem and length of bole. It is felled near a river bank or otherwise
+reasonably accessible place. First of all two sides are flattened
+parallel to each other; at the same time the length of the canoe is
+chosen and the tree bole cut off at the required length. A narrow groove
+about half the depth of the diameter of the log is now made with small
+axes and an adzelike instrument. The log is then shaped externally like
+a canoe, especially both bow and stern. Next, more wood is cut away on
+the inside and some pieces of wood stuck across to keep the canoe open.
+A shelter is put over it during a hot day. As soon as the requisite
+amount has been cut out, dry palm branches are placed all round the
+canoe outside on the ground; longer cross pieces are fixed over the
+canoe of the required length for thwarts when the canoe is finished.
+Long stakes are driven into the ground opposite each of these on each
+side of the canoe, so that the natives can obtain a strong leverage over
+the canoe. Fire is now put to the palms, beginning with the bow of the
+canoe. The heat makes the wood expand and thus opens the canoe; at the
+same time the natives pull down the stakes at the side of the canoe and
+press the cross pieces into their places. This extends gradually the
+whole length of the canoe in the course of the day, which is the most
+strenuous of all, as upon the energy and care exercised on this day in
+making the canoe open out evenly in its entire length and the same
+amount each side depends its future success in the water. It may turn
+out lopsided, or, as is often the case, a hole may appear in the middle
+of the stern end, owing to the centre of the tree having been rather old
+and rotten. This can be covered over, and is often above the waterline.
+
+Canoes vary in size from the Oguta canoe, in which the paddler has to
+keep one foot in the water to balance the canoe, to the twelve-puncheon
+canoe of the big traders. This last will have a great hollow dug out
+fully 6 feet deep at the stern end and over 60 feet long.
+
+The sawyers cut the tree all round, fell it, and then cut it into
+12-feet length logs, as far as the bole allows. The huge branches are
+left untouched. A large pit is dug quite close to the logs, and one by
+one they are placed over and sawn, first two sides and then into three
+large planks; finally these are cut into 12-inch planks one inch thick.
+Most of the work is done within four miles of the railway line or within
+twenty miles of a large town, such as Jebu-ode, Ife, Ibadan, Abeokuta.
+Truck loads of this timber may be seen at Ilugun or Ogunshileh, on the
+Nigerian Railway.
+
+Permits are also issued for the making of smaller articles, such as
+verandah posts, culled out of a guttiferous tree; sleepers, sawn from
+Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_); sword-sheaths, made from Ogohen (_Musanga
+Smithii_); mortars, cut from Apa (_Afzelia Africana_); pestles,
+fashioned out of Eba (_Lophira procera_).
+
+The dyewood industry in itself is chiefly developed on the banks of the
+Cross River. The trees are felled in the Oban forests, allowed to lie a
+year or two, then cut up into long 3- to 4-inch irregular-shaped
+scantling or poles. These are sold chiefly in the Oban market, after
+which they are cut into small sections. Women take these up and make
+lozenge-shaped bricks about a foot long in the greatest length. These
+are sold at 6d. each.
+
+Under Government auspices, one of the first enterprises was the sawmill
+at Etehetem. A very hard redwood, termed Apassa by the Efiks (_Mimusops
+lacera_), and also mahogany (_Ochrocarpus Africanus_) were cut. Owing to
+the difficulty of expansion and the increasing cost of the logs, the
+plant is to be moved elsewhere. The railway had a small plant at Han,
+where timber and sleepers were cut for the Baro Kano line. At
+Ebuttemetta the railway also have a small mill for cutting chiefly
+Iroko, Apa, and a little redwood.
+
+Of the various firms, Messrs. McIver had a small mill in Lagos, chiefly
+for sawing up mahogany logs not worth shipping to England. Later, in
+1909, Messrs. Miller Brothers built a mill at Koko town; Agba
+(_Copaifera sp.?_) as well as mahogany logs have been cut; Ebbe and
+Obiache, and Obechi (_Triplochiton Nigericum_), the last-named being a
+good whitewood.
+
+The Anglo-French Company have started a plant near Oron Eastern Circle
+to cut sleepers out of mangrove wood, Lagenaria and Rhizophora.
+
+Lastly, the Government have started a new mill at Apapa, near Lagos, for
+cutting logs obtained near Akilla, on the Oni River, in the Abeokuta
+province, and the planing, grooving and recutting is done in connection
+with the Public Works yards and furniture-making establishment in Lagos.
+
+The Akilla work is run entirely by the Forestry Department. Trees are
+felled, cut into logs and brought to the waterside; then, rafted with
+others, floated in kerosine tins on lighter wood to Apapa. A regular
+rate is charged per cubic foot. Work was started in August 1914, and
+already several thousand logs have been delivered at Apapa.
+
+
+             III. THE PERMANENT FORESTS OR FOREST RESERVES.
+
+
+In the main, all Forest Reserves become the permanent forests of a
+country. So far as Nigeria, for instance, is concerned, certain definite
+and well-defined portions of the original forests have been set aside,
+by agreement with the natives, as Forest Reserves. If these areas had
+not been set aside, they would have been liable to destruction under the
+form of shifting cultivation which the local people practise. For
+instance, at Olokemeji there are several thousand acres in the middle of
+the Reserve which were cleared some years ago and have not yet grown up.
+This would have been the fate of the rest of the forest if it had not
+definitely been placed under the care and protection of the Forest
+Department. The same applies to other areas scattered over the country.
+
+It is somewhat hard to define the meaning of a Reserve. Essentially it
+is an area permanently set aside for the production of timber or other
+forest produce. In many cases, however, the trees or the forests have to
+be preserved in the interests of the climatic conditions of the
+locality. If it is found that by cutting down a forest the rainfall
+decreases every year, the springs dry up, and the land becomes covered
+with grass, where actual grass fires kill all young vegetation and even
+hinder farming operations, then the forest must be reserved. To take
+some examples: In the colony of Sierra Leone there is a Peninsular
+Mountain Forest, a large and valuable Reserve, 80 per cent. of which is
+covered with red ironwood, _Lophira procera_. Then in the Protectorate
+there are the Kambui Hills, Kennema, then Nimmini, and the Loma Mountain
+Reserve. In the colony and Protectorate of the Gold Coast there is the
+Dunkwah Reserve. Some of the most improved reserves in the southern
+province of Nigeria are in the Western Circle. There are Olokemeji,
+Mamu, Ilaro, Oshun, Owenna and Ondo Reserves. Again, in the Central
+Circle there are the Okumu, Obagie, Gilli-gilli, the Uhi, and the Ogba
+Forests.
+
+In the Eastern Circle there are the Oban, Ikrigon and Ajasso Reserves,
+in all aggregating about 2,000 square miles.
+
+Contrary to the usual idea, we have seen that a Forest Reserve is in
+reality only a permanent forest, which is primarily maintained for the
+definite production of some forest or other product. It cannot be too
+much emphasized that it is definitely set aside to be used wisely; and
+for all the trees taken, suitable replanting operations are undertaken
+by the Forest Department. The name “Reserve” is in fact rather a
+misnomer. In the early stages of a forest administration it is
+convenient to talk about Forest Reserves as distinct from the rest of
+the country, which is usually covered with forest and termed
+“unreserved” forest. It may, later on, become agricultural land; it may
+also be reserved, in which case it becomes a Forest Reserve or one of
+the permanent forests of the country. The main point to be observed with
+a Reserve is that it is primarily for use, and not that the timber is to
+be reserved and not to be utilized by the general public. Even in those
+cases where the local demands of the people are great and have to be
+satisfied first, before any outside timber exporter is allowed to work
+the forest, it is utilized to the greatest extent compatible with its
+maintaining a yearly permanent output of timber or other forest product.
+Permanency of output is the watchword, and strict utilization of the
+increment-bearing capacity of the forest each year. The increment is of
+course the amount which each tree grows each year. This amount, added
+together over the whole area, makes up the quantity which may be felled,
+on the proportional area during the rotation, in any one year. Thus, to
+give a concrete example: If an area is 100 square miles in extent, and
+the rotation is 100 years, then one-hundredth of that area, or one
+square mile, may be cut over in one year; also, if the sum of the growth
+amounts to 40 cubic feet per acre per year, this means to say that an
+annual cut of 25,600 cubic feet can be made each year over one square
+mile of the area, in the case of a clear felling of all the trees, or
+spread over an area of 10 square miles in the form of a slight thinning
+of the trees. In the Temperate Zone, on moderate soil, 40 cubic feet of
+timber per annum is a good yield, so that in the Tropics we may expect a
+yield of quite double this amount; therefore it will be seen how readily
+the forest can grow and how much timber can be obtained permanently from
+the Permanent Forests or Reserves.
+
+Another great advantage of the Permanent Forest or Forest Reserve,
+compared with the ordinary leased areas, is the fact that the planting
+is done by the Forest Department and not by the leaseholder. In an
+ordinary leased area this planting is a considerable source of
+expenditure and worry to the leaseholder, and even then satisfactory
+results are hard to be obtained. He is continually being reminded of his
+planting duties by the Forest Department, and he is continually striving
+to keep up the proportionate amount of planting, i.e. 24 trees for every
+tree felled, and this is by no means easy to attain. Although the annual
+leaseholder working in a Forest Reserve may be under greater supervision
+and more stringent forest regulations than in the ordinary leased areas,
+on the whole his prospects of getting out greater quantities of timber
+more expeditiously and cheaply are much greater than in the ordinary
+areas.
+
+Particularizing some of the great concrete objects for which reserve is
+made:
+
+Firstly, the permanent supplies of timber of all kinds, with a view to
+turning out approximately the same quantity year after year in
+perpetuity—in fact, if anything, gradually increasing the output year
+after year. This means to say that, although the forest is cut down, it
+is replaced at the same rate at which it is cut down. Putting it in
+another way, there must be as many blocks, or portions or actual
+“stands” in the forest as represent the number of years which elapse
+between the time a tree is planted and the time it is cut down. This
+period is known to foresters as “the rotation,” and in northern
+temperate countries, for Coniferous trees the time is usually reckoned
+at about 80 years. In the tropics, with mahogany, Iroko and other
+timbers, it may be only necessary to allow 60 years, or perhaps on very
+poor ground 100 years. In the case of teak in Burma, a rotation between
+80 and 100 years is perhaps about sufficient to enable merchantable
+timber to be produced. Putting it in another way, in the forest, in
+order to have the permanent yield, there must be sufficient trees of
+each girth class, so that when the largest, say those over 12 feet in
+girth, are cut down, there must be sufficient of those between 10 and 12
+feet, which will grow during a 10-year period (in which they are cut)
+from 10 feet to 12 feet in girth. At the present time it has been found
+convenient to classify each class as “under 2 feet, 2 to 4 feet, 4 to 6
+feet, 6 to 8 feet, 8 to 10 feet, 10 to 12 feet, and over 12 feet.” The
+object of this is to clear away, or have cut, all those trees over 12
+feet in girth. This makes room for younger, quicker-growing timber.
+Although, under the Nigerian Forest Law, the girth of mahogany has been
+reduced to 11 feet, and in some districts to 10 feet, eventually, as the
+older and more unremunerative slower-growing trees are cut down, it will
+be possible to reduce the girth still further. To put this question of
+the permanent yield in yet another way: All the trees from one year old,
+or from the smallest size to those over 12 feet in girth, represent what
+we may call the forest capital. Now, the object of the rotation is only
+to take the interest on this capital; that is to say, the amount which
+grows on all the trees over the whole area for one year. It would,
+however, not do to clip off little pieces from each tree over the whole
+area, as they would be quite useless as timber. Therefore this amount is
+calculated out as so many cubic feet per annum, or so many trees above a
+girth of 12 feet or 11 feet, or whatever the girth limit may be, and
+this amount, either in cubic feet or in the number of trees, is allowed
+to be cut down each year. Then we know that year after year this amount
+can be cut down again, and as the soil and other conditions improve and
+the rate of reproduction is hastened by proper cultural methods in
+improving the soil, by draining and other methods of amelioration, still
+larger results may be obtained.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.—=The Chief Conservator of Forests’ House, with
+five-year-old Albizzia Lebbek standing beside it.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.—=Three Capsules of Mahogany (Khaya grandis
+Ivoriensis and Punchii), from banks of Owena River.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.—=Capsules of three Species of Entandrophragma:
+E. Macrophyllum, the largest; E. utilis, the next in size; and E.
+cylindricum, the smallest.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 162.
+
+Secondly, the object of these Reserves is to produce firewood, more
+especially in the neighbourhood of large towns; in fact, already in
+several cases, firewood plantations or Reserves have been made, such as
+those at Ibadan and on the sandy flats near Lagos. In these cases, trees
+five, seven or ten years old are large enough for that purpose, more
+especially of the following species, _Cassia Siamia_, or _Albizzia
+Brownii_.
+
+Thirdly, to provide grazing land, more especially in the more northern
+part of Nigeria, where the object is to divide up the area, so that so
+many cattle may graze on each area in different years, or for different
+periods of the year, so as to give the pasture and small trees which may
+be growing a chance to revive and grow again. By this means the pasture
+is improved and made of permanent value. It is also possible under this
+system to undertake permanent improvements in these large pastures by a
+certain amount of drainage in the lower parts, and fire protection in
+the upper and higher parts. In this way the cattle obtain a better
+pasturage and reach maturity all the quicker. In times of bad season,
+too, some of the closed areas may be opened for pasturage, thus ensuring
+that the head of cattle may not be allowed to go down owing to death due
+to drought or lack of pasture. In this way the grazing reserve acts as a
+kind of insurance against loss of stock in bad seasons of no rainfall.
+
+Fourthly, the production of oil seeds and nuts, such as the Oil Bean,
+_Pentaclethra macrophylla_, or the African Wood Oil-nut, _Ricinodendron
+Africanus_. It may also be the production of Cola nuts, which thrive in
+the forests in the shade, or in the partial shade, of other forest
+trees, and the Cacao Bean, which also, in certain localities, should
+stand in the partial shade of forest trees, more especially in the dry
+season.
+
+Fifthly, the production of fibres, such as that from the tree known as
+Eso, _Firmiana Barteri_, the bark of which is used for making rope. Then
+there are the various creepers, such as Kakoba, _Entada scandens_, which
+is also used for making rope by the Hausa and Yoruba, more especially
+fly-switches by the Benin natives. Then there are the canes, such as
+Egbe, used for roofing amongst the Yorubas and Okakan, _Eremospatha sp._
+(large Benin rattan), and Ikan, _Eremospatha macrocarpa_ (small Benin
+rattan), also used for making rope, and a kind of string which both the
+Benin and Jekii natives use for tying lath pieces together in house-
+building and in making coverings for their canoes.
+
+Sixthly, the production of domestic articles, such as sponges, _Luffa
+Soudanica_, or wrapping-leaves for food, termed Ewayon by the Yorubas,
+or thatching laths, Ebe by the Benin natives, and the roofing canes
+termed Itebe by the Yorubas.
+
+Seventhly, the production of medicinal plants, such as those for native
+Ju-ju; and some, such as _Cassia occidentalis_, _Cassia fistula_, also
+useful to Europeans.
+
+
+The main difference between the beautiful, untouched existing forests
+and a Forest Reserve is chiefly in the matter of management. In the
+unreserved forests a lease may be granted for five or seven years, and
+the leaseholder may fell a great number of trees, such as mahogany,
+Iroko, etc. At the same time there is nothing to hinder the natives or
+original occupier or user of the land from clearing the greater part of
+the forest, except the protected trees, and making farms throughout the
+area; thus, in fact, gradually hindering, or at least reducing, the
+possible output of timber from that area. No new seedlings come up in
+these areas which are farmed, and, in fact, the fires which are made in
+the course of clearing the land for farming operations kill the young
+growth of all kinds. In reality, in a Forest Reserve there is more
+permanency with regard to the output of timber than in the original
+forest; there is, in fact, absolute permanency. Although no actual lease
+may be granted for a period of several years in a Forest Reserve, yet,
+as a matter of fact and usual experience, after a year’s working it
+would be quite unlikely for a Forest Department to stop the timber
+merchant from working the forest again, or rather from allowing him much
+the same number of trees as he had in the former year, because not only
+would the revenue from the forest suffer, but timber experience would
+have to be gained with another firm, which means a loss of time as well
+as revenue. Thus, in the ordinary way it is more satisfactory to have
+the same firm working in that locality year after year, provided they
+pay an adequate price for all the timber trees which they have. They can
+then invest the proper amount of capital in plant and hauling
+appliances, and thus make a greater profit and exploit the forest to
+better advantage than if a fresh firm came in year after year.
+
+To give a more concrete idea of what these areas mean, we will take it
+that on the average there are only 50 trees per acre which are of some
+value or another, either for timber for local use or for export, and
+taking the average rate of fee at only 4s. per tree (it should be noted
+that mahogany and so on are rated at £2 16s. per tree), it will be seen
+that the value of these forests is in all £12,800,000. This sounds a
+great deal, but when it is considered what a very large number of trees
+can now be utilized, either locally, in the form of planks and
+scantlings, and joists for posts, not to speak of all the various kinds
+of mahogany, Iroko, walnut, ebony and other substitutes which can be
+used for export, it will be seen that this value is none too great; in
+fact, to the timber leaseholder they would be worth at least ten times
+as much. Of course, in this calculation all sizes of trees above a girth
+of 4 feet are considered, for the sake of making the valuation as
+complete as possible. Naturally, the smaller girth trees would not
+immediately be utilized, but when we are totalling up the amount of
+forest or wood capital involved in the valuation, it is necessary to
+include them and put a value on them. If the necessity arose, even they
+could also be utilized and would at least bring in the amount of the
+lowest valuation per tree.
+
+The Forest Reserves stand also in a special position to the local
+people, for, after all, these Reserves formed originally part of the
+forest from which were supplied all the major wants of the native, such
+as timber, firewood, oil nuts and seeds, fibres, domestic articles and
+medicinal plants; therefore, whatever the main lines of protection of a
+good forest, the needs of the people of that locality must have the
+first consideration. After these wants have been fully supplied, then
+any surplus in the way of timber or other commercial products can be
+sold or exported elsewhere. This leads us to consider the fact that a
+Permanent Forest or Forest Reserve leads to a permanent source of
+revenue from that particular forest. Owing to the fact that there is the
+permanent yield of timber established in that area, it means that
+permanent money is being obtained from those trees and being brought
+into the Treasury as part of the permanent revenue of the country. If
+there is any increase, owing to the increased value of the timber trees
+thus gained—and the more stability there is, the better for the
+country—better arrangements can be made with regard to the reproduction
+of the forests. If there is a greater revenue being obtained from the
+forests, even more money can be justly expended by the Forest Department
+for the buying of better implements for planting and the Forest Station
+generally, for the making of permanent improvements in the forests, such
+as draining, road-making and fire protection. If these forests are not
+protected and unreserved, then in the course of time they must
+completely disappear, owing to the fact that man is so constituted that
+if he sees land, which may or may not be suitable for agriculture,
+covered with trees, he naturally thinks it would be better to cut these
+down and see what agricultural crop will grow there, regardless of the
+fact that there may already exist, or he may have cleared, fifteen times
+as much land as he requires for farming operations each year.
+
+In addition to all the above, there are the indirect effects of forests,
+which have been considered in the section dealing with the relation
+between Agriculture and Forestry. On the whole, it is better for the
+Central Government or Federal Government to manage the Forest Reserves,
+as by that means there is greater impartiality in their management and
+more stability and continuity in the Forest policy adopted towards them.
+In each case, however, it is essential to have either co-opted or
+elected representatives of the locality, either by the chiefs or by
+representatives of the people, so that the wishes and needs of the
+locality may be thoroughly considered.
+
+Lastly, and by no means the least important feature of the Forest
+Reserve, is the æsthetic view. In the regions of Permanent Forests,
+healthier localities are afforded for the people, and they are also
+prettier and more pleasant. This applies not only to temperate-zone
+forests, but also to tropical forests. It is a well-known fact also that
+where there are permanent forests the value of the other land in that
+locality is always rated higher, and is worth more for leasing if
+adequately covered with a sufficient proportion of forest.
+
+
+                     IV. AFFORESTATION IN NIGERIA.
+
+
+The Forest Department, not being content with obtaining a revenue out of
+the forests from the trees cut down for export or for local use, have
+spent and are spending several thousands of pounds each year in planting
+valuable forest trees. Going back historically before the time when the
+Forest Department had a sub-head in the estimates for “Labour for
+Plantations” or “Teak Plantations” or “Upkeep and Improvement of Forest
+Reserves,” we had the annual planting of many tens of thousands of
+mahogany-trees by the timber leaseholder. The whole of this was chiefly
+done in the Benin district of the Benin province. Although this
+transplanting of self-sown mahogany-trees into better situations near
+timber camps, or at the side of falling roads and into the spaces left
+by the fallen mahogany-trees, was by no means carried out very
+systematically or under very expert planters, the results are all the
+more creditable to those who so early started to reproduce the forests.
+It is most interesting to see in different parts on the banks of the
+Osse River young thrifty plantations now nearly twenty years old and
+nearly 30 feet high. In a similar way in the forest there are to be seen
+large numbers of somewhat smaller sized mahoganies growing singly or in
+groups, only needing a certain amount of clearing and tending to prevent
+their being overgrown by other forest trees. Scattered though they are
+throughout the forest, it is not too much to say that the prospective
+younger aged forest will be more valuable than that which originally
+stood in its place.
+
+Easier to find, though in some way less attractive to look at, are the
+regularly made mahogany plantations of the Forest Department. In
+addition to isolated specimen trees which are found in the forest
+Arboretums at Calabar, Degema, Benin City and Olokemeji, several
+thriving plantations are found near Benin City in the Ogba and Obagie
+Reserves, in the Ilaro, Mamu and Olokemeji Reserves. In the last-named
+are the most extensive areas of all, and also, despite many failures
+owing to experiments on bad soil and seasons of extreme drought, the
+growth of the trees gives the greatest promise of mature trees, or at
+any rate merchantable trees, being grown in a comparatively short
+period. Plantations have also been made at Awka, Udi, Okwoga and Ida.
+
+Already on the old town site of Ijaiye, mahoganies have been seen over 6
+feet in girth which have grown up from self-sown seedlings within a
+period of about sixty years. The soil in this locality is none too good,
+and the rainfall on the average certainly does not exceed 50 inches per
+annum. Near 47 Benin villages small communal plantations of mahogany
+have been made.
+
+All the mahoganies apparently, especially when grown in “pure”
+plantations, are attacked by a leading-shoot borer, which so weakens the
+leading shoot as to make it fall off, and the tree subsequently grows
+with two leaders. Later on this forms a large fork in the tree, which,
+when the time comes for felling, is by no means to be despised, forming
+as it does usually a very good “curl.” In other respects it is
+disadvantageous in reducing the length of the single straight bole. In
+this manner it has the effect of reducing the number of logs of long
+length and even shape and large size that can be obtained in one tree.
+In many cases, a log can be cut above from each limb forming the fork;
+but of course these are both much smaller than those from the bole, and
+are usually not nearly so straight, and one or other of the limbs is
+liable to be broken when the tree is felled. In the original forest only
+isolated trees are attacked by this leading-shoot borer, whereas in a
+plantation nearly all the trees suffer by its depredations.
+
+Various species are being tried for admixture with the mahogany in order
+to hinder the spread of the attacks. At Olokemeji there is a mahogany
+plantation largely interplanted with two species of _Mimusops
+multinervis_ and _Mimusops Elengi_. So far this appears most suitable,
+as the soil is kept thoroughly covered by the dense shade cast by the
+Mimusops, and there is a very considerable space between each mahogany-
+tree. However, the mahogany grows faster than the Mimusops, so that
+after the first few years it does not have so much effect. Even so, it
+tends to keep the bole of the mahogany clean and the state of the soil
+in mechanical and physical condition such as to be most conducive to the
+growth of mahogany.
+
+A mixture occasionally seen in nature has yet to be copied—that of
+mahogany and Chewstick (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_). To some extent it is
+seen at Olokemeji, where the self-sown seedlings have come up in a
+mahogany plantation, but of course they were rather too late to effect
+the result, i.e. protecting the mahogany from the leading-shoot borer.
+At Ilaro a most typical Mahogany Reserve, an isolated plantation made
+amongst secondary growth, has more than held its own with little or no
+tending after the first two years, and yet the trees overtop all the
+surrounding growth. In some cases, both at Olokemeji and Mamu, either
+self-sown or planted Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) is found growing
+amongst the mahogany. Owing to the attacks of the coccus on the Iroko
+hindering its height growth, it has not had as beneficial an effect as
+might have been expected. Transplanting self-sown trees from an
+overshaded locality in the forest, where they usually first appear in a
+more open locality, has proved on the whole most successful. Again,
+transplanting self-sown seedlings scarcely one year old from an
+overshaded locality into one with more light has accelerated the growth
+of the seedlings, preventing them being killed by the excessive shade,
+and at much less cost has thus established a small plantation in the
+Benin forests.
+
+With the collection and planting of the seeds from the teak-trees
+originally planted about 1889 in the Ebuttemetta garden, a new area
+opened in the afforestation of Nigeria. Seedlings developed rapidly, and
+were found to grow at least 10 if not 18 feet in the first year.
+Although not always keeping up this promise of exceedingly rapid growth,
+more especially in height, the teak bids fair to become, as in Burma so
+in Nigeria, the most valuable of all trees. On the whole it has been by
+far the most extensively planted tree of any in Nigeria, excepting that
+in the case of mahogany many more have been planted in the Central
+Circle. Teak plantations are now found as widely apart as on the banks
+of the Cross River near Ikom, Inkum, Ndeh and Ikrigon amongst the
+historic stones, and in the Arboretum at Calabar. Near Ndeh, for over a
+quarter of a mile the river bank is quite enlivened by the large and
+showy leaves as well as the tall, thin stem of the teak. To a lesser
+extent, though appearing more picturesque, is the riverside plantation
+on the opposite bank just below Abragba. In a district with a rainfall
+of about 60 inches and a deep sand alluvial soil, the teak so far has
+proved quite at home in the Cross River districts of the Eastern Circle.
+Even amongst the thickly growing grass at Ikrigon they have survived
+after coming up from seeds sown at stake, and bid fair to become an
+established tree of that locality.
+
+Teak has also found a place in the plantation near Mpot and the Oban
+Reserve. Going over now to the Central Circle, we have Oria, situated
+near the right bank of the Niger in the Benin province, with its rapidly
+growing teak plantations. Again choosing a local climate similar to that
+where teak is found has so far proved it to be a most suitable tree for
+this locality. Many other trees do not thrive or attain much size near
+here, so that the teak is all the more valuable for that reason. Near
+Benin itself, with its heavier rainfall and comparatively approximate to
+the sea (about 45 miles), it is doubtful if teak will do so well. Even
+so, growing more slowly, it would prove an additional most valuable tree
+to those already found growing in the district from which timber has
+already been obtained.
+
+Again, in the Western Circle the very largest teak plantations are
+found: even from the railway carriage window you get an impression of
+the extent of these just before reaching the Eruwa Road station, and
+again just after leaving Olokemeji station, between 85 and 90 miles from
+Lagos respectively. Despite one or two fires, trees at Eruwa Road show
+quite average growth for the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. In seven
+years the trees had reached a girth of over 12 inches and a height of
+over 25 feet. Happily, they were not fruiting so profusely as at
+Olokemeji. This plantation is all the more interesting in that it was
+made primarily for the use of the Railway Administration to supply teak
+timber for sleepers and constructional work.
+
+On closer inspection it will be seen that the Olokemeji plantations
+nearest the railway comprise six “falls,” “stands,” or “compartments” of
+25 acres each, adjoining each other. Although the trees everywhere have
+not grown as well as on the better soil, these are far and away the
+largest plantations of any in Nigeria. Each “stand” is separated from
+the next by a broad ride and top and bottom by a broad road. Near by
+these are another two compartments of 25 acres each, though neither of
+these is entirely filled with teak, as also the first one in the other
+series. Nearer the bungalows there are the first made plantations of
+1908, thriving, yet growing on the poor laterite soil. These stretch
+away nearly half a mile into the open deciduous forests at the back.
+What a strange contrast is presented in the dense, close growth of the
+teak plantation, with its soil covering of decaying and large brown
+leaves of the teak, compared to the stunted growth of Red Ironwood,
+small Bauhinia, some Paradaniellas and a few gnarled oak-like Shea
+Butter Trees! Such teak plantations open up a long vista of future
+developments in the conversion of the poor dry-zone vegetation into
+forests of valuable trees, both with and without extensive permanent
+improvements of the soil and subsoil. Even the large raceme-like
+clusters of the flowers, almost covering the whole of the teak trees in
+April and May, are not to be despised for improving the looks of a
+grassy lawn near a bungalow. A glimpse through the tall Terminalias on
+both sides of the Ogun, just before the curve is reached at Olokemeji
+village, reveals yet another teak plantation on the lower slopes of the
+easternmost of the two hills. Olokemeji means the “man of, or owner of,
+two hills” (_oke_ means a hill, and _meji_ means two, in Yoruba). Again,
+still further along in the valley of the stream, near the station, are
+some other older teak plantations from the years 1910, 1911. Here there
+is yet a different contrast. The broad, wide masses of the teak
+plantation are still on one side rather overshadowed towards the
+hillside by the giants of the mixed deciduous forests, such as the
+cotton-tree (_Eriodendron Orientale_) and _Sterculia cordifolia_ and
+ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_). However, later on the teak, growing
+on better soil than is found in many parts of the Olokemeji Reserve,
+will no doubt equal it, if not surpass it.
+
+Further to the south, in the Ilaro Reserve, teak has not proved to be so
+much at home; although growing well the first year or so, the rate of
+growth since then has been distinctly disappointing. The soil may have
+been too damp, and the rainfall of the locality may be a little high,
+and perhaps later on it may be proved that it can be grown on the higher
+land at a profit.
+
+Further eastward and further northward, in the Mamu Reserve, the teak
+has grown as well, if not better than up the Cross River. Trees five
+years old have reached a girth of 24 inches and a height of 35 feet;
+with its good soil and comparatively high rainfall, probably rather more
+than 60 inches, Mamu bids fair to be one of the homes of teak in Africa.
+The older plantations on the river bank, some three miles away from
+those on the side of the Ibadan-Jebu-ode Road, have done nearly as well
+as those standing on inferior soil. So far the only damage done to any
+of the trees anywhere is that caused by a mistletoe-like parasite termed
+Afoma by the Yorubas, and known botanically as _Polystachys odorata_.
+However, only isolated trees having been attacked both at Olokemeji and
+Mamu, it is not difficult to combat its presence by cutting the trees
+down and burning the parasite. Still further north, on the bank of the
+Ogun just above the bridge on the Oyo-Iseyin Road, is yet another teak
+plantation. This was mainly formed by many of the seedlings in the
+nursery not being transplanted in time and being allowed to grow up
+altogether unthinned. Teak, however, forms such very persistent side
+branches, and has such a tendency to flower and fruit early in its
+existence, that only helps it to form a clean straight bole and retards
+the period of flowering by being planted close together. Also, nearly 5
+per cent. of all the stems have a tendency to bend over and form
+stronger side branches than a leader, and have, in fact, rather a more
+shrub-like habit than that of a tree. Again, quite 1 per cent. grow very
+slowly right from the beginning and thus sooner or later get suppressed.
+For these reasons, then, more are required right from the beginning in
+order to form a full crop of clean-boled timber.
+
+In the Ondo Circle there are some teak at Awshun, where, owing to rather
+a high rainfall and somewhat low-lying ground, the trees have not grown
+so very fast after the first year.
+
+In addition to isolated specimens over twelve years old in the Olokemeji
+Arboretum region, the oldest trees of all are found in the Ebuttemetta
+gardens near Lagos. These trees are nearly thirty years of age, and show
+a girth of about 6 feet. By no means growing on good soil, or in a
+suitable locality either with regard to elevation or the close proximity
+to the lagoon and the sea, useful for the best growth of teak, they do
+not at all show the possible limits of growth of this tree. Already
+sample sections have been cut from one or two of these trees and
+reported on most favourably by the Railway Administration. Similar
+samples have been sent to the Imperial Institute for exhibition
+purposes. In a short time the first thinnings of the plantations will
+take place, and it will be possible to see for what purpose they are
+most suitable. At any rate, it is a termite-proof wood, and despite the
+fact that the white ants often attack the growing tree, they usually eat
+only the outer bark, leaving the tree quite intact and alive.
+
+In all, about 300 acres have been planted with teak, and even at the low
+valuation of the cost of making them they are worth at least £45,000. In
+this case a nominal value of only 3s. per cubic foot is assumed. As has
+proved the case in Burma, probably on the best soils only a period of
+eighty years will have to elapse before the final filling of the trees
+is made on the better classes of soil, and one of a hundred on the
+poorer soils. At approximately regular intervals of every ten years
+after the first ten or fifteen have elapsed from the date of the making
+of the plantation, thinnings are made. With each succeeding period the
+trees cut out are of larger size, and thus of increasing value with each
+decade. These returns soon more than cover the cost of planting, and
+assume greater and greater proportion towards the end of the rotation.
+
+Another tree with which a considerable amount of work has been done is
+the Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_). Here, despite many disappointing
+results, care and attention show that this tree is capable of
+reproducing itself in a comparatively short period. Beyond many
+specimens in the Arboretum at Olokemeji, a whole plantation was made by
+the Railway between that place and Eruwa Road. Seedlings come up in
+large numbers from fresh seed sown in a nursery. In fact, sometimes, as
+at Olokemeji, they have appeared thicker than grass. Subsequently, when
+transplanted, many thousands died, the roots being apparently unable to
+quickly adjust themselves to new surroundings and grow again before the
+leaves have transpired nearly all the moisture from the plant, and thus
+quite withered and dried it up. However, those which have survived show
+fair growth, even on poor laterite soil. This soil, of course, is quite
+unsuited, and certainly one of the poorest mediums in which to plant
+Iroko.
+
+Natural regeneration or the sowing of seeds at stake seems to be the
+best method, as we have in nearly all the Reserves large numbers of
+young Iroko seedlings of all ages and sizes coming up. In that
+connection one of the most instructive Forest Reserves is that of
+Ikrigon, where the Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) is the most prevalent
+tree. Here, where most of the land has been farmed at one time or
+another and where the rainfall on the whole is sufficient to induce a
+good forest growth, the Iroko has tended to increase in numbers all
+through this part of the country. It may also be said, of course, that
+the natives have directly helped in this process, by leaving some of the
+less straight and more branched Iroko-trees standing. They have used the
+best for canoe-making. In this manner seed-bearing trees have been
+available, and with part of the ground having been cleared for farms,
+the conditions have been most suitable for the reproduction of the tree.
+Subsequently the farms have been abandoned and the young trees have
+grown up amongst the weeds, creepers, and other inferior tree species,
+such as Albizzia, just according sufficient shade and protection for the
+young Irokos, and yet not too dense or thick to prevent them from sooner
+or later emerging and overgrowing the rest of the trees. Although, of
+course, many trees growing up under these conditions branch somewhat low
+down, they do not suffer nearly to the same extent, and sometimes not at
+all, from the attacks of the leaf coccus. This has two effects: not only
+does it not hinder and retard the sapling’s growth, but also all the
+sooner it reaches the higher zone or greater distance from the ground
+(as far as its upper foliage is concerned), so that these attacks do not
+occur. Again, the competition of the various weeds, Albizzias, creepers,
+etc., has the effect of so stimulating the growth of the young Iroko
+that in such positions it reaches a much greater height in a quicker
+time than when planted in pure plantations. From numerous observations
+it appears that after the first year the height growth may exceed 6 feet
+in one season. Even later this is kept up, and if the rest of the forest
+growth remains comparatively thick, no side branches can be formed on
+the bole of the Iroko, so that clean-stemmed trees are the result. As it
+gets older the Iroko stands less shade, and thus any small branches
+which do form are soon killed by the surrounding trees. Thus it is seen
+how we find these very straight, long-boled Irokos in the forests.
+Again, too, it is not very expensive, and at least much cheaper, to
+undertake partial cleaning and pruning amongst the self-sown Iroko-
+trees, especially to eliminate forks low down in the stem. Various
+experiments undertaken in the Ikrigon, Olokemeji and Mamu Reserves
+showed how quickly the sapling Irokos respond to this treatment. In some
+cases, trees only 2 inches in diameter and forked have reached nearly 4
+inches in diameter and nearly doubled in height in one year. Another
+advantageous feature of the Iroko is the rapid, satisfactory, and smooth
+way in which the occlusion of the wounds made by pruning takes place.
+Even in the case of a very crooked tree covered with several branches,
+in fact almost forming a crown, these may be marked but not all cut
+until the following year. Surfaces of less than 2 inches will be nearly
+occluded over, and a tendency of the tree towards a crown will be almost
+obliterated at that point and be forming much higher up the tree.
+
+Apparently, the more northward the tree is found the less liable it is
+to attack by the leaf coccus. Whilst it is found in the Olokemeji, Ilaro
+and Mamu Reserve, it is less frequent in the Ikrigon Reserve. In the
+Sokode it was quite unknown. This last-named place is in Togo, and the
+plantation is situated in a latitude of over 9° North.
+
+In the Ilaro and to a lesser extent in the Mamu Reserve it has been
+remarkable how rapidly the Iroko increases in girth when given plenty of
+space after being freed from the surrounding forest trees. In these
+trees, when showing a girth of from 4 to 8 feet, the diameter increment
+is most rapid. In most cases it averages over 6 inches in girth, and in
+one case at Ilaro it was as much as 11 inches in one year. This rapid
+growth in girth is all the more valuable as the trees of this size
+growing in the high forest have usually nearly completed their height
+growth. Thus the bole is comparatively long and clean, and the extra
+growth is put on evenly all the way up, tending to make it more
+cylindrical than before.
+
+With the protection of the forests alone as Forest Reserve both in the
+evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zone, not only are many Iroko-trees
+preserved and allowed to grow to their full size, but also large numbers
+of self-sown seedlings come up in the abandoned ground and augment the
+value of the forests. This is an additional reason why the farming in a
+Reserve cannot be continued for any length of time. The old farms become
+more and more filled up with valuable young Iroko-trees, which would be
+at any rate damaged, if not killed, by the farming operations.
+
+Even without taking into consideration the number of planted trees, the
+Forest Department has practically guaranteed certain future quantities
+of Iroko timber in the number of small trees which have been preserved
+and the potential value of the little ones grown up since the Reserves
+were made. Only in one part of the country is this anything like the
+case, and that is in the Ahoada district, where the natives use the
+Iroko-tree as a boundary mark between the different village lands and
+also between many farms. To a minor extent this can be seen in the
+Onitsha district, where the Iroko-trees have been preserved inside the
+villages, thus giving them the appearance of being the woods of the
+country while the rest of the land is bare. It is, however, just the
+reverse. They form the towns and villages amongst the trees, which are
+thus preserved from the axe and fire of the local farmer. Despite the
+fact that a fair number of large oversized Irokos have been cut each
+year in the Olokemeji Reserve, there are many more of the smaller size
+now coming on than were in existence when the first fellings took place.
+
+Another tree which has received a considerable amount of attention is
+the Cigar-box Cedar (_Cedrela odorata_), and to a lesser extent the Toon
+(_Cedrela Toona_). Although both are exotic trees, the former especially
+shows very quick growth. Despite the unevenness with which it is liable
+to come up from seed, the rapid growth of the tree soon compensates for
+this disadvantage. In three or four years it may be from 18 to 24 feet
+high and 8 to 16 inches in girth. Both the largest individual specimens
+as well as plantations are found in the Olokemeji forest as well.
+
+More in place in the firewood plantations near Lagos and Ibadan is the
+Casuarina (_Casuarina equisetifolia_). At Olokemeji this tree has only
+done comparatively well. Also an exotic, it is most useful for planting
+near the sea-side on sandy soil, and in places with a smaller rainfall.
+It will also stand a comparatively dry atmosphere. The wood of this tree
+is very hard, almost like Ironwood. It is sometimes known as the
+Australian Beef Tree. Its numerous small branches on the stem make the
+wood rather knotty and of less value for general construction work.
+However, its heating power as a firewood is very great. Amongst all the
+forest trees it is one which yields the greatest amount of acetic acid,
+which forms the basis of an explosive.
+
+Another Australian tree which has been used to a lesser extent for
+Afforestation purposes is the Blue Gum of various kinds. _Eucalyptus
+citriodora_ and _E. amygdalina_ have proved to grow the quickest of any
+planted in Nigeria. Many others have been tried, but most have not
+survived. Specimen trees and small groups are seen as far apart as
+Onitsha, on the banks of the Niger, Ikassa, near the mouth of the Nun
+branch of the Niger, the Botanical Gardens, Calabar, the Olokemeji
+Arboretum and Forest Plantations, not to forget the streets of Lagos. In
+a similar way Casuarinas are seen near Government House at Calabar and
+in Lagos, besides the forest Arboretums and plantations.
+
+Another exotic from India, Lagerstrœmia (_Lagerstrœmia flos Reginæ_),
+has grown well both on the banks of the Ogun and on poor laterite soil
+of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve. For the sake of the flowers alone it is
+worth planting to ornament a garden or the edge of a plantation. The
+masses of mauve flowers last a considerable time and blend most
+beautifully with the foliage and any green grass near by. Although of
+branching habit when planted 10 feet apart, if planted closer it will
+grow straighter and with cleaner bole. The timber is hard and very
+durable. So far this tree has proved a valuable introduction, especially
+for planting poor soils and river banks liable to inundation.
+
+A later, though an exceedingly good introduction is that of the
+Satinwood (_Swietenia chloroxylon_), which gives promise in the
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve of making a valuable addition to the number of
+timber trees of indigenous and exotic origin. This tree yields the
+Ceylon satinwood, which is usually worth at least £12 per ton. The
+almost silvery-white tufted formation of the leaves is reminiscent
+almost of the Eucalyptus, though the leaf is rather smoother and not
+quite so narrow in proportion to its length as most of the Eucalyptus
+family.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.—=Cedrela odorata, seven years old, with Forest
+Office in background, Olokomeji.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.—=Cedrela odorata, Cigar-box Cedar, girth 5 feet,
+twelve years old, Olokomeji Arboretum.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.—=Teak (Tectona grandis), ten years old,
+Olokomeji Arboretum.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 174.
+
+Some years ago the seeds of _Pinus Mercusii_ were planted in several
+places, including those of higher elevation. Although it many cases the
+seed germinated, the seedlings subsequently died.
+
+Another exotic, the Swamp Cypress or Bald Cypress, or, as it is known in
+England, the Deciduous Cypress (_Taxodium distichum_), was tried near
+Benin City some years ago for swamp planting. Here, as in the other
+case, the seeds germinated and the small trees reached the height of
+about a foot and then subsequently died. The swampy ground where they
+were planted may, however, have been rather too acid or sour for them.
+The climate, of course, was no doubt considerably hotter than that of
+the Southern States of the United States, in which country this tree is
+indigenous.
+
+The original Spanish Mahogany, or _Swietenia mahagoni_, was intended for
+Afforestation purposes with a view to its yielding on the average a more
+highly valued wood than that of the African Mahogany. However, in Africa
+generally, and in the Olokemeji Arboretum, it has proved a very slow
+growth and more liable to attack by the leading-shoot borer than even
+the indigenous mahogany-tree.
+
+For the comparatively dry laterite soil of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve,
+Indian Rosewood or Blackwood (_Dalbergia latifolia_) has proved a
+valuable introduction. Growing comparatively fast and of somewhat
+branching habit, it soon covers the ground. It is, of course, better in
+mixture with others in order to produce clean stems. Latterly the larger
+trees have been attacked by a borer and considerable damage has been
+done. Still, in spite of it the trees have gone on growing, and
+apparently are capable of outgrowing the damage without an enormous loss
+of increment. In all, several acres have been planted with this tree.
+
+Indian Walnut (_Albizzia Lebbek_) has found a foremost place in the
+firewood plantation at Ibadan and Ede, as well as in the forest
+plantations at Olokemeji. Its rapid growth and comparative indifference
+to soil make it a comparatively valuable tree for Afforestation
+purposes. Although it is usually only considered suitable for firewood,
+there is no doubt that its wood can be used as a substitute for walnut,
+as it is in India. Already, in fact, it is largely a forest escape in
+Africa, and is found in many of the old farms and cultivated places. Its
+greyer, almost silvery-grey, foliage easily distinguishes it from that
+of _Albizzia Brownii_, which has larger leaves.
+
+A South American exotic, the Lignum Vitæ (_Guaiacum officinale_), is
+found in isolated specimens in the Olokemeji Arboretum and forest
+plantations. With such a very slow-growing tree, which may show half an
+inch growth in a year, it is difficult to be patient and wait for the
+many years before it will attain even a size large enough from which to
+cut the smallest bowl for a game of skittles or bowls. Its very yellow
+small foliage is most distinctive and not unlike box (_Buxus
+sempervirens_), but the leaf is flatter and does not curl like box.
+
+One of the most valuable introductions in the forest plantations at
+Olokemeji and in the firewood plantations at Ibadan is the Siamese
+Cassia or Bombay Blackwood (_Cassia Siamea_). Almost indifferent as to
+soil and not requiring a heavy rainfall, and casting a heavy shade, it
+soon grows on the laterite, covers the ground, killing weeds, and
+rapidly attaining the size of a tree. In the plantations at Olokemeji,
+the trees reached a height of over 20 feet and a girth of about a foot
+in five years. It is one of the few trees that will thoroughly kill the
+Econ grass. The masses of yellow flowers which appear in the crown of
+the tree and also in the leader rather interrupt the height growth, but
+make a magnificent show at the end of the dry season. It continues to
+flower and fruit for the larger part of the year. Either as a firewood
+tree or as a timber tree, it should always be worthy of a place in all
+Afforestation areas where the rainfall is none too heavy. The hard,
+almost black wood is of value in India, so that it should prove of value
+in Nigeria when the trees are large enough for cutting into planks or
+boards. Amongst the exotic trees which have not yet found a place is the
+Trinkomali Wood (_Berrya Ammomilla_) and Indian Rose Chestnut or
+Ironwood (_Mesua ferrua_), seedlings which were obtained from seeds of
+the large trees in the Botanical Gardens at Victoria. If they grow well
+in Nigeria, the somewhat heavy and flexible Trinkomali Wood or Petwun
+and the Ironwood should both prove of value for local industrial work.
+
+Although found as specimen trees in the Olokemeji Arboretum, _Copaifera
+officinalis_ has not been formed in plantations, though small groups of
+the West African Gum Copal (_Copaifera salikounda_) are seen in the Ogba
+plantation of the Central Circle. Both these trees are doing very well,
+more especially the latter, which have reached a height of over 12 feet
+in six years. The former had produced some tears of gum three-quarters
+of an inch in diameter in the tenth year of its growth. In addition to
+these two, there is the Cameroon Gum Copal (_Copaifera Demeusii_),
+seedlings of which were obtained from the Botanical Gardens at Victoria.
+Considering that the last-named tree is indigenous in a territory so
+much closer to Nigeria than either of the first-named Gum Copals, it is
+highly probable that this one will grow better than either of the
+others. Up to the present it is not known, however, how the yield of the
+Gum Copal compares with either of the former. As far as West Africa is
+concerned, the Sierra Leone Gum Copal has proved to be the most prolific
+in this respect.
+
+The Indian Almond (_Terminalia catappa_) is seen more as an avenue tree,
+mostly in towns such as Lagos, but also in the Mamu Forest Reserve. It
+is certainly one of the best shade trees for planting at the side of
+roads. Its rather formal habit, with the almost even whorls of branches,
+fits in with the straightness and even width of a road. By many it is
+not realized that the nuts can be comparatively easily cracked and the
+kernel inside is good to eat.
+
+_Michelia champaca_ is another most suitable tree for avenues. The
+chestnut-like leaf and the large, almost magnolia-like flowers are of a
+white colour, giving it a “distinguished” appearance such as is
+necessary for a roadside tree. The flowers, too, are used for making
+scent.
+
+Both as a shade tree and for its gum the Balsam of Peru (_Toluifera
+Pereiræ_) is also worthy of a place both in avenues and in plantations.
+Some seedlings were obtained from the Botanical Gardens at Pretoria,
+where the tree has grown comparatively well. Not so suitable for
+plantations apparently at Olokemeji is the Sugar Palm (_Arenga
+saccharifera_). However, in isolated places small plantations have been
+made with the Sago Palm (_Corypha elata_), such as in the swamp opposite
+Calabar and the small grove of the Betel Nut Palm (_Areca catechu_) near
+Lagos. Both these give promise of being useful acquisitions to the palms
+of economic use in Africa.
+
+Before leaving the exotic trees, mention must be made of the Thuya
+(_Thuya occidentalis_), which were obtained from the Canary Islands by
+Major Cockburn and planted on the hill at Obubra. Although somewhat slow
+growing, they have thrived in that climate and do not suffer from
+disease. This is the only example of a Conifer which has been
+successfully introduced into Nigeria.
+
+Amongst the other indigenous trees of which plantations have been made
+there is the Cedar Mahogany (_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_), Emi gbegiri,
+Yoruba, which apparently grows but slowly in Olokemeji. It is much the
+same with the self-sown seedlings and with root suckers, both of which
+have proved disappointingly slow in that locality.
+
+Then also at Olokemeji we have the dry-zone Mahogany, _Khaya
+Senegalensis_, Oganwo of the Yorubas and Ogwangu of the Benis, growing
+in a small plantation and raised from seed brought by H. N. Thompson,
+Esq., from the Shaki district in 1910. So far the growth has been
+comparatively rapid, though the tree is occasionally attacked by the
+leading-shoot borer, which makes it fork comparatively low down.
+
+Of the African Walnut and the Long-capsuled Mahogany, _Lovoa Klaineana_
+and _Entandrophragma Candollei_, most isolated specimens and groups
+appear to have been planted in the leased areas of Benin. In addition to
+these, some other specimens and small plantations are found in the
+Calabar, Degama, Benin and Olokemeji Arboretums, as well as in the
+plantations of the Ogba and Olokemeji. Thus far only the Long-capsuled
+Mahogany has been planted in these; the difficulty of obtaining seed of
+the African Walnut has precluded its wider distribution in the various
+plantations. Long-capsuled Mahogany grows very fast, usually with an
+undivided stem and a big tuft of long pinnate leaves near the top of the
+tree. Stump shoots form very readily and soon attain a large size, as is
+noticeable in the specimen in the Benin Arboretum.
+
+The plantations of Ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_), Kanran of the
+Yorubas, have been made in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve. Although, of
+course, very slow growing, it demands further attention, as it yields a
+good black ebony.
+
+Amongst the soft woods there are plantations of _Triplochiton
+Nigericum_, Arere of the Yorubas and Obechi of the Benis, in the
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve. At first growing rather slowly, they bid fair
+to prove one of the most rapid growing trees. A mixture where teak was
+introduced to fill up the blanks will be interesting to watch in its
+future development, as to whether the teak will eventually outgrow the
+forest maple.
+
+Although the firewood plantations at Ibadan and certain parts of the
+plantations of Olokemeji have been filled up with West African Walnut
+(_Albizzia Brownii_), Ayinre Bonabona of the Yorubas, they will prove
+probably of greater value for the production of timber than for
+firewood. However, as a firewood tree it has yielded several cords of
+wood from one tree after only seven years of growth. So far it has
+certainly proved to be the tree which produces the greatest amount of
+firewood in the shortest period of time. It sprouts well from the stump,
+so that for a time its reproduction is very easy and assured.
+
+The Oil Bean (_Pentaclethra macrophylla_), Apara of the Yorubas and
+Opaga of the Benis, is found chiefly reproduced artificially, either by
+being sown at stake or planted along the sides of the roads in the
+Owerri and Benin provinces. Considering the hardness of the wood, the
+tree grows not excessively slowly, though, of course, compared to a
+softwood it is slow.
+
+Camwood (_Pterocarpus Osun_), Osun by the Yorubas, Ume by the Benis, has
+found a place in the Mamu Forest Reserve, its congener _Pterocarpus
+Indicus_ having been planted in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve. However,
+as far as the size and habit of growth is concerned, the African Redwood
+or Barwood appears to be much superior to the Indian Paduak. The latter
+usually soon develops a triple stem with many small side-branches,
+whereas the African species always shows an undivided stem. In rate of
+growth “Osun” seems to be rather slow compared to many other trees.
+Self-sown seedlings come up readily in suitable localities, such as the
+Ikrigon Reserve, and on the whole develop more quickly. Anyhow, the
+continual demand in increasing amounts of this red dye-wood necessitates
+the careful preservation of the tree in the forest, as well as its
+continual reproduction by natural regeneration or plantations in the
+Forest Reserve.
+
+Amongst the Mamu Forest Plantations there is that of African Oak
+(_Afzelia Africana_), Apa (Yoruba), Aligna (Benin), one of the few
+survivals of the efforts made to reproduce this tree artificially. The
+many insect and rodent enemies give isolated plantation seedlings very
+little chance to develop.
+
+Although Shea Butter (_Butyrospermum Parkii_), Emi Ori or Emigidi
+(Yoruba), has been tried as a plantation tree, the germination of the
+nuts is very poor, and the rodents attack them unmercifully. Apparently
+root-suckers form the chief means of reproduction for this tree. They
+are very prevalent and very persistent once they have sprouted. The
+forest fires destroy a great deal of the flower in the early part of the
+year, preventing formation of the fruit, and thus the means of
+reproduction by seed is very much reduced. The improvement in trees
+protected from fire at Olokemeji is most marked.
+
+At Degema there is a plantation of _Mimusops Djave (?)_, or Aganokwi of
+the Benis, which shows comparatively fast growth; in eleven years the
+trees had reached a height of about 25 feet and a girth of 2 feet 6
+inches. Although it sprouts well from the stump, it is easier to raise
+from seed, but the seedlings require great care in transplanting.
+
+At Olokemeji, Shinglewood (_Terminalia Superba_), Afara, by the Yorubas
+and Egoyn Nufwa by the Benis, is being tried in a mixed plantation. The
+growth has been rapid, and would probably surpass that of teak after the
+first five years.
+
+Over considerable areas of the Olokemeji and the Ibadan plantations the
+Yoruba Chewstick, or Ayin of the Yorubas (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_), has
+been planted. Its growth has been moderately rapid, reaching a height of
+about 8 feet in four years. In addition to the value of its wood both as
+a chewstick and from the fact that a mordant for dyes can be made from
+its ashes, the young plant kills all the Econ grass growing round it
+with its leaf fall. This makes the tree one of the most advantageous for
+Afforestation purposes. Its light-green foliage and delicate, graceful
+build, and slender bole and branches, make it also valuable as an avenue
+tree in the dryer parts of the country. In its similarity to the
+European birch it might almost be called the birch of Africa.
+
+With the Dika Nut (_Irvingia Barteri_), Oro by the Yorubas and Okherli
+by the Benis, small sample plots have been made in the Mamu Reserve and
+isolated specimens planted near the Calabar Arboretum.
+
+Although not for Afforestation purposes but for the production of Palm
+Wine, _Raffia vinifera_, Ako by the Yoruba, Augor by the Benis, has been
+planted and seeds distributed amongst the villagers of the upper parts
+of the Cross River districts. When these are grown there will not be
+such a demand for cutting down the oil-palm-tree for making palm wine as
+there is at the present time.
+
+Allowing only a value of 3d. per tree on all the trees planted during
+the last fifteen years, all the mahoganies and plantations are worth
+£240,000.
+
+In two circles and parts of a third a great deal of work of an
+Afforestation nature was undertaken years before any actual forest
+plantation could be made. These are the communal rubber plantations of
+the Ireh Rubber (_Funtumia elastica_). In the Central Circle, near over
+700 villages and towns, plantations varying from a hundred plants to
+ones covering several acres and containing many thousands, were made,
+aggregating in all the setting out of over a million trees in a period
+of about five years. In the Eastern Circle, in over a hundred villages,
+and in the Ondo and Western Circles over two hundred village plantations
+were made. Subsequently Para Rubber (_Hevea Braziliensis_) was added and
+substituted for the Funtumia wherever the climate was suitable for it.
+Now the communities concerned have a very valuable asset, which they can
+tap from year to year and augment at their leisure. Whatever happens to
+the forest or the immediate neighbourhood of the village, there will at
+any rate remain the rubber plantation, giving grateful shade to the
+roadsides and the ground near the villages. In one case a village
+planted over 1,200 Para rubber-trees, which even as a commercial asset
+are by no means to be despised.
+
+In addition to these efforts on the part of the natives, acting under
+the advice and guidance of the Forest Department, there are the numerous
+rubber plantations in all the Forest Reserves. In the earlier days these
+were planted with Funtumia, where, for instance, in the Mamu Forest
+Reserve nearly one square mile of land is planted with this tree.
+
+Then, again, there are the district plantations, more especially in the
+Eastern Circle, where in many cases Para Rubber was planted instead of
+Funtumia. These areas are for the most part smaller than those of the
+Forest Reserve or Communal Plantations. They served more as
+demonstration areas to show how rubber would grow in that locality.
+
+Furthermore, near almost each native court in the Eastern Circle rubber
+plantations, in many cases of Para and in others of Funtumia, were made.
+
+The general cost of the Communal District and Native Court Plantation
+was practically limited to the amount involved in payment of the native
+Forest staff. These men, however, had other duties to perform, and on
+the average certainly not more than one-third of their time was occupied
+in the making of these plantations. For the making of the other
+plantations of the Forest Reserve about £2,500, or sometimes £3,000, has
+been spent annually in making them and in the cost of their upkeep once
+they have been made. Owing to the long dry season in Nigeria the number
+of plants failing to survive it is somewhat high, and this very
+considerably increases the cost of the final establishment of the
+plantation. For some years the cost in many cases amounted to £10 per
+acre for the first year and £1 or £2 for subsequent years, for the cost
+of “beating up” and keeping the plantations clean. With the greater
+experience gained both in regard to the habits of the different trees
+and in the methods of reproduction most suitable to various parts of
+Nigeria, the cost has been somewhat lessened. However, even so, the cost
+compared to European or English plantations is not abnormally high. In
+Africa there is no land to buy, and no wire-netting is needed for the
+plantations, and the land usually planted has not a “letting” or
+“sporting” value, as it has in England. The buying out or compensating
+of the native rights of the usufruct of the soil is not so very
+expensive, especially when it is spread over comparatively large areas,
+as it usually is in West Africa. Then, again, even with the cost of £10
+per acre, the total value of a crop after fifty or sixty years would
+certainly not be less than 3s. per cubic foot of the timber, which thus
+allows ample margin for 5 per cent. compound interest on the original
+outlay, and a profit besides. In many cases the timber would be worth a
+great deal more, and also the value of the intermediate thinnings is not
+inconsiderable. Both these factors have been left out of the account, in
+order not to in any way exaggerate or make too optimistic estimates of
+the value of a forest plantation. But beyond the financial side of the
+value of forest plantations, more especially in a tropical country like
+Nigeria, is the very valuable indirect effect they have on the whole
+welfare of the country.
+
+First of all, plantations in forest groves improve and beautify a
+locality, whether on the level or amongst hills.
+
+In the second place, the forest induces a greater rainfall in itself and
+its immediate vicinity.
+
+Then the rainfall which actually falls in the forest is partly re-
+evaporated to fall again, thus making extra rainfall, and also the rain
+which actually reaches the ground in the forest is only gradually
+absorbed, thus making the flow of springs and rivers regular.
+
+Both on the level and especially on slopes, a covering of trees, such as
+a forest, hinders the washing away of the surface soil or tilth of the
+land.
+
+Forest trees only require one-twelth of the mineral matter out of the
+soil that an agricultural crop does, covering the same area.
+
+In a forest plantation there is always greater humidity in the air, and
+thus many plants of economic value, such as cocoa, can grow in its
+vicinity, which would otherwise not be possible to be grown in that
+locality.
+
+A forest acts as a moderating influence on the temperature of the air,
+being lower inside the forest than outside, when the sun is very hot.
+Conversely, when it is cold outside in the “harmattan” season it is
+warmer in the forest.
+
+Nearer the interior of the forest certain better grasses and pasture are
+found, which are of incalculable value, in a drought, to the cattle in
+that locality.
+
+During the long period of the rotation, usually at least 60 or 80 years,
+in most forests there are large accumulations of leaf mould or litter,
+which on occasion can be used in reasonable quantities for manuring
+neighbouring agricultural lands. This is of incalculable benefit where
+the ground outside the forest is comparatively poor and dry.
+
+It has been proved also that in these long forest rotations the mineral
+rock and subsoil have time to weather, and add further mineral matter to
+the enrichment of the soil.
+
+The forest, too, provides grateful shelter and sanctuary for game
+animals and birds of all kinds, thus providing, especially in Africa,
+the largest source of meat which the native has.
+
+When all these indirect advantages and good effects of the forest are
+added together and a definite value put on them, and then considered in
+addition to all the timber and firewood the forest produces, it will be
+seen how wonderfully and providentially beneficial the forests really
+are, and also how absolutely essential they are in a country like
+Africa.
+
+Just as effective, and cheaper, except perhaps as regards time, than the
+artificially made forest plantation, are the protected forests; even in
+the worst case, starting with a poor country growth and small dry-zone
+shrubs and trees, after ten years there is a compact, close-growth,
+medium-sized tree with straightened stem and less branching habit, and
+the ground comparatively free from grass. During a further period this
+forest can be thinned out by removing the poorer shrubs and trees and
+allowing seedlings of more valuable species to come up. They will often
+do this in the shade of poorer and more hardy trees. Still later, as the
+soil-moisture conditions improve, the humidity increases as well as the
+rainfall; still other species come in or can be introduced artificially.
+Eventually, by the end of the first rotation there is probably quite a
+different forest to that in existence at the time of the annual grass-
+fires, and one which is more akin to the original forests before the
+advent of Man with his firestick.
+
+Quite apart from any money which has been spent on direct forest
+plantations, the indirect effect of the protection afforded to the trees
+in the various forest reserves is of almost incalculable value. If the
+figure should be calculated out even at a low rate of only £1 per acre,
+then the total value is £768,000 for the Reserves already made. Again,
+considering this result has only been attained after about fifteen
+years’ work, it will only go to show the vast potentialities and
+resources that may be eventually created, or preserved from destruction,
+in Nigeria.
+
+         MEASUREMENTS OF PLANTED TREES IN THE OLOKEMEJI RESERVE
+
+  [Orig. Age 1911: Original Age in 1911.
+   Av. Growth: Mean Average Growth in One Year.
+   H.ft.: Height in feet.
+   G.in.: Girth in inches.]
+
+  ----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----------
+                  |Orig.|1911.|1912.|1913.|1911.|1912.|1913.|Av. Growth
+      Species.    | Age +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+                  |1911 |H.ft.|H.ft.|H.ft.|G.in.|G.in.|G.in.|H.ft.|G.in.
+  ----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+   1. Tectona     | 3½  |27   |30·5 |34   |15·25|18·25|21   |  —  |  —
+      grandis     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+   2.   „   „     | 5½  |32·5 |37·25|38   |24·25|28   |32·5 |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+   3.   „   „     | 3½  |26·5 |32·75|34·5 |14·75|19·5 |23·5 |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+   4.   „   „     | 3½  |25·5 |28·75|  —  |12·25|16·0 |18·5 |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+   5.   „   „     | 3½  |25·5 |29   |  —  |13   |15·5 |18·5 |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+   6.   „   „     | 3½  |27   |32·35|  —  |15·25|18·5 |21·5 |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+   7.   „   „     | 3½  |11   |17   |  —  |8    |10   |12   |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+   8.   „   „     | 3½  |24   |24·75|  —  |10·5 |13   |15·5 |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+   9.   „   „     | 3½  |21   |21·5 |  —  |12·25|15   |19   |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  10.   „   „     | 3½  |24·5 |26·25|  —  |13   |16   |18   |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  11.   „   „     | 3½  |21   |26·5 |  —  |14·75|19   |22   |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  12.   „   „     | 3½  |22   |28·25|  —  |12·75|15·5 |27   |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  13.   „   „     | 3½  |23   |29·25|  —  |13·5 |15·5 |18   |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  14.   „   „     | 3½  |32   |37·25|  —  |15   |19   |22·5 |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  15.   „   „     | 3½  |21   |  —  |  —  |10   |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  16.   „   „     | 3½  |12   |  —  |  —  | 4·5 |  —  |  —  |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  17.   „   „     | 3½  |32·5 |  —  |  —  |12·25|  —  |  —  |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  18.   „   „     | 3½  |22   |56   |  —  |10·5 |45   |  —  |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  19.   „   „     | 8½  |51   |  —  |  —  |42·75|  —  |48   |  —  |  —
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  20.   „   „     | 8½  |47·5 |51·5 |  —  |37   |39   |42   |7·62*|4·83*
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  21. Cedrela     | 6½  |40   |43·75|49   |36·5 |41   |45   |6·8  |6·28
+      odorata     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  22.   „   „     | 6½  |35·5 |40·50|44   |27·25|30·50|34·5 |6·15 |4·74
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  23. Chlorophora | 4½  |13   |19·75|23·5 |15   |21   |27·75|4·16 |4·72
+      excelsa     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  24. Triplochiton| 2½  |25   |31·75|35·5 |12   |16   |19·5 |12·3 |19·0
+      Nigericum   |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  25. Terminalia  | 8½  |65   |73·0 |74   |48   |51   |53   |8·31 |6·0
+      superba     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  26. Eucalyptus  | 8½  |95·5 |90·75|94   |34·75|37   |37   |10·98|4·26
+      sp.         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  27. Khaya sp.   | 3½  |22   |33·5 |39   |10   |15·5 |19   |9·0  |4·23
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  28.   „   „     | 3½  |15   |23·5 |28   |9·75 |13   |15   |6·34 |3·59
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  29. Casuarina   |  —  |  —  |22·5 |30   |  —  |  —  |11   |  —  |  —
+      sp.         |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+                  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+  30.   „   „     |  —  |  —  |22·5 |30   |  —  |  —  |10·5 |  —  |  —
+  ----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+
+* Average for twenty teak-trees.
+
+
+                      V. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT.[3]
+
+
+European Forest Officers are of two ranks, the _scientifically_ trained
+Conservators of Forests and the _executively_ trained Foresters.
+
+The scope of this paper will only cover the former, as very few of the
+latter are Europeans, and most of them Nigerians.
+
+From Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh, graduates in Forestry can usually
+be procured. The training at these centres covers roughly a year or a
+year and a half’s work on the elementary subjects, such as Botany,
+Mathematics, Geology, Mensuration, Surveying, and Political Economy. In
+addition, a year or two years’ work on the professional subjects,
+Silviculture or the growing of Forests, Forest Protection, Forest
+Utilization, Forest Botany, Forest Entomology, Forest History and Forest
+Policy is required. At the end of the course, six months’ practical work
+in Scottish or English forests follows, during which period working
+plans and market conditions are especially studied.
+
+After being accepted for appointment in Nigeria, a further three months’
+course is taken at the Royal Gardens, Kew; and six months’ practical
+work on the Continent was (before the war) usually required. At Kew, the
+object is to acquire a working knowledge of the most important Botanical
+Orders which contain the African trees. The continental course shows the
+student forests which have been under a definite scheme of management
+for over a hundred years. It takes one, in fact, right through the life-
+history of a tree from a seedling in the nursery-bed to the well-grown
+financially mature tree, marked ready for the axe, a period of about
+eighty years.
+
+The initial appointment is for three years on probation, after which it
+may be confirmed. The initial salary of an Assistant Conservator of
+Forests is £300 per annum, rising by increments of £15 to £400 per
+annum. The first appointment dates from the day of sailing, the passage
+being paid by the Nigerian Government, and salary on half-pay begins
+from the date of departure until the arrival in Nigeria, when full
+salary begins to accrue. Intending candidates should bear in mind that
+an early selection for appointment entitles them to seniority over other
+candidates who, owing to their being fully qualified, are appointed
+immediately, and thus reach the Colony before them. Locally, a commuted
+travelling allowance of £42 per annum is drawn to compensate for the
+extra cost entailed in inspecting the forests. A limited number of
+carriers, or other means of transport, are provided by the Government.
+For the purpose of more rapidly getting about, a bicycle, motor, or
+horse may be kept, and an allowance is given for maintenance. The cost
+of living is high, even when furnished quarters or a bungalow are
+provided.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.—=Teak, six years old, Olokomeji Arboretum.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.—=Khaya Senegalensis, five years old, from seed
+obtained by H. N. Thompson, Esq., in Shaki District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.—=Mature Iroko Tree (Chlorophora excelsa), over
+12 feet in girth in 1911, since cut down and used for building the Chief
+Conservator of Forests’ House.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 184.
+
+Lagos is the first port of call in Nigeria, and there is a railway
+journey of 123 miles before reaching Ibadan, the temporary headquarters
+of the Forest Department. Olokomeji, 90 miles from Lagos, is the old
+headquarters, and from here the forestry work of the Southern Provinces
+is directed. Zaria, situated some 450 miles from Lagos, is the
+headquarters of the Forestry Department in the Northern Provinces.
+
+A newly appointed officer would be liable to be sent to either of these
+last-named places; but owing to the larger number of men being stationed
+in the Southern Provinces, the majority are sent to that centre.
+Olokomeji is in the middle of a Forest Reserve 26 square miles in
+extent, and is also the headquarters both of the Western Circle and of
+its northern division. In each circle there is a Conservator of Forests
+in charge, and he has an assistant to manage each division. In the event
+of a shortage of staff it may happen that a new man is put in charge of
+a division and thus has an opportunity of learning all about the work
+much more quickly than would otherwise be the case. In the ordinary way
+he only corresponds with his Conservator and the timber interests of his
+division on purely local matters.
+
+Since 1901, a moderately large Arboretum has been planted at Olokomeji,
+containing quite a number of indigenous trees growing under natural
+conditions, according to the type of climate found in that locality, and
+also some exotic trees which grow in similar climates in Asia or South
+America. In a comparatively short time the new Forest Officer can get a
+very fair idea of the most important timber trees found locally, as well
+as elsewhere. In connection with the work of renewing the labels on
+specimen trees, ocular demonstration of all these trees is obtainable.
+The local Ranger can usually supply the vernacular names, and here is a
+wide field for linguistic qualifications. Yoruba is the local language,
+Benin is spoken by a large number of people in the Central Circle, and
+Hausa by nearly all itinerant traders throughout the country. Ibo,
+another language, is spoken by nearly 3,000,000 inhabitants, while many
+of the Cross River people (Eastern Circle) speak Efik; some, however,
+speak New Calabar or Ibibio, while again, in a large part of the Niger
+Delta, Brass or Ijor is spoken. Sooner or later the language of the
+locality should be acquired, and in fact this is prescribed by
+Government order as a necessary preliminary to the granting of the first
+increment.
+
+The routine office work includes simple book-keeping, analysis of
+records, appointments of staff, the engagement of native labour and all
+payments. The executive work outside is carried out by the Forest
+Guards, Foresters, and Rangers, who require constant supervision. Owing
+to the distance, only some of them can report at Forest Headquarters
+each month, and the rest must be seen when the Forest Executive Officer
+makes his tour of inspection. If possible, travelling should take the
+place of indoor work for at least ten days a month.
+
+At first sight, on examining the tropical forest, it appears like a very
+mixed collection of different kinds of trees; on closer inspection,
+however, similarities and contrasts are apparent, such as Ebony,
+_Diospyros mespiliformis_, with its thin, black scaly bark, and that of
+the somewhat regularly, deeply fissured bullet-wood tree, _Mimusops
+multinervis_, and its white latex, which the former does not exude.
+
+In walking through a forest, it is normally best to make the carriers
+precede. Owing to their tendency to lag, and their desire to sit down at
+inconvenient times, it is an advantage to have them in front. Frequently
+one may have to stop and examine a flower or leaf, and it only adds to
+the carriers’ labour if the whole column has to stop whilst seeds and
+specimens are being collected. A march of about 15 miles is sufficient,
+and takes up the better part of the day, if an examination of the
+forests is being made on the way. In most parts villages are eight to
+ten miles apart, sometimes nearer; so the carriers can stop and purchase
+food. In the larger forests, however, a distance of over 20 miles is
+sometimes covered without sight of a house; in that case the people of
+the last village are asked to bring food for the carriers, and the
+carriers themselves are given a day’s food as well, which has to be
+cooked on reaching camp. In some places the chiefs provide food (yams,
+etc.), which is distributed to the carriers, or in some places 3d. a day
+per head is allowed them for purchasing food. So long as the carrier
+gets food and his load is not excessively heavy, he is quite cheerful
+and walks well. He will pick his way in mud, over roots, and up the
+steepest rocks in the hill forests.
+
+Current wages vary from 9d. to 1s. a day, the head-man getting from 1s.
+to 2s. a day. Local felling-permits being issued both by the District
+and Forest Officers to natives for felling timber for local use, at
+District Stations a call is paid the District Officer to discuss current
+forest questions and examine the permit books. At the same time there is
+an opportunity of seeing what further development of forest work is
+possible in the district. The local Forest Guards, Foresters, or Forest
+Rangers report themselves, usually giving a very good account of the
+local forest conditions. Since the demand for local timber has been
+growing, a stop may have to be made to supervise the marking or girdling
+of suitable trees for bridge-building under the auspices of the Public
+Works Department. On a journey through the mahogany forest, the
+different camps of the timber firms have to be visited. These firms have
+hundreds of square miles for the purpose of exploiting mahogany and
+furniture woods. At the same time the checking and inspecting of the
+stumps of all the trees felled has to be gone through. The young
+mahogany seedlings are also seen, and from the number of these it is
+known whether sufficient have been planted to take the place of those
+cut down. The very rapid growth of these trees can here be studied to
+advantage; trees now 40 feet high have only been planted a few years.
+The relative value of the direct planting of seedling trees as compared
+with the natural regeneration of the forest by self-sown seedlings can
+be observed with ocular clearness. In one part of the forest one sees
+natives standing on a platform hacking away with an axe into a huge
+50-feet mahogany; in another place a similar tree, fallen, its 90-feet
+bole already sawn into three round logs: while in a third locality may
+be seen a native, axe or adze in hand, squaring mahogany logs with a
+4-feet side. Later in the season eighty or more natives are engaged in
+dragging one of these logs on round billets of wood (for rollers) along
+a track, roughly cleared to the height of a man, to the nearest natural
+water-way; still later (that is, in July or August), when the rivers
+rise, the logs may be seen floating singly down to the rafting-place on
+the main creek, where rafts are made with logs four or eight abreast,
+each fastened to the next, from a timber-dog at either end, with cane.
+From here, riverine natives such as the Ijors take the logs to the
+nearest river or ocean-going steamer port.
+
+The administrative work of the Department is in the hands of the Senior
+Conservators of Forests, under whom the Conservators manage their
+circles. The Chief Conservator of Forests, the head of the Department,
+initiates and controls the whole policy of the Department, being
+relieved of all details of administration. In order to ensure continuity
+of policy and action, a Working-plans Division has been formed. A
+working plan for the forests is a scheme of management laid down for a
+number of years; no change can be made in such a plan without special
+reference both to the head of that division and to the head of the
+Department. With only one year’s service, followed by leave of absence,
+continuity of action would be broken if it were not for a definitely
+approved plan.
+
+The Forest Department has supplied the Railway, Marine, and Public Works
+Department with timber of various kinds. In some cases the timber is
+obtained by departmental working, and in others is cut by native
+contractors under the supervision of the Department. In the first
+instance, the conditions under which timber is to be supplied to other
+departments are put before the Secretariat, and when once the work has
+been begun, the local Forest Officer deals direct with the department
+concerned.
+
+Forestry progress in Nigeria has been less tardy than in several other
+Colonies, though many forests have been destroyed owing to lapse of time
+before the formation of a department. In 1904 there were eight, and
+there are now twenty-four administrative appointments. The amalgamation
+of Northern and Southern Nigeria into one administration should
+accelerate the development of Forestry. It is as yet only in its initial
+stages, and scarcely more than a thousand square miles of forests, out
+of nearly a hundred thousand which exist in some form or another, have
+been permanently set aside for further timber production. The revenue-
+earning capacity of the Forest Department has been somewhat diminished
+by the war; but with recent legislation more local revenue should be
+obtained, which should more than off-set any loss already sustained.
+Provided the financial position of Nigeria remains strong, the prospects
+of the Forest Department are quite bright.
+
+Although Nigeria has by far the largest Forest Department, very similar
+conditions of service obtain in the other West African Colonies of the
+Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; but there are no Forest Officers in the
+Gambia.
+
+
+      VI. A REVIEW OF THE BOTANICAL FEATURES OF NORTHERN NIGERIA.
+
+
+                         BY DR. J. M. DALZIEL.
+
+
+The Northern Provinces of Nigeria exhibit in an interesting manner the
+transition, now familiar in West Africa, of physical characteristics
+from the tropical forest to the border region “that just divides the
+desert from the sown.”
+
+So far as the progressive stages may be stated in terms of geographical
+latitude, we may place the northern limit of the forest belt at about 8°
+North latitude. A convenient natural boundary in a portion of the area
+under consideration may be accepted in the lower course of the Benué
+River from its tributary, the Katsina River, or even as far up as Ibi,
+to the Niger at Lokoja. On the other hand, the southern limit of the
+desert is taken at about 17° North latitude, or higher, and thus falls
+some three or more degrees beyond the northern boundary.
+
+Between these arbitrary limits lies the greater part of Northern Nigeria
+and practically the whole of Hausaland, presenting physical features
+which vary through grassy plains and rolling downs, orchard-bush and
+thin-crowned forest, laterite plateaux and hilly woodlands, to the
+mountains of the Bauchi Highlands. The vegetative covering over a very
+large area can be classed as one or other type of savannah, tree and
+bush savannah, or open orchard and treeless savannah, with intermediate
+grades. Local topography alters the type here and there, galleries of
+evergreen vegetation occupying the intersecting belts of permanent
+streams or fringing a marsh, wide meadows bordered by low forest, but
+occupied entirely by grasses of few species, with scattered islets of
+foliage, or, again, outcrops of bare laterite and isolated domes and
+turtle-backs of crystalline rock, “inselbergs” and “kopjes,” introducing
+features of their own.
+
+The Niger Delta displays admirably the high evergreen or moist tropical
+forest. This probably connects itself through the Kameruns with the
+great Central African forest of French and Belgian Congo, which is again
+said to be continuous through the gap between Ruwenzori and Lake Albert
+with that of British East Africa.
+
+West of the Niger Delta the coast, including Lagos, Dahomey and Togo, is
+sandy, and bush rather than high forest commences almost on the shore.
+Ascending the Niger, one finds that the true “rain forest” ends, but not
+abruptly, in the neighbourhood of Asaba; a gradual transition occurs,
+first to an intermediate type, partly evergreen with many large trees,
+but mingled with those that lose their leaves in the months of little
+rainfall. This change is apparent even on the river-bank, and below
+Lokoja a more open but still semi-evergreen forest clothes the valleys,
+but shows already more of the deciduous element on the hills. Farther
+north the voyage from the mouth of the Kaduna River to the Zungeru light
+railway terminus at Barijuko, as often experienced in previous years,
+reveals again the progressively deciduous character of the foliage,
+resulting in a still more open forest.
+
+The river-bank, however, possessing permanent moisture and its own local
+climate, is an inadequate index of the general features over the country
+at large. To travel by land from Baro to Zungeru, and thence either
+through Kontagora to Sokoto, or by Zaria to Kano and Gummel, is to have
+the complete vision of the West African savannah in its various degrees,
+and, except for local interruptions associated with considerations of
+altitude or geological outcrop, etc., or with the lines of perennial
+streams, to have it in its regular sequence.
+
+Leaving out of account for the present the region south of Lokoja and of
+the south bank of the Benué, which in part represents the “Zone
+Guinéenne” of Chevalier, we find that the two routes suggested above
+will take one through country almost entirely of the types included by
+the same writer within the “Zone Soudanienne,” with an approach at
+places along the Anglo-French boundary to the conditions occurring in
+his “Zone Sahélienne.” It would be difficult and misleading to express
+these zones definitely in terms of latitude, but one might hazard the
+statement that the Guinea Zone passes to the Soudan Zone somewhere
+between 8° and 10° North, and the latter extends either to the northern
+boundary or verges on a drier belt beyond the latitude of 12° or 13°
+North. If a complete botanical survey were possible, one could then
+subdivide each belt into its different areas and provinces, with their
+special floral characteristics, but at present one must be content to
+indicate broadly the general composition.
+
+The Soudan Zone, indeed, includes the greater part of Hausaland and is
+representative of the typical West African savannah and savannah forest.
+It merges into the drier sandy “steppe” conditions in the north and into
+the mixed deciduous and semi-evergreen forests farther south. The only
+giants in height are the silk-cotton-trees (_Eriodendron orientale_),
+but baobabs of enormous girth are common, and the largest timber trees
+are probably the Maje (_Paradaniellia Oliveri_) and the Kawo (_Afzelia
+Africana_), fair specimens of the dry-zone mahogany, Madachi (_Khaya
+Senegalensis_), occurring also in favourable situations.
+
+Across the central part of Northern Nigeria, let us say from Kontagora
+and South Sokoto through the whole of Zaria and South Kano to South
+Bornu (but excluding the Bauchi plateau, of which I cannot speak from
+personal knowledge), the plants named in the list here given might be
+regarded as the average association of species, trees, shrubs and
+herbaceous, the chief Natural Orders being represented as follows:
+
+ANONACEÆ by the common wild custard apple, Gwandar daji, _Anona
+Senegalensis_, a shrub.
+
+CAPPARIDACEÆ by the Ingidido, _Cratæva Adansonii_, by shrubs or woody
+undershrubs of genera _Boscia_ and _Mærua_, some thorny scramblers of
+the genus _Capparis_, and the familiar weed Gasaya, _Gynandropsis
+pentaphylla_.
+
+BIXINEÆ by the Rawaya, _Cochlospermum tinctorium_, a shrub.
+
+HYPERICINEÆ by the shrub Kaskawami, _Psorospermum Senegalense_.
+
+OCHNACEÆ by the Namijin kade, _Lophira alata_, a tree very typical of
+the region, two or three species of _Gomphia_, and a new species of
+_Ochna_, a small shrub with crenulate leaves.
+
+MALVACEÆ by numerous species of _Hibiscus_, including the cultivated
+Rama (chiefly _K. cannabinus_) and Cotton, with the Ramaniya, _Urena
+lobata_, and various undershrubs and suffrutescent weeds, mostly of the
+genus _Sida_. The Kuka or baobab, _Adansonia digitata_, and the Rimi or
+Silk-cotton Tree, _Eriodendron orientale_, marking the sites of human
+habitations, past or present, are typical species of this area, as is
+also the red-flowered Gurjiya, _Bombax buonopozense_ (Bombacaceæ).
+
+STERCULIACEÆ by the Kukuki, _Sterculia tomentosa_, a tree, with which we
+may place the common undershrub Hankufa, _Waltheria Americana_.
+
+TILIACEÆ by several species of _Grewia_, the most familiar being the
+Dargaza, _G. mollis_, by two or three species of _Corchorus_, edible
+herbs allied to jute, and by shrubby weeds of the genus _Triumfetta_.
+
+SIMARUBACEÆ by _Hannoa undulata_, a small-sized tree characteristic of
+the region, and by _Irvingia Smithii_, a tree more abundant in the
+South.
+
+BURSERACEÆ by two species of frankincense-tree—_Boswellia Dalzielii_ and
+_B. odorata_—and by _Commiphora Kerstingii_, a green-barked tree
+familiar as an enclosure fence in towns.
+
+MELIACEÆ by _Khaya Senegalensis_, the mahogany of the Soudan Zone, by
+_Trichilia emetica_, and by _Pseudocedrela Kotschyii_; also by the
+naturalized Kurnan nasara, _Melia Azedarach_.
+
+OLACACEÆ by the Tsada, _Ximenia Americana_, a shrub with small yellow,
+acid plums, and by the evergreen climbing shrub, _Opilia celtidifolia_.
+
+CELASTRACEÆ typically by the shrub _Gymnosporia Senegalensis_, and less
+by two or more species of woody twining _Hippocrates_.
+
+SAPINDACEÆ by the woody twiner _Paullinia pinnata_, the 3-foliate shrub
+_Schmidelia Africana_, and the world-wide twining weed _Cardiospermum
+Halicacabum_.
+
+ANACARDIACEÆ by the tree _Odina Barteri_, by other species of _Odina_ of
+more local distribution, and by two species of _Anaphrenium_.
+
+CONNARACEÆ by the abundant little shrub _Byrsocarpus coccineus_.
+
+PROTEACEÆ by a single species of _Protea_, a shrub with large capitate
+flowers, of local distribution in the Central areas.
+
+POLYGALACEÆ by _Securidaca longipedunculata_ and the field weed
+_Polygala arenaria_.
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ by—
+
+Larger trees: the Maji or Kadaura, _Paradaniellia Oliveri_, and the
+Kawo, _Afzelia Africana_.
+
+Medium-sized and smaller trees: _Parkia filicoidea_, _Prosopis oblonga_,
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Isoberlinia doka_, _Berlinia acuminata_ in
+ravines, _Tamarindus Indica_; several Acacias, e.g. _A. Sieberiana_, _A.
+campylacantha_, _A. Arabica_; _Albizzia Chevalieri_, _Entada Sudanica_;
+_Afrormosia laxiflora_ and _Burkea Africana_.
+
+Small trees and shrubs: _Detarium Senegalense_, _Bauhinia reticulata_
+and _B. rufescens_, _Erythrina Senegalensis_, _Lonchocarpus laxiflorus_,
+_Dichrostachys nutans_, _Mimosa asperata_ on stream-banks, _Cassia
+Sieberiana_, _C. Kotschyana_ and others, along with several shrubby
+species of _Cassia_ and the dwarf _C. mimosoides_, _Swartzia
+Madagascariensis_, _Ormocarpum bibracteatum_.
+
+To these must be added the Zamarke, _Sesbania punctata_, and other
+_spp._, and a host of herbaceous plants or half woody undershrubs,
+chiefly belonging to the genera _Crotalaria_, _Indigofera_, and
+_Tephrosia_, others of _Desmodium_, _Eriosema_, etc., and twiners of
+_Vigna_ and _Rhynchosia_.
+
+The chief cultivated Leguminosæ of the region are: Indigo, _Indigofera
+arrecta_ and other _spp._, _Arachis hypogæa_, _Vigna sinensis_ in
+numerous varieties, and _Voandzeia subterranea_.
+
+ROSACEÆ mainly by _Parinarium curatellæfolium_, to which may be added
+_P. polyandrum_ in the South and _P. macrophyllum_ in the North.
+
+COMBRETACEÆ by several species of _Terminalia_, of which the commonest
+are the Baushe (of more than one species) and the Kandari, _T.
+macroptera_; more fully by a number of species of _Combretum_, which are
+trees often gum-yielding, and very typically by the Marike, _Anogeissus
+leiocarpus_.
+
+MYRTACEÆ by _Eugenia Owariensis_, a tree, and _E. coronata_, a shrub.
+
+LYTHRACEÆ by the “henna” shrub, _Lawsonia alba_, and the weed of damp
+places, _Ammannia Senegalensis_.
+
+ARALIACEÆ by an interesting species, _Cussonia Nigerica_, a small tree
+of peculiar habit.
+
+RUBIACEÆ by _Adina microcephala_, a fair-sized tree by bush streams; by
+very numerous small trees and shrubs, e.g. _Crossopteryx Kotschyana_,
+_Sarcocephalus Russegeri_, _Pavetta Barteri_, _Feretia canthioides_, the
+_Gardenia erubescens_ and the Gauden kura, _G. ternifolia_, the Giyaiya,
+_Mitragyne Africana_, typical of the islets of foliage clothing the
+grassy swamps, _Morelia Senegalensis_ on stream-banks, and by more
+humble but abundant species of _Oldenlandia_, _Spermacoce_, _Octodon_,
+etc.
+
+SAPOTACEÆ by the Shea Butter Tree, _Butyrospermum Parkii_, probably the
+most characteristic member of the association.
+
+EBENACEÆ by the African Ebony, _Diospyros mespiliformis_.
+
+APOCYNACEÆ typically by the arrow-poison woody climber _Strophanthus
+sarmentosus_, which is always wild, and _S. hispidus_, which is
+generally planted near villages—both species called Kwankwanni; also by
+the more common and inferior rubber vine, _Landolphia florida_, and
+shrubs _Carissa edulis_ and _Cryptolepis Nigritiana_, the woody twiners
+_Tacazzea Barteri_ and other _spp._, with numerous others.
+
+ASCLEPIADACEÆ by the very typical giant milkweed Tumfafiya, _Calotropis
+procera_, probably always in association with man, the smaller
+undershrub _Asclepias lineolata_, and several suffrutescent herbs with
+tuberous and sometimes edible rootstocks of the genera _Xysmalobium_ and
+_Schizoglossum_.
+
+LOGANIACEÆ by _Strychnos spinosa_, _S. alnifolia_, and _S.
+triclisioides_, all shrubs or small trees.
+
+BORAGINACEÆ by _Cordia Abyssinica_, a small tree, the undershrub
+_Trichodesma Africanum_, three or four weeds of the genus
+_Heliotropium_, etc.
+
+BIGNONIACEÆ by _Stereospermum Kunthianum_, a small tree, and the
+Aduruku, _Newbouldia lævis_, confined to towns and rarely more than a
+tall, slender shrub; the Rahaina or Rawuya, _Kigelia Æthiopica_, occurs,
+but in an interrupted distribution.
+
+VERBENACEÆ by _Vitex Cienkowskii_, a fair-sized tree, _V. diversifolia_,
+a small tree or shrub, and undershrubs such as _Lantana salvifolia_,
+_Lippia Ukambensis_, and a few species of _Clerodendron_, etc.
+
+EUPHORBIACEÆ by _Uapaca Guineense_, usually only a rather small tree in
+the deciduous forest, _Bridelia ferruginea_ and _B. scleroneura_, both
+shrubs, _Phyllanthus floribundus_, forming sometimes thicket-like
+clumps, _P. reticulatus_, a shrub, _Flueggea microcarpa_, a white-
+berried shrub, _Antidesma venosum_, and very typically by the Jan yaro,
+_Hymenocardia acida_, a shrub which in these open regions has nearly
+always an ochre-red bark. Numerous herbs and half-woody weeds are
+common, belonging to the genus _Euphorbia_ (_E. pilulifera_, _E.
+Ægyptiaca_, and congeners), _Acalypha_, _Phyllanthus_, etc., the Castor
+Oil shrub (_Ricinus communis_) and the Physic Nut (_Jatropha curcas_)
+are cultivated, while thoroughly representative through the whole area
+are the familiar cactus-like Tinya, _Euphorbia unispina_ and _E.
+Poissoni_, and the Kerana, _E. Barteri_, the latter at least never away
+from habitations.
+
+MORACEÆ by a host of species of the genus _Ficus_ (or _Urostigma_) not
+yet fully elaborated botanically, e.g. Baure, Chediya, Durumi, Kauriri,
+Wa, etc.
+
+ULMACEÆ. A representative variety is _Celtis integrifolia_, a fairly
+large tree.
+
+SALICACEÆ by one species of _Salix_.
+
+LORANTHACEÆ by seven or eight species of the parasite _Loranthus_,
+called Kauchi, clothing deciduous trees with epiphytic foliage.
+
+Orders represented mainly by flowering herbs, undershrubs, etc., are:
+
+MENISPERMACEÆ by the popular medicinal twiner Jibda kassa, _Cissampelos
+Pareira_.
+
+NYMPHEACEÆ by at least four species of Bada or water-lily, _Nymphæa_.
+
+PAPAVERACEÆ by the Yellow Poppy, _Argemone Mexicana_.
+
+CARYOPHYLLACEÆ by species of _Polycarpæa_ characteristic of the dry
+zone.
+
+GERANIACEÆ by the familiar weed _Biophytum sensitivum_.
+
+DROSERACEÆ by the widely distributed Sun-dew, _Drosera indica_.
+
+AMPELIDEÆ by numerous vines of the genera _Vitis_, _Cissus_, and
+_Ampelocissus_, of which perhaps the most striking are Dodoriya, _Vitis
+quadrangularis_, and Dafara, _Vitis pallida_, while wild vines with
+edible berries called Tsiberi kinkini are generally of one or other
+species of _Ampelocissus_.
+
+CUCURBITACEÆ by the familiar cultivated Kabeova or pumpkin, _Cucurbita
+Pepo_, and Duma, the bottle-gourd, _Lagenaria vulgaris_, with its
+endless varieties, the Guna or water-melon, _Citrullus vulgaris_, and by
+many wild and half-wild species, e.g. the Balsam Apple, _Momordica
+balsamina_, the Loofah gourd, _Luffa Ægyptiaca_ and _L. acutangula_,
+_Cucumis prophetarum_, and one or more species of tuberous-rooted
+_Trochomeria_.
+
+FICOIDEÆ by common succulent weeds, e.g. _Trianthema monogyna_, _T.
+pentandra_, and _Gisekia pharnaceoides_, and by species of _Mollugo_ in
+river-beds, etc.
+
+COMPOSITÆ by some weeds of cosmopolitan distribution, e.g. _Ageratum
+conyzoides_, _Eclipta alba_, etc., and by very numerous herbs and
+suffrutescent plants, amongst which the genus _Vernonia_ is the most
+abundantly represented, including one typical of the region, viz. _V.
+nigritiana_, with several species of _Aspillia_, _Coreopsis_, etc., and
+the chewstick shrub, _Vernonia amygdalina_.
+
+MELASTOMACEÆ by a few species of _Dissotis_ and _Osbeckia_.
+
+CAMPANULACEÆ by a common little blue-flowered weed, _Cephalostigma
+Perrottetii_, and a water herb, _Sphenoclea Zeylanica_.
+
+HYDROPHYLLACEÆ by three or more species of _Hydrolea_, e.g. _H.
+Guineensis_, etc.
+
+LENTIBULACEÆ by ten or more species of _Utricularia_.
+
+CONVOLVULACEÆ, a conspicuous order, well represented by numerous species
+of _Ipomæa_, a few of _Merremia_, and a few erect undershrubs of the
+genus _Astrochlæna_, to which one may add the little blue-flowered weed
+_Evolvulus alsinoides_, of wide distribution in the world.
+
+SOLANACEÆ by the “Thorn Apple,” _Datura Metel_, by numerous species of
+_Solanum_, some edible, e.g. the several cultivated varieties of the
+native bitter tomato, Gauta, varieties of _S. Melongena_; others
+poisonous, e.g. Gautan kura, _Solanum incanum_, and others; also by two
+common weeds of the genus _Physalis_, and the popular herb simple,
+Dandana, _Schwenkia Americana_.
+
+SCROPHULARIACEÆ by _Scoparia dulcis_, of world-wide distribution, and by
+several parasitic species of _Striga_, of which the most familiar is the
+Makasar adwa, _S. Senegalensis_. Besides numerous humble weeds of
+cosmopolitan genera, e.g. _Moniera_, _Ilysanthes_, etc., mostly
+occurring in damp places, two or three species of _Sopubia_ may be taken
+as characteristic of the bush-lands.
+
+ACANTHACEÆ by a variety of weeds, etc., of the genera _Blepharis_,
+_Monechma_, _Justicia_, etc., to which the following may be added as
+characteristic of the Order in Hausaland: _Nelsonia campestris_, a soft
+herb of slightly acid taste, _Peristrophe bicalyculata_, an occasional
+fodder plant, and _Dyschoriste Perrottetii_, the mucilaginous seeds of
+which are used to remove spicules from the eye.
+
+PEDALIACEÆ by the locally cultivated Ridi, _Sesamum Indicum_, and other
+wild species of _Sesamum_, by the weed _Ceratotheca sesamoides_, and by
+the half-shrubby _Rogeria adenophylla_.
+
+LABIATÆ by several cultivated tubers, such as the Tumuku and Risga, by
+odorous species of _Ocimum_ and _Æolanthus_, e.g. the Dodoya, _Ocimum
+Americanum_, the weed _Acrocephalus polytrichus_, and by many common
+herbs of various other genera.
+
+AMARANTHACEÆ by the native spinage, Alayafu, _Amaranthus caudatus_, the
+Zaki banza, _A. viridis_, a wild species sometimes cultivated, and by
+several of the common weeds found in other countries—_Celosia argentea_,
+_Pupalia lappacea_, etc.
+
+THYMELÆACEÆ by the poisonous Tururibi, _Lasiosyphon Kraussii_, a yellow-
+flowered, low, suffruticose plant with a woody rootstock, and by two of
+three species of _Gnidia_.
+
+ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ by the twiner _Aristolochia albida_.
+
+LAURACEÆ by the leafless twiner _Cassytha Guineensis_.
+
+The Monocotyledonous Orders may be said to be represented as follows:
+
+HYDROCHARITACEÆ by the yellow-flowered aquatic herbs _Ottelia
+lancifolia_ and _Boottia Abyssinica_.
+
+ORCHIDACEÆ by a fair number of tuberous terrestrial orchids, of which
+_Lissochilus arenarius_ is the most typical, several _Habenarias_ and
+_Eulophias_, and a very few epiphytes, e.g. _Ansellia Congoensis_.
+
+SCITAMINEÆ abundantly by _Kœmpferia Æthiopica_ in open woods, _Costus
+afer_ in shady ravines, and Fitta, the food-wrapper leaf, _Clinogyne
+filipes_, in streams, etc.
+
+IRIDACEÆ by several species of _Gladiolus_, e.g. _G. quartinianus_, and
+of _Tritonia_.
+
+AMARYLLIDACEÆ by _Crinum yuccæflorum_, the red-flowered _Hæmanthus
+rupestris_, _Pancratium trianthum_, and _Curculigo Gallabatensis_.
+
+TACCACEÆ by the tuberous _Tacca involucrata_.
+
+DIOSCOREACEÆ by _Dioscorea prehensilis_ and other cultivated yams,
+chiefly in the South or on pagan hills, and by some species which are
+either wild or escapes.
+
+LILIACEÆ by several species of _Urginea_, e.g. _U. Nigritiana_, _U.
+Indica_, etc., by other bulbous species of the genera _Anthericum_,
+_Dipcadi_, etc., by the climbing lily, _Gloriosa superba_, several
+species of _Chlorophytum_, _Aloe Barteri_, and by prickly scramblers
+such as _Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi_, _Smilax Kraussiana_, etc.
+
+ALISMATACEÆ by some flowering water-plants, e.g. _Burnatia enneandra_,
+_Lophotocarpus Guyanensis_, etc.
+
+COMMELINACEÆ by various species of _Aneilema_—_A. lanceolatum_, _A.
+Sinicum_, etc., of _Commelyna_—_C. nudiflora_, _C. umbellata_, etc., and
+of _Floscopa_ and _Cyanotis_.
+
+PALMÆ by the Giginya, _Borassus flabellifer_, var. _Æthiopum_, the
+Goriba, _Hyphæne Thebaica_, chiefly in the North, and the Tukuruwa or
+Bamboo Palm, _Raphia vinifera_, in ravines only.
+
+AROIDEÆ by _Culcasia scandens_, by the Kinchia with yellow rhizome,
+_Stylochiton Dalzielii_, _Amorphophallus Barteri_ and _A.
+dracontioides_, _Anchomanes Dalzielii_, and other species.
+
+CYPERACEÆ by very numerous species of _Cyperus_, e.g. the edible Aya,
+_C. esculentus_, and the uncultivated Aya aya, _C. rotundus_, _C.
+Fenzelianus_, etc., and several of _Pycreus_, _Fimbristylis_,
+_Kyllingia_, _Bulbostylis_, etc.
+
+GRAMINEÆ by the predominant tribe, _Andropogoneæ_, with numerous other
+genera—_Eragrostis_, _Aristida_, _Digitaria_, _Pennisetum_, _Chloris_,
+etc., and by a single locally distributed bamboo, _Oxytenanthera
+Abyssinica_. The chief cereal is Guinea Corn, Dawa, _Sorghum vulgare_;
+both species of sugar-cane, Rake, _Saccharum officinarum_, and Takanda,
+_Sorghum vulgare_, var. _saccharatum_, are cultivated.
+
+The FILICES are poorly represented by the widely distributed Adder’s
+Tongue, _Ophioglossum vulgatum_, the water-fern, _Cratopteris
+Thalictroides_, by _Adiantum lunulatum_, _A. Schweinfurthii_, and a few
+species of _Nephrodium asplenium_, etc., by no means typical of the
+region.
+
+
+Having thus given a bird’s-eye view of the floral composition in the
+central region of Hausaland, one may proceed to examine the variations
+revealed in passing south to the semi-evergreen forests and north to the
+drier open savannahs.
+
+Southwards the transition is gradual, and nowhere abrupt, from forest
+savannah with annual bush-fires and consequent tendency to revert to
+grass, to forests in which the number of species is greater and the
+deciduous element is more mingled with evergreens, either by the
+persistence of species which in a drier region are deciduous, but retain
+their foliage where the increased rainfall allows of this variation, or
+by the appearance of species which always possess the evergreen habit.
+_Bombax buonopozense_ is an example of the former and probably also
+_Afzelia Africana_ and several others.
+
+Some of the added constituents either absent from or more rare in the
+area of lesser rainfall are:
+
+ANONACEÆ: _Xylopia parviflora_, _Hexalobus Senegalensis_, _Popowia
+Mannii_.
+
+CAPPARIDACEÆ: _Ritchiea sp._, _Capparis viminea_, etc.
+
+BIXINEÆ: _Oncoba spinosa_.
+
+STERCULIACEÆ: _Cola laurifolia_.
+
+RUTACEÆ: the Fasa kwari, _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_.
+
+MELIACEÆ: _Trichilia retusa_.
+
+ANACARDIACEÆ: _Spondias lutea_, _Hæmatostaphis Barteri_, and the
+cultivated mango.
+
+SAPINDACEÆ: _Blighia sapida_.
+
+CONNARACEÆ: scrambling shrubs, e.g. species of _Agelæa_ and _Cnestis_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.—=Marsh or “Fadama,” with islets of foliage,
+Benué overflow, near Yola.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.—=The Lower Niger in flood.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.—=Fringing Forest on River Benué in the rainy
+season.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 196.
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ: _Tetrapleura Thonningii_, _Piptadenia Africana_,
+_Erythrophlœum Guineense_, _Cynometra Vogelii_, _Pterocarpus
+esculentus_, _Dialium Guineense_, _Millettia sp._ near _M. Sanagana_ and
+other species of _Millettia_, _Cordyla Africana_, _Berlinia Heudelotii_,
+_Cæsalpinia Bonducella_, _Lonchocarpus cyanescens_, _Baphia pubescens_
+and _B. nitida_.
+
+ROSACEÆ: _Parinarium subcordatum_.
+
+COMBRETACEÆ: several species of scarlet-flowered _Combretum_ of climbing
+habit—_C. racemosum_, _C. constrictum_, etc.
+
+MYRTACEÆ: _Napoleona Vogelii_.
+
+RUBIACEÆ: _Morinda citrifolia_, _Cuviera acutiflora_, _Canthium
+Vanguerioides_, _Ixora radiata_, _Uncaria Africana_, _Oxyanthus
+unilocularis_, some species of _Mussænda_, etc.
+
+RHIZOPHORACEÆ: _Weihea Africana_.
+
+SAPOTACEÆ: _Mimusops sp._
+
+APOCYNACEÆ: _Voacanga obtusa_ and _V. Africana_, _Landolphia Owariensis_
+and other _spp._, _Carpodinus hirsuta_, _Pleioceras Barteri_, and the
+tree Wadda, _Rauwolfia sp._ near _R. Welwitschii_.
+
+LOGANIACEÆ: _Anthocleista Vogelii_.
+
+CONVOLVULACEÆ: _Calonyction speciosum_, _Merremia umbellata_, etc.
+
+BIGNONIACEÆ: _Spathodea campanulata_.
+
+ACANTHACEÆ: _Acanthus montanus_, _Asystasia Coromandeliana_, etc.
+
+VERBENACEÆ: _Vitex chrysocarpa_ and _V. Angolensis_.
+
+PIPERACEÆ: _Piper umbellatum_ and _Piperomia pellucida_.
+
+GESNERACEÆ: _Streptocarpus nobilis_.
+
+EUPHORBIACEÆ: _Alchornea cordata_, _Mallotus oppositifolius_.
+
+MORACEÆ: _Chlorophora excelsa_, _Ficus Vogelii_ and other _spp._,
+_Myrianthus serratus_.
+
+ULMACEÆ: _Trema Guineensis_.
+
+AMPELIDEÆ: _Leea Guineensis_.
+
+POLYGALACEÆ: the cultivated _Polygala butyracea_ and the dwarf species,
+_P. Clarkeana_.
+
+BALANOPHORACEÆ: the root-parasite _Thonningia sanguinea_.
+
+
+Amongst Monocotyledonous Orders the _Scitamineæ_ are more in evidence,
+_Palisota thyrsiflora_ (_Commelinaceæ_) appears (along with a _Begonia_
+on moist rocks—_B. rostrata_), and the water-loving Aroid, _Cyrtosperma
+Senegalense_.
+
+The Oil Palm, _Elæis Guineensis_, becomes locally common, ferns become
+epiphytic, and the Elk’s-horn fern, _Platycerium Æthiopicum_, appears.
+
+
+Northwards the savannah forests, with plenty of broad-leaved trees and
+shrubs, or the open park-like formations with surface well covered with
+grasses and herbs, give way in some places to still drier Acacia
+forests, and in others to open areas of scrub, nearly treeless, the soil
+possessed by grasses and low, scattered shrubs, often thorny.
+Nevertheless, good pastures are often to be found, frequented by the
+Fulani in the comparatively short rainy season, and only at some points
+towards the French boundary do the conditions approach those described
+by Barth in the latitude of Zinder and Timbuctoo. For example, part of
+North Bornu, with a rainfall sometimes not exceeding 10 inches, may
+exhibit features entitling it to rank with the upper region of
+Chevalier’s “Zone Sahélienne.” A typical association in these scrub
+regions is familiar to the Hausas in three of the plants mentioned
+below, viz. the Sabarra, _Guiera Senegalensis_, the Magariya, _Zizyphus
+jujuba_, and the Dashi, _Balsamodendron Africanum_. Sokoto, with an
+average rainfall of 25 or more inches, still possesses thinly treed
+savannahs and bush-lands, with a vegetation composed of grasses, small
+sedges, low shrubs and the commoner leguminous and other weeds.
+
+Nor does the transition occur evenly across the whole region. In the
+eastern part between Kano and North Bornu the Acacia type prevails, and
+whole areas may occur occupied largely by _Acacia Seyal_, with yellow or
+rusty ochrey bark. On the western side Acacias, though present, do not
+appear to prevail, and between Kano and Sokoto there exists a stretch of
+broad-leaved forest in which most of the species found in Central
+Hausaland reappear, but after all these differences may be found to hold
+only over limited areas.
+
+The wide and well populated circle around large northern towns, highly
+cultivated and more or less stripped of trees to supply fuel does not
+quite display the natural conditions of the bush, where uncontrolled
+fires prevent natural regeneration of forest on cleared land, and where
+open grassy formations with stunted vegetation tend to encroach on the
+higher types of tree savannah.
+
+The species more characteristic of the northern drier belt within the
+Soudan Zone—if an arbitrary limit is allowed we may place it about 12°
+North latitude—may now be briefly indicated, though it will be
+understood that many of them are already present farther south.
+
+CAPPARIDACEÆ: most of the species of _Capparis_, _Boscia_ and _Mærua_
+existing farther south here prevail; the low shrub _Boscia Senegalensis_
+is common, while _Cadaba farinosa_ is a characteristic shrub.
+
+SIMARUBEÆ: the Aduwa, _Balanites Ægyptiaca_, is a typical species of
+this region.
+
+BURSERACEÆ: the Dashi, _Balsamodendron Africanum_, a shrub yielding
+African Myrrh, is familiar, with its congener _B. pedunculatum_.
+
+RHAMNACEÆ: the Kurna, _Zizyphus Spina-Christi_, usually planted in
+towns, the Magariya, _Z. jujuba_, and the Magariyar kura, _Z.
+mucronata_, the last two being very characteristic of the open savannah.
+
+ANACARDIACEÆ: the Danya, _Spondias sp._, a fair-sized tree with yellow,
+plum-like fruit having a leathery rind, is abundant.
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ: Acacias are the most typical, but are not as a rule markedly
+flat-topped, e.g. _A. Seyal_, _A. Senegal_, _A. albida_ var.
+_saccharata_, _Dichrostachys platycarpa_, forming thorny thickets, while
+_Entada Sudanica_, _Acacia Sieberiana_, _A. campylacantha_, _Albizzia
+Chevalieri_ and others are also evident. _Parkinsonia aculeata_ is found
+in towns; the Tripoli or Senegal Senna, Filasko, _Cassia obovata_, is
+common, and the Tsamiya, _Tamarindus Indica_, becomes a predominant
+tree.
+
+ROSACEÆ: the Ginger-bread Plum, Gawasa, _Parinarium macrophyllum_, is
+more familiar.
+
+COMBRETACEÆ: the Geza, _Combretum sp._ near _C. altum_, a shrub or small
+tree, with several gum-yielding trees of the same genus; the low shrub
+Sabarra, _Guiera Senegalensis_, is perhaps the most typical plant of the
+nearly treeless savannah.
+
+CUCURBITACEÆ: the half-wild Gurji, _Cucumis Melo_, var. _agrestis_, is
+common, and the Bambus, a variety of water-melon, is known in the North.
+
+RUBIACEÆ: a characteristic species is _Randia Nilotica_, a thorny shrub;
+_Gardenia Sokotensis_ is a new species found on low rocky hills.
+
+APOCYNACEÆ: the Kariya, _Adenium Honghel_, an unarmed cactus-like shrub,
+deciduous, with rose-coloured flowers, planted in towns, is
+characteristic.
+
+ASCLEPIADACEÆ: the small milk-weed, _Glossonema Nubicum_, and the
+twiners _Oxystelma Bornuense_, _Pergularia tomentosa_ and _Leptadenia
+lancifolia_, are all abundant, while the Karan masallachi, _Caralluma
+Dalzielii_, generally planted farther south, is found wild on bare rocky
+places.
+
+EUPHORBIACEÆ: very typical are the two milk hedge Euphorbias, Aguwa, _E.
+sepium_, and Fidda sartsi, _E. lateriflora_.
+
+MORACEÆ: species of _Ficus_ planted for shade grow to a large size,
+especially the Chediya, _F. Thonningii_, and the Durumi, _F.
+syringifolia_; other species generally start as epiphytes.
+
+
+The GRAMINEÆ is the prevailing Natural Order of Monocotyledons, and
+includes all types—little annuals, perennial-rooted _Andropogons_, etc.,
+and the Burugu, _Panicum stagninum_, which blocks the streams. The
+fragrant Nobe, _Cymbopogon Sennariensis_, is a characteristic tufted
+species, whilst the bur-grass Karangia, _Cenchrus catharticus_, has long
+since spread far southward.
+
+Rice and wheat are cultivated; the Bulrush Millet, Gero, _Pennisetum
+typhoideum_, tends to displace _Sorghum_, and a wild rice, _Oryza
+silvestris_, is found. The cultivated sugar-cane is the Takanda,
+_Sorghum vulgare_, var. _saccharatum_.
+
+Of LILIACEÆ the onion and garlic are features of cultivation. Several
+bulbous herbs not peculiar to the North are common, e.g. _Dipcadi
+occidentale_, _Urginea spp._, etc.
+
+The Goriba or Dum Palm, _Hyphæne Thebaica_, is predominant, accompanied
+also by the Giginya or Deleb Palm, while the Date begins to appear.
+
+
+Within the limits of the Soudan Zone of vegetation many different types
+of savannah may be found, besides the expected alterations in botanical
+groupings resulting from the presence of perennial moisture or due to
+elevation and rocky outcrop. Leaving the latter out of account, a few
+notes may be made of some of the varieties familiar to travellers in the
+Northern Provinces.
+
+
+                 1. _Tree Savannah or Savannah Forest_.
+
+
+Across a considerable area of Central Hausaland, e.g. occupying a large
+part of the Zaria plateau west of the Bauchi Highlands, the country,
+where not cleared for farming, is covered with an open deciduous forest
+of fair height. This is a fairly closely wooded type, and although it
+contains few truly evergreen elements apart from those lining the
+streams, there is, perhaps owing to differing vegetative periods for
+different species and to the double flowering season noted for many
+trees in West Africa, practically always a fair amount of foliage
+present. A proportion of the trees have well developed stems and fairly
+high crowns, with a leafy canopy which filters but never excludes direct
+sunlight, and the average height of the larger trees is from 30 to 40
+feet. In the best developed portions of such forest the grasses do not
+predominate, but frequent clearings or patches of stony outcrop lead to
+the open conditions in which hardy perennial grasses take root, and
+annual burning results in the encroachment and multiplication of areas
+of the lower bush savannah referred to below.
+
+This variety of forest is typically seen in Zaria province, e.g. between
+the village of Ruka and the Koriga stream, near which point a sudden
+drop in elevation occurs, and is familiar in parts of South Sokoto,
+Kontagora and Nassarawa, etc. _Lophira alata_ has its chief habitat
+here, but perhaps the prevailing and most characteristic tree is one
+called Doka, which has been identified as _Isoberlinia doka_, Craib, et
+Stapf. It has broad, shining leaves, and large, flat 5-6 seeded pods
+which dehisce with curling valves. It seeds abundantly, and young
+seedlings spring up quickly in the forest or by wayside clearings, etc.
+Along with it will be found its congener, the Fara doka, _Isoberlinia
+Dalzielii_, Craib, et Stapf., less abundant, and differing as to its
+more obvious features in having leaves not shining, a paler grey bark
+and a general slight degree of pubescence of all parts. Both species
+exude a coarse red resin, which does not appear to be of value.
+
+Most of the arborescent species mentioned in the list of the average
+association detailed above are to be found, sometimes harbouring
+epiphytic _Ansellias_ and a few woody climbers but no typical lianes,
+and an undergrowth composed of Leguminous and Composite herbs and
+undershrubs with some grasses. This type of forest probably at one time
+covered a much wider area and had a greater extension northward than at
+present. As mentioned above, a large proportion of its constituents may
+again be found in the Duru forest between Sokoto and Kano, while within
+the memory of officials of the present administration areas of woodland
+previously visible from Sokoto have been denuded for firewood. It tends
+progressively to give place to the following more open variety of
+savannah.
+
+
+                          2. _Bush Savannah_.
+
+
+This is probably the form of “bush” with which travelling officials,
+hunters, and others are most familiar in every province, and is, when
+not overloaded with tall grass, deserving of the term “open orchard
+savannah.” It is composed of scattered shrubs and small trees of short
+growth and of a considerable sameness, the whole picture being
+practically filled in with grasses, which may grow to a height of 6 to 8
+feet in the rains, but which are swept off by bush-fires in the dry
+period, leaving bare the intervening spaces, soon to be reoccupied by
+suffrutescent plants with persistent rootstocks, and later by weeds and
+the same grasses as before. This resurrection is not due to seeding,
+which is itself abundant, but mainly to the fact that the majority of
+bush grasses have perennial underground stems, which, once given
+occupation, are difficult to dislodge, and, assisted by the recurrent
+fires, which kill off the seeds and the seedlings of broad-leaved trees,
+have everything in favour of their natural progress to predominance.
+
+The commoner bush grasses of this habit found here are: _Andropogon
+Gayanus_, _Cymbopogon Ruprechtii_, _C. diplandrus_, _C. giganteum_, _C.
+hirtus_, _C. rufus_, _Andropogon tectorum_, _A. apricus_, _Rottbœllia
+exaltata_, _Pennisetum pedicellatum_, etc. In clumps, generally found in
+special situations, e.g. near river banks, etc., are _Vetiveria
+zizanoides_, _Saccharum spontaneum_, _Arundo donax_, etc. It is possible
+that some of these species which now cumber the soil might be put to use
+in supplying the raw material for paper.
+
+The prevailing shrubs and small trees of this formation are generally
+somewhat as follows: _Bauhinia reticulata_ and _B. rufescens_, _Detarium
+Senegalense_, several species of _Combretum_ with the dwarf _C.
+herbaceum_; also _Afrormosia laxiflora_ and occasional _Acacias_, e.g.
+_A. Sieberiana_, _Entada Sudanica_, _Dichrostachys nutans_; bright
+flowering species, such as _Cochlospermum tinctorium_; several shrubby
+species of _Hibiscus_; _Cassia Arereh_, _C. Goratensis_ and other
+species, _Lonchocarpus laxiflorus_, _Securidaca longipedunculata_,
+_Grewia mollis_, _Feretia canthioides_; the _Gardenias_—_G. ternifolia_,
+_G. erubescens_, etc.; _Stereospermum Kunthianum_, _Sarcocephalus
+Russegeri_, _Parinarium curatellæfolium_, _Psorospermum Senegalense_,
+_Ximenia Americana_, _Anona Senegalensis_, _Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_,
+_Strychnos spinosa_ and other _spp._, _Bridelia ferruginea_,
+_Hymenocardia acida_, _Gymnosporia Senegalensis_. Occasional larger
+trees will often be species of _Terminalia_, _Prosopis oblonga_,
+_Butyrospermum Parkii_, _Lophira alata_, _Vitex Cienkowskii_, _Sterculia
+tomentosa_, _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, or even _Afzelia Africana_ and
+_Paradaniellia Oliveri_.
+
+In the above association remark must be made of the Taura, _Detarium
+Senegalense_, which is here rarely of dimensions meriting the
+designation of tree, and therefore very different from the large timber
+known in the southern forests and found also on the forested slopes of
+Patti at Lokoja; of the Makarfo, a tree of twisted habit, not often over
+30 feet high, with flaking bark, apparently much inferior to the
+_Afrormosia laxiflora_, if it is this species, in the greater mixed
+deciduous forests farther south; and of the Tsada, _Ximenia Americana_,
+which is here unarmed, has rather thin, glabrous leaves, sometimes
+almost shining, and thus differs in habit from the coastal variety, if
+the identity is certain, which is spiny, has dull leaves sometimes half-
+succulent, and is appropriately called by the French “Citron de la mer.”
+
+
+                          3. _Park Savannah._
+
+
+The open park-like formation is another which is typical of this region.
+It is, perhaps, best seen where the population is not quite sparse, as
+in the latter case the previous type tends to take possession. The Shea
+Butter Tree is the one which more than any other gives the tone to this
+type, but _Parkia filicoidea_ and, especially in the North, the Tamarind
+are perhaps equally representative. The two first-named, though not
+necessarily indicating the proximity of a village, have probably in most
+cases owners, and the intervening spaces may or may not be more or less
+cultivated. Open park-like country may, however, occur apart from any
+contemporary interference by man, and wide stretches of it appear
+alternating with scattered orchard bush or with open grass-land. The
+grasses are of the previously mentioned types, with many species of
+_Eragrostis_, _Aristida_, small annual tufted grasses and sedges, along
+with _Cassia mimosoides_, _Oldenlandia grandiflora_, _O. Senegalensis_
+and other Leguminous and Rubiaceous weeds. Other trees which well
+maintain the park-like appearance are _Terminalia macroptera_,
+occasional species of _Ficus_, _Vitex Cienkowskii_, _Acacia Arabica_ and
+_A. Sieberiana_.
+
+In flat, wide-stretching meadows which are often marshy in the rains,
+this formation also maintains its character, single trees or island-like
+clusters of tree and shrub dotting the expanse of heavy grass which is
+burnt to desolation by the yearly fires. These islets are generally
+found to be composed of Giyaiya, _Mitragyne Africana_, with shrubs such
+as _Feretia canthioides_, _Sarcocephalus Russegeri_, and scrambling
+undershrubs added thereto, while the edge of such a meadow or “fadama”
+is in some cases fringed with deciduous high woods, in which
+occasionally timbers like _Khaya Senegalensis_ and _Paradaniellia
+Oliveri_ may appear along with the vegetation characteristic of Type 1.
+
+
+                     4. _Evergreen Fringing Belts._
+
+
+Along the water-courses which intersect the savannah lands will be found
+dark evergreen strips of foliage, which, when extending beyond the
+stream-banks and forming a fairly dense canopy, whatever the nature of
+the underwood, are generally implied in the Hausa word “kurumi.” The
+streams may not be always truly perennial, but the verdure remains
+because the moisture in the soil persists long enough to maintain the
+non-deciduous type, although bush-fires may reach their very margins.
+Where a perennial stream of any magnitude occurs, species will be found
+whose distribution in the Soudan Zone is confined to such localities,
+but which are widely represented in the South.
+
+Instead of enumerating the constituents of these strips of fringing
+forest, we may briefly refer to the vegetation of the River Benué, which
+has been already indicated as in some degree marking the boundary
+between the semi-evergreen or mixed deciduous forests and the drier tree
+savannah and open bush lands. The evergreen galleries along the streams
+or fringing the swampy glades may be taken as on the whole botanically
+similar to the bank foliage of the Benué and its backwaters, creeks and
+tributaries. One feature of this type is the abundance of woody
+climbers, often concealing the foliage of their supports, and
+conspicuous to the eye in the flowering season are the _Combretaceæ_,
+which are here scrambling and climbing shrubs instead of erect trees,
+e.g. the flame-flowered _Combretum racemosum_, _C. constrictum_, etc.,
+_Quisqualis Indica_ and others; also two or three species of
+_Landolphia_ with other rubber vines, and of _Mussænda_, scarlet-fruited
+_Connaraceæ_, _Uncaria Africana_, climbing by its old flower-stalks
+becoming woody hooks, and _Alchornea cordata_, the most typical liane of
+these formations. Other twiners are the showy moon-convolvulus,
+_Calonyction speciosum_ (_Ipomæa bona-nox_), the Cowhage, _Mucuna
+pruriensis_, _Dioclea reflexa_, _Entada scandens_ and numerous
+_Ampelideæ_. These tend to form a dense and sometimes impenetrable
+tangle, but where trees of timber size occur the undergrowth is more
+scanty and a variety of forest weeds appear, in which the _Scitamineæ_
+may be prominent.
+
+The Benué region is rich in trees, of which the following species may be
+mentioned: Goron ruwa, _Irvingia Smithii_, and Gedar kurumi,
+_Pterocarpus esculentus_, _Trichilia retusa_, the large timber tree
+called Kiriyar kurumi (undetermined), _Erythrophlœum Guineense_,
+_Millettia sp._, _Sanagana_ and _M. sericeus_, _Cynometra Vogelii_,
+_Anthocleista nobilis_, _Berlinia Heudelotii_, _Baphia nitida_,
+_Chlorophora excelsa_, _Cola laurifolia_, _Parinarium subcordatum_,
+_Kigelia Æthiopica_, _Uapaca Guineensis_ (here a large tree and
+sometimes prop-rooted), _Ficus spp._ Smaller trees and shrubs are:
+_Spathodea campanulata_, _Voacanga obtusa_ and _V. Africana_, _Morinda
+citrifolia_, _Xylopia parviflora_, _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_, _Oncoba
+spinosa_, _Vangueria euonymoides_, _Ixora radiata_, _Polysphæria
+macrostyla_, _Garcinia ovalifolia_, _Myrianthus serratus_, _Elæis
+Guineensis_ and _Raphia vinifera_. Not all of these extend far beyond
+the Benué, but the majority of them will be found in one or other
+fringing belt far into the deciduous region, and perhaps the two which
+best represent this extension of the semi-evergreen to the savannah are
+the woody climber _Alchornea cordata_ and the tree _Irvingia Smithii_.
+
+In a general view, Northern Nigeria, thus lying beyond the equatorial
+belt, possesses plant features which, apart from river and stream
+fringes, range between the mixed deciduous and xerophilous habit, and in
+the dry season the prevailing character of the open savannah forests is
+a monotonous drab or grey, intersected by the dark lines of greenery
+following the streams or encircling the swamps. The climate is largely
+of the continental type, with a temperature ranging from 120° F. to 40°
+or less (exclusive of thermometer readings on the Bauchi plateau), and a
+rainfall which throughout will usually fall between 30 and 50 or 60
+inches, with diminution to 20 or even 10 inches in the most northerly
+provinces. Such a climate, with the concomitant regularity of two, not
+four, well marked seasons, the dry and the wet, is entirely that
+associated with the occurrence of savannah formations, scattered bush
+with prevailing grasses, suffrutescent herbs and small trees, much open
+grass or thinly timbered park-land, with stretches of thick woods which
+are generally not heavily grassed and never cumbered with impenetrable
+undergrowth.
+
+Trees which are valuable timber species in the moist southern forests
+often scarcely attain reputable dimensions in the deciduous zone.
+
+These conditions also, which are doubtless partly the result of ill-
+considered human operations, put certain definite restrictions on
+cultivated species and determine the character of the natural products
+of the wild. The staple cereal is Dawa or _Sorghum_, instead of maize,
+with Gero or _Pennisetum typhoideum_ in the North. Possibly the limit of
+Guinea Corn as a staple of native cultivation is also the limit of the
+savannah forests, i.e. of the region of trees of secondary size, short
+of the region of Acacias, of Geza, _Combretum altum_, and of scrub,
+where Bulrush Millet is the commoner. Both species are generally
+cultivated along with beans, _Vigna Sinensis_. The sweet potato
+displaces the yam and cassava; industrial cultivation is represented by
+cotton and indigo. Of forest products, the most representative are Shea
+nuts and gum arabic, rather than rubber and large timber; and lastly,
+both cattle-grazing and horse-breeding are important industries proper
+to the region.
+
+
+                     VII. SOME TREES OF HAUSALAND.
+
+
+                         BY DR. J. M. DALZIEL.
+
+
+A few notes on some of the better known trees of Northern Nigeria are
+here given, the Hausa name being appended in most cases.
+
+
+_Afrormosia laxiflora_, Harms (Leguminosæ). Makarfo.
+
+In the mixed deciduous forests towards the coast this appears as a large
+timber tree, in certain regions dominant both in abundance and size, and
+is also a constituent of the moist evergreen forests. In Northern
+Nigeria it never forms a straight stem, never attains the dimensions of
+a timber tree, and has generally a twisted stem and main branches. Its
+habit, therefore, rather than its mere presence, affords a striking
+instance of the changes accompanying the limited rainfall of the
+savannah forests, and its distribution probably does not extend beyond
+the northern boundary. The trunk has a somewhat pale piebald appearance,
+resulting from the flaking of large pieces of the bark exposing lighter
+portions below. The centre wood is so dark in colour as to have led
+European foremen of works to report it as lignum vitæ, and the wood is
+hard enough to earn for it in some districts, along with other trees,
+the designation “break axe.” It has shining leaves, whitish flowers and
+thin, flat pods.
+
+
+_Afzelia Africana_, Sm. Kawo; “African” or “Rhodesian” Mahogany,
+“Mahogany Bean,” etc.
+
+A large tree, common to nearly all types of forest in West Africa,
+tropical high forest, mixed deciduous and savannah. In Northern Nigeria
+large specimens may still be found, though these do not generally have
+tall, straight stems, but show the wide-spreading umbrella crown common
+in drier regions.
+
+
+_Paradaniellia Oliveri_, Rolfe. Kadaura or Maje.
+
+This has previously been classed with _Daniellia thurifera_, Bennett,
+the so-called West African Copaiba Balsam Tree.
+
+In the Northern Provinces of Nigeria it is one of the largest trees, 50
+to 80 feet, with strong, straight stems and affording good timber for
+local use. The chief native use of the oleo resin is to fumigate
+garments. Its distribution probably stops short of the northern
+boundary.
+
+
+_Isoberlinia doka_, Craib, et Stapf. Doka.
+
+A tree which is the prevailing type in the savannah forests of Central
+Hausaland, generally 30 to 40 feet high, with broad, shining leaves,
+rather small white flowers and large flat pods containing five or six
+discoid seeds. The valves of the pods curl up after dehiscence, and
+young seedlings spring up vigorously where not choked by grass, farm
+clearings in Zaria province being often quickly occupied by them.
+
+A coarse red resin exudes from injuries or punctures of the bark.
+
+
+_Isoberlinia Dalzielii_, Craib et Stapf. Fara doka.
+
+Another new species of similar occurrence and habit, differing in having
+a more grey appearance associated with a slight pubescence, leaves not
+shining and pods less smooth. A species of the wild silkworm, _Anaphe
+Moloneyi_, and perhaps others, are found on them.
+
+
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_, Poir. Madobia; “Senegal Rosewood,” “African
+Kino,” etc.
+
+A tree generally of 30 to 40 feet or more in open savannah forests,
+easily recognized by its bright yellow flowers, the regular venation of
+the leaves, and the bristly, flat, one-seeded pods. The blood-red resin
+is a variety of Kino, and in districts where the Camwood is not found,
+the bark of Madobia is sometimes sold as a substitute. The wood is hard
+and fine-grained.
+
+
+_Cassia Sieberiana_, DC. and C.; _Kotschyana_, Oliv. Marga or Gamafada.
+
+These are small trees with conspicuous yellow flower racemes, having a
+superficial resemblance to laburnum. They are abundant in the dry
+savannah regions as well as in savannah forest, and flower freely in the
+dry season. The pods are long and cylindrical and do not dehisce.
+_Cassia Arereh_, Del., is similar, but the leaves are more acuminated
+and the pods split up longitudinally.
+
+
+_Detarium Senegalense_, Gmel. Taura.
+
+A good timber tree in the mixed deciduous and higher savannah forests,
+as also in the mountainous peninsula of Sierra Leone. Fairly large
+specimens of timber dimensions occur in the rocky forest overlooking
+Lokoja, but the Hausa Taura, hitherto identified as botanically the
+same, is of a very different habit, abundantly represented in the open
+bush savannah as a shrub or small tree having somewhat flattened fruits,
+oval, less succulent than, and one-half or one-third the size of, those
+shed by the forest specimens.
+
+
+_Tamarindus Indica_, Zinn. Tsamiya; “Tamarind Tree.”
+
+A very familiar tree in the northern Hausa States and Bornu, as well as
+in French territory to the north, but much less common on parts of the
+border-line between Southern and Northern Nigeria, so that probably its
+actual distribution is local and interrupted. Barth places its limit at
+Tagalel, in Damerghu, or about 15° North latitude.
+
+In Hausaland it is a conspicuous tree, less from its dimensions than
+from the beauty of its foliage, sometimes umbrella-spreading and at
+others compact, and giving a good deal of shade when in full leaf. The
+ground becomes littered with the small leaflets in the dry months, and
+as a rule little undergrowth is to be found beneath it.
+
+In Sokoto and Kano provinces, and elsewhere in the North, specimens with
+a dense, compact and symmetrical crown are common, the branches often
+reaching to within 3 or 4 feet of the ground. The fruit has familiar
+medicinal and culinary uses, but rarely develops the soft rich pulp of
+the Indian specimens. One of the wild silkworms, _Anaphe sp._, feeds on
+the leaf, the silken nest being called “Tsamiyar Tsamiya.” A familiar
+association which did not escape the notice of Dr. Barth is that of
+tamarind and baobab, in which case the former is often without a proper
+bole and spreads itself half scandent amongst the stout branches of the
+baobab.
+
+
+_Parkia filicoidea_, Welw. Dorowa; “West African Locust Bean.”
+
+A characteristic tree of the savannah forests, and one of the most
+typical members of the open park-like formations. It appears to be
+scarce in Bornu, but abundant from Zaria to Katsina, and its northern
+limit is probably about 14° North latitude.
+
+The pods afford both food and fodder, the fermented cakes called
+Daudawa, made from the seeds, being an article of local commerce. In the
+bush, far from villages, Dorowa trees are ownerless, but elsewhere they
+are generally private property.
+
+
+_Burkea Africana_, Hook. Farin makarfo.
+
+A tree of 30 to 40 feet, of irregular distribution in open savannah
+forests, fairly common between Yola and Bornu as well as in Southern
+Sokoto. It has light, silky foliage, flowers in pendulous, creamy
+spikes, and dark, almost black, bark. The hard wood is used for handles
+of axes and hoes.
+
+
+_Prosopis oblonga_, Benth. Kiriya.
+
+A common tree of the savannah region, extending beyond the Anglo-French
+boundary, but better developed in the Benué region, where fair timber
+specimens occur. The wood is hard, with red centre wood, and takes a
+beautiful polish. It is recognized by its acacia-like foliage, spikes of
+creamy flowers and stout brown pods, with seeds sometimes used like
+those of Dorowa.
+
+
+_Bauhinia reticulata_, DC. Kargo.
+
+A shrub or small tree, one of the commonest constituents of the bush
+savannahs; readily recognized by the cleft leaves, rusty bark and flat,
+twisted pods. The tough bark forms an emergency tie-tie, and its long
+vast fibres furnish strong cordage, which is its chief use in Northern
+Nigeria. The bark and leaves, containing tannin, have astringent uses.
+
+
+_Acacia Sieberiana_, DC. Fara kaya, or “White Thorn Acacia.”
+
+A very widely distributed species in the deciduous zone, not usually
+gregarious and occasionally flat-topped. It is easily recognized by its
+generally dark foliage and pale bark, the flowers not yellow, but in
+small, creamy-white balls, and by the long white thorns. It yields a
+soluble gum, which is perhaps not of the best quality.
+
+
+_Acacia Arabica_, Willd. Bagaruwa; Indian “Babool.”
+
+One of the commonest species, especially in the northern Hausa States
+and Bornu, and a source of gum arabic. The flowers are in bright yellow
+balls and the foliage is a good camel food. The jointed pods are “Sant”
+or “Gambia” pods, used all over the Soudan for tanning.
+
+
+_Acacia Senegalensis_, Willd. Dakwora.
+
+Usually only a shrub, not often over 10 feet, sometimes gregarious, and
+characteristic of the thin bush savannahs; it has grey bark, flowers in
+white spikes, and three sharp recurved stipular hooks at the base of
+each leaf.
+
+This species yields probably the best gum from Senegal to Somali, and
+the root-bark affords a very tough fibre.
+
+
+_Acacia albida_, Del., var. _saccharata_, Benth. Gawo.
+
+A fair-sized tree, confined to the open dry country in the North,
+extending into French territory, and an important camel food, but not a
+gum yielder. The flowers are in creamy-white spikes and the pods are
+yellow and twisted. It is peculiarly deciduous in the wet season, and
+bursts into foliage just at the cessation of the rains.
+
+
+_Acacia Seyal_, Del. Dussa; “Talh of the Soudan.”
+
+A rather small tree, not often over 20 feet, but gregarious and very
+abundant in North-east Hausaland and Bornu, less common, but local, in
+Sokoto, etc. It has a yellow or ochrey bark, white thorns and brilliant
+yellow balls of flowers, and the pods are narrow, sickle-curved and
+constricted between the seeds. The gum is of good quality, but not equal
+to that of _A. Senegal_.
+
+
+_Acacia campylacantha_, Hochst. “Farichin shafu” (= Falcon’s claw).
+
+A fairly tall tree with white flower-spikes and strongly curved spines
+suggesting the native name. It is sometimes gregarious in limited forest
+patches, and the gum is said to be good in colour, cleanliness, etc.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.—=A Baobab (Adansonia digitata).=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.—=Giginya or “Fan Palm” (Borassus flabellifer,
+var. Æthiopum), with Water-lilies (Nymphæaceæ).=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 208.
+
+
+_Albizzia Chevalieri_, G. et P. Katsari.
+
+A tree of 30 to 40 feet, common in the more open savannah formations,
+especially in the northern districts. It has whitish flower-balls, with
+long, pinkish stamens and thin, flat pods. The bark is sometimes used
+for tanning.
+
+
+_Entada Sudanica_, Schweinf. Tawatsa.
+
+A small tree of the savannah forests and open plains, easily
+distinguished by the peculiar jointed pods, each embossed seed section
+falling out and leaving the empty marginal frame. The flowers are in
+yellowish axillary spikes, generally two or three together.
+
+
+_Mimosa asperata_, Linn. Kaidaji.
+
+Forms dense thorny thickets fringing the open bush streams. The flowers
+are in pinkish balls, and the leaves possess the sensitive quality in a
+mild degree.
+
+
+_Lophira alata_, Banks (Ochnaceæ). Mijin kade.
+
+An “African Oak” and one of the most familiar trees of the savannah
+forests and open country. It is apparently very similar to _Lophira
+procera_, the “Red Ironwood” timber tree of the southern forests;
+frequently stunted by forest fires. The seeds yield an oil and the bark
+is medicinal. The flowers are in handsome white panicles, appearing
+about November or December, and the leaf and habit often give it an
+appearance resembling the Shea Butter Tree, but the leaf is beautiful
+and finely veined. An extraordinary fact is the widespread belief of
+pagan tribes in the efficiency of the leaf as a charm.
+
+
+_Eriodendron orientale_, Steud. (Malvaceæ). Rimi; “Silk-cotton Tree.”
+
+A giant in the evergreen forests, and still a comparative giant in the
+dry zone. In Northern Hausa towns the only very tall trees are Rimi; the
+wood is light and the stems are sometimes hollowed out for canoes: the
+floss of the seeds is Kapok, and has the usual local uses. Barth says
+its distribution eastwards stops at 11° East longitude, and that it is
+therefore absent from Bornu proper.
+
+Northwards it apparently scarcely extends beyond the Anglo-French
+boundary.
+
+
+_Bombax buonopozense_, Beauv. Gurjiya; “Red-flowered Silk-cotton Tree.”
+
+A member of the evergreen forests, but quite a common tree of the open
+country and savannah forests, sometimes more or less gregarious, and
+extending at least beyond the Anglo-French border. It reaches about 40
+feet or more in height, with crowded spines on the bark and tulip-like
+red flowers appearing during the deciduous period, generally after the
+middle of December and in January.
+
+
+_Adansonia digitata_, B. Juss. Kuka; “Baobab.”
+
+A characteristic tree of the dry savannah regions, often grouped in
+inhabited areas, with enormously stout stems, but in height limited to
+40 to 60 feet. Specimens of 30 to 40 feet girth are not quite uncommon,
+the swollen stem, with soft, spongy wood, being an adaptation to a dry
+climate, by storing water to meet excessive transpiration by the leaves.
+
+The bark is smooth and often has a shiny purplish tinge. Apart from
+fibre from both bark and wood, the dry fruit pulp and the seeds are
+prepared in various ways as food and drink. Large specimens are still
+found at Maradi, north of the Sokoto boundary, but chiefly stunted trees
+are met with at Zinder.
+
+
+_Sterculia tomentosa_, G. et P. (Sterculiaceæ). Kukuki.
+
+A member of the semi-evergreen forests and common also in the dry zone
+as a medium-sized tree with soft, palmate-shaped leaves and pods four or
+five together, splitting to expose the black seeds with yellow arils. A
+watery juice from the bark refreshes thirsty travellers and a kind of
+gum tragacanth exudes from the trunk.
+
+
+_Hannoa undulata_, Planch. (Simarubeæ). Namijin gwabsa or Takandar giwa.
+(One of two species called by the latter name, _vide_ _Cussonia_.)
+
+A common tree of no great size in the savannah forest. The leaves are
+pinnate, with five to seven leaflets on long stalks, the flowers, in
+creamy, fragrant panicles, appearing in October or November, and the
+fruit is a black plum with unpleasant taste.
+
+
+_Irvingia Smithii_, Hook. fil.
+
+A tree of evergreen and mixed deciduous forests which invades the
+ravines and fringing belts in the savannah region as far at least as
+Kontagora. In the Benué region it is a fairly large tree of 40 feet or
+more, often gregarious, as in a patch of moist forest opposite Katsina
+Allah, along with _Pterocarpus esculentus_. The scarlet fruits are known
+as Goron ruwa or Goron biri (i.e. Water or Monkey Kola), and are eaten
+by monkeys.
+
+
+_Balanites Ægyptiaca_, Del. Aduwa; “Desert Date.”
+
+Typical of the Soudan and of the northern drier provinces of Nigeria and
+extending into French territory; characterized by its bifoliate
+deciduous leaves, spiny habit in dry soil and evergreen bark. The yellow
+oval fruit has a thin layer of sugary, bitter-sweet pulp, and the kernel
+yields Betu oil.
+
+
+_Boswellia odorata_, Hutch., and _B. Dalzielii_, Hutch. (Burseraceæ).
+Hano or Ararabi.
+
+Two new species of “Frankincense Tree,” yielding a fragrant gum resin.
+They reach 30 feet or so in height, have white bark which peels off in
+thin sheets, racemes of white flowers and pinnate leaves with serrate
+leaflets.
+
+
+_Commiphora Kerstingii_, Engl. Dali or Bazana.
+
+A small tree, commonly used as a fence support around native compounds.
+The bark is smooth and green, and the soft wood can be hollowed out for
+quivers.
+
+
+_Balsamodendron Africanum_, A. Rich. Dashi.
+
+A shrub commoner in the northern regions, extending beyond the Anglo-
+French boundary. In arid regions it forms a good hedge, with some
+resemblance to the blackthorn. The leaves and bark are fragrant, and it
+yields a gum resin which is a variety of African myrrh.
+
+
+_Khaya Senegalensis_, A. Juss. (Meliaceæ). Madachi; “West African
+Mahogany” of the dry zone.
+
+A large tree for the dry savannah region, but one of the smaller of the
+mahoganies. In the North, where dry conditions prevail, it tends to
+favour the banks of streams or the edges of marshy meadows, and is never
+buttressed, but often acquires a good spreading crown. Good timber
+specimens have been found on the Gurara River, but apart from this, and
+perhaps some other favoured localities, it does not as a rule exceed
+about 4 feet to 4½ feet in girth. It occurs from Gambia to Nigeria and
+Kamerun, and is again found as a West African element in the flora of
+Uganda and Mozambique. Northwards it reaches North Sokoto, but
+apparently does not extend to Zinder. The bark is a reputed bitter tonic
+in native medicine.
+
+
+_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_, Harms. Toman or Tonas; “Dry-zone Cedar.”
+
+In Northern Nigeria this is rarely more than a small to medium-sized
+tree of 20 to 30 feet, and not usually of good straight growth, probably
+from the effect of annual fires, but yielding a fine wood. The leaflets
+are undulate-margined, the flowers are in graceful panicles, appearing
+about February and March, and the dry, erect capsules, full of winged
+seeds, split from above downwards in five valves. Occasionally little
+copses of the species occur, as it seeds freely and numerous seedlings
+arise—most of them, however, doomed to perish in the next bush-fire. In
+protected localities it might be fostered into a useful timber tree.
+Natives find various medicinal uses for the bark.
+
+
+_Trichilia emetica_, Vahl. Jan sayi.
+
+A fairly common tree across Central Hausaland, not often much over 20
+feet in height. It has medicinal properties; the white flowers are
+fragrant and used to rub the teeth, and the seeds yield a less important
+oil.
+
+
+_Trichilia retusa_, Oliv.
+
+A large timber tree with tall, straight stems, found in the Benué
+region. The flowers are white, appearing about January, in axillary
+racemes or below the leaves; the leaflets are generally five or three,
+with wide, shallow indentation at the tip.
+
+
+_Odina Barteri_ (Anacardiaceæ). Faru.
+
+A fair-sized deciduous tree of the savannah forests, with pinnate
+pubescent leaves and inconspicuous flowers in pendulous, clustered
+racemes. It yields a sort of resin, and the small fruits, tipped with
+four sharp points, are eaten by birds.
+
+
+_? Spondias sp._ Danya.
+
+A very common tree of the drier savannah forests, very abundant in the
+North; it has light foliage of pinnate leaves with small leaflets and a
+yellow, very pleasantly flavoured fruit, with a tough rind like that of
+the mango. The fruits litter the ground in the months of May and June.
+The wood is very hard and used for making a heavy kind of basin known as
+_akushi_.
+
+
+_Anogeissus leiocarpus_, G. et P. (Combretaceæ). Marike.
+
+This is one of the “Chew-sticks” of Yoruba, and while occurring in
+fringing forests and evergreen patches, it is very common in the open
+savannah regions, but probably does not extend beyond the northern
+boundary. It may be 50 feet in height, and possesses light, graceful
+foliage, pale bark and small yellowish flowers in globose heads, forming
+tiny dry two-winged fruits. It affords an inferior gum and is much used
+medicinally.
+
+
+_Terminalia sp._, near _T. macroptera_, G. et P. Baushe.
+
+A fairly large tree, 40 feet or more in height, with the oval winged and
+embossed fruits of the genus, along with its congeners, e.g. _T.
+Elliotii_, Engl. and Diels, _T. Baumanii_, Engl. and Diels, etc., very
+abundant and typical of the savannahs of Northern Nigeria. Bows and
+sticks are made from the roots.
+
+
+_Terminalia macroptera_, G. et P. Kandari.
+
+A smaller tree with much broader leaves, typical of open park-like
+formations.
+
+
+_Combretum spp._
+
+Several arborescent species of _Combretum_ are truly characteristic of
+the open and bush savannahs, and are well represented even in the
+northern parts, where, however, in some districts, they are replaced by
+Acacias. They are practically all gum-bearing; the flowers are small and
+yellowish in axillary spikes, but the genus is generally easily
+recognized by the fruits having four papery wings and the usually
+whorled arrangement of the leaves. The Northern Nigerian species have
+not all been fully determined, and the native names are at present
+somewhat confused and may include more than one species. Most of them in
+this region are shrubs or small trees, occasionally reaching 30 feet or
+so, with smooth or hoary foliage. The Taramniya is generally _C.
+leonense_, Engl. and Diels; the Chiriri of Sogoto includes probably _C.
+Hartmannianum_, Schweinf., and other species; the Dalo is _C.
+glutinosum_, Perr., or near it.
+
+
+_Parinarium curatellæfolium_, Planch (Rosaceæ). Rura.
+
+A small tree, very common in the bush and forest savannah, usually only
+about 10 to 15 feet high, with pale leaves and a dry, pear-like fruit.
+Of its congeners, _P. macrophyllum_, Sabine, the Gawasa or Gingerbread
+Plum, is its representative in most northerly provinces, and _P.
+polyandrum_, Benth., with grape-like bunches of purple not edible fruit,
+is common in the southern parts of the deciduous region.
+
+
+_Eugenia Owariensis_, Beauv. (Myrtaceæ). Malmo.
+
+A small tree, generally about 20 to 30 feet in height and always found
+in moist places, by streams, etc. It has shining, odorous foliage,
+white, fragrant flower-clusters, and a small black-purple, succulent
+fruit.
+
+
+_Cussonia Nigerica_, Hutch. (Araliaceæ). Gwabsa or Takandar giwa.
+
+A new species, occurring in the open and bush savannahs as a small tree
+from 10 to 15 feet in height, with peculiar bare, raking branches,
+producing at their ends clusters of digitate leaves or of long catkin-
+like spikes of inconspicuous flowers. Incisions in the rough, fissured
+bark yield a clear gum. (For the native name compare _Hannoa undulata_.)
+
+
+_Cratæva Adansonii_, G. et P. (Capparideæ). Ingidido.
+
+A small tree, occasionally 20 feet high, fairly abundant in the North,
+of local distribution and common in towns. The leaves are trifoliate and
+can be used as a vegetable; the flowers are white and the fruit yellow,
+spherical, and about the size of a small orange.
+
+
+_Zizyphus spina-Christi_, Willd. (Rhamnaceæ). Kurna.
+
+A small tree characteristic of the dry open regions and commonly planted
+in northern towns. It is generally about 10 to 20 feet high, spiny, with
+leaves three-nerved, and a rather dry, edible berry of pleasant taste.
+
+_Z. jujuba_, Lam., is the Magariya, and is similar, but in these regions
+generally has less of a stem and is more shrubby and thorny, and is not,
+as a rule, planted, though the fruit is even pleasanter.
+
+
+_Sarcocephalus Russegeri_ (Rubiaceæ). Tafashia.
+
+A shrub, or occasionally a small tree, common in moist meadows, but
+found also in the open dry bush. The flowers are in rather large creamy
+balls, and the coarse red, succulent fruit is the analogue of the Sierra
+Leone peach, _S. esculentus_, Afzel, which grows to a large tree in the
+evergreen forests.
+
+
+_Mitragyne Africana_, Korth. Giyaiya.
+
+This is a characteristic tree of swampy areas in the deciduous regions,
+found by streams and marshes or forming island-clumps with a few lesser
+shrubs and weeds in the grassy meadows, which dry up in the rainless
+months. It is generally from 20 to 30 feet in height and has close,
+spherical heads of whitish flowers and smooth, but not shining, leaves
+with regular venation.
+
+
+_Crossopteryx Kotschyana_, Fenzl. Kasfiya.
+
+A small tree of 15 to 20 feet, with foliage resembling that of Giyaiya,
+bunches of whitish flowers, and abundant small black, pill-like fruits,
+which remain attached long after they are ripe.
+
+
+_Adina microcephala_, Hiern. Kadanyar rafi.
+
+A fairly tall tree of 30 to 40 feet, found in stream-banks in the
+savannah region. It has whitish balls of flowers and tapering smooth
+leaves.
+
+
+_Morelia Senegalensis_, A. Rich. Innuwar bauna.
+
+An evergreen shrub 10 to 20 feet high, common on stream-banks, and found
+both in the semi-evergreen forests and in the fringing belts of the
+deciduous region. The flowers are white and somewhat fragrant, and the
+fruit is spherical, tipped by the tubular remains of the calyx.
+
+
+_Butyrospermum Parkii_, Kotschii. (Sapotaceæ). Kadanya; “Shea Butter
+Tree.”
+
+A typical tree of the savannah hinterlands, and one which gives the
+park-like character to many parts of Northern Nigeria, it barely extends
+to the northern boundary, and is rarer on the Bornu side. It is
+generally 25 to 30 feet high or more, with a dense crown and a curiously
+corrugated bark. Flowers, in white, head-like clusters generally appear
+about December. The brown, chestnut-like kernels are ripe about July.
+The milky juice and the coarser venation of the leaves readily
+distinguish this tree from _Lophira alata_.
+
+
+_Diospyros mespiliformis_, Hochst. (Ebenaceæ). Kanya or Kaiwa; “African
+Ebony.”
+
+A fairly large tree, up to about 40 feet in height, in the savannah
+forests and open country, extending north to beyond the Anglo-French
+boundary, larger in the mixed deciduous forests farther south and in
+fringing evergreen belts. The foliage is dark and the bark blackish; the
+inconspicuous whitish flowers, of separate sexes on different trees, are
+attractive to bees. The wood is white, with a black heartwood, and the
+spherical yellow fruits (“Monkey Guava”) have a crisp rind and sweet
+edible pulp, with four or five seeds.
+
+
+_Strychnos spinosa_, Lam. (Loganiaceæ). Kokiya.
+
+A small thorny tree with opposite three- to five-nerved leaves,
+conspicuous by its round yellow fruit, which is orange-like, but has a
+hard rind and flat seeds embedded in a pleasant acid edible pulp.
+
+
+_Cordia Abyssinica_, R. Br. (Boragineæ). Aliliba.
+
+A shrub or small tree with broad leaves and white flowers, valued for
+the sweet yellow berries, which are used in making sweetmeats.
+
+
+_Kigelia Æthiopica_, Decne.; var. _Bornuensis_, Sprague (Bignoniaceæ).
+Rahaina or Rawuya.
+
+A species of “Sausage Tree,” of irregular distribution in Northern
+Nigeria, known in Sokoto, etc., but commoner in the Benué region and in
+Bornu (possibly more than one species occurring). It grows to a fairly
+large size, with dense foliage and pendulous racemes of lurid purple and
+spotted flowers and large, yam-like fruits.
+
+
+_Stereospermum Kunthianum_, Cham. Jiri or Sansami.
+
+A small tree of the savannah forests, with smooth pale bark, beautiful
+pink caducous blossoms and long slender pods.
+
+
+_Vitex Cienkowskii_, Kotschii et Peyr. (Verbenaceæ). Dinya.
+
+A fairly large tree, chiefly of open forest country and extending at
+least as far as the Anglo-French border. The bark is somewhat smooth,
+the crown of digitate leaves fairly dense, and the black, damson-like
+fruits are used in making molasses and sweetmeats. The natives value the
+wood as strong and suitable for local use.
+
+
+_Uapaca Guineensis_, Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ). Ka Jafogo.
+
+In the open country a rather small tree, with the habit of a Ficus, but
+becoming a large tree, sometimes prop-rooted, in the Benué region and in
+some ravines.
+
+
+_Chlorophora excelsa_, Benth. and Hook. (Moraceæ). The “Iroko” or
+“Odum.”
+
+Some of the splendid Nupé canoes are made of this, but the tree really
+belongs to the southern forests, though it occurs in the Benué region
+and perhaps in some northward extensions in river valleys.
+
+
+_Celtis integrifolia_, Lam. Zuwo or Dukki.
+
+This is a fairly large tree of the savannah forest region, found as far
+north at least as Sokoto. The leaves are edible and are used as fodder.
+
+
+_Ficus_ or _Urostigma spp._
+
+This genus has not yet been fully elaborated, and the native names
+cannot in all cases be definitely applied to distinct botanical species.
+The following appear tp be fairly established: Chediya, _Ficus
+Thonningii_, Bl., one of the commonest shade trees, planted in towns and
+abundant far North in French territory; Durumi, _F. syringifolia_,
+Warb., perhaps equally common, with shining heart-shaped and pointed
+leaves; Baure, _F. gnaphalocarpa_, A. Rich. (the rough-leaved species
+with soft figs which are sometimes considered edible); Uwar yara, _F.
+Capensis_, Thunb. (_sensu lato_), recognized by the wavy or indented-
+margined leaves, and especially by the figs being borne in dense
+clusters on the trunk; Gamji, _F. platyphylla_, Del. (the source of “Red
+Kano Rubber” and the host of one of the wild silkworms, _Anaphe sp._).
+Kawuri probably includes _F. kawuri_, Hutch., and _F. glumosa_, Del. Wa
+is a species with broadly cordate leaves, strongly veined, and Shirinya
+is a narrow-leaved species. _F. Vogelii_, Mig., is a glossy-leaved
+rubber-tree, more abundant in ravines and in the moister forests farther
+South.
+
+The Gamji and Shirinya, and perhaps some of the others, almost
+invariably begin life as epiphytes.
+
+Most of the species have abundant aerial rootlets, and the latex of _F.
+Vogelii_, of Gamji, and perhaps of Kawuri and Shirinya, yields rubber of
+varying quality.
+
+
+_Raphia vinifera_, P. Beauv. (Palmeæ). Tukuruwa; “Bamboo Palm,” “Wine
+Palm.”
+
+This well-known palm is found in ravines in the savannah region as far
+as Zaria province, but is a proper member of swampy patches and moist
+forests of the South. Roofing poles and palm-wine are its products most
+used in the North.
+
+
+_Borassus flabellifer_, var. _Æthiopum_, Warb. Giginya; “Deleb,”
+“Palmyra” or “Fan Palm.”
+
+The most characteristic palm of Hausaland, with tall, straight and often
+beaded stems. The germinating shoots from the planted nuts are a
+vegetable called _muruchi_, and the wood and leaves have the familiar
+uses in house-building, mat and basket weaving, etc.
+
+
+_Hyphæne Thebaica_, Mart. Goriba; “Dum” or “Gingerbread Palm.”
+
+The typical palm of the more northerly Hausa provinces, characterized by
+its forked stems and obliquely fan-shaped leaves. The kernel and the
+rind of the nut are used in certain food preparations, and the fronds
+have the usual applications for plaited utensils, etc.
+
+
+_Phœnix dactylifera_, Linn. Dabino; “Date Palm.”
+
+Introduced by Arabs and confined (with a few exceptions, e.g. at Yola
+Mosque) to the Northern towns.
+
+In Kano it may be possible to see the three palms, Deleb, Dum and Date,
+together, but the last is in no sense a tree of Hausaland.
+
+                                                        J. M. DALZIEL.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.—=Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 6½ years old, showing
+bent leader, owing to previous one being eaten out by the leading-shoot
+borer.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.—=1909 Mahogany (Khaya grandis and K. Punchii).
+Plantation after six years’ growth, near road to Chief Conservator’s
+House, Olokemeji Arboretum.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.—=The largest Mahogany (Khaya Punchii), seven
+years old, Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest Reserve.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 216.
+
+
+                               APPENDIX I
+
+       NIGERIAN TREES.—A LIST OF TREES FOR THE NORTHERN PROVINCES
+
+
+   (Hausa names obtained from _Hausa Botanical Vocabulary_, by J. M.
+                               Dalziel.)
+
+    _Botanical Name._        _English Name._           _Hausa._
+
+  GRAMINEÆ.
+
+    Oxytenanthera              —                  Gora.
+    Abyssinica
+
+  PALMÆ.
+
+    Raphia vinifera        Bamboo Palm, Tukuruwa  Gongola or Gwongola
+                           Palm or Wine Palm      gwangwala (Nupe),
+                                                  Tukuruwa; also Murli,
+                                                  Gangame.
+
+    Hyphæne Thebaica       Dum Palm or            Goriba, Kaba or Kodago
+                           Gingerbread Palm       and Kwalo (nut).
+
+    Elæis Guineensis       Oil Palm               Kwakwa.
+
+    Cocos nucifera         Coconut Palm           Kwakwar, Attagura.
+
+    Borassus flabellifer,  Deleb Palm, Fan or     Giginya.
+    var. Æthiopum          Palmyra Palm
+
+  SALICACEÆ.
+
+    Salix                  Willow                 Ba ruwana, syn. Rimni
+                                                  (Sok.).
+
+  ULMACEÆ.
+
+    Celtis integrifolia    Nettle Tree            Dukki or Dunki, syn.
+                                                  Zuwo (Kano, Zaria,
+                                                  etc.); also Dinkin.
+
+  MORACEÆ.
+
+    Artocarpus incisa      Breadfruit             Barabutu (corruption
+                                                  of Breadfruit).
+
+    Ficus gnaphalocarpa        —                  Baure, Bauren fadama,
+                                                  Bauren rafi.
+
+    Ficus sp.                  —                  Bijaje.
+
+    Ficus populifolia          —                  Bishiyapl bishiyoyi,
+                                                  generic.
+
+    Ficus Thonningii           —                  Chediya, Gazari or
+                                                  Gizeri (Hadeija).
+
+    Ficus sp.                  —                  Danko maiwari.
+
+    Ficus sp.              Large Fig              Dulu.
+
+    Ficus syringifolia     Small Fig              Durumi.
+
+    Ficus platyphylla      Guttapercha Tree       Gamji or Ganji (Kano).
+
+    Ficus Capensis             —                  Garicha (Zanfara),
+                                                  Haguguwa (Kano and
+                                                  Bauchi), Uwar yara
+                                                  (Kano and Katagum).
+
+    Ficus Kawuri and Ficus     —                  Kawuri.
+    glumosa
+
+    Chlorophora excelsa        —                  Loko.
+
+    Ficus sp.                  —                  Non gwanki.
+
+    Ficus sp.              Narrow-leaved Fig Tree Shisinya, syn. Shiriya
+                                                  (Sok.).
+
+    Ficus Vogelii              —                  Taba ni ka samu, cf.
+                                                  Kurnan nasara and
+                                                  Zogalagandi.
+
+    Ficus sp.                  —                  Wa or Ya (Sok.).
+
+    Ficus sp.                  —                  Wan kurumi.
+
+    Ficus Capensis             —                  Uwar yara (Kano,
+                                                  Katagum), syn.
+                                                  Haguguwa (Kano,
+                                                  Bauchi).
+
+  ANONACEÆ.
+
+    Anona Senegalensis     Custard Apple          Gwandar daji.
+
+    Xylopia Æthiopica      African, Guinea or     Kimba.
+                           Negro Pepper
+
+  CAPPARIDACEÆ.
+
+    Mærua Angolensis           —                  Chichiwa (Sok.).
+
+    Cratæva Adansonii          —                  Ingidido.
+
+  MORINGACEÆ.
+
+    Moringa pterygosperma  Horse-radish Tree      Samarin danga or
+                                                  Zogalagundi, syn.
+                                                  Bagarumar makka
+                                                  (Sok.), Barambo
+                                                  (Gobir); also Taba ni
+                                                  ka saniu (cf. Kurnan
+                                                  nasara).
+
+  ROSACEÆ.
+
+    Parinarium             Gingerbread Plum       Gawasa.
+    macrophyllum
+
+    Parinarium polyandrum      —                  Kaikai.
+
+    Parinarium                 —                  Rura; also Gwanja kusa
+    curatellæfolium                               and Kaikai.
+
+  LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+    Sesbania leptocarpa        —                  Alambo.
+
+    Sesbania aculeata          —                      —
+
+    Sesbania Ægyptiaca         —                  Sasabani and Zamarke.
+
+    Lonchocarpus           Yoruba Wild Indigo     Bahar tahki.
+    cyanescens
+
+    Acacia Arabica         Egyptian Mimosa        Bagaruwa, Gabaruwa.
+
+    Afrormosia sp.             —                  Ba-jini, syn. Jina-
+                                                  jina (Sok. and Zanf.).
+
+    Acacia Sieberiana          —                  Bauji (E. Hausa), syn.
+                                                  Fara kaya.
+
+    Swartsia               Cassia Tribe           Bogo zage (Zanfare),
+    Madagascariensis                              Bayama (Kontagora),
+                                                  syn. Gwazkiya, Gamma
+                                                  fada.
+
+    Cassia Occidentalis        —                  Ba-Zanfare (Katagum),
+                                                  syn. Rai dore, Sanga-
+                                                  sanga (Sok. and West).
+
+    Tetrapleura Thonningii     —                  Dawo (Hausa?), Ai-da
+                                                  (Yoruba), cf. Kalangon
+                                                  daji and Sandan mayu.
+
+    Isoberlinia doka           —                  Doka.
+
+    Isoberlinia Dalzielii      —                  Fara doka.
+
+    Parkia filicoidea      African Locust Bean    Dorowa, Dorawa.
+                           Tree
+
+    Acacia Seyal           “Tall” Gum Acacia      Dushe (Kano), Dussa
+                                                  (E. Hausa), syn.
+                                                  Jimshi (Sok.), and (?)
+                                                  Ishishiya (Zanfara).
+
+    Acacia Sieberiana      Acacia                 Fara kaya, syn. Bauji
+                                                  (E. Hausa).
+
+    Acacia campylacantha   Acacia Catechu         Farachin shafo or
+                                                  Kumbarshafo. Karkara
+                                                  (Kano), Karki (Sok.,
+                                                  Kats., and Zanf.),
+                                                  Kayar rakumi; also
+                                                  Karo (Kano, Sok., and
+                                                  Kats.).
+
+    Acacia macrostachys        —                  Gardayi.
+
+    Acacia albida              —                  Gawo.
+
+    Lonchocarpus               —                  Farin sansami, syn.
+    laxiflorus                                    Shunin Biri Zanfara
+                                                  halshen sa.
+
+    Afzelia Africana       African Mahogany or    Fasa-daga, Kawo.
+                           Mahogany Bean
+
+    Cassia Kotschyana          —                  Gamma fada hada fuda
+                                                  (Sok.).
+
+    Pterocarpus esculentus     —                  Gedar, Kurumi.
+
+    Erythrophlœum          Sasswood or Ordeal     Gwaska or Itchen
+    Guineense              Tree                   gwaska.
+
+    Bauhinia rufescens         —                  Jirga (Sok. and
+                                                  Kats.), syn. Tsatsagi
+                                                  (Sok. Zaria, Kano,
+                                                  etc.).
+
+    Paradaniellia Oliveri  West African or Ilorin Kadaura (Kano, Zaria,
+                           Copaiba Balsam Tree    etc.).
+
+    Mimosa asperata            —                  Kaidaji, Kardaji
+                                                  (Sok.).
+
+    Tetrapleura                —                  Kalangen daji.
+
+    Ambygonocarpus             —                  Kashi Kashi (Kontagora
+    Schweinfurthii                                Kols).
+
+    Albizzia Chevalieri        —                  Katsari.
+
+    Prosopis oblonga           —                  Kiriya, Akiye or
+                                                  Akwiye (seeds),
+                                                  Kokara.
+
+    Burkea Africana        Break-axe Tree         Kurdi, Bakin makarfo,
+                                                  Kariye gatari.
+
+    Acacia Caffra?         Thorny Acacia          Kwandariya.
+
+    Pterocarpus erinaceus  Africa Rosewood or     Madobia.
+                           “Bloodwood”
+
+    Paradaniellia Oliveri  Balsam Tree            Maje (Sok.).
+
+    Syn. Daniellia         West African Copaiba   Syn. Kadaura (Kano,
+    Thurifera              Balsam Tree            Zaria, etc.).
+
+    Baphia pubescens       Camwood                Majigi.
+
+    Erythrina Senegalensis Coral Tree             Majiriya (Sok. and
+                                                  Kats.), Minjiriya
+                                                  (Kano).
+
+    Afrormosia laxiflora   Break-axe Tree         Makarfo, also called
+                                                  Kariye gatari.
+
+    Indigofera                 —                  Dan marike.
+    secundiflora
+
+    Cassia goratensis          —                  Runhu or Rumfu.
+
+    Parkinsonia aculeata   Jerusalem Thorn        Dan sarikin itatuwa
+                                                  (Sok. and Kats.),
+                                                  Sasabani (Hadeija,
+                                                  etc.), Sharan lobbi
+                                                  (Sokoto), cf. Alambo.
+
+    Lonchocarpus               —                  Shunim biri, syn.
+    laxiflorus                                    Farin sansami (Sok.
+                                                  and Kats.), Halshen sa
+                                                  Zanfar.
+
+    Lonchocarpus           West African Indigo or Talaki or Talakin
+    cyanescens             Yoruba Wild Indigo     Yarubawa.
+
+    Detarium Senegalense       —                  Taura.
+
+    Entada Sudanica            —                  Tawatsa or Tawassa.
+
+    Tamarindus Indica      Tamarind Tree          Tsamiya.
+
+  RUTACEÆ.
+
+    Zanthoxylum                —                  Fasa-kwari.
+    Senegalense
+
+    Limonia                    —                  Kokuwa (Sok. and
+                                                  West).
+
+  SIMARUBACEÆ.
+
+    Irvingia Smithii           —                  Goron biri or Goron
+                                                  ruwa.
+
+    Hannoa undulata            —                  Takandar giwa (Kats.,
+                                                  Sok. and Zanf.), syn.
+                                                  Namijin gwabsa
+                                                  (Kontagora, etc.);
+                                                  also Raken giwa.
+
+  BURSERACEÆ.
+
+    Canarium               “African Elemi Tree”   Atillis.
+    Schweinfurthii
+
+    Boswellia odorata      Frankincense Tree      Basamu (Sok. and
+                                                  Zanf.).
+
+    Boswellia Dalzielii    Frankincense Tree      Syn. Hano (Sok. and
+                                                  Kats.), and Ararabi
+                                                  (Kats.).
+
+    Commiphora Kerstingii      —                  Dali and Dalu (Kano
+                                                  and Katsina), syn.
+                                                  Bazano (Kano and
+                                                  Zaria), Gurzundali
+                                                  (Katagum), Hana gobard
+                                                  (Zanfara), Ka Ki ganin
+                                                  bula (Zanfara); also
+                                                  Bar nagada.
+
+    Balsamodendron myrrha  Myrrh                  Jawul.
+
+  MELIACEÆ
+
+    Melia Azedarach        Pride of India,        Itchen kurdi, syn.
+                           Persian or African     Kurnan nasara, E.
+                           Lilac, or Bead Head    Hausa Kontagora.
+
+    Trichilia emetica          —                  Jan saye (Sok., Zanf.,
+                                                  Kontaga).
+
+    Khaya Senegalensis     Species of African     Madachi or Madwachi
+                           Mahogany               (Sok.).
+
+    Pseudocedrela Kotschyi     —                  Tuna (often pronounced
+                                                  Tunam or Tunas).
+
+  EUPHORBIACEÆ
+
+    Hymenocardia acida         —                  Jan yaro or Jan
+                                                  itache.
+
+    Uapaca Guineensis          —                  Ka fafogo.
+
+    Euphorbia Barteri          —                  Kerana.
+
+    Euphorbia Abyssinica       —                      —
+
+    Phyllanthus                —                  Majiriyar kurumi
+    floribundus                                   (Kano); also called
+                                                  Kumchi (Sok. and
+                                                  Zanf.).
+
+  ANACARDIACEÆ.
+
+    Spondias sp.           Yellow Plum            Danya (fruit called
+                                                  Nunu), C. Tsadar
+                                                  Masar.
+
+    Odina Barterii             —                  Faru, syn. Tudi
+                                                  (Zanfara), Farum biri
+                                                  (Sok.).
+
+    Anacardium Occidentale Cashew                 Kanju.
+
+    Mangifera Indica       Mango                  Mangoro.
+
+    Spondias lutea         Hog Plum, Yellow       Tsadar Lamarudu or
+                           Spanish or Jamaica     Tsadar Masar.
+                           Plum
+
+    Hæmatostaphis Barteri  Blood Plum             Tursuje.
+
+  SAPINDACEÆ.
+
+    Blighia sapida         Akee Apple             Alale, usually called
+                                                  Gwanje kusa.
+
+  RHAMNACEÆ.
+
+    Zizyphus Spina-Christi     —                  Kwina, cf. Magariya.
+
+    Zizyphus jujuba        Jujube Tree            Magariya.
+
+    Zizyphus mucronata     Buffalo Horn           Magariyar kura.
+
+  VITACEÆ.
+
+    Vitis quadrangularis       —                  Dodoriya or Dadori.
+
+  BOMBACACEÆ.
+
+    Bombax buonopozense        —                  Gurjiya, syn. Kuriya
+                                                  (Sok. and Zanf.).
+
+    Bombax buonopozense    Red-flowered Silk-     Kuriya (Sok. and
+                           cotton Tree            Zanf.), syn. Guriya.
+
+    Adansonia digitata     Baobab, Monkey-bread   Kuka.
+                           Tree, or Sour Gourd.
+
+    Eriodendron Orientale  White Silk-cotton Tree Rimi (Kano) or Rini
+                                                  (Sok.).
+
+  STERCULIACEÆ.
+
+    Cola acuminata         Kola Nut               Goro or Labuje goriya
+                                                  (largest nuts).
+
+    Sterculia tomentosa        —                  Kukudi.
+
+  FLACOURTIACEÆ.
+
+    Oncoba spinosa             —                  Kokochiko.
+
+  COMBRETACEÆ.
+
+    Terminalia sp.             —                  Baushe.
+
+    Nr. Terminalia             —                  Kandari.
+    macroptera
+
+    Terminalia Elliotti        —                      —
+
+    Terminalia Baumanii        —                      —
+
+    Terminalia                 —                      —
+    Avicennioides
+
+    Combretum Kerstingii       —                  Chiriri (Sok. and
+                                                  Zanf.), syn. Dagera
+                                                  and probably also
+                                                  Zindi.
+
+    Combretum glutinosum       —                  Dalo.
+
+    Combretum sp.,             —                  Geza.
+    probably Combretum
+    altum
+
+    Combretum sp. (?)          —                  Goga jiki.
+    Combretum leonense
+
+    Anogeissus leiocarpus  Chew-stick Tree        Marike.
+
+    Combretum                  —                  Taramniya.
+    verticillatum
+
+    Combretum                  —                      —
+    geitonophyllum and
+    others
+
+    Combretum leonense         —                  Wuyan damo.
+
+    Combretum sp. near         —                  Zindi (Katagum,
+                                                  Kanuri).
+
+    Combretum                  —                  Chiriri.
+    Hartmannianum,
+    probably same as C.
+    Kerstingii
+
+  MYRTACEÆ.
+
+    Eugenia caryophyllata  Clove                  Kanumfari.
+
+    Eugenia Owariensis         —                  Malmo.
+
+  ARALIACEÆ.
+
+    Cussonia Nigerica          —                  Gwabsa (Sok., Kats.
+                                                  and Zanf.), Raken
+                                                  giwa.
+
+  SAPOTACEÆ.
+
+    Butyrospermum Parkii   Shea Butter Tree       Kadanya or Kadai.
+
+  EBENACEÆ.
+
+    Diospyros                  —                  Kaiwa (Sok.) or Kanya
+    mespiliformis                                 (Kano).
+
+  LOGANIACEÆ.
+
+    Anthocleista nobilis   Cabbage Tree           Kwari.
+    (G. Don)
+
+    Anthocleista Vogelii       —                  Kwari.
+    (Planch)
+
+    Anthocleista               —                  Kwari.
+    parviflora (Baker)
+
+  APOCYNACEÆ.
+
+    Voacanga obtusa            —                  Kokiyar biri
+                                                  (Kontagora)
+
+    Rauwolfia Welwitschii      —                  Wadda.
+
+  BORRAGINACEÆ.
+
+    Cordia Abyssinica          —                  Aliliba
+
+  VERBENACEÆ.
+
+    Vitex Cienkowskii          —                  Dinya (Kano), Dumya
+                                                  (Sok.)
+
+    Vitex diversifolia         —                      —
+
+  SOLANACEÆ.
+
+    Solanum sp.                —                  Jaudari (E. Hausa),
+                                                  syn. Gorgo.
+
+  BIGNONIACEÆ.
+
+    Newbouldia lævis           —                  Aduruku, syn. Ba reshe
+                                                  (?).
+
+    Stereospermum              —                  Jiri or Sansami or
+    Kunthianum                                    Sasami, syn. Jiri dan
+                                                  sarikin itatuwa (Sok.
+                                                  and Kats.).
+
+    Kigelia Æthiopica,     Sausage Tree           Rahaina, syn. Rawuya
+    var. Bornuensis                               (Sok.) and Nonon giwa.
+
+  RUBIACEÆ.
+
+    Randia malleifera      Gardenia sp.           Katambiri.
+
+    Randia Nilotica            —                  Barbaji, syn. Tsibra
+                                                  or Tsura (Sok.).
+
+    Mitragyne Africana         —                  Giyeya or Giyaiya.
+
+    Crossopteryx               —                  Kasfiya (Sok., Kats.
+    Kotschyana                                    and Zanf.).
+
+    Sarcocephalus          A common Chew-stick    Tafashia.
+    Russegeri
+
+    Adina microcephala         —                  Kadanyar rafi or
+                                                  Kadanyar kurumi.
+
+  COMPOSITÆ.
+
+    Vernonia amygdalina        —                  Fate fate.
+
+    Vernonia sp.               —                  Shiwaka.
+
+
+                              APPENDIX II
+
+                         NIGERIA—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+  ----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------
+                  |      1909.      |      1910.      |      1911.
+     Products.    +-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+                  |Quant. |    £    |Quant. |    £    |Quant. |    £
+  ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+  Palm kernels    |158,849|1,815,967|172,998|2,450,814|176,389|2,574,405
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Palm kernel     |  853  |    1,512| 1,168 |    2,070|  943  |      973
+  shells          | tons  |         | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Palm kernel oil |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Palm oil        | 6,335 |1,447,163|76,850 |1,742,234|79,336 |1,696,876
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Kernel cake     |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Rubber          |  619  |  109,076| 1,175 |  311,691|  961  |  179,355
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Gum arabic      |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |  373  |    6,559
+                  |       |         |       |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Gum copal       |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |10 tons|      362
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Gutta-percha    |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |  104  |    8,787
+                  |       |         |       |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Shea butter     |  309  |    5,230|  340  |    6,804|  248  |    4,978
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Shea nuts       | 9,728 |   78,029| 4,464 |   43,510| 3,629 |   35,518
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Kola nuts       |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |79 tons|    2,377
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Coconuts        | 2,240 |   71,916|   —   |    —    |20,500 |       82
+                  | tons  |         |       |         | nuts  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Kapok           |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |2 tons |      152
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Copra           |21 tons|      259|   —   |    —    |96 tons|    1,672
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Timber, mahogany|   —   |   46,372|   —   |   60,191|13,675 |   55,575
+                  |       |         |       |         | logs  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  „ ebony         |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |74 tons|      266
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  „ other than    |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |3 tons |        1
+  furniture       |       |         |       |         |       |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Camwood         |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |   —   |        1
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Mangrove bark   |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |  504  |      671
+                  |       |         |       |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Rafters         |   —   |    —    |   —   |    —    |  280  |       28
+                  |       |         |       |         | pkgs. |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+  Beeswax         |   —   |    —    |  256  |    —    |11 tons|      566
+                  |       |         | tons  |         |       |
+  ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+    TOTALS        |178,955|3,574,524|257,252|4,617,314|262,767|4,569,211
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+                  |       |         |       |         |20,500 |
+                  |       |         |       |         | nuts  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+                  |       |         |       |         |13,675 |
+                  |       |         |       |         | logs  |
+                  |       |         |       |         |       |
+                  |       |         |       |         |  280  |
+                  |       |         |       |         | pkgs. |
+  ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  ----------------+-----------------+-----------------
+                  |      1912.      |      1913.
+     Products.    +-------+---------+-------+---------
+                  |Quant. |    £    |Quant. |    £
+  ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+  Palm kernels    |184,624|2,797,411|174,720|3,109,820
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Palm kernel     | 1,472 |    3,140|  649  |    1,313
+  shells          | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Palm kernel oil |  499  |   16,341| 3,857 |  129,443
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Palm oil        |76,994 |1,654,933|83,085 |1,854,384
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Kernel cake     |   —   |    —    |   —   |   31,484
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Rubber          |  705  |   25,022|  510  |   89,995
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Gum arabic      |  307  |    1,785|  710  |    3,133
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Gum copal       |72 tons|    1,686|19 tons|      322
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Gutta-percha    |  106  |    5,419|74 tons|    4,424
+                  | tons  |         |       |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Shea butter     |  179  |    4,798|  120  |    4,044
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Shea nuts       | 7,756 |   46,609| 9,420 |   70,427
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Kola nuts       |72 tons|    2,136|48 tons|    1,459
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Coconuts        |15,550 |       51|147,745|      496
+                  | nuts  |         | nuts  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Kapok           | 1 ton |       69|19 tons|    1,097
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Copra           |94 tons|    1,628|96 tons|    1,890
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Timber, mahogany|15,565 |   78,006|19,152 |  105,440
+                  | logs  |         | logs  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  „ ebony         |37 tons|      102|  119  |      608
+                  |       |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  „ other than    |5 tons |        2|10 tons|        5
+  furniture       |       |         |       |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Camwood         |13 tons|       46|67 tons|      314
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Mangrove bark   |  213  |      448|48 tons|      200
+                  | tons  |         |       |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Rafters         |  95   |        8|  40   |        2
+                  | pkgs. |         | pkgs. |
+                  |       |         |       |
+  Beeswax         |4 tons |      247|5 tons |      388
+  ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+    TOTALS        |273,158|4,639,892|273,583|5,410,695
+                  | tons  |         | tons  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+                  |15,550 |         |147,745|
+                  | nuts  |         | nuts  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+                  |15,565 |         |19,152 |
+                  | logs  |         | logs  |
+                  |       |         |       |
+                  |  95   |         |  40   |
+                  | pkgs. |         | pkgs. |
+  ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+
+
+                              APPENDIX III
+
+                     IMPORTS OF TIMBER INTO NIGERIA
+
+
+  -----------------+--------------------+--------
+  Wood and Timber, |                    |
+  Rough Hewn, Sawn | Superficial Feet.  |    £
+     and Split.    |                    |
+  -----------------+--------------------+--------
+        1910       |     5,754,135      |  34,166
+                   |                    |
+        1911       |     3,246,924      |  35,920
+                   |                    |
+        1912       |     3,915,004      |  37,904
+                   |                    |
+        1913       |     4,531,262      |  43,157
+                   |                    |
+        1914       |     6,094,126      |  54,673
+                   |                    |
+        1915       |     4,194,935      |  45,027
+                   |                    |
+        1916       |Information not yet |     —
+                   |     available      |
+  -----------------+--------------------+--------
+       TOTALS      |     27,736,386     |£250,847
+  -----------------+--------------------+--------
+
+
+                              APPENDIX IV
+
+         NIGERIAN TREES PROTECTED UNDER THE FORESTRY ORDINANCE
+
+
+With the gracious permission of the Nigerian Forest Department and the
+Nigerian Government a copy of the schedule of protected trees under the
+Nigerian Forestry Ordinance has been inserted here.
+
+
+                               SCHEDULE A
+
+
+                            PROTECTED TREES
+
+
+                            1ST CLASS TREES.
+
+     _Fee_, 46_s._; _Royalty_, 10_s._; _Total_, 56_s._ _per tree_.
+
+                   (_a_) 11 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Khaya_. All species except _K. Senegalensis_. Mahoganies. Ogangwo
+(Yoruba); Gedu (Benin); Digiten (Brass); Dirinshi and Odala (Ibo);
+Efriyo-moniba (Efik).
+
+_Entandrophragma_. All species, scented Mahoganies. Ijebo (Yoruba);
+Onomokyukyu and Ikwapobo (Benin); Eden (Efik); Etori (Ekoi).
+
+_Chlorophora excelsa_. Iroko (Yoruba); Iroko (Benin); Odji (Ibo); Nsan
+(Ekoi); Efriyo (Efik).
+
+                   (_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Gaurea Thompsonii_. Walnuts. Obobonikwi (Benin).
+
+_Gaurea_. All other species.
+
+_Lovoa Klaineana_. Anamomila (Benin).
+
+                   (_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Moist forest form. Opepe (Yoruba); Obiache
+(Benin); Owessu (Brass); Awesu (Jekri).
+
+                   (_d_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Funtumia elastica_. Rubber trees.
+
+_Ficus Vogelii_.
+
+                     (_f_) No minimum girth limit.
+
+_Elæis Guineensis_. Oil Palm.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.—=Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation, Olokemeji
+Arboretum, showing it at the end of the dry season, March 1915; Captain
+Owens.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.—=Cedrela odorata (Cigar-box Cedar), three years
+old (seen close); R. E. Dennett, Esq.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.—=Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation, with
+H. N. Thompson, Esq., 1911.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 228.
+
+
+                            2ND CLASS TREES.
+
+      _Fee_, 28_s._; _Royalty_, 8_s._; _Total_, 36_s._ _per tree_.
+
+                   (_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Mimusops Djave_. Efam (Efik); Mfam (Ekoi); Ungu (Ibo).
+
+_Canarium Schweinfurthii_. Eben-etridon (Efik); Njasun (Ekoi).
+
+_Detarium Guineensis_.
+
+_Piptadenia Africana_. Agboin (Yoruba); Chen (Ibo); Ekhimi (Benin);
+Sanga (Ijaw).
+
+_Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_. Anyan (Efik); Okan (Benin); Aja-igi or Olosan
+(Yoruba).
+
+_Agba_ of the Benis. Mobonran (Ijaw).
+
+                   (_d_) 7 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Afzelia Africana_.[4] Apa (Yoruba); Kanwo (Hausa); Adja (Ibo); Ayin-
+bukbo (Efik); Aligna or Adya (Benin).
+
+_Blighia sapida_. Ishin (Yoruba); Alale or Gwanja-kusa (Hausa).
+
+_Lophira procera_. Eki (Yoruba); Eba (Benin); Kuru (Ijaw); Umowenek
+(Efik).
+
+_Tamarindus Indicus_.[5] Tsamia (Hausa).
+
+                   (_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Mimusops multinervis_. Emido (Yoruba); Apassa (Efik).
+
+
+                            3RD CLASS TREES.
+
+      _Fee_, 18_s._; _Royalty_, 6_s._; _Total_, 24_s._ _per tree_.
+
+                   (_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Santiriopsis Klaineana_. Incense Tree. Odonomo-kyu-kyu (Benin).
+
+_Poga oleosa_. Inoi (Efik); Inyere (Ekoi); Imonor (Ibo).
+
+_Brachystegia spicæformis_. Ako or Eku (Yoruba); Akpakpa (Ibo); Ukung
+(Efik).
+
+                   (_c_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Carapa_. All species. Ibegogo (Benin).
+
+_Albizzia fastigiata_. Ayinre-eta (Yoruba).
+
+_Albizzia Brownii_. Ayinre-bonabona (Yoruba).
+
+_Pterocarpus tinctorius_. Camwood. Ukpa (Efik); Nkohen (Ekoi); Uhie
+(Ibo); Auchi (Brass).
+
+_Pterocarpus Osun_. Barwood. Osun (Yoruba); Ukpa (Efik).
+
+_Khaya Senegalensis_. Dry-zone Mahogany. Ogangwo (Yoruba); Madachi
+(Hausa).
+
+_Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Sasswood. Erun (Yoruba); Ifwan (Efik); Inyi
+(Ibo); Gwaska (Hausa).
+
+_Erythrophlœum micranthum_. Ihi (Ekoi); Iringi (Ibo).
+
+_Schrebera Golungensis_. Opele (Yoruba).
+
+_Afrormosia laxiflora_. Yellow Satin Wood. Ainyesan (Benin).
+
+_Parkia biglobosa_.[6]
+
+_Parkia filicoidea_.[6] Darowa (Hausa); Irugba (Yoruba).
+
+_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_.[7] Tuna (Hausa); Emigbegi (Yoruba).
+
+_Irvingia Barterii_. Oro (Yoruba); Okherli (Benin).
+
+_Mammea sp._ Bolo (Ijaw); Bolo (Brass).
+
+_Casearia sp._ Ebo (Yoruba).
+
+_Otutu_ of the Yorubas. Aiye (Ondo).
+
+_Klaineodoxa Gabonensis_. Alukon-raba (Yoruba); Ifainaki (Egba); Odudu
+(Ondo).
+
+_Diospyros_.[8] Ebonies. Kainya (Hausa).
+
+
+                            4TH CLASS TREES.
+
+      _Fee_, 9_s._; _Royalty_, 3_s._; _Total_, 12_s._ _per tree_.
+
+                   (_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Terminalia_. All species except _T. Togoensis_.
+
+_Terminalia Superba_. Afara (Yoruba).
+
+_Uputtu_ of the Benis.
+
+_Diospyros dendo_. Obiletu (Efik).
+
+_Diospyros mespiliformis_. Kanran (Yoruba).
+
+_Diospyros Mombuttensis_. Ogan-pupa (Yoruba).
+
+_Diospyros atropurpurea_.
+
+_Diospyros crassiflora_. Aborpor (Benin).
+
+_Cordia Millenii_. Omo (Yoruba).
+
+_Triplochiton Johnsonii_. Arere (Yoruba); Obeche (Benin).
+
+_Triplochiton Nigericum_. Arere (Yoruba).
+
+_Mitragyne macrophylla_. Uwen (Efik); Ebar (Brass); Ebar (Ibo); Abura
+(Yoruba).
+
+_Daniellia Ogea_. Ojia (Yoruba); Udeni (Ibo); Ozia (Benin).
+
+_Yinrin-yinrin_ of Ijaws and Ikales.
+
+_Jebere_ of the Ondos. Alofin (Jebu).
+
+                   (_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Berlinia acuminata_. Apado (Yoruba); Ekpogoi (Benin).
+
+_Berlinia auriculata_.
+
+_Cordia_. All species except _C. Millenii_. Aliliba (Hausa).
+
+_Pausinystalia sp._ Idagbon (Ondo); Wenren-wenren (Jebu).
+
+_Microdesmis sp._
+
+_Ohiomo_ of the Benis.
+
+_Ewai_ of the Benis.
+
+_Spondias sp._ Ekika-aja, Opon (Yoruba).
+
+_Saxoglottis Gabunensis_. Ndat (Efik); Tala (Ibo); Tala (Brass); Edat
+(Ekoi); Atala (Yoruba).
+
+_Sarcocephalus sp._ Opepe-ira (Yoruba).
+
+_Pycnanthus Kombo_. Akomu (Yoruba).
+
+_Ormosia monophylla_. Akoriko (Yoruba).
+
+_Ashasha_ of the Yoruba.
+
+_Alstonia Congensis_. Awun, Ahon (Yoruba); Dubu (Brass); Eba (Ibo).
+
+_Parkia filicoidea_.[9] Danowa (Hausa).
+
+_Parkia biglobosa_.[9]
+
+_Acacia_.[10] All species. Gabarua (Hausa).
+
+_Butyrospermum Parkii_. Shea Butter. Emi-emi (Yoruba); Kadanya (Hausa).
+
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_. Apepe, Ara (Yoruba); Madobia (Hausa).
+
+
+                            5TH CLASS TREES.
+
+ _Fee_, 4_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 1_s._ 6_d._; _Total_, 6_s._ _per tree_.
+
+                   (_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Eriodendron_. All species. Silk Cotton Tree. Araba (Yoruba); Ukum
+(Efik); Shakka (Brass); Okha (Benin); Akpe (Ibo); Rimi (Hausa).
+
+_Bombax_. All species.
+
+_Antiaris toxicaria_. Oro (Yoruba); Nuwo (Ekoi); Odjiwawa (Ibo).
+
+                   (_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Iya-Igbo_ of the Yorubas.
+
+                   (_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Tetrapleura Thonningii_. Aridan (Yoruba); Dawo (Hausa).
+
+_Erythrina_. All species except _E. Senegalensis_.
+
+_Paradaniellia Oliveri_. Balsam Copaiba Tree. Iya (Yoruba).
+
+_Pentaclethra macrophylla_. Apara (Yoruba); Ukana (Efik); Ukpakara
+(Brass).
+
+_Lonchocarpus Zenkeri_.
+
+_Daniellia_. All species except _D. Ogea_. Gum Copal Trees. Iya
+(Yoruba).
+
+_Cynometra_. All species.
+
+_Ricinodendron Africana_. Erimmado (Yoruba); Okwen (Benin).
+
+_Uapaca Guineensis_. Ile (Ibo).
+
+_Uapaca Staudtii_. Akun (Yoruba).
+
+_Garcinia sp._ Agberibede (Yoruba).
+
+_Scottelia Kamerunensis_. Okilolo (Ijaw).
+
+_Oropa_ of the Yorubas. Odoko (Yoruba).
+
+_Erohun_ of the Ikales.
+
+                   (_f_) 4 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Xylia Evansii_.
+
+_Trichilia Heudelotii_.
+
+_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_.[11] Emigbegi (Yoruba).
+
+_Ukpi-nikwi_ of the Benis. Enyin Mbukpo (Efik).
+
+
+                            6TH CLASS TREES.
+
+    _Fee_, 2_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 6_d._; _Total_, 3_s._ _per tree_.
+
+                   (_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Sterculia cordata_. Ogugu (Yoruba).
+
+                   (_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Sterculia oblonga_.
+
+_Pentadesma butyracea_. Candle Tree. Udia Ebiong (Efik).
+
+_Adina microcephala_.[12] Kadanyar rafi (Hausa).
+
+_Anogeissus leiocarpus_. Ayin (Yoruba); Marike (Hausa).
+
+_Isoberlinia_.[12] Both species. Doka (Hausa).
+
+                   (_f_) 4 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Chrysophyllum_. All species. Osan (Yoruba).
+
+_Polyadoa umbellata_.
+
+_Baphia nitida_. Irosun (Yoruba).
+
+_Baphia pubescens_. Ubara (Efik).
+
+_Baphia polygalacea_. Mbomo-nkuku (Efik).
+
+_Parinarium macrophyllum_. Gawasa (Hausa).
+
+_Parinarium mobola_.
+
+_Funtumia Africana_. Ako-ire (Yoruba); Bassa-bassa (Benin).
+
+_Tamarindus Indicus_.[13] Tsamia (Hausa).
+
+_Eugenia Owariensis_. Malmo (Hausa).
+
+_Vitex_. All species.
+
+_Sterculia Barterii_. Eso (Yoruba).
+
+_Lophira alata_. Ipawhaw (Yoruba); Namijin-kadai (Hausa).
+
+_Zanthoxylon Senegalensis_. Ata (Yoruba); Fasa-kwari (Hausa).
+
+_Spondias lutea_. Hog Plum. Iyeye (Yoruba); Tsada-Masar (Hausa).
+
+_Cola_. All species.
+
+_Ita_ of the Yorubas.
+
+_Hannoa Klaineana_. Igbo (Yoruba).
+
+_Macrolobium_. All species.
+
+_Ormosia laxiflora_.[14] Ba-fini, Makarfo (Hausa); Shedun (Yoruba).
+
+_Prosopis oblonga_. Kirya (Hausa).
+
+_Lonchocarpus sericeus_. Ipapo (Yoruba); Njassi (Ibo); Obong (Efik).
+
+_Dialium Guineense_. Awin (Yoruba); Ohiorme (Benin).
+
+                   (_f_) 3 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Adina microcephala_.[15] Kadanyar Rafi (Hausa).
+
+_Isoberlinia_.[15] All species. Doka (Hausa).
+
+_Ormosia laxiflora_.[16] Makarfo (Hausa).
+
+                     (_g_) No minimum girth limit.
+
+_Borassus Æthiopica_. The Fan Palm. Giginya (Hausa).
+
+
+                            7TH CLASS TREES.
+
+          _Fees, Nil, except when taken under a Fuel Permit._
+
+                     (_g_) No minimum girth limit.
+
+_Acacia_. All species, when in Southern Provinces.
+
+_Anona_. All species. Afe (Yoruba); Gwandar-daji (Hausa).
+
+_Conopharyngia_. All species.
+
+_Deinbollia insignis_.
+
+_Erythrina Senegalensis_. Majiriya (Hausa).
+
+_Garcinia conrauana_. Efiari (Efik); Odji (Brass).
+
+_Hannoa undulata_. Ikwepokin (Benin).
+
+_Holarrhena Wulfsbergii_.
+
+_Kigelia pinnata_.
+
+_Millettia Thonningii_.
+
+_Musanga Smithii_. Umbrella Tree. Aga (Yoruba); Uno (Efik); Oro (Brass).
+
+_Pachylobus edulis_. Eben (Efik).
+
+_Parinarium_. All species except those detailed in 6th class.
+
+_Pterocarpus esculentus_. Gedar-kurumi (Hausa); Gbingbin (Yoruba).
+
+_Ochna multiflora_. Toi-tsi (Ibo).
+
+_Rauwolfia vomitoria_.
+
+_Spathodea_. All species.
+
+_Sterculia_. All other species except those detailed in other classes.
+
+_Terminalia Togoensis_.
+
+_Treculia Africana_. Afon (Yoruba).
+
+_Xylopia Æthiopica_. Eru (Yoruba); Kimba (Hausa).
+
+_Chrysobalanus Icaco_. Ikate (Yoruba).
+
+
+                            8TH CLASS TREES.
+
+                    Minimum girth limit, 12 inches.
+
+   _Fees_—_On trees over_ 24 _inches in girth_, 6_d._ _per tree_.
+
+   _On trees_ 12 _to_ 24 _inches in girth_, 3_d._ _per tree_.
+
+_Rhizophora racemosa_. Red Mangrove. Egba (Yoruba).
+
+_Rhizophora mangle_. Red Mangrove.
+
+_Avicennia Africana_. White Mangrove. Ofun (Yoruba).
+
+For the purposes of this schedule, the girths must be measured at a
+vertical distance of 4 feet 6 inches from the ground at the foot of the
+tree, or in the case of buttressed trees at the place where the highest
+buttress merges into the stem.
+
+
+                               SCHEDULE B
+
+
+                     PROTECTED MINOR FOREST PRODUCE
+
+
+                               1ST CLASS.
+
+     _Fee_, 15_s._; _Royalty_, _5s._; _Total_, 20_s._ _per permit_.
+
+_Rubber_—taken from wild rubber-yielding trees and vines.
+
+
+                               2ND CLASS.
+
+    _Fee_, 7_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 2_s._ 6_d._; _Total_, 10_s._ _per
+                                permit_.
+
+_Bamboo poles_—taken from the midribs of the Tombo palm (_Raphia
+vinifera_) or other species of Raphia. _Piassava fibre_ from the stem
+and midribs (leaf stalks) of the Raphia and other species of palms.
+
+And in the Northern Provinces:
+
+Poles, gofas, etc., not to exceed 6 inches in diameter, taken from
+_Isoberlinia sp._, _Anogeissus leiocarpus_, _Ormosia laxiflora_,
+_Lophira alata_ or _Pterocarpus erinaceus_.
+
+
+                               3RD CLASS.
+
+_Fee_, 4_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 1_s._ 6_d._; _Total_, 6_s._ _per permit_.
+
+_Chew-sticks_—or native tooth-brushes taken from the roots of the Iyin
+tree (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_).
+
+_Native sponges_—made from the bast fibres of various species of vines
+and lianes.
+
+_Pandanus_ fibre (from the screw pine) and the leaf stalk of all species
+of Phrynium, taken for the manufacture of mats.
+
+_Gum copal_.
+
+_Gum arabic_—and other gums procured from _Acacias_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.—=Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii)
+standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House, June 1915, after being
+protected from fire eight years.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.—=Teak (Tectona grandis), three years old,
+Compartment 2, Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.—=Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii) in
+fruit, April 1911, standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House. This
+tree has been protected from fire nearly four years.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.—=Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii)
+standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House. The same tree of which
+the fruit was photographed, April 1911.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 234.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IX
+
+                       THE NIGERIAN TIMBER TREES
+
+
+                      INDIGENOUS TREES OF NIGERIA
+
+                         B. SOUTHERN PROVINCES.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Raphia Hookeriana_. Hooker’s Palm or the Piassava Palm. Aiko (Yoruba);
+ Iya (Efik); Angor (Benin); Ori (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  It is found chiefly in the Calabar, Warri, and Ondo provinces of
+  Nigeria, mixed with _R. vinifera_ at the edges of estuaries and rivers
+  in the evergreen forest zone.
+
+  One of the main differences between this palm and _R. vinifera_ is
+  that the fruit is much shorter (at the most 1½ inches long and ¾ inch
+  in diameter) and more stumpy in shape, coming abruptly to a point at
+  the tip. _R. vinifera_, on the other hand, is much longer, reaching 2½
+  to 3 inches in length and ¾ inch to an inch in diameter, and it is
+  very elliptical in shape. The bunches of fruit of this palm, _R.
+  Hookeriana_, are much smaller, rarely exceeding more than a foot in
+  length, and containing 50 to 75 nuts, whereas _R. vinifera_ may have
+  bunches 3 feet long, each containing 500 nuts or more. In the stem,
+  too, this palm is smaller, often not reaching more than 6 to 9 inches
+  in diameter, with a total height of 20 feet, whereas _R. vinifera_
+  will reach over a foot in diameter and a total height of over 60 feet.
+  The natural cleaning of the stem begins much later in this palm, and
+  does not reach anything like the height of that of _R. vinifera_. In
+  many specimens, in fact, the stem remains always more or less covered
+  with the very upward tending branches. In this respect it reminds one
+  a little of _R. Ruffia_. The leaves, however, are more similar to _R.
+  vinifera_, but only about half the size, especially in length; they
+  are not quite so wide, nor are the leaf stalks quite so large.
+
+  The timber is very similar, but more fibrous and of a looser texture
+  than that of _R. vinifera_. It is a little easier to cut. In the older
+  specimens the foliage still retains its dark green colour compared
+  with the dry, yellowish hue which _R. vinifera_ takes on as it gets
+  older. It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing tree. It likes a
+  somewhat rich soil, but can, however, stand in water, and apparently
+  withstands floods. Natural regeneration appears to be good.
+
+  The timber has not been cut for export nor for local use. The fronds
+  are occasionally used for a similar purpose as that of _R. vinifera_,
+  and sometimes the leaves also.
+
+  _Native Use_.—The fronds and leaves are used in a similar way to those
+  of _R. vinifera_. The base of the leaf stalk is cut off into lengths
+  up to 6 feet (it almost encircles the tree and extends much further up
+  than in the case of _R. vinifera_) and laid in stagnant water. After
+  the intervening substance between the fibres has got more or less soft
+  and partly rotted away, the whole is taken out and the fibres cleaned
+  with a kind of comb. These are then dried, and packed together in
+  bundles of 20 pounds upwards, and sold to the European factory as
+  Piassava. This industry is more widespread in the Eket district of the
+  Calabar province, but it has taken a great number of years of thought
+  and careful attention to bring it up to its present dimensions. The
+  cutting of the leaves is undertaken mostly by the men and the rotting
+  and cleaning of the fibre mostly by the women. Before the war Piassava
+  fibre was rarely worth more than £28 per ton. It is now worth over
+  £70. Unless, however, a price of at least £20 per ton is offered in
+  Liverpool market for this fibre, it is doubtful if the industry can be
+  made profitable for everyone concerned, producers included.
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_. The Palm Wine Tree, or Tombo Palm, or Bamboo, the
+ last named being the name used by the English-speaking Jekris. Ako
+ (Yoruba); Emmaha Augor (Benin); Oukot (Efik).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar
+  provinces and the Colony of Nigeria, at the edges of the streams and
+  rivers in the evergreen forest zone, where it grows in large groups
+  and pure forests.
+
+  It is a medium-sized palm, growing separately with one stem, which
+  clears itself of the leaf fronds for about half its height between the
+  twelfth and fifteenth year. The trunk then is comparatively smooth,
+  except for the very large scars of the leaf stalk. The fronds are the
+  longest of any of the African palms, reaching sometimes a length of 40
+  feet, roughly sickle shaped; in section they reach about 2 inches
+  diameter at the broadest part, and are a yellow-brown colour. The
+  leaves come out from the stalk almost at a right angle, thus making
+  them much wider and, owing to their greater length, much finer and
+  heavier foliage than that of the Oil Palm, or even the Coconut Palm.
+  In fact, an isolated specimen growing well could be not unfavourably
+  compared to the Royal Palm in the grandeur of its spread of leaf and
+  the beauty of the outward-spreading, fan-shaped bold crown. Both the
+  male and the female flowers are very conspicuous. The bunches of
+  fruit, up to 3 feet in length, hang down like enormous elongated
+  bunches of yellow grapes. The nuts are covered with a smooth yellow
+  hard skin, set in scales very similar to those of a cone, except that
+  each scale is tightly joined to the next. When the fruit decays, or is
+  boiled, the scales come off as well as the yellow, fibrous matter,
+  which gives a yellowish tinge to the water. The main difference
+  between the base of the Oil Palm and that of the leaf of this tree is
+  the extension of it more than half round the bole in the case of _R.
+  vinifera_, and also flatly and smoothly down the stem. On the other
+  hand, in the Oil Palm the leaf grows more abruptly out of and away
+  from the stem. Owing to the Tombo Palm stem being smaller (on the
+  average only 9 inches in diameter), the base of the frond extends
+  nearly all round the tree, the lower one overlapping the higher one,
+  and each placed in revolving fashion round the trunk, one above the
+  other. The leaf scars of the Oil Palm are much smaller. Owing to the
+  greater length of the leaf of this palm, the crown does not appear to
+  be such a tuft of leaves at the top of the tree as in the case of the
+  Oil Palm. In old age it appears more as a cylindrical mass of leaves
+  occupying the upper half or third of the tree.
+
+  The timber is more fibrous and soft than that of the Oil Palm. The
+  fibres, however, are dark brown, almost black when very wet or after
+  they have lain in water for any length of time.
+
+  On the whole the tree is slow-growing, even slower than the Oil Palm.
+  It stands a good deal of shade in the earlier stages, but later on is
+  apparently a light-demanding tree. It grows in freshwater swamps and
+  at the edges of such places. Although it thrives best in certain
+  localities, it can be planted and does grow on solid and comparatively
+  dry land near Calabar. In the Calabar province they are often planted
+  as an avenue leading up from the main road through the farm to the
+  house. It will stand floods. Natural regeneration is good, and with
+  the spread of propagation it tends to be more widely distributed. In
+  the Calabar and Ogoja provinces seeds were distributed to the natives
+  for planting for the production of palm wine to take the place of that
+  obtained from the Oil Palm. The timber has not been used for export,
+  nor has it been cut for local use. The leaf stalks, however, have been
+  used for building labourers’ lines and in some European houses. In a
+  similar way the leaves themselves have been used as a roofing material
+  after being made up into small mats.
+
+  _Native Use._—The tree is tapped near the base of the leading leaves,
+  or at the base of the male inflorescence, for the production of the
+  sap, which is collected in calabashes. These are placed in position
+  every evening and emptied every morning, and replaced in position.
+  Occasionally the chimpanzees climb up the palms, drink the wine in the
+  calabash and replace it. A native once shot a chimpanzee, finding it
+  was the thief of his palm wine and not a human being. The wine is of a
+  white, sometimes almost creamy colour, and when fresh is quite thin
+  and foamy. It has a rather pleasant, sweet, and almost sharp taste.
+  After being kept a few days it begins to ferment, and even moderate
+  quantities are intoxicating. Either fresh or fermented, it is sold in
+  bottles or calabashes in the local markets. The supply scarcely, if
+  ever, exceeds the demand. The natives often put pieces of the bark of
+  Tala, _Saccoglottis Gabunensis_, in the wine to give it a more bitter
+  taste. Occasionally also the bark of mahogany and other trees is used.
+  Tala, however, is the correct bark to use, and it forms an article of
+  local commerce for this purpose. Owing to the comparative
+  inaccessibility of some of the “stands” of this tree away in the
+  swampy regions near the estuaries of some of the larger rivers, such
+  as the Benin and the Siluko, there are still vast areas where neither
+  the leaves are cut nor the palms tapped for wine. The seeds are boiled
+  and placed in the bottom of a canoe, and when sufficient canoes have
+  been got together, each with its quota of boiled nuts, these are
+  trodden with the feet of those in the canoe, and both the nuts and the
+  scaly shell as well as the small amount of yellow flesh are thrown in
+  the water of a half-stagnant river. This yellow substance partly
+  blinds and stupefies the fish, the smaller ones of which come half
+  floating and swimming to the surface, the larger ones being washed
+  along near the bed of the river. These are caught in convenient places
+  where the river has been staked all across its width and bamboo
+  netting put down, except for an opening where a flexible net is used.
+  Some of the people go about in small canoes, netting the fish that
+  come to the surface. One of the most famous spots to see this is in
+  the Osse River, in the reach just below Noami, where the combined
+  fishery forces of the Jekris and, to a lesser extent, Sobos and Ijors,
+  for a day or two in succession in April each year, carry on this work.
+  The catch of fish obtained is enormous. Unless, however, it can be
+  soon smoked and dried, much of it goes bad. This method of getting
+  fish is also used by individual natives in stagnant backwaters of
+  rivers and in isolated pools. The poison apparently does not spoil the
+  taste or other quality of the fish. Occasionally this palm is also
+  used for getting out the Piassava fibre, but it appears to be more
+  difficult, and it is doubtful if it is as valuable as the fibre
+  obtained from _R. Hookeriana_. Owing, however, to the fact that both
+  species grow in the same locality and often quite mixed together, it
+  is highly probable that part of the Piassava obtained is taken from
+  this palm. In order to stimulate the flow of sap, a fire is often made
+  at the base of the tree, which burns all the lower leaves and even
+  part of the top, and thus induces an extra flow of sap, but of course
+  to the detriment of a continual yield, as the tree subsequently dies.
+
+  In many parts of the country there is a regular local industry in the
+  making of roofing mats from the leaves of this palm. The small ones,
+  about 3 feet long, are, however, sold 25 for 3d. and the big ones,
+  over 6 feet long, 25 for 6d. In some places they are cheaper. As a
+  roofing material they are very durable, and will last at least seven
+  years. If, however, they are put on very thickly, overlapping more
+  than two-thirds of their width, and the roof is thoroughly smoked from
+  the inside, it becomes nearly black, and will last fifteen years. For
+  native houses it is one of the most used roofing materials, except in
+  the Benin country, where the large Ewayon leaves are used. Roofing
+  mats are, of course, being superseded by galvanized iron in the more
+  civilized places. The leaf stalk is used both as a pole for pushing
+  lighters or heavily laden canoes through comparatively shallow water,
+  or as a boat-hook, or pushing and guiding pole for the smaller canoes
+  in getting up swift, winding and comparatively narrow rivers.
+
+ _Raphia Ruffia_. Roofing Palm.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It does not form a proper stem, like other
+  raphias; the long, thin leaves sprout out from the ground, and only
+  when the tree is some years old is there any trace of a stem, which is
+  quite short. The petioles are thin, compared to the length, and the
+  leaflets are thin and narrow.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Calabar and Ogoja Provinces of
+  Nigeria. It is often planted near watercourses in damp valleys to
+  provide roofing material for the natives, who make mats from the
+  leaves (Ikom, Obubra districts).
+
+ _Phœnix reclinata_. Swamp Date Palm. Elekikobi (Yoruba); Ukukon
+ (Benin).
+
+  A common tree of the Warri province of Nigeria. It is usually found in
+  or at the edge of the mangrove swamp, where it appears to thrive. It
+  is often rather bent in shape, and does not exceed 10 feet in height.
+  It is usually partially gregarious, though the groups of this species
+  are much smaller than those of _P. spinosa_. The natives in this
+  locality scarcely use it at all. The fruit is rather smaller, and it
+  bears in a less prolific manner than _P. spinosa_.
+
+ _Phœnix spinosa_. Wild Date Palm. Okun (Yoruba); Ukukon (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Ogoja, Benin, Ondo and Ibadan provinces of
+  Nigeria. In appearance more like a very thin stemmed Oil Palm, on
+  nearer approach the bluish-green, almost silvery, more open, shorter
+  and rather sharply pointed fronds readily distinguish it from the Oil
+  Palm group. The fruit is the shape of a very small date, many of which
+  are borne on thin fibrous twigs of a very stout stalk. It is usually
+  found in the open deciduous or savannah forest zone.
+
+  The natives use the stems for rafters and house-posts; the fruit and
+  bark are used medicinally; and the leaves are used for making sieves,
+  hats, mats and bags.
+
+ _Calamus deerratus_. Benin Cane or Rattan. Erogbo (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is one of the rarer
+  canes of the forest, has a yellow flower, and is found near Okenuhen.
+  The canes are used for fences and house-building.
+
+ _Eremospatha macrocarpa_ (Mann and Wenal). Small Benin Rattan. Ukan
+ (Yoruba); Ikan (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin, Calabar, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  It is a common ½-inch thick cane, which attains a length of nearly 200
+  feet. It grows in clumps and climbs up over the surrounding trees. The
+  fruit is yellow and rather like a small larch cone which has not
+  opened. It is used for making rope and baskets, tying timber rafts,
+  house-building, etc.; in fact, it is the best cane in West Africa.
+
+ _Eremospatha sp._ Large Benin Rattan. Okakan (Benin).
+
+  It is found in Ondo, Abeokuta, Benin, Warri, Brass, Owerri, Calabar
+  and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a large creeper, nearly an inch in diameter and attaining a
+  length of nearly 200 feet. It is usually found partly growing on other
+  trees in more or less open places at the edge of the forest, near
+  river banks, in the evergreen forest zone; it is also found at the
+  edges of swamps in the same region. It often forms dense cane brakes.
+  One of the most typical features of this cane is the reddish-orange
+  cone-like fruit, which is borne in large clusters on the terminal
+  shoot of the creeper.
+
+  The light-yellow, long spikes of the male flowers are most conspicuous
+  early in the season, especially when seen from a canoe when passing
+  down a river like the Osse.
+
+  The natives strip off the bark and long shoots of fish-hooklike
+  spines, and use the comparatively smooth canes as supports for the
+  canoe mats and for making tying material for house-building; it is
+  also used for making rope. When whole, it is used in making bridges as
+  well as for joining logs together for rafting purposes. When cut into
+  short lengths and bent at one end, it can be used for walking-sticks.
+
+  It is rather a slow-growing creeper, and usually ten or twelve grow
+  out of one root stock. In 1904 this cane was examined in England as a
+  substitute for rattan, but it was found to be more brittle, and the
+  internodes were found to be too close together to be attractive as
+  walking-sticks. Still later, in 1908, it was tried for basket work,
+  but was found to be too coarse both in structure and texture of grain.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_. The Oil Palm, the West African Palm. Ope, Ipa ukoro
+ (Yoruba); Udin (Benin).
+
+  It is found in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria and as far North
+  as Zungeru, in the Northern Provinces. It belongs to the evergreen
+  forest zone, though it will spread with cultivation into the mixed
+  deciduous and dry zones.
+
+  It is the common palm of all the farms and forests of the moist and
+  mixed zone of Nigeria. It bears a bunch of fruit containing as many as
+  two thousand individual fruits in one drupe. In the drier parts there
+  may be only as many as one hundred seeds. There is one forked palm on
+  the right-hand side of the line about seven miles from Ibadan, just
+  beyond Moor Plantation. This is a very rare occurrence, and I have
+  only seen one in twelve years’ travelling in Nigeria. The male
+  inflorescence is not unlike a very close horse’s tail, turned up on
+  end. The orange-brown-coloured female flowers are very small, and do
+  not last long (a few days). The male flowers always appear first, and
+  above the female in each case. The natives say some trees only bear
+  male flowers, but it is doubtful if this is ever true, except in very
+  isolated cases. It bears fruit in the fifth year, and will go on for
+  about a hundred years. There is a most marked difference in the height
+  of a tree which has grown up in the “high forest” and one which has
+  come up in an old farm, the former being fully 100 or even 150 feet
+  high and the latter only 20 to 30 feet in height. In a similar way the
+  bole of the forest-grown palm is only about 3 feet in girth, whereas
+  the farm-grown palm may be over 6 feet in girth. It goes without
+  saying that the latter bears larger bunches of fruit and the
+  individual nuts are larger and also more numerous.
+
+  Between the twelfth and fifteenth year the tree begins to clear itself
+  of the lower leaves, thus forming a clean bole up to the tuft of
+  fronds at the top.
+
+  Owing to the fact that the bunches of fruit form in the axis of the
+  leaf stalk, they are compressed very tightly, and thus ripen
+  comparatively slowly. By cutting off the leaf immediately below the
+  fruit, the ripening period is shortened by three weeks. This is, of
+  course, partly due to the increased amount of light. Cutting leaves,
+  however, above the fruit, or at all excessively in number, leads to a
+  deceleration in growth, so that pruning should only be moderate. Both
+  in the forest and in the open, epiphytic ferns, figs, and other plants
+  grow amongst the leaves on the stem, and more especially later at the
+  top of the tree. The trees are rarely, if ever, cleaned of these
+  hindrances to healthy growth, but naturally they retard the flowering
+  and ripening of the fruit. The leaves are also used for making brushes
+  for sweeping the ground.
+
+  _Native Use._—Oil is made from the pericarp of the fruit, and from the
+  kernels, for rubbing on the skin. The leaf stalk is used for roof-
+  poles.
+
+  Natural regeneration is good, although the Oil Palm thrives best in a
+  deep, moist soil with considerable mineral content. It is, however,
+  found growing amongst rocks on laterite and poor sandy land, and that
+  in such case the rainfall is deficient, i.e. below 40 inches. A few
+  small plantations have been made. It is noticeable that self-grown
+  seedlings grow much slower than those transplanted. In the first year
+  the self-sown seedlings grow only one pair of leaves, whereas those
+  transplanted grow five or six in the same period. Apparently the Oil
+  Palm does not thrive unless the soil is kept well covered and a good
+  surface tilth maintained. With a planting distance of 20 to 24 feet
+  there is considerable scope for the planting of other crops between.
+  The chief difficulty appears to be to grow these at a profit without
+  impoverishing the soil or hindering the quick development of the Oil
+  Palm. On suitable soil the most profitable crops appear to be the
+  following: ground-nuts, beans (three or four kinds), Egusi Bara,
+  _Citrullus vulgaris_.
+
+  A fuller consideration of this subject, and the Oil Palm generally,
+  will be found in the separate section about it.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_, var. _Thompsonii_. The Palm of Everlasting Life or
+ King Palm. Eviromilla (Benin). This is the meaning according to the
+ Benin name.
+
+  It is found in the Colony of Lagos, and Abeokuta and Benin provinces
+  of Nigeria. On the whole, it is an uncommon tree, but there is no
+  doubt of its being an indigenous tree to this part of Africa. The
+  leaves are long and very compressed, being set at an acute angle to
+  the leaf stalk and of smaller size than in any other species. It gives
+  the palm almost the appearance of a Cycad. It also looks as if the
+  leaves had closed up with the cold or were not fully developed. The
+  leaves also are of a much darker green (almost olive-green) than the
+  ordinary palm. Amongst the Benis it is considered the Sacred Oil Palm
+  Tree, the nut obtained from it being especially revered. From the
+  Resident’s office is seen one of these trees which was planted in the
+  Benin City Arboretum some nine years ago. It is a very slow-growing
+  palm, having scarcely one quarter of the rate of growth of the
+  ordinary oil palm. The stem is much thinner in proportion to the
+  height than the ordinary oil palm; and it does not attain more than
+  half the height of an oil palm. When growing in a group, it gives
+  quite a funereal appearance.
+
+  The nuts are used by the natives as “Ju-ju” of divination to see into
+  the future. It is said that “the nuts talk,” in the Benin country,
+  where the tree is held to be that of everlasting life.
+
+ _Elæis sp._ Ope trumfo (Yoruba).
+
+  Abeokuta province, Yoruba country.
+
+ _Elæis sp._ Small Oil Palm. Ope Ifu No. I (Yoruba); Ogiedi (Benin).
+
+  Abeokuta province, Yoruba country.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_, var. _Lisombe_. Palm, or Lisombe Palm, or Soft-
+ shelled Palm. Ogeddin (Benin).
+
+  The main difference of this species is in the small oblong, pointed
+  fruit on a much smaller drupe, and the larger quantity of oil obtained
+  from the pericarp and the very small kernel in the nut. It is also
+  much softer to crack. The foliage looks a fresher green than the
+  ordinary variety; also the leaflets are placed at an acuter angle to
+  the leaf stalk than the other.
+
+  It is not very prevalent in the Benin, Abeokuta, Calabar and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  _Silviculture._—The nuts, when sown, do not germinate true to species,
+  except for a few per cent. It is planted in the Indem country of the
+  Ogoja province.
+
+  _Native Use._—The oil is collected in a similar way to the other, but
+  is liked more by the natives of Benin. The kernels are used for making
+  oil as well.
+
+ _Hyphæne_. Dum Palm or Forked Palm. Kaba, Kodago, Kwalo (nut), Goriba
+ (Dr. Dalziel’s Hausa list).
+
+  It is found in the Zaria and Niger provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  The only branched palm in West Africa. It attains a height of 30 feet.
+  It is more or less gregarious in habit, though the individual groups
+  of palms are not very large. It is apparently somewhat fire-resisting,
+  though this may be due to its being found amongst the dry-zone
+  vegetation. The stem is short and the two forks often crooked, so that
+  little or no use is made of the wood by the natives. The seeds are
+  turned into buttons, and so have recently obtained a value for this
+  purpose. They were first sent to England from the Soudan, where
+  apparently the tree is much more common than in West Africa.
+
+ _Borassus flabelliformis_, var. _Æthiopica_. Palmyra or Black Run Palm,
+ Fan Palm, Bottle Palm, Arac Palm. Agbon, Olodu, Igoti (Yoruba); Oluwa
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the dry-zone forest regions of Ibadan, Benin,
+  Onitsha, and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. This palm, with the swollen
+  upper part of the bole making it appear more like a large inverted
+  bottle, is thus not to be mistaken for any other. The huge fan-shaped
+  leaves distinguish it from either the Coconut Palm or the Oil Palm. In
+  the distance, too, the leaves appear more silvery-green, and not the
+  yellow-green of the Coconut, or the bright, fresh green of the Oil
+  Palm, or the sombre dark green of the Wine Palm. A large mass of
+  coconut-shaped nuts, but with a smoother, more yellow surface, and
+  more cylindrical in shape, without the ridges of the coconut, are
+  another feature of this tree. At the base of each nut the old sepals
+  of the flower remain, appearing like large dark-brown leaf scars. The
+  young seedlings are easily seen amongst the grass, sticking up as they
+  do like little silvery-green fans of varying size, in detail showing
+  the folds of a fan most distinctly, the leaf opening out in a similar
+  way to a fan. The bole is dark brown and practically smooth, showing
+  no leaf scars, and only faintly lined vertically down the stem. The
+  base is only slightly swollen, and the roots do not form a large mound
+  round it, as is the case with the Oil Palm, and to some extent with
+  the Tombo Palm. Inside the fruit there are two or three large,
+  flattish nuts.
+
+  The timber is fibrous, hard, but very durable and quite termite proof.
+  Although the upper part of the stem is hollow, long sectional pieces,
+  four by two, and even thicker, can be cut out. It planes up with a
+  smooth surface, and the grain looks very pretty with the thick fibres.
+  It nails fairly well and splits longitudinally.
+
+  It is a light-loving tree, moderately fast growing for a palm. It is
+  usually found growing gregariously in groups of a few acres up to
+  hundreds of acres in extent. However, it is rarely thick enough to
+  thoroughly shade the ground. Natural regeneration is good, even though
+  in most areas annual grass-fires run through the trees and to some
+  extent char the fruit. No plantations have been made of these species.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, but locally it has been used for
+  house-building, as well as for fences near the railway. The natives
+  occasionally use it for house-building, but they do not know how to
+  tap it for the wine. The leaves are sometimes used for making
+  temporary shelters. The fruit is sometimes eaten, and has a pleasant
+  taste. The nuts might be exported for making into buttons.
+
+
+=Cyanastraceæ.=
+
+ _Cyanastrum cordifolium_. Ikoto.
+
+  It has an edible fruit. Found in the Benin province of Nigeria.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Dracæna sp._ Dragon’s Blood. Ewanenimi (Benin).
+
+  It has a very long, thin leaf of the usual monocotyledonous type and
+  with a somewhat branched stem, with thin papery bark.
+
+  It is fairly common in the Benin country. It is one of the few
+  monocotyledonous trees of the forest, and thus easily distinguishable
+  from other trees. The parallel veins of the leaf are very long and
+  laid fairly close together. The stem is very porous and not woody,
+  being more fibrous in type. It reaches a girth of about 4 feet and a
+  height of 40 feet.
+
+  _Native Use._—The leaves are used by the natives medicinally; and
+  occasionally the sap is used to blind people.
+
+ _Dracæna surculosa_. Dragon’s Blood. Ope, Igbo.
+
+  Is found in Olokemeji.
+
+ _Dracæna cylindrica_. Boundary tree. Peregun (Yoruba); Ukpogun, Ogihu
+ (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Dracæna cylindrica_. Boundary tree. Peregun (Yoruba); Ukpogun, Ogihu
+ (Benin).
+
+  It has a wider and shorter leaf than the Ewanenimi tree, but again
+  with the parallel veins, which are, of course, typical of the
+  monocotyledon. It does not really form proper timber, but the stem is
+  of a spongy, fibrous nature. It reaches a girth of about 5 feet and a
+  height of about 50 feet. It usually has one stem, which is unbranched
+  for a very considerable length, but sometimes a whole group will grow
+  up in one place.
+
+  Both this and the former species are propagated very easily by
+  cuttings. In fact, it is possible to take the end of a branch complete
+  with the leaves and put it in the ground, when it will grow. It likes
+  a comparatively deep moist soil, though it will stand any amount of
+  drought without actually dying. It stands pruning well and grows
+  moderately rapidly.
+
+  It is useful for making live fences.
+
+  _Native Use._—Both Yorubas and Benis use the tree for boundaries,
+  simply sticking cuttings in wherever it is wished to mark a place.
+  “Ju-ju” places are also marked in this way. The leaves are used
+  medicinally in Benin.
+
+ _Dracæna Perrottetii_. Boundary tree. Ope, Kanakan (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Mamu Forest.
+
+ _Dracæna sp._ Boundary tree. Oro Igbo (Yoruba); Uruaro (Benin).
+
+  A common Dracæna found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+  It is often used for making fences to farms and boundaries for village
+  or farm land, and for marking special “Ju-ju” places. The Benin people
+  state that it has more latex than the other species of this genus.
+
+
+=Marantaceæ.=
+
+ _Clinogyne_, syn. _Donax cuspidata_. Yoruba Soft Cane. Toto (Y.).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small soft
+  cane which grows gregariously in groups from a quarter to half an acre
+  in extent in the Olokemeji Reserve, to a height of about 5 feet, and
+  has large, alternating, very fine parallel-veined leaves.
+  Inflorescence, raceme or panicle-like bracts, deciduous. Some species
+  yield starch or fibre. Toto is found quite abundantly in the middle of
+  the Olokemeji Reserve. It is used for mat-making, and considered most
+  valuable.
+
+
+=Orchidaceæ.=
+
+ _Polystachya sp._ (Lindl.). Eme-ela (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve in the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+ _Polystachya odorata_. Afoma (Yoruba).
+
+  This is a parasitic plant, very similar to mistletoe, which attacks
+  many kinds of trees and has recently been found on the six-year-old
+  teak at Mamu and Olokemeji, in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Celtis solenostigma_. Hard Celtis (large). Ita (Yoruba); Ita, Uta
+ (Ikale); Ohianamemme, Ohia (Benin); Omoin, Itako, Ita gangan (Egba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is
+  usually very prevalent. In many places it is almost gregarious.
+
+  It is a large tree 10 feet in girth, with smooth stem and large, long,
+  thin buttresses. It has a bigger leaf (6 inches) than the other Ita,
+  with a very prominent mid vein on the leaf.
+
+  The fruit is dark coloured. The root buttresses are very long and
+  thin, extending sometimes 15 feet up the trunk of the tree. They are,
+  however, shallower and thinner than in the case of mahogany and cotton
+  trees. They merge gradually at an angle of about 15 degrees into the
+  stem. The bole may reach a length of about 90 feet, and is usually
+  very straight. The crown is compressedly spherical, rather shallow in
+  proportion to the size of the tree, but fairly wide-spreading.
+  Occasionally, if the bark has a yellow tinge, especially in smaller
+  specimens, the tree may be mistaken for Opele, _Schrebera
+  Golungensis_.
+
+  Timber is white and very hard, and splits well when it is dry. When
+  dry it is inclined to be brittle, though it shows considerable lateral
+  strength. The texture of the grain is fine, and it planes up with a
+  smooth surface. It is liable to split with nails, but it saws well.
+  Under cover it is durable; in the open, unless very carefully dried,
+  it is liable to decay. When thoroughly dry it hardens very
+  considerably, and is not attacked by white ants, especially when used
+  in a suitable place. When dry it will float, but the wood is liable to
+  become discoloured by contact with water.
+
+  As firewood it burns slowly, gently and steadily, giving out much
+  heat. It is a fairly rapid-growing tree, at first shade-bearing and
+  later somewhat light-demanding; in the older stages it scarcely
+  protects the soil. Up to the pole stage it is a soil-improving tree,
+  the leaves making a rich humus. Natural regeneration appears to be
+  good. It does not sprout from the stump. Considering its size it is
+  fairly wind-firm. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, not has it been sawn up for local
+  use. Considering its prevalence, it deserves a trial.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is considered the best firewood in Benin, and also
+  used as firewood among the Yorubas.
+
+ _Celtis sp.?_ Soft Celtis (small). Ita ita (Yoruba); Ohia (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, and Ogoja provinces
+  of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is very
+  prevalent.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree up to 4 feet in girth, with medium sized,
+  thin leaves and white-coloured twigs. The stem is slightly scaly and
+  yellowish-green in colour, especially in the upper parts. A very
+  common tree in the deciduous forest. With its yellowish-green bark in
+  the upper part of the bole it is very similar to Opele, _Schrebera
+  Golungensis_, and can often be mistaken for it. The trunk, however, is
+  not slightly pitted, as is the case with Schrebera. On the whole, this
+  tree is shorter, reaching a height of about 40 feet. The root
+  buttresses are much slighter than in the case of _C. solenostigma_,
+  though they are of a similar shape, being very thin and merging
+  gradually into the trunk to a height of about 5 feet from the ground.
+
+  Timber is white and fairly hard, but not durable. It hardens somewhat
+  on exposure to the air. The texture of the grain is fine, but
+  occasionally cross-grained. It planes moderately well, and takes nails
+  moderately well also, more so than _C. solenostigma_. It saws easily
+  and splits well.
+
+  As a firewood it burns steadily and slowly, giving out great heat. It
+  does not crackle nor cause sparks.
+
+  It is a moderately fast growing, at first shade-bearing, and
+  subsequently a light-demanding tree. During most of its life it is a
+  soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is good.
+  It sprouts a little from the stump, but not strong enough for purposes
+  of reproduction.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for planks
+  for local use. Being smaller than _C. solenostigma_, after trial it
+  may not be found so useful, but it could be used for similar purposes.
+
+  _Native Use._—Firewood of the best kind, and occasionally used as side
+  house-posts.
+
+ _Trema Africana_. African Elm. Ehunogo, Ehrunbogo (Benin); Affi (Ibadan
+ and Oyo); Afoforo (Egba); Offun (Lagos).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin provinces of Nigeria, in
+  the mixed deciduous forests, where it is moderately prevalent.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree with nettle-like leaves, which wither
+  rapidly. It has a very thin, smooth bark. The fruit is small, thin and
+  long, and is eaten by pigeons. It grows up where old trees fall in the
+  forest, and is also a common tree in old farms. Medium-sized specimens
+  are in general appearance, from a little distance, very similar to
+  Iroko, and it can be mistaken for this tree. The crown, however, is
+  narrower, and the foliage is somewhat thicker, and the leaves and
+  branches are placed rather closer together than those of Iroko. The
+  bark is slightly fissured, and does not show lenticels like the Iroko,
+  especially not on the roots. In proportion to the size of the tree,
+  the root spurns are larger than in the case of Iroko. It it usually
+  found growing singly, whereas groups of Iroko are often common, or
+  anyhow several are found in one locality.
+
+  The timber is white and of medium hardness, but very durable indeed.
+  It is termite proof. It planes well, but does not split easily. It
+  saws well and takes nails fairly easily.
+
+  It is of fairly rapid growth, at first shade-bearing, and later a
+  somewhat light-demanding tree, with soil-protecting and soil-improving
+  qualities. Natural regeneration only appears to be moderate. It
+  sprouts from the stump.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, not has it been sawn up for local
+  use.
+
+  _Native Use._—The timber is used amongst the Benis as rafters and
+  ceilings for house-building, as it is uncut or squared.
+
+ _Trema affinis_ or _T. Africana_. African Elm. Afofero (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Antiaris toxiaria_. False Oroko. Oro Aiyo, (Egba) (Yoruba); Ogiovu
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo,
+  Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a large tree, reaching a girth of 15 feet and a bole length of
+  70 feet, of very cylindrical shape. There are large surface roots,
+  which stick up out of the ground on roadsides, but form only low root
+  spurns. The bark is grey, smooth and almost shiny in the sun. The
+  crown is heavier and less open than Iroko, but otherwise in habit it
+  is similar. The leaves on the whole are smaller and the foliage
+  generally is of a lighter green than the Iroko, except when the latter
+  puts on new leaves in February or March. The fruit is a little
+  spherically shaped nut with a papery covering easily removed,
+  disclosing a round nut with small markings all round it. Two kernels
+  are found inside on cracking it. The slash is yellowish white, and
+  gradually a little thin white latex exudes. The tree usually appears
+  after a few years on abandoned farms. The leaf is rough to the hand,
+  almost as bad as _Ficus asperata_, but there are no hairs on the under
+  surface. On the whole the branches are much flatter than Oroko, though
+  the top of the crown is round. The timber is soft and white all
+  through. Termites attack it. It is very light and might almost pass as
+  a substitute for cork. It has large and wide medullary rays, more
+  especially in the root. In cross section the root looks almost porous.
+
+  _Native Use._—Amongst the Yorubas the bark is used medicinally and the
+  wood for doors, benches and matchet handles.
+
+  It grows very fast and likes light. Scale insects like to make their
+  nests in a junction of a branch with the stem, where there is quite a
+  hollow. In youth the firm and almost horizontal branches are quite a
+  contrast to the long, up-shooting or drooping branches of Oroko. It
+  has not been cut either for local use or for export.
+
+  The roots are used for making corks in the Calabar district.
+
+  It is used often as a “Ju-ju” tree, like the Iroko, chiefly in the
+  Calabar Division. The hunters sit near the tree, when in fruit,
+  because the Maxwell’s Duika, Yellow-backed Duika, Red-headed Duika,
+  etc., eat the fruit. The bark is used in sections for making bags by
+  sewing the two ends together, as well as one side.
+
+ _Antiaris sp._ Ovu (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Benin and Ondo provinces of Nigeria. It is
+  medium-sized, reaching a girth of 9 feet and a bole length of about 50
+  feet. The leaf is larger, but the crown appears thicker and heavier
+  than _Antiaris toxiaria_. The seed is the same size as _Antiaris T._,
+  but the root spurns are very slight, even less than _Antiaris T._ The
+  branches spread out from the stem, thus making the crown longer and
+  narrower than _Antiaris T._ In this respect the _Antiaris sp._ is more
+  like the Oroko than the _Antiaris T._
+
+  The timber is white and soft. No proper heartwood. It splits well.
+
+  It is a shade-bearer and is often found in the thick forest. It grows
+  much slower than _Antiaris T._
+
+  It has not been cut for local use or exported to Europe. Perhaps it
+  could be tried for wood pulp.
+
+  In Benin the branches of this tree are used for making figures of
+  their ancestors, which are placed outside the house. The bark is used
+  for making bags in a similar way to that of _Antiaris T._ It is also
+  used for making rope or string for tying bags.
+
+ _Antiaris sp._ Cedar-like Lauro. Oregbon I (Yoruba); Opputtu (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria. It is very similar in habit and shape to the _Antiaris
+  toxiaria_, but it does not attain nearly such a large size. The tree
+  exudes very fine, white latex in a very small quantity. The timber is
+  soft and white and not durable.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53.—=Mature Opepe (Sarcocephalus esculentus), in
+middle of picture, across Ogun River, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54.—=Mature Oganwo (Khaya Punchii), near Dajopa,
+Olokemeji Reserve, showing base of stem for nearly 12 feet stripped of
+bark.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55.—=Large Emido (Mimusops multinervis), 10 feet in
+girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 250.
+
+  It is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree, and stands a good
+  deal of shade. The tree has not been cut for local use, nor has it
+  been tried as a timber for export.
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Common Fig. Obobo (Yoruba); Ohau (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree of the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo,
+  Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. One of the most typical
+  features of this tree is its free growth, open crown, and green,
+  yellow and orange-coloured bark from the base upwards. It is a medium-
+  sized tree, attaining a girth of 10 feet. The small red-coloured figs
+  attract pigeons especially, as well as other birds, to the trees in
+  the fruiting season. The leaf is small for a Ficus and oval in shape.
+  The wood is white and soft. The white latex which exudes from the
+  trunk when cut distinguishes this tree from the satinwood, _Afrormosia
+  laxiflora_, with which it might be confused owing to the similar
+  shades of green, yellow and orange-colour of the bark. It is chiefly
+  found in the secondary forest, also near villages in the evergreen
+  forest zone. Owing to the parrots and pigeons carrying the seed,
+  reproduction from this source, both in epiphytic and tree form, is
+  very good, but it is most usually found growing alone in an open
+  place, without any support from other trees. It is very fast growing
+  and impatient of shade.
+
+  The wood has not been used locally nor for export, nor does the native
+  apparently have any use for it, as it soon rots when cut down.
+
+  The native occasionally eats the ripe fruit.
+
+ _Ficus exasperata_. Emido, Oboba (Yoruba).
+
+  This tree is found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+ _Ficus Thonningii_. Opoto (Yoruba).
+
+  This is one of the smaller fig-trees of the mixed deciduous zone. As
+  with the others, it is not used as a timber tree, but occasionally for
+  fences.
+
+ _Ficus triangularis_. Abadan (Yoruba); Obadan-nikwi (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria. It is chiefly found in the mixed deciduous forests. It is of
+  no use as a timber tree, but is used occasionally for fences by the
+  natives.
+
+ _Ficus Vogelii_. Lagos, Abba or Abbo Rubber. Abadon (Yoruba); Obadan
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is the common tree of the Calabar, Ogoja, Onitsha, Benin, Ondo and
+  Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. This is the most common fig-tree, and
+  is usually found along the sides of roads in the native villages. The
+  very large, shiny leaf (not quite as glossy as _Ficus Indica_) is one
+  of the most typical features of this tree. In Benin it is usually
+  deciduous for about thirty-six hours, and the pinkish tips of the
+  fresh leaves and the great rapidity of their development are
+  remarkable. The bark is dark brown and rougher than the other species.
+  In the Benin Forestry Compound there is a large specimen. On the
+  whole, it is less common in the evergreen forest than near villages or
+  roads. In the forest it is most often found as an epiphyte growing on
+  oil palms, Sasswood, and oil-bean trees. The timber is white and soft;
+  it has not been used for local purposes nor for exports. The “Balata
+  rubber” of the Upper Niger district is obtained by roughly coagulating
+  the latex of this tree in the air, with or without reagents, such as
+  the latex of _Bauhinia reticulata_, or salt. The natives use the tree
+  for making fences by sticking in pieces of the stem of suitable
+  length, and in a similar manner it is used as a shade tree on the
+  sides of roads in the villages. This is more especially the case in
+  the villages in the dry zone, where other shade trees are scarce.
+  Pigeons and parrots spread the seed, and thus its reproduction is
+  assured.
+
+ _Ficus platyphylla_. Gambia Rubber.
+
+  It is also found in the upper reaches of the Ogan River, in the Ogo
+  province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Ficus asperata_. Sandpaper Leaf. Ekpin (Yoruba); Ameme (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Ogoja, Owerri, Benin, Onitsha, Ibadan, Ondo
+  and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is often found as a small, scrubby tree, though when fully grown it
+  reaches a girth of 8 feet, especially in the Benin province. The rough
+  leaves are harsh to the touch.
+
+  The pigeons are very fond of eating the fruit and seeds.
+
+  The wood is white and soft.
+
+  The leaf is of the usual Ficus style, with a short stalk and deeply
+  dentated, making almost a five-lobed leaf.
+
+  The leaves might be useful as a substitute for sandpaper. It has not
+  so far been cut for export or local use.
+
+  _Native Use._—The leaves are used for cleaning calabashes by the
+  Yorubas and Benin people.
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Ograw (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_. Cork-wood or Umbrella Tree. Agbawo or Aga (Yoruba);
+ Ogohen (Benin); Oro (Brass).
+
+  It is a very common tree, found growing in new clearings amongst the
+  evergreen and mixed forests of the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Onitsha
+  (?), Warri, Benin, Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree with an umbrella-shaped crown. It is the
+  most distinctly gregarious tree of any in the forest, often alone
+  covering many acres of land, supported on a series of aerial roots,
+  the centre one of which is really the tap-root. The tree looks
+  altogether top-heavy when mature (it is short-lived). It reaches a
+  girth of nearly 5 feet. The bark is thin and of a light brown colour,
+  spotted here and there with large yellow lenticels. The large pink
+  sheath containing the immature staminate flower is often found lying
+  on the forest pathway after the storm. The leaf is reminiscent of the
+  horse chestnut, but with about eight digits. The young leaflet is of
+  an orange-red colour. It is doubtful if it passes an age of thirty
+  years.
+
+  The timber is white and soft, with no distinguishing heartwood, but
+  with brown pith half an inch in diameter. When properly dried it has a
+  fine, smooth grain and is usually free of knots. It dries much harder
+  than when freshly cut. It splits well, but it is rather brittle.
+
+  It is the quickest growing of all the African forest trees, and
+  certainly reaches timber size before any other. Regeneration by seed
+  is prolific, seeds often germinating after lying dormant for over a
+  hundred years, when a heavy forest is cut down. It is a light-lover,
+  protecting the soil with its heavy foliage, and enriching it by making
+  a good mould when it falls to the ground. It will stand a little shade
+  as a young seedling. Very few trees will grow under it, though it is a
+  useful “nurse.”
+
+  The timber is used for floating other wood heavier than water, but it
+  has not been exported or cut for local use. The roots are used
+  medicinally, and hunters tap the tree for water in the dry season.
+
+  _Native Use._—As the Yoruba name implies, a group of the aerial roots
+  is used for a native chair. Young 6-inch stems, split in half, cut
+  about 4 feet long and dried, are used upright to form the walls of
+  temporary farm-buildings. The wood is also used in place of cork, and
+  for making matchets and knife scabbards in the Benin and Ibo countries
+  respectively.
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. African Oak, African Teak. Iroko (male), Iroko
+ (female), Oba’s Tree, Rock Elm. Iroko (Yoruba); Uloko, Oroko
+ Ulokoodigpe, Uloko-nushinogbon (Benin); Odji (Ibo, Asaba); Ofryio
+ (Efik); Nsan (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  It is a very large forest tree, reaching a girth of 30 feet and a bole
+  length of 90 feet under favourable conditions. The male tree is
+  usually thinner and of more compressed build, whereas the female shows
+  more spreading growth and larger size; it is also quicker growing than
+  the male. The female has stout, finger-thick, solid catkins, whereas
+  the male has thin, long, open catkins up to 6 inches long. The timber
+  of the male is darker brown and closer grained than that of the
+  female, and also harder. The sapwood is wider in the female tree, but
+  there is also a very wide difference between trees of both genders
+  when they are grown in the open, old farms, or in dense, high forest,
+  the latter yielding the hardest and closest-grained timber. The crown
+  is almost umbrella-shaped and open, so that the leaves appear large in
+  proportion, and it is usually possible to see through it. Three or
+  four large limbs form the mainstay of it (see plate No. 37). The
+  yellow lenticels on the stem, especially in younger specimens, and
+  also on the red roots, are typical of the tree. The slash is
+  yellowish, with little red spots in it. A little white latex flows out
+  too.
+
+  In proportion to the size of the tree the root spurns are not very
+  large, reaching 3 or 4 feet up the tree, and being well rounded, do
+  not spoil the shape of the base of the bole. In older specimens the
+  bark becomes brown, and finally almost grey in colour, and scales off
+  to a slight extent. Although it forms very large side roots, it has a
+  tap-root going to considerable depth. The loose seeds are small and
+  flat, being not unlike those of alder, but rather larger and thinner.
+
+  It is found in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, both in the
+  evergreen and mixed forest zones, where it is none too prevalent.
+
+  _Timber._—Sapwood is yellowish white, and the heartwood of a yellow
+  brown to dark brown (oak to teak brown). It is moderately hard, very
+  durable and termite-proof. It does not plane very well, being
+  sometimes cross-grained; it can, however, be worked up to a smooth
+  finish. The grain is rather open and the pores very long. It has,
+  however, an oily feel, and a certain amount of sheen. It takes nails
+  with difficulty, splits moderately well and saws easily. It soon
+  darkens on exposure to the air and light, becoming in this respect
+  much darker than oak in a similar period. When seasoned properly it
+  does not warp excessively. If taken green from the forest zone into a
+  drier climate it will split. In the past a good deal of timber has
+  been used in this state.
+
+  It is a moderately fast-growing, at first shade-bearing and
+  subsequently a light-demanding tree, with soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving qualities. It is deciduous for a few weeks in the year,
+  generally in February or March, but specimens vary a great deal in
+  this respect. Natural regeneration is very good, and in suitable
+  localities it tends to spread more and more with the advance of the
+  native farms into the forest. It stands transplanting very badly.
+  Nursery sowings, however, show an enormous percentage of germination,
+  the seedlings often coming up more thickly than grass. The ground pig
+  eats the roots of transplanted seedlings, especially in localities
+  where there are less desirable trees. It will grow as much as 6 feet
+  in one year, and wherever it has much light in the forest, self-sown
+  seedlings will grow 3 or 4 feet each year. The leaves are attacked by
+  a minute coccus which causes them to swell up into an irregular shape,
+  including the bud, thus stopping the growth for that season. Inside
+  each of these swellings there are several of the young insects. Only
+  the younger trees are attacked, and from the pole stage onwards trees
+  do not appear to suffer nearly so much. In localities, too, where the
+  trees grow very rapidly they appear to be less attacked, if at all. It
+  is not very susceptible to fire, though in the mixed deciduous the
+  base of the stem is often burnt. It is one of the most storm-firm of
+  all the African trees. The bole is very cylindrical, especially if the
+  tree which has been growing in the forest is given plenty of space to
+  grow. The increment put on the bole is very great, being as much as 11
+  inches in circumference in one year.
+
+  In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market
+  as Iroko at 5d. per superficial foot, sale measure. Since that date it
+  has been sold as African Oak and African Teak at a similar price, and
+  appears now to be fairly well established in the market. As there are
+  large supplies in many districts, such as the Yoruba country, Onitsha,
+  Ahoada and Ogoja districts, there should be no difficulty in keeping
+  the market supplied with moderate quantities year by year, at perhaps,
+  though, slightly increasing costs. Locally the tree has been felled
+  and sawn up for planks, scantlings, rafters, beams and general
+  constructional work. By the Railway Administration it has thus far
+  been considered the best wood for sleepers. Amongst the natives it is
+  often worth more than it is to the European, the price varying from
+  half a crown to 4s. 6d. per cubic foot for sawn boards 12 feet long,
+  12 inches wide and 1 inch thick.
+
+  _Native Use._—The most valued of all woods for wall-plates and door
+  lintels, treasure-boxes, washing-basins for chiefs. Doors, too, are
+  made of it in Benin. Women place little pieces of chalk, yams,
+  plantains, cowries, coco yams at the base of the tree, and it is said
+  they will be blessed with children. Chiefs sacrifice a goat with a mat
+  and a fine white cloth to propitiate the witches, who are supposed to
+  hold their court in the Iroko tree and try to catch one of the sons of
+  the chief.
+
+ _Treculia Africana_ (Decne). African Breadfruit. Afon (Yoruba); Ije
+ (Benin); Ijeni (fruit).
+
+  This tree is usually found near the edge of the villages of the
+  Calabar, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It grows to a large size, with a bole length of 20 feet and a girth of
+  9 feet, but it is usually a rather open-crowned, spreading tree. For
+  its size the foliage is not over-dense. The leaves are single and
+  roughly lanceolate, with a dark-green and rather shiny upper surface.
+  The most conspicuous feature of this tree is the huge green, perfectly
+  spherical-shaped fruit. Immature fruits of all sizes, from a cricket-
+  ball upwards to a size of 18 inches in diameter, are seen growing
+  close against the stem of the trunk and bigger branches of the tree.
+  Some years ago, one of these ripe fruits fell off a tree at the edge
+  of the Benin market and struck a woman on the shoulder with such force
+  that she died a few days later. The natives subsequently cut the tree
+  down.
+
+  The chief use of the tree is the fruit, which is placed in water to
+  rot so that the seeds can be more easily extracted from the
+  concentrically arranged fibres growing from the centre of the fruit
+  outwards to the periphery. These are subsequently cooked and eaten,
+  often being beaten up in a soup. From the outside the fruit looks as
+  if it were made up of thousands of little green fibres closely packed
+  together from the centre of the fruit, with the ends sticking out on
+  the surface, thus giving it a rough feeling to the touch and making it
+  appear as if it were full of holes.
+
+  The junction of a branch with the stem shows a large swelling all
+  round the base of the branch, which thins out to its regular size
+  about 6 to 9 inches away from the trunk.
+
+  The tree is comparatively slow-growing, but of a soil-protecting and
+  light-loving nature. In the dry season, great quantities of dew
+  condense on this tree, so that underneath the soil is kept moist.
+  Probably more dew falls on this tree than _Myrianthus arboreus_, which
+  shows a similar feature.
+
+  Thus far the wood has not been used for any purpose.
+
+ _Treculia sp._ Small-fruited African Breadfruit. Izenagan (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Morus sp._ Aye (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province in
+  Nigeria.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Shapo Obibere (Yoruba); Ihege (Benin).
+
+  It is a small to medium-sized tree, with short stem rarely exceeding 8
+  feet in height, and a much-branched, heavy crown, with very large
+  leaf, cut up in the form of a large digit, much more pronounced than
+  the horse chestnut. The leaves, on falling, rot and form a heavy layer
+  of black humus. In the dry season the dew condenses to such an extent
+  on the leaves that the tree drips in the morning, and the
+  neighbourhood of such trees is always moist when the rest of the
+  forest is dry.
+
+  The large, rough, elongated, pear-shaped fruit, like an overgrown
+  sweetsop, is quite characteristic of this tree.
+
+  It is found in the Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Warri, Calabar and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is scarcely big enough for timber, but would make a good
+  undergrowth for a light-loving species such as mahogany or teak, and
+  would kill all weeds on good soil. Usually found on good soil. The
+  timber is white and soft.
+
+ _No botanical name_. Iragbo-Amuje (Yoruba); Igogo (Benin).
+
+  It is a large tree with almost hard white wood, more the texture of
+  Triplochiton. The fruit is a drupe, with a small nut inside. Termites
+  do not attack the wood. It is a quick-growing tree, which comes up
+  very frequently in old farms.
+
+  It is a common tree in the Benin country.
+
+  It is a shade-bearer.
+
+  _Native Use._—In the Benin country it is used for door lintels and
+  cross-pieces in house-building.
+
+
+=Urticaceæ.=
+
+ _Urera_. Ela (Yoruba); Akinrankiri (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Yoruba and Benin countries.
+
+
+=Proteaceæ.=
+
+ _Faurea speciosa_. Red-brown timber.
+
+  Found in the Calabar province.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Heisteria parvifolia_. White Nut (?). Ikereoha (Benin).
+
+  It rarely exceeds the height of about 8 feet and a girth of about 1
+  foot.
+
+  This is a small shrub with red flowers of four petals at right angles
+  to each other, in the middle of which a white-coloured fruit forms. On
+  peeling off the white skin, a black nut is disclosed, which is edible.
+  It tastes more like a hazel-nut. The red flower is the most
+  distinguishing feature, and makes this plant show up amongst the
+  evergreen zone.
+
+  It is found in the Ondo, Benin, and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a shade-bearing and slow-growing shrub, with soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving qualities. It serves a very useful purpose amongst the
+  undergrowth in the forest. Natural regeneration appears to be fair,
+  but no plantations have been made with this species. The nuts have not
+  been tested in the export market. Amongst the natives the nuts are
+  very popular, and it is the only use which they have for this shrub.
+  This chiefly refers to the Benin district.
+
+ _Heisteria sp.?_. Benin Nut, Edible Nut. Evialegbi (Benin).
+
+  It is found chiefly in the Benin province of Nigeria, though probably
+  its area of distribution extends to the Ondo and Ogoja provinces as
+  well. It is a tall, comparatively thin-boled tree in proportion to its
+  height. Attaining a girth of about 8 feet, the bole is 40 feet in
+  length. The bark is dull green and not very thick, being more in the
+  nature of cortex than real bark. The most typical feature of the tree
+  is the fruit, which is a spherically-shaped nut with a pointed tip.
+  When dry, it is marked with shallow groves about half a millimetre
+  apart, all converging to the tip. When cracked, the kernel obtained is
+  rather pleasant to the taste, with plenty of oil. The timber is a
+  yellowish colour and moderately hard. It is fairly durable, though it
+  is attacked by a small wood-borer when it is left lying in the forest.
+  It is a moderately fast-growing tree, but is a shade-bearing, soil
+  protecting and improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be
+  poor. No plantations have yet been made with it, but its yield of nuts
+  should be tested. The timber has not yet been exported, nor has it
+  been cut for local use. So far, the chief use of the tree is the nut,
+  but even here proper tests have not yet been made, and it is only the
+  natives who really know the tree. The exact oil content has yet to be
+  tested.
+
+ _Coula edulis_. Nkula in the Gaboon, Gaboon Nut. Omumu (Benin).
+
+  An edible nut containing oil. It is nearly round in shape, but
+  slightly depressed at the top, with a soft shell.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The tree is of medium size, with narrow crown
+  and small leaves, the fruit being borne on the upper side of the
+  branches. It is moderately common near Ugo and also on the Siluko road
+  (both in Benin). This is apparently a rare tree in reality, and it may
+  be mistaken for Ivialegbi.
+
+  The timber is brown with a red tinge, almost hard.
+
+  _Native Use._—The nut decorticated is sold in the native markets and
+  eaten as a delicacy.
+
+  _Value._—According to report made some years ago, it was valued at £7
+  per ton in Liverpool. It was difficult to get sufficient for a sample.
+
+
+=Loranthaceæ.=
+
+ _Loranthus leptolobus_. African Mistletoe, or Red-flowering Loranthus.
+
+  Found in the Yoruba and Benin country.
+
+
+=Menispermaceæ.=
+
+ _Cissampelos Owariensis_. Ebewaki (Benin).
+
+  A medicinal plant.
+
+ _Cissampelos Pareira_ (L.). Jokoye (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Enantia polycarpa_ (Kew). Abeokuta Bark, Kanda or Canta Bark. Ghido
+ (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Egba province.
+
+ _Enantia chlorantha_. African Yellow Wood. Yaru (Yoruba); Ehranbabogo
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree of the Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Ogoja and Calabar
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, attaining a girth of 5 feet and a bole
+  length of 25 feet. The most peculiar feature of the tree is the fruit,
+  a bundle of reddish clubs all coming out of the twig at one point. The
+  stem is dull green, with scattered lenticels here and there. The bole
+  is uneven near the base and almost divided by large spurns, which
+  makes it difficult to cut out a square log. Standing in dense shade
+  usually, and often with a piece of the bark removed, showing the
+  yellow cambium layer or wood, it is easily distinguished from other
+  trees.
+
+  The yellow wood is similar both in the sap and in the heartwood. It
+  splits well, even into tiny thin, lath-like pieces. It is soft, but
+  planes up into a smooth surface. The medullary rays are often
+  prominent, and make the wood look very pretty. The sheen of the wood
+  also adds to its appearance.
+
+  The tree is a shade-bearer and rather slow-growing; perhaps in more
+  open localities it would grow faster. Natural regeneration does not
+  appear to be good, though more extensive observations on this point
+  may reveal more. Small quantities of seed are borne each year. It
+  sprouts a little from the stump, but this method of reproduction
+  cannot be relied upon. Cuttings have not yet been tried. It likes a
+  good moist soil of the evergreen forest and lower parts of the mixed
+  deciduous forest. It has not yet received a place in the forest
+  plantations.
+
+  Samples of the timber have been tried in England and used with good
+  effect as a substitute for American “Whitewood,” to which it is
+  similar in texture. Its small size rather hinders its more extensive
+  use. In the Benin district it is used as cross-pieces and rafters in
+  building; wooden shovels are also made from it. It is occasionally
+  used to make a yellow dye, especially the bark. Native caps are made
+  from the bark, which is fibrous. It is also used for verandah-posts
+  and door-frames.
+
+ _Dennettia tripetala_. Igberi (Yoruba); Ako (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Benin, Ondo (?) and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a maximum girth of 6 feet, with a
+  short bole and a much-branched crown. Most commonly seen as a shrub-
+  like tree in the mixed deciduous forest. The flower has three petals,
+  with red colour inside and brown outside. The flowers grow on the stem
+  or the twigs with little or no stalk, usually two or three in one
+  place.
+
+  The timber, which is white and soft, is eaten by termites. There is no
+  proper heartwood.
+
+  It is a shade-bearer, and rather slow-growing tree. It likes good
+  soil, and is rather an indication of a loose, good and deep soil.
+
+  It has not been exported or used locally.
+
+  _Native Use._—The fruit, which has a peppery taste, is eaten. The
+  chiefs only eat the fruit after it has become red and really ripe. The
+  small boys use the new young leaves uncooked to make the mouth warm
+  when the rain falls.
+
+ _Dennettia sp._ Agedegbo, Ako (Benin).
+
+  This tree was determined from specimens obtained in the early part of
+  1917 from Olokemeji, where it is somewhat common. Owing to the fact
+  that only immature and mature fruiting specimens were sent, it may be
+  identical with _Dennettia tripetala_. It is, however, a much smaller
+  tree, and the fruit is not nearly so large and is a more oblong shape
+  than _D. tripetala_. It is a small, much-branched tree and yields a
+  hard, whitish-yellow wood which might be used as substitute for
+  lancewood. The Benis eat the fruit, but the Yorubas have no use for
+  the tree.
+
+ _Xylopia Æthiopica_. Negro Pepper. Eru (Yoruba); Unie (Benin); Atta
+ (Efik).
+
+  Is a medium-sized tree with silvery smooth, grey trunk, and found
+  growing near the banks of rivers in all the southernmost provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56.—=Large-leaved Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 14 feet
+in girth, with smaller Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) standing at the side,
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57.—=Arere (Triplochiton Nigericum), 120 feet high,
+thirty years old.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58.—=Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis), 7 feet 6
+inches in girth, on Dajopa Road, Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 260.
+
+  It is stated to be useful for oars and masts for small boats,
+  according to the report on the Exhibition of 1867. Since that date,
+  however, it has not been used for this purpose. The bole reaches a
+  girth of about 5 feet and a length of about 45 feet. The crown is
+  narrow and comparatively long, but rather compressed and compact. The
+  foliage is dense and comparatively close together. The root spurns are
+  slight and narrow, not extending very far up the bole. In proportion
+  to its height the trunk is thin and very cylindrical in shape, though
+  occasionally near the base it may not be absolutely round and tends to
+  bulge out rather more on one surface than the other. The fruit, when
+  ripe, is like a bunch of black keys, or little short, round-ended
+  pieces of wood, all projecting out of one central stalk or fork, which
+  is the most typical feature of the tree. The cortex is comparatively
+  thin, and remains smooth even in the mature trees. The bole tapers
+  only very slightly, and does not divide or send out any branches until
+  the crown is reached.
+
+  The sapwood is white, as also the heartwood, except that the latter
+  tends to have a very light yellowish-brown tinge, especially as it
+  seasons. It is moderately hard, showing great elasticity, planing with
+  a smooth surface, splitting moderately well, taking nails and not
+  warping or shrinking to any great extent. Even fresh it is
+  comparatively a dry wood. It saws well and shows considerable textile
+  strength, as also strength in compression, is moderately heavy and
+  termite-proof. The texture of the grain is very fine and even, and the
+  grain is very straight.
+
+  This tree is somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting,
+  and soil-improving. Natural regeneration is moderate. It does not
+  sprout from the stump. It stands a certain amount of flooding, but it
+  seems to demand a good soil with plenty of moisture, including a very
+  moist atmosphere. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+  The timber has not been felled for export, nor has it been cut for
+  local use, but it appears to deserve a trial as a substitute for
+  lancewood, or other woods which show considerable elasticity. It
+  should be noted that it belongs to the same family as that of the
+  lancewood. Owing to the straightness and comparative evenness of the
+  bole for a very considerable length, it might be suitable for shafts
+  or even telegraph poles.
+
+  The fruit is used as a kind of comestible amongst most of the natives,
+  as it has a peppery taste which is not unpleasant.
+
+  It is usually dried and sold in the native markets, several bunches
+  for a penny. By some it is almost looked upon as a medicine.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_ (Eng. and Diels). Small-flowering Negro Pepper.
+ Sesedo, Issa oku (Yoruba); Aghako or Oziza (?) (Benin).
+
+  This tree is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria,
+  where it is none too prevalent. It is a medium-sized tree with a very
+  straight, thin and tall bole. Except for its size it is very much like
+  _X. Æthiopica_; the fruit is much smaller and scarcely to be seen from
+  the ground. The timber is grey-white, and the heartwood, though
+  occasionally a light brown, is scarcely to be distinguished from the
+  sapwood. It is hard, durable, and said to be termite-proof. It does
+  not take nails easily, nor does it split well, but it saws
+  comparatively easily. Natural reproduction by seeds appears to be
+  poor. It scarcely sprouts from the stump. It is a shade-bearing, soil-
+  protecting and soil-improving tree.
+
+  The timber has not been exported. The bark and roots are used
+  medicinally.
+
+  It is used locally for house-building, as verandah-posts or supports
+  for the roof. It has considerable tensile strength and stands
+  compression better still.
+
+ _Anona Senegalensis_ (Pers.). Wild Custard Apple. Abo (Yoruba).
+
+  This is found in the Oyo and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is a
+  small, shrub-like tree, with a short stem of about 4 or 5 feet, and
+  has a very oval leaf, almost ovate in shape. It bears a yellow fruit
+  which divides up into the typical segments common to this family. It
+  resembles the Sugar Apple, has a delicious taste, and the fruit is
+  most refreshing on a hot day at the end of the dry season. The tree is
+  fire-resisting. Being deciduous, it is not a soil-improving tree. It
+  is soil-exacting, but is also found in rocky localities. The tree is
+  not very prolific, but sprouts very strongly from the stump and to a
+  less extent with root suckers. The small timber is occasionally used
+  for house-building.
+
+ _Anona palustris_ (Foster). Alligator Apple. Afe (Yoruba).
+
+  The wood is supposed to be soft, and to have been introduced into the
+  country some years ago.
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. The fruit is edible,
+  the foliage dense and heavy. In the dry season the dew condenses on
+  the leaves and towards morning drips off on to the ground, thus
+  keeping the immediate vicinity of the tree quite moist. The leaves,
+  when decayed, make a rich humus. It is one of the most valuable soil-
+  improving trees.
+
+ _Anona Mannii_.
+
+  It grows in the forest region of the Central and South Provinces of
+  Nigeria. It is a medium-sized tree bearing large green fruit close to
+  the stem.
+
+ _Popowia Mannii_.
+
+  A specimen of this Popowia has been found in Alasko, near the Oha
+  River in the Ibadan province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Anona Afzelii_. Probably the same as _Dennettia sp._ Ako, Aggedegbo
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Benin and Warri provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree of the more swampy parts or moister regions
+  of the evergreen forest zone. The leaves are a very large size, often
+  reaching a length of 1 foot. The wood is yellowish-white and soft and
+  not very durable. Owing to the very dense foliage, quite a thick layer
+  of humus is formed in the shade of the tree, so that its soil-
+  improving properties are very great. It would be a valuable tree for
+  underplanting mahogany or any deciduous tree, both with a view to
+  providing soil cover and improving the soil.
+
+  The natives do not use this wood.
+
+ _Hexalobus grandiflorus_ (Benth.) Afara (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+ _Uvaria Afzelii_. Gbogbonshe (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. A small tree with
+  hard wood.
+
+ _Uvaria Busgenii_. Paddlewood. Umaja or Umazza (Benin); Uruiju Arogu
+ (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja (?), Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a large tree, and reaches a girth of about 10 feet with a good
+  bole and limbs. The crown is narrowish, being formed by many small
+  branches. The bark is light green, scaling off and leaving yellow
+  patches with a red edge to each; otherwise it is smooth and almost
+  shining. It is a common tree of the evergreen forest. With the
+  exception of slight hollows near the base of the stem the bole is
+  quite round.
+
+  The timber is a faint orange-colour with a reddish tint. There is very
+  little difference between the heart and sap wood, except that the
+  former is a lighter colour. It splits well and planes into a smooth
+  surface. At the corner of a square block pieces are liable to split
+  off. The grain is a little open and the pores are rather long.
+
+  Termites (white ants) make no impression on it. The timber is hard,
+  with a certain amount of rigidity, and yet has no resilience.
+
+  It is a slow-growing tree and shade-bearer. Judging by the number of
+  small trees found, reproduction from seed must be good. It does not
+  sprout from the stool, and root suckers are thrown up after the trees
+  have been felled. It likes moist and deep soil, which must be
+  moderately good, e.g. the red soil of Benin and sandy loam of Badagry
+  district.
+
+  In 1906 samples of the wood were sold in the Liverpool market as
+  Sabicu and realized 1s. to 2s. per superficial foot. It has also been
+  used for European house-building in the Calabar province.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is chiefly used for making paddles. It is also used
+  for joists and posts by the Benin people.
+
+ _Uvaria Chamæ_ (Kew). Eruju (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a large shrub with sweet-scented flowers. Lagos Island.
+
+ _Artabotrys sp._ Ako gbogbonshe (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+ _Monodora tenuifolia_. African Nutmeg. Lakosin (?) (Yoruba); Unyenghen
+ (Benin).
+
+  In younger trees there are a few narrow white streaks in the dull
+  green bark, which gives it quite a distinctive appearance.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized tree with yellow flowers
+  tinged with white, most conspicuous after they have fallen to the
+  ground. The flower has three petals with wavy edges, and reminds most
+  people of an orchid. In fact, many have asked whether it is not an
+  orchid. The leaves are light green, especially on the under-side,
+  though darker as the rainy season advances. The fruit is a spherical
+  drupe, containing several small nuts or seeds. The tree flowers before
+  the leaves come fully out, so that it looks very handsome indeed. It
+  is, in fact, one of the prettiest of all the flowering trees. It
+  flowers at the end of February or at the beginning of March. It
+  reaches a girth of about 2 feet and a bole length of about 10 feet,
+  though it is often much branched from about 4 feet from the ground.
+
+  It is quite common in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, especially in
+  the Olokemeji Reserve and on the road between that place and Mamu, in
+  the Benin province, as well as being found in the mixed deciduous
+  forest zone.
+
+  The timber is hard and white and fairly durable. It is tough and does
+  not split well.
+
+  Although it stands a little shade it is a somewhat slow-growing,
+  light-loving tree, but does not protect the soil. Natural regeneration
+  appears to be fair. It sprouts well from the stump, often in this way
+  forming quite a clump. On these stool shoots it bears flowers and
+  fruit early. It transplants badly, more especially when placed in the
+  open. It is somewhat exacting as to soil, demanding a certain amount
+  of moisture as well as depth. It is somewhat fire-resisting, sprouting
+  out again after such injury.
+
+  As it does not really reach timber size, it is not of much use for
+  local constructional purposes.
+
+  _Native Use._—The smaller trees are used as walking-sticks and the
+  larger ones are sometimes used for hoe and axe handles. In clearing
+  the land for farms, stool shoots are left standing, to act as supports
+  for the tendrils of the yams after they have been planted.
+
+ _Monodora myristica_, var. _grandifolia_. Calabash Nutmeg. Lakoshe or
+ Abo Lakoshe, Ilakosin, Igbo (Yoruba); Ukposa, Eddo Binoyoba (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the mixed deciduous forests of the Ibadan, Ondo, Benin,
+  Owerri, and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, where it is somewhat
+  prevalent.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a large tree, up to 7 feet in girth,
+  with open crown and thin foliage. The flowers are very conspicuous
+  when they fall, having three very large pointed red petals streaked
+  with white, almost reminiscent of an orchid. The edge of the petal is
+  wavy, too. On the tree, the flowers hang from the under-side of twigs
+  with very short petioles. It is the most handsome and largest
+  flowering tree amongst the Monodoras. It is, however, never quite so
+  much covered with flowers as the _M. tenuifolia_. The flowers are
+  considerably larger, being quite half to one inch longer. The bole
+  reaches a length of about 15 feet, but is often branched lower down.
+  The fruit is a large drupe, containing a number of small nuts.
+
+  The timber is whitish, hard and somewhat tough, and does not split
+  well.
+
+  It is a moderately fast-growing, light-demanding tree. With the
+  exception of the period when it loses leaves, it is a soil-protecting
+  and soil-improving tree.
+
+  Although it scarcely reaches timber size, it might be tried for
+  smaller constructional purposes, such as handles, posts, or rails. The
+  quantities, however, are not very large.
+
+  _Native Use._—The nut is ground up and used in soup.
+
+ _Monodora brevipes_. Yellow-flowering Nutmeg. Ause, Lakosin (Yoruba);
+ Iyoha (Benin).
+
+  Grows abundantly throughout the Tropics. The seeds are useful as
+  condiments or as medicine.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ sp.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_. White Cedar. Akomu (Yoruba); Omocham (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a very common tree, especially at the edges of roads and in old
+  farms. It is not so common in the original forest. It grows up to 15
+  feet in girth. It has a very cylindrical bole, with long, straight,
+  outstanding branches growing close together, more or less forming a
+  flat crown. The leaves are large and pinnate, and the small fruit,
+  which grows in clusters, half opens, disclosing a bright red interior
+  with one round seed covered with pink, mace-like fibre. The slash is
+  pinkish-white, and heavy, sticky white latex streaked with red exudes
+  very freely after it has been cut.
+
+  The timber is soft and white and not durable. It has not so far been
+  used either for export or locally.
+
+
+=Lauraceæ.=
+
+ _Ocotea_ cf. Egg-shaped fruit tree. Agkwokhau (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Benin province.
+
+
+=Capparidaceæ.=
+
+ _Cratæva Adansonii_ (Guill. et Perr.). Egun oran (Yoruba).
+
+  Tree 30 feet high with yellow flowers. Found growing at Fiditi, Oyo
+  province.
+
+ _Capparis Thonningii_. Ekkana, Awoa (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium sp._ Babu (Yoruba); Oria (Benin); Oko (Ibo, Owerri); Oguru
+ (Brass); Edat (Efik); Ukpoi, Edat, Mpuri (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria, and Asaba district, Benin province.
+
+  It is a large tree with irregular surface to the bole, muscular-like
+  protrusions being seen here and there, as well as similar shaped
+  depressions. The crown is wide and flattish, and of light foliage. The
+  fruit is a large, nasty-smelling, apple-shaped drupe.
+
+  The timber is white, with apparently little difference between sap and
+  heart wood, and it is hard and tough, not splitting at all easily.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree, said to be termite-proof. It has considerable
+  resiliency, and stands a certain amount of bending strain.
+
+  The timber has not been used for export, nor has it been sawn up for
+  planks for local use.
+
+  _Native Use._—The Yorubas use the timber for making mortars for food.
+
+ _Parinarium sp._ Red Mahogany. Abue (Egbado, Yoruba); Dabadogun
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is plentiful in the Benin and the Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It grows into a large tree, but is often seen
+  as a small tree, suppressed by other quicker-growing trees. The dense,
+  somewhat spreading crown is a typical feature of the tree. Its large
+  leaves attract attention, especially compared to the size of the tree.
+  The bole is often crooked and covered with dark green cortex, with
+  only a limited amount of fine bark.
+
+  It has a hard, red wood, not unlike mahogany, but with a more fibrous
+  grain. It is durable, especially when left in a wet place. It works up
+  with a good surface and very pleasing colour, making it thoroughly
+  worthy of being a substitute for mahogany. Being a shade-bearer, soil-
+  protecting and soil-improving tree, it should eventually find a place
+  in the forest plantations. Despite its slow growth, its other
+  silvicultural qualities are worthy of attention.
+
+  It has not yet been exported, not has it been felled for local use.
+  For the former it appears to deserve a trial.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is used for firewood.
+
+ _Parinarium robustum_. Sometimes called Mahogany Nuts, Nikko Nuts;
+ Benin Mahogany. Ugibisaro (Benin); Aiyeni (Egbado); Aiye, Aghaghe,
+ Aiyeni (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria, in the
+  evergreen forest zone, where it is not very prevalent. It is a large
+  forest tree, reaching a girth of over 12 feet and a bole length of
+  about 70 feet. In the dry season, in the distance, the leaves show the
+  typical dried-up yellow appearance of the Parinariums, especially
+  being somewhat shiny in appearance. The fruit is not unlike a very
+  large, very dark green plum, but rather more flattened and not so
+  round. The inside nut is compressedly spherical, showing five large
+  eyes or holes out of which seeds germinate.
+
+  The sapwood is yellowish-white and somewhat broad in proportion to the
+  size of the tree, and the hard wood is mahogany-red coloured, but with
+  more fibrous grain. It planes up with a smooth surface and splits
+  fairly easily, especially when nailed. It is moderately hard and quite
+  durable, and is not supposed to be attacked by white ants (termites).
+  Like most of the Parinariums, the fresh wood smells something like
+  honey, and the timber tends to darken on exposure to the air, thus
+  improving in colour.
+
+  On the whole it is a shade-bearing tree and not very fast-growing. It
+  has soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration
+  only appears to be very moderate. Like most of the Parinariums, the
+  kernels of the fruit are pecked out by various birds. No plantations
+  have been made of this tree.
+
+  Quite by accident, in 1906 some logs obtained from this tree were cut
+  and exported, and sold in the Liverpool market as Benin mahogany at
+  4d. per superficial foot. Since then, however, none has been cut.
+
+  Amongst the Benin natives the timber is occasionally used for house-
+  building.
+
+ _Parinarium excelsum_. Essago (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Ondo, Benin, Owerri and Calabar provinces of
+  Nigeria, in the evergreen forest zone, where in certain localities it
+  is very prevalent.
+
+  In appearance it is like the rough-skin plum of Sierra Leone, but a
+  larger and taller tree. The leaf usually looks dry and grey,
+  especially underneath. The crown is oval and very dense, with a mass
+  of large limbs. The bark is covered with white lenticels, which make
+  it look grey. It usually bears a large crop of fruit each year.
+
+  It reaches a girth of over 12 feet and a bole length of about 50. In
+  proportion to the height, the bole is not so long as in the cases of
+  many other forest trees. The fruit is more uneven in surface than that
+  of _P. robustum_, and the surface is also more or less speckled with
+  little white raised lumps, giving it a roughness to the touch. The
+  fruit inside is yellowish-white, rather hard and not unpleasant to
+  taste. Where it is found, especially in the more swampy parts, it is
+  often almost gregarious in habit. It is an evergreen tree.
+
+  The wood when freshly cut smells like honey. The sapwood is yellowish-
+  white and the heartwood is brown. On the whole it is much harder than
+  _P. robustum_. Occasionally it appears cross-grained, and does not
+  plane up with such a smooth finish. It saws less easily, and it is
+  hard to drive nails into it. It does not split well. It is rather a
+  heavy wood and does not float.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing tree, which thoroughly
+  protects the soil and improves it with its leaf fall. Natural
+  regeneration appears to be none too good. No plantations have been
+  made of this tree.
+
+  It has not been felled for local use, but occasionally it has been
+  used for firewood, which is of somewhat high calorific power. The
+  fruit is occasionally useful to temporarily assuage hunger in the
+  forest.
+
+  It was sold as African greenheart at 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d. a cubic foot
+  in the Liverpool market in 1906.
+
+  _Native Use._—None, and the fruit is not eaten. Elephants eat the
+  fruit.
+
+ _Parinarium polyandrum_ (Benth.) (?). Plum. Ako Idofun (Yoruba).
+
+  Smaller fruit than _P. curatellæfolium_ and very hard; similar
+  flowers, the leaves rough and only slightly grey-green on the under-
+  surface. Stem reddish-brown with long lenticels, leaves larger and
+  longer.
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+  _Native Use._—The tree is used by the natives for building farmhouses.
+
+ _Parinarium curatellæfolium_ (Planch.). Abo-Idofun (Yoruba).
+
+  A small tree 10 feet in height and 1 foot in diameter, with large
+  umbelliferous flowers of a white colour. The leaves are rough and
+  shiny on the upper surface, and with more white underneath than the
+  _P. polyandrum_.
+
+  _Native Use._—The fruit is edible, though not usually eaten. No use as
+  firewood. The wood is used for building farm-sheds.
+
+ _Parinarium Gabunense_. Mahogany Nut. Abere (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Ondo province.
+
+ _Chrysobalanus sp._ Niko Nut. Igata (Yoruba).
+
+  Found at Ebuttemetta.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ (Cæsalpineæ).=
+
+ _Cassia Sieberiana_. Cassia. Aridan-toro (Yoruba); Ezzi, Apagban
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is commonly found in Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria, more especially in the latter. It is a small tree bearing
+  large and long racemes of yellow flowers in February, making it very
+  reminiscent of the laburnum. The tree is leafless at the time, so that
+  the flowers are all the more conspicuous. The almost rectangular
+  branching habit of this tree, combined with the rather thin twigs, is
+  very typical. It yields a hard, red wood, but the sapwood is
+  yellowish-white. The natives use the fruit medicinally and the timber
+  for house-building. The pods are usually about a foot long and half an
+  inch in diameter.
+
+ _Cassia tora_. Cassia. Ako Kere (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found at Olokemeji, in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. Its
+  medicinal use as a remedy for ringworm is not known to the natives of
+  that locality.
+
+ _Cassia fistula_. Cassia. Bembedo (Yoruba).
+
+  It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria, one
+  specimen being found in the Idah district; the longer (1 to 2 feet)
+  and stouter (¾ to 1 inch) pod is most typical of this tree. It is
+  otherwise much the same size as _Cassia Sieberiana_. The natives use
+  the fruit medicinally, but look upon the tree as a “great medicine.”
+
+ _Cassia podocarpa_ (G. and P.). Cassia. Asunwon (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+  Shrub with yellow flowers.
+
+ _Cassia occidentalis_. Blackwater Plant. Rere (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a small shrub-like herb with large upright flowers, which is
+  usually found growing in waste places at the edge of villages in the
+  Yoruba country, in the mixed deciduous forest zone. A medicine to cure
+  blackwater fever is made from this plant, though doctors now say it is
+  not an infallible cure.
+
+ _Ormosia laxiflora_ (Benth.). False Dalbergia. Shedun (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Onitsha and Ogoja provinces of
+  Nigeria, chiefly at the edge of the dry-zone forest.
+
+  It is a small tree, 12 feet high and 18 inches in girth, with almost
+  brick-red or orange-coloured bark, which is thin and often scarred by
+  natives. It has a long, thin pod with thin, flat seeds. It reminds one
+  very much of a small Dalbergia. It stands the annual fires well,
+  though it gets singed each year. The base of the bole is often
+  somewhat enlarged with the constant cutting of the bark both of the
+  stem and the uppermost roots.
+
+  The timber is yellowish-red and not very hard, but rough to work up,
+  being more in the nature of a turner’s than a joiner’s wood. The grain
+  is often by no means straight, and the wood shows a little figure.
+
+  Withstanding the fires so well, it serves, or should serve, as a nurse
+  for the introduction of more valuable species amongst the dry-zone
+  trees, especially on the laterite soils. Natural regeneration is good
+  and it sprouts well from the stump. Root suckers do not appear to be
+  so prevalent as in many dry-zone species. It is a light-loving
+  species, which does not protect the soil properly, though the foliage
+  is comparatively dense for that type of tree. It is slow-growing. No
+  plantations have been made.
+
+  It does not attain sufficient size for export, but it might be tried
+  for local turnery work. It is useful for local hut-building.
+
+  _Native Use._—House-building, and the roots when boiled are used in
+  medicine as a tonic.
+
+ _Afrormosia elata_. African Satinwood, Yellow Satinwood. Ayin (Yoruba);
+ Anyeran, Anyesan, Ehranobapotineddo (Benin); Egbi (Ibadan); Elo Uta
+ (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+  A very conspicuous tree, with its orange-red trunk near the base,
+  gradually shading off to yellow higher up, and towards the branches a
+  light-green colour. Large, irregular-shaped pieces of bark fall off
+  from time to time, in a similar way to the plane-tree of Europe,
+  though with its reddish trunk it is not so much like the plane as
+  _Afzelia Africana_. The root flanges or spurns are very thin and do
+  not extend beyond about three feet up the stem of the tree. In plate
+  No. 82 one of these trees, growing near Benin, shows the open, rather
+  narrow crown with its few main limbs supporting it.
+
+  It is commonest in the Benin, but also found in the Ondo, Owerri and
+  Calabar provinces in the moist evergreen forests. It is also seen in
+  secondary forests of the same zone.
+
+  The timber planes well, but does not split. It saws easily, but takes
+  nails with difficulty. It is sometimes figured, especially logs from
+  the base of the tree.
+
+  It is pretty easily killed by fire at the roots, though otherwise it
+  tends to spread with cultivation. The sapwood is almost white and the
+  heartwood a yellowish-green, when fresh, but a dull yellow when dry.
+  It is very hard and withstands the attacks of white ants (termites).
+  Even the sapwood of a young tree had not rotted after six years near
+  the bank of the Ogba, Benin province. It grows moderately quickly.
+
+  The flower is inconspicuous and small, and the pod is also small,
+  being about 2½ inches long and ½ inch broad, containing two or three
+  flat seeds. The tree does not bear very heavily, and in consequence
+  natural regeneration is not very good, though such seeds as actually
+  form properly seem to germinate well. In youth it bears some shade,
+  but in middle age seems to be almost a light-demander.
+
+  Although when freshly cut the wood does not float, when thoroughly dry
+  it would not be difficult to float it with a lighter species.
+
+  The timber was reported as satinwood and worth 3d. to 1s. per
+  superficial foot in the Liverpool market in 1906, and that moderate
+  quantities (of fair length and squares) would be taken.
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_ (Schum. and Thon.). Edible-fruited Padouk.
+ Gbingbindo (Yoruba); Akpanagya, Uruhe (Benin); Nja (Efik).
+
+  It is one of the most common waterside trees of all the Southern
+  Provinces of Nigeria; some of the rivers on the banks of which it is
+  found are the Ovia, Ogun and Cross River. Belonging to the mixed
+  deciduous forest zone, it is in the middle reaches of these rivers
+  where it is most prevalent.
+
+  A typical feature of this small tree is the bright, yellow-coloured
+  flower, which quite brightens up the banks of the rivers at the end of
+  February or March. Another most peculiar feature is the odd, somewhat
+  kidney-shaped fruit with its rough surface corrugations, containing
+  inside a hardish nut about 1 inch in diameter. Either the nuts or the
+  fruit are often seen floating down the rivers, especially where they
+  are tidal. The leaves are more typical of the Pterocarps, otherwise
+  the fruit is most unlike either those of the genus or even of the
+  family. The bole of the tree is short, smooth and almost silver-grey
+  in colour, though it is often discoloured with the mud from the
+  perennial floods of the river. It is usually seen with more than one
+  stem.
+
+  The timber is white and not over-hard. It is not very durable.
+
+  The tree is not very fast-growing, but is an evergreen, with a short
+  period in which nearly all the leaves fall. It serves a most useful
+  purpose in holding the banks of the streams wherever it is found, and
+  it is noticeable that its roots appear to extend a long way back and
+  that it is one of the last trees to be washed out by floods. It
+  sprouts fairly well from the stump when cut, unless it is almost at
+  once submerged by the floods, which points to the fact that it should
+  be cut only at the beginning or towards the end of the dry season.
+  Natural regeneration appears to be fair, but no plantations have been
+  tried with this tree.
+
+  The nuts have not been examined to see what they contain, though they
+  are of nutritive value.
+
+  For export it does not yield large timber, and for local use it is
+  rather small, but for local huts it might occasionally be used where
+  other timber is scarce, as in the dry zone. It makes a fair firewood
+  in those places. Although the fruit is supposed to be edible, very few
+  natives have tried it, and apparently it is only used in times of
+  great scarcity.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59.—=Large Ayin (Anogeissus leiocarpus), 10 feet in
+girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60.—=Oil Palm in bearing, two bunches of fruit in
+view, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 272.
+
+ _Pterocarpus Osun_. African Padouk or Barwood. Osun, Osun dudu
+ (Yoruba); Ume, Ureben (Benin); Opepe (Ikala, Ijor).
+
+  It is found in the Ogoja and Calabar provinces of Nigeria, in the
+  mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is none too prevalent. A
+  specimen was found near Ibami, in the Obubra district. It is a small
+  tree with small yellow flowers and rather small leaves. The branches
+  are placed close together and the crown is very dark and thick. The
+  bole is short, rarely exceeding 15 feet in length, and the bark a dark
+  brown colour. The bole reaches a girth of about 5 feet.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood of a dull-red colour, but in
+  proportion the sapwood is rather wide. It is moderately hard, fairly
+  durable, but not termite-proof. It planes well, saws easily, takes
+  nails; it does not split very well.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration does not appear to be very
+  good. It is doubtful if it sprouts from the stump. It has not been cut
+  for export, nor has it been felled for local use.
+
+  On the Cross River the Camwood was sold to the European merchants, at
+  the rate of 409 billets per ton, for £4 10s., so that with the added
+  cost of river and ocean freight and sale charges, there was no profit
+  when it was being sold at £6 10s. per ton in the Liverpool market.
+  Better prices are always secured if it is shipped in squared logs, 24
+  inches square and 24 to 30 feet in length.
+
+  Apparently it is not the Camwood used by the natives, because plenty
+  of trees are seen scattered about in the neighbourhood of Obubra
+  untouched.
+
+ _Pterocarpus erinaceus_. African Rosewood. Apepe, Ara (Yoruba); Oyo,
+ Upeka (Benin).
+
+  This tree grows in the dry-zone savannah forests of the Ogoja province
+  of Nigeria. It is of small size; the flowers, which are yellow, appear
+  in March. The timber is of little value, the tree not being large
+  enough to yield a useful timber, but it has been sold as African
+  Rosewood. It has a beautiful rose-red colour.
+
+ _Pterocarpus sp._ So-called Camwood. Osun pupa (Yoruba); Akume (Benin);
+ also spineless fruited Camwood.
+
+  It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Benin and Ondo provinces of
+  Nigeria. On the bank of the Cross River, near the Ossizza factory,
+  there is a large specimen, standing about 20 feet away from the
+  water’s edge.
+
+  It is not very common, and chiefly found near river banks in the
+  evergreen forest towards their northern limit. It is a medium-sized
+  tree, reaching a girth of 9 feet at the most and a height of 70 feet.
+  The bole length does not exceed 40 feet. The bark is light-brown,
+  almost yellow-brown, with rough fissures and fibrous surface, more
+  like an elm, though thinner. The branches are thin and light-coloured.
+  In flower the tree is a mass of little yellow peaflowers, and numerous
+  bees swarm round the crown of the tree, indicating its presence.
+  Again, when the fruit ripens the crown is a mass of yellow-brown
+  winged fruits all fluttering in the wind. They are always in bunches
+  near the ends of the twigs. The fruit is round and flat, with no hairs
+  on it, with a thin papery wing completely surrounding and joined to
+  it, which makes it rather thicker and stiffer than the other species.
+  It is not at all typical of the Pterocarpus genus. The seed in the
+  centre has a rough surface. The trunk usually is not quite straight,
+  having a slight bend or two in its length. In habit, more like a
+  Combretum or young elm to look at. The crown is round, almost
+  spherical, and does not usually occupy more than one-third of the
+  height of the tree.
+
+  The sapwood is white; the heartwood is of a dull purply colour, which
+  is inclined to stain into the sapwood after the tree is cut down and
+  exposed to rain. On the whole the colour of the wood is deeper than
+  that of the other Pterocarpus, but it is said to yield a less fast and
+  poorer coloured red dye than that of the other species, _P. Osun_. It
+  is moderately hard. It planes well, and is sometimes cross-grained. It
+  takes nails easily, but does not split very well, though it saws with
+  comparative ease.
+
+  Although it stands a good deal of shade in its youth, it is apparently
+  a light-demanding tree with soil-protecting and soil-improving
+  qualities. It is not very fast-growing. Natural regeneration appears
+  to be poor, chiefly, perhaps, owing to the fact that the seeds are
+  quickly eaten by small boring insects soon after they fall to the
+  ground. It is rather exacting as to soil, and prefers the deep, moist,
+  sandy loam. Only isolated specimens are seen.
+
+  The timber has not been exported yet, and despite the fact that it
+  does not reach such a large size as _P. Osun_, it deserves a trial.
+  For local use it should find a place for house construction in a
+  similar position to which the Osun and others are used by the natives.
+
+  It has not been cut or used as a dye root, chiefly owing to its poorer
+  colour. It is, however, used in house-building.
+
+ _Pterocarpus_. Cross River Camwood.
+
+  It is found in the Obubra district of the Calabar province of Nigeria.
+  In habit it is very similar to the other Camwoods.
+
+ _Pterocarpus Soyauxii_. Large Fruited Camwood. Arakpa, Ume (Benin);
+ Ukpa (Efik).
+
+  It is found in the Ogoja, Benin, Warri (?), Ondo, Ibadan (?) and
+  Abeokuta (?) provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a common tree in the mixed deciduous forests, reaching a height
+  of 80 to 100 feet, with a bole length of 50 feet and a girth of 10
+  feet. The bark is a darker colour than _P. Osun_, but a little
+  rougher. The leaf is smaller than _P. Osun_, but is unarmed. The most
+  typical difference in this tree is the fruit, which is the largest of
+  all, 2½ to 3 inches in diameter, with plenty of prickly thorns in the
+  centre of each surface. The wood is a much darker red, quite a dull,
+  almost purple red. The root spurns on the whole extend higher up the
+  trunk than _P. Osun_ (up to 4 feet). The slash is white, but thin red
+  latex soon exudes out of it.
+
+  The wood is hardish, but the sapwood is very white and soft. The wood
+  does not make the same kind of stain as _P. Osun_, though apparently
+  it keeps its colour much better than _P. Osun_. When exposed to light,
+  _P. Osun_ loses it very quickly and becomes a dull-brown colour. The
+  grain is open and varies a little in colour, giving it a pleasing
+  effect. Termites do not attack it. It splits well.
+
+  It sprouts from the stump slightly, but such shoots do not attain any
+  size. Seedlings come up readily from fallen seeds. The seeds are
+  liable to be eaten by the “ground pig” almost at once. It grows
+  moderately quickly, but is a light-lover. It has an undivided stem.
+
+  Samples were sent to Liverpool in 1916 and sold as African Padauk, and
+  it was reported that “small quantities sell” satisfactorily. It has
+  been cut for local use for buildings.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is used for making wooden shovels, all out of one
+  piece. Also in house-building as wall-plates at the top of the mud
+  walls, also in the Oba’s house for uprights.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum sp._ Sasswood. Inyi (Benin).
+
+  This tree was determined from material from the Central Circle.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Sasswood, or Sassy Bark, or Ordeal Bark.
+ Erun obo (Yoruba); Oginyi (Benin); Akpa Etuidiwi (Efik); Arachi (Ibo,
+ Asaba); Inyi, Ibo (Onitsha, Ibo, Owerri).
+
+  It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Onitsha and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is
+  often very prevalent, more especially north of Ifon and Alabeta in the
+  Benin province.
+
+  It is a large tree, reaching a girth of over 10 feet and a bole length
+  of over 30 feet. The crown, however, is large and wide-spreading, but
+  generally spherical in shape. Comparatively low down, the bole divides
+  up into three or four main limbs. The trunk is seldom very straight,
+  usually having a twist in one direction or another. The root spurns
+  are moderately large, but are rounded in shape. The bark is dark-brown
+  and thick, scaling off to a slight extent in old age. The fruit is a
+  pod about 3 inches long and an inch wide, containing six or eight
+  flattish black beans, black to brown. These burst when ripe, but the
+  seeds only gradually fall to the ground. The fine pinnate leaves are
+  close together and open out into dense foliage most typical of the
+  Leguminoseæ. The upper part of the limbs and trunk is light-brown. The
+  flowers are minute and not often seen.
+
+  The sapwood is dull yellow and the heartwood a dull red-brown. It is
+  very heavy and hard, but not as hard as red ironwood or the Yoruba
+  ironwood. It is very durable and quite termite-proof; although
+  sometimes a little cross-grained, with good tools it can be worked up
+  to a smooth finish by planing. Holes have to be made in it for nails.
+  It saws well, but splits only moderately easily. In the saw mill it
+  was found that the hardness of the wood blunted the saws, which needed
+  constantly sharpening.
+
+  It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting, soil-improving
+  tree. Natural regeneration appears to be good, and it is moderately
+  resistant to fire. Tends to condense dew in the dry season. It
+  suppresses most other trees by shade. Amongst the dry-zone vegetation
+  it clings to the banks of rivers, and is common on the upper banks of
+  the upper reaches of the Ogun. No plantations have been made with this
+  tree.
+
+  In 1906 sample logs of the sister tree, _E. micranthum_, were exported
+  and sold in the Liverpool market as a species of oak, so that this
+  timber deserves a trial as a substitute for teak or oak.
+
+  It was cut for the Public Works Department at Onitsha and found very
+  suitable for decking of bridges. The small bridge over the Nkissi,
+  near Onitsha, was built entirely with this timber.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum micranthum_. Sasswood or Ordeal Bark. Ovinni (Benin);
+ Erinji (Ijor); Ihi (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+  It is found in the Warri, Benin and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  As a small tree, one of the first to appear when the mangrove swamp
+  gives way to the evergreen rain forest near the coast. On solid land
+  it attains a large size, even larger than that of _E. Guineense_. The
+  pod is a little larger than that of _E. Guineense_, and the bark
+  smoother. The crown is dense and very large, almost spherical in
+  shape, and reaching more than one-third down the length of the tree.
+
+  The timber is very similar in its qualities to _E. Guineense_, but has
+  a straighter grain in the larger specimens. It is very durable.
+
+  It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing tree, with soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration does not appear to be
+  very good, though numerous pods are borne on the tree almost every
+  year. No plantations have yet been made with it.
+
+  For local use, it has not been cut in a similar way to _E. Guineense_.
+  The natives occasionally use this tree for making canoes. In the 1906
+  timber report from the Liverpool market it was valued as a species of
+  oak at 1s. 9d. per cubic foot, and was not considered so good as
+  either red oak, _Lophira procera_, or white oak, _Ostryoderris
+  impressa_.
+
+  _Native Use._—The bark is boiled in water and a beautiful red-coloured
+  liquid is produced. It is administered as an ordeal trial for
+  witchcraft, and is not poisonous if given in large doses.
+
+ _Brachystegia spicæformis_. Agberigeddi, Ako (Yoruba); Okkwan (Benin);
+ Etare (Oban, Ekoi); Ungu (Ibo, Owerri); Mpanju, Akpanya, Ikpanya
+ (Efik).
+
+  This tree is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan (?), Ondo, Benin, Warri,
+  Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a rough, scaly-barked tree of huge size (see illustration),
+  reaching a girth of 30 feet and a height of 150 feet. The crown is
+  flattish, formed by a few wide-spreading limbs and numerous small
+  branches. The foliage is moderate for a Leguminous tree. The yellowish
+  flowers are almost unseen, being placed underneath the leaves. The
+  dark-brown woody pods burst with a bang not unlike a gunshot, and
+  release four or five flat black, shiny beans about ½ inch across. The
+  foliage goes almost black on reaching the ground, killing all the
+  small plants. A brownish gum exudes from the tree when cut, and this
+  hardens into a reddish, opaque mass similar to Almeidina, and in fact
+  is the source of this gutta percha-like substance.
+
+  _Timber._—It is a rather hard, light-brown wood with pretty, almost
+  evenly distributed streaks of darker brown shade in it. It is very
+  durable. The white sapwood soon rots on exposure to the weather. It is
+  suitable as a furniture wood.
+
+  _Silvicultural Characteristics._—It bears a good deal of shade. It
+  reproduces almost every year plentiful mature seed; grows fast, but
+  not so rapidly as the cotton-tree, Ricinodendron and others. It is
+  sometimes distinctly gregarious, as, for instance, south-west of Benin
+  City.
+
+  _European Use._—It has not been exported, but the P.W.D. have used it
+  for verandah-posts and planks. It has been much admired for the good
+  colour of the wood and the streaky grain.
+
+  _Native Use._—By the Benin people it is not considered a good wood,
+  but the gum is sometimes used.
+
+ _Daniellia ogea_. Gum Copal. Ogea (Yoruba); Ogea (Benin); Udeni (Ibo,
+ Owerri); Mpanju, Ikpanya, Akpanya (Efik). Also known as _D. oblonga_
+ and _Cyanothyrsus ogea_, but now called _D. ogea_.
+
+  This tree is found growing in the heavy-rain intermediary forest of
+  Benin, Ondo country and Mamu Reserve. It is a very fine tree with
+  straight rounded bole, often reaching a height of 120 feet before the
+  first branch. The bark is light grey and slightly ringed. The flowers
+  blue and not very noticeable.
+
+  _Timber._—Of no commercial value, as it is soft and rots quickly.
+
+  _Uses._—A good gum copal is obtained from it, the best in the ground,
+  after the tree has rotted. It is used for varnish making; worth 30s.
+  to 60s. a hundredweight.
+
+ _Daniellia Fosteri_. Gum Copal. Oguja or Ogea (Yoruba).
+
+  Found near Olokemeji and Ijebu-Ode. It yields a third-quality resin
+  according to Holland in _The Useful Plants of Nigeria_.
+
+ _Daniellia Punchii_ (Kew). Gum Copal. Ajia (Yoruba).
+
+ _Daniellia caudata_. Benin Gum Copal. Mogbara, Ashuwole (Yoruba); Ogea
+ (Benin); Agbara (Ikale.)
+
+  It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. The
+  bole is the straightest and most cylindrical of any of the African
+  forest trees. It often attains a height of over 100 feet before the
+  first branches are reached. The cylindrical shape is further enhanced
+  by the few quite concentric rings on the bark, horizontally arranged
+  round the trunk of the tree. The bark is otherwise quite smooth and of
+  a silvery-green or light-green colour; for the size of the tree it is
+  very thin, and the tree may reach a girth of 25 feet, and the bark
+  then is usually only ½ to ¾ inch thick. The slash is yellowish-white;
+  the sapwood is white and scarcely distinguishable from the heartwood,
+  which gradually takes a pinkish tinge when it is dry. The flowers are
+  blue and not unlike those of the fuchsia, and the tree is easily seen
+  at the end of the dry season by the bare crown with its blue flowers.
+  The path later on is covered with these. There are practically no root
+  spurns, the stem emerging straight away from the ground. The crown is
+  very flat, and does not usually occupy more than one-fifth of the
+  total height of the tree. The branches are few and of slight and
+  almost feathery build. The timber is soft, not durable nor termite-
+  proof. It saws easily, does not split very well, and considering its
+  softness it does not plane at all well nor with a very smooth surface.
+  Natural reproduction by seed appears to be poor, although plenty of
+  seeds seem to ripen; there is one seed in each pod. It is a light-
+  loving, deciduous tree, but for eleven months of the year it is
+  certainly a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. It demands a
+  deep, moist and somewhat rich soil, though judging by the various
+  localities in which it is found it is doubtful if it is really
+  exacting as to soil.
+
+  In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sent to the Liverpool market
+  and considered to be a species of mahogany, but of no value. Natives
+  have not used it to any extent for local purposes.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_. Light African Greenheart. Agboin (Yoruba); Sanga
+ (New Calabar); Iteruku (Efik); Ebbome (Oban, Ekoi); Ekhimi (Benin).
+
+  This is a common tree in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri,
+  Onitsha, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the most
+  prevalent trees in the evergreen forests, but is also found in the
+  mixed deciduous forests, especially, in both cases, near the edges of
+  the waterways. It is a very large tree, attaining a height of over 120
+  feet and a girth of over 12 feet. The bole is often 80 or 90 feet in
+  length and perfectly straight. The crown is thin, ovally flat, but
+  wide-spreading. The thick, heavily foliaged and drooping appearance at
+  the ends of the branches makes the tree a most handsome ornament to a
+  station. At the root, flanges are comparatively long and
+  widespreading, reaching often over 6 feet up the stem, having root
+  spurns quite 12 or 15 feet away from the tree. The stem divides up
+  into a few large branches which form the crown; the bark is yellow-
+  brown and smooth, but when the tree is growing in the sunlight it
+  becomes a much lighter colour and sometimes almost grey. The slash is
+  yellow, with a light-brown tinge; the flowers are quite inconspicuous
+  when they appear in January or February, being formed of little narrow
+  spikes. One of the most conspicuous features of this tree is the thin,
+  flat pod, which may grow as much as 1 foot long and nearly 1 inch
+  broad. Six to eight seeds are contained in each pod, and these,
+  including the wing, are 2 inches in length. The flat seed, which is
+  found in the centre, is brown and shiny, and is only about one-
+  sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch in thickness. It has a tiny string-
+  like attachment to the centre, which distinguishes it from Newtonia on
+  the one hand and Cylicodiscus on the other. The young green foliage is
+  also most distinctive and attractive in its freshly salmon-pink
+  colour, also the greenish tips of the older leaves. The leaves
+  themselves are bipinnate; there are often twenty to twenty-four pairs
+  of pinnæ, each of which is about half an inch long.
+
+  The sapwood is white and comparatively wide; the heartwood is a pretty
+  light-brown colour, a little darker when fresh, but still retaining a
+  good light-brown colour when it is dry. Although at first rather heavy
+  and hard, it seasons as a comparatively light and scarcely hard wood;
+  it planes well and saws fairly easily; takes nails moderately well,
+  but does not split at all easily, especially when fresh; has an open
+  grain and the pores are comparatively long. It is a durable wood and
+  is almost termite-proof, especially when it is quite dry. When
+  moderately dry the logs float in water. It weighs 53 pounds per cubic
+  foot.
+
+  It is a light-loving species which does not protect or improve the
+  soil, except in so far as it is a leguminous tree and its roots thus
+  improve the ground. It is a moderately rapidly growing tree which
+  stands a little shade in its youth. Natural regeneration appears to be
+  only moderate. It sprouts well from the stump, and stump shoots appear
+  to be very persistent. It is rather sensitive to fire and is easily
+  killed by placing rubbish near its roots and then burning the heap. No
+  plantations have yet been formed for this tree. In the forest the
+  seeds fall to the ground and are soon eaten by a small boring insect.
+  It likes a comparatively good soil, but is found on sandy soil which
+  has great moisture; it does not like flooding, but will stand a
+  little.
+
+  Locally, it is occasionally used as a house-building timber. The bark
+  is occasionally chipped off for use medicinally. Europeans have cut it
+  up and used it as verandah-posts, joists and verandah handrails.
+  However, in an unseasoned state the sapwood was attacked by termites,
+  and thus it was not entirely satisfactory. The heartwood when quite
+  dry does not warp and appears to be very durable.
+
+  In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market
+  as “Greenheart” at 2s. 9d. per cubic foot. Since that date no regular
+  supplies have been sent to the market, so that it has not been
+  thoroughly tested as to its value as an export timber.
+
+ _Isoberlinia Doka_ (Kew).
+
+  It is found in the Ogoja, Abeokuta and Owerri provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree with rather large, widespreading pinnate
+  leaves. It is one of the few trees that are gregarious in habit,
+  groups from half an acre to an acre in extent being found. The tree is
+  used for house-building and withstands a certain amount of fire, as it
+  grows at the edge of the dry-zone forest.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_. Red Oak. Apado (Abeokuta), Ewon Pala (Ikale),
+ Adugbin (Ibadan) (Yoruba); Ekpagoi (Benin); Ajia (Ibo, Asaba); Obuba
+ (New Calabar); Hanabali (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  This is a common tree in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria.
+  Although it is found most frequently in the evergreen forest zone, a
+  small, bush-like variety is also found in the open deciduous forest.
+  The most conspicuous features of this tree are the large foot-shaped
+  unripe pods; these stick out, isolated, at right angles to the general
+  direction of the surface of the ground—this makes them appear all the
+  more prominent and most odd in appearance. When the pods burst, the
+  large flat beans are released, and each side of the pod curls up, but
+  appears speckled white with round dull spots along the middle. The
+  flowers are white, nearly 2 inches across, with one red streak in the
+  centre. In the evergreen forest zone these flowers do not seem so
+  conspicuous, but in the dry zone the tree is covered with blossom,
+  making it one of the most beautiful. In the heavy forest zone the bole
+  reaches the length of nearly 80 feet and the girth of over 20. With
+  its smooth, shiny grey bark, at the first glance it is not unlike a
+  beech-tree. The root spurns are usually quite small, and do not extend
+  beyond 2 feet up the stem. The slash is white and of a yellow colour
+  on the inner edge. The leaves are pinnate, with one odd leaf at the
+  end, being usually nearly 3 inches long; the total length of the leaf
+  is often over 1 foot. The freshly ripened beans are almost square in
+  shape, flat, and nearly a quarter of an inch thick. Each side of the
+  pod is usually the size of an average man’s foot, and sometimes
+  larger; it is also not unlike it in shape, but the curve where the
+  instep should be is very slight. The crown is spherical and very
+  large, often occupying one-third of the total height of the tree. The
+  foliage is comparatively dense, and it is not possible to see through
+  the top of it. The tree loses its leaves for a very short time each
+  year. In the dry zone it is often not much more than a shrub, or at
+  most a small tree 35 feet in height.
+
+  The sapwood is white and wide. The heartwood is of a deep-red colour,
+  especially when freshly cut; when dry it still retains a good red
+  colour, and from this feature it has been termed “red” oak. The timber
+  saws fairly well, but splits badly; it is somewhat hard to plane it up
+  to a smooth surface, as it is sometimes cross-grained. The heartwood
+  is termite-proof; it takes nails only moderately well. It is a
+  moderately hard and durable wood; it does not warp very much. When the
+  logs are dry they will float in water. The weight of the timber is 55
+  pounds per cubic foot.
+
+  Considering the prevalence of the tree, natural regeneration is
+  poor—rodents may account, of course, for many of the beans; it sprouts
+  well from the stump. In the dry-zone forest region root suckers appear
+  too. It is a shade-bearing and soil-improving tree; it does not grow
+  very fast. No plantations have yet been made with this tree, though it
+  deserves a place in experimental plantations. It demands a good soil,
+  and the roots go down to a greater depth than many of the other trees.
+
+  Locally it is used as a house-building timber, and occasionally the
+  dried pods are used as firewood.
+
+  In 1906 sample logs of this tree were sold in the Liverpool market as
+  red oak at 2s. per cubic foot. It was not considered as good as Aligna
+  or as Erumacie. Since that date no further shipments of this timber
+  have been made. A further testing of the market by small trial
+  shipments of logs would thoroughly reveal its value as an export
+  timber.
+
+ _Berlinia auriculata_ (Benth.). Red Oak. Ekpagoize (Benin).
+
+  Found near the Okwo River in the Siluko sub-district of the Benin
+  province. It is not quite such a large species as the _B. acuminata_.
+
+ _Parkia biglobosa_. African Locust. Aridan Abatta, Irugbo Abatta Iru
+ (Yoruba); Ubgori, Lakobemi, Enymi (Benin); Inya (New Calabar); Ekok
+ (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  It is a very common tree in the Calabar, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo
+  (?) and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a large tree, with wide spreading fruit flanges. It has darker
+  and heavier foliage and a wider crown than _Parkia filicoidea_. It
+  often shows up on river banks with its light-red young leaves. It
+  should be easily distinguished from other similar trees of this family
+  by its cluster of beans, similar to French beans, when ripe. These are
+  yellow, and the spice-like scent and the round balls of staminate
+  flowers of a crushed strawberry colour are not easily forgotten. Often
+  only the yellow pistil is found lying on the path. It likes a damp to
+  wet soil, and is usually found growing at the edge of, or actually in,
+  freshwater swamps.
+
+  _Timber._—The wood is hardish, but is said to rot easily, though it
+  appears to be rather doubtful, and probably only applies to unseasoned
+  wood.
+
+  Natural regeneration by seed is good. The tree stands a good deal of
+  shade in its younger stages of growth. No other trees will grow under
+  it, and few can stand any or much of its shade.
+
+  _European Use._—It has not so far been used by Europeans for export or
+  local use.
+
+  _Native Use._—The seeds are cooked and eaten to some extent by the
+  Yorubas and Benin people.
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_. African Locust. Irugba (Yoruba name for fruit);
+ Igba the tree (Yoruba); Gumui (Mendi); Olibracha (Egba) (Yoruba).
+
+  This is a common tree in Abeokuta, Oyo, Benin, and Ogoja provinces of
+  Nigeria. It is found in the deciduous forests. It reaches a height of
+  over 60 feet, with a girth of 5 feet. One of the most distinguishing
+  features of this tree are the very feathery leaves, which appear after
+  the flowers. The large spherical balls of the red staminate flowers
+  enliven the tree in the early part of the year; later in the year
+  masses of pods, each about 9 inches long, hang down from the ends of
+  the twigs. The base of the bole is often gnarled, partly with the
+  slight root flanges and by the almost continual cutting of the bark by
+  the natives. Normally the bark is brown and comparatively smooth. The
+  bole is short, dividing about 20 feet from the ground into a large
+  number of small branches. On the whole, as the tree advances in age
+  the branches tend to become pendulous. The crown, spherical in shape,
+  is inclined to be irregularly broken up—partly by the different length
+  of the branches.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood a dull-brown colour; for the
+  size of the tree the sapwood is wide. It saws indifferently well,
+  splits badly; it is hard to plane; it is said to be termite-proof. The
+  wood is hard and tough.
+
+  The tree is a light-loving but not soil-improving species, except in
+  so far as the root globules take up nitrogen and free it for the use
+  of other plants. Naturally, generation is none too good. Root suckers
+  appear to some extent; it sprouts most readily from the stump. Perhaps
+  the lack of young self-sown seedlings is due to the fact that the
+  seeds are largely used by the natives. In a few places small
+  plantations have been made with this tree. It is very fire-resisting,
+  and apparently the fruit-bearing capacity of the tree is not reduced
+  to any extent by the prevalence of the annual grass-fires in the
+  localities where it is found. During the whole of its life it is a
+  slow-growing tree.
+
+  The yellow pulp in the pods is eaten by the natives. The bark at the
+  base of the tree is chipped off and used for making a tonic when
+  infused with water. The tree is occasionally used locally as a house-
+  building timber; for this purpose it is used chiefly as uprights in
+  the main buildings.
+
+  The timber has not been tried for export, and it is doubtful whether
+  its size warrants its use for this purpose.
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thonningii_. Angular Pod. Aridan (Yoruba); Igmikkia
+ (fruit), Ikhememi (tree) (Benin); Osshosha (Ibo, Asaba).
+
+  The dark-green feathery foliage on its oval crown is very typical of
+  this tree, especially when it is found near a roadside in the mixed
+  forests. It is also often found on river banks at the edge of the dry
+  zone or in other parts of the mixed forests. The indehiscent pods with
+  four edges, leaving practically no centre, are most typical of the
+  tree; they are shiny and have a peculiar medicinal smell. The fruit is
+  known as Igmikkia, by which name the tree is most usually called by
+  Europeans, in the Benin country.
+
+  The tree is prevalent in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Oyo, Benin, Onitsha,
+  Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a shade-bearer and thoroughly protects the ground all the year
+  round, except for about two weeks when the leaves fall. Natural
+  regeneration does not appear to be good, seedlings being rarely found,
+  and no plantations have been made with it, though if of more value it
+  might be mixed with teak. The seeds always command a ready sale at a
+  low price.
+
+  The wood is hard, brown, and splits badly. No use has yet been found
+  for it. It is sometimes cross-grained, the sapwood white.
+
+  The natives use the timber for making doors, window-frames and
+  benches. The seeds are sold in the Yoruba, Benin and Ibo markets; they
+  are cooked for soup, which acts as a slight aperient or is of other
+  medicinal value.
+
+ _Millettia Thonningii_ (Baker). Ito (Yoruba); Ebakwe (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. It is a
+  small tree really, reaching a girth of only 4 feet, with a short bole
+  and a few somewhat slender and drooping branches. The twigs and new
+  leaves are distinctly of weeping habit. In February, in the mixed
+  forest, the bare tree shows up with its beautiful clusters of lilac-
+  coloured, pea-shaped flowers, and later in delicate contrast to the
+  fresh, light-green leaves. The trunk is usually not quite straight,
+  being bent about 8 or 10 feet from the ground. The bark is smooth,
+  thin, and almost of a silvery-grey colour. The branches are very
+  whippy and difficult to break.
+
+  _Timber._—The wide sapwood is white and the narrow heartwood green-
+  brown when freshly cut. It is very hard, of fine grain and texture,
+  and planes with a smooth surface. It does not split; is very rough and
+  flexible.
+
+  It is a shade-bearer and grows slowly. The fruit is a small black and
+  pointed pod which opens when ripe, having about three or four beans
+  inside. It is easily killed by fire, but sprouts freely from the
+  stool. It does not crack nor warp.
+
+  It has not been exported nor cut for local use, but it should be a
+  good wood for turnery.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is used for knives and axe-handles.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61.—=Base of Bilinga (Afzelia Africana), 14 feet in
+girth, Dajopa Forest Reserve Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62.—=Shea Butter (Butyrospermum Parkii), 7 feet in
+girth, near Oniloku Road, Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63.—=Afara (Terminalia superba), base of mature tree
+over 12 feet in girth, Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64.—=Afzelia Africana, 14 feet in girth, showing
+bole and usual fork, Ijaiye Range, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 284.
+
+ _Cynometra Afzelii_. Waterside Cynometra. Akushunmajadin, Alade
+ (Ikale); Iku (seeds), Aka, Eggi (Yoruba); Ogabezzi, Ogikiomi Upakeka
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Benin province of Nigeria. On the whole it
+  is smaller than _C. Mannii_, though it has a similar habit. It grows,
+  too, in similar localities, though for the most part it is confined to
+  the evergreen forest zone. It also grows more or less in gregarious
+  groups. The shade of this species is just as dense, if not denser than
+  that of the foregoing. The leaf of the Cynometra is distinguishable
+  from most other leaves because the mid-rib of it is placed towards the
+  inner or almost straight-sided edge of the leaf. In fact, if two
+  leaves are held closely together, they almost look as if they were one
+  which had been cut in half. Benin natives have no use for this tree
+  except as firewood.
+
+ _Cynometra Mannii_. Waterside Cynometra. Ekkun (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a common tree on the banks of streams in the Ibadan and Abeokuta
+  provinces of Nigeria. One of the most characteristic features of this
+  tree is the pinkish-red colour of the fresh leaves, hanging at the
+  ends of the drooping branches. In November each year the large,
+  corrugated, single bean in each almost indehiscent pod is another
+  curious feature of this tree. The trunk is usually short—in fact,
+  often divided into three or four separate stems, almost at the base.
+  Narrow fringes consisting almost entirely of this species are found on
+  river banks. The dense shade cast by this tree prevents any other
+  species from growing underneath. The timber is hard and difficult to
+  split, and apparently it is not attacked by white ants. The tree is a
+  shade-bearer. Natural reproduction from the seed is good, it being
+  distributed often by water. It also sprouts from the stump. A few root
+  shoots also appear. The tree has not been cut for local use nor has it
+  been used for export. The natives use the wood for making posts and
+  doors.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_. African Greenheart. Osho, Aja, Iji (Il.),
+ Ajaigi (Yoruba); Okan (Benin).
+
+  _Distribution._—In the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri, Calabar
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a very large tree of the evergreen
+  forest zone, attaining a height of 200 feet and a girth of 30 feet. It
+  is armed in its earlier growth up to the pole stage, when all the
+  brown thorns disappear. Its long, brown pods, up to 3 feet long and 1½
+  inches wide, opening from one side only, with their long, thin, papery
+  seeds, are most typical of the tree.
+
+  Compared to its size the bark is thin, and in old age it is inclined
+  to scale off in small pieces. In the distance it looks practically
+  smooth. This is one of the most gigantic and impressive trees of the
+  forest, with its enormous bole stretching cylindrically up amongst and
+  over the other trees, with a large, widespreading, somewhat flatly
+  shaped spherical crown. The leaves are pinnate, with three of four
+  pairs of little ovate pinnæ, with one odd one at the end. The flowers
+  are minute, forming little, thin, knitting-needle-thick spikes of
+  yellow bloom. These last only a few days, and only once in thirteen
+  years have I seen the flower. The tree and pod are unmistakable, even
+  when it is a large one. The numerous brown pods hang down amongst the
+  foliage and appear to be much longer than those of any other
+  Leguminous tree. This feature alone distinguishes it from any similar
+  species. The bole divides up into a few large limbs and many small
+  branches, making the foliage lighter and thinner than many other
+  Leguminous trees, but not so thin as that of _Piptadenia Africana_.
+  The root spurns are very slight and rounded, merging into the bole of
+  the tree 1 foot to 3 feet above the surface of the ground. At the base
+  of the bole the bark is sometimes cut off by the natives for “Ju-ju”
+  purposes, and then an additional swelling appears there.
+
+  The sapwood is white and narrow, the heartwood greenish-brown when
+  fresh, and yellowish-brown after it has lain in the forest for a few
+  years. It is very hard—in fact, one of the very hardest of African
+  timbers. Under cover it is very durable. In the open it does not last
+  so long. It is termite-proof. The sapwood, however, rots in the open,
+  and the heartwood softens very considerably. It is somewhat fibrous,
+  but it planes up well, with a smooth surface. It does not take nails,
+  saws well, and splits moderately well. It has considerable elasticity.
+  It makes a very hot-burning firewood, but is inclined to crackle and
+  make sparks.
+
+  It is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be fair, but the
+  seeds are often eaten by little boring insects, soon after they fall
+  to the ground. It appears to be rather exacting as to soil, liking a
+  deep, moist loam sand with good drainage. It is scarcely a fire-
+  resisting tree, but very storm firm—in fact, one of the safest trees.
+
+  In 1906 sample logs of this tree were sold in the Liverpool market as
+  African Greenheart at 1s. 8d. per cubic foot, and were stated to be
+  good greenheart. Since then none has been cut or shipped to England.
+  With the exception of its use for verandah-posts for a public building
+  in Benin city, it has not been cut or sawn up in planks for local use.
+  Considering the comparatively large quantity available, it deserves a
+  fair trial both for export and local use, more especially for heavy
+  constructional work, such as bridges, piles, uprights.
+
+  Amongst the Benis it is sometimes a “Ju-ju” tree, and is said to
+  impart strength.
+
+ _Leptoderris_.
+
+  Owerri province of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized tree found growing
+  near the Imo River, but not very common. It has a hard wood.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_ (Afz.). Awenu or Irosun. Borri Borri (Yoruba); Otwa
+ (Benin); Ubara (Efik).
+
+  Is a small tree, which is usually found near villages, being left by
+  the natives when land is cleared. The white flowers are almost of pea
+  shape. It has a small leaf, and does not usually get any larger than
+  about four inches in diameter.
+
+  It is found in the Ondo, Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  The real Camwood of commerce.
+
+  It is very slow-growing, and is not a hard wood, with dark-red
+  heartwood of small size in proportion to the size of tree. It forms
+  late, too. If the stem is wounded, even the sapwood becomes a rich red
+  colour like the heartwood.
+
+  The probable origin of the word “Camwood” is taken from the Timani
+  name, Cam, of the _Baphia nitida_ tree in Sierra Leone. From another
+  point of view this is all the more interesting, as the original
+  exports of Camwood were made from Sierra Leone in the early part of
+  the nineteenth century, and this name “Cam” brings together the tree
+  from which the Camwood is obtained and the tree botanically known as
+  _Baphia nitida_.
+
+  _Native Use._—A piece of the wood and a leaf are placed on the ground
+  where a woman has borne a child, whether it be on a road or in the
+  house. Not used in Benin as a dyewood.
+
+ _Baphia polygalacea_. Walking-stick Camwood. Asana, Ossusu (Yoruba);
+ Aswen (Benin); Mbomokuku (Efik).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  A small tree of typical Baphia habit, which is common in parts of the
+  Benin district of the same named province. It has considerable
+  elasticity, though it dries rather hard and does not give much in that
+  state. It is a rather slow-growing tree, which lights the shade of the
+  forest, and is also a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural
+  regeneration appears to be good in several places. It sprouts slightly
+  from the stump, when felled. No plantations have yet been made with
+  this tree. The walking-sticks have not been exported to England for
+  trial in the market.
+
+  The curiously shaped single root, sticking out almost at right angles
+  to the stem, makes a good walking-stick; it is curved as well
+  slightly, too. When the bark is peeled off and the stem partially
+  charred, it looks very effective.
+
+ _Baphia pubescens_. Benin Camwood. Awewi (Lagos) (Yoruba); Ositwa
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a small tree, 30 feet high and 3 feet in girth, with usually
+  half the bole sapwood white, and dark-red heartwood, which is hard and
+  close-grained. The flowers are white, with yellow tips to the two
+  petals. It is often seen just outside villages, or where two paths
+  meet.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is not used for dye, though apparently the wood is
+  just as suitable as _B. nitida_.
+
+ _Baphia sp._ Camwood. Mogbara (Yoruba, Ikale); Owe, Aswen (Benin).
+
+  It has also been determined as _Carpolobia lutea_, and as one of the
+  Oleaceæ.
+
+  It is a shrub with a stem of about 4 feet in height. The fruit is a
+  small nut containing three small kernels. The wood is very hard.
+
+  _Native Use._—The seeds are eaten.
+
+ _Macrolobium palisoti_. Ogaba (Benin); Nya (Efik).
+
+  It is a common tree of the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Warri, Benin,
+  Owarri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It only reaches a girth of
+  about 2 feet and a height of 20 feet. The leaf has two pairs of pinnæ,
+  with one end leaflet. The small pod containing two or three flat seeds
+  is most typical of this tree; the seeds are ¾ inch in diameter and of
+  a dark-brown colour; the flowers are white; the timber is cross-
+  grained and rather hard; the sapwood is white and the heartwood of a
+  dark brown. The tree is a shade-bearer, soil-protecting and improving.
+  It is usually found amongst the undergrowth in the thicker parts of
+  the evergreen forest zone. Natural regeneration is usually good. The
+  wood is used locally in the Yoruba and Benin country for posts; it has
+  not been sawn up for planks, nor has it been exported to England.
+
+ _Macrolobium stipulaceæ_.
+
+  It was stated it was found in the Calabar province.
+
+ _Nr. Macrolobium sp._ Ogabeszi (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a small tree of
+  the evergreen forest zone. The foliage is very dense. The tree has a
+  short bole of about 15 feet, and the crown is much branched; the pod
+  is rather larger than _Macrolobium palisoti_. According to the
+  natives, this is the “Ogaba” of the waterside. The timber has not been
+  exported to Europe, nor do the natives use this somewhat hard wood to
+  any extent.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_. Pulley Wood, Velvet Tamarind. Awin (Ib.) (Yoruba);
+ Ohiorme (Benin); Amoyin (Egba).
+
+  It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin, Calabar and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria. In the mixed deciduous forests it is very
+  prevalent in certain localities. Of medium size, it rarely exceeds a
+  girth of 5 feet. Where found, it often comprises over 10 per cent. of
+  the standing stock of the forest.
+
+  The wood is used for small boats in Senegal. It exudes a red-coloured
+  sap in small quantities.
+
+  The fruit, with its flat and round, velvety little pods, is most
+  typical of this tree. These are of a very dark chocolate colour, and
+  in the distance appear almost black. The bole is usually silver-grey.
+  The slash is light-red, and the reddish, latex-like substance exudes
+  when the bark is cut. The crown is dense and compressed, being mainly
+  made up of a number of small branches. In proportion the leaves are
+  small and make a very dense foliage. The rusty-red slashing marks, or
+  other marks caused by damage to the trunk of the tree, show up most
+  distinctively, especially against the grey surface of the cortex, are
+  one of the most distinguishing features of this tree.
+
+  The sapwood is white, the heartwood is dull-red, rather larger in
+  proportion than we should suspect, compared with the size of the tree.
+  It is hard and tough, and does not split well. It planes up, however,
+  with a smooth surface, is very durable and termite-proof. It does not
+  take nails well, but saws fairly easily.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be good. It
+  appears to be a little exacting in regard to soil. It is slightly
+  fire-resisting, chiefly, perhaps, owing to the fact that few weeds or
+  grass grow in its shade. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+  It bears a good crop of fruit almost every year.
+
+  It has not been felled for export, nor has the timber been sawn up for
+  local use. It was formerly used in the Congo for pulley-blocks, for
+  which purpose it is said to be admirably suited. Amongst the natives
+  it is sometimes used for house-building.
+
+ _Nr. Newtonia_. Boji Albizzia or Giant Pod.
+
+  It is rather an uncommon tree of the Boji Hills forest; the enormous
+  flat, papery pod makes it easily distinguishable from any other tree.
+
+  The pod is about 15 inches long and 9 inches wide, with a slight
+  depression in the middle of one side.
+
+ _Pithycolobium altissimum_. Bent Pod or Gambia Pod.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, found at the edge of swamps near the sea
+  coast in the evergreen forest zone. It appears to stand a waterlogged
+  soil.
+
+  The pods are used for tanning hides and making ink (Moloney). It has
+  curious semicircular pods, which are typical of the tree, containing
+  eight to ten seeds.
+
+ _Afzelia sp._ Waterside Ekpagoize. Ekpagoize (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized
+  tree, reaching a girth of 7 feet and a bole length of 40 feet.
+
+  This tree has often been confused botanically with _Berlinia
+  acuminata_, but it is undoubtedly an Afzelia. The flowers are of a
+  reddish colour and very pretty; the foliage is not quite so heavy as
+  that of the other Afzelias; the pod is rather smaller than that of
+  either _Afzelia Africana_ or _Afzelia cuanzensis_. The wood is a
+  reddish-brown colour, a little cross-grained, but more durable than
+  the other Afzelias. It does not split well, and can only be planed
+  with difficulty; the grain is very coarse and fibrous. Samples of this
+  timber have been shipped to England and sold as red oak. The natives
+  scarcely ever use the wood, partly because the tree is not very
+  prevalent.
+
+ _Afzelia cuanzensis_. Bilinga, Red-arilled Afzelia. Aiyo (Yoruba);
+ Aligna (Benin); Igbin (Brass); Onuru, Oshoshi (Ibo, Owerri); Mbarakun
+ (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  It is found in the Benin, Ondo, Abeokuta, Calabar, Owerri and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, with a pod, which is usually slightly
+  crumpled or bent, containing about six or eight black nuts, with a red
+  aril at the base, and each nut is pointed more, and less rounded, than
+  in _A. Africana_. On the whole it is found more in the deciduous mixed
+  forest than on the edge or in the dry-zone forest region, where _A.
+  Africana_ abounds. The bark does not scale oft so much as that of _A.
+  Africana_. It stands more shade than _A. Africana_. It does not reach
+  such large dimensions, though logs up to 18 inches square and 24 feet
+  in length could be obtained.
+
+  Up to the present the tree has not been cut to the same extent as _A.
+  Africana_, though the wood is very similar and apparently just as
+  durable.
+
+  No separate report has been made on the timber as to its value in the
+  European markets.
+
+  _Afzelia bella_. Calabar Afzelia. Aligna (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Calabar province of Nigeria. It is more common in
+  the Cameroons.
+
+  It is a small tree, with large white flowers with a pretty, reddish
+  streak in each petal. The pod is of usual Afzelia size and appears
+  rather large for the size of the tree. The type specimen stands on the
+  Calabar Golf Course, between the seventh and eighth holes. It is
+  apparently uncommon, though more may be found on closer study of the
+  forests. The fruits appear to have the same qualities as those of
+  other Afzelias. In Nigeria it has so far not been utilized. The bark
+  is not so scaly as that of _A. Africana_.
+
+ _Afzelia pachyloba_ (_nov. sp._). Forest Afzelia or Yellow Aril. Apa
+ (Yoruba); Orodo (Benin).
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, with long, pointed nuts with a bright
+  sulphur-coloured aril instead of the orange-colour of Africana or red
+  of Cuanzensis. It does not appear to be such a common tree as _A.
+  Africana_, but much the same number of trees as that of _A.
+  cuanzensis_.
+
+  It is found in the evergreen forests of Ondo, Benin and Abeokuta
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood is brown. It is very hard,
+  almost as hard as Lophira, according to the natives. Self-sown
+  seedlings do not appear in large numbers.
+
+  It is used for similar purposes as _A. Africana_. It is a shade-
+  bearing and soil-improving tree.
+
+  No separate report has been made on the timber, and so far it has not
+  been exported to the English markets.
+
+  This may be the tree which yielded the so-called teak in the Benin
+  forests some years ago, and fetched a price of 5d. per foot
+  superficial.
+
+  The bark scales off in a similar way to _Afzelia Africana_.
+
+ _Afzelia bracteata_ (T. Vogel). Benin Bilinga. Ekpagoize (Benin).
+
+  It has a red flower, is found in the Benin province, but is apparently
+  rather rare.
+
+  The Benin name indicates that it is the Ekpagoi or Berlinia of the
+  waterside. It is usually found near or on the bank of a stream. It is
+  a large tree, which is otherwise similar to the other Afzelias.
+
+  The natives have apparently not tried it for building purposes.
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_. Yoruba Bilinga. Apa (Yoruba); Olokokima, Aligna
+ (Benin); Ayibukpo (Efik); Adja, Arachi (Asaba Ibo).
+
+  _Trade Name._—Bilinga, similar wood from the French Congo, so named
+  for some years.
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Onitsha and
+  Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  The round, orange-coloured aril at the base of the black nut is
+  typical of this tree. It sometimes has a reddish tinge, but it is
+  always round and completely surrounds the base of the nut, in
+  contradistinction to _A. cuanzensis_, in which the aril is red and
+  pointed and much thinner in build.
+
+  The spherically-shaped crown with its flattish top is most typical of
+  this tree. The largish leaves and the paucity of their number make the
+  foliage open, so that daylight can be seen through it. In the distance
+  it appears dense.
+
+  The sapwood is white, and the heartwood a rich oak-brown colour. It is
+  one of the most durable West African timbers. It planes well and can
+  be worked up with a good finish. It does not split well. It is
+  obtainable in logs up to 30 inches square and 30 feet in length.
+
+  Though slow in growth it would average that of many European trees. It
+  stands a good deal of shade in its youth, but it is really more of a
+  light lover than a shade-bearer. Self-sown seedlings are few;
+  apparently rodents eat them. In a similar way it is difficult to make
+  a plantation, many being eaten or dying in the transplanting. One of
+  the most successful methods evolved is that of sowing seeds in lines
+  about 4 feet apart; a large number then come up and provide ample for
+  a crop on the same land. They are not transplanted. When of middle age
+  it will stand fire and the shade of the tree keeps the ground moist.
+
+  It is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree; good crops of seeds
+  are borne almost every year. The flowers are reddish, with white edges
+  to the petals. The reddish tinge is quite distinctive in this genus,
+  the white being that of Berlinia.
+
+  The bark drops off in large scales in places on the trunk towards
+  middle and old age, in a similar fashion to the European plane.
+  However, they do not leave the stem as smooth, though the lighter
+  patches where the bark falls off brighten the bole up and make it
+  quite distinctive amongst the other trees.
+
+  The timber has been constantly used by the P.W.D. at Onitsha. In the
+  Liverpool market it was stated that it might be marketable as oak, at
+  a low figure, in 1906. A similar species was being shipped from Gaboon
+  in 1914 and fetched a fair price.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_ (Oliv.). East Indian Walnut. Ayinre langara,
+ Ayinre ogo (Eg.) (Yoruba); Uwowe Lugu, Uwowelabafun (Benin); Uyat
+ (Efik).
+
+  It is a large tree, up to 7 feet in girth and of corresponding height.
+  Fruit narrower than _A. sp._; only half an inch, with four or five
+  seeds in each. This species has the most durable wood of all the
+  Albizzias, but is not termite-proof, and has heartwood of a brown
+  colour and white sapwood. The smallest leaf of all the Albizzias is
+  met with in this tree, having very fine pinnæ.
+
+  Although not indigenous to Africa, it is now found almost everywhere
+  in all the mixed deciduous forests of the Southern Provinces of
+  Nigeria. The bark is rather rougher than that of _A. Brownii_. The
+  basal root spurns are narrower, though they do not project more than 2
+  feet up the stem. On the whole the foliage is thicker, and the crown
+  gives the appearance of being a little denser and not so feathery as
+  that of _A. Brownii_.
+
+  The wood planes well, splits fairly easily, takes nails and saws well.
+  It is what the carpenters would call a wood easy to work. The grain is
+  of fine texture and has a certain amount of lustre.
+
+  It is a fast-growing, light-loving tree, which does not protect the
+  soil. The leaves, however, form a rich humus, which enriches the soil.
+  Natural regeneration appears to be good, and with the spread of farms
+  this tree tends to increase its area of distribution. It will stand a
+  little shade in its youth. A few plantations have been made with this
+  tree.
+
+  Up to the present the timber has not been exported, but deserves a
+  trial as an African Walnut, though it is difficult to obtain large-
+  sized logs. It has occasionally been cut for local use. It is used by
+  the natives for firewood, and occasionally, when split, for temporary
+  house-building in the farms.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownii_. African Walnut. Ayinre, Ayinre Bona Bona (Yoruba);
+ Owewe nolemare, Ikpawudu (Benin).
+
+  It is a large tree, up to 7 feet in girth, with wide fruit 2 inches
+  across, containing four or five seeds. There are three or four pairs
+  of pinnæ to each leaf, which is the largest of all the Albizzia
+  leaves. The heartwood is more like walnut in colour, though of course
+  softer and with more open grain. It could no doubt, however, be used
+  as a substitute for walnut.
+
+  It is a common tree in the mixed deciduous forests of the Abeokuta,
+  Ibadan, Benin, Owerri, and Ogoja provinces, where it is tending to
+  widen its area of distribution with the spread of cultivation.
+
+  The fruit is very papery and almost transparent. It is rather larger
+  than _Albizzia sp._, Shemusholoshi, but of about the same length. Its
+  smooth, almost orange-coloured bark in the earlier stages is almost
+  typical of the tree. As it gets older, a somewhat more corky bark
+  forms in large scales which can be stripped off. The lop-sided shape
+  of the pinnæ is very typical of the tree, making the leaves look
+  almost like those of a true Gum Copal. The main vein is near the
+  straighter side of the leaf.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood a mahogany brown. It has rather
+  an open grain, but a good deal of lustre, and is easily worked. It
+  planes well and takes nails easily. It splits fairly well and saws
+  quite easily. It is not quite so durable as _A. fastigiata_, but it is
+  more durable than the other Albizzias, except _A. sp._, Shemusholoshi.
+  It is not termite-proof. It has considerable tensile strength compared
+  to the other species, and a certain amount of elasticity.
+
+  It is the fastest growing of all the Albizzias and a light-loving
+  tree. It scarcely protects the soil, but the leaf fall makes a good
+  humus. It stands a little shade in its youth. Natural regeneration is
+  very prolific. No plantations have been made with this tree. It
+  appears to be a little more exacting as to soil than the other
+  Albizzias, but will grow on almost any soil.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, but deserves a trial as a substitute
+  for walnut. Owing to the fact that there are considerable supplies,
+  and that it reaches a size to produce logs of the requisite
+  dimensions, it appears to offer some possibilities as an export wood.
+  Locally it has often been used for cutting up into planks, and is
+  liked among the Yorubas for this purpose. In other places it has been
+  used as a house-building wood, as well as for firewood. It has also
+  been used for making beams, planks and doors. The roots, leaves and
+  bark have been used amongst the Yorubas for medicinal purposes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 65.—=Khaya Ivoriensis, 14 feet 8 inches in girth,
+Ilaro Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 66.—=Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), 8 feet in girth,
+standing in Ilaro Forest Reserve after forest was cleared.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 294.
+
+ _Albizzia sp._ Walnut. Owewe nolemare (Benin); Ayinre (Yoruba);
+ Semusholoshi (Jebu); Akkihien, also Owewe lagebon (Benin).
+
+  According to Mr. H. N. Thompson, Chief Conservator of Forests in
+  Nigeria, who has seen the fruit of this tree, it is most certainly an
+  Albizzia.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It has been described by a German as not
+  unlike a solitary-standing pine, with its dark foliage of small
+  pinnate leaves, which are larger than _Piptadenia Africana_ and yet
+  smaller than _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_. In the above description it is
+  very similar in habit to _Piptadenia Kerstingii_. The dark brown bark,
+  which is roughish, is light-brown on the upper part of the stem. The
+  crown is flat, consisting of two or three wide, outspreading branches.
+  It has the usual flat, papery pod. The leaves are used by the Benin
+  people for soup.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+  _Timber._—It is fairly close-grained, though not nearly so hard as
+  either _Piptadenia Africana_ or _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_.
+
+  _Use._—The Yorubas use the bark medicinally as a stomachic, and the
+  trunk is usually swollen at the base owing to the cortex being removed
+  so often.
+
+ _Albizzia rhombifolia_. Walnut. Ayinre, Ayinre langara, Ayinre ogo
+ (Yoruba); Owowe (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Ibadan and Benin provinces of Nigeria, in the mixed
+  deciduous forests, where it is quite prevalent. It is a medium-sized
+  tree, attaining a girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of 30 feet.
+  It is commonly seen in old farms, and usually more than one is found
+  in the same locality. The thin, yellow, spiky flowers are rather
+  pretty. The fruit is rather smaller than that of the other species.
+
+  The sapwood is white, and the heartwood is a light yellow-green. It is
+  soft and not very durable; it is attacked by white ants (termites).
+  However, it saws well, planes well, takes nails easily and splits
+  moderately well. It can be cut into good-sized planks.
+
+  Timber, yellowish-green, and yields large planks.
+
+  It is a fast-growing, light-loving tree, which scarcely protects the
+  soil, and only slightly improves it with its leaf fall. Natural
+  regeneration is good, the seedlings growing up rapidly in any open
+  place in the mixed deciduous forests.
+
+  The timber has not been tried for export, nor has it been used to any
+  extent for local use. It deserves a further trial both as an export
+  wood and as a wood for local floor-boards. Its qualities are far from
+  properly known.
+
+  Among the natives it is used as firewood.
+
+ _Albizzia sp._ Walnut. Ayinre Ayinre, Ayinretta (Yoruba); Ikpawudu,
+ Owawelugu (Benin).
+
+  It is a large tree, up to 6 feet in girth. It has rather narrower
+  pinnæ, but of similar round shape to _A. Brownii_.
+
+  It is a common tree of the mixed deciduous forests in the Abeokuta,
+  Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Onitsha, Owerri and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  The root spurns are very small. The bark gets rougher than that of _A.
+  Brownii_ in old age, the crown is longer and more feathery, and the
+  leaves appear to be more of a silvery green.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood is of a yellowish-brown colour,
+  tending to become a light brown when exposed to the air. It is
+  comparatively soft; is not termite-proof. It is easy to work, planing
+  and sawing well, and taking nails easily and splitting fairly well. It
+  is, however, less durable than _A. Brownii_ or _fastigiata_. When
+  split and dried it is more durable than when cut up in the ordinary
+  way. The wood hardens very considerably on exposure to the sun.
+
+  It is a light-loving, fast-growing tree. It scarcely protects the
+  soil, but the leaf fall enriches it. Natural regeneration appears to
+  be good. It tends to spread with the increase of farms, more
+  especially on the poorer laterite soils. A few plantations have been
+  made with this tree. The volume of produce per acre is less than in
+  the case of _A. Brownii_, but apparently greater than any of the
+  others. It is less rapidly growing than _A. Brownii_, but faster than
+  the others.
+
+  The timber has not been used for export, and it is doubtful if it
+  would repay the cost. Locally it has been used for planks, but it is
+  not liked so much as that of _A. Brownii_ or _fastigiata_. By the
+  local people it is used for firewood, and occasionally for building
+  temporary houses.
+
+ _Anglocalyx ramiflorus_ (Taub). Ekiyawa (Benin).
+
+  It is a large tree, attaining a girth of 8 feet, but the trunk is not
+  over-long in proportion. It is a shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. The bark is a dark olive-green and smooth. It is
+  found in the Benin province of Nigeria. Natural regeneration appears
+  to be poor. The wood is yellowish-brown and floats when quite dry. The
+  timber was valued at nothing in 1906 and stated to be a whitewood in
+  the Liverpool market.
+
+  _Native Use._—None.
+
+ _Ostryoderris impressa_. White Oak. Awaw or Erumacie (Yoruba); Ori,
+ Ehrurumesi, Erurunuesi, Awaw, (Usshin) (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Benin, Owerri and Abeokuta
+  provinces of Nigeria. To be seen along the Benin-Siluku Road, as also
+  in the Badagry district on the Ayobo-Osuke Road.
+
+  It is a straight-boled, tall tree, with flattish crown made up of few
+  straight branches with large pinnate leaves, making it appear flatter
+  than it really is. The bark is slightly scaly with fine fissures. The
+  slash is red, exuding a red latex. It reaches a height of 150 feet
+  with a girth of 12 feet. The white, papery, pointed, flat, lozenge-
+  shaped fruit, with a small kidney-shaped seed attached to the centre
+  of the surface of one side, is most typical of the tree. The spurns
+  are almost non-existent, so that the tree can be felled near the
+  ground without trouble.
+
+  The timber is white in the sap and brown-white in the heartwood, but
+  not over-hard, very tough and not splitting easily. It is hard to
+  fell, being very flexible. It planes moderately well. The colour
+  darkens with age.
+
+  It is a light-loving tree after the first few years. It grows
+  moderately rapidly. It is a soil-improving and covering tree. Natural
+  regeneration appears poor, though many seeds are usually seen on the
+  ground. Insects appear to eat them rapidly. No plantations have been
+  made with this tree, but experiments would show whether it grows well
+  from seed.
+
+  In 1906 a sample log was exported and sold in the Liverpool market as
+  white oak at 2s. per cubic foot, and it was recommended for shipment
+  by the brokers.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is used as posts for frames on which yams are tied in
+  the Benin farms. In temporary houses, small trees are trimmed and
+  squared for the forming of the walls, instead of dried mud.
+
+ _Dalbergia saxatilis_. West African Blackwood (?). Awow (Benin).
+
+  It is a small tree of the mixed deciduous forest of Benin; it is
+  occasionally used by the natives for hoe and axe handles.
+
+ _Dalbergia sp._ West African Blackwood. Emosobegan, Paran (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Dalbergia sp._ North Benin Blackwood.
+
+  This is found near Aroko, in the Onitsha province, and near Ishoka, in
+  the Benin province. It is a small tree with very hard wood. In habit
+  very similar to _Ormosia laxiflora_, with its orange-coloured bark,
+  which is rougher than _O. laxiflora_ and not so scaly. The wood is
+  used for axe and hoe handles by the natives.
+
+ _Dalbergia hostilis_ (Benth.). Yoruba Blackwood. Ogan Oga (Yoruba).
+
+  This Dalbergia is fairly common in the Olokemeji Reserve, in the
+  Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Copaifera sp._ True Benin Gum Copal.
+
+  This tree is found near the Uhi, close to the source of the Ossiomo
+  River, Benin province. This apparently is rather an uncommon tree. The
+  Benin natives do not know how to tap the tree for gum, nor how to use
+  the gum.
+
+ _Cf. Copaifera_. Enyenewu. Enyenewu (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Copaifera sp._ Boji Hills Copaifera.
+
+  So far it has not been tapped for the gum, the local people apparently
+  not knowing its value.
+
+ _Bauhinia rufescens_ (Kew).
+
+  Found in the Oyo province.
+
+ _Bauhinia reticulata_ (D.C.). Dry-zone Bauhinia. Abafe (Yoruba).
+
+  This Bauhinia grows in dry, open country. It is a small, spreading
+  tree bearing white flowers.
+
+  _Uses._—The fibrous bark is used for tying, and an infusion from the
+  leaves is used in coagulating rubber latex. The stem is occasionally
+  used for making house-posts. It is a fire-resisting tree and shades
+  the soil.
+
+ _Bauhinia Thonningii_ (Schum.).
+
+  This is a small shrub-like tree of the upper part of the Benin
+  province of Nigeria. It is found near Agbede. It has red flowers. The
+  sap of this tree has sometimes been used for coagulating rubber.
+
+ _Physostigma venosum_. Calabar Bean or Ordeal Bean. Eseri (Efik).
+
+  It is found growing in the Calabar district. The seed is poisonous;
+  used in ordeals and medicinally.
+
+  The most noticeable feature is the furrow (about ⅛ inch wide and deep)
+  in the upper side of the bean. None of the closely allied Mimosa
+  species show this peculiarity.
+
+ _Entada scandens_. Sword Bean, Match-box Bean, Mackay Bean. Kakoba,
+ Akhuro (seed) (Benin).
+
+  This large creeper is found in the Benin and Calabar provinces of
+  Nigeria. It is not very prevalent. The most remarkable features about
+  it are the stoutness of the stem, which attains a diameter of nearly 1
+  foot and the total length of over 100 feet, and its immense pod, which
+  is often over 3 feet in length. The pod is divided into segments, each
+  nearly 2 inches square, and each containing one large bean, almost a
+  square in shape, 1½ inches and nearly ¾ inch thick. These beans have
+  occasionally been used for making match-boxes, for which they are
+  admirably suited. The outer part of the stem of the creeper is very
+  rough and almost corrugated, especially near its base; the leaves are
+  very small, considering the size of the whole creeper. It is
+  comparatively slow-growing. It grows in the dense evergreen forest,
+  and when drawn taut over the first branches of one of the large trees
+  it is not unlike the bole of a small tree itself. When cut, the two
+  ends part with a bang, like the breaking of a ship’s hawser. The
+  natives use the smaller parts of the stem for fly-switches, for which
+  they are very good and durable. The creeper is, however, not
+  cultivated.
+
+ _Entada Soudanica_. Ogurohe (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Ibadan province.
+
+ _Entada Abyssinica_. Unwanwanis (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the upper part of the Benin province near Ishoka. It is
+  a large creeper with rather smaller bean than _E. scandens_. The beans
+  have been used for making small match-boxes in Europe. The natives
+  consider the bean a “Ju-ju.”
+
+ _Dioclea reflexa_. Ishe, Agbarin (Yoruba).
+
+  A climber, found in the Ibadan province.
+
+ _Mucuna urens_. Ox-eye Bean. Awipu (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces.
+
+ _Mucuna sp. Preussii_. Yerepe (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji Reserve and Benin province.
+
+ _Acacia pennata_ (Willd.). Acacia. Okwekwe (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the upper part of the Benin, Ibadan, Ogoja and Abeokuta
+  provinces. It is a small, scandent shrub with very sharp thorns, but
+  which yields one of the strongest fibres for making fishing lines or
+  native rope. It forms almost impenetrable masses which are very
+  unpleasant to go through without a matchet.
+
+ _Acacia Sieberiana_. African Rosewood. Sie (Yoruba).
+
+  This is a somewhat uncommon Acacia of the Oyo province of Nigeria.
+  Being of medium size, its very handsome racemes of yellow flowers show
+  up to great advantage. The bark is rough, the bole short, and usually
+  divided 8 or 10 feet from the ground. The sapwood is white and the
+  heartwood a rose-pink colour, which makes it not unlike the typical
+  rosewood of commerce. The heartwood is comparatively wide, and it is
+  very hard, durable and termite-proof. It saws well and splits
+  moderately easily, but does not take nails at all well. Reproduction
+  by seed is apparently poor; it sprouts fairly well from the stump. It
+  is a light-loving species, but being of the leguminous family it is a
+  soil-improving tree. The wood has not yet been exported, but locally
+  it has occasionally been used for house-building, the forked stem
+  being much appreciated by the natives.
+
+ _Acacia Farnesiana_ (Willd.). Farnesian Acacia. Bonni (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small tree
+  growing up to 6 feet in girth. It has a small pod containing eight
+  seeds inside. The inside of the pod is white and the seed is brown.
+  The flower is yellow, and is used by girls in decorating their ears.
+  Usually found in towns, where it is planted. The seeds are sold in the
+  market.
+
+  The timber is dark-red, surrounded by a narrow white sapwood. It is
+  hard, like ebony. The bark is very much fissured and peels off in
+  large scales.
+
+  The seeds of this tree and Jagiri are used with water for scraping the
+  leather for making the fells smooth. Sold at Itaku and Shapon markets.
+
+ _Acacia campylacantha_. Confectioner’s Gum or African Catechu. Ede
+ (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Oyo, Borgu, Niger, and Nassarawa
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a very common tree, growing almost everywhere in groups. The
+  stem is of a whitish to slight yellow colour, almost reminding one of
+  the larch, but the whole tree is armed with short, sharp thorns. It
+  reaches a girth of nearly 4 feet and a height of over 50 feet. The
+  slash is light-brown, and a pale, yellowish-pink gum exudes from it.
+  The tree usually forks about 20 or 30 feet from the ground, the other
+  branches being rather crooked in shape. In February or March a mass of
+  small yellow flowers appear, and in the autumn small pods cover the
+  tree. The sapwood is white, and the heartwood varies from a dull red-
+  brown to a rich, almost rosy red. In the latter case it is exceedingly
+  pretty wood. The wood is moderately hard; it splits and planes badly,
+  saws fairly well, and only takes nails indifferently. The wood dries
+  rather harder and is more durable than when freshly cut and than would
+  be expected. It is said to be termite-proof. A reddish colouring
+  matter exudes from the heartwood, but this feature is typical of the
+  cutch which is obtained from a similar tree in India.
+
+  Natural regeneration by seed appears to be good, hosts of young trees
+  being found near the older ones. In fact, in localities of low
+  rainfall it is tending to spread and fill up all vacant spaces after
+  the annual grass-fires have burnt all the vegetation. It is a light-
+  loving tree which does not protect the soil. The leaves are not unlike
+  conifer needles, and enrich the soil to a certain extent, more
+  especially as the tree is deciduous.
+
+  As a timber it has not been cut for export, but certainly the better-
+  coloured wood, and that which has been more slowly grown, deserve a
+  trial.
+
+  So far, the greatest use of this tree has been the production of the
+  pink-coloured transparent gum which is one of the best of the
+  confectioner’s gums in Great Britain. Very large quantities are
+  exported every year from the Northern Provinces. Large round tears or
+  lumps form on the stem of the tree when it is cut. Locally the tree is
+  used for house-building, but it is not considered a durable wood.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ (Mimoseæ).=
+
+ _Acacia ataxacantha_. Benin Rope Acacia. Ewon (Yoruba); Okwenkwen
+ (Benin).
+
+  A common creeper of the mixed deciduous zone. It is found in the
+  Abeokuta, Oyo, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Onitsha, Owerri, Calabar
+  and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is usually found growing in large impenetrable masses 3 to 4 feet
+  high. It is armed throughout with short but very sharp, bent prickles.
+
+  It often grows up in waste places where the bush has been cleared in
+  the mixed deciduous forest zone.
+
+  Both the Yorubas and Benis use the inside fibres of this creeper for
+  making a very strong kind of rope—in fact, it is the strongest of all
+  native-made ropes. It does not get so stiff or harsh as that made of
+  Eso from the _Firmania Barteri_.
+
+ _Distemonanthus Benthamianus_ (?) (Baill.). Alinyan (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Erythrina suberifera_ (Kew). Attagbo (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a moderately common tree of the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+  Its most distinguishing feature is the size of the leaf, which is
+  similar to the tulip-tree. It reaches a much larger size than _E.
+  Senegalensis_ and has a girth of over 6 feet. The bark is a dark duck-
+  egg-green colour, with a few white, shallow longitudinal fissures. The
+  prickles on the stem are more scattered and much larger than those of
+  _E. Senegalensis_. The slash is white and the bark thin when compared
+  to the size of the tree. The wood is white and soft, and not durable.
+  It cuts and saws easily, but does not plane well. It is a light-loving
+  tree which does not protect the soil. It has not been cut for local
+  use, nor for export. As a soft whitewood for interior use it ought to
+  find a local market.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ (Papilionaceæ).=
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalensis_ (D.C.). Coral-flower. Ologun she-she (Yoruba);
+ Esanigbakhehe, Ohehe (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the upper part of the Onitsha, Benin, Ondo,
+  Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. One of the most typical
+  features of this small tree are the small, pink, coral-like flowers
+  which appear in February. The tree is armed with a few thin but very
+  sharp thorns; the foliage is slight and open. On suckers or stool-
+  shoots the leaf is much larger and almost lyre-shaped. It is usually
+  found in waste places or in open clearings in the mixed deciduous
+  forest. It yields a soft wood which is not durable. It is sometimes
+  used for making fences.
+
+ _Tephrosia Ansellii_ (Hook). Boro (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+ _Tephrosia Vogelii_ (H. K. F.). Fish-poison. Were, Igun, Laye Igu
+ (Yoruba).
+
+  This small shrub is apparently indigenous to Africa, but is usually
+  seen planted in the fields of the Abeokuta, Oyo, Benin, Owerri and
+  Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is not unlike a large upright vetch,
+  but with a strong, green stem, almost woody in growth. It reaches a
+  height of about 3 feet and flowers very profusely, and bears a large
+  number of pods, not unlike those of the runner bean. The plant is cut
+  down and placed in the water where it is desired to catch all the
+  fish, chiefly in stagnant pools of rivers or ponds. The effect of the
+  poison from it blinds and stupefies the fish so that they are easily
+  caught. Under the Game Preservation Ordinance, its use has been
+  prohibited, but with its widespread cultivation and general utility it
+  has been found very difficult to eradicate the custom or the plant.
+  Incidentally it is a very good green manuring crop for agricultural
+  land. However, most natives are unaware of this fact, and it is
+  usually only planted for the purpose of using it as a fish-poison.
+
+ _Burkea_.
+
+  A species of Burkea was found near the Oyan River in the Oyo province
+  of Nigeria.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_. African Wisteria. Ipapo, Apapo (Yoruba).
+
+  This tree is found in the Olokemeji, Ibadan, Ilesha and Calabar
+  districts. It is a medium-sized tree, which bears lilac-coloured
+  flowers. As the flowers appear before the leaves in the dry season, it
+  is then very ornamental, and is in fact one of the prettiest flowering
+  trees. The wood is very hard and the heartwood green when freshly cut.
+
+  _Timber._—This is not of much service.
+
+  _Uses._—Hoe-handles are made from the branches, and the bark is used
+  in medicine.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sp._ Mamu Lonchocarpus.
+
+  Found in the Mamu Forest.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus cyanescens_. Yoruba Indigo. Elu or Ela (Yoruba).
+
+  This is one of the intermediate forest climbing shrubs, but has been
+  cultivated throughout the country.
+
+  _Uses._—The well-known Yoruba blue dye is made from the leaves. The
+  stem is sometimes used for house-building posts. It is a shade-
+  bearing, soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be poor.
+
+ _Cæsalpina Bonducella_. Shayo (Yoruba).
+
+  The bean of this creeper is used in games amongst the Yoruba boys.
+
+ _Mundulia suberosa_ (Benth.). Lakuta (Yoruba); Ugbehen (Benin).
+
+  It is rather an uncommon tree, found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+  Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small tree, a part of which is
+  used for killing fish.
+
+ _Indigofera hirsuta_. Indigo. Epa ile (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Mamu Reserve of the Ibadan province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Indigofera stenophylla_. Indigo. Aro Boro (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_. The Oil Bean. Apara (Yoruba); Opagga,
+ Ukpagga (Benin); Ataka (Ibo, Asaba); Opochala (Ibo, Niger).
+
+  It is a large-sized tree, reaching a girth of about 12 feet and a bole
+  length of 40 feet. The root spurns are very extensive and often reach
+  4 or 5 feet up the stem, thus quite breaking up the base of the bole.
+  The bark at first is a light yellow-brown, darkening in old age to a
+  deep brown, and scaling off somewhat.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It has dense foliage and a heavy, branched
+  crown, and very flat pods about 1 foot long and up to 2½ inches broad,
+  containing seven or eight large, flat brown beans about 1 inch in
+  diameter and ¼ inch thick. The pods open with a loud report not unlike
+  the sound of a 12-bore gun.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Lower Province of Nigeria, near the
+  watercourses outside Abeokuta, Jebu, Ode, Benin, Onitsha, Owerri,
+  Calabar and Ogoja.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—The tree grows readily from self-sown or
+  artificially sown beans, as is seen in the Avenue at Benin City, which
+  was sown at stake in 1904. It bears pods in the twelfth year in the
+  open, but later in the forest. It is usually very prolific, bearing at
+  least some pods every year. The bole is not always very straight, and
+  it has a distinct tendency to form strong side branches, and the crown
+  is therefore a large oval one. The flowers are little yellow spike,
+  which are very inconspicuous; they are borne on the old wood rather on
+  the underside of the twig, in November or December and later. The tree
+  stands dense shade, and it thoroughly covers the ground and prevents
+  the growth of weeds.
+
+  It has a tendency to branch comparatively low down, when growing as an
+  avenue tree, and thus does not grow so tall. This, however, has an
+  advantage that the large pods have not so far to fall to the ground,
+  and thus are not so dangerous to passers-by. The oil-beans have been
+  collected and sold in England in small quantities.
+
+  The sapwood is of a dirty white colour and the heartwood of a dark
+  brown, forming comparatively early in the life of a tree. The wood is
+  very hard, but sometimes rather soft-grained, rather fibrous in
+  texture, and the pores are somewhat wide and deep. It does not plane
+  well, splits with difficulty; holes have to be made before nails can
+  be put into it, and it saws none too easily. It is very durable and
+  termite-proof. Considering its hard wood and comparatively early
+  production of seed, and the huge pods, it is by no means a slow-
+  growing tree. It reaches a height of 9 to 12 feet in twelve years. The
+  pod is the stoutest and largest, but not the longest, of all African
+  timber trees. The beans are collected in boxes and sold to the
+  factories at 6d. to 9d. each. To be made quite safe for eating they
+  have to be boiled nearly twelve hours, the outer husk of the bean
+  being rather hard, though not very thick. The future will alone show
+  whether this tree will prove of greater value for timber or oil
+  production.
+
+  _Uses._—The timber has been shipped to Europe and sold as greenheart
+  at 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d. per cubic foot. Locally, in the Benin City
+  district and elsewhere, it is used for making mortars for beating yams
+  and other food. The beans are eaten by the natives in most parts,
+  though they are not considered a delicacy. The empty pods are used
+  where firewood is scarce, as they burn well. It is, and has been, very
+  extensively used as a shade-tree for public roads in the Owerri
+  district, as well as in Afikpo and Benin. Some people object to the
+  falling pods, but it is an excellent shade-tree, especially in the dry
+  season, as it is an evergreen tree. It is a soil-protector, and would
+  do for underplanting or interplanting teak.
+
+ _Pterogopodium_. Agba, Pink Mahogany. Asokale, Asu Kole (Ikale); Asre
+ (Yoruba) (Egbado); Agba (Benin).
+
+  The scattering of the white flowers on the path or roadway is an
+  indication of the presence of the tree, quite apart from the wonderful
+  bole, exceeding nearly all others in cylindrical shape.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a very large forest tree, with clear
+  bole of 90 feet and open crown formed with two or three large,
+  upspreading limbs, flatly oval on the top. It is quite reminiscent of
+  an old elm in the shape of the crown. The single-seeded winged fruit
+  is most typical, no other species of Leguminoseæ having a similar seed
+  except the nearly related _Pterolobium_ (?). The bark is comparatively
+  thin, silvery-grey in colour, with a few more or less well-defined
+  ridges running horizontally round the trunk here and there. These are
+  most typical, and it is the only tree which shows them. In some places
+  they amount to small nodules of bark.
+
+  This tree is found commonly in the Benin and Ondo provinces of
+  Nigeria, where it is prevalent, and in the northern part of the Benin
+  province, and seen in almost gregarious patches in the secondary
+  forest. The slash is yellowish-white, and in the younger trees a dirty
+  pinkish sap exudes, but later on, especially from deep cuts, the gum
+  copal forms and gradually hardens into solid lumps of various size.
+
+  _Silvicultural Peculiarities._—It loves a deep soil with plenty of
+  moisture, which may even be flooded or partially waterlogged during
+  the rainy season. A chalky or limy soil seems to suit it best. It is a
+  fast-growing, light-loving tree, though it stands a little shade in
+  its youth. The light, feathery foliage does not shade the ground,
+  though when in falls it enriches it. The root spurns are most slight,
+  extending only from a few inches to 1 foot above the surface of the
+  ground; in fact, sometimes the trunk appears to come straight out of
+  the ground, like a round log on end. Natural regeneration is none too
+  good, but this is chiefly due to lack of light in the mixed forests.
+  No plantations have yet been made with this tree.
+
+  It has not been exported, but it deserves a trial as a furniture-wood
+  for drawing tables and office equipment generally. It is sawn up into
+  planks and boards at Koko Town, and contains a gum which makes the
+  saws stick a little. It makes a good, soft wood for table tops, of a
+  pinkish colour and clear, close grain. The gum is sold.
+
+  _Native Use._—It has been used for canoe making in the Ondo province.
+  The gum is used for an illuminant, and was at one time used entirely
+  for this purpose. In 1906 logs of this timber were sold in Liverpool
+  market as a kind of mahogany of light colour.
+
+ _Prosopis oblonga_. Yoruba Charcoal Wood.
+
+  It is found in the Ibadan and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, and may yet
+  be found in the Onitsha and northern part of the Benin provinces. On
+  the whole, it is not common, and is seen singly. Two typical specimens
+  of this tree stand in the Olokemeji Reserve Arboretum. It has small,
+  pinnate leaves, very much like tamarind, but they are almost silvery-
+  grey and hang down, instead of being green and rigid, as the tamarind.
+  The twigs and branches are very slight, compared to the thick ones of
+  the tamarind. The bark of the trunk is grey, too, with thin cortex,
+  which becomes slightly fissured in old age. The trunk is straight and
+  tall, compared to tamarind. The crown is longish and thin, with a few
+  small branches. It is somewhat feathery in habit and is delicate in
+  build compared to most dry-zone trees. It is one of the most typical
+  of dry-zone trees. The seed is small, about the size of apple-pips,
+  contained in a papery pod, from 1 inch to 1½ inches long. It stands
+  the annual grass-fires comparatively well, despite the fact that the
+  bark is none too thick.
+
+  _Timber._—Hard, white wood, termite-proof and very durable. The bark
+  is thin but rough, and small pieces can be pulled off with the
+  fingers. It is a deciduous tree, though it does not lose its leaves
+  for a long period. It is a light-loving tree, which does not protect
+  the soil, though the leaves (few as they are) make a good leaf-mould.
+  It is slow-growing, and does not reach a girth exceeding 5 feet.
+  Natural regeneration appears to be poor, but further observations on
+  this point may disclose more. No plantations have been made with this
+  tree, though, with its desirable qualities, some experiments seem to
+  be indicated. It does not sprout well from the stump, nor do any root
+  shoots appear before or after it is cut down.
+
+  It has not been exported, and has only been used occasionally locally.
+
+  _Use._—The timber has been used for sleepers in Togo, where it has
+  proved the most durable of all timbers for that purpose. In the Yoruba
+  country it has been used for making charcoal of the best kind for
+  iron-smelting.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalense_. Hard Mahogany. Ogwega (Benin).
+
+  This is none too prevalent a tree of the Benin and Ogoja provinces,
+  where it is found in the mixed forests. It reaches a girth of over 12
+  feet and a bole length of over 40 feet, but in proportion to its
+  height, the crown usually occupies more than half of it. The crown is
+  usually widespreading and spherical in shape. The fruit is like a
+  mango in form, but after the surface begins to decay, the fibres,
+  instead of being fine and all coming out from the central nut, as in
+  the mango, spread out vein-shaped all round the nut, starting more or
+  less as thick veins at the base, and then subdividing into thinner
+  ones, spreading round the nut in an irregular manner. The decaying
+  fruit has a most unpleasant, not to say distinguishing, smell.
+  However, this is more than compensated for by the pleasant taste of it
+  when served as stewed fruit.
+
+  The sapwood is whitish-yellow, and the heartwood brown-red. It is
+  hard, with somewhat fibrous grain, yet planes up with a good surface.
+  Takes nails, but does not split well. It is durable, and supposed to
+  be termite-proof, except for the sapwood, which the white ants often
+  destroy. It saws moderately easily. In older trees the wood sometimes
+  shows a little figure.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing tree and a shade-bearer, with soil-
+  protecting and soil-improving qualities. In fact, in most cases it is
+  only found on comparatively rich soil, and in this respect appears to
+  be more exacting than many other trees. Natural regeneration does not
+  appear to be very good, but this may be due to the fact that animals
+  eat the seeds. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+  mahogany at 2¾d. per superficial foot, 3s. per cubic foot. It was
+  reported to be of very hard texture, a dirty brown colour, and only
+  one log sold. Since that date, however, none has been exported. It has
+  not been felled for local use. The fruit can be stewed, and makes a
+  nice addition to the other African fruits.
+
+  _Native Use._—The shell of the nut is used for making prayer-beads and
+  strung on a wire.
+
+ _Ormosia laxiflora_. Shedun (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji Reserve and Ibadan province.
+
+ _Paradaniellia Oliveri_. Ilorin Balsam, African Balsam of Copaivi,
+ Balsam. Iya (Yoruba); Osia (Benin); Ozia (Ishan); Ozaba (Ibo Asaba).
+
+  Found in the dry zone of the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. A common
+  tree, growing to a height of 40 or 50 feet.
+
+  _Use._—Balsam of Copaiba.
+
+ _Xylia Evansii_. Bentpod.
+
+  It is found in the Ogoja province of Nigeria in the mixed deciduous
+  forest zone, but it is by no means a very common tree.
+
+  A medium-sized tree, with the curious bent-shaped pod typical of the
+  Xylia, found in the Obubra and Ikom districts of Nigeria, on the left
+  bank of the Cross River. It has a hard, red wood, which splits well.
+  The sapwood is white, but not very wide in an average-sized tree.
+
+  It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing tree, which thoroughly protects
+  the soil and improves it with its leaves decaying year after year.
+
+  The natives have not used the tree, nor has it been felled for local
+  use by Europeans. It has also not been tried for export.
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus candelabrum_. Screw Pine. Ebbo (Benin).
+
+  In some rivers of the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Onitsha, Owerri
+  and Calabar provinces of Nigeria it is a common watershrub or small
+  tree. Often it is seen only a tangled mass of long prickly leaves,
+  armed with spikes all down each side and half floating in and above
+  the surface of the water. Sometimes, again, it is seen as a tree with
+  two or three more or less complete whorls of branches on the uppermost
+  part of the stem and a mass of drooping leaves from the crown. The
+  white stem is supported by several soft, corky-looking aerial roots.
+  It seldom exceeds 2 feet in girth and 30 feet in height. The white
+  flower is very conspicuous, with its cone-like shape, which becomes
+  more pronounced as the fruit begins to ripen and turns green. The
+  scent is very pungent and overpowering. The trees form almost
+  impenetrable thickets at the edge of the more sluggishly flowing
+  rivers. These often impede navigation and have to be cut away.
+
+  The stem is very porous when dry, and cannot be said to yield timber,
+  though the cork-like material might serve for a light substitute for
+  it.
+
+  Natural regeneration appears to be very good.
+
+  The fibre has not been exported in any quantity, but it is very tough,
+  and apparently very durable and of moderate length (average 3 feet).
+
+  _Native Use._—When dried the leaves are used for making mats for
+  wrapping goods as well as for sleeping-mats. In the Benin and Jekri
+  country, long (2 feet) thin receptacles are made which are used for
+  salt, which is sold in these bags in the market. The bag keeps the
+  salt dry. It is sometimes planted near villages in damp places for the
+  purpose of obtaining the mat material locally, where it is not found
+  naturally in the swamps.
+
+
+=Humeriaceæ.=
+
+ _Aubrya Gabunensis_. Brass Mahogany-bark Tree.
+
+  This is a very large forest tree of the Brass district, with a bark
+  very similar to that of mahogany, but to which it bears no
+  relationship.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 67.—=Khaya Senegalensis, 1910, on bank of Ogun
+River, near Iporin, Oyo Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 68.—=Locust Tree (Parkia filicoidea), in bearing,
+Oyo District, 1910.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 308.
+
+  The trees are sometimes cut down by the natives and used for large
+  dug-out canoes. The timber is termite-proof, and the natives say that
+  canoes made from this timber are very durable, though rather heavy,
+  and liable to become waterlogged when filled with water. It is of a
+  dull reddish-brown colour and has rather a coarse grain.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_. Dry-zone African Satinwood. Ata, Odan
+ (Yoruba); Ughahan (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin, Onitsha and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria, at the edge of the mixed deciduous zone and the
+  lower part of the dry-zone forest region. It is only a medium-sized
+  tree, attaining a girth of about 4 feet and a height of about 50 feet.
+  The bole always remains armed with short, woody protrusions, each
+  having a black thorn at the apex. In the upper part of the bole and
+  the branches there are only thorns. The pinnate leaf has usually three
+  pairs of pinnæ and one end-leaf. All the leaves are broader and about
+  only half as long as those of _Z. macrophyllum_. On the whole, this
+  makes the foliage appear thicker, and, in fact, gives greater shade
+  than _Z. macrophyllum_. In proportion the bole is shorter and the
+  crown larger and more spread out than in the case of _Z.
+  macrophyllum_. The bole has a greater tendency to divide lower down
+  into three subsidiary stems, thus spoiling the length of it for
+  timber. The bunches of small, black seeds are smaller than those of
+  _Z. macrophyllum_, and if anything the seeds are also smaller too.
+
+  The timber is very similar to that of _Z. macrophyllum_, the sapwood
+  and heartwood being the same colour, except that the heartwood is
+  often of a little darker shade, and bears a greater proportion to the
+  diameter of the tree than in the case of _Z. macrophyllum_. On the
+  whole it is harder, and more often shows a little figure. Although it
+  does not reach such a large size, in many ways it is superior, the
+  grain being rather finer, and showing more sheen, and if anything it
+  works up to a finer texture when planed. It is just as durable and
+  termite-proof. It is a light-loving tree, but will stand a certain
+  amount of lateral shade. Owing to the prevalence of grass-fires, it is
+  slower-growing than _Z. macrophyllum_, but if anything it shades the
+  ground better, and considering where it usually stands, it is a slight
+  soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is fair. No plantations have
+  been made with this tree. Samples of this timber have not yet been
+  exported, though, as it is a sister tree to the West Indian Satinwood,
+  it ought to command a similar price. It has not been felled for local
+  use. The natives occasionally cut it for house-building timber, but it
+  is not at all popular, owing to its being armed with spikes.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_ (Oliver). True Benin Satinwood. Atagbo
+ (Yoruba); Ughahan, Okor (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin and Calabar provinces of
+  Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is very
+  prevalent, especially in old farms.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It has a very large leaf, up to 6 feet long,
+  with forty pairs of leaflets, each rather smaller than those of _Z.
+  Senegalense_. There are no thorns on the branches, but many on the
+  stem, which is thoroughly armed until old age, when most of the woody
+  spikes drop off. It bears a large bunch of small, black, spherical-
+  shaped seeds. It is a common tree in abandoned farms of the mixed
+  deciduous forest zone. The thorns are more sharply pointed than _Z.
+  Senegalense_ and not so woody at first, but later form a thorn at the
+  top of each wooden protrusion. One specimen found in the Olokemeji
+  Reserve had very few wooden protrusions, each armed with a thorn, but
+  there were larger leaves than _Z. macrophyllum_, though in all not
+  quite so long. In old age the stem is almost smooth, and may reach a
+  girth of nearly 6 feet and a length of over 30 feet. The crown is
+  slender and broken up with three or four main branches. The base of
+  the bole in old age is spotted with yellow lenticels.
+
+  It is a light-loving, quick-growing tree, which does not protect the
+  ground, and only to a certain extent acts with its leaves as a soil-
+  improving tree. Natural regeneration is very good, and on the whole,
+  at the edge of the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zone, with the
+  increase of farms it is tending to spread in greater numbers than
+  before, and in some places groups of them are found, whereas in the
+  original forest only isolated specimens are obtained. No plantations
+  have been made with this tree.
+
+  The sapwood is light-yellow and the heartwood of a darker yellow
+  shade. In quickly grown trees it is not very large, but in the older
+  trees comprises more than two-thirds of the diameter of the tree. The
+  timber is hard, fine-grained, planing up smooth in texture. It does
+  not take nails well, nor split well, saws, however, cleanly, and
+  occasionally shows a little figure.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+  Sabicu at 2s. to 2s. 6d. per foot, and reported of a very hard nature.
+  Since then, however, none has been cut or exported. Locally it has not
+  been used in any form. It should be noted, however, that this is a
+  sister tree of the West Indian Satinwood, and considering that it
+  grows to a larger size than that one, the timber should demand a still
+  higher price.
+
+  _Use._—In the Benin country the timber is used for making door-plates
+  before putting dried clay on the top, and also used for doors.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum sp. n._ Dwarf Satinwood. Boji.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The fruit is a mass of red berries very
+  similar to the Mountain Ash of Europe, but a small tree armed with a
+  few scattered spines of short length, but not very woody, more in the
+  nature of thorns. It attains a girth of 10 inches and a height of 15
+  to 20 feet.
+
+  _Distribution._—It was only found on the summit of the Boji Hills from
+  an elevation of 4,500 to 5,000 feet, where other vegetation gave out
+  and only grass grew otherwise.
+
+  It has a very hard, yellow wood of the usual satiny nature. It made
+  very good firewood on the mountain top.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum sp._ (Kew). _Pterocarpus sp._ African Satinwood. Urueben
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin and Ondo provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a common tree near the banks of rivers in the evergreen forest.
+  It is of medium-size, reaching a girth of about 7 feet; the bole is
+  long (40 feet); the root buttresses reach up the bole about 3 feet.
+  The stalk has a few prickles, especially when it is small, but they
+  disappear in old age. The leaf is smaller than _P. osun_, but much the
+  same as Akume, _Pterocarpus sp._ The habit is typical of a Pterocarpus
+  and not of Zanthoxylum. The bark is quite smooth and always unarmed.
+  The fruit is ovoid and flat, with the seed at one end, rather
+  different in this respect to Pterocarpus, and without the prickles on
+  it. The slash is white, and soon red drops of latex-like fluid exude
+  from the tree. The branches are upspreading and the crown is large,
+  though narrow, the bole being about two-thirds of the total height.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood is yellow when young and dark-
+  red, like _P. osun_, when old. It is hard, but splits well. Termites
+  attack it. It is cross-grained and stands a little bending; otherwise
+  it is brittle, when bent far.
+
+  It is slow-growing and a light-lover. It likes a good soil which is
+  moist and has depth. It does not sprout from the stool. Seed
+  reproduction is good, and the seedlings are found in the neighbourhood
+  of old trees. It is a deciduous tree for three months in the year (dry
+  season).
+
+  It has not been cut for local use or exported to Europe. It is used
+  for making shovels for mud-puddling in the building of Benin houses;
+  also for pegs in the walls of a chief’s house.
+
+ _Toddalia sp._ Oie (Yoruba).
+
+  A climbing shrub common in Tropical West Africa. The fertile stamens
+  are equal in number to the petals. Leaves digitate.
+
+  _Uses._—Condiments and medicine.
+
+ _Ægle Barteri_. Calabash Orange. Shange, Bale (Yoruba).
+
+  This is a small tree growing near the villages, cultivated for its
+  shade and for medicinal purposes. The fruit looks like an orange, but
+  the shell is hard and it is not edible.
+
+ _Clausena Anisata_ (Oliv.). Alapari, Obuko (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Irvingia Barteri_. Dika Nut, Wild Mango. Oro, Auro (Yoruba); Ogwi
+ (tree), Okherli (seed) (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Onitsha, Owerri,
+  Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  With its smooth, shining, small dark-green leaves it is quite
+  distinguishable from other forest trees. The very spherical shape of
+  the crown and the short bole are also most typical of the tree. It is
+  often found near river banks or in damp localities. Wherever found, it
+  is usually preserved by the natives, though not actually cultivated or
+  tended.
+
+  The flower is inconspicuous, but the fruit is like a small mango,
+  becoming quite yellow when ripe, though much harder and of a much
+  sharper flavour.
+
+  The wood is hard and durable; the sapwood is yellowish-white and the
+  heartwood yellow. It is impervious to white ants.
+
+  The tree is a shade-bearer, especially in youth, but grows very
+  slowly. Those planted near Leopardstown, Calabar, were only 6 to 8
+  feet high after ten years’ growth. It is true they received little or
+  no attention and occasionally the grass was burnt near them.
+
+  No regular plantations have been made, though one plot was planted in
+  the Mamu Reserve in 1910. Further experiments in cultivation, and
+  especially pruning and tending to see how early the tree will bear
+  fruit, are worth undertaking. A method to increase the size of the
+  fruit, and with it the size of the kernel, might be discovered and
+  thus make it a profitable tree to grow in plantations.
+
+  Reported on by the Imperial Institute in 1904, and kernels worth £14 a
+  ton then in London.
+
+  _Native Use._—House-building. The fruit is eaten, and then the nut is
+  cracked and the kernel beaten up and served as soup. Fruit or nuts or
+  both are sold in the markets of Benin and Yorubaland.
+
+ _Irvingia Smithii_. Benin Dika Nut (?). Akwekwe (Benin).
+
+  It is found occasionally in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a
+  tree with similar growth to _Irvingia Barteri_, but reaches a larger
+  size, up to 12 feet. The bole length is also greater, 40 feet. The
+  fruit is larger than _Irvingia Barteri_, but of the same shape. It is
+  rather uncommon in the evergreen forest. The crown is smaller and
+  occupies only the upper third of the stem. The branches are larger,
+  too, and of lesser number in proportion than _Irvingia Barteri_.
+
+  The wood is yellow in the sapwood and brown in the heartwood, and
+  hard. It is hard to split. The heartwood is very small, being only
+  about 1 foot out of a diameter of 4 feet. Termites do not attack the
+  wood.
+
+  It is a shade-bearer and grows slowly. It does not sprout from the
+  stool, but reproduction by seed is good. The duikas eat the fruit.
+
+  It has not been cut for local use nor exported to Europe.
+
+  It is used, by tying four seeds together like Ogwega, for a game. The
+  fruit is not eaten because it is not sweet.
+
+ _Irvingia sp._ Pwekupweku (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a large
+  tree, reaching a girth of 15 feet and very tall. The fruit is yellow,
+  and large as an African mango, but with a very much sweeter smell and
+  sweet taste. The branches are flattish, and so the crown is wide, with
+  a long bole and shallow crown. It has a long, lanceolate leaf with
+  insignificant veins. The wood is hard, with white sapwood and brown
+  heartwood. It grows on good soil, which is moist and deep in the
+  evergreen forests. It is a shade-bearer and grows moderately fast.
+
+  _Native Use._—The fruit is used for killing rats after it has been
+  cooked and mixed with palm oil chop. It is then given to them, and
+  they at once fall down dead.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ= (Planch).
+
+ _Hannoa undulata_. Whitewood. Igigun (Egba); Igbo (Lagos); Orisi
+ (Igbado, Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Calabar, Owerri, Benin, Warri, Ondo, Ibadan and
+  Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a very large tree, reaching a girth of 12 feet and a bole length
+  of about 50 feet, which grows up very readily in old farms or
+  clearings in the evergreen forest and lower parts of the mixed
+  forests. It has a large, broad leaf, which is deciduous for about a
+  month in the year. The flower, which is white in colour, is in the
+  form of racemes (?). The bark is green, with grey streaks up and down,
+  and the slash is white with yellow markings; it smells sweet, too. The
+  fruit is oblong and black, more like a plum. The spurns are very
+  slight.
+
+  The wood is very soft and white all through. It dries without warping,
+  but if not cut properly is liable to be attacked by small borers of
+  the furniture kind. It planes with a smooth surface. It is very light,
+  more so even than Musanga wood. The grain is fine, though such pores
+  as there are, are long. It splits well and adzes well too. It shrinks
+  considerably in drying, but this might be obviated by girdling and
+  drying very gradually in shade when cut green.
+
+  It is a very quick-growing tree, almost as fast as Ricinodendron. It
+  is a light-lover, and is rather intolerant of shade, except in its
+  youth. It grows best from seed reproduction, as the power from the
+  stool is very slight and soon dies back.
+
+  It was sampled in 1912 at Degema, but has not been exported to Europe.
+  A trial as a wood for making pulpwood seems indicated. It is split up
+  into flat pieces for doors and mantelpieces, also for making the walls
+  of temporary houses, each piece being set upright to the other, with
+  any round edge on the outside.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Pachylobus edulis_. Native Pear (Ohan), Incense Tree, Elemi Gum.
+ Ibagho (Yoruba); Onumu (Benin); Eben (Efik).
+
+  It is found in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, chiefly as a
+  planted tree in the neighbourhood of villages, and on the sides of the
+  roads leading to them, being more prevalent in the Benin and Oban than
+  the other districts. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of
+  about 7 feet and a height of about 70 feet.
+
+  The gum, which exudes when the tree is cut with a matchet, smells very
+  much like incense when burnt, and is of a white colour. It is always
+  planted in the villages, partly for shade, chiefly for food,
+  especially in the Oban country.
+
+  The fruit is first of all a grey, and then a purple colour, and a very
+  cylindrical plum shape, in all about 2½ inches long and rather more
+  than 1 inch in diameter. It is very much like turpentine to taste,
+  especially when not quite ripe, and in the centre of the fruit there
+  is an oblong nut rather more than 1 inch in length, more or less
+  round, with four ribbed edges, all culminating at the apex. The leaves
+  are large, consisting of four to six pairs of pinnæ, which are shiny
+  and dark-green on the upper surface, and almost silver-grey
+  underneath. The trunk is often very much cut about and chipped, and
+  little pieces of the white gum are often seen in the old scars. It
+  usually bears fruit heavily every year.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood is of a faint pink colour. It
+  is not very hard, but more like mahogany in texture and character.
+  Owing to its irregular growth and branching habit, it is often rather
+  knotty and cross-grained.
+
+  It is a shade-bearing, somewhat slow-growing tree, which only
+  partially protects the soil, but on the whole improves it with its
+  fall of leaves. Natural regeneration appears to be rare, chiefly
+  perhaps owing to the fact that the natives pick the fruit even before
+  it is quite ripe, and take it away to eat in their houses. It is
+  usually planted by the natives as a transplanted seedling, about 3
+  feet high. Considering the poor flavour of the fruit, it is rather
+  surprising that it is so widely planted and comparatively speaking so
+  much tended by the natives in certain districts. It is moderately
+  fire-resisting and dew-collecting, especially in the dry seasons, the
+  ground in the vicinity of the trees often being quite damp with the
+  condensed dew falling off the leaves.
+
+  It has not been felled for export or for local use. The tree, however,
+  provides grateful shade in the more open parts of the country, in the
+  neighbourhood of villages.
+
+  The gum has not been collected for export, but is considered of value.
+  However, no tapping experiments have been tried.
+
+  _Native Use._—The fruit is called a pear, and is liked by most
+  natives, who eat it raw. It is sometimes sold in the markets at five
+  for one penny.
+
+ _Canarium Schweinfurthii_. Pink Mahogany, Bastard Mahogany. (Sometimes
+ sold as Gaboon Mahogany or African Elemi. Anikantuhu, Ako, Ibagbo
+ (Yoruba); Onumukyukyu (Benin); also known as Ikwapbo. (The Benin name
+ means Kyukyu or bird, Onumu or Incense-tree.)
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—Evenly striated bark of orange to light-
+  yellow colour, turning grey on exposure to full rays of the sun. The
+  seed is small and similar to that of _Pachylobus edulis_, but much
+  smaller.
+
+  _Distribution._—A few in the Western, more in the Central west and
+  south of Benin, and most common in the Eastern Circle, especially
+  north of Calabar, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, and to lesser
+  extent in the evergreen forest zone.
+
+  It is a large forest tree, with a girth of over 12 feet and a bole
+  length of about 90 feet. Being more or less preserved by the natives
+  when found in the forests, in clearing for their farms, it is often
+  now seen on the roadsides. The slash is white, and as the roots beside
+  the road are often cut by the natives, the yellowish-white gum exudes,
+  forming a small white layer on the surface of the root. This has a
+  most pleasant smell, and is not unpleasant to taste. It is closely
+  allied to, if not much the same character as, the “Balsam of Tolu.”
+  The leaf is comparatively small, with three or four pairs of pinnæ,
+  and growing more or less in tufts, this being reminiscent of the
+  Mahogany family. The root spurns are very slight, and in this respect
+  it is more like the European Ash, and usually there are one or two
+  main roots which spread out, down the slightly enlarged bole at the
+  base. Otherwise the tree is one of the most cylindrical in shape,
+  falling away with the increasing height less than almost any other. It
+  is a deciduous tree. The pores are very fine and rather longer than in
+  the ordinary mahogany, and the wood is not so sheeny.
+
+  The sapwood is white, and in fast-grown trees often 6 inches through.
+  The heartwood is of a delicately pink mahogany colour, darkening to a
+  light-brown mahogany on exposure to the air and sunlight. It is not
+  very hard, and splits fairly well. It planes up with a smooth surface.
+  It saws well and also takes nails fairly well. It has very
+  considerable elasticity. It is lighter than most kinds of mahogany.
+  The logs will float as soon as at all dry.
+
+  In youth it stands a good deal of shade, but later on it is on the
+  whole a light-demanding tree. It is a fairly quick-growing tree, but
+  tends to become very slow when left alone in the open. It needs a rich
+  soil, but is also found on poorer land. It needs more moisture than
+  many others. Although not a soil-protecting tree, the leaves yield a
+  fair amount of humus in their annual fall. Natural regeneration is
+  fair, but it is rather susceptible to fire, and much of it is thus
+  killed. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+  In 1906 a sample was sold in the Liverpool market as Gaboon Mahogany
+  at 1s. 6d. per cubic foot full measure, and in 1907 sample logs of
+  this tree were exported to the Liverpool market, where they were sold
+  as light Benin Mahogany at 2d. per superficial foot. Since then none
+  has been felled.
+
+  The natives occasionally cut the tree for planks, and use the wood for
+  making canoes, chiefly owing to its lightness and elasticity.
+
+ _Canarium sp._ Rough-barked Canarium. Ekugbi, Ekugbo (Yoruba);
+ Onumukyukyu (Benin).
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—A large tree, with larger fissures than _C.
+  Schweinfurthii_, about 6 inches apart; the bark is inclined to scale
+  off in between. The leaves are a little larger, but the gum is very
+  similar and used for similar purposes.
+
+  _Distribution._—It was found in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve.
+
+  It is deciduous for about three weeks in the year, chiefly November,
+  but otherwise it is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.
+
+  The tree has not been felled for export or for local use. Nor do the
+  natives appear to have used it for any purpose.
+
+ _Canarium Mansfeldii_. Gaboon Mahogany.
+
+  This species is found on the banks of the Upper Cross River.
+
+ _Canarium sp._ Oyife (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Canarium sp._, syn. _Schweinfurthii_. Incense Tree. Anikantuku
+ (Yoruba); Onumukyukyu (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Ilaro district and Benin.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Carapa procera_. Scented Mahogany Cedar, Crab Wood, Touloucouna Oil.
+ Efu Iya, Abo-oganwo (Yoruba); Ibbegogo (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree, found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri,
+  Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a small tree, growing to a girth of about 6 feet. The pinnæ and
+  the whole leaf are both much larger than the mahogany leaf, even
+  including that of _grandifolia_. It often grows with a divided bole,
+  two small stems shooting upwards from about 3 feet from the ground.
+  The leaves grow in very distinct tufts on the edge of the branches.
+  The bark is smooth and a light-green colour, with a few vertical
+  uprights when the tree is old. The fruit is a large, roughly round,
+  woody drupe. The covering shell dehisces into eight parts, releasing
+  about twenty hard, brown, round-cornered, almost square nuts. The
+  seeds are eaten by porcupines. It is found in the freshwater swamps in
+  the evergreen forest and in damp places of the mixed deciduous forest.
+  The timber is pink when freshly cut, and the heartwood has the red-
+  brown typical of the Mahogany family. The small size of the timber
+  rather militates against its reaching the high value of mahogany.
+
+  The tree is a shade-bearer in its younger stages of growth, and even
+  when older it still stands a considerable amount of shade. Self-sown
+  seedlings are not often seen. Perhaps this is due to so many of the
+  seeds being eaten by animals. The stump scarcely sprouts after it has
+  been freshly cut. Considering the size of the tree, a very fair number
+  of nuts ripen each year.
+
+  No use has been made of the seeds, though they yield a similar oil to
+  that of the Crab Oil Tree of South America.
+
+  In 1906 a sample of the timber was sold in the Liverpool market as
+  Mahogany Cedar, scented, at 2½d. and 3½d. per superficial foot.
+
+  _Native Use._—The bark is used by pregnant Yoruba women and for sores
+  and as a cough mixture. It is used underneath palm leaves as a roofing
+  material in the Benin country.
+
+ _Khaya grandifolia_, later _grandis_ (Stapf.). Big-leaf Mahogany, Benin
+ Mahogany. Akor, Oganwo (Yoruba); Gadeau, Ogwangu (Benin); Odala (Ibo
+ Asaba); Digiten (Brass); Dirinshi, Diki (Ibo Owerri); Asamogo (Ibibio);
+ Upono (Efik); Obon (?) (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, at the
+  edge of the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is very prevalent in
+  some places, such as at the edge of the Ifon Owo-Akure Road.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a large tree of the mixed forests. It
+  attains a girth of 14 feet and a corresponding height. It is, however,
+  taller in proportion than _K. Punchii_. It has long, upward-tending
+  root flanges, though not so large as those of _K. Ivoriensis_ or the
+  Coast Mahogany. The crown is open compared to the other Khayas, except
+  _K. Senegalensis_. It has conspicuously large pinnate leaves, with
+  three or four pairs of leaflets quite 10 inches in length, each
+  leaflet being 4 inches long. The stem is smoother than _K. Punchii_,
+  and in that respect more like _K. anthoteka_. The leaves of this
+  species are the most shiny of all; in fact, the others appear dull
+  beside them. The bole, on the whole, is cleaner than _K. Punchii_ and
+  longer, though it forks or divides into a head in the characteristic
+  Mahogany way. The shininess of the leaves is one of the greatest
+  characteristics of this tree. The capsule is somewhat larger than _K.
+  Punchii_. It is also a little thicker, and the tip is not so long or
+  sharp. It opens out into five segments, as a rule, but sometimes there
+  may be only four. The seeds themselves are a little oblong in shape
+  and not quite so square as in _K. Punchii_, although they are just as
+  thin and flat.
+
+  The timber is the typical Benin Mahogany, with somewhat long pores,
+  first of all rather pink, then a rich mahogany-brown colour.
+  Occasionally the sapwood is very wide in proportion to the size of the
+  tree, but this is more in the case of very quickly grown trees. It
+  sometimes shows very rich figure of a “roey” nature as well as
+  “fiddleback,” more especially in the root buttresses. Here, owing to
+  the storms to which the tree is exposed, the fibres of these
+  buttresses become fractured and compressed, thus giving a broken and
+  mottled appearance to the grain after it has been cut up lengthways.
+  In this species the wood of the “curls” often shows a rather bolder
+  roe than in the case of those obtained from _K. Punchii_ or
+  _Ivoriensis_.
+
+  On the whole this is the most quickly growing of all the Khayas. In
+  its youth it stands a certain amount of shade, and, in fact, always,
+  but it would appear to demand a good deal of light for its full and
+  quick development. It is a thoroughly soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving tree. The leaves make a rich humus. Natural regeneration is
+  good, and, in fact, appears to be much better than in the case of the
+  other Khayas. It sprouts from the stump a little. It appears to be
+  somewhat exacting as to soil, preferring somewhat deep, rich and moist
+  sites. In plantations it has already found a place. It has also been
+  planted, mixed with other species of Khaya, in the small nurseries,
+  plantations and lines of trees made by the timber-lease holders. It
+  does not seem to be attacked so severely by the leading-shoot borer as
+  in the case of _K. Punchii_. Owing to the fact that the seeds usually
+  fall on more open ground, it is not eaten so quickly by the little
+  boring insects.
+
+  The timber is being constantly exported and mixed up with the other
+  species of Khaya. Being lighter, it floats higher on the water than
+  the other species, more especially Entandrophragma. It has
+  occasionally been used by the natives for making canoes, as also for
+  sawing up into planks.
+
+ _Khaya Punchii_. Uhi Mahogany, Benin Mahogany. Oganwo (Yoruba); Ogwangu
+ (Benin); Eggi (Ibo Asaba).
+
+  This tree does not attain such a large size as either _K. grandis_ or
+  _K. Ivoriensis_, but it often exceeds a girth of 12 feet and a bole
+  length of 70 feet. The bottom log of a tree is often found to show
+  figured wood. This is perhaps owing to the bark being constantly
+  removed, and to the succeeding occlusion of the wounds following at
+  different times, according to when the bark is removed.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It has a comparatively small leaf, with five
+ or six pairs of leaflets. It has slight root spurns, or protuberances,
+ or even in some cases none at all. It is generally particularly rough
+ at the base, owing to the bark having been continually removed by the
+ local people. Higher up, the stem is covered with brown-coloured bark,
+ which is slightly pitted. The leaves are in tufts, though to a lesser
+ extent than either _K. grandis_ or _Ivoriensis_. The large masses of
+ small white flowers remind one of lilac. It is of the same white
+ colour. It flowers in February, when it is also in new leaf. Compared
+ with _K. grandis_ it usually has a shorter and somewhat more curved
+ bole.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  The capsule is of medium size, splitting open into five segments which
+  remain attached at the base. On the whole it is rather thinner than
+  _K. grandis_ or _Ivoriensis_, but does not come to such a sharp point
+  as either of those two.
+
+  The timber is very similar in grain and texture to the other Khayas,
+  but if anything it is a little heavier and a little closer texture
+  then either _grandis_ or _Ivoriensis_, especially in those districts
+  where it grows in the mixed deciduous forests, and where the base of
+  the trunk is burnt with an occasional grass-fire.
+
+  Although not quite so fast-growing as the other Khayas, it is a fast-
+  growing tree with soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities.
+  Natural regeneration is fair, though the little thin, flat seeds are
+  very soon attacked by a little boring insect when they fall to the
+  ground. However, when rapidly gathered after having fallen, they
+  retain their germinative capacity for a greater length of time than in
+  the case of the Entandrophragmas. On the whole, if the locality is not
+  too dry or fires too prevalent, this tree tends to widen its area of
+  distribution with the spread of farms. The leading-shoot borer attacks
+  this tree in its younger stages perhaps even more than the other
+  Khayas, more especially when it is planted pure. In this connection it
+  should be noted that this Khaya, as well as the others, is not
+  gregarious in habit, being always found singly, though varying much in
+  number per square mile. This factor rather indicates that pure
+  plantations should not be made, or at any rate that it should only be
+  planted in small groups mixed with other species, also in small
+  groups, from a quarter to one acre in extent. In leased timber areas
+  it has been planted mixed with other species. On the whole, it has not
+  been exported so much as the other Khayas. It has been sold as Niger
+  Mahogany.
+
+  _Value._—3d. to 6d. per superficial foot from Sapoba, in the Benin
+  province. The natives occasionally cut it for sawing into planks.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 69.—=Mature Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) and Teak,
+one year old, Mamu Forest Reserve, Ibadan Forest, in 1915.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 70.—=Large full-grown Iroko Tree (Chlorophora
+excelsa) standing near Ibadan, Jebu Ode Road, Mamu Forest Reserve, in
+May 1910. Same tree as Fig. 69.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 71.—=Untouched Forest on Summit of Ado Rock, Oyo
+Province, 1910.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 320.
+
+ _Khaya anthotheca?_. White-barked Mahogany or White Mahogany, King of
+ the Timber. Funfun (Yoruba); Ogwangu Nufwa, Ogigedu (Benin).
+
+  Many specimens of this tree are found in the mixed forests on the
+  banks of the Ovia River in the Ifon district of the Benin province,
+  and also isolated trees near the banks of the Owena River in the Ondo
+  province.
+
+  The chief characteristic of this tree is the speckled white bark,
+  which gives the stem generally a light, almost white or grey colour.
+  The white patches in the bark occur irregularly scattered all round
+  the bole, being chiefly confined to the lower half of it. In young
+  trees the four very strong lateral roots show up prominently above the
+  ground, leading away from the tree more or less at right angles and
+  remaining above the surface of the ground for two or three feet. This
+  feature to some extent persists even in old age, but then it is not so
+  pronounced, as these roots tend to form more or less stout buttresses
+  similar to the others, but coming out more abruptly and forming a more
+  shelf-like protuberance from the stem.
+
+  The timber is supposed to be lighter, and of a lighter colour than
+  that of the other Khayas. However, it appears to be only rather more
+  of a pinkish-brown when freshly cut, taking on the typical mahogany-
+  brown once it is exposed to the air. So far, it has always been sold
+  mixed up with the other species cut in the same area, and realizes
+  similar prices. It may perhaps have even helped towards the scoring of
+  the higher average price of 6d. per superficial foot which was
+  obtained from one area where this species is found.
+
+ _Khaya n. sp._ Mahogany. Ogwangu (Benin).
+
+  This was found in the Benin province of Nigeria. In the wood, it shows
+  a considerable difference to the other Khayas, being a much lighter
+  red-brown colour and of more open texture.
+
+ _Khaya Ivoriensis_. Coast Mahogany. Obi, Oganwo, Akpakor (Yoruba).
+
+  This species is supposed to be that from which most of the coastal
+  mahogany is obtained, more especially in the more low-lying regions.
+  The wood is of a richer and darker colour and somewhat heavier than
+  that of the other species. The most typical feature, though, is the
+  very sheeny nature of the wood and the very considerable size of the
+  medullary rays, which, however, are not conspicuous, as in the wood
+  from Nigeria.
+
+ _Khaya Senegalensis_. Dry-zone Mahogany. Oganwo (Yoruba); Ogwangu
+ (Benin).
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The tree has an open crown with a few
+  upspreading branches, and apparently much less foliage than its
+  “confrères.” The leaves are small, very grey, specially on the under-
+  surface, giving them almost the character of Eucalyptus leaves. The
+  bole is shorter than the other Khayas, with a slightly scaly bark and
+  only a small thickening of the base and no root buttresses at all. The
+  bark is darker than _Khaya Punchii_, though the scales are often grey.
+  The capsule is almost frequently four-sectioned, though this is not an
+  absolute rule, as other Khayas have been found bearing capsules
+  dividing into three, four and five sections. It does not exude gum so
+  readily as _Khaya Punchii_, and the gum is of a redder colour.
+  Illustration No. 67 shows the lower part of the bole of a tree 10 feet
+  in girth.
+
+  _Distribution._—It grows on the banks of the Ogun River above the
+  Iseyin-Oyo Road, Ibadan province, Akure, Benin and Ogoja provinces of
+  Nigeria. It is found as one of the most prevalent trees near Obudu and
+  in the Onitsha province north of Ogrugu.
+
+  _Timber._—It is of redder brown colour than either _Khaya Punchii_ or
+  grandis, and has a greater sheen. The texture of wood is a little
+  closer, and, owing to the annual grass-fires burning the stem, is
+  slightly figured. Logs could not be cut much more than 20 feet in
+  length, owing to the bole not always being straight, though the large
+  branches would make small ones and curls.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It stands a great deal of drought, though
+  in its drier area of distribution it is usually to be found near river
+  banks. The seed keeps a high percentage of germination for some months
+  after being picked. It demands more light than either of the other
+  Khayas, and grows freely from the beginning. It has also a greater
+  tendency to branch than the other Khayas, but this may be due to its
+  being attacked more by the leading-shoot borer than the other species,
+  as more of these insects are found in the open than in the mixed
+  forests. It is almost gregarious, as groups of trees are usually found
+  together.
+
+ _Khaya sp._ Orro (Yoruba); Geduloha (Benin).
+
+  This tree is found in the Ilaro district of the Abeokuta province.
+  There appears to be some doubt as to whether this is really a distinct
+  species, but the fact remains that the wood is very much darker and of
+  rather a duller colour than most of the other Khayas. It shows also a
+  very rich, wide roe, and in this respect the wood is more valuable
+  than that of many other species. It is somewhat similar to the best
+  counter-top wood obtained from the Entandrophragmas. It does not
+  appear to be a very common tree, but it attains a girth of over 12
+  feet, and the bole is straighter and considerably taller than most of
+  the Khayas.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela Kotschyii_. Dry-zone Cedar. Hard Cedar Mahogany. Emi
+ gbegeri (Yoruba, Ibadan).
+
+  It is found in groups and isolated specimens in the Ibadan province of
+  Nigeria, in the dry-zone forest and at the edge of the mixed deciduous
+  areas, more especially in the Olokemeji Forest. With its somewhat
+  regularly fissured bark, showing a criss-cross pattern, it is
+  distinguishable from the other dry-zone trees. The silvery pinnate
+  leaves in tufts and the charred base of the stem, combined with the
+  grey trunk, all help to identify it. The little mahogany-like capsule,
+  covered with silvery hairs when unripe, is another feature. When these
+  burst open, leaving the empty capsule on the tree for a time, there is
+  no doubt about its being of the Mahogany family. In the distance the
+  grey, almost silvery-coloured bark makes it stand out as compared to
+  others such as Dwarf Ironwood or the Shea Butter Tree. Reaching a
+  girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of 25 feet, it is one of the
+  largest dry-zone trees.
+
+  The sapwood is pinkish-red, when fresh, and the heartwood a rich red-
+  brown, darkening slightly on exposure to the light. It is harder than
+  mahogany and heavier. The grain is closer and on the whole finer, but
+  with a similar sheen. It often shows a little figure. It saws well,
+  planes smoothly, takes nails, and has a good appearance in the plank.
+  It is said to be termite-proof. It is considerably stronger than
+  mahogany.
+
+  Somewhat slow-growing, even from naturally growing root suckers, it is
+  a light-loving tree, giving scarcely enough shade to protect the soil.
+  In its youth it is a soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is
+  poor, root suckers being the strongest form of reproduction. It
+  sprouts slightly from the stump, but not sufficiently for reproduction
+  of a crop. A fair crop of seeds is found each year, but usually, owing
+  to grass-fires, much of this is destroyed. Plantations are being made,
+  but natural growth has been encouraged in places, and gives further
+  promise of better growth.
+
+  It has not been exported, but it is occasionally felled for local use.
+  It is one of the most valuable trees of the dry zone.
+
+ _Entandrophragma utilis_. Short-capsuled Mahogany, Sapeli or Heavy
+ Mahogany. Ijebbo, Jebu, Ashuwole, Papala (Yoruba); Ogipogo, Ubilesan
+ Onamakyuku, Plekkogo (Benin); Eplekgo (Jekri); Edem (Efik); Atori
+ (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  This tree is found in the evergreen and mixed forests of the Ondo,
+  Benin, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the most
+  common mahoganies of the forest, and reaches the largest girth of any
+  of the African trees. The biggest of all showed a girth of 56 feet,
+  measured above the top of the buttresses, and one which showed 437
+  rings of growth had a girth of 52 feet, measured at 20 feet above the
+  ground. This one, too, yielded 15 logs of various sizes.
+
+  The leaves are rather smaller and show the ribs rather more
+  prominently than in _E. cylindrica_, but the growth, which is in
+  tufts, is similar. It is deciduous for about three weeks in the year,
+  in November, when inconspicuous flowers first appear and then the
+  leaves. The capsule is about 3 inches long and nearly 1 inch in
+  diameter. It is of the usual pentagonal shape, and there are five
+  seeds, placed one over the other on each side of the central
+  pentagonal core. The seeds are nearly square in shape, with a rounded
+  back about an eighth of an inch thick. The wings are four times the
+  length of the seed, making each about 2½ inches long. The seeds lose
+  their germinative power in about three weeks, and are always attacked
+  by a small boring insect.
+
+  The bole has comparatively slight root spurns, which terminate at
+  about a maximum height of 20 feet from the ground. It is very
+  straight, and may attain a height of 90 feet. The stem is, however,
+  much more pitted than that of _E. cylindrica_. The bark is of a green
+  to grey colour, very reminiscent at times of a beech-tree, especially
+  at a distance. The crown is flatly spherical, being composed of a few
+  very large limbs. The slash is white and brown; the sapwood is white
+  and the heartwood of a red-brown colour, with a very strong cedar-wood
+  scent when freshly cut. Even when the wood is seasoned and freshly
+  planed, this scent is very noticeable. It saws and splits easily,
+  planes up moderately, and takes nails fairly easily. It is not
+  termite-proof, but the most common attack is by a lymexylon, if the
+  logs are left lying unsquared in the forests. Many figured logs have
+  been obtained from this species of tree. In the younger stages, the
+  sapwood is comparatively wide. Natural regeneration is very good in
+  some places. The tree grows very rapidly indeed. In its youth it
+  stands a certain amount of shade, but later on it is a light-loving
+  tree. It is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Isolated trees
+  have been planted and small plantations made in various parts of the
+  country. Planted under proper conditions and with favourable seasons,
+  an average growth of 6 feet in height may be expected. The young trees
+  are occasionally attacked by the leading-shoot borer, but this is not
+  very serious, particularly if a suitable mixture with other trees has
+  been formed.
+
+  This timber has been one of the main export products of the Sapeli and
+  South Benin forests. The chief market for this wood was, previous to
+  the war, in Hamburg. However, from Hamburg, the markets of Copenhagen,
+  Sweden, Finland, Russia and Austria were also supplied. Being almost
+  half as heavy again as Khaya Mahogany, it costs more in proportion to
+  bring over to Europe. Owing to the better and larger size of the logs
+  which can be obtained from these huge trees, there was in these
+  markets a greater demand for this timber for counter-tops than for
+  Khaya timber. This to some extent counterbalanced the disadvantage of
+  the extra weight. This timber was also considered of a duller colour
+  and more liable to split than the Khaya wood. However, as many of the
+  trees from which the largest logs have been obtained are mature, and
+  over-mature, it is natural that the wood cannot be in a prime
+  condition.
+
+  The timber is very popular amongst the local people for the making of
+  canoes and for house-building.
+
+ _Entandrophragma cylindrica_. Heavy Mahogany or Cedar Mahogany. Jebu,
+ Oro, Issisi, Alepo, Alopa (Yoruba); Ikwabobo, Agiekpogo (Benin); Atore
+ (Efik).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Oyo, Ondo, Benin, Calabar and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the common mahogany-trees of the
+  evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zone. It is the tallest of all
+  African trees, the bole alone often attaining a height exceeding 100
+  feet. It is also one of the straightest and most cylindrical trees in
+  Africa. The root spurns are very slight compared to the size of the
+  tree, and do not extend usually more than 10 feet up the stem. The
+  bark is smooth and not unlike the beech; in old age, however, it
+  becomes slightly pitted and the bark scales off in places. The crown
+  is deeper and more spherical than in the case of _Entandrophragma
+  utilis_. The ends of the branches are most conspicuous, with their
+  most pronounced tufts of leaves. The leaf is often about 4 inches
+  long, but in young shoots may attain a length of nearly 3 feet, with
+  over thirty pairs of pinnæ. The slash is white, with small, yellow,
+  stone-like granules in it. The bark is thick.
+
+  The capsule is nearly 6 inches long and an inch in diameter. It is
+  similar in shape to that of _Entandrophragma utilis_, and opens in a
+  similar way. The seeds are rather larger and the wings considerably
+  longer. It is deciduous for about a week in November, when the
+  flowers, which are of a light-greenish colour, appear, and then the
+  leaves.
+
+  The sapwood is white and comparatively wide, except in very old trees.
+  The wood, when freshly cut, smells slightly like a red herring, and in
+  colour is not unlike the flesh of kippered herring.
+
+  The heartwood is of a red-brown colour, rather dulling on exposure to
+  the air and becoming a dark-brown colour. The pores are very long,
+  much more so than either in the _E. utilis_ or the Khaya genus. The
+  timber splits well, saws easily, and takes nails moderately well. It
+  is not always easy to plane it down to a smooth surface. It has a
+  distinct tendency to warp unless properly seasoned. It is not termite-
+  proof, but the attacks of the white ants are slow. The sapwood is more
+  commonly attacked by a lymexylon. For interior work it is very
+  durable; sometimes it has a very pretty, dull-brown wavy sheen.
+
+  Natural regeneration is good in many places. Isolated trees have been
+  planted and small plantations made in different parts of the country.
+  The growth on the whole is even more rapid than in the case of _E.
+  utilis_. In favourable localities it will exceed an annual height
+  growth of 7 feet. Although it will stand a considerable amount of
+  shade in its youth, it is more of a light-loving tree in old age. It
+  is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.
+
+  This is one of the chief mahoganies exported from the Benin and Sapeli
+  forests, but it does not attain such an average high price as that of
+  the Khaya genus. However, from all accounts it appears that the
+  majority of figured logs have been obtained from this species; this
+  compensates to some extent the disadvantage of this being the heaviest
+  wood of all the mahoganies. It often floats just level with the water,
+  and has sometimes been known to sink. In pre-war days it used to fetch
+  4d. per superficial foot, and the best market for it was in Hamburg;
+  but, as also in the case of _E. utilis_, the wood was supplied to the
+  markets in Austria, Russia, etc. It is common to make three logs each
+  30 feet long from the bole. Both this tree and _E. utilis_ yield some
+  of the best curls which are obtained from the mahogany.
+
+  The local people used to be very fond of using this tree for making
+  canoes, and I have seen a canoe over 80 feet long and having a draught
+  of over 6 feet. It has also been largely used in house-building.
+
+ _Lovoa Klaineana_. African Walnut. Abuwe (Yoruba); Ikwahobo, or usually
+ known amongst the timber men and forest officers as Anamomilla in
+ Benin, Apobo (Jekri, Ijor).
+
+  It is one of the most prevalent trees on the banks of the Ogba stream
+  in the Benin province, and it is also found in the Ondo, Abeokuta,
+  Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  This tree grows to a large size, reaching a girth of over 12 feet and
+  a bole length of over 60 feet. The root spurns are slight compared to
+  Mahogany, extending only from 4 to 6 feet up the stem.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The small, almost quadrangular-shaped
+  capsule, which splits open with four sides and centre square in
+  section with only eight seeds, two placed on each face, is about the
+  size of a little finger. At its base the bole is not entirely circular
+  in shape, but tends to form four distinct narrow small buttresses,
+  giving it almost a quadrangular shape. The bark is a dark brown
+  colour, which gets rougher with old age and scales off to a small
+  extent. Compared to the size of the tree it is not very thick. In the
+  younger trees it is quite smooth and more of a yellow-brown colour.
+  The leaves are pinnate, with three or four pairs of pinnæ. The four-
+  sided capsule is a most typical feature of this tree, and
+  distinguishes it from Entandrophragma. The leaves are of a dark
+  colour.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood is a good walnut-brown,
+  sometimes with very striking dark-brown or black streaks in it. The
+  sapwood is comparatively narrow and the heartwood forms comparatively
+  early in the life of the tree. The wood is only moderately hard; it
+  planes well, and takes nails; it saws easily, and splits moderately
+  well. It is, however, attacked by termites, but not when used for
+  interior work. It shrinks but little and does not warp very much. The
+  grain is rather finer than that of the ordinary mahogany, but the
+  pores are often much longer. It has a pleasant lustre, but tends to
+  darken a little with age, especially when not exposed to the brightest
+  light. The tree is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing species,
+  with soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural
+  regeneration appears to be moderate. It sprouts slightly from the
+  stump. Seed years are none too frequent. The seeds themselves are soon
+  eaten by boring insects when they lie on the ground; even when picked
+  up they soon lose their germinative capacity, and should be planted
+  within a month of being gathered, as they are so liable to get dry.
+  The tree is a little exacting in regard to soil, apparently demanding
+  plenty of moisture, depth and a good deal of humus. No plantations
+  have been made with this tree, but a great number of isolated trees
+  have been planted by timber-lease holders in their areas.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+  African Walnut at 1d. per superficial foot. Since then, however, the
+  qualities of this timber have become better known, and it now finds a
+  ready sale at rates varying from 2d. to 5d. per superficial foot.
+  Although it is a mahogany by family, it is usual to sell it as African
+  Walnut, as the colour and texture of the wood are very similar to
+  walnut.
+
+  _Native Use._—In the Benin province it has been used for canoe-making.
+
+ _Guarea Thompsonii_. Cedar Mahogany, Cedar or Close-grained Mahogany.
+ Sidu (Yoruba); Obobonikwi (Benin); Akpaku (Ibo Asaba).
+
+  It is a large forest tree of the evergreen forest zone, attaining a
+  girth of 12 feet, which is most commonly found in the Benin district
+  of Nigeria.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The trunk is dark-brown with smoothish bark,
+  which has a tendency to scale off a little. The pinnate leaves are
+  shiny and form very distinctive tufts at the ends of the branches,
+  though not quite so much as in Entandrophragma.
+
+  The fruit, which is quite soft, is a dehiscent capsule, of a dark
+  brown colour; when ripe, three black seeds covered with red pulp are
+  released. The seeds are ellipsoid in shape and smaller than those of
+  _G. sp._, Obobonufwa. The seed is nearly half an inch long and covered
+  with white streaks following round its narrowest circumference. The
+  crown is very thick and dense compared with _G. sp._, Obobonufwa. The
+  bole length is shorter, and the shape of it is not so regular nor so
+  round as that of _G. sp._, Obobonufwa. The crown is flatly spherical
+  in shape, reaching fully a third of the total height of the tree. The
+  flowers are yellow and borne in long spikes about 1 foot in length.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heart of a mahogany-brown colour, with a
+  slightish red tinge when freshly cut, which rapidly goes a light brown
+  colour, though not such a light brown as in the case of _G. sp._,
+  Obobonufwa. It has a strong cedar scent when freshly cut, and even the
+  old wood retains this scent when planed up afresh. The grain is fine,
+  though a little fibrous. The pores are long and open. It has, however,
+  a nice sheen, giving a better appearance than that of _G. sp._,
+  Obobonufwa. It planes easily, but does not split very well. It takes
+  nails fairly easily and saws without difficulty. It is not termite-
+  proof. It has considerable tensile strength and elasticity. In
+  proportion the heartwood is very large and forms comparatively early
+  in the life of the tree. It has a closer grain than any of the
+  mahogany of the Benin district.
+
+  The tree is a fast-growing one, at first shade-bearing, and later a
+  more light-demanding species, with soil-improving and soil-protecting
+  qualities. Natural regeneration appears to be fair, though the seeds
+  are eaten by insects, and they do not appear to keep their generative
+  capacity for a great length of time. It appears to be rather exacting
+  as to soil, liking one with a fair degree of moisture, mineral content
+  and of considerable depth. No plantations have yet been made of this
+  tree, but isolated specimens have been planted by the timber-lease
+  holders. It bears good crops of seed every few years.
+
+  Owing to the comparative shortage of mahogany trees on some areas,
+  this tree is now felled as a timber for export, and is sold as Scented
+  Mahogany at 3d. to 6d. per superficial foot. Locally it has been cut
+  for planks.
+
+ _Guarea sp._ Cedar Mahogany, Scented Mahogany. Sida, Sendar, Odogbo,
+ Akokogbo (Yoruba); Obobonufwa (Benin); Akpaku (Ibo Asaba).
+
+  It is a large forest tree of the evergreen zone, attaining a girth of
+  over 12 feet, which is most commonly met with in the Benin district of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The bole is covered with smooth grey bark,
+  which peels off very gradually in large pieces more like a plane; it
+  is sometimes relieved by patches of yellow or red lichens. It has
+  tufts of pinnate leaves at the end of the branches.
+
+  The fruit is a greyish-brown coloured, dehiscent capsule, which
+  contains three large seeds covered with orange-coloured flesh. The
+  seed is black, and wider and thicker than the _G. Thompsonii_, though
+  the length is about the same; this makes it flatly ovate. The seed is
+  covered with white streaks in the same way as _Guarea Thompsonii_. The
+  root spurns are narrow and extend further up the stem than in the case
+  of _G. Thompsonii_, though in the younger trees the stem is very
+  cylindrical. The silvery-coloured bark is most typical of this tree,
+  thus distinguishing it most clearly from _G. Thompsonii_. It is very
+  similar in appearance to _Sideroxylon Aylmeri_ of Sierra Leone, so
+  that indeed it may be a species of Sideroxylon, or even the same.
+
+  It is found in the Ondo, Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  The sapwood is white and narrow and the heartwood light-brown, rapidly
+  darkening to a more mahogany brown. When freshly cut it has a strong
+  cedar scent, which goes off to a certain extent when it is dry, but on
+  planing the wood up again there is always a slight cedar scent. It is
+  closer grained than _G. Thompsonii_, but it has not so much sheen. On
+  the whole the colour is poorer. It is not considered quite so durable
+  as _G. Thompsonii_, nor is it termite-proof. It planes well and saws
+  easily, splits moderately well, and takes nails without difficulty. It
+  is of a very light colour for mahogany. It has a good, mellow texture.
+
+  It is at first slightly shade-bearing, but later a light-demanding
+  tree. It grows comparatively rapidly. It thoroughly protects the soil
+  and enriches it with its leaf fall. Natural regeneration appears to be
+  only moderate, perhaps owing to the fact that the seeds soon lose
+  their germinative capacity or are eaten by animals. It appears to be
+  somewhat exacting as to soil, liking one with considerable depth,
+  mineral content and a fair degree of moisture.
+
+  In 1906 sample logs of this timber were considered of a lower value
+  than mahogany, and were sold as Scented Mahogany at 3½d. to 3¾d. per
+  superficial foot. Since that date the timber has been regularly
+  shipped from the Benin district and sold as Scented Mahogany, and it
+  is usually worth from 2½d. to 6d. per superficial foot. Owing to the
+  comparative scarcity of large girth mahoganies (_Khaya sp._) in some
+  localities, it is being felled in increasingly large quantities.
+
+ _Trichilia Heudelottii_. Rere, Ako Irere, Asana (Yoruba); Ovallo
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It has a smaller leaf than _Trichilia sp._, and is rather a smaller
+  tree than _T. Prieuriana_. The heartwood is brown-red and very hard;
+  the sapwood is white.
+
+  It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving tree of the mixed forest zone.
+
+  Occasionally it is used as a house-building timber, when there is
+  nothing else available.
+
+ _Trichilia sp._ Iseko (Yoruba); Ogiovalo (Benin).
+
+  It has a larger leaf than _T. Heudelotii_. It is found in the
+  Abeokuta, Ondo and Benin provinces of Nigeria. The heartwood is
+  brownish-red and the sapwood is white. It reaches rather a larger size
+  than _T. Heudelotii_, attaining a bole length of about 15 feet and a
+  girth of 5 feet. The seeds are very similar to those of _P.
+  Prieuriana_. It is termite-proof.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be slight. It
+  apparently demands a good soil, and is found in the mixed deciduous
+  forest.
+
+  It has not yet been tried as an export timber, but it might be useful
+  as a hard mahogany, both for export and for local use.
+
+  Amongst the natives it is occasionally used as a house-building
+  timber, the tree having a fork at a convenient distance from the
+  ground.
+
+ _Trichilia Prieuriana_. Awe, Eriagbo (Yoruba); Igogo (Benin); Somabari
+ (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a dark-foliaged tree, usually found
+  dominated in the mixed forest, with thin, scaly bark and thin, long
+  leaves, with four or five pairs of pinnæ. The seeds are reminiscent of
+  Guarea.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the mixed deciduous forests of the
+  Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  _Timber._—It has a hard, red heartwood of close grain and white
+  sapwood; it does not shrink nor warp to any extent.
+
+  It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be poor, perhaps owing
+  to the fact that the seeds decay very rapidly when lying in the
+  ground.
+
+  In the dry season the dew condenses very readily on this tree, and
+  thus makes the ground very moist underneath.
+
+  It does not reach really export timber size. It has not been used
+  either for export or locally. However, for smaller constructional work
+  it deserves a trial.
+
+ _Turræa Vogelii_. Asha omode (Yoruba); Ovioza (Benin).
+
+  It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+  quite small, only attaining a girth of about 2 feet. It usually stands
+  in the shade as part of the undergrowth of the evergreen forest.
+
+  The natives have no particular use for it.
+
+ _Turræa heterophylla_.
+
+  This tree is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small
+  tree which has been specially noticed in the Ilaro Forest Reserve. The
+  Yorubas do not have any special use for this species of Meliaceæ. It
+  is considerably harder than either mahogany or cedar mahogany.
+
+ _Ekebergia Senegalensis_ (Juss.).
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+  It is distinguished by its white flowers, and is found growing in the
+  Olokemeji Arboretum. The leaves are large for Meliaceæ, but the
+  position of the flower-stalk and the bark are typical of this family.
+  The natives have not used the wood thus far. It would make rather an
+  ornamental shrub-like tree in a garden.
+
+ _Melia Azedarach_. Bead Tree or Persian Lilac. Eke Oyinbo (Yoruba).
+
+  A tree found growing plentifully. It is of medium size, bearing a very
+  ornamental flower. It yields timber, gum, oil and medicaments, and is
+  also used in the preparation of liquors. The fruit is poisonous.
+
+ _? Mahogany_. Onyemo (Benin).
+
+  This tree is somewhat uncommon in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+  closely allied to the African Walnut. It is apparently a mahogany, so
+  far as the texture of the timber is concerned, and the grain is very
+  similar too. It is a medium-sized tree with a bark less pitted than
+  that of the Entandrophragmas and with a more greenish tinge. The slash
+  is white, the sapwood whitish-yellow and the heartwood light-brown,
+  becoming darker on exposure to the air. It has occasionally been cut
+  in Benin and used as mahogany.
+
+
+=Polygalaceæ.=
+
+ _Carpolobia lutea_ (Don). Oshunshun (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria. A shrub-
+  like tree.
+
+ _Polygala arenaria_. Okuturupu (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+
+=Dichapetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Chailletia floribunda_ (Planch). Kukumarugbo (Yoruba).
+
+  This is a small tree of the mixed deciduous forest zone. It is a
+  shade-bearing and soil-protecting tree.
+
+  The timber is hard and durable. Locally it has not been used to any
+  extent, though it might find a place in temporary buildings as
+  verandah-posts or window-frames. The timber is said to be termite-
+  proof. The flowers are very conspicuous and quite enliven the forest
+  with their bright colours.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_. African Wood Oil Nut. Erimado, Ekku (Ib.);
+ Funfun Puttuputtu (Yoruba); Okkwen, Okwen-seva (Benin).
+
+  It is a large or more often medium-sized tree with smooth grey bark,
+  rather thin branches in more or less whorls, and open crown. The fruit
+  has two lobes, with one seed in each lobe. The leaf is digitate, with
+  a varying number of digits, from three to five. The leaves are rather
+  smaller and much thinner and finer in texture than those of _R.
+  Rautenii_. The root spurns are smaller, and do not appear much more
+  than 1 foot to 2 feet above the ground, nor do the roots themselves
+  usually extend above the ground. It reaches a girth of about 8 feet.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 72.—=Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking
+downstream, Oshun Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 73.—=Large Arere Tree (Triplochiton Nigericum),
+already girdled and dead.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 74.—=Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking
+upstream, Oshun Forest Reserve, Jebu Ode District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 75.—=Ride between Compartments C and D, Mamu Forest
+Reserve, Funtumia seedlings on either side, six to eight years old.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 332.
+
+  The timber is a little more closely grained than that of _R.
+  Rautenii_, but otherwise very similar. On the whole the bole has a
+  less good shape, tapering rather more in proportion to its height. The
+  timber length of the tree does not usually exceed 25 feet. Natural
+  regeneration is very good, though this tree does not bear seed so
+  heavily as the sister species. It sprouts well from the stump, but the
+  stump does not last. In its youth it will stand a little shade, but is
+  really a light-loving tree, with soil-protecting, soil-improving
+  qualities. It is not quite so rapid a growing tree as _R. Rautenii_,
+  even though it is one of the quickest growing trees. It appears to
+  like a moist, comparatively rich soil.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as a
+  species of mahogany. It is, however, probable that these were logs
+  from a different kind of tree, as the wood is too dull a brown colour
+  to be really like mahogany. Locally it has not been sawn up for
+  planks, but deserves a trial as a box-making and pattern-making wood.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is felled indiscriminately with _R. Rautenii_ and
+  used for a similar purpose.
+
+ _Ricinodendron Rautenii_. Yoruba Coffin Wood. Ekku, Puttuputtu
+ (Yoruba); Okwen-seva, Okkwen nebo (Benin).
+
+  A large tree, up to 12 feet in girth, with stout branches and roughly
+  fissured bark reminding one of oak. The fruit is slightly three-lobed,
+  containing three seeds. The leaf is digitate, with the number of
+  digits varying from five to seven. The leaves are larger and thicker
+  and with a rougher surface than those of _R. Africanus_. The crown is
+  thicker, more widespread, and roughly spherical in shape. The roots
+  usually come out of the ground near the base of the tree and form
+  rough root spurns, extending 3 or 4 feet up the bole of the tree. The
+  bole reaches a length of 30 feet.
+
+  It is one of the commonest trees in the moist secondary forests and at
+  the edge of the mixed deciduous forests in Benin, Abeokuta, Calabar.
+
+  The timber of this tree was described as a “species of mahogany” and
+  suitable for the Liverpool market in 1906.
+
+  _Native Use._—By the Yorubas it is cut down and sawn up into planks
+  for making coffins. Mostly medium-sized trees are used for this
+  purpose. None of the natives apparently know how to use the nuts.
+
+ _Ricinodendron sp._ Species of Mahogany. Okwen seni (Benin).
+
+  The African oil-nut, with four nuts in each fruit, appears to be the
+  same, but this larger number of nuts is the specially distinguishing
+  feature, and has been given a distinct name by the Benin people. It
+  is, however, rather doubtful if it is really a different species from
+  _R. Rautenii_.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is used in much the same way as the other two
+  species.
+
+ _Uapaca Heudelotii_. Mahogany. Yeye (Yoruba); Oyen (Benin); Ile (Bonny
+ and New Calabar).
+
+  It is found in the Owerri and Yoruba provinces of Nigeria. With its
+  slightly curved trunk and large mass of widespreading aerial roots,
+  extending almost to a quarter up the height of the tree, it is
+  distinguishable from other trees of this zone. Usually found growing
+  near water, or in regions that are flooded periodically. It sends out
+  fresh red-coloured aerial roots. The leaves are somewhat shiny and
+  give a greyish appearance in the distance. The bark is finely fissured
+  and dark brown. Often covered with moss at the base. It attains a
+  girth of about 10 feet and a bole length of about 25 feet.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing tree. It protects the
+  soil and enriches it with the fall of its leaves. Its mass of aerial
+  roots tends to moderate the speed of the flooded river and holds the
+  banks up, preventing corrosion, and in many cases tends to help the
+  formation of higher and more solid banks, owing to the deposit of sand
+  between and near the network of aerial roots.
+
+  The timber is very similar to mahogany in grain, though a little
+  harder. It has considerable elasticity. It is finely fibrous, and does
+  not plane up with such a smooth finish, nor does it split well. It is
+  termite-resisting and moderately tough. It saws with difficulty. The
+  sapwood is stained with reddish colouring matter, and the heartwood is
+  a dull red-brown. The pores in the timber are longer, and resemble
+  mahogany in this respect; though, being fibrous to the touch, the
+  difference is shown.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for local
+  use. Occasionally it is used by the natives for house-building, and
+  some of the crooked roots and branches are used as ribs for boats and
+  building up canoes.
+
+ _Uapaca Guineensis_ (Muell. Arg.). False Mahogany. Abo Emido, also
+ known as Yeye and Yere (Yoruba); Onye (Benin).
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—Large aerial roots supporting the bole at a
+  height of 8 to 10 feet from the ground. When cut, the slash is red;
+  the sapwood is whitish, tinged with the red colouring matter of the
+  heartwood, which is a dull red.
+
+  _Distribution._—Banks of the Ogun, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.
+
+  In most respects the timber is similar to that of Heudelottii. On the
+  whole, however, this species is a little harder than the other.
+
+  This tree is somewhat slow-growing and stands less shade than the
+  Heudelotii. It is of the greatest value, with its aerial roots, in
+  protecting and increasing the height and stability of the river banks
+  at the edge of the dry forest zone. It is one of the few trees that
+  are not washed out of the banks in the flood season, and even when
+  they do fall over into the river they remain attached to the bank and
+  lessen the force of the current. Natural regeneration is none too
+  good.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, nor has it been felled locally for
+  conversion into planks. Occasionally the natives use the smaller trees
+  for house-building. They also consider the places in the rivers
+  immediately near or overhung by one of these trees as the best
+  localities for fishing.
+
+ _Bridelia micrantha_. Yoruba Ironwood. Ira Odan, Asa Gidi (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a small tree or shrub up to 8 feet high, with a large alternate
+  leaf. The bark tends to be fibrous and can be stripped off in a
+  similar way to the other Bridelias.
+
+  The timber is very hard, moderately durable, and said to be termite-
+  proof. Its small size and somewhat crooked nature hinders its more
+  extensive use.
+
+  It is occasionally of use for house-poles in temporary buildings, and
+  makes good firewood, giving intense heat. The leaves yield a rich
+  humus and improve the soil.
+
+  _Native Use._—The bark is mixed with Hausa salts and then drunk with
+  lime and water as an aperient.
+
+ _Bridelia Zenkeri_, syn. _atroviridis_. Yoruba Ironwood. Asha, Asha
+ ragha (Yoruba); Oviaruza, Assivi, Ogangan (Benin).
+
+  It is a comparatively common tree of the Abeokuta, Oyo, Benin and
+  Owerri provinces of Nigeria. The roughly fissured bark, scaling off in
+  criss-cross fashion, in papery or fibrous layers, is most typical of
+  the tree. The bole is short, seldom reaching a greater length than 15
+  feet. It is usually forked about this height and then spreads out,
+  rather reminiscently of the elm. It yields the hardest wood of all the
+  African trees, except perhaps Okuta (the stone).
+
+  It is occasionally used for house-building by the natives.
+
+ _Bridelia stenocarpa_. Benin Ironwood. Arasha, Asha, Aroro Ashasha
+ (Ondo), Aiveygbo (Eg.) (Yoruba); Assivi (Benin).
+
+  This tree is found in the Benin and Calabar provinces of Nigeria,
+  where it is somewhat prevalent, but found always singly in the forest.
+  In habit it is not at all unlike the wych elm. The leaf is of similar
+  size and shape, the bark peels off in fibrous layers, but is otherwise
+  fissured in lattice-work fashion. For the size of the tree the bark is
+  comparatively thin; the slash is light-brown, sometimes a whitish-
+  grey. The sapwood is white and the heartwood is dark-brown and very
+  hard. It saws well, but is almost impossible to split, and it will not
+  take nails. It has a short bole of about 20 feet, is deciduous for a
+  few days in the year, but is otherwise a soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving tree. Samples were at one time on the way to be exported,
+  but were sunk by accident, the wood, of course, being much heavier
+  than water.
+
+  The natives occasionally use it for house-building.
+
+ _Excœcaria sp._ Orupa (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a small tree, up to 18 inches in girth, with smooth, yellowish-
+  red bark, and has maple-like seeds in pairs joined at the base. The
+  stem gives a greyer impression than that of _Ormosia laxiflora_, and
+  it is also much smoother.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the dry-zone forest of the Ibadan,
+  Abeokuta and Onitsha provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  _Timber._—Not very hard and of a yellowish colour.
+
+  _Native Use._—The bark and roots are used medicinally. It is sold in
+  the Lagos medicine market.
+
+ _Antidesma venosum_. Aroro (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a small tree, about 9 feet high. Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Antidesma sp._ Ogbamaton (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Tragia Manniana_. Esisi (Yoruba); Ogangan (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Ondo and Benin provinces.
+
+ _Microdesmis puberula_ (Hook.). The Benin Apata Wood. Apata (Yoruba);
+ Ehranpata, Esanpata, Omomeran (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a small tree with hard wood of a brown colour. It reaches about
+  15 feet high with a girth of about 12 inches.
+
+  On the whole this is a slow-growing, soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving shrub. It serves a useful purpose in the undergrowth and is
+  of local value as well.
+
+  _Native Use._—The wood is used for making the musical instrument known
+  to the Benin as Apata, a kind of harp-shaped frame made of wire, but
+  much smaller.
+
+ _Microdesmis sp._ Essunsun, Ubelluname, Ubellunowe (Benin); Njorgora
+ (Oban, Ekoi); Akiti (Ibo Owerri).
+
+  It is a common tree of the Benin, Ondo, Ogoja and Calabar provinces of
+  Nigeria. A medium-sized tree of about 6 feet in girth, attaining a
+  bole length of about 40 feet. Its small, pretty five-petalled flowers
+  fall off the tree and cover the path or neighbouring bushes; their
+  scent is very pleasant and is reminiscent of honey and flowers.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood light red brown, rather hard,
+  of close grain and close texture; it planes moderately well, but it is
+  rather hard to saw and does not split. It is durable under cover, but
+  does not last when exposed to the weather. It hardens very
+  considerably when exposed to the air. The timber was used for
+  verandah-posts in the Calabar district, but did not prove very
+  suitable, as a large borer often attacked it. The timber is not
+  absolutely termite-proof. The natives occasionally use the wood for
+  house-posts.
+
+ _Phyllanthus reticulatus_. Iranje (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Phyllanthus sp._ Awe, Erigaba (Yoruba); Eghogho (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Cyclostemon_. Oyen (Benin). This may be the same as _Uapaca
+ Heudelotii_.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree of the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of
+  Nigeria. It has aerial roots and likes a damp, moist soil. It has red
+  flowers which come out in February. It yields a hard, reddish wood,
+  which is rather fibrous.
+
+ _Manniophyton Africanum_. Ebumen (Benin).
+
+  This is a small creeper similar to that known as Okwe by the Benis.
+
+ _Manniophyton sp._ Okwe (Benin).
+
+  This is a long creeper found in the Benin and Ogoja provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  The nut of this creeper is most commonly seen in the cooked state in
+  the markets, when it appears like a dark-coloured marble. The soft
+  shell can be cracked between the fingers, and the hardish white nut is
+  seen inside, being about 1 inch in diameter and very meaty. A few of
+  these almost take the place of a meal. Thus far the plant has not been
+  cultivated, the natives only picking the fruit as they find it in the
+  forest. The fruit is four-cornered and contains one nut.
+
+ _Palissya cordata_. Ipa (Yoruba); Unwonwen (Benin); Abo Asha (Ibadan).
+
+  It is found in the Benin forest. A medium-sized tree, which might be
+  examined with a view to being a source of dyeing material.
+
+ _Macaranga Barteri_. Arasa (Yoruba).
+
+  A small tree or shrub found in Tropical West Africa.
+
+ _Claoxylon Barteri_ (Hook.). Itakun, Okare (Yoruba).
+
+  It has small flowers. Found near Ipetu.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Spondias lutea_. Non-indigenous Hog Plum or Yellow Plum. Iyeye, Akika
+ Aka (Yoruba); Ogikan or Ogege (Benin); Nsukakara (Efik).
+
+  Although indigenous to India, it has become very widespread in its
+  area of distribution in Africa, where it is found, partly planted or
+  as a “garden escape,” in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. It is
+  a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of about 5 feet and a height of
+  about 50 feet. The very evenly and comparatively deeply fissured bark,
+  in comparison to the size of the tree, is the most typical feature of
+  it. A very open crown, and few straight upward- and outward-tending
+  branches, with very slight side branches and twigs also distinguish
+  this tree from many of the forest trees. The little yellow fruit,
+  about 1 inch long and ¾ inch in diameter, is very much like an
+  elongated Mirabel plum. It is between an eighth and a quarter of an
+  inch of yellow flesh when the nut or stone is reached inside. The
+  leaves are thin and pinnate, with ten to twelve pairs of pinnæ on each
+  leaf. Sometimes the bark is rough and almost prickly. The branches and
+  cortex in smaller trees are more or less covered with little nodules
+  which sometimes develop into small thorns. The fruit is sweet, but
+  rather sharp to the taste, almost tart. It is, however, refreshing in
+  the hot weather whilst on the march.
+
+  The timber is whitish-yellow, not very hard, although it is scarcely
+  attacked by white ants, chiefly perhaps owing to the fact that any
+  green piece of wood with some bark on it will grow when lying on the
+  ground. It planes well, splits easily, and takes nails.
+
+  It is a rapid-growing, light-loving tree which does not thoroughly
+  protect the soil nor enrich it very much with its foliage. Natural
+  regeneration is poor. It is most readily propagated by means of
+  cuttings, which may even be about 6 inches in diameter and quite as
+  long as posts. With the spread of farms and other buildings it tends
+  to become more widely distributed over the country. It demands a moist
+  soil with a fair amount of depth.
+
+  The timber does not show such qualities as to justify its export, but
+  occasionally the larger trees might be sawn up for planks for local
+  use. It is very useful for making live fences, which grow fast and do
+  not cast much shade. In fruit the tree also looks very pretty.
+
+  _Native Use._—The tree is used for live fences for gardens and farms.
+  The fruit is eaten, but not to an enormous extent, as it is said to
+  form tartar on the teeth. Amongst the Yorubas, parts of the roots and
+  branches are used for axe and hoe handles.
+
+ _Spondias sp._ Ekika Aja (Yoruba).
+
+  This tree may be the same as _Pseudospondias microcarpa_, but it has
+  only been determined from a specimen obtained from the Oshun Reserve.
+  This is somewhat further south and in a moister region than the
+  _Pseudospondias microcarpa_.
+
+ _Pseudospondias microcarpa_. Okika (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a somewhat rare tree in the Abeokuta and Ibadan provinces of
+  Nigeria. Apparently there is a small-fruited tree of this species in
+  the Olokemeji Reserve. The tree itself attains a larger size than _S.
+  lutea_, reaching a girth of 8 feet and a bole of 20 feet. The growth
+  is less free and the bark is much darker and more fissured than _S.
+  lutea_. It has not been felled for export; the natives have no
+  particular use either for the wood or the fruit.
+
+ _Anacardium Occidentale_. Non-indigenous Cashew Nut. Kaju (Yoruba).
+
+  This tree has become a garden escape on the Ekoi plains near Lagos,
+  where it forms dense thickets. It is not indigenous to West Africa.
+  The tree bears well, and the Brazilians resident in Lagos make a jam
+  out of the fruit. The nuts are roasted and regularly sold in the
+  market, to Europeans chiefly. The branches of the tree are sometimes
+  lopped off and cut into short pieces for firewood. It is usually of
+  very sprawling habit, with a short bole only 3 or 4 feet long. It is
+  not found in the forest proper.
+
+ _Botanical name unknown_. Blacksmith’s Charcoal Wood. Akkun (Yoruba);
+ Azimommon, Onyenu (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria, Obagie
+  Reserve and Oyon River.
+
+  It is a large tree, with large leaves and compact crown. It has a very
+  small, berry-like fruit; found growing on moist soil in the evergreen
+  forest, sometimes found in the fringing forest of river banks of a dry
+  zone.
+
+  _Timber._—The timber is very hard, grey in colour and perhaps
+  flexible. The bark is rough and finely fissured. It is inclined to
+  peel off. The slash is pink. The wood is very fibrous, and in the
+  cross-cut section the pieces between the fibres look like very small
+  pinholes. The wood when freshly cut has a sweet, rather pleasant
+  smell.
+
+  _European Use._—It has not, so far, been sold for export or local use.
+
+  _Native Use._—The stems of the small trees are used for axe-handles,
+  and this tree is esteemed by the blacksmith for making charcoal. It is
+  also cut into planks.
+
+ _Anacardia sp._ Rat Poison Mango. Akkum (Yoruba); Pweku Pweku, Azemome
+ (Benin).
+
+  The Benin native name means literally “Rat-kill, rat-kill,” but I have
+  never been able to discover exactly how the poison is used. It is
+  rather a rare tree of the Benin forest of the Benin province. It
+  reaches a height of about 80 feet and a girth of 9 feet. It bears a
+  large fruit about the size and shape of a good mango. This is
+  certainly one of the best fruits of the native trees. It has a much
+  sweeter scent than that of the mango, and the taste is also much
+  sweeter. From experiments made it is not poisonous to chickens, goats
+  nor sheep, but none of them, except the chickens, took it at all
+  willingly. The fruit is said to be very poisonous to man, but its
+  delicious flavour tempts the tasting of it. Certainly, in very small
+  quantities it is not poisonous, and it would be interesting to know in
+  what quantities it is so. The slash is yellowish-white. The sapwood is
+  white and the heartwood of a dull brown colour. It is a hard and heavy
+  wood. It saws with difficulty. It is a shade-bearing and soil-
+  protecting tree. The natural reproduction appears to be poor.
+
+  The timber has not been used locally, nor has it been sampled for
+  export.
+
+
+=Celastraceæ.=
+
+ _Gymnosporia Senegalensis_. Shepolo-hun (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+
+=Icacinaceæ.=
+
+ _Pyrenacantha sp. nov._ Abara (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Epe Colony of Lagos, Nigeria.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Lecaniodiscus cupanoides_. Akika. Aka-Ishin (Yoruba); Utan-tan
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Warri, Ogoja and Calabar
+  provinces of Nigeria. It is a small, shrub-like tree, reaching a girth
+  of about 1 foot and a height of 15 feet. The leaves are very small,
+  the timber extremely hard and cross-grained. The wood is used by the
+  natives for rafters, hoe-handles and sometimes mortar-pestles; the
+  root is said to have medicinal properties.
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Akee or Akee Apple. Ishin Ishin-oka (Yoruba); Ukpi
+ nufwa (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. It has an edible
+  aril, which is yellow in colour. It is cooked before being consumed.
+  It is a very ornamental tree, and bears fruit when quite young, which,
+  being orange-coloured, looks very pretty amongst the green foliage.
+
+  The fruit is more or less triangular in shape, and when ripe splits
+  open up to the base, releasing three black nuts with a yellow aril.
+  The fruit is orange-coloured with a pink flush. It is a medium-sized
+  tree, reaching a girth of about 6 feet and a height of about 60 feet.
+  The bark is smooth and grey in colour and comparatively thin. The
+  crown is oval in shape and much more open than is the case with
+  _Phialodiscus sp._ It has a moderately large pinnate leaf with two
+  pairs of pinnæ. The flowers are small and comparatively inconspicuous.
+  It is found chiefly in the mixed deciduous forest zone. It is most
+  frequently seen in the neighbourhood of villages, where it has
+  probably been planted.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood brown, moderately hard, durable
+  and termite-proof. It planes well, though occasionally it is cross-
+  grained. The wood is of fine texture and has a certain amount of
+  sheen. It saws well, but does not split easily. It takes nails only
+  moderately well. It tends to darken a little on exposure to the air.
+
+  This tree is moderately fast-growing, at first shade-bearing and
+  subsequently light-demanding. It is also a soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving tree. It appears to like comparatively rich soil, though it
+  may also be seen on poor ground, where it does not thrive. Natural
+  regeneration is not good, chiefly owing to the fact that many animals
+  eat the seeds, besides human beings. It will bear fruit in the fifth
+  year, more especially from stump shoots. It sprouts well from the
+  stump and stands a great deal of pruning.
+
+  The timber has not been cut for export, and only occasionally has it
+  been sawn up for local use. It is, however, worthy of further
+  attention as a local building timber. As an ornamental tree it is
+  worthy of a place in a large garden. With its open crown it is a
+  comparatively clean tree, and does not harbour flies and insects.
+
+  _Native Use._—In places of timber scarcity it is occasionally used for
+  house-poles. The aril of the fruit is eaten after being cooked, but
+  apparently this custom is much more prevalent in the West Indies
+  amongst the descendants of the African slaves. In many parts of
+  Nigeria it is quite unknown as an edible fruit.
+
+ _Phialodiscus sp.?_. Bush Akee. Awewe, Ishin Oko, Isinko (Yoruba); Ukpi
+ nikwi (Benin).
+
+  Identified from a specimen in the Forestry Arboretum, Calabar.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The capsule splits into three and allows
+  three black seeds to escape, with small yellow aril round the base.
+  The whole fruit and the individual seeds are much smaller than
+  _Blighia sapida_, though, as the Benin name indicates, this is so
+  similar that it is called the black variety of Ukpi. The fruit is
+  triangular in shape, otherwise very much the same size as African Oak,
+  _Oldfieldia Africana_.
+
+  Found in the Calabar, Owerri, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+ _Blighia sp._ Ishin Oko, Oko Ishin (Yoruba); Ukpi nikwi (Benin).
+
+  _Distribution._—Ibadan, Abeokuta, Jebu Ode, Benin, Owerri and Calabar
+  provinces of Nigeria. Probably same as _Phialodiscus sp._
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The very insignificant white flower-spikes,
+  hidden away amongst the leaves, but attracting numerous bees in
+  February and March, characterize this variety. It is a medium-sized
+  tree, with light-green foliage, thin, lanceolate leaves, a thin grey
+  bark, smooth and close and oval-shaped crown, through which one cannot
+  see. The capsule is dehiscent, with three black seeds with yellow
+  arils, smaller than _Blighia sapida_, but otherwise quite similar in
+  shape, except that the capsule is more triangular than that of _B.
+  sapida_, and shorter also and of a dark brown colour. It is not unlike
+  the fruit of the real African Oak, _Oldfieldia Africana_, except that
+  this is quite spherical in shape.
+
+  _Timber._—White sapwood and light-brown heartwood, which is moderately
+  hard. It does not plane well, and is sometimes cross-grained; the
+  texture of the wood is fine, but is a little fibrous. It saws easily,
+  but does not split well. The bole being very cylindrical in shape,
+  comparatively long, even-widthed planks can be cut out of it.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration does not appear to be good.
+  It is somewhat exacting as to soil, and does not thrive in a moist
+  sand. It is somewhat fire-resisting. In the dry season a good deal of
+  dew is condensed on the leaves, but not so much as in other genera,
+  such as Anona.
+
+  The timber has not been cut for export, nor has it been sawn up for
+  local use. It deserves, however, further trial as a local building
+  timber. A specimen, from which the tree was determined, stands in the
+  forest region of Calabar.
+
+  _Use._—Native implements of various kinds.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 76.—=Path in Iwoye Forest, Western Circle, showing
+parts of four Mahogany Trees in the picture.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 77.—=Mature Cocoanut Grove near stream in the middle
+of Idanre Town, 1910.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 342.
+
+ _Deinbollia pinnata_. Oju Agbigbo (Yoruba); Ebegogogbo (Benin).
+
+  It is a small, shrub-like tree found in the Abeokuta and Benin
+  provinces. The small orange-brown-coloured seeds are of similar shape
+  to, though smaller than, _Blighia sapida_; they are, however, more
+  elliptical. The stem of the tree, if found with the proper crook in
+  it, is used for making hoe-handles. The leaf is pinnate. This tree
+  only attains a small size, and is found as undergrowth in the mixed
+  deciduous forest zone.
+
+ _Cupania akeesia_. Small Ukpi nufwa. Ishin-jeje, Ishin-gege (Yoruba);
+ Ukpi nufwa (Benin).
+
+  This is a small, shrub-like tree, common in the Abeokuta and Benin
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+
+=Rhamnaceæ.=
+
+ _Zizyphus mucronata_ (Willd.). Walking-stick Wood. Ekanesie adie
+ (Yoruba).
+
+  This is a shrub-like tree of the dry-zone forest, but does not bear
+  such a nice fruit as that of _Z. jujuba_.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Glyphea Grewioides_ (Hook.). Atori (Yoruba); Uwenyriotan, Uwemriotan
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a small tree, not much more than a large shrub, with small
+  leaves, and very common in the undergrowth of the evergreen forest. It
+  is not a hard wood.
+
+  It is found in the Benin, Calabar, Abeokuta, Ondo and Ibadan provinces
+  of Nigeria. It is usually found as one of the smaller trees forming
+  the undergrowth in the evergreen forest. It yields a strong, hard wood
+  near the junction of the roots with the stem, though otherwise it is
+  soft.
+
+  It is a shade-bearer, and usually grows in a moist place. Reproduction
+  by seed, judging by the amount of self-grown seedlings found, must be
+  good. It thoroughly protects the soil and enriches it. It thus serves
+  a useful purpose in the undergrowth of evergreen forests.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is used as a “Ju-ju” whip in Benin and for walking-
+  sticks. Small stump shoots can also be used for yam supports and for
+  making hoe-handles.
+
+ _Cistanthera sp._ False Hill Mahogany. Oro, Apata (?) (Yoruba); Abolo
+ (?) (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin (?) provinces of Nigeria. It is
+  a very common tree on the hill-sides of the Olokemeji Reserve, and to
+  a lesser extent in the Ilaro Reserve. It is a medium-sized tree,
+  reaching a growth of 8 feet and the bole length of about 40 feet. The
+  bark is very curious, with occasional very small, long and narrow
+  fissures and tiny pits scattered more or less a foot apart up and down
+  the stem. It is almost gregarious in habit.
+
+  The timber is a red-brown colour with a white sapwood. It is very
+  similar to mahogany and could probably be sold as such. It is
+  moderately durable. A tree which fell down in the Olokemeji Reserve
+  during 1910 was not absolutely unsound in 1915.
+
+  It is apparently a slight shade-bearer and rather slow grower.
+  Reproduction by seed is evidently rather doubtful, as few or no self-
+  sown seedlings are found in the neighbouring forest. It has not been
+  cut for local use, nor for export, though sample logs should be tried
+  on the Liverpool market to test its value.
+
+  The natives use the roots for medicinal purposes, but they do not use
+  the timber.
+
+ _Grewia carpinifolia_. Itakum Okere (Yoruba).
+
+  Olokemeji.
+
+ _Grewia tetragastris_. Ora-Igho (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a shrub, reaching a height of about 5 feet, of the mixed
+  deciduous forest in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria (Olokemeji
+  Reserve).
+
+ _Triumfetta rhomboidea_. Boko pupa, Akobolobolo, Ilasa omodo (Yoruba);
+ Nesuwa (Benin).
+
+ _Triumfetta cordifolia_. Esura (Yoruba).
+
+ _Triumfetta sp._ Apiko (Yoruba).
+
+ _Corchorus acutangulus_. Abo-jaga (Yoruba).
+
+ _Corchorus olitorius_. Eyo, Ganbe (Yoruba).
+
+  These are common plants in the Ogoja and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  They yield long-stapled fibre worth about £27 a ton. Owing to the fact
+  that they grow wild and are not cultivated by the natives, the
+  difficulty is to be able to collect sufficient quantities in one
+  locality to pay for the cost of retting, baling, etc., to make the
+  fibre production a paying proposition.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Hibiscus esculentus_ (F.). Okra or Achro (fruit).
+
+  In most provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Hibiscus Grewioides_.
+
+  Yoruba country (?).
+
+ _Hibiscus quinquilobus_ (G. Don). Onegozi (Benin).
+
+  Benin.
+
+ _Sida carpinifolia_ (Linn.). Oshopotu Dudu (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in Abeokuta province of Nigeria, and is used by the local
+  people for making fibre.
+
+ _Urena lobata_. Bolobolo Fibre. Bolobolo (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  It is a comparatively well-known fibre-plant, but has not, however,
+  been cultivated, the natives having many other profitable crops to
+  grow.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Eriodendron Orientale_. White Silk-Cotton Tree, Blind Wood or Kapok,
+ Cotton Tree. Araba, Eggun (Yoruba); Okha (Benin); Ukum (Efik); Akbo
+ (Ibo, Asaba); Shakka (Brass).
+
+  It is a common tree in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, though
+  it is not found in the most northerly part of the drier ones. With the
+  exception of a few scented mahoganies, this is the largest African
+  forest tree. Its huge root buttresses reach up over 20 feet from the
+  ground. Its giant limbs, as thick as an ordinary tree-trunk, stretch
+  out almost 100 feet from, and are supported on, the great column of
+  the bole, often itself over 100 feet high. Large muscular-like
+  protrusions join up the limbs with the trunk and the latter with the
+  root buttresses, giving the tree a peculiar look. The flowers are
+  white, with yellow stamens. The fruit is a soft, oblong, dehiscent
+  capsule, opening when ripe and releasing black seeds about twice the
+  size of B.B. shot. Attached to this seed is a ball of white fluff.
+  This last is known commercially as Kapok. At the time of the bursting
+  of the capsule of this tree the whole air near by appears filled with
+  white flakes, and the ground later is white as if after a fall of
+  snow. It is almost the quickest growing of all the African forest
+  trees. It grows in the evergreen forest as well as in the mixed
+  deciduous forest.
+
+  The timber is white and soft and inclined to have little yellow
+  streaks. When dry it is brittle, though very fibrous to cut when fresh
+  by either axe or saw. It soon rots when exposed to the weather.
+  Natural regeneration by seed is good, especially on the banks of
+  rivers. It tends to extend its area of distribution with the clearing
+  of the heavy forest area in making farms. It is a light-demanding
+  tree.
+
+  In Germany, before the war, African Kapok found a ready sale at about
+  9d. per pound. Samples of Kapok were sent to England and were valued
+  at less than those of the East Indian variety.
+
+  The timber has been used as a “blind” wood for furniture, and had a
+  regular market at Hamburg before the war. It has been tested in
+  England for pulp-making, but the fibre is stated to be too short, and
+  so it is of no use for this purpose.
+
+  _Native Use._—The Kapok is used for stuffing pillows, for which 1s.
+  apiece is charged. Large oblong pieces of the root buttresses are used
+  as native doors and as drying slabs for fresh dyed clothes. Whenever
+  timber fails it is used for fishing canoes (the cheapest kind).
+
+ _Eriodendron anfractuosum_. Cotton Tree, similar to Orientale. Araba
+ Eggun (Yoruba); Okha (Benin); Shakka (Brass).
+
+  Was determined from Western Province material, but it is doubtful
+  whether it is a different species from that found in other parts of
+  Nigeria.
+
+ _Bombax reflexum_. Red-flowering Cotton Tree. Ponpola, Lauro (Ibadan,
+ Yoruba); Obokha (Benin); Onihokha, Benin (when in flower); Titiro
+ (Egbado).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Owerri and Ogoja provinces
+  of Nigeria, where it is often seen in the mixed forests and in
+  clearings in the evergreen forest zone.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It has a larger leaf and thorns than the
+  other Buonopozense (?) (Onikokha of Benin). The most typical feature
+  is the very thick, tulip-like red flower of this tree. This falls to
+  the ground, and is seen on roadways and pathways, indicating the
+  presence of this tree. In February or March, when the flowers appear,
+  the tree is bare, so that the bright-red flowers make it all the more
+  striking. The tree is smaller than the _Eriodendron Orientale_,
+  attaining a girth of about 12 feet and a bole length of 50 feet. The
+  root spurns are much slighter, in most cases scarcely amounting to
+  small buttresses. The cortex is more soft and spongy than _E.
+  Orientale_.
+
+  The timber is white, very soft, not quite so tough nor fibrous as _E.
+  Orientale_, but rather more porous. It planes more easily, dries
+  rather better, splits with less difficulty than _E. Orientale_, and
+  saws with less trouble.
+
+  It is a very fast-growing, light-loving tree, which does not protect
+  or enrich the soil very much with its leaf fall. Natural regeneration
+  appears to be fair, though, considering the enormous number of flowers
+  almost each year, it is surprising that the tree does not spread more
+  rapidly in new clearings in the forest.
+
+  The timber has not been tried for export nor for local use.
+
+  The bark, roots and leaves are used amongst the Yorubas for medicinal
+  purposes. The bush deer eat the flowers, when they fall: the Benin
+  native says if he does not call the tree Onihokha, the deer will not
+  come and eat it.
+
+ _Bombax sp.?_, _Bombax buonopozense?_. Ponponla (Ibadan, Yoruba);
+ Obokha, Onihokha (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ogoja and Benin provinces of
+  Nigeria, in the mixed forests, where it is not very common.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—Compared to _Bombax reflexum_ it has a
+  smaller leaf, smaller thorns, but not so many on the stem. It has a
+  similar red flower, opening, however, much more widely. It reaches
+  about the same size as the Bombax.
+
+  The timber appears to be very similar in most ways to _B. reflexum_.
+  It has not been felled for export, nor has it been used for planks for
+  local use. Occasionally the leaves are used for medicinal purposes.
+
+  There appears to be some doubt as to whether this is really a separate
+  species from that of _B. reflexum_. It is, however, sufficiently
+  different to be considered quite a distinct variety, though perhaps
+  not actually a different species.
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_. Monkey Bread, Baobab. Ose (Yoruba); Usi (Benin).
+
+  It is a moderately common tree in the Onitsha and Abeokuta provinces
+  of Nigeria. Isolated specimens are also found elsewhere. The most
+  typical feature of this tree is the huge thick trunk, tapering up into
+  the branches, out of all proportion to the length of these and the
+  twigs. These are much thicker than the branches and twigs of other
+  trees. The green, elongated spherical-shaped fruits hang by a stalk,
+  giving the tree the appearance of one decorated for a Christmas
+  festival. The leaves are truly digitate and not unlike those of the
+  cotton-tree, though they are thicker and darker in colour. The bark is
+  very thick, spongy and fibrous, and of a light-grey colour. The bark,
+  seeds and roots are used medicinally. The fruit is eaten in time of
+  scarcity.
+
+  The fibre is used in England for paper-making.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia Rhinopetala_. False Chestnut. Ekko Okpon, Orodu or Orodo
+ (Yoruba); Enwiwan (Benin); Otutu (Jebu); Awraw (Egbado).
+
+  It has a smooth, light-green bark, which remains soft, but is whitish
+  with age. The wood is white and soft, and apparently there is no
+  difference in the heartwood. It has a small seed with a wing on each
+  side of it. For external work it is not durable, but when seasoned for
+  internal fittings, such as doors or ceilings, it is more useful.
+
+  It is common in the Oyo, Benin, Calabar and Abeokuta provinces. It is
+  found in the mixed deciduous forests, especially in the Mamu and Ilaro
+  Forest Reserves. Also, wherever it is found there is a comparatively
+  large number, though it is not gregarious in habit.
+
+  It was stated to be of no commercial value in the Liverpool market in
+  1906, but in a subsequent report it was said to be worth 1s. to 1s.
+  6d. a cubic foot, as walnut, though there must have been some mistake
+  in the name.
+
+  _Native Use._—The mushrooms which grow on its stem after it is cut
+  down are used for soup. These are known as Epweperu.
+
+ _Sterculia tomentosa_. Okagbo (Yoruba); Ukpiwenwan (Benin).
+
+  This tree is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces. It reaches a
+  height of from 40 to 50 feet. The fruit is ripe in December and
+  January; it is kidney-shaped and covered with a dense collection of
+  very fine reddish hairs. It grows in clusters.
+
+ _Sterculia sp._ Iwu (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria and is a medium-sized
+  tree which yields a white wood which is none too hard nor soft.
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_. African Tragacanth. Owun, Omunu, Omar, Ogidu
+ (?) (Yoruba); Oporipor, Iporipor, Okoko (Benin).
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It shows a brown slash when cut. The bark is
+  very fibrous and the white sapwood is full of large open pits, which
+  gives the wood the appearance of being entirely fibrous. It yields a
+  pink-coloured gum, which hardens after a few days. It bears large
+  oval-shaped leaves, which tend to be bunched at the end of the twigs.
+  The pods are less than half the size of _Sterculia cordifolia_ and are
+  covered with light-brown velvety hairs on the outside. These pods
+  open, making each appear coracle-shaped, with eight to ten small brown
+  seeds attached to the bottom rib of the pod. The foliage looks almost
+  grey-white from underneath. The bole of the younger trees is greyish-
+  white and usually for 30 to 40 feet free of branches. It reaches a
+  girth of about 8 feet. The wood is white and softish, planes easily
+  and works up to a neat finish. Silviculturally, the tree stands
+  between the light-lovers on one hand and the shade-bearers on the
+  other, although it is usually seen growing comparatively free from
+  other than natural shade. It does, in fact, stand a considerable
+  amount of shade in the younger stages of growth as well as later, when
+  it may be overgrown by larger growing trees. It is usually found in
+  groups at the edge of the forest.
+
+  It sprouts again from the stump, but almost each year large crops of
+  seeds are borne on the tree, and this would seem to be the chief
+  method of reproduction.
+
+  The tree has not been cut for local use, nor has it been exported. The
+  Yorubas and Benis use the smaller trees as poles for house-building,
+  but it is not considered a good wood.
+
+ _Sterculia cordifolia_. Heart-shaped-leaved Sterculia. Okporoporo,
+ (Akure); Ogugu, Ogungun or Ogrugru, Oburuburu (Yoruba); Idogoho, Okoko,
+ Okokwo (Benin); Dikir (Efik); Ibitoto (Bembi).
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Jebu Ode, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin,
+  Onitsha, Owerri, and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the
+  most common trees in the mixed deciduous forests.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The large heart-shaped leaves and the curious
+  twist to the lower part of the stem, which makes the root
+  protuberances quite angular. It is never quite straight and forms a
+  heavy oval crown.
+
+  The very large, oval, soft, almost fleshy, dehiscent pod, with its
+  large winged seeds, is most typical of this tree. The crown is
+  supported by three or four large limbs with comparatively few side
+  branches. The foliage is very dense, though even in a tall tree the
+  individual heart-shaped leaves show up quite distinctly. It is almost
+  gregarious in habit, usually groups of four or five being found in one
+  place. It is nearly always found on the banks of small streams which
+  may dry up in the dry season. It is a shade-bearer, though moderately
+  quick in growth. The wood is cross-grained, and emits rather an
+  unpleasant smell when cut. The sapwood and the heartwood are both
+  white, with a reddish tinge through it. It is soft, but becomes much
+  harder when dry. It sprouts from the stump when cut down. Reproduction
+  by seed is moderate. It has not been used locally, nor has it been
+  exported. The natives in the Benin and Yoruba countries use the butt
+  of medium-sized trees, especially those with a fork, for house-
+  building. It is not attacked by white ants.
+
+ _Sterculia_ nr. _oblonga_. Opepe (?) (Yoruba); Orodo (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree of the Benin province of Nigeria, found in the
+  evergreen forest.
+
+  It is a question whether this species is the one with a very hard,
+  leathery, half-dehiscent pod, showing about ten orange-coloured oblong
+  seeds inside it. These seeds have sometimes been termed Okoko by the
+  Benis, but they are, no doubt, not obtained from the fruit of
+  _Sterculia cordifolia_. These seeds also are not winged, and are
+  comparatively fleshy and soft compared to the dry, rather hard, large
+  winged seeds of _Sterculia cordifolia_.
+
+ _Sterculia cinerea_. Tartar Tree. Lakole (Yoruba); Ururata (Benin).
+
+  It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+  found at the edge of the mixed deciduous forest with the dry-zone area
+  of vegetation.
+
+ _Firmania Barteri_. Rope Tree. Eso or Esho (Yoruba); Akoko, Nihau (?)
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a large tree with duck-egg-green bark and an uneven buttressed
+  base, with a bole length of 30 or 40 feet and a girth up to 12 feet.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is one of the most prevalent trees in the Olokemeji
+  Reserve in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, and found all through the
+  mixed forests of the Western Circle and also in the Obubra division of
+  the Calabar province, but it has so far not been found in the Benin
+  province.
+
+  _Use._—A fibre, worth £14 to £20 a ton, is made from the bark of young
+  trees attaining 3 inches in diameter.
+
+  A most conspicuous tree in October and November, as it is covered with
+  small red flowers and is leafless at the time. It has a papery fruit
+  with a small round seed attached to the base. These fruits are also
+  most conspicuous in February and March, making the tree look as it
+  were covered with red flowers for a second time. The large, poplar-
+  shaped leaves with comparatively long stalks often tremble in the
+  slightest breeze in a similar way to the aspen. The wood is soft,
+  white and fibrous, with no distinguishing colour between sapwood and
+  heartwood. It splits comparatively easily, though, once it is dry,
+  with difficulty. It is easy to plane, though difficult to obtain a
+  smooth surface owing to the grain often being twisted. The light seeds
+  almost float in the air, the result being that they are spread
+  everywhere, and thus come up chiefly in the open spaces and at the
+  edges of rides and roads, almost to the detriment of any other
+  species. It is one of the fastest growing of all the African trees,
+  and being a light-lover as well, rapidly covers all the available
+  ground. In fact, in the mixed deciduous forests it tends to gain in
+  its area of distribution year by year. In an enumeration in the
+  Olokemeji Reserve, instead of finding a few thousand trees, as in the
+  case of most species, hundreds of thousands of this one were found.
+
+  The branches of the young tree grow more or less in whorls at right
+  angles to the trunk, and, combined with the comparatively large
+  leaves, thoroughly cover the ground near by. Stump sprouts grow after
+  a tree has been felled, though natural reproduction by seed is by far
+  the most prevalent method. It has not been felled for local use nor
+  has it been exported. The Hausas living in Nigeria cut down the small
+  trees (saplings 1 to 2 inches in diameter), peel off the bark, dry it,
+  and spin it into rope, which is used for tying loads of Cola or other
+  produce. When freshly made it is soft and pliable, but when it is dry
+  the fibre becomes very harsh and rather difficult to tie.
+
+  The wood is used for floats for fishing on the Niger.
+
+ _Heritiera sp?_. Oviegikwe (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin and Ondo (?) provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  The tree is large, reaching a girth of about 12 feet. The seed is
+  papery and full of air, so that when trodden upon it collapses. The
+  leaf is of medium size, more or less pinnate. The timber is white and
+  soft; termites attack it. It has not been exported or used for local
+  buildings.
+
+  _Native Use._—The leaf is used medicinally, and the timber is used for
+  making drums (the frame) by hollowing out the trunk of a tree. It is
+  also used as walls for a temporary house (when dried or not); for this
+  purpose it is split in pieces.
+
+ _Heritiera sp.?_. Igoso (Benin).
+
+  It is an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is found
+  in the evergreen and mixed deciduous forests. The fruit is
+  considerably smaller than Oviegikwe.
+
+  The natives apparently have no use for this tree. However, timber
+  obtained from trees of this genus has proved so useful and durable
+  that a trial of the wood of this species seems advisable.
+
+ _Triplochiton Johnsonii_ (Ch. Wright). African Maple, Bush Maple. Arere
+ (Yoruba); Obechi (Benin).
+
+  This is one of the common trees of the Abeokuta, Ondo and Benin
+  provinces of Nigeria; it is found in the mixed deciduous forest zone,
+  more especially in the moister regions of these forests. Like _T.
+  Nigericum_, it is one of the largest of all the forest trees, reaching
+  a height of over 120 feet and a girth of 25 feet. The leaf has five
+  lobes, and is thus distinguishable from _T. Nigericum_, which has
+  seven. The bole is long and clean and most cylindrical in shape; the
+  buttresses, as a rule, do not reach such a great height as in the case
+  of _T. Nigericum_. On the whole the bark is smoother and, especially
+  in the younger specimens, almost shiny. The flowers and fruit are very
+  similar to _T. Nigericum_.
+
+  The timber is white, both heartwood and sapwood, and shows a
+  considerable amount of elasticity; rather liable to warp when
+  seasoned. It works up well and takes a satiny sheen. The grain is
+  comparatively fine—in fact, a little finer than that of _T.
+  Nigericum_; the pores are long and very narrow; it works up well with
+  a plane, takes nails easily, does not split well; it saws with great
+  ease; it is not termite-proof. If freshly cut and placed under cover,
+  it suffers most severely from the attacks of a very small weevil which
+  reduces the wood to a fine powder; it is noticeable that when the
+  timber is entirely dry the surface hardens very considerably and it is
+  less liable and almost immune from attack. When thoroughly dry the
+  wood weighs 35 pounds per cubic foot.
+
+  It is a very rapid-growing, at first slightly shade-bearing and of
+  recent years an eminently light-loving tree. It has soil-protecting
+  and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration appears to be very
+  good. Self-sown seedlings show a height-growth of over 6 feet per
+  year. It likes a moist soil, which need not be very rich, but it must
+  have considerable depth. It is rather liable to be blown by the wind
+  or sometimes broken, if in an exposed locality.
+
+  Locally it has been used for boxes and other articles, which have
+  proved quite durable; it has been used as inside planking and other
+  interior work, and so long as it is carefully seasoned it does not
+  warp very badly; it is probable that it is one of those timbers that
+  would yield better results by kiln drying. In the Central Circle it
+  has been sawn up as planks for a considerable time, but they have been
+  attacked to a great extent by a small weevil. The local people use the
+  bark for making roofs and the wood for doors for their houses.
+
+  In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market
+  as Satinwood, but were not considered equal to Anyeran (_Afrormosia
+  elata_). Since that date no more trial shipments have been made, so it
+  remains to be seen whether under the altered conditions and the
+  pressing demands for timber in Europe a market cannot now be found for
+  the vast quantities of this timber from Nigeria and other West African
+  countries.
+
+ _Triplochiton Nigericum_. Soft Satinwood. Arere (Yoruba); Kpa (Efik).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Owerri and Calabar provinces of
+  Nigeria; it is a common tree of the mixed deciduous forests. One of
+  the distinguishing features of this tree are the maple-like leaves.
+  This species has seven lobes to the leaf; the leaf itself is softer
+  and almost velvety compared to the true maple leaf. The lobes
+  themselves are not quite so sharply pointed and the leaf stalk is
+  considerably thicker. The fruit also is very much like that of the
+  maple, but is a quadruple samara instead of being only a double one.
+  The tree is one of the largest of the whole forest, reaching a height
+  under favourable conditions of nearly 150 feet; the bole alone may
+  reach a height of 90 feet with a girth of over 20 feet. The trunk is
+  very cylindrical in shape, showing a well formed figure, but not so
+  good as either that of Agba or Gum Copal. It is only broken up by the
+  root buttresses, which often reach 10 to 12 feet from the ground
+  before they merge into the stem; the bark is grey, sometimes almost
+  white and almost smooth; in old age, shallow fissures sometimes form.
+  The slash is greenish-white, and a little watery sap moistens the cut
+  after a short interval. The crown is ovally spherical and occupies
+  over one-third of the height of the tree. The flowers are mottled pink
+  and white.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood is the same colour, with no
+  great distinction between them except the greater dryness of the
+  heartwood. The timber is soft and not durable, and is not termite-
+  proof; it does not split very well, saws easily, and planes fairly
+  well and takes nails comparatively well; does not plane up to a very
+  smooth surface.
+
+  It is a very rapid-growing, at first shade-bearing, and during the
+  last few years a light-loving tree; it has soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving qualities. It is deciduous for a short time each year;
+  flowers in February or March, and the seeds are borne towards the end
+  of the rainy season. Natural regeneration is very good; it sprouts
+  very strongly from the stump. It is really somewhat exacting as to
+  soil, liking a moist soil of good depth and with plenty of drainage;
+  it will not stand in waterlogged ground, though an occasional flood
+  does not hurt it. Plantations have been made with this tree, and the
+  growth thus far has been very rapid; self-sown seedlings, however,
+  show greater development in the same period of time.
+
+  Locally, the root flanges are used for making doors and occasionally
+  the tree has been cut for planks; it is said that the timber is not
+  supposed to be quite so durable as that of _T. Johnsonii_, but in
+  reality there is very little difference between them.
+
+ _Triplochiton n. sp._ Bush Maple. Obechi (Benin).
+
+  This tree was found in 1906 in the forest near the Anwai, not far from
+  Onitsha Olona, in the Asaba district of the Benin province, and is
+  very similar in habit and growth to the other two species.
+
+ _Buettneria_. Obechi (Benin).
+
+  Benin.
+
+ _Pterygota_. Poroporo (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is not very
+  prevalent in the mixed forests of the Olokemeji Reserve, and is a
+  large tree, 8 to 10 feet in girth. The wood is said by the natives to
+  be durable.
+
+ _Cola cauliflora_ (F.). Cola Mahogany. Isienwe (Benin).
+
+  It is common in the Benin province of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous
+  forest zone, where it is not very prevalent. It is a medium-sized
+  tree, reaching a girth of 6 feet.
+
+  The seed is a small nut. The leaves are very dark and are
+  comparatively large. The bole reaches a length of about 20 feet.
+
+  The sapwood is whitish and the heartwood of a red-brown, similar to
+  mahogany. The texture is, however, not quite so fine and a little more
+  fibrous. It planes fairly well and takes nails fairly easily, but it
+  does not split well. It is durable and is said to be termite-proof. It
+  is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving tree. Natural regeneration is only moderate, and it sprouts
+  slightly from the stump. It is somewhat exacting as to soil, and is
+  usually found in a loamy sand, with plenty of moisture and depth.
+
+  It was valued at 2d. to 2½d. a superficial foot as mahogany of fair
+  character in the Liverpool market in 1906. But since then no more has
+  been felled or exported.
+
+  The natives use it as firewood in the Benin country. It has not been
+  felled for local use.
+
+ _Cola laurifolia_. Laurel-leaved Cola. Foma (Yoruba).
+
+  It is an uncommon tree, found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta
+  province of Nigeria. A small tree with small flowers.
+
+ _Cola acuminata_ (Beauv.). Common Cola. Obi Abata (Yoruba); Eve
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree of the Calabar, Ogoge, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo,
+  Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is the ordinary Cola of the Benin villages, but it is also found in
+  the forest. In other parts of the country it has been planted along
+  the sides of the roads leading into Egbado, Jebu, Ode, Ondo, Ikale and
+  Ilesha villages.
+
+  Always standing in the shade and with a heavy evergreen foliage, the
+  cream-coloured flowers with a pink streak on each petal show up very
+  clearly when the tree comes into bloom in February or March. According
+  to the native ideas, the tree must never be pruned, nor, in fact,
+  should it be cut either partially or wholly under any circumstances.
+  However, in passing to and from their farms, boys and young men often
+  chip the trunk of the tree with a matchet. This, they say, has the
+  effect of making it produce more fruit; otherwise the tree always
+  looks very dirty, and often the trunk and the branches are covered
+  with epiphytic ferns or orchids. Occasionally, once a year or once in
+  two or three years, the branches of the trees standing nearest to a
+  Cola are cut away and the ground immediately surrounding a Cola tree
+  is cleared of undergrowth. The crop of fruit borne varies very much
+  from year to year. One year a native may make a pound or so from his
+  Cola tree, whereas in another he perhaps makes very little.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 78.—=Osse River, looking downstream, edge of the
+Pool, Ifon District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 79.—=Mixed Forest near Osse, looking upstream, Ifon
+District.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 354.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood a dull whitish-yellow. It is
+  moderately hard, very close grained and of fine texture, with a dull
+  lustre; is moderately durable, but is liable to be attacked by a very
+  small furniture borer. It is termite-proof. It planes well, does not
+  split easily, takes nails and saws well. It is apparently an excellent
+  wood for carving. It does not shrink nor warp very much. It is more
+  durable for interior work than for outside, where it is liable to get
+  soft and to crumble away. It is sometimes brittle; it does not burn
+  well.
+
+  _Native Use._—The fruit is eaten and is used as an article of export
+  both to the Northern Provinces and also to the Continent. The wood is
+  used for making “Ju-jus” (Esu—the Devil) (Images of the King);
+  otherwise it is not cut in the Benin country.
+
+ _Cola Afzelii_. Monkey Cola Tree. Obidu, Obiedun, Ebidun (Yoruba);
+ Awohebitan (Benin).
+
+  The brilliant red fruits, about twelve joined together in a spherical
+  bunch, are usually quite a feature of the small tree. The leaves are
+  digitate, but joined at the base, so in reality only a single leaf. It
+  is a much-branched tree with yellowish-grey bark. The crown is much
+  divided, and sometimes the branches almost appear as if in large
+  whorls.
+
+  It is found in the Oyo, Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Calabar and
+  Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  The wood is white and softish and not durable. It is most common at
+  the edge of the evergreen forest. It attains a girth of about 6 feet
+  and a bole length of about 15 feet. It is a light-lover, though it
+  stands a considerable amount of shade in its youth.
+
+  _Native Use._—The wood is used for the stock of a cross-bow in the
+  Benin country, and the seeds are eaten at any time.
+
+ _Cola sp._ Obiedum (Yoruba); Ewoha (Benin).
+
+  This is a comparatively common tree of the Benin, Abeokuta and Ondo
+  provinces of Nigeria. It is the original Cola of the forest; a medium-
+  sized tree with the typical Cola foliage, found growing singly. It
+  does not appear to bear very heavily, and apparently in some places
+  the local people utilize the fruit, while in others they say it is of
+  no value. It appears to be a whiter and softer Cola than that of the
+  other species, and it does not seem to have such a strong flavour.
+
+  The timber is hard and white; it is a shade-bearing and soil-
+  protecting tree. Natural regeneration appears to be poor.
+
+  The wood is occasionally used by the local fetish-maker for certain
+  types of fetish in the Benin country. It is considered the most
+  suitable and, in fact, the only wood for this purpose. Although the
+  ordinary Cola which is planted may not be cut, this species is not
+  immune, but it is certainly considered most proper if only the image-
+  maker cuts it.
+
+ _Dombeya Buettneri_. Ewe ofo (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, especially in the
+  Olokemeji Forest Reserve. It is a small, shrub-like tree, varying from
+  7 to 15 feet in height. The bark is fibrous. In 1908 samples of the
+  fibre were submitted to the Imperial Institute for valuation. Owing to
+  its being rather harsh, woody and weak, it was stated to be worth from
+  £7 to £8 a ton.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Ochna multiflora_. Canoe Tree. Uruk (Efik); Tei tei (Ijor); Tei tei
+ (Brass); Elili (Ibo Owerri).
+
+  It is found in the Owerri, Warri and Ondo (?) provinces of Nigeria. It
+  is one of the prevalent trees in the evergreen and brackish swamp
+  forest zone. The tree reaches a girth of 15 feet and a bole length of
+  about 60 feet. It has a large digitate leaf, making the foliage of the
+  tree very heavy and dense. The bark is thick and fissured
+  longitudinally. The crown is long and egg-shaped. The fruit is large,
+  roughly spherical in shape, but ribbed in five places on the surface.
+  It is a shade-bearer, and reproduction is chiefly by seed. The wood is
+  reddish-brown and moderately hard. This is one of the most favourite
+  trees for canoe-making amongst the Brass people. Having a straight
+  grain, the log opens out well into a canoe once it has been hollowed
+  out in the centre.
+
+ _Ochna sp._ Sama (?), Duma name.
+
+  It is found near Obudu, in the Ogoja province of Nigeria. It is a
+  small tree of the open deciduous forest, growing at an altitude of
+  about 1,500 feet. The flowers are umbellate and of a pretty red
+  colour. It is a light-lover and grows at the edge of the forest.
+
+  The natives apparently have no use for either the wood or other parts
+  of the tree.
+
+ _Lophira procera_. Red Ironwood, African Oak, Red Oak. Ela, Ekki
+ (Yoruba); Eba, Ebba (Benin); Eleba (Jekri); Kuru (Brass); Okikopom
+ (Ibibio); Enwan, Umpenek (Efik); Okut Okot (Oban, Ekoi); Kuru (Ibo
+ Owerri); Okut (Kwa).
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a very large tree, up to 6 feet in
+  diameter, with orange-coloured bark, when in the shade of the
+  evergreen forest where it is found, but this soon becomes quite grey
+  when exposed to the sun. The flowers are white, with five petals, and
+  are very fragrant, smelling like musk, covering the ground and
+  scenting the forest in November and December. In October and November
+  the tree is very conspicuous with its brilliant new red foliage, which
+  almost appears like flowers in the distance. On the banks of the
+  Calabar River, above the town of the same name, this is seen to
+  advantage. The fruit is winged, but with one wing twice as long as the
+  other and also broader; the seed is sharply pointed and almost conical
+  in section, and not so meaty as that of _L. alata_. The crown is
+  spherical, but open; the branches are very twisted and reminiscent of
+  oak. The trunk reaches a length of 90 feet and is almost perfectly
+  cylindrical in shape, with only the slightest indication of spurns at
+  the base.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Abeokuta, Jebu, Ode, Benin, Owerri,
+  Ogoja (?) and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the commonest
+  trees in the very moist parts of the evergreen forest zone.
+
+  _Timber._—The sapwood is whitish red, but the heartwood is of a dull
+  red colour with large, long, open pores, partially filled with
+  siliceous salts. This often gives the wood an almost speckled
+  appearance. In a tree of 12 feet girth, the sapwood is usually only 3
+  or 4 inches thick, making it a very full-wooded tree and thus reducing
+  the amount of wood wasted in squaring the logs. It planes well, with a
+  smooth, shiny surface. Strong shoots often come up from the stump,
+  though owing to the natural seed distribution being good, this latter
+  is the chief means of reproduction. It is a light-lover, with a
+  natural tendency to grow straight up. It is a slow-growing tree, and
+  the leaves, nearly a foot long and almost tongue-shaped, are very
+  large for such a hard-wooded tree. Even when planted 16 feet apart it
+  grows up straight, with only three or four perpendicular branches or
+  even only a fork in the stem. It resists white ants, and the teredo
+  worm does not bore into logs when lying in the water. It is almost
+  gregarious in habit, usually groups being found in one locality, or,
+  as in the moister regions, it is next to mahogany the commonest tree
+  found in the forest. It will withstand floods—in fact, there is an
+  island several square miles in extent in the Oshun River covered with
+  only this species of tree. It is also found again on the upper edge of
+  the mangrove forest where the first solid land begins.
+
+  The seeds have not been tested as to the proportion of oil contained
+  in them, but no doubt they contain a similar quantity, in proportion
+  to the size, as those of _L. alata_.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber in the round were sent to the Liverpool
+  market, where it was valued as red oak at 2s. to 3s. per cubic foot.
+  It was also stated to be worth shipping in good lengths. Owing to its
+  weight and the hardness of the wood, and thus the extra cost of
+  squaring logs, little or none has been shipped to Liverpool since this
+  report was made. Locally it has been used for piles for wharves and
+  bridges, decking for bridges, wall-plates for bungalows, and
+  occasionally as verandah-posts. It can be floated with Musanga logs or
+  those of _Hannoa undulata_. Canoes made of this wood are of the most
+  durable kind, so that perhaps it might be tried for boat-building.
+
+  The people of Benin use the wood for making pestles for their Fufu
+  mortars, and occasionally it is used as wall-plates. Amongst the Brass
+  people it is sometimes used for making canoes, and amongst many tribes
+  for making food-mortars. Near Lagos it is used for house-building.
+
+ _Lophira alata_. Niam Fat, Small Red Ironwood, Meni Oil, African Oak.
+ Ipawhaw, Ponhon, Ipahan (Yoruba); Awigbi, Ugbeberi, Ishan (Benin).
+
+  Small or dry-zone Red Ironwood.
+
+  It is found in the Ogoja, Owerri, Onitsha, Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a very common tree in the open deciduous forest of the dry-zone
+  form of vegetation. Often found in groups, but it anyhow is the most
+  prevalent tree wherever found. It does not usually grow straight, but
+  the stem is gnarled and crooked, reaching a girth of about 5 feet. The
+  tree itself only grows to a height of about 30 feet. In appearance it
+  looks like a small oak, but the Shea Butter Tree, _Butyrospermum
+  Parkii_, is still more like it. However, with its reddish-green
+  tongue-like leaves with wavy edges, it is in reality quite different.
+  The branches spring out of the stem in a more upward direction than
+  _B. Parkii_, and are more irregular in growth. The bark is orange-
+  coloured and almost scaly on the younger trees, though it goes a grey
+  or black colour when exposed to the light or the annual grass-fires.
+  The flowers are white, sweet-smelling and much more conspicuous than
+  on _L. procera_. The seed is placed between two wings, one nearly
+  three times the width of the other. The smaller wing is more pointed
+  than the larger; the seed, while being pointed, is stoutly cone-shaped
+  and rather more than a quarter of an inch in diameter at the base, and
+  of a light brown colour.
+
+  _Timber._—The sapwood is narrow and white in colour and the heartwood
+  is a dull red. It is very hard and tough, but not so heavy as _L.
+  procera_. It planes only with a rough surface.
+
+  _Silvicultural Characteristics._—This is one of the few trees which
+  successfully resist the annual grass-fires. Its otherwise prolific
+  seed-bearing capacity is, however, often very much diminished, if not
+  completely spoilt, by the flowers being burnt in January and February,
+  the usual time of the grass-fires. It is a light-lover, but for the
+  reasons already given is a very slow-growing tree. On the whole,
+  although the seeds germinate well, stool and root shoots are probably
+  the chief means of reproduction. The soil under these trees is only
+  partially protected during the growing, and quite exposed to sun and
+  wind during the dry season.
+
+  _Commercial Value._—Samples of these seeds were sent in 1909 to the
+  Imperial Institute for valuation, when they were found to be worth
+  about £10 a ton; 43 per cent. of oil can be obtained from the kernels,
+  and this is said to be suitable for soap-making and to be worth £25
+  per ton. Commercial quantities, however, have not yet been exported.
+
+  Meni oil was formerly obtained from the seed.
+
+  _Native Use._—Amongst the Yorubas the tree is used for house-posts,
+  especially when the stem is forked about 10 feet above the ground. The
+  leaves, bark and roots are all sold in the native markets for
+  medicinal purposes. An infusion of the bark of the roots is supposed
+  to be a cure for jaundice (yellow fever, according to the natives).
+  Strangely enough, the seeds are not used as a source of oil.
+
+ _Gomphia insculpta_.
+
+  Found at Olokemeji.
+
+ _Gomphia glaberrima_.
+
+  It is a shrub found at Olokemeji.
+
+ _Gomphia_ nr. _affinis_.
+
+  Found at Ilugbro.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Garcinia conrauana_. False Cola, Bitter Cola. Orugbo (Yoruba); Edun
+ (Benin); Odji (?) (Brass); Efiori Efrie (Efik); Efrie (Kwa).
+
+  It is found in the Calabar, Benin, Ogoja and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree with close, spherical-shaped crown. The
+  branches and leaves are comparatively small. The bole is short and the
+  branches very persistent. The most typical feature of the tree is the
+  large apricot-like fruit, of an orange-yellow colour. The bark is
+  smooth and brown in colour. It is found in the evergreen forest. The
+  nut is oblong, of a very dark brown colour with small white streaks
+  all over it. It grows in moist soil.
+
+  The timber is very hard and close-grained, with yellow-sapwood and
+  light-brown heartwood. It is said to be durable and planes with a
+  smooth surface. It is often found at a considerable elevation—up to
+  3,000 feet towards the northern part of Calabar province.
+
+  It is a shade-bearer, though it is often found growing alone, having
+  been left isolated when the original forest was cleared to make a
+  farm. The tree grows very slowly but bears comparatively early, and
+  trees are often seen quite laden with the yellow fruit.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, but has been cut for local use. It
+  was used by the Public Works Department, Calabar, and proved useful
+  for wall-plates. The nuts have occasionally been exported, but they
+  are comparatively valueless compared to the real Cola.
+
+  _Native Use._—The nuts are sold in the Yoruba and Calabar markets and
+  100 to 200 for 3d. in the Benin market. The fruit is also eaten. The
+  roots are used for chewing-sticks (the best in Benin), and taste like
+  quinine. The nuts are ground and used medicinally for headache.
+
+ _Garcinia Kola_.
+
+  A little known species, found in the Eastern Provinces, Uwet. It was
+  subsequently determined as _Garcinia conrauana_.
+
+ _Garcinia Mannii_.
+
+  This tree is found in the Western Provinces.
+
+  _Uses._—Chew-stick is made from the root.
+
+ _Garcinia_, var. nov. _brevipedicellata_.
+
+  This tree grows in the Eastern Circle.
+
+ _Pentadesma sp.?_. Hardwood, Duika’s Chop Fruit. Ogbia (Yoruba); Ekuso
+ or Ikujo, Efiari (Benin).
+
+  This tree is found in the mixed forests of the Benin province of
+  Nigeria. One of its chief characteristics is that it has little or no
+  bark, but the cortex is comparatively thin, and remains of a duck-egg-
+  green colour even in trees of comparatively large size. It reaches a
+  girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of about 20 feet. However, it
+  is usually very much forked comparatively low down, and often the stem
+  is by no means straight. The root spurns are not very large, but spoil
+  the shape of the bole at the base.
+
+  It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving tree. Natural regeneration is poor, chiefly perhaps because
+  the Duika eat the fruit; in fact, the Benin name means the chop or
+  food of Uso or Duika.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as a
+  hardwood, which was considered hard and heavy. Since then none has
+  been shipped, nor has it been felled for local use. Perhaps with the
+  changed conditions in the demand for timber, both hard and soft, a
+  further trial would now show whether it was of any value as an export
+  timber.
+
+ _Pentadesma grandifolia_.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Oban Reserve of the Calabar
+  province of Nigeria.
+
+  _Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized tree, with large oblong leaves
+  having numerous glands and lateral nerves which are about a tenth of
+  an inch apart. The leaves are larger and the exterior sepal shorter
+  than in _P. butyraceæ_.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It grows in the evergreen forest, is a
+  shade-bearer, and comparatively slow-growing tree.
+
+  _Utility._—Although the fruit has not yet been collected, it is
+  probable that the nuts would contain a similar oil to those of _P.
+  butyraceæ_.
+
+ _Pentadesma butyraceæ_. Butter or Tallow Tree. Okarora, Ossa (Ondo);
+ Ekuso (Yoruba) (Ikale); Ijeni Udegbu, Agba (west side), Udegbi (Benin);
+ Orugbo erin (Ondo); Amu Ne (New Calabar); Ikakama Udia Ebian (Efik);
+ Ikakama Udia Ebian, Igbofia (Ibibio); Ntini Nyok (Kwa).
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the evergreen forests of the Jebu, Ode,
+  Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is quite
+  prevalent in its typical locality and very damp, almost swampy,
+  regions of the forest near small waterways, even comparatively near
+  the sea.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a thin, tall tree, with dark bark and
+  flatly compressed crown consisting of four or five tiers of branches,
+  very close together in almost true whorls. The foliage is very thick
+  and the leaves thick and leathery. It exudes a mass of gamboge-like
+  latex as soon as slashed, and the slash is orange-red. The latex
+  solidifies on exposure to the air. The large pear-shaped fruit has a
+  soft rind, which usually is pierced by the fall to the ground, and the
+  Cola-shaped seeds are embedded in a soft, yellowish-white pulp. The
+  large sepals at the base of the flower are quite typical, in their
+  persistency often being found at the base of unripe fruit.
+
+  _Timber._—It has yellowish-white sapwood and light-red heartwood of
+  firm texture, with a certain amount of waviness in it, especially if
+  the tree has been barked in its earlier years. It is not hard, and is
+  easy to work; it does not appear to warp or shrink.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer with very persistent
+  evergreen leaves. It will stand in waterlogged land and grow almost to
+  perfection. The branches are also very persistent, and it is only when
+  growing in close proximity to other heavy foliaged trees that the bole
+  clears itself of branches for two-thirds of its length. The stump
+  shoots sprout up when the tree is cut down. The more prevalent form of
+  reproduction is by seed. The mature tree bears quite prolifically
+  almost every year. The timber has not been felled for export, but the
+  seeds are worth £8 a ton on account of the oil that they contain,
+  which is considered suitable for soap-making.
+
+ _Pentadesma Nigritana_. Odgebu (west side) (Benin).
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Oban Reserve of the Calabar
+  province of Nigeria.
+
+  _Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized tree with black bark on the
+  branches. The leaves are glabrous coriaceous, 3½ to 4½ inches long and
+  1 to 1½ inches broad.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It grows in the evergreen forests, is a
+  shade-bearer and comparatively slow-growing tree.
+
+  _Utility._—The fruit has not yet been collected, but, judging by the
+  locality in which this tree is found, the seeds would contain similar
+  quantities of oil to those of _P. butyraceæ_.
+
+ _Haronga Madagascariensis_ (Kew). Benin Roof-pole. Itue (Benin).
+
+  It is a non-indigenous tree (exotic) which is now found in the
+  Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri, Ogoja and Calabar
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is commonly seen growing up in old farms in the heavier soils of
+  the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zones. The slash, which is
+  brick-red and exudes a yellowish-red latex, is most typical of this
+  tree. The tree is almost gregarious, forming groups nearly half an
+  acre in extent; the bark peels very easily, leaving a clean white stem
+  which hardens very much on exposure to the air. It is a small tree,
+  attaining a girth of about 2 feet and a height of about 40 feet. The
+  wood is quite white, with a small pink pith about a quarter of an inch
+  in diameter; it is a very light wood and most durable when under
+  cover.
+
+  The leaves are of a medium size and rough to the touch. When 2 to 4
+  inches in diameter the natives cut the trees, clean and strip off the
+  bark, and use them for rafters in house-building, especially in the
+  Benin and Yoruba countries.
+
+ _Symphonia globulifera_ (Kew). Hog Gum.
+
+  It was reported from the Calabar province.
+
+ _Allanblackia floribunda_. Orogbo erin (Yoruba); Izeni or Iyockan
+ (Benin); Atta (Efik); Egba (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the evergreen forests of the Jebu Ode,
+  Benin, Owerri (?) and Calabar (?) provinces of Nigeria. This tree
+  usually grows on less moist soil and further away from water than _P.
+  butyraceæ_, though it likes a moist and deep soil.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—The long, hard, brown, enlarged sausage-
+  shaped fruit hanging on a stalk shows, when cut, large seeds scattered
+  in white pulp, and is thus different in this respect to Pentadesma,
+  which has dark-brown seeds embedded in a soft, yellowish pulp. The
+  slash is yellow, but only exudes a little yellow latex at first. The
+  branches are not so verticillate in form as Pentadesma, but are more
+  pendulous, especially when the tree is in fruit. They also are further
+  apart and give the crown a more open appearance. The fruit is three
+  times the length and the diameter rather more than that of _P.
+  butyraceæ_.
+
+  _Timber._—The sapwood is whitish-yellow and the heartwood yellowish-
+  red and moderately hard. It is not attacked by white ants; it does not
+  split easily, but planes with a smooth surface. It is a medium-sized
+  tree, reaching a height of about 80 feet, with a bole length of 20
+  feet and a girth of 8 feet.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer and grows
+  comparatively slowly. Natural reproduction is chiefly by seed, though
+  fine and succulent stump shoots appear when a tree is cut down.
+
+  The timber has not been exported nor has it been used locally; the
+  natives occasionally cut the bark for medicinal purposes, but
+  otherwise apparently have no use for the tree.
+
+ _Ochrocarpus Africanus?_ sp. of Allanblackia. African Mammee Apple,
+ Mahogany (Calabar). Igoda (Benin); Ereruku, Edeng Edem (Calabar);
+ Baulan Bolo (Degema, New Calabar); Okut and Otun (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Calabar, Owerri and Ogoja provinces
+  of Nigeria, occurring sparsely in the evergreen forests in several
+  localities, where it takes the place of Khaya, which is not prevalent
+  in such places.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a large tree, with orange-coloured
+  bark, especially in young specimens, and a little scaly. In habit
+  otherwise rather like Mahogany, after which the timber has been named.
+  It is much harder and has little resin canals typical of the order. It
+  is not attacked by white ants. It reaches a height of 100 feet, with a
+  bole length of about 40 feet and a girth of 12 feet. The root spurns
+  are only slight. The large, elongated, spherical-shaped fruit, with
+  rough, pale orange-coloured rind, speckled brown in several places, is
+  most typical of this tree. Generally speaking, it could easily be
+  mistaken for Mahogany Entandrophragma by anyone not very familiar with
+  both species.
+
+  _Timber._—The sapwood is white, with a pinkish tint, and the heartwood
+  a dark red, with small medullary rays as well as very prominent resin-
+  like canals which, when dry, are filled with a yellow substance.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer, but likes a certain
+  amount of overhead light in middle age. On the whole it is slow-
+  growing, except for a short period when the chief height-growth is put
+  on. A few stump shoots sprout when the tree is cut down, but the more
+  common form of reproduction is by seed.
+
+  _Utility._—It has not been felled for export, but the Public Works
+  Department felled and converted a good deal at the Etehetem sawmill,
+  and it was favourably reported on as a hard mahogany. It has
+  occasionally been used by the natives for making canoes.
+
+ _No botanical name_. Oshusi (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Owerri province of Nigeria. It is a
+  comparatively common tree in the evergreen swamp forest.
+
+  _Characteristics._—The timber is not over hard, but it reaches a
+  height of 100 feet and a girth of 8 feet. The bark is smooth.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer and a comparatively
+  slow-growing tree. The most prevalent form of reproduction is by seed.
+
+  _Utility._—It has not been felled for export, but was used in the
+  construction of the Imo railway bridge as piles.
+
+ _Buronona_ (New Calabar).
+
+  This is a medium-sized tree of the Owerri province, and is found near
+  the Imo, not far from the railway bridge. Several piles of the
+  temporary bridge were made from the timber of this tree.
+
+ _Ochrocarpus sp.?_. Ebattan, Ehranezi (Benin); Buronona (New Calabar).
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Owerri, Benin (?) and Ondo (?)
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a very straight, thin-stemmed tree,
+  with several whorls of branches near the top of the tree, very much
+  compressed together. The flowers are red sprays, which look very
+  pretty at the beginning of the dry season. It occurs near the
+  freshwater swamps, comparatively close to the sea. In many places it
+  is almost gregarious in habit, more especially near Degema. It reaches
+  a height of 100 feet, and a girth of 6 feet, often with a bole length
+  of 50 feet.
+
+  _Timber._—The sapwood is white and the heartwood is light brown; both
+  appear to be equally durable. It is termite-resisting. It planes with
+  a smooth surface; the grain is very fine. A red latex exudes when it
+  is cut.
+
+  _Utility._—It is chiefly used for door and window frames, and does not
+  warp nor crack, even when put in green. It attains a large enough size
+  to be used as piles, some of which were used in the construction of
+  the temporary railway bridge at Imo. The natives do not use the wood,
+  and it has not been felled for export.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer and a comparatively
+  slow-growing tree, though on less wet soils it seems to grow faster.
+  The more prevalent form of reproduction is by seed. Weak stool shoots
+  also come up after the tree is cut down. The foliage is dense and
+  persists for several years.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 80.—=Heavy Sapeli Mahogany (Entandrophragma utilis)
+standing near the road between Uyeri and Benin City, Benin Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 81.—=Agba (Benin), (Pterogopodium), standing near
+Ifon Road, South of Uyeri, Benin Province.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 364.
+
+
+=Bixaceæ.=
+
+ _Bixa orellana_.
+
+  This tree grows well in the Olokemeji Arboretum. It is found up to a
+  height of 10 feet, and is cultivated for the sake of its seeds, which
+  yield the orange dye called “annatto.” The tree bears pods very
+  freely. Samples were sent to the Imperial Institute in 1906 and were
+  valued at about 5d. a pound.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Smeathmannia pubescens_. Moyida (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a medium-sized shrub found in the Western Provinces.
+
+ _Soyauxia sp._ Ogohomeh, Oyohomeh (Benin).
+
+  This tree was found on the mountain slope above Ogabi in the Obudu
+  district. The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Soyauxia sp._ Aye (Yoruba); Owowe, Owawe (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, growing
+  at the edge of the evergreen forest. It is a medium-sized tree, with a
+  bole length of about 30 feet and a girth of 6 feet; on the whole, it
+  is of more slender build and habit than the Terminalia, to which it is
+  apparently closely allied. The flower is very small, white and
+  spherical, being only a quarter of an inch in size; it is most
+  frequently seen lying scattered about in patches on the path or
+  roadway, giving out a very sweet scent. The seeds are double winged,
+  like Bougainvillea. The leaf is smaller than that of the Terminalia
+  and the foliage generally less dense; the sapwood is white and
+  somewhat wide, the heartwood of a light-brown colour, and on the
+  border-line of being a hardwood. The wood is not very durable unless
+  under cover; it is not very common, though where it is found there are
+  a fair number of trees which would form a good supply of timber for
+  local purposes. The natives do not use this wood, as they say it is
+  liable to attacks by white ants.
+
+ _Oncoba dentata_ (Oliv.). Parisha (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small, shrub-
+  like tree, armed with moderately long thorns. It belongs to the
+  evergreen forest zone. The flowers are large, white and conspicuous.
+
+ _Oncoba glauca_ (Foster). Kakandika (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji and Abeokuta provinces.
+
+ _Oncoba spinosa_ (Rich). Kakandika (Yoruba).
+
+  This is a small, shrub-like tree found in the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria. It is moderately common, and several hedges have been made
+  with it in the Olokemeji Arboretum. The most distinguishing feature of
+  this plant is the large, spherical-shaped white flowers. The petals
+  are large and conspicuous, with a mass of yellow stamens in the
+  centre. In habit it is not unlike the thorn; the ends of the twigs are
+  armed with a short spike.
+
+  It stands trimming pretty well. Each year it flowers fairly regularly,
+  so that it makes quite an ornamental plant. It bears green fruits with
+  a conspicuous bunch of the old sepals at the top. This fruit is rather
+  smaller than a tangerine orange, but quite spherical in shape, with a
+  hard, woody rind.
+
+ _Flacourtia Ramontchii_. Abeokuta Plum. Oshere (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+ _Flacourtia flavescens_ (Kew). Niger Plum.
+
+  Found in the Western Provinces.
+
+  _Uses._—Edible plums, medicine and hedge plants.
+
+ _Homalium_, cf. _H. Africanum_ (Benth.). Atu or Abo Ako (Yoruba).
+
+  This is a hard-wooded tree of the Yoruba country, which is used to
+  some extent locally. It is also found in Benin.
+
+  Being a shade-bearing and soil-protecting tree, it is of value in the
+  forest, apart from the production of timber. It is a slow-growing tree
+  apparently.
+
+
+=Lecythidaceæ.=
+
+ _Napoleona Whitfieldii_. Ito (? Yoruba); Uruhe (Benin).
+
+  It is doubtful if these are the correct native names for this species.
+
+ _Napoleona imperialis_. Speckle-fruited Napoleona. Boi Boi (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found near Ode district, Oban and Igbeshe, in the Ibadan and
+  Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a deciduous shrub with pretty white flowers, very shiny leaves,
+  which are alternate, and bears a spherical, orange-coloured fruit
+  (with a russet-like surface having white lenticels scattered nearly
+  all over it), which ripens in March at the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+  This shrub protects and enriches the soil with its fall of leaves.
+  Considering the attractiveness of the flower and the fruit, it is
+  surprising that it has not more frequently been planted in gardens,
+  where it should be placed in a shady corner. It is slow-growing, and
+  does not need much light. It likes a moist, fairly deep good soil,
+  especially near a river bank.
+
+  _Native Use._—The stem is occasionally used for making hoe or axe
+  handles, for which it is suitable, as the wood is comparatively tough,
+  close-grained and hard. The knottiness of it is an advantage either
+  for the handle or for fixing the hoe or axe head.
+
+ _Napoleona Vogelii_ (Hook). Orokwa, Ogemme (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Calabar, Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized shrub-like tree, with
+  orange-shaped fruit, though not quite spherical, having small white
+  lenticels on the surface and roughness like a russet apple. It does
+  not attain a girth of more than 3 or 4 feet. It is usually found in
+  the mixed deciduous forests, though more often in clearings in the
+  forests; however, it stands a good deal of shade. The wood is
+  comparatively hard, but it does not reach much size. The tree protects
+  and enriches the soil with its fall of leaves, and serves a very
+  useful purpose as a shrub amongst the undergrowth of the forest. It
+  might be planted in gardens, where both the flower, which is large and
+  white, and the fruit would be admired. It usually bears a large number
+  of both. It is rather a slow-growing tree. The natives use the wood
+  for making matchet handles.
+
+ _Napoleona Owariensis_. Adere, Isiurem (Lagos).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Weihea sp._ (Spreng). Odu (Yoruba).
+
+  This tree is found in tropical West Africa.
+
+  The flowers have an involucre of two bracteoles. The fruit is fleshy;
+  seeds with an aril.
+
+ _Weihea sp._, cf. _Africana_. Odu (Yoruba); Itobo (Ibibio); Munon
+ (Efik).
+
+  This tree grows near Lagos.
+
+ _Rhizophora racemosa_. Red Mangrove or Salt Mangrove. Egba Ibadudu
+ (Jeb. Yoruba); Ehrodo, Ibadudu (Benin); Odo (Jekri).
+
+ _Poga oleosa_. Inoi Nut, African Brazil Nut. Iku (Yoruba); Inoi
+ (Benin); Inoye (Efik); Ikoi (Oban); Inoi (Ekoi); Ekom (Ibo Owerri);
+ Imonon (New Calabar).
+
+  It is found in the Benin (?), Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja (?) provinces
+  of Nigeria, in the evergreen zone, both of the level and hill country.
+  On the whole, it is more prevalent as the eastward side of the country
+  is approached. In the forest its presence is usually indicated by the
+  heaps of broken shells left lying near the roots of neighbouring
+  trees, on the path or roadside. The reddish-brown interior and cross-
+  section of the inner covering of the shell is a most typical feature.
+  The nut itself is roughly spherical in shape, with a surface almost
+  evenly covered with little nodules, giving the nut very considerable
+  resiliency against cracking. It is nearly half an inch thick, and
+  inside there are two or three kernels. Each of these is a chocolate-
+  brown colour with thick (almost three thirty-seconds to one-eighth of
+  an inch) red-brown shell. Each is about ½ inch long and rather more
+  than ¼ inch thick. This thick shell quite spoils the flavour of the
+  nut, which is sweeter and contains more oil than the Brazil nut. It
+  can, however, be removed with a pen-knife. The trunk of the tree is
+  light-grey, with comparatively thin cortex. It reaches a girth of
+  about 12 feet and a bole length of about 60 feet. It usually forks at
+  about 50 or 60 feet from the ground, and this is one of the typical
+  features of the tree. The crown is rather open, with several main
+  limbs and comparatively few branches. Another place where it is
+  commonly seen, both in the Degema and Calabar districts, is in the old
+  farms, standing as isolated specimens, or standards overshadowing all
+  the secondary growth. It is one of the few trees that are preserved
+  when a fresh clearing is made for a farm. The fruit is the shape of a
+  large greengage, the fleshy part of which soon breaks away, leaving
+  the hard nut inside. The fleshy pericarp is about a quarter of an inch
+  in thickness.
+
+  The sapwood is white, tinged with pinkish stripes, and the heartwood
+  pinkish-red, with very wide and numerous medullary rays, which are
+  most numerous, and in fact more so than in any other tree, and are
+  very typical of this timber. The wood is soft, splits well, is of
+  somewhat open texture and rather fibrous grain. It planes up well with
+  a smooth surface, takes nails well, and saws well. It is liable to be
+  attacked by white ants. The sapwood is fairly narrow.
+
+  It is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration only appears to be slight,
+  chiefly owing to the fact, perhaps, that most of the nuts are gathered
+  and eaten by the natives. It is somewhat exacting with regard to soil.
+  It appears to like one that is somewhat rich, deep, moist and with
+  good drainage. In waterlogged areas it becomes stag-headed. No
+  plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, not has it been cut for local use.
+  It appears, however, to be worthy of a trial as a substitute for light
+  cedar or mahogany, especially from wind falls, which are not
+  infrequent owing to the way it is left standing in the forests.
+
+  _Native Use._—The nuts are used by the natives, and are considered
+  very valuable, in the most out-of-the-way parts of the forest, as a
+  source of food. They used to be sold in the Calabar market 250 for 3d.
+  Further notes as to the oil-bearing properties of this nut will be
+  found in the section dealing with the oil seeds and nuts.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Terminalia sp._ Yellow Terminalia, Black-bark Terminalia. Idigbo,
+ Opepe, Epepe (Yoruba); Egoyn nebbi, Egoyn nikwi, Egoyn lukan (Benin).
+
+  According to the Yorubas this is the Idi of the forest.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Ondo and Benin provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It has a slightly fissured bark, increasing
+  in age, light-brown in colour in youth, but darkening with age, almost
+  appearing black in the distance, rather forming a criss-cross pattern.
+  It flowers in May with small spikes or thin, stiff racemes, each with
+  little yellow balls of staminate flowers. It has a compressed crown of
+  two or three whorls of branches, but not so typical as that of _T.
+  scutifera_. It is, however, much more widespreading, chiefly due to
+  the fact that the tree on the whole is shorter and stouter than _T.
+  scutifera_. The trunk is much more cylindrical, and the root spurns
+  are very slight, and not buttress-shaped as in _T. scutifera_. The
+  contrast between the light-green foliage and the dark-coloured bole is
+  so great that the tree is quite unmistakable in this respect. The only
+  one at all similar in this is False Shea Butter, _Mimusops Djave_, but
+  even the trunk of this one appears lighter than the former. The slash
+  is dark-brown, almost black, on the outer edge and yellow on the
+  inside. The fruit is not unlike a large hazelnut, but the shuck is of
+  looser build, and the interior seed can be more easily seen than in
+  the case of the nut.
+
+  The sapwood is a faint yellow colour and the heartwood a good yellow.
+  It is of the hardness of an ordinary softwood, with a straight, even
+  grain and somewhat open pores. It planes well, takes nails, splits
+  very easily and saws well. For outside work it is not durable unless
+  very thoroughly dried. For interior fittings it is very durable. It is
+  liable to attacks by termites outside. It seasons well, with only a
+  small amount of shrinkage and slight liability to warping.
+
+  It is a fast-growing, slightly shade-bearing tree, with strong soil-
+  protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration appears
+  to be fair. It sprouts from the stump, but is not very strong. It
+  likes a good soil, with fair drainage but a good deal of moisture. It
+  will stand a certain amount of flooding. It is occasionally almost
+  gregarious. No plantations have been made with this tree. It reaches a
+  girth of over 14 feet and a bole length of about 70 feet.
+
+  The timber has not been cut for export, but occasionally it has been
+  sawn up for planks for local use. It deserves, however, a further
+  trial for export as a floor-board and for local use for a similar
+  purpose. There are comparatively large supplies, and the dimensions of
+  the tree are such that large planks and boards could be cut out of it.
+
+  _Native Use._—The tree is occasionally felled for making canoes, but
+  it is not taken unless there is a shortage of other harder kinds.
+
+ _Terminalia sp._ Orange-barked Terminalia. Ayo, Aiyo (Yoruba); Ayo,
+ Ulazo (Benin).
+
+  _Distribution._—Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. It is one of
+  the typical trees of the mixed deciduous forest zone, though it
+  appears to be confined to certain localities, such as the Olokemeji
+  Forest Reserve and other places.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—Moderately thick bark, rather reminding one
+  of Triplochiton, but with a certain amount of roughness and slight
+  fissures. The crown is very pointedly oval and long, the leaves
+  appearing only slightly terminal and not typically so. The branches
+  tend to flatten out in old age, though they are slightly pendulous at
+  the tips. The bole reaches a girth of about 10 feet and a height of 50
+  feet. The light patchy, orange-coloured bark is a most typical feature
+  of this tree. Satinwood is the only one at all similar in this
+  respect, but it is much smoother.
+
+  _Timber._—White, with a faint yellow tint; the pores are much shorter
+  than those of the other Terminalias, such as _T. scutifera_ and
+  _Togoensis_. The grain on the whole is finer and of closer texture.
+  The timber is somewhat harder than either _T. scutifera_ or _T. sp._,
+  but not so hard as that of _T. Togoensis_. It planes well, takes
+  nails, saws easily, but does not split so well. It is attacked by
+  termites, but is durable for interior work. It is somewhat more
+  brittle than _T. sp._
+
+  It is a moderately rapid growing, light-demanding tree, with soil-
+  protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration does not
+  appear to be good. It sprouts, but poorly from the stump, and if at
+  all shaded dies away. It likes a moderately good soil, with a fair
+  amount of moisture and depth.
+
+  The timber has not been cut for export, and only occasionally has it
+  been felled for cutting into planks for local use. It deserves,
+  however, a trial as a local flooring board. The available quantities
+  so far discovered are not large enough to justify its trial as an
+  export wood.
+
+  _Utility._—The wood is used for planks and for canoes. It is likely to
+  furnish timber for the home markets.
+
+  _Local Use._—It has been used for making canoes, and also for sawing
+  up into planks for house-building.
+
+ _Terminalia scutifera_. Shingle Wood. Afara (Yoruba); Oaha Egoyn, Egoyn
+ nufwa (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo
+  and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  The chief characteristics of this tree are the thin and far up-
+  reaching root flanges and its thin, grey-coloured bark. It attains a
+  height of about 200 feet and a girth of about 16 feet. The bole length
+  often exceeds 100 feet. The crown is compressed and flat, with few
+  main branches. It is usually found near water.
+
+  The timber is light-brown to almost yellowish-white, with darker
+  streaks. The sapwood is almost white, but when dry is barely
+  distinguishable from the heartwood, though when freshly cut the
+  heartwood appears drier, and thus shows up against the damper sapwood.
+  The wood is soft and planes easily, though not always giving a smooth
+  surface. It is also easy to saw or cut with a chisel and splits well.
+  It is attacked by termites.
+
+  On the whole the tree is a light-lover, and even the young self-sown
+  seedlings only grow in comparatively open places near rivers, where
+  there is no shade directly over them, though there may be trees to one
+  side or the other. It is one of the typical trees of the evergreen and
+  mixed deciduous zone, growing always on damp and deep soil. Natural
+  reproduction by seed is good. Stool shoots grow, but do not persist
+  for a great length of time. It often forms small pure groups in the
+  secondary forest, and in suitable localities tends to be more
+  prevalent in the secondary than in the primeval forest.
+
+  In Nigeria it has been used as planks, but is not considered very
+  good. On the Gold Coast it has been used for shingles.
+
+  The natives occasionally use the tree for making canoes, also for
+  bowls, plates, and native doors in the Benin country, but owing to its
+  softness it is not considered of much account.
+
+  In figure No. 108 there is a picture of a very large specimen found in
+  the Ikrigon Forest Reserve.
+
+ _Terminalia Togoensis_. Dry-zone Terminalia. Idi, Idi Odan (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Oyo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is a very
+  common tree, with slight foliage and small stem, which is usually
+  forked about 10 feet from the ground. The slash is yellow and almost
+  dry, which is most typical of the tree.
+
+  The wood is soft, though harder than most of the other Terminalias. It
+  works easily, but does not split well. The sapwood is white and the
+  heartwood of a pale yellow colour. The bark is rough and widely
+  fissured. Natural regeneration by seed does not appear to be good,
+  though stump shoots appear when the tree is cut down. It stands a
+  considerable amount of fire, but it is a light-loving tree.
+
+  The local people find the stem useful for house-building posts, as it
+  is comparatively durable and forked in shape.
+
+ _Terminalia avicennioides_.
+
+  It was stated it was found in the Calabar province.
+
+ _Terminalia Brownii_. Inya joko (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+ _Combretum racemosum_. Ogan pupa (Yoruba); Akoso, Orsorsor (Benin).
+
+  Found in Olokemeji and Benin. Climbing shrub with red flowers and
+  white bracts.
+
+ _Combretum Lawsonianum_. Ome (Benin).
+
+  It has red flowers and is found at Agege.
+
+ _Combretum mucronatum_. Okan pupa (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Mamu Forest.
+
+ _Combretum Zenkeri_. Ogan (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Combretum micranthum_. Okan (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Combretum glutinosum_.
+
+ _Combretum paucinervium_.
+
+ _Combretum Hartmannium_.
+
+  These are climbing Combretums found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Anogeissus leiocarpus_ (G. and P.). Yoruba Chew-stick. Ayin (Yoruba).
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Oyo and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—This tree reaches a height of about 70 feet
+  in favourable localities and a girth of 9 feet. With its birch-like
+  foliage and the drooping and sweeping of the pendulous branches in old
+  age, it is certainly the “Lady” of the African “open woods.” The
+  little spherical fruits cover the ground in the early part of the dry
+  season. The comparatively smooth bole, giving way to small scales of
+  light-brown bark as the tree gets older, is a typical feature. It is
+  often forked, especially low down. The bole is thin and slender in
+  build, with upward tending branches, also very slender in build, but
+  dark in colour. A blackish gum exudes when it is cut. The slash is
+  yellow before the gum runs out.
+
+  _Timber._—The sapwood is yellowish-white and the heartwood dark-brown
+  to almost black in some specimens. It is hard, durable and termite-
+  proof. It does not plane nor split well, takes nails with difficulty,
+  but saws fairly easily.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a light-loving species, though in its
+  youth it will stand a little shade. It is one of the first trees to
+  appear on disused land, so long as the soil is good. Its foliage is a
+  little acid, as it kills all grass, even Ekon, and for this purpose is
+  invaluable as a tree for admixture with more valuable species. It is
+  somewhat exacting as to soil.
+
+  Once it gets started after being planted, or as a self-sown seedling
+  on good soil, it is a rapid-growing tree, which is only hindered in
+  its growth by the annually recurring grass-fires. Wherever it is
+  protected it develops into a straight-boled, large tree. The branches
+  are very persistent, so that close planting is most necessary. Several
+  plantations have been made with this tree.
+
+  _Utility._—The tree is burnt for its ashes for fixing native dyes; the
+  roots are used for chewing-sticks, and the bark is used medicinally by
+  the natives.
+
+  It yields a good firewood which gives great heat. The smaller poles
+  make very useful hut-building timber, as it is so often forked.
+
+  It should find a place as an avenue tree, owing to the delicate green,
+  the drooping nature of its foliage, and the moderate amount of shade
+  cast on the road.
+
+  The timber has not been tried for export, but with its dark black and
+  sometimes streaky coloration it is worthy of a trial. Locally it has
+  occasionally been cut for planks and for house-building. It is not
+  liked because it is so hard. The sapwood is rather wide. The timber is
+  sometimes rather knotty, especially containing dry knots. It is
+  sometimes attacked by a large borer, making large holes in it.
+
+ _Laguncularia racemosa_. White Mangrove or White Button.
+
+  This species is found growing in the swamp regions, also on the coast.
+  It yields timber, tanning, dyeing materials and medicaments.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eugenia Owariensis_ (Beauv.). West African Allspice. Adere (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a common tree of the Olokemeji Reserve and the Abeokuta and Oyo
+  provinces.
+
+  With its comparatively short bole (about 8 feet) and wide, almost
+  spherically-shaped crown, it is one of the largest and most
+  conspicuous of the dry-zone trees. The tree attracts the pigeons, but
+  not so much as the wild fig. The flowers are very minute and
+  insignificant. The fruit is very small and poor.
+
+  Reaching only a girth of about 4 feet, it does not yield very large
+  timber. Although moderately hard and durable, it has not yet found a
+  place in the local market. It is doubtful if it is termite-proof. It
+  might be used for making boxes or for small articles of furniture in
+  localities where wood is scarce.
+
+  It is a comparatively slow-growing tree, almost soil-improving, and of
+  a light-loving nature.
+
+  Owing to its comparatively dense foliage partially shading the ground
+  and thus killing the grass, it is a distinctly helpful species in the
+  protection from fire of a dry-zone forest.
+
+  Natural reproduction by seed is only moderate, but stump shoots are
+  strong, and it appears that root suckers also come up in certain
+  places.
+
+ _Eugenia Owariensis_. Isinren (Yoruba).
+
+  This tree is found in the dry-zone forests—a spreading tree which
+  flowers in February.
+
+  It yields timber, edible fruits and medicaments.
+
+
+=Melastomaceæ.=
+
+ _Memecylon sp._, nr. _Barterii_.
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve in the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+
+=Araliaceæ.=
+
+ _Cussonia Nigerica_ (Hutch.). Elephant Sugar-cane. Sigo (Yoruba).
+
+  This is an evenly and rather deeply fissured small tree of the dry-
+  zone forest, which has in the main only a great tuft of large digitate
+  leaves at the top of the stem. It is occasionally branched, when it
+  gives an appearance of bearing all the leaves at the end of the stem.
+  It is fairly common in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve of the Abeokuta
+  province. This tree is one of the few digitate-leaved trees of the dry
+  zone, and is certainly one with the largest; it is a fire-resisting
+  tree. The natives occasionally use the stem for house and verandah
+  posts.
+
+
+=Umbelliferæ.=
+
+ _Heptapleura Mannii_. Found in the Oban Reserve.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Mimusops multinervis_. Emido or Sleeper Wood. Ako Emido (Yoruba);
+ Aganokwi (Benin).
+
+  This species is found in the Abeokuta and Oyo provinces of Nigeria; it
+  is most common, and, in fact, forms almost half the crop in the belt
+  of forest just on the south side of the railway four to six miles east
+  and west of Olokemeji Station. The most distinguishing feature of this
+  tree is the grey, thick, deeply-fissured bark. With its comparatively
+  short bole and stout, crooked branches, it is not unlike an oak. It
+  reaches a height of about 80 feet and a girth of about 15 feet. The
+  root spurns are practically non-existent. The trunk tapers off quite
+  abruptly after each series of branches. The crown is rather long and
+  sometimes almost pear-shaped. The foliage is dense, and, for the size
+  of the tree, the leaves are small. The flowers are small and white and
+  conspicuous. The fruit is a small round nut, about half an inch in
+  diameter. The leaves are a very dark green colour, but on the upper
+  surface are often shiny.
+
+  The sapwood is white and, for the size of the tree, comparatively
+  narrow. The heartwood is a deep red colour, which it retains even
+  after the wood is dry. In sections from older trees it exhibits
+  isolated white streaks, scattered here and there through the
+  heartwood. This is made of a small mineral deposit which is closely
+  allied to apatite. It is one of the hardest of the African woods and
+  also the most durable; it splits most satisfactorily; it saws very
+  cleanly, planes well, but owing to its extreme hardness takes nails
+  with difficulty. It is termite-proof. It is just as durable in, as out
+  of the ground. It burns with a fierce heat and, in fact, makes the
+  hottest fire of any of the West African woods. The grain is very
+  close, though sometimes it shows some figure. The knots in the wood
+  produce some pretty “curl” effects.
+
+  The tree is a shade-bearing, soil-improving species of the mixed
+  deciduous forest. It is very slow-growing, often not showing a greater
+  height-growth than 6 inches per year. In its youth the branches grow
+  more or less in whorls of three or four branches; these branches are
+  very persistent. Natural generation good; it demands a good soil, but
+  will stand a great deal of moisture, not to say flooding of the area
+  for several months of the year. It flowers in February; the roots are
+  comparatively deep-growing and there is a distinct tap-root. Some
+  plantations have been made with this tree. It has been tried as a
+  species to mix with ebony, and for this it seems suitable. In similar
+  localities this species and ebony are often found.
+
+  Locally it is used as a house-building wood and occasionally for
+  firewood. The timber has been cut up into sleepers and found to be
+  most durable. When it was used in an unseasoned state, and in very dry
+  territory, it was found to split—but this was scarcely a fair test of
+  the wood. It has also been used as joists and for the framework of
+  buildings, for which purposes it has proved very useful. Local
+  carpenters have complained about its hardness, but usually the tools
+  used have not been of such high quality necessary to give the best
+  results when working on this wood.
+
+  The timber has not been used for export, but it deserves a trial,
+  especially for railway sleepers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 82.—=Benin Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora) standing
+in the Ogba Plantation, Benin District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 83.—=Mixed Mahogany Plantation, Khaya grandis on
+left, Khaya Punchii in centre and Entandrophragma in the right
+foreground, six years old, near Ogba, Benin Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 84.—=Ogea, Gum Copal (Daniellia caudata), standing
+in the Ogba Plantation, Benin Province.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 376.
+
+ _Mimusops Djave_. African Pearwood, False Shea Butter Nut, Cross River
+ Nut. Aganokwi No. I. (Benin), Nyam (Efik).
+
+  It is found in the Benin, Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of
+  Nigeria. It is also known as Cherry Mahogany. It is a moderately
+  common tree in the evergreen forest zone, up to the end of the mixed
+  deciduous forest zone. It is one of the giant forest trees, attaining
+  a girth of over 30 feet and a height of over 200 feet; its bole is one
+  of the straightest of African trees, the trunk often reaching over 100
+  feet without a branch. The crown is flattish and almost symmetrical in
+  its roundness; it is formed with three or four main limbs spreading
+  out at almost right angles to the trunk. The foliage is heavy and the
+  sword-shaped leaves almost appear as though they were digitate,
+  looking at them from the base of the tree. From a short distance the
+  trunk looks almost black, but on closer inspection the bark is seen to
+  be deeply fissured in a comparatively even lattice-work fashion. The
+  slash is white and a thick white latex exudes. The root spurns are
+  only slight, except in old age; otherwise the bole is one of the most
+  cylindrical of African trees. (In illustration No. 100 a tree of about
+  8 feet in girth shows the very straight and even thickness of the
+  bole.) The fruit falls to the ground about the beginning of November,
+  and crushes on contact with the ground, showing the yellow floury pulp
+  inside. The pulp has an extremely dry, sweet, almost nauseating taste
+  and is inclined to stick in the throat. This huge fruit, the size of a
+  man’s fist, is almost like a huge plum, with rough opaque surface and
+  almost spherical in shape; inside, embedded in the pulp, are two,
+  three or four lobed nuts, smooth and shiny on the more rounded face
+  and rough on the other; in some respects they are roughly kidney-
+  shaped when looked at sideways. The flowers are white and small; the
+  tree loses its leaves for three or four days, when fresh ones come out
+  again.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood of a rich red colour, often
+  showing figured rosy grain; it is very hard, heavy and very durable,
+  and is sometimes cross-grained, though usually the texture is fine and
+  planes up with a smooth surface; it saws well, but is too hard to take
+  nails, except in very thin wood. The sapwood is usually only two or
+  three inches wide; the heartwood forms comparatively early in the life
+  of the tree. On the whole, this tree has a more open grain than the
+  other Mimusops.
+
+  Although the tree can stand a little shade in its youth, it is really
+  a light-loving species: after the first year the height-growth rapidly
+  increases when trees standing in a plantation have plenty of light. In
+  illustration No. 93 some trees only twelve years old show how rapidly
+  they develop under suitable conditions. None of these trees have yet
+  come into the nut-bearing stage, but it appears that in favourable
+  localities the trees will bear fruit between the fifteenth and
+  twentieth year.
+
+  It is a soil protecting and improving tree—in fact, the thick leaves
+  form some of the finest soil found in the forest. Natural regeneration
+  is not usually very good, because the seedlings have little or no
+  light, growing as they do from seeds which have fallen under the
+  parent tree. Duika and various other animals spread the seeds in old
+  farms where the trees have a chance of growing up. The timber has
+  occasionally been shipped to Europe and has been sold at Hamburg as
+  pearwood at 6d. per superficial foot, but the more rosy and figured
+  wood has also found a sale in Liverpool, as it sometimes looks almost
+  like a pinkish mahogany; it is, however, by no means well known, and
+  further trials with the wood should certainly be made. Small
+  consignments of the nuts have been exported from the Cross River and
+  sold in Liverpool as a substitute for Shea nuts; they are found to be
+  of a similar nature and of similar value for making an edible oil. The
+  original cost was rather high, so that the nuts did not yield a profit
+  on the transaction; however, with greater quantities being brought the
+  cost should not be so high, and also, since this first experiment was
+  made, the price of all oil nuts has risen enormously, so that at the
+  present time there is an ample margin between the cost of production
+  and the selling price. In the Cameroons the Balong natives dry the
+  nuts, which they split open in two pieces, pick off the thin shell and
+  boil out the thick buttery-like substance, which is used for cooking.
+
+  On our tour through their country we also tried it in place of lard,
+  and found it quite suitable and quite pleasant to the taste and only
+  about half the cost. In Nigeria, only the Oban people apparently know
+  anything about making this butter from the nuts; in other parts it is
+  quite unknown. The tree is not felled, but, on account of its size and
+  all-inspiring form, is considered “Ju-ju”; pieces of the bark are
+  chipped off and used as medicine to increase a person’s strength.
+
+  By the way, the constant cutting away of the bark at the base of the
+  tree and the continual struggle of the tree to overgrow these wounds
+  causes the grain to grow quite unevenly and wavering, thus forming
+  figured wood.
+
+ _Mimusops lacera_. Benin Pearwood. Aganokwi (Benin).
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+  mahogany of a good, rich colour. It is found in the swamps near the
+  Osse and Cross Rivers.
+
+ _Dumoria Heckeli_ (A. Chev.). Oban Mahogany.
+
+  It is found in Tropical West Africa. It yields a fair timber. An
+  immense tree of the Oban Reserve, similar to _Mimusops Djave_.
+
+ _Omphalocarpum procerum_. Ikassa (Benin), Apassa, Ukpassa (Efik).
+
+  It is found in the Calabar, Benin and Ondo provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a common tree of the evergreen forest. It reaches a height of 60
+  feet with a girth of 28 feet. The bole is short and the crown long,
+  but narrow. The huge, flatly spherically-shaped fruits, quite 9 inches
+  in diameter and 6 inches thick, are most characteristic of the tree.
+  These protrude just from the trunk or heavy branches with little or no
+  stalk. The depression in them, top and bottom, is quite an inch deep.
+  There are about sixty seeds inside, more like nuts. The leaf is large.
+
+  The sapwood is white and heartwood is brown-red. It is very hard.
+
+  It grows slowly and stands the shade. The seeds germinate well. It
+  does not sprout from the stump nor do root shoots appear. Elephants
+  and other animals, porcupines especially, eat the fruit.
+
+  The seeds are used in playing Ikbo, a Benin game. The seeds also are
+  used, tied in front of Apata sticks, for making a musical instrument,
+  or tied to the ankles of small boys to make a noise like a rattle when
+  they start to walk.
+
+ _Butyrospermum Parkii_. Shea Butter Tree, Dry-zone Oak. Emi-emi or Emi-
+ gidi (Yoruba).
+
+  This is one of the most prevalent trees of the Oyo province of the
+  Southern Provinces of Nigeria and of the Borgu, Niger and Nassarawa
+  provinces of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria. In places it is almost
+  gregarious, but it is most commonly found in mixture with the Dwarf
+  Red Ironwood, _Lophira alata_. In appearance it is most like a gnarled
+  old oak, except that the base is often burnt and partially hollow. It
+  is a large tree, reaching a height of about 40 feet and a girth of
+  over 10 feet. The root spurns are comparatively short and rounded; the
+  bole is short, attaining a length of up to 25 feet; the crown is
+  almost spherical, but rather inclined to be broken up by three or four
+  main branches; these are very thick in comparison to the size of the
+  tree, but not so much in proportion as in the case of the Baobab. The
+  bark is grey and very deeply fissured, more or less in criss-cross
+  fashion, and even with deeper and wider fissures than that of the oak.
+  The slash is white, and a small amount of thick white latex exudes
+  very slowly from the cut. In the case of the Dwarf Ironwood scarcely
+  any ordinary sap exudes and no latex. The leaves are about 10 inches
+  long, a very dark green and shiny, and not unlike the hart’s-tongue
+  fern, but somewhat broader at the end; the greenness of the leaves,
+  their shininess, and the greater thickness distinguish them from those
+  of the Dwarf Red Ironwood. The under surface of the leaf is whitish,
+  sometimes almost grey; the flowers are white and come out in December;
+  the fruit is like a small green plum and ripens in May. The leaves
+  persist over one season. The green pericarp covering the nut can be
+  eaten and is not unpleasant to the taste. The nut itself is not unlike
+  a chestnut in its being brown and shiny; the shape, however, is more
+  oval, with one comparatively sharp ridge.
+
+  The sapwood is white and comparatively wide; the heartwood is a rich
+  dark-red colour; it is very hard and durable; it is termite-proof; it
+  splits very badly, does not take nails well; it is hard to plane and
+  is sawn none too easily. It does not warp or crack to any extent while
+  it is seasoning under proper conditions; it burns with great heat, but
+  rather less than in the case of Emido.
+
+  It is a rather slow-growing tree, with soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving qualities; as a light-loving species takes up a good deal of
+  space. Natural regeneration appears to be poor, and may be due to the
+  fact that the flowers appear, or before the young fruit has only just
+  set, as the annual grass-fires run through the open deciduous forests
+  where this tree is found. On the other hand, root suckers grow in
+  great profusion. It also sprouts well from the stump. It is one of the
+  most fire-resisting trees, and the thick bark no doubt protects it
+  from its worst ravages. It may be considered one of the most typical
+  trees of the drier parts of the open deciduous forests. A few sample
+  plots have been tried with this tree, but it does not stand
+  transplanting at all well. Rodents such as the cut-grass (ground pig)
+  are very fond of the nuts, and no doubt destroy a great number whilst
+  they are germinating. Fire-protecting root suckers and other young
+  trees have thus far proved the most effective method of increasing the
+  number of mature trees. It does not appear to be very exacting as to
+  soil, but no doubt the growth is best on moist alluvial flats so long
+  as they are well drained.
+
+  Locally the most valuable part of the tree is the nut, from which the
+  Shea butter is boiled out after three days; it is a general article of
+  diet instead of palm oil, in those districts where the latter is hard
+  to obtain. Locally, also, the largest trees are cut down and made into
+  mortars for beating food; these fetch a price of 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d.
+  apiece; they are considered not only the most suitable, but also the
+  most durable, except those made of the wood of the Oil Bean
+  (_Pentaclethra macrophylla_). In other places it is used as a house-
+  building timber.
+
+  As far as Europeans are concerned, the chief value of the tree lies in
+  its nuts, which are either exported quite unprepared or in the form of
+  the butter as the natives make it, in large elliptical-shaped sausages
+  about 2 feet long and 9 inches in diameter. For these purposes it has
+  become a regular article of commerce, and only lack of suitable means
+  of transport prevents much greater quantities being collected and
+  exported to the European markets. In Europe its most suitable use is
+  said to be as a medium or inside substance of chocolate creams. The
+  butter itself has a most peculiar and rather nauseating flavour, which
+  is removed on its being refined and purified. The timber has not been
+  tried for export.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp.?_. Round Star Apple. A species of Star Apple. Agoma
+ (Benin).
+
+  The fruit is quite spherical and supposed to be larger than _C.
+  Africanum_. It is somewhat similar to _C. Kainato_. The natives
+  squeeze the fruit in order to eat it.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum Africanum_. African Star Apple or Edible Star Apple.
+ Osangbalumo (Yoruba); Otien (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri, and Calabar
+  provinces of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized tree, often found growing
+  at the roadside at the edge of the villages or as an avenue leading up
+  to them.
+
+  The most characteristic feature of this tree is the silvery underside
+  of the leaf, which is formed by minute white hairs. In the fruiting
+  season, another characteristic is the golden-coloured, pointedly pear-
+  shaped fruit, which bursts on falling to the ground. A white latex
+  exudes from the fruit; this latex is sucked out and is tartly sweet to
+  the taste. Inside the fruit are five thin, elliptic-shaped seeds;
+  these are brown and very shiny. Their position inside the fruit
+  probably gave rise to the English name.
+
+  The wood is white and soft; it cuts easily and planes well, but does
+  not split well. The grain of the timber is fine and the texture
+  smooth. It is a moderately fast growing tree and the wood is not
+  durable. The slash is white, and the tree exudes a white latex when
+  cut; the foliage is very dense, and the dark upper surface of the
+  leaves is a great contrast to the underside. It is a soil-protecting
+  and soil-improving tree. The timber has not been exported to Europe.
+  It is occasionally used by the natives for making “Ju-jus” such as the
+  devil.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp._ Monkey Star Apple or Monkey Otien. Osang Palambi,
+ Osang Edan (Yoruba); Ekuso (?), Ekpuro, Otiemmie (Benin).
+
+  This is a moderately prevalent tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Benin, Ondo
+  and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree with a small leaf. It attains a girth of
+  about 8 feet. The golden-brown of the underside of the leaves is most
+  typical of this tree and makes it easily distinguished from
+  _Chrysophyllum Africanum_; in fact, in passing through the forest this
+  is one of the few trees having brown tomentose hairs on the underside
+  of the leaf. The crown is broad and flat and heavy. The bole is not
+  too long and is covered with a smooth light-brown-coloured bark.
+
+  The Benin native name means that it is the Monkey Otien, that is to
+  say, not the one that men may eat. It is usually found in the
+  evergreen forest.
+
+  The timber is white, light and soft, and is attacked by termites. It
+  has not so far been cut for export or local use.
+
+  _Native Use._—The fruit is sometimes eaten by the Benins.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum albidum_ (Don.). White Star Apple. Osum Agbalumo
+ (Yoruba).
+
+  This is one of the Star Apples of the Yoruba Forest, where it is found
+  chiefly in the Abeokuta province. It is not very prevalent. The fruit
+  is not so esteemed by the natives as that of Osangbalumo. The bole is
+  somewhat straighter and less branched than that of _C. Africanum_. The
+  wood is white and soft; the stem is not absolutely round, being
+  somewhat fluted at the base, with narrow and thin spurs which extend 4
+  to 6 feet up the stem. The natives occasionally use the wood for
+  household utensils. It has not been cut for export.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum Welwitchii_.
+
+  This so-called Forcados Star Apple was found in the forest just behind
+  the station of Forcados. It is not a very common tree.
+
+ _Malacantha sp. nov._ Akala (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve and neighbouring parts of the
+  Abeokuta and Ibadan provinces. In many places it is very prevalent,
+  though it does not grow actually gregariously. It reaches up to a
+  medium size. The bole does not exceed a length of much over 15 feet
+  and a girth of 5 feet. With its four narrow, somewhat long (up to 4
+  feet) buttress root spurns, the base of the stem forms a rather
+  irregular shape. The bark is roughish and scales off to a slight
+  extent as the tree becomes older.
+
+  The leaves are inclined to be placed at the terminals of the shoots
+  and twigs, and the main veins are very prominent, giving the
+  impression that the leaf has only comparatively recently opened. The
+  leaf is a little rough to the touch, and rather dry and thickish. It
+  is a distinctly yellowish-green colour. The foliage is very sparse.
+
+  With its none too straight stem and comparatively slight amount of
+  foliage it presents a poor appearance.
+
+  The wood is of a pleasant light-yellow colour and comparatively hard.
+  It planes up with a smooth surface and saws easily. It does not take
+  nails well, nor does it split easily. It is termite-proof.
+
+  Natural regeneration appears to be slight, but stool and root shoot
+  reproduction seem to be strong. The seeds are very small and appear
+  like little round, spherical nuts. Although it will bear a slight
+  amount of shade in its youth, it is a light-loving species later on.
+
+  Occurring as it does in the mixed deciduous forests, near the lower
+  edge of the dry-zone vegetation it should prove a useful tree,
+  especially as it is comparatively fire-resisting.
+
+  Although comparatively slow-growing it attains sufficient size to be
+  cut up into verandah-posts and banister rails and uprights.
+
+  On the whole, quite a respectable quantity of timber could be obtained
+  in the aggregate from the large number of trees found growing in the
+  forests.
+
+ _Pachystela cinereum_ (Pierre). Osan odo, Orban igba (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros Mombuttensis_, syn. _Sinensis_. Walking-stick Ebony or
+ Yoruba Ebony. Ogan pupa, Aggan Egbo (Egba) (Yoruba); Ungungmekkan
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a small tree with reddish-coloured stem and very thin, scaly
+  bark, often branching near the base and usually forming several stems
+  up to 18 inches in girth instead of one main stem. It has a large,
+  alternate leaf, with large leaf scars, amounting to projections from
+  the twigs. The fruit is like an acorn, but of reddish colour, with a
+  very small, low-rimmed cup. The twigs are reddish colour too, which is
+  most typical of the tree.
+
+  It is common in the Benin, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo and Ondo provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  _Timber._—Very hard, whitish-brown wood.
+
+  _E. Use._—Walking-sticks, as it often grows forming a natural handle.
+
+  _Native Use._—Walking-sticks.
+
+ _Diospyros sp._ Benin Ebony. Owegbo (Benin).
+
+  A medium-sized tree, yielding a black ebony, which is prevalent in the
+  Benin forests. The bark scales off like _D. atropurpurea_. It is a
+  larger tree, though, than the last named. It likes the dense forest
+  with a deep, damp soil.
+
+  In proportion the sapwood is white and very wide.
+
+  The tree is slow-growing, shade-bearing, with soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration is weak.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for local
+  use.
+
+  _Native Use._—Firewood.
+
+ _Diospyros mespiliformis_. Monkey Guava or Yoruba Ebony, Kanran, Etini
+ (Yoruba); Igedudu (Benin).
+
+  From the similarity of its fruit to a medlar it obtains its botanical
+  name.
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta and Ibadan provinces of Nigeria, in the
+  mixed deciduous forest zone. In places such as the Olokemeji Forest
+  Reserve and neighbourhood it is very prevalent and almost gregarious
+  in habit. As regards height, and almost always as regards girth, it is
+  the largest of almost all the ebony-trees, with the exception of one
+  species found near the Niger, reaching a girth of over 14 feet and a
+  bole length of 70 feet. At the pole stage, and as it gets older, the
+  bark is evenly fissured, vertically and horizontally, breaking up into
+  small black-edged sections of about 2 inches long and ½ inch wide.
+  Until it is much over 2 feet in girth the cortex is smooth, dark-green
+  or black. After this it becomes rather rough, with small fissures.
+  Although often very cylindrical in shape, the bole sometimes has very
+  considerable taper—in fact, more so than many other trees. The
+  branches come out almost at right angles to the stem and are very
+  persistent, still remaining as short snags for many years after they
+  have been broken off by storms or other agencies. The leaves are
+  smallish and lanceolate in shape, and almost appear to be silvery on
+  the under surface and very dark green on the upper surface. The
+  thinner branches appear silvery-grey, though they are very similar,
+  but thinner in comparison to _M. multinervis_, which are found in the
+  same locality growing side by side. The leaf has a few fine veins. The
+  fruit is flatly spherical, and is like a little medlar with its
+  russet-brown rough surface and the dried-up sepals of the flower on
+  it. It is, however, larger than than of Multinervis.
+
+  The sapwood is white and narrow and the heartwood dark-brown to black,
+  sometimes even green-black. It is very hard—in fact, almost the
+  hardest of all African woods, with perhaps the exception of Yoruba
+  Ironwood, Red Ironwood, and African Greenheart. It splits fairly well.
+  It is inclined to be brittle, especially in timber from larger
+  specimens, planes well and saws well, but is difficult to nail. It is
+  termite-proof. Occasionally a large boring beetle burrows into the
+  wood when it is lying on the ground. However, the grubs which do this
+  damage are considered a delicacy by the natives, so that wherever
+  found they are soon collected and eaten. The younger tree grows with
+  branches more or less in whorls, but not so regular as those of _M.
+  multinervis_. When fresh it is liable to warp. It keeps its colour
+  better than most of the ebonies. It occasionally shows a little
+  figure. In proportion it has the largest heartwood of any of them, and
+  for this reason is a most valuable tree.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 85.—=Khaya anthoteca, 16 feet in girth, Obagie
+Forest Reserve, Benin Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 86.—=Okan (Cylicodiscus Gabunensis), African
+Greenheart, 24 feet in girth, standing in Obagie Forest Reserve, Benin
+Province.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 384.
+
+ _Diospyros Kamerunensis_. Cameroon Ebony.
+
+  This tree has been found in the Boji Hills Forest as well as in the
+  Cameroons. Although not of great size, it yields a comparatively large
+  and black-hearted ebony. The fruit is much larger than that of most
+  other species. It is comparatively prevalent at an elevation of about
+  1,000 feet in the Boji Hills. Up to the present it is doubtful if it
+  has been worked at all. The natives have no use for the tree.
+
+ _Diospyros Barteri_. Ebony Nut or Yam Stick. Ivioha (Benin).
+
+  Small ebony-shrub of the Benin province of Nigeria, found near Okomo
+  in rather moist ground. The natives have no use for the wood.
+
+ _Diospyros bipendensis_. South Cameroon Ebony.
+
+  It is supposed to be found in the Oban Reserve.
+
+ _Diospyros crassiflora_. Benin Ebony. Aborkpor (Benin).
+
+  It yields the black ebony of the Benin country and is somewhat
+  prevalent. Found in the Benin, Abeokuta and Onitsha provinces of
+  Nigeria. A tree with a small leaf.
+
+  It forms almost pure groups or even small stands, of half a mile and
+  less in extent, near the banks of the Niger. It can stand swampy
+  ground. It used to be cut in the Onitsha district.
+
+ _Diospyros sp._ Benin Ebony. Isanhianme or Ehrenyegbo (Benin).
+
+  A common tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is supposed to
+  yield a good ebony. It does not reach a very large size. It is a soil
+  protecting and improving tree. Locally it is used for house-building.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+  mahogany at 1s. 6d. per cubic foot. Since that time it has not been
+  exported.
+
+ _Diospyros atropurpurea_ (Gurke). Brown Ebony. Igedudu (Yoruba);
+ Igedudu (Benin).
+
+  It is a small tree, attaining a girth of about 4 feet. The heartwood
+  is usually brown with black streaks, giving it a curious and diverse
+  streakiness, not unlike black marble or Indian Blackwood. The flower
+  is reddish-purple coloured and quite conspicuous, growing out of the
+  upper surface of the twig without a stalk of any kind. The bark is
+  almost black and peels off in very thin, oblong-shaped flakes; the
+  cortex underneath is green. In old age it is hollow at the first
+  branch joint.
+
+  It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. About one-
+  third of the diameter of a mature tree is heartwood. Apparently a
+  slow-growing tree, though none have been planted. It is a shade-bearer
+  in the evergreen and mixed forest; natural regeneration is not good. A
+  large cerambix or other borer makes finger-thick holes in the sap and
+  heartwood of old trees.
+
+  It should be an export timber of value, but it was only valued at £5
+  to £10 a ton in 1906. It has been used for mirror frames.
+
+  _Native Use._—For firewood in the Benin country, where it is
+  considered very good.
+
+ _Diospyros suaveolens_. Benin Ebony. Oohoo (Benin).
+
+  It is a small-sized tree, with very small heartwood and a small,
+  oblong, almost lanceolate leaf. The bark, which is quite black, has
+  slight fissures and is much harder than that of _D. atropurpurea_.
+
+  It is prevalent in the Benin country, Nigeria.
+
+  It likes to grow near water, but not in a swampy place. It is a slow-
+  grower and shade-bearer, being found as an undergrowth in the high
+  forest. It is not attacked by white ants. The wood is hard and
+  durable.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is used for house-building as rafters, as well as for
+  axe-handles of any kind. Small trees are used for making bows (long)
+  for shooting birds.
+
+ _Diospyros verrucosa_.
+
+  This tree, although named from the Cameroons, is found in the Abeokuta
+  and Benin provinces of Nigeria. The twigs are very rough compared to
+  the other species.
+
+ _Diospyros dendo?_. Cross River Ebony. Ebubri etu, Obiliteto (Efik);
+ Itiuyang (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree with dark-green, smooth bark, with large
+  lanceolate leaves and strong upward-spreading branches, which makes
+  the bole shorter than it would otherwise be. The fruit is almost pear-
+  shaped, containing four long, thin, wedge-shaped seeds, brown outside
+  and white inside.
+
+  It is found in the Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, in the
+  evergreen forest zone of the hill forests.
+
+  The crown is rather irregular in shape, being supported with two or
+  three main limbs from the bole. It reaches a girth of about 6 feet and
+  a bole length of 12 feet.
+
+  The sapwood is wide and white and the heartwood black. The tree is
+  occasionally attacked by a large borer, which makes large holes nearly
+  ¾ inch in diameter. The timber is very hard, but if the tree is killed
+  by fire it becomes a little more brittle than is usually the case. In
+  old trees which may be left lying in the forest, the middle of the
+  heartwood often decays away with ground-rot. It planes well and saws
+  well. Nails often split it. It splits moderately well, especially when
+  free of knots.
+
+  It is a very slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving tree. On the whole, it is more exacting as to soil than most
+  other trees, being usually found on a good loam rich in humus, which
+  is moist and with fair drainage. Natural regeneration is none too
+  good. Stump shoots are very weak, and often do not occur. It has not
+  yet been planted. It is very susceptible to fire—in fact, more so than
+  perhaps any other tree. The timber has been exported for many years
+  from Calabar, but of late in decreasing quantities, owing to the
+  exhaustion of the nearer sources of supply, and to the fact that only
+  small billets under 3 feet in length, not square, and only 3 or 4
+  inches in cross-section were cut. The usual native method of procedure
+  is very curious. On making a clearing for a farm, any ebony standing
+  there gets killed with the fire, and having comparatively few roots
+  and being very heavy, the tree falls down. Before abandoning the farm
+  the native may put a mark on this tree, or at any rate make a mental
+  note of its existence. After a year or two, if he is in need of money
+  to buy clothes, or wishes to purchase anything, he goes back to this
+  old farm, finds this tree, perhaps externally somewhat charred, and
+  perhaps the centre of the heartwood rotted away; he proceeds to cut it
+  into lengths of about 10 or 12 feet. These he then splits lengthways
+  into segments with a rounded side of about 5 inches, the two split
+  sides about 4 inches, and the inner surface about 3 inches. In order
+  to get these long pieces of suitable dimension to carry to the nearest
+  factory or trading station, he cuts them into three or four billets;
+  two or three of these, according to weight, are tied together and
+  carried to the factory. It is sold by weight, and sometimes 200
+  billets go to the ton, though a smaller quantity of a larger size
+  would be better and secure a better price. This method should be
+  compared with the superior one adopted by the natives of the
+  Cameroons. Compared to the usual price of £6 or £7 per ton for Calabar
+  ebony, Cameroon wood usually fetches £10 to £12.
+
+ _Diospyros xanthochlamys_. Okahimi (Benin).
+
+  This is one of the Benin ebonies and is not very prevalent. It is said
+  to yield a good ebony.
+
+ _Maba Mannii_. Benin Maba.
+
+  It is a common tree in the Benin and Ondo provinces of Nigeria. It
+  only reaches a girth of 4 feet and a short bole of about 10 feet. It
+  is much branched, even low down, the branches being persistent and
+  crooked. The leaves are small, rather less than ebony itself. The leaf
+  is really a long, pinnate one, with thirty pairs of pinnæ. The fruit
+  is white, soft and oblong, with small seeds.
+
+  The tree has a white sapwood with a black heartwood, rather small in
+  proportion to the size of the stem. It does not split well. Termites
+  do not attack it, but occasionally the gigas borers make holes in it.
+  It grows slowly and stands a good deal of shade. It sprouts well from
+  the stool and the seed also grows fairly well. It grows in the damp,
+  deep soil and does not stand fire at all. It belongs to the evergreen
+  forest zone.
+
+  This tree has not been cut for local use or exported to Europe. It is
+  used as firewood, and is considered better than most other woods, even
+  _Ohia_, _Celtis sp._
+
+
+=Oleaceæ.=
+
+ _Schrebera Golungensis_. Hard Yellow Wood. Opele (Yoruba); Udegwoga (?)
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, Olokemeji and Ilaro
+  Reserves.
+
+  It is a large tree, reaching a girth of about 10 feet. The smooth,
+  light-green bark with yellow patches differs from the Celtis species,
+  which is rougher, and the Afrormosia species, which is orange-red and
+  peels off. The leaves are small for the size of the tree. The crown is
+  narrow and long and the branches forming it slender. The curious small
+  pear-shaped dehiscent fruit, showing four oblong niches for seeds, is
+  most typical of the tree. In other respects the habit and build of the
+  tree is similar to the Celtis species, especially with the root spurns
+  slightly corrugating the base of the bole. It is not a common tree,
+  but usually a fair number of specimens are seen in any locality where
+  it has been found. The bole is very straight and free from branches
+  for quite a height of the tree.
+
+  The timber is a dull-yellow colour, fine grain, of smooth texture and
+  moderately hard. It planes to a smooth, almost shining surface. It
+  scarcely shrinks or warps when drying.
+
+  It sprouts slightly from the stump, though the shoots do not seem to
+  have much strength.
+
+  The timber has not yet been exported, though its valuable quality
+  should assure it of a market. Sample planks used at Olokemeji proved
+  most durable.
+
+  _Native Use._—The fruit is used by the Yorubas for divining the
+  future.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Strychnos densiflora_ (Baill.). African Strychnos Tree. Attako
+ (Yoruba); Egbeda (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the dry-zone forest of the Ibadan and Benin provinces
+  of Nigeria, where it seems to be very prevalent.
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a small tree or shrub, up to 12 feet
+  high, with small leaves and very hard wood.
+
+  It is of slow growth, but on the whole is a shade-bearer and soil-
+  protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be
+  poor.
+
+  It has not been planted.
+
+  Apparently the seeds have not yet been examined as to their value. The
+  timber is too small for export or local use, except for hut-building.
+
+  _Use._—The Benin natives use the stem for making snares for Duika and
+  the branches for making brooms, as they are very tough.
+
+ _Anthocleista nobilis_. Ogugu, Sapho, Apa Oro (Yoruba); Orrimogungun,
+ Oriweni (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin and Ogoja provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  It has huge soft leaves, and is one of the first plants to appear on a
+  clearing in the dry-zone or mixed forests. In old age the leaf is much
+  smaller, and the mass of white flowers along the uppermost branches is
+  most typical of the tree. It is often almost gregarious, and in most
+  places more than one tree is found in the immediate neighbourhood.
+  Reaching a girth of about 3 feet, its stem does not exceed 20 feet in
+  height. There are usually two or three main branches into which it
+  divides. The wood is soft and white.
+
+  It is a light-loving, rapid-growing tree, which is soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving in youth, but is too open in crown after a few years.
+  It should, however, prove a useful nurse for superior species in the
+  dry zone.
+
+  _Native Use._—Firewood in places where wood is scarce.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_ (Eng.). Pattern Wood, Stool Wood. Ahun, Awun,
+ Ogudugbu (Yoruba); Ukhu (Benin); Ekuri Ebu (Ibo Owerri); Abo, Idu
+ (Efik); Ofemm (Bembi); Etiap, Oguk (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+  It is a large tree, growing up to a height of 100 feet and 10 feet
+  girth. The white lenticels on the bark are very typical of the tree,
+  and give it the appearance of having a rust disease. The crown is
+  formed of two or three whorls of branches and is very flat in old age.
+  The tree grows always in whorls, though it may have more than one
+  stem. In the distance the leaves appear to be digitate, but in reality
+  three to seven are found to be growing out of the end of one stalk,
+  all being much the same size. The crown is flatly umbrella-shaped. It
+  has comparatively few branches. The root flanges are slight, soon
+  merging into the trunk. At the base of the bole, however, they are not
+  absolutely round in shape, but have two or three large ridges,
+  sometimes almost subdividing it. The slash is white, with yellow
+  spots. A chalky white latex exudes when it is cut, rapidly running
+  down the stem like a streak of whitewash.
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Calabar and
+  Ogoja provinces of Nigeria in the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest
+  zone. It is a very common tree throughout this region and is usually
+  found growing singly.
+
+  The timber is white, there being little or no difference between
+  sapwood and heartwood. When dry, it is very light and soft. It splits
+  and planes easily, saws well, and takes nails easily. The grain is
+  close and fine and very even in texture. Although dull, it works up to
+  a smooth finish. It is attacked by termites. It is not durable in the
+  open, but under cover it lasts quite well. In drying it is liable to
+  shrink and warp a little, but with care this can be avoided. It
+  seasons comparatively quickly. It cuts easily with a knife or chisel
+  and might take the place of lime as a carving-wood. From its texture
+  it should take stains very well.
+
+  It is a very fast-growing, at first slightly shade-bearing and
+  latterly a light-loving tree, which thoroughly protects the soil and
+  enriches it with its leaf fall. Natural regeneration appears to be
+  good, as it sprouts well from the stump. It seems to like a good soil
+  with plenty of moisture, and will even withstand floods. It is not
+  fire-resisting. The crown and branches are liable to be broken with a
+  high wind.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as a
+  whitewood, but it was considered to be of no value. It deserves a
+  further trial as a pattern-wood, comparatively large quantities being
+  available. Locally it has not been sawn up for planks.
+
+  In Calabar the timber is used for stools, which are carved out of
+  large solid blocks of this wood in one piece, without a joint.
+
+  _Native Use._—In the Benin country the timber is used for doors and
+  the roots for medicine.
+
+  The box of the musical instrument Asologun, a kind of zither, is made
+  of this wood in the Yoruba country. The latex is used for mixing with
+  real rubber latex of the Anyo or _Funtumia elastica_ tree.
+
+ _Voacanga Africana_ (Stapf.). Cloth Shrub. Dodo, Giwini (Yoruba); Igbo
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a common shrub-like tree in the Ogoja, Onitsha, Benin, Warri,
+  Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. The tree is usually
+  noticeable from its white wax-like, trumpet-shaped flowers, which have
+  a very fragrant scent, and which very rapidly wither when cut. The
+  bark is thin and extremely fibrous and hard to break, so much so that
+  the natives of the Asaba district make grass-like fibre out of it and
+  mix it with a silk fibre to make a very durable kind of cloth, which
+  the natives wear. It grows in waste places and requires light. It
+  sprouts well from the stump.
+
+ _Conopharyngia durissima_.
+
+  This tree is found in the Western Provinces. It is of a similar size
+  to _C. pachysiphon_, and the timber is just as durable.
+
+ _Conopharyngia pachysiphon_. False Boxwood. Dodo? (Yoruba); Ibbu
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Calabar, Warri, Benin and Ondo provinces of
+  Nigeria. A small tree, attaining a girth of only 4 feet, with a large
+  leaf, bearing large spherical-shaped fruits in pairs. The large
+  creamy-white, strongly scented flowers are conspicuous to both sight
+  and scent. The bark, even in its younger stages, is covered with small
+  yellow lenticels. The wood is hard and yellow in colour, and there is
+  no difference between sapwood and heartwood. The latex has sometimes
+  been used as an adulterant for rubber. It is a shade-bearer, and is
+  found at the border of the evergreen and mixed deciduous forests.
+
+  The natives of the Benin country use the roots for medicinal purposes.
+
+ _Farquharia elliptica_. Onanisankianmon (Benin).
+
+  This is a member of the new genus of Farquharia found by Mr. Farquhar
+  in the Benin province of Nigeria, near Ugumu. It is not stated whether
+  the natives use this as a source of rubber or not.
+
+ _Landolphia florida_ (Benth.). Rubber Vine. Ibugidi, Ibo-akitipa
+ (Yoruba).
+
+  A vine found throughout Southern Nigeria, though most abundant in the
+  dry-zone fringing forests and in the intermediate forests, and at
+  Ottoa, Benin province. It bears white flowers having yellow centres.
+
+  _Uses._—Milky juice is obtained from this vine, but it is not good
+  rubber, and has no market value.
+
+ _Landolphia scandens_. Ibo (Yoruba); Ubamiogon (Benin); Otopoi, Otanta
+ (Ibo Asaba).
+
+  Ilaro.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis_, var. _rubiginosa_.
+
+  Found Anwai River, Asaba district.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis_. White Vine Rubber. Ibo tabong (Yoruba);
+ Ubamiogon, Ubgo (Benin); Otta farfridi (Ibo Asaba).
+
+  Found Benin City and Mamu.
+
+ _Landolphia Senegalense_. Ibo akitipa (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Oyo province of Nigeria, and it is supposed to be
+  one of the sources of vine rubber.
+
+ _Landolphia Thompsonii_ (Chev.). Corrugated-fruited Rubber. Ibogidi
+ (Yoruba); Ugbamiogun (Benin).
+
+  Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  A vine growing abundantly throughout the rain and fringing forests. It
+  has white flowers with yellow centres and a bright-yellow edible
+  fruit. No rubber is obtained from it, but only a pasty mass from the
+  latex.
+
+ _Landolphia Petersiana_. Large-fruited Landolphia.
+
+  Found in the Oban Reserve and Benin province.
+
+ _Landolphia bracteata_. Autopoi (Ibo Asaba).
+
+  Found at Idanre, Anwai, Asaba district.
+
+ _Carpodinus hirsuta_ (Stapf.), var. _djenge_. Flake or Paste Rubber,
+ Root Rubber, Brown Cluster, or Brown Medium. Ibo Ilecki (Yoruba);
+ Uboto, Obo, Ubanakwi, Ake, Abache (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Onitsha, Benin and Warri provinces of Nigeria. It
+  has a mauve-coloured flower with a musk-like scent.
+
+  The rubber was bought near the Niger until the vines from which it was
+  taken were destroyed.
+
+ _Carpodinus Barteri_, syn. _Clitandra Barteri_. Mauve-flowered Vine
+ Rubber. Ibo (Yoruba); Akhe (Benin); Akwarri, Offonkwari (Ibo Asaba).
+
+  Anwai River.
+
+ _Carpodinus fulva_. Pear-shape-fruited Rubber. Ikwian (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Asaba district, Benin province.
+
+ _Clitandra elastica_. Brown Medium Rubber. Ubabikpan (Benin);
+ Beckindanko (Hausa).
+
+  Benin province.
+
+  A vine of the dry zone, found in the Okwoga district and at Adani in
+  Awka district. It also yields root rubber.
+
+  It yields a good rubber, sold on the Niger for 1s. 3d. to 1s. 6d. per
+  pound (1911). Extracted by tapping and coagulated by boiling, also
+  with salt.
+
+ _Clitandra visciflua_ (Hall. Fil.). Ubake (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Clitandra Togolana_ (Hall). Ibo, Agba (Benin).
+
+  It is a large tree, up to 60 feet high (?). Olokemeji.
+
+ _Clitandra cirrhosa_. Oban Rubber.
+
+  This is one of the commoner vines of the Oban Forest Reserve. In
+  recent years, owing to the low price of rubber, it has not been tapped
+  to any extent. The cost of collection to the natives is rather high,
+  with the extended preparations and amount of food they must take with
+  them in this forest. Added to this there is the cost of the licence
+  and the cost of taking it over the long distance to the market, so
+  that they do not think it pays to collect this rubber.
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_ (Afzel). Swizzle-stick. Iraigbo, Asofeyeje
+ (Yoruba); Akata (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri and
+  Calabar provinces of Nigeria, in the evergreen and mixed deciduous
+  zone, where it is very prevalent.
+
+  It is a small tree of 12 feet in height and 18 inches in girth, with
+  almost always four branchlets to each branch, forming regular whorls
+  in this manner. It has a soft, thin leaf and a round, small green
+  fruit. The stem is usually forked near the ground, and each side
+  branch is forked again and the uppermost branches divided into four
+  separate twigs, making thus a most convenient shape for a swizzle-
+  stick. The stem is more or less dotted with a few white lenticels. The
+  bark peels off very readily and cleanly with a knife, leaving the bare
+  white stem, especially in the smaller branches.
+
+  The wood of the smaller branches is soft, showing a small pith in the
+  centre, but that of the stem in the larger specimens is comparatively
+  hard, and more like an inferior type of boxwood. The sapwood is
+  usually a little softer than the heartwood.
+
+  It is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is good. It sprouts well
+  from the stump, and a certain number of root suckers appear. It stands
+  pruning well.
+
+  The tree does not really reach a large enough size to yield export
+  timber, or to be of much value for local use. It is, however, commonly
+  used as a swizzle-stick.
+
+  In places where building timber is scarce, it is occasionally used in
+  house-building. It could be, and sometimes is, used as a live fence.
+
+ _Polyadoa umbellata_ (Stapf.). Oak or Boxwood. Aini (Egba); Erm
+ (Yoruba); Osu (Benin).
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree which grows to a girth of 4 feet. The young
+  stem is easily recognized by the longitudinal strips of lenticels,
+  joined together with the dark-green cortex, showing between each
+  strip. When older, lenticels appear on the stem and it may be quite
+  grey or white.
+
+  The wood is a dirty yellow colour and very hard, resembling box in the
+  fineness and the hardness of its grain. It is used by the natives for
+  making combs for the hair; these combs have six prongs about 6 inches
+  long and are sold at 6d. to 1s. apiece. It is used for house-building,
+  and is considered the most durable timber for this purpose; it is
+  forked about 15 to 20 feet from the ground. The bark is used
+  medicinally by the natives (Yorubas).
+
+  The leaves are a yellowish-green, gradually turning a rich dark-green.
+  The small greengage-sized fruits appear in pairs at the ends of the
+  shoots, and occasionally in threes, but this is rare.
+
+  It likes moist ground, though it will stand a long dry season, so long
+  as it has the shade of other trees. It is a distinct shade-bearer,
+  though it grows a fair height when it has a chance. The flowers are
+  white and have a very pleasant smell.
+
+  Only a very small quantity of latex exudes when the tree is cut, and
+  so does not give the impression of belonging to the rubber family of
+  Apocynaceæ.
+
+  The sapwood is a similar colour to the heartwood. It is not always
+  straight, but this is owing to its slow growth causing it to be
+  amongst the dominated trees. In older trees the stem is usually quite
+  white, except where the bark has been removed.
+
+  A sample was sent to England in 1914 and was said to be valueless as a
+  substitute for boxwood. In 1906 samples were shipped to Liverpool,
+  where it was sold as a species of oak at 1s. 9d. per cubic foot, but
+  it was not considered as good as that obtained from Awaw, Eba,
+  _Lophira procera_ or _Ostryoderris impressa_.
+
+  _Native Use._—The chief tree for all tool-handles and house-posts. The
+  most durable kinds are in Egba, and they are not attacked by white
+  ants.
+
+ _Alafia Landolphioides_. Ubamiagon (Benin); Ata frifridi (Ibo Asaba).
+
+  Found at Illushi, Asaba district, Oke Igbo, Ilesha district.
+
+ _Carissa edulis_.
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria. The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Motandra Guineensis_ (A. D.C.). Bodekadun (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  It has not been used for making rubber.
+
+ _Strophanthus Preussii_. Elephant Poison. Isha gere, Isha kekere
+ (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Shagamu, Lagos and Calabar districts.
+
+  A climbing shrub, attaining the height of 12 feet. The flowers are
+  creamy in colour, deepening to orange, with purple spots and streaks.
+
+ _Strophanthus hispidus_ (A. D.C.). Isha fere (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Ilesha district, Oyo province.
+
+ _Holarrhena Wulfsbergii_ (Stapf.). The Male Rubber Tree or False Rubber
+ Tree, according to the Yorubas, or sometimes known as the False Ireh
+ Tree. Ireh-ibeji, Ireh-ako, Ako-ireh (Yoruba).
+
+  This tree being found in the Abeokuta and Oyo provinces of Nigeria, it
+  is not very prevalent, nor does it grow in large numbers in any one
+  place. With its smooth, dark-green bark, speckled irregularly all over
+  with white spots and lenticels, it is easily distinguishable from the
+  almost silver-white or grey beech-like stem of the true West African
+  Rubber Tree.
+
+  At a height varying from 10 to 15 feet the bole sometimes divides and
+  forms two very straight stems, one much smaller than the other. In the
+  African Rubber Tree (_Funtumia elastica_) usually only one stem is
+  formed.
+
+  Again, in its sparse and rather drooping foliage it is very different
+  from the real rubber-tree. The leaves are much longer, more sharply
+  pointed, and in fact more lanceolate than those of _F. elastica_. The
+  foliage often gives the appearance of being withered or that the tree
+  is drying up.
+
+  Large raceme-like masses of small flowers appear in February or March,
+  which are much more prominent than those of _F. elastica_, these being
+  more hidden among the leaves, although individually having larger
+  blossoms. Later on, a thin round pod, nearly 2 feet in length, forms
+  in pairs, which hang down and make the tree look most grotesque. On
+  the other hand, _F. elastica_ pods are stout and short and almost
+  hidden by the foliage.
+
+  The tree reaches a girth of 36 inches and a total height of about 50
+  feet.
+
+  The slash is greenish-white, and a very little white, rather watery
+  latex exudes from the cut. The wood is white, soft, planes easily, and
+  splits comparatively easily. It saws fairly well and takes nails with
+  comparative ease. It is not termite-proof.
+
+  It is a moderately fast-growing tree of a light-loving nature. Natural
+  reproduction by seed appears to be fair. It sprouts slightly from the
+  stump.
+
+  Being found in odd and poor places in the mixed deciduous forests at
+  the edge of dry-zone vegetation, it should prove useful for temporary
+  house-building purposes and for cutting up as cratewood for bananas,
+  etc.
+
+ _Pleiocerus Barteri_ (Baill.). Irena, kekere (Yoruba).
+
+  The fruit is very much like a Cola and fairly common in the forest. It
+  is very sticky to the taste.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, in habit similar to the Cola-tree, and most
+  people would classify it from its external appearance as a species of
+  Cola.
+
+  It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Picralima Klaineana?_. Agege (Yoruba).
+
+  Found at Agege, Yoruba country.
+
+ _Oncinotis gracilis_. Ornamental Rubber Vine. Allerle (Benin).
+
+  Found in Ogodo Dry-zone Forest.
+
+ _Name unknown_. Ikwian (Benin).
+
+  An uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It attains a
+  medium-size and bears large fruits. The wood is used as firewood.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Ehretia cymosa_ (S. and H.). Ija oke (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji.
+
+ _Cordia sp._, _? Platythyrsa_. Drum-wood Cordia. Ako Ledo (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+ _Cordia Irvingii_. Acorn-like-fruited Cordia.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, similar to _Cordia Millenii_. It is found
+  in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Cordia Millenii_. Omon or Omo (Yoruba); Omah (Benin).
+
+  This tree is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri,
+  Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is an irregularly shaped tree, often with more than one stem. The
+  light-coloured bark, especially when it is scaly, often gives the
+  impression that the tree is luminous at night. The leaf is large. It
+  is a common tree in the Benin district, of medium-size.
+
+  It yields a softwood, which has a certain amount of resonance. The
+  sapwood is white and the heartwood a mid-brown colour. It is not very
+  durable, except under cover.
+
+  It stands a good deal of shade. It sprouts well from the stump. It
+  bears fruit irregularly, and seedlings are scarce in the forest. The
+  wood has not been exported, and none of its qualities so far assure it
+  of finding a good market in Europe.
+
+  _Native Use._—The natives use the wood for making drums.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 87.—=Koko Town, with raft of mahogany logs moored
+near the bank.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 88.—=Mahogany logs floating in the river above Koko
+Town.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 396.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Avicennia Africana_. White Mangrove. Ogbun (Lagos); Ede, Eyhrodo
+ (Benin); Odonumon (Efik).
+
+  It is found in the Colony, Ondo, Warri, Owerri and Calabar provinces
+  of Nigeria. It is seen partly in pure groups, and also mixed more or
+  less in groups with the other areas of Red Mangrove and _Laguncularia
+  sp._
+
+  It is a small tree, growing up to 2 feet girth and about 40 feet high.
+
+  The bole appears silvery grey and the branches very slender. The
+  leaves are of a lighter green than those of the Red Mangrove. The
+  aerial roots are smaller and not so extended as in the case of
+  Racemosa. On the whole, it occurs in the quieter and less exposed
+  localities, away from the sea, and it seems to appear only secondary
+  to _R. racemosa_, which is the first tree to appear in the mangrove
+  formation. The slash is white; the cortex is thin.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood a light brown when freshly cut.
+  Is moderately hard, and durable when dry and used away from water. It
+  is termite-proof. In structure it is similar to teak, being a member
+  of the same family, but the grain is more open and the pores are
+  considerably larger and longer, giving the wood a more open texture.
+  It planes up with a smooth surface, splits well, takes nails
+  moderately well and saws easily.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing, at first shade-bearing, and later on a
+  light-demanding tree. Natural regeneration is good, but it does not
+  appear to be extending as fast as _R. racemosa_. It sprouts from the
+  stump; root suckers and aerial root shoots grow in considerable
+  numbers. On the whole, it tends to die out sooner when the ground
+  becomes dryer than _R. racemosa_, and its area of distribution from
+  the coast inland is much less wide.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for local
+  use. For the natives this tree forms what is considered the best “salt
+  bush” in the Jekri country. It is still used for the manufacture of
+  salt, which is considered much stronger than and superior to imported
+  salt. It is also used for poles, house-building, boat and canoe houses
+  and wharves.
+
+ _Vitex grandifolia_. Ori (Yoruba); Owenkundignon, Oriri Ogikiomi (?)
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin, Onitsha, Owerri and Ogoja provinces, in the
+  open deciduous forest zone.
+
+  The digitate leaf is much larger than that of _V. Cienkowski_, and on
+  the whole the tree is larger too, reaching a girth of 10 feet and a
+  bole length of 30 feet. The fruit is rather larger, but similar in
+  shape and taste to the former. The branches are very persistent, and
+  coming out more or less in whorls from the bole, give the tree a most
+  distinct appearance.
+
+  The sapwood is white and the heartwood at first light-brown, and then
+  darker brown. It is rather more open-grained than the teak. It does
+  not split very well, but can take nails; neither does it plane easily,
+  but can be worked up to a smooth finish. It is very durable and
+  termite-proof.
+
+  At first fast growing and later rather slower, it is on the whole a
+  little faster growing than _V. Cienkowski_. It withstands the fires in
+  an extraordinary manner, and only occasionally does the bole get so
+  deeply burnt that the tree becomes hollow. It bears a large crop of
+  fruit almost every year.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for local
+  use. It deserves further attention than it has received up to the
+  present, more especially as it is of the same family as the teak.
+
+  _Native Use._—The fruit is eaten, and occasionally the smaller trees
+  are used for house-building.
+
+ _Vitex Cienkowskii_. Ori, nla (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, attaining a girth of about 8 feet and a
+  bole length of about 25 feet. The bark is rough, divided up with long,
+  narrow vertical fissures, which are more or less regular in their
+  distribution. The crown is spherical, somewhat widespreading, and
+  usually occupies about half the height of the tree. The large, shiny,
+  dark-green digitate leaf is most characteristic of the tree. The
+  fruit, not unlike a large acorn without the cup, is edible and has a
+  slight honey taste. It attracts the bees from far and near.
+
+  This tree is found in the Oyo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  _Timber._—Hard, brown wood, very similar to teak. It is often rather
+  knotty and sometimes cross-grained.
+
+  At first fairly fast-growing, later on it is rather slow. It is very
+  fire-resisting, but does not thoroughly protect the soil. It has not
+  been felled for export, nor has it been sawn up for local use. It
+  serves a useful purpose amongst the dry-zone vegetation, and is one of
+  the larger trees of that zone.
+
+ _Vitex Fosteri_. Ori-eta (Yoruba); Obuban, Ibang (Benin); Ogi
+ (Calabar).
+
+  _Chief Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized tree with thin, white
+  bark and voluted stem, which is not overstraight beyond 15 or 20 feet,
+  soft and fibrous; one of the common trees in the mixed forest, though
+  also found in the evergreen forest. It has a thin, digitate leaf. It
+  usually stands as one of the dominated trees in either forest. The
+  leaves often look silvery, but this is an optical illusion, owing to
+  their being so thin and white on the underside.
+
+  _Distribution._—It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Jebu, Ode, Benin
+  and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  _Timber._—It is a hard, white wood of even texture and smooth grain,
+  which is apparently durable for interior work. It is somewhat like
+  hornbeam, though not quite so hard. It works up with a smooth surface.
+
+  _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer, though, if planted
+  pure, it is doubtful whether its foliage would thoroughly protect the
+  ground, owing to its being so thin. Natural regeneration by seed is
+  apparently good.
+
+  _Use._—It would probably make good verandah-posts, door-frames and
+  window-frames, but so far has not been tried. As there is plenty of
+  it, proper supplies could be obtained in the provinces named.
+
+  _Value._—At present doubtful, as it is an untried wood; however,
+  belonging to the same family as teak, it should find a place amongst
+  the valuable small timbers for local use.
+
+ _Vitex diversifolia_.
+
+  It has been noted from the Oban Reserve.
+
+ _Clerodendron Thonningii_. Egwa, Oriakuku (Benin).
+
+  It is an ornamental shrub of the Benin province of Nigeria, found near
+  the Osse River.
+
+ _Clerodendron Thompsonii_. Egwa oviakuku (Benin).
+
+  A medium-sized shrub with woody stem found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Clerodendron scandens_ (Beauv.).
+
+  It is a large shrub with hard wood of the Benin province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Clerodendron volubile_. Ebenote (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Clerodendron splendens_ (Kew). Adabi (Yoruba).
+
+  A medium-sized shrub found in the Abeokuta province. The stem yields
+  small wood for farm implements.
+
+
+=Labiatæ.=
+
+ _Ocimum viride_ (Willd.). Efinrin (Yoruba); Aramoho (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Yoruba and Benin country.
+
+
+=Scrophulariaceæ.=
+
+ _Cycinium camporum_ (Engl.). Arojoku (Yoruba).
+
+  Flowers white. Found at Obba on the Hill, Ondo province.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathoidea campanulata_. Red Tulip Tree. Oruru (Yoruba); Okokwi
+ Okwekwe (Benin); Essenim (Efik); Osukaregigi (Bembi).
+
+  This tree grows in the fringing and intermediate forests. It is of
+  medium size and has large trumpet-shaped flowers, not unlike those of
+  the tulip.
+
+  _Uses._—This tree is often used for ornamental purposes. Timber,
+  edible seeds and medicaments are obtained from it.
+
+ _Stereospermum acuminatissimum_. Osualong (seed), Okwekwe, Aguana
+ (Benin).
+
+  This is a somewhat common tree of the Benin province of Nigeria, and
+  certainly with its red flowers it is one of the most handsome. It is
+  not unlike the so-called African Tulip Tree, _Spathoidea campanulata_.
+  On the whole, it is a smaller tree, with a round, almost spherical
+  crown; the wood is soft and white and not durable. It bears a large
+  number of seeds, but few appear to germinate. It sprouts feebly from
+  the stump, is a light-loving tree, and also a soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving species. It deserves greater attention for planting in
+  gardens and at the edges of recreation grounds of all sorts.
+
+ _Stereospermum Kunthianum_ (Cham.). Ayagdo (Yoruba).
+
+  This tree is found in the Abeokuta province and Erin, Ilesha. It is
+  very similar to the tulip-tree, but has a more orange-coloured flower.
+
+ _Kigelia Africana_. Sausage Tree. Orora, Pandoro (Yoruba); Ogiahimi,
+ Esiskwi (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree of the Ogoja, Owerri, Onitsha, Benin, Ondu, Ibadan
+  and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. The most typical feature of this
+  tree is the long sausage-shaped fruit, which hangs by a stalk about 10
+  inches long; the flowers are red, the leaves large and open. It is a
+  small tree, often very much branched. It is usually found in old
+  clearings at the edge of the mixed deciduous forest. The wood is not
+  durable. The natives use it for fences, and the roots are mashed and
+  used by Benis for cuts in the fingers. The bark and fruit are also
+  used medicinally by the Yorubas.
+
+ _Markhamia tomentosa_. Iru, Aya, Iwe (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, in the mixed
+  deciduous forest zone.
+
+  It is a tree 4 to 6 feet in girth, with a large leaf having five pairs
+  of pinnæ, the lowest being very small, like stipules. A deciduous tree
+  bearing small fruit. A very common tree.
+
+  The timber is a soft, white wood, which is not used. It is attacked by
+  white ants, and is not durable except under cover.
+
+  The tree is a light-lover, quick-growing, and non-soil-improving.
+  Natural regeneration is moderate, so that it does not spread too much.
+  The tree has not been felled for export timber, nor has it been cut
+  for local use.
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_. Benin Ju-ju Tree. Akkoko (Yoruba); Ikhimi (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri, Onitsha, Ondo,
+  Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a small tree, scarcely exceeding 4 feet in girth. It has a
+  large, oblong, dark leaf. It is most commonly seen in the middle of a
+  compound with a pot at the base of it. The flowers are trumpet-shaped,
+  white-coloured at the base and rose-red at the mouth. The fruit is a
+  long, thin black pod, which opens releasing many flat, winged seeds.
+  The seed is yellow and in the middle of the wing.
+
+  The timber is white and soft.
+
+  It has not been exported or cut for local use.
+
+  _Native Use._—The tree is used to mark boundaries. It is a “Ju-ju”
+  tree, both in and outside the compound. It is sometimes used for
+  fences. It is used by the Yorubas for rafters.
+
+
+=Acanthaceæ.=
+
+ _Thunbergia Vogeliana_ (Benth.). Blue Benin Thunbergia. Ohwohiro
+ (Benin).
+
+  This is a shrub with handsome blue flowers; it is moderately common in
+  the Central Circle.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sarcocephalus eu-esculentus_. Sierra Leone Peach. Egbesi (Yoruba);
+ Aragbaihi (Benin); Amellaky or Egbessye of Sierra Leone.
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin, Onitsha, Owerri and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria, where it is common in the open deciduous forest.
+
+  In habit it usually takes more of the shape and form of a shrub rather
+  than a tree, though where it is protected a longish main leader grows
+  up, but even this droops. It rarely attains a height of more than 15
+  feet and a girth at the base of about 18 inches. The leaf is large and
+  oval, opposite, and rather leathery to the touch. The fruit is not
+  unlike a peach, except that its surface is not smooth, but is pitted
+  in small depressions, giving it a more special peach colour. The flesh
+  is very woody and tough, interspersed with small seeds not unlike
+  those of the strawberry. When ripe the birds eat them. The roots are
+  of a yellowish-brown, especially when the cortex is rubbed. The slash
+  is yellow. The leaf is very shiny.
+
+  It does not really reach timber size, but the sapwood is a light
+  yellow and the heartwood a darker yellow.
+
+  It is a moderately quick growing, light-demanding, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is poor, but reproduction by
+  root suckers and stool shoots is very strong. It is very fire-
+  resisting, and recovers easily from any effects of fire.
+
+  _Native Use._—In cases of scarcity of building-timber, occasionally
+  short sections are obtained from it for hut-building. It is, however,
+  usually too short. The roots are used medicinally in the following
+  way: roots about a ¼ inch in diameter and upwards to ¾ inch are
+  thoroughly washed in water and cut up into sections of about 4 inches
+  long and boiled in water. The solution thus made is strained off, and
+  is drunk either hot or cold in fairly large doses for the relief of
+  venereal disease (G.) in its earlier stages. Most of the natives
+  affirm that it gives great relief, though they acknowledge that it
+  does not prove a cure for it.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Weatherboard Wood. Opepe (Yoruba); Obiache
+ (Benin); Awessu (Jekri).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin and Calabar provinces of
+  Nigeria, where in certain localities it is very prevalent.
+
+  It is a large tree of the evergreen forest zone, which attains a girth
+  of 12 feet and a corresponding bole length. The bark is slightly rough
+  and scaly, but in an even manner. It bears a large edible fruit 2
+  inches in diameter. The fruit is not unlike a peach in shape and
+  colour, but with a rougher and softer skin. It is very closely and
+  finely pitted with tiny holes in its surface. Inside, the flesh is
+  pinkish-white. It is commonly seen at the edge of freshwater swamps in
+  the Benin, Ifon and Ondo districts. It likes soil with good drainage,
+  but it may be very moist.
+
+  The bole is very straight, and not unlike that of real African Oak in
+  appearance. The leaves are rounded and moderately large, and inclined
+  to be leathery in texture, with two stipules at the base. In the young
+  seedlings the stem is more quadrangular in shape than round, and there
+  are a few almost straighter furrows running vertically up it.
+
+  It tends to spread with the opening up of the evergreen forest. The
+  root spurns are very slight and round, merging into the stem a foot or
+  so above the ground. The slash is yellowish-white, and a rather dirty
+  colour. Mucilage-like latex gradually exudes from the cut.
+
+  _Timber._—The wood is very durable indeed, both for exposed places and
+  for interior work. It is moderately hard, a little open and fibrous in
+  grain, of a yellow to orange colour, with slight variations in its
+  distribution through the wood. It planes well and saws easily; splits
+  fairly well, takes nails, and does not warp or shrink very much. There
+  is only a slight difference in colour between the sapwood and
+  heartwood, but the sapwood is not quite so durable. It is termite-
+  proof. It is usually very straight-grained, free of knots and other
+  internal defects—in fact, it is one of the cleanest of all the African
+  timbers.
+
+  It is a very fast-growing, at first slightly shade-bearing and later
+  light-loving tree, which thoroughly protects and enriches the soil
+  with its leaf fall. In fact, after the first two years it is very
+  impatient of shade, and grows very slowly, if it is at all under large
+  trees. In suitable places natural regeneration is very good. Fair
+  crops of seeds are borne almost every year. In some places, notably
+  north of the Ikoha in the Benin province, it is almost gregarious in
+  habit. It sprouts well from the stump. Here again, unless there is
+  sufficient light, it does not grow rapidly, and even tends to die
+  down. In the nursery, seeds generate readily, but often fall a prey to
+  the Duika, which eat the young seedlings. The tree does not stand
+  transplanting very well, as it throws back its development very
+  considerably. Small plantations have been made in one or two places.
+  Close planting appears to be the correct method, as the branches are
+  rather persistent and liable to form knots or places of decay in the
+  stem, if they do not drop off when they are quite small.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold as a hardwood in Liverpool
+  market, where it was considered to show little or no merit. However,
+  since that date there have been increased demands for all good
+  timbers, so that it seems worthy of a further trial. Locally it has
+  been used for making canoes, or has been cut up for planks. It has
+  also been used for bridge-building and other constructional work, and
+  being one of the most durable, ever wider use is being found for it,
+  quite apart from any likely demands for export.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is felled for sawing up into planks and making
+  canoes, and is considered one of the best of all local timbers, except
+  Iroko.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus sambucinus_ (?). Yellow Wood. Opepe (Yoruba); Ebengiku,
+ Obiache (Benin); Eben (Jekri).
+
+  It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Warri provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree of the swamps, both near rivers and near the
+  sea coast—in fact, it will grow in waterlogged places—whereas the
+  _Sarcocephalus esculentus_, to attain large dimensions, likes drained
+  soil.
+
+  The fruit is only an inch in diameter, but of the same colour as the
+  former. The pitting of the surface is more widely distributed and the
+  pits are shallower. The bark is less scaly, with a very slight
+  roughness or fissured surface. The wood is not so durable as the
+  former, especially in exposed places. On the whole, the leaves are
+  larger than _S. esculentus_ and a little thinner.
+
+  The sapwood is whitish-yellow and the heartwood of a deep yellow
+  colour. It is more fibrous and rather more open-grained than that of
+  _S. esculentus_. The pores, too, are longer. On the whole, it is
+  easier to work, a little softer, planes well, takes nails, splits well
+  and saws easily. It is doubtful if it is termite-proof.
+
+  Although really a light-loving tree, it can stand more lateral shade
+  than _S. esculentus_. It is a thoroughly soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving tree, the foliage making a very rich humus. It is much more
+  slow-growing than _S. esculentus_, though on the whole it will stand
+  closer together, and yet grow well. It sprouts well from the stump.
+  Natural regeneration appears to be good. It is sometimes almost
+  gregarious in habit, and in some places one of the few valuable trees
+  in the swamp region. It is also often one of the few of merchantable
+  size. No plantations have been made with this tree.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+  cedar, but it was only considered of poor quality. It deserves,
+  however, further trial now. Locally it is occasionally sawn up for
+  planks.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is sometimes used for making canoes, but it is not
+  liked by the natives, because they say it is not so durable as _S.
+  esculentus_.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus sp._ Swamp Opepe. Oppepera (Yoruba); Eben Obiache
+ (Benin). Perhaps the same as the foregoing species.
+
+ _Morinda sp._ Brimstone Wood.
+
+  Ekiti district, Ondo province.
+
+ _Morinda lucida_. Brimstone Wood. Oruwo (Yoruba); Obiache (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Yoruba and Benin country.
+
+ _Morinda longiflora_. Ekiti Morinda.
+
+  Found in the Ekiti district, Mamu Reserve.
+
+ _Pausinystalia sp._
+
+  It is found in the Eastern Calabar province of Nigeria. It is a
+  medium-sized tree found growing in old farms. It has globular-shaped
+  flowers with yellowish-red anthers, making it very pretty and
+  conspicuous. It has a hard, yellowish-white wood.
+
+ _Saccoglottis Gabunensis_. Mahogany, Tala. Ugu (Benin); Attalla
+ (Jekri); Edat (Efik); Tala (Brass); Tala (New Calabar); Edat (Oban,
+ Ekoi).
+
+  It is a large tree, attaining a girth of 15 feet and a height of 150
+  feet. Nearly always found on swampy ground, or anyhow where the
+  rainfall is high, as, for instance, in the Oban district. One of the
+  first trees to be seen in the forest immediately behind the mangrove
+  swamps. The bark is roughly fissured like elm, but more regularly, and
+  the slash is red. The fruit is an indehiscent nut with small nodules
+  on it, about the size of a walnut, which exudes a liquid not unlike
+  honey. Bees often frequent the tree for that reason. A reddish sap
+  exudes when the tree is cut.
+
+  It is found in the Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  The wood is hard and dark-red, with a fairly close grain, though easy
+  to work. The sapwood is usually very narrow and yellowish-red.
+
+  It is evidently a shade-bearer, and stands a good deal of shade in its
+  youth. Natural regeneration is fairly good where the rainfall is high.
+  It seems a moderately fast grower, though no actual measurements have
+  yet been taken. It is almost gregarious, especially in Oban. In 1906
+  it was valued in the Liverpool market at 3d. to 6d. a superficial foot
+  as a mahogany of mild texture and fairly good colour. It has, however,
+  not been used by the Public Works Department.
+
+  _Native Use._—In the Benin, Warri and Calabar provinces the bark is
+  stripped off in rolls about 3 feet long and sold for making gin
+  bitter, by placing it in the liquid. A bundle of bark is sold for 5s.
+  at Calabar. In the Degema and Brass districts it is one of the common
+  canoe trees.
+
+ _Mitragyne macrophyllum_. False Opepe. Burokossa, Bulokossa,
+ Ugbodokossa (Benin); Ebar (Brass); Ebar (New Calabar); Ubuen (Efik).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar
+  provinces of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a large tree, attaining a girth of over 12 feet and a height of
+  over 100 feet. It has a very large leaf. The tree is often more or
+  less gregarious, more especially in the moister or almost swampy parts
+  of the evergreen forest zone. The bark is of a dull-green colour,
+  comparatively thin, and only slightly fissured in a large tree.
+
+  The sapwood is yellowish-white and the heartwood of a pale yellow
+  colour. It is almost a hardwood, does not split well, planes up
+  smoothly and saws comparatively easily. It hardens considerably on
+  seasoning and is very durable under cover, but not so much on exposure
+  to the air. The dense foliage makes a thick layer of humus under the
+  trees, as a few of the leaves fall off each year. It is thus a soil-
+  improving and soil-protecting tree. It would probably be found to make
+  a good mixture, in groups of about half an acre in extent, with
+  mahogany in the evergreen forest zone. In the Brass district it is one
+  of the commonest trees which is used for making canoes; it has also
+  occasionally been sawn up for planks. It has not yet been exported to
+  England, but at any rate locally it should command a wider use in
+  house-building of all kinds.
+
+ _Mitragyne Africanum_. Akpakossa (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin, Ondo, Warri and Calabar provinces of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  It is a somewhat common tree on the borderland of the mixed deciduous
+  forest and the dry-zone vegetation. The tree is of small size,
+  attaining a girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of 25 feet; the
+  leaf is very large, but does not reach the size of _M. macrophyllum_.
+  It is most frequently found in the swampy places at the edge of the
+  deciduous forest; like the sister tree, it is more or less gregarious,
+  though the groups are usually not very large.
+
+  The timber is of a dull yellowish-white colour, and planes well; it
+  does not split very easily and is very durable.
+
+  This species is a shade-bearing tree of soil-protecting and soil-
+  improving qualities, owing to the dense bed of leaves, which in turn
+  makes a bed of humus at the base of the tree, and thus grass-fires are
+  very much hindered in spreading. The timber has not been exported to
+  Europe and the natives scarcely ever use this wood.
+
+ _Randia malleifera_. Buje nla (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Randia octomera_ (Hook.). Buje (Yoruba); Assun (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin province. It is a shrub with spherical-shaped
+  fruit like an apple, with the sepals projecting from the top. The
+  fruits yield a black dye which is used by the natives.
+
+ _Randia cladantha_ (K. Sch.).
+
+  It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a woody shrub
+  having a hard wood, and rather pretty red flowers in the autumn, which
+  brighten the evergreen forest very much.
+
+ _Randia maculata_ (Kew). Buje, Buji dudu (Yoruba).
+
+  A shrub having large, trumpet-shaped flowers. It is very ornamental.
+
+ _Randia caudata_. Blue Dye. Buje (Yoruba).
+
+  It is a small tree, 15 to 20 feet high. Found in the Olokemeji
+  Reserve.
+
+ _Randia macrantha_. Kan Kan (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Ondo province.
+
+ _Nr. Randia_. Ukape (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Mussænda erythrophylla_ (Sch. and Thonn.). Kamatete (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+  Found in Obudu, Ogoja province.
+
+ _Mussænda tenuiflora_ (Benth.). Mamu (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in the Mamu Reserve.
+
+ _Mussænda Isertiana_. Igi Ira (Lagos) (Benin).
+
+  Lagos.
+
+ _Pavetta Baconia_ (Hiern). Idofun, Igbo (Yoruba); Akapano Iyokheze
+ (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Calabar, Warri, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta
+  provinces of Nigeria. A small, shrub-like tree, reaching about 3
+  inches in diameter, most common as an undergrowth plant in the
+  evergreen forest zone. Many specimens are found in the Obagie Forest
+  Reserve. It stands the shade well, is moderately hard, and sprouts
+  well from the stump. The natives of the Benin country cut young
+  specimens very largely for use as yam-sticks.
+
+ _Hymenodictyon bracteatum_. Obadon (Benin).
+
+  Found in the Benin province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Corynanthe paniculata_ (Welw.). Olikiba Anikiba (Benin).
+
+  So far it has been found in the Benin province of Nigeria, but either
+  this species or Johimbe should be found in the Calabar and Ogoja
+  provinces.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree of the mixed forest zone, which is
+  moderately prevalent in certain localities.
+
+  The timber is brown, hard and durable. It planes well and splits
+  moderately well. It takes nails and saws moderately easily for hard
+  wood. It is considered termite-proof by the natives.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing tree, a shade-bearer, a soil-protecting
+  and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration only appears to be
+  slight. It does not sprout very prolifically from the stump. No
+  experimental plantations have yet been made.
+
+  This is a sister species to _C. Johimbe_, which yields the bark
+  containing the very useful alkaloid Johimbin, but as yet the bark of
+  this tree has not been tested for a similar substance.
+
+  In the timber report of 1906 it is valued at 2½d. to 3½d. a foot as a
+  species of gummy mahogany, and in another case as fancy wood at 1d.
+  per superficial foot or 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d. a cubic foot.
+
+  Amongst the Benin natives it is used for wall-plates, for which
+  purpose it is highly esteemed.
+
+ _Crossopteryx Kotschyana_. Ayeye (Yoruba).
+
+  A small tree found in the dry-zone forests, of no special value. The
+  fruit is leathery; the flowers grow in panicles.
+
+  _Native Use._—Parts of the tree are used in medicine by the natives.
+
+ _Sabicea calycina_ (Benth.). Agan Aparo (Yoruba).
+
+  Found in Iro.
+
+ _Canthium glabriflorum_ (Hiern). Attan (Benin).
+
+  It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Warri, Benin and Ondo
+  provinces of Nigeria, also in the Cameroons.
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of 9 feet, but with a bole
+  length of about 60 feet, rather longer in proportion to the girth. The
+  flat, wide crown is typical of this tree, as are also the large
+  tripinnate leaves and the brown, stringy bark with slight fissures.
+  The branches spread out almost in two or three whorls near the top of
+  the tree. The light can be seen through the crown. The flower is
+  white, in large, umbel-like masses of small flowers, borne on the
+  upper side of the branches. It flowers in November.
+
+  The sapwood is white and fairly broad and the heartwood is brown, like
+  cedar. Termites attack in the open.
+
+  It is a light-lover and grows quickly, in old farms especially. It
+  sprouts well from the stump, but there are no root shoots. Seed
+  production is good, and seedlings appear in near open spaces.
+
+  It has not been cut for local use or exported to Europe.
+
+  The branch is used. It has to be placed on a boy’s head and is said to
+  make him grow. The boys do it themselves in the Benin country. The
+  wood is also a firewood in Benin.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 89.—=Funtumia Rubber Plantation on both sides of the
+road, Igwoshudi, Benin.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 90.—=Mahogany Plantation (Khaya Punchii), twelve
+years old, near Noami, on the banks of the Osse River, Benin Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 91.—=Entandrophragma log with three sides already
+squared and fourth partially cut ready for squaring.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 92.—=Stump of Khaya Punchii with log at base, left
+in the Benin Forest.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 408.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia conferta_. Big-leaf African Cabbage Tree. Onimagugun, Shapo
+ (Yoruba); Orimagugu, Oriweni, Onamagungun (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin, Onitsha and Ogoja
+  provinces of Nigeria, in clearings at the edge of the mixed deciduous
+  and dry-zone forests. It is a very common small tree or large shrub,
+  springing up in all old farms. The very large bright-green leaves, set
+  opposite to each other on a small, comparatively, stout, green,
+  succulent stem, are most typical of this plant. The fresh leaf,
+  especially on the smaller plants, is not unlike a very open cabbage
+  leaf, but of a lighter green hue. As the plant gets older the leaves
+  do not attain such a size. The flowers are small, but grow on large,
+  open and much-branched spikes. The stem is comparatively soft and
+  pithy, scarcely forming a real woody tissue. When dried they can be
+  used for firewood and kindle easily. Occasionally it is used for
+  making live fences.
+
+ _Vernonia Nigritana_ (O. and H.). Bitter Leaf. Ewuru or Oko (Yoruba);
+ Ihagobo (Benin).
+
+  This is found in the upper part of the Benin province of Nigeria, near
+  Sabongida, in the deciduous zone. A small shrub-like tree, the leaves
+  of which are used for soup. The dried stem is used for kindling wood.
+  The roots are sometimes used as chew-sticks.
+
+ _Vernonia amygdalina_. (Del.). The Bitter Leaf. Ewuru (Yoruba), Oriwu
+ (Benin).
+
+  Yoruba Chew-stick, also known as the Chew-stick of Ewuro, thereby
+  clearly showing the Yoruba origin of some of the inhabitants of Sierra
+  Leone, as Ewuro is also the name of it in the Sierra Leone country.
+
+  It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin provinces, where it
+  grows in openings in the mixed forests.
+
+  It is a small shrub, reaching a height of about 5 feet, having soft
+  leaves, with rather a greyish tint, which are covered with very fine
+  silvery hairs. It is commonly found in old farms and by the side of
+  the roads, usually in small bushes or clumps.
+
+  It sprouts up when cut down, and thoroughly shades the ground.
+  However, it is sometimes so thick that it rather hinders plantation
+  operations, though once the other plants are established it acts as a
+  useful little “nurse.” The leaves are picked off by the natives and
+  cooked in water for making soup. They have a distinctly bitter
+  flavour, but make a very healthy vegetable soup. The leaves are often
+  sold in the local markets. This shrub is occasionally left more or
+  less in line as a small living fence.
+
+ _Vernonia cinerea_ (Les.). Ash-coloured Fleabane. Elegbe Oju (Yoruba).
+
+  It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+  Nigeria. A large, woody shrub, one of the chewstick family, the leaves
+  of which are sometimes used for making soup.
+
+
+=Lycopodaceæ.=
+
+ _Lycopodium phlegmaria_ (Linn.).
+
+  This is a small Lycopodium found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It
+  was obtained from the uppermost branches of a very tall tree, growing
+  at the edge of a deep valley about 8 miles north of Benin City.
+
+
+                    NON-INDIGENOUS TREES OF NIGERIA
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eucalyptus amygdalina_.
+
+  A specimen of this tree stands on the old beach at Akassa, Warri
+  province.
+
+ _Eucalyptus tereticornis_.
+
+  Lagos Island.
+
+ _Eucalyptus rudis_.
+
+  Lagos Island.
+
+ _Eucalyptus tesselaris_.
+
+  Lagos Island.
+
+ _Eucalyptus citriodora_.
+
+  A specimen of this tree stands in the Botanical Gardens at Calabar.
+
+
+   NOTES ON NIGERIAN TREES OF WHICH THE BOTANICAL NAMES ARE NOT KNOWN
+
+
+ _Itufiak_ or _Etufiak_ (Efik). Essunwoi (Yoruba); Ilako (Benin).
+
+  It is a medium-sized tree of the freshwater swamps, with heavy dark-
+  green foliage; it grows quite gregariously in stands of one to ten
+  acres in extent. The trunk reaches a girth of about 7 feet and a bole
+  length of about 30 feet. The roots spurns are comparatively slight,
+  and do not extend much over a foot up the bole. The foliage is very
+  heavy and it casts a most dense shade, making patches of this forest
+  the darkest of almost any in Africa.
+
+  It is common on the banks of the Itunkpe Creek, a tributary of the Kwa
+  River, near Calabar, in the same named province, and also in the
+  Owerri province of Nigeria. It belongs to the evergreen forest zone.
+
+  The timber is a reddish-brown hardwood of close grain, which would saw
+  into sizeable planks. It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+  soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. The leaves yield a thick bed
+  of humus. It appears to be one of the most valuable trees in this
+  respect. It is moderately hard, with even, close-textured grain. It
+  planes well, saws fairly easily, takes nails, but does not split well.
+  Natural regeneration appears to be good. It also sprouts from the
+  stump.
+
+  The timber has not been exported, nor has it been cut for planks for
+  local use. It appears to deserve a trial as a local timber for floor-
+  boards or for the making of boxes. Considering that so often many
+  trees are found in the same place, it should not be difficult to
+  obtain adequate supplies.
+
+  _Native Use._—Building, but it is attacked by the insect called Efiak.
+
+
+ _Musk Tree_. Owi (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria, in the evergreen
+  forests. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of about 8 feet
+  with a short bole of about 10 feet. The crown is large but rather
+  elongated, and reaches down two-thirds of the height of the tree. The
+  fruit is large and more like an avocado pear in shape and colour. The
+  leaf is very large and wide, more like a teak leaf, but of stronger
+  texture, the midrib especially being very thick.
+
+  The timber is hard, with white sapwood and green heartwood. It splits
+  well and takes nails fairly well. It is a little fibrous in texture,
+  but can be planed; it saws fairly easily.
+
+  It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+  soil-improving tree. The leaves make a rich humus. Natural
+  regeneration is none too good. Stump sprouts do not appear to be very
+  strong.
+
+  It has not been exported or cut for local use, but would be worth
+  trying for house-building.
+
+  _Native Use._—The fruit is kept for four days and then the inside
+  large kernel is eaten. The young leaves are used for curing boils, as
+  an external plaster to draw the poison.
+
+
+ _Ekkiowa_ (Benin).
+
+  It is a small shrub which is found in the Benin district of the same
+  named province. It is not very common.
+
+  _Native Use._—The seed is used medicinally for the hands in case of
+  sores which are red or raw.
+
+
+ _Satinwood_. Okwaba (Benin).
+
+  This tree is found in the mixed forests of the Benin province of
+  Nigeria.
+
+  In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market
+  as satinwood, but were not considered worth shipping. Since then,
+  however, none has been cut for export or for local use. Perhaps owing
+  to the increased demands for all kinds of timber a further trial
+  should be made with this one for satinwood. Natural regeneration is
+  poor. It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting
+  and soil-improving tree. It reaches a large size.
+
+
+ _Ubellu_, genus? Annamamilla (Benin).
+
+  It is found in the Benin province, Nigeria.
+
+  It is a small tree, the name often confused with the mahogany-walnut,
+  _Lovoa Klaineana_, which is also sometimes known as Annamamilla in the
+  Benin country. The leaves are imparipinnate. It is a softwood with
+  light-brown heartwood and little black, spherically-shaped fruit,
+  unarmed.
+
+  _Native Use._—Firewood of good quality. Not used otherwise.
+
+
+ _Big Hardwood_. Arugbo (Yoruba); Eto (Benin).
+
+  It is a very large tree with a wide crown. The timber is of a brown
+  colour, but the sapwood is white. It is extremely hard and durable;
+  even when felled in the farms it will be six years before it has
+  rotted away. The bark is a dark-green with white lenticels scattered
+  over it.
+
+  It is rather a rare tree in the Benin province of Nigeria. Standing a
+  good deal of shade, it is a soil improver and protector. Natural
+  regeneration does not appear to be very plentiful.
+
+  It does not sprout up when coppiced.
+
+  _Native Use._—None.
+
+
+ _Ifon_ (Yoruba). Owehe (Benin).
+
+  Is a small tree which has scented wood. It reaches a girth of 20
+  inches only. Before going to market, according to the natives, the
+  feet, hands and body should be washed with a solution prepared from
+  the bark of this tree mixed with soap. The object of this operation is
+  to effect quick sales at the market.
+
+
+ _Ewayron_ (Yoruba).
+
+  A leaf for wrapping up food, found in the Yoruba country, also used in
+  Benin for roofing houses.
+
+
+ _Mahogany_. Alode (Benin).
+
+  This tree is found in the mixed deciduous forests of the Benin
+  province of Nigeria.
+
+  In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as a
+  species of mahogany of a soft nature. Since that date none has been
+  felled. Perhaps with the changed conditions with regard to the demand
+  for all timbers similar to mahogany a further trial with the timber of
+  this tree should be made. Natural regeneration is not very good. It is
+  a rather slow-growing, soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.
+
+
+ _Spiny Tree_. Oaha (Benin).
+
+  It is a small tree found in the Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria. The small, rather thin and longish spines on the stem are the
+  most typical feature of this tree. It usually grows with aerial roots.
+  It reaches about 3 feet in girth, and on the whole is more common in
+  the secondary forest than in the primeval. The wood is moderately
+  durable, especially when used for inside work, such as verandah-posts.
+
+  _Native Use._—It is sometimes used for small poles for hut-building.
+
+
+ _House Post_. Ewai (Benin).
+
+  A common tree in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. It is a
+  slow-growing tree which has a very hard brown wood; it is a shade-
+  bearer. The seed is a small nut. The wood is used by the natives of
+  Benin for building-posts, rafters and small planks.
+
+  It is found in the moist evergreen forest zone and is somewhat common
+  in the Obagie Reserve of the Benin district.
+
+
+ _Ussehin Chew-stick_. Okuta (Yoruba); Okuta, Opahan (Benin).
+
+  It is rather a rare tree of the Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of
+  Nigeria. The name means “a stone,” and has apparently been given
+  because of the hardness of the wood. It is a medium-sized tree,
+  reaching a girth of about 5 feet. The wood is almost white, and there
+  is little difference between sapwood and heartwood. In the Ussehin
+  country of Benin it is used as a chew-stick. The Yoruba states that it
+  is the hardest of all native woods.
+
+
+ _Akpo_ (Benin). Hardwood.
+
+  It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria, also a
+  very hard wood, a medium-sized tree. The brown heartwood is used by
+  the natives for planks. It is thought rather highly of by the Benin
+  natives, especially for wall-plates and joists. In the past it has
+  been only hewn by them, but not sawn.
+
+
+ _Ukpaigwi, Okpaigwi_ (Benin).
+
+  Rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It grows to
+  10 feet in girth and yields a soft wood which is attacked by white
+  ants. It is a shade-bearer and soil-protecting tree. The roots are
+  used by the natives for medicinal purposes.
+
+
+ _Oruru_ (Benin).
+
+  It is a tree found in the Benin province of Nigeria.
+
+  It is a small tree, reaching a girth of 2 feet. After three years it
+  comes up in an old farm. The slash is red and a little red sap exudes
+  slowly. It is usual to find thirty small ones in one place, from root
+  suckers, but also from stool shoots if a tree has been cut down
+  before. It is similar to Eranpata in this respect. The fruit is round
+  and small and like peas, only a little larger. The flower, which is
+  white and quite small, grows in small clusters.
+
+  The wood is not hard and white all through. It is attacked by
+  termites, except when placed in the house, where it is more or less
+  protected.
+
+  Reproduction by stool shoot is the best method.
+
+  It is a shade-bearer and grows slowly. It grows in good soil of some
+  depth and also in the evergreen forests. When it appears in old farms,
+  it stands the fires well.
+
+  It is a soil-improving and soil-protecting tree, and tends to spread
+  with the extension of cultivation, especially in the evergreen and
+  mixed deciduous forest zone.
+
+  As it does not reach timber size, it is not worth trying as a building
+  timber.
+
+  The fruit is edible; after eating it the tongue becomes almost of a
+  blue colour. The root is used medicinally. The branches are used as
+  pegs in the top of the walls of the houses in Benin, partly for fixing
+  the roof.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 93.—=Mimusops Djave, about twelve years old,
+standing near Prison, Degema Station, Eastern Circle.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 94.—=Mature Light African Greenheart (Piptadenia
+Africana) standing in the middle of Degema Station.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 95.—=Young Oil Bean Tree in bearing (Pentaclethra
+macrophylla), Degema Station.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 96.—=Red Oak (Berlinia acuminata), 20 feet in Girth,
+standing near the Sombreiro River, Degema Station.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 414.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER X
+
+THE FORESTS AND TIMBER PRODUCTION OF THE BRITISH SPHERE OF THE CAMEROONS
+
+
+Running parallel with the Nigerian boundary, a strip averaging 75 to 90
+miles in width, and running back from the coast about 300 miles, we have
+the British sphere of the Cameroons, in all, an area of about 31,000
+square miles. From the forest-zone point of view this land area can be
+divided into really three different zones. First of all, nearest the
+coast, there is Victoria, the Cameroon Mountains, followed by the bank
+of the Mungo. Past the crest of Kuppe and the Manengube Mountains and
+onwards along the Mbo, Foto and Bambuto Ranges round to the headquarters
+of the Cross River and to the Nigerian boundary, we have about 7,000
+square miles of an almost unbroken evergreen forest zone.
+
+The second area comprises a beautiful open grassland with only scattered
+trees, covering largely the Chang, Bamenda, Kontsha and more northern
+districts of the British sphere, in all about 17,000 square miles.
+
+The third section comprises the heavy evergreen and deciduous forests on
+the banks of the more northern rivers, such as the Mo, the Cam, and
+covers approximately an area of 7,000 square miles.
+
+From the forestry point of view, the most accessible, and therefore the
+most valuable, of these areas are situated in the first-named zone,
+therefore we will consider this area more in detail.
+
+To begin with, it can be subdivided into three almost distinct forest
+divisions; following the watersheds or basins of (1) the Mungo River,
+(2) the Cross River, (3) the Akwayefe, Ndian, Moko, Meme Rivers and the
+Rio del Rey district. Taking the third area first, we have comparatively
+large areas of forest covering both level and hilly country up to an
+elevation of about 3,000 feet, but with the sides of the valleys less
+timbered than in the Mungo River forest zone. Amongst the species of
+trees which have been felled and exported from this area are the
+following: Mahogany Sarcocephalus, Bitter Bark, _Saccoglottis
+Gabunensis_, Light Mahogany, _Khaya Euryphylla_, Ebony, _Diospyros
+Kamerunensis_, Red Ironwood or Bongossi, _Lophira procera_, Long-
+capsuled Mahogany, _Entandrophragma Rederi_.
+
+Amongst the more prevalent trees of the lower lying land, including the
+Tiko plain, are the following: Mahogany, _Khaya Klainei_, Long-capsuled
+Unscented Mahogany, _Entandrophragma Candollei_, Scented Mahogany,
+_Entandrophragma utilis_, Cedar, _Guarea sp._, Red Ironwood, _Lophira
+procera_, _Canarium Schweinfurthii_, Brown Ebony, _Diospyros sp._,
+_Terminalia scutifera_, _Afzelia pachyloba_, _Berlinia sp._, two kinds
+of Camwood, Walnut, _Lovoa Klaineana_, _Pterocarpus tinctorius_, as well
+as the valuable orange-coloured wood of _Sarcocephalus sambucinus_ and
+Mahogany-like species of Guttiferæ and _Uapaca Staudtii_.
+
+Some of the “stands” of this timber, and especially on the hill slopes
+of the Cameroon Mountains, are very thick and dense, more especially
+near Debundscha, with its annual rainfall of 423 inches.
+
+One of the most interesting and unique stands on the mountainside is
+that of tree-fern, about 30 feet high, as an undergrowth, and heavy
+mahogany, _Entandrophragma Rederi_, and _Ongekea Kamerunensis_, chiefly
+at an altitude of 3,500 to 4,000 feet, also quite untouched except in
+the neighbourhood of Buea.
+
+Only the smallest part of all this area, and in fact only that on the
+bank of the Meme, had been at all operated upon before the war, and the
+forests on the banks of the Akwayefe were quite untouched. All the
+higher slopes and the northern sides of the Cameroon Mountains, and
+beyond as far as Mount Gonistan, were also quite unused. All through
+this part the villages are comparatively few and far between, and even
+in those parts where they are closer together, the population in each is
+very small, and the forest growth is so thick that they make little
+impression upon it. Added to that, the chief crop grown by the natives
+is the cacao-yam, for which only comparatively small areas are
+necessary, and in many cases this is grown in small spaces in the shade
+of giant forest trees. Also, all through this area only comparatively
+small patches, compared to the whole, have been cleared and planted with
+cacao. Again, the area occupied by the European-owned cacao and rubber
+plantations is very small, and chiefly found near Victoria and a little
+both westward and eastward at the base of the Cameroon Mountain (Mount
+Fako).
+
+Turning now to the Mungo River region, we have in some ways an even more
+valuable forest area. Here, indeed, one German firm had actually made a
+felling over an area of nearly one square mile and had sold nearly all
+the timber in Germany.
+
+Amongst the more prevalent species found are the following: Bush Oak,
+_Chlorophora excelsa_, Black Ebony, _Diospyros Gilgiana_, Pearwood,
+_Mimusops Djave_ (which is found in immense specimens on the edge of the
+Kumba road), Inoi Nut, _Poga oleosa_, with its light-reddish wood with
+wide medullary rays; African Greenheart, _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_, a
+magnificent tree; Shinglewood, Scented Mahogany, _Guarea glomerulata_,
+Brown Teak, _Brachystegia cynometroides_, Long-capsuled Mahogany,
+_Entandrophragma Candollei_, the Oil Bean, _Pentaclethra macrophylla_,
+Red Ironwood, not quite so prevalent; _Lophira procera_, Paddle Wood,
+_Uvaria Busgenii_, Gum Copal, _Pterogopodium sp._, Wild Mango, _Irvingia
+Barteri_, Light African Greenheart, _Piptadenia Africana_, Camwood or
+Barwood, _Pterocarpus santalinoides_, Wood Oil Nut, _Ricinodendron
+Africanum_, Hard Yellow Wood, _Coula edulis_, and Ironwood, _Bridelia
+stenocarpa_. Although the Bakundu and Balong natives are more active in
+their farming operations near the banks of the Mungo, there are still
+very large areas of comparatively untouched forests, and more especially
+in the upper regions of the river. In four separate places beyond the
+crossing of the Bakossi Road there are four different rapids or
+waterfalls on the river, which would provide water-power for saw-mills,
+or other wood-using industries. On the left bank of the river, beyond
+the Bakossi crossing, there is an area almost without population in
+which there are large numbers of Oil Palms, as well as other forest
+trees. On this road, too, is seen the very picturesque waterfall and
+narrow gorge of a tributary of the Mungo, which is also suitable for
+generating power for one kind of mill or another.
+
+Turning now to the Bakossi forests, which culminate in the more or less
+isolated peak of Mount Kuppe (altitude 6,300 feet), the land is all
+covered with forest with the exception of some rocky points on the
+eastern side. A small amount of land has been cleared at an altitude of
+about 3,000 feet, for the making of tobacco plantations, but the rest,
+with the exception of the taking of a few trees for local felling,
+remains intact. The Bakossis have made large farms in the valleys, and
+are very industrious, but still the forests situated higher up are
+largely untouched. It is interesting to notice that the walls of the
+round and conically roofed houses are made with about five circular rows
+of tree-fern stems, cut to the length of the height of the wall and
+placed one behind the other. These are most durable and are a most
+unique example of the utilization of the produce of these forests,
+although many of the tree-fern “stands” have been cut down and have
+quite disappeared; a few remain in isolated places.
+
+Some of the more common species found in this forest are the following:
+Bush Maple, _Triplochiton scleroxylon_, Ebony, Diospyros, Mahogany,
+_Khaya Euryphylla_, Bush Teak, _Chlorophora excelsa_, Gum Copal
+(_Copaifera Demeusii_), Bilinga (_Afzelia Zenkeri_), Hardwood
+(_Millettia sp._), Scented Mahogany (_Entandrophragma Candollei_), Light
+Mahogany (_Canarium Schweinfurthii_), Hardwood (_Dialium Staudtii_ and
+_Newtonia Zenkeri_), Yellow Hardwood (_Ongokea Kamerunensis_), African
+Whitewood (_Enantia chlorantha_), Camwood (_Pterocarpus Soyauxii_).
+
+There is less forest near the Manenguba Mountains, most of it being
+situated on the banks of the Mo and Mbu Rivers (tributaries of the Cross
+River). Continuing along the boundary line between the grass country and
+the tree-fern forest, we have the Mbo and Foto Ranges, with their dense
+evergreen forests up to an altitude of 5,000 feet. Amongst the more
+valuable trees are the Cola (_Cola laterita_), Camwood (_Pterocarpus
+Soyauxii_), Albizzia species, Ibadan, _Ficus Vogelii_. Below this point,
+at about 4,000 feet, Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, Corkwood, _Musanga
+Smithii_, and tree-ferns reappear, as well as _Acacia Farnesiana_. The
+Wild Date, _Phœnix sp._, occurs again about this altitude. The Oil Palm
+occurs again in the valleys. On the lower slopes there are
+Ricinodendron, Bombax, Sarcocephalus, and Trema.
+
+Continuing farther northwards we have the Bambuto Ranges, with their
+fringing forests on the banks of the streams, and the bamboo groves at
+an elevation of about 8,000 feet. Willows and small Abyssinian plants
+are found, and with the flowering of Delphiniums in the grass we might
+almost be in Europe. Toward the Cross River side, the mountains are very
+steep, and isolated peaks, such as that of Monkwa Rock, stand out in
+solitary grandeur amongst the lower forested mountains of the Cross
+River. In the Cross River basin we have mainly six large rivers, all
+joining the Cross River. On the right or northern bank these are the
+Manyu, Mo, Manya, and Oyi, above Mamfe, and on the left or southern bank
+the Mbu and Manja, as well as the Awa, joining below Mamfe. All except
+one of these rise amongst the forests, and it is on the banks of these
+that the finest forests are situated, although in some parts, such as
+near Tinto, the natives have been more active in farming and have
+cleared large areas of them. This is more the case nearer the villages,
+and nearer the roads, even where the forest has been cut down, there are
+almost continuous groves of Oil Palms, less than a quarter of its
+produce having as yet been collected or sold. Amongst the most valuable
+timber trees of these forests are the Ebony (_Diospyros_), Bush Teak
+(_Chlorophora excelsa_), African Whitewood (_Enantia chlorantha_),
+Camwood (_Pterocarpus Soyauxia_), Bilinga (_Afzelia Africana_), Hardwood
+(_Millettia sp._), Sapeli Mahogany (_Entandrophragma Candollei_), Light
+Mahogany (_Canarium Mansfeldii_), Hardwood (_Newtonia Zenkeri_), Wild
+Mango (_Irvingia Barteri_), Mukonja (_Terminalia superba combretaceæ_),
+White Cedar (_Pycnanthus Kombo_), Red Oak (_Berlinia acuminata_),
+Berlinia species with very large pod, three species of Walnut,
+Albizzias, Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_), African Wood Oil Nut Tree
+(_Ricinodendron Africana_), _Parinarium sp._ (_Dialium_).
+
+The range of hills Nda Ali is also forest-covered and is situated in the
+Cross River basin.
+
+More or less adjacent to these areas, and partly between these and the
+Meme River forest, are those of Gonistan and the Rumpi Mountains. These
+again are quite untouched, although, lying some distance away from
+navigable rivers, they may subsequently prove of greater value when
+eventually opened up with the forest tramway or other means of
+transport. The species of trees found here are very similar to those
+found in other parts. On the whole, Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_) is
+most prevalent in Ogu and Mbu, as also both Mahoganies, Camwood
+(_Pterocarpus sp._), African Greenheart (_Piptadenia Africana_),
+Corkwood (_Musanga Smithii_), False Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_), Hog
+Plum (_Spondias lutea_), Wild Mango (_Irvingia Gabonensis_), Hard
+Mahogany (_Detarium Guineense_). Numerous small Oil Palms occur in
+places. On the banks of the Fi, Cedar (_Carapa procera_), Hard Mahogany,
+Trichilia, an anacardiaceous tree; the hard whitewood Akboro (Benin),
+the brown hardwood, Microdesmis, African Greenheart (_Piptadenia
+Africana_), _Heritiera sp._, Scented Mahogany, _Guarea Thompsonii_,
+_Chrysophyllum Africanum_, and a very hard wood known as Alikongeba by
+the Yorubas are found. Near the Rumpi Mountains the following are more
+prevalent; the _Sarcocephalus sp._, Berlinia, _Piptadenia Africana_,
+_Cylicodiscus Gabonensis_, Oroko, _Lophira procera_, Satinwood,
+_Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_, Pattern-wood, _Alstonia Congensis_, Shingle-
+wood, _Terminalia scutifera_, Pear-wood, _Mimusops Djave_, Corkwood,
+_Musanga Smithii_, Scented Mahogany, _Guarea sp._, White Cedar,
+_Pycnanthus Kombo_, Camwood, _Pterocarpus sp._, brown hardwood,
+Microdesmis, Wild Mango (_Irvingia Gabunensis_), Gaboon Mahogany,
+_Canarium Schweinfurthii_, Bilinga (_Afzelia pachyloba_), and Walnut.
+
+Out of the total of 14,000 square miles of forest, 6,000 must be
+deducted as being inaccessible for many years to come. Again, out of
+this 8,000 square miles, 4,500 square miles will be made accessible as
+soon as those areas lying nearest the rivers have been opened up for
+timber extraction. Therefore only these last areas will be taken into
+consideration at the present time.
+
+The chief timber forests comprised in this area are those situated
+between the Mfu and Fi, the Fi and Mbu, and the Manja and Mak Rivers.
+
+On the whole, in the Cross River basin there is an area of fully 2,000
+square miles of exploitable forests, within reach of streams or rivers
+deep enough to float logs in the rainy season. In the Akwayefe, Ndian,
+Moko, and Meme River valleys there is another 700 square miles. Again,
+on the banks of the Mungo and its tributaries there is an area of about
+800 square miles suitable for the extraction of timber. In all, then,
+there is an area of 3,500 square miles of forest which could be utilized
+at the present time. Assuming that only one tree on every four acres is
+of value for export, and that each tree is worth a nominal amount of £1,
+therefore the whole forest is worth £575,000. In addition to these there
+are many other trees which would become valuable either for export or
+for local use as soon as the forests were opened up and utilized, and
+this would at least double the value of the forest. This, also, is one
+of the last remaining large tracts of forest where the population is
+smaller and the requirements for forest products less than those to be
+had in the forest. There is thus a surplus for export. Up to the
+outbreak of war, out of all this area only 47,000 acres, or 73½ square
+miles, had been, or was being, leased as timber areas. Outside these
+areas some 285,000 acres, or 445 square miles, had been alienated,
+chiefly on the lower slopes of the Cameroon Mountains and in the
+neighbourhood of Mount Kupe. Under the old German law, ten marks per ton
+was charged on Ebony, Mahogany, Bush Oak, and one or two other species,
+and five marks on all soft woods, except certain trees which had proved
+unprofitable to export. Compared with those in force in Nigeria, these
+fees were very low, and despite the fact that on the average the
+Cameroon forest would be more difficult to exploit than the average one
+in Nigeria, there should still be more profit in the former; also, with
+the considerable number of water-power sites available, timber
+conversion could be undertaken, and thus the cost of transport cheapened
+in comparison with the value of the product to be transported. Well-
+squared logs, large flitches or planks of timber could be cut and
+transported. Under the German Colonial land law, with the exception of
+15 acres per head allowed to each native, all the land could be declared
+Crown land, so that no difficulty would be involved in leasing land to
+timber companies; that is to say, it was first declared to be Crown land
+and then subsequently leased to timber companies. The natives, however,
+then received no royalties on the trees which were felled. Thus those in
+the immediate neighbourhood had no incentive to work in the forests as
+they do in Nigeria. Sufficient emphasis was not laid on the fact that a
+timber company should possess ample capital.
+
+In afforestation a great deal had been planned, but only a small amount
+had been executed. In the north, at Fontwans, in the Dschang district, a
+40-acre teak plantation had been made. At each of the stations
+themselves, Dschang, Mbo, Djutisha, various experimental plots of trees
+had been planted. Nearer the coast, at Kumba, valuable test plantations,
+aggregating some 400 acres, had been planted with Ebony, _Diospyros
+suaveolens_, Umbrella Tree, _Musanga Smithii_, Casuarina, _Casuarina
+equisitifolia_, Cigar-box Cedar, Cedrela, Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_),
+Djave Nut (_Mimusops Djave_), Teak (_Tectona grandis_), Para Rubber
+(_Hevea Braziliensis_), Cacao (_Theobroma cacao_), and Oil Palms (_Elæis
+Guineensis_), Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_), Mahogany (_Khaya
+euryphylla_), and Heavy Mahogany (_Entandrophragma sp._).
+
+At Mussake at an elevation of 6,000 feet on the side of the Cameroon
+Mountains, there was a quinine plantation. At an elevation of 3,000 feet
+at Buea there were small experimental plantations of tea, Ceylon and
+ordinary, quinine and Casuarina. Several of the roads had been planted
+with avenues of cypress and Biota trees. On the coast at Victoria, small
+Casuarina plantations had been made. For the furtherance of all
+agricultural and forestal interests, the very extensive Botanical
+Gardens had been made. Not only is it the largest, but it contains the
+most extensive collections of plants of economic value and for ornament
+of any place on the West Coast of Africa. The very numerous test plots
+of most of the tropical commercially known plants, such as Nutmeg,
+Rubber, Cocoa, Cola, Cocoanut Palms, Oil Palms, Vegetable Ivory Palms,
+demonstrated how these grew in the Cameroons.
+
+Then the agricultural areas of Cacao-yams, Casada, Sugar-cane, Rice, one
+and all were destined to demonstrate the value and possibilities of
+growing these products in the Cameroons. Then again the forest tree
+plots of Teak, Casuarina, Mahogany (_Swietenia macrophylla_),
+Trinkomalee Wood (_Berrya ammomilla_), Gum Copal (_Copaifera Demeusii_),
+Candle Nut (_Aleurites Moluccana_), Balsam of Peru (_Toluifera
+Pereiræ_), _Terminalia sp._, _Dillenia Indica_, show how these trees
+will thrive in this locality. In growth, an avenue of Indian Almond,
+_Terminalia Catappa_, could not be compared with those at Lome.
+
+Again, all showed what forest products and forest trees were most
+suitable to that climate.
+
+In the garden Museum, there were collections of timbers, fibres, rubber,
+gums, resins, as well as mineral products; also very full collections of
+the seeds, nuts and fruits of the trees and plants. Finally, there was
+the large and well-equipped building of the Experimental and Agronomical
+Institute, where chemical analyses of the soil and other processes could
+be undertaken and tested. Here also all the very full meteorological
+results were tabulated, as well as other observations on the spot. This
+served also as a centre to which planters or Government officers could
+send specimens or material to be named or to be examined as to their
+value. Allied with this, but having a separate building, was the
+Agricultural School, where pupils were trained in the elements of
+agriculture and forestry, so that they might subsequently act as
+instructors at the different Government stations and also serve as
+assistants on the plantations.
+
+Although economically much more backward than Nigeria, and with a
+smaller population in a proportionate area than that in the Southern
+Provinces, the possibilities in the development of the forest products
+are even greater, especially in regard to that of palm kernels and all
+the various kinds of timber for which West Africa is gradually becoming
+well known. The main difference in working would appear to be that owing
+to the lack of population, much greater use of animal and mechanical
+means of transport, and especially mechanical appliances, as well as
+machinery, are necessary to make the labour most productive, as well as
+to economize without upsetting the present agricultural system and the
+very necessary production of food-stuffs for the local population, as
+well as for sending to the larger towns.
+
+
+               THE CONGO FRANÇAISE, OR THE FRENCH GABOON
+
+To English-speaking mahogany producers and users the latter name conveys
+more, and reminds them of one of the chief products, Gaboon Mahogany,
+_Oukoumea Klaineana_, which had but a poor name in the London market.
+This rich French colony, however, should mean a great deal more to us
+with its huge extent, upwards of 300,000 square miles, and its
+comparatively large open waterways all flowing into the giant Congo. Its
+comparatively thin population per unit of area, and its almost
+impenetrable forests make it one of the largest of the last remaining
+primeval forests of Africa. Already before the war it was the largest
+timber exporting country of the West Coast of Africa. However, its
+somewhat ill-regulated timber trade had one or two drawbacks and
+laboured under several disadvantages. Most of the timber was shipped in
+the round—i.e. round logs. This means, of course, that in stowing these
+logs in the ship space is lost between them, and that space is charged
+for by the shipping company, despite the fact that it is often filled
+with “dunnage” in the shape of Ebony billets or even Camwood. In the
+round log, too, there is all the sapwood, and for this the merchant does
+not expect to pay much, if anything, and there is no doubt that it tends
+to depress the value of the timber, whatever it may be. The mere fact
+that the log is in the round is sufficient. Quite apart from that
+factor, too, a round log, even when it is a beautiful bit of redwood,
+never looks so well nor so workmanlike as a hewn squared log with clean-
+cut sawn ends. The sapwood, being softer than the heartwood, is more
+easily damaged than the heartwood in the squared log, so this is an
+additional reason why the round log often does not look as well as a
+squared one.
+
+Amongst the most important timbers exported from the French Gaboon which
+are known and have been found suitable to the English market are the
+following:
+
+1. Okoume or Angouma. Gaboon Mahogany. _Oukoumea Klaineana_.
+
+2. Zaminguila or Ombega. Mahogany. _Canarium?_.
+
+3. Duika. Mahogany. _Irvingia Barteri?_.
+
+4. Kambala. Oak. _Chlorophora excelsa_.
+
+5. Mandji or Bilinga. _Afzelia Africana_, or sometimes said to be
+_Sarcocephalus Pobeguinii_.
+
+The first named has always sold at a cheaper rate in the London market
+than the timber obtained from the other genii of West African Mahogany,
+such as Khaya, Entandrophragma, Pseudocedrela and Lovoa. First of all,
+as with other timbers, the Gaboon Mahogany is shipped in round logs,
+which are cut none too straight at the ends, owing to the rough usage
+they get in the long transport by water; before and when reaching the
+port of shipment they are often much damaged externally, which gives
+them a bad appearance. The wood is not only lighter in weight but also
+lighter in colour than the other West African Mahoganies, and both these
+qualities detract from its value. The grain is more open; it rarely if
+ever shows any figure, in comparison to the highly figured logs from
+Benin and Bassam. Having been tested very thoroughly as to tensile,
+torsion and compression strengths since the beginning of the war, it has
+not proved to be nearly as strong as the other West African Mahogany.
+These tests having been conducted with scientific accuracy and
+impartiality, they are to be trusted. Thus, for some purposes, such as
+aeroplane propellor construction, Gaboon Mahogany has proved unsuitable.
+However, it is only the very best, very strongest and most durable kinds
+of mahogany that will stand the most severe strains, such as wood is
+subject to when used in this work. However, that does not preclude the
+wood from being used for similar purposes as the other kinds of West
+African Mahogany, where the strains and stresses are not so great and
+where the lighter colour is no advantage. In fact, in many positions a
+greater lightness in the weight of the wood would be a distinct
+advantage, which should be pressed for all it is worth.
+
+Zaminguila is becoming better known, though previous to the war it could
+not be said that it had an established place in the market.
+
+Duika Mahogany is scarcely known, and may be the wood of _Irvingia
+Barteri_.
+
+Kambala or Oak, which is also known as African Teak, is much better
+known now, and in fact there is a steady demand for it, chiefly under
+the Nigerian name Iroko, which has been exported from Benin and Lagos in
+Nigeria in the form of “squared” logs.
+
+Thus far very few forest regulations have been issued in the Congo
+Française and very little replanting has been done. However, for the
+present, the supplies appear to be very large, but they will no doubt
+get more costly as the timber has to be cut and obtained from the much
+more distant and inaccessible forests. Apparently there is little or no
+Khaya Mahogany in those regions, so that there is little fear of real
+competition between the main species of Mahogany found in the different
+West African countries. The natives work the timber chiefly, cutting and
+bringing it to the ports themselves.
+
+
+                           THE BELGIAN CONGO
+
+This, the greatest and largest river system in Africa, gives its name
+also to the largest compact forest area of that country. Of the 800,000
+square miles, probably 700,000 are covered with forests of one type or
+another. From the mangrove swamps on the islands at the mouth of the
+Congo, through the dense evergreen forests of the Upper Congo to the
+dry-zone open deciduous or almost treeless areas of Katanga, an almost
+illimitable amount of unused sylvan wealth is to be found. Despite the
+obvious advantage of the Congo River, with its 3,000 miles suitable for
+timber transport and its hundreds of tributaries with many more thousand
+miles of streams, capable of floating logs, only the smallest quantities
+of mahogany are exported from the Belgian Congo.
+
+No doubt the large size of the river and the great distance of some of
+the forests from the sea have hindered a more rapid and intensive
+exploitation of the forests. In fact, Mahogany (_Khaya sp._) as an
+export timber is not really so well known as Redwood (_Pterocarpus
+sp._), though the former has been shipped in the round. In the past a
+better known Belgian wood was blockwood or boxwood, known as _Polyadoa
+umbellata_ or _Dialium Guineense_. Other forest products, however, such
+as Gum Copal (_Daniellia sp._), are found in huge quantities, in large
+blocks weighing over a hundredweight, and have been exported for many
+years.
+
+Large quantities of rubber, too, have been exported, and Oil Palm
+products, such as kernels and oil, are of increasing export importance,
+especially since Les Huileries de Congo have started working up the Oil
+Palm forests with modern means of transport and machinery on three
+different tracts of 10,000 hectares each.
+
+The railways of the Congo, supplementing as they do the waterways, have
+also not been used to any extent for the shipment of timber, though vast
+quantities of firewood have been burnt on them as well as conveyed to
+the various stations both near and on the River Congo. To some extent
+the paucity and low density of population per unit of area has tended to
+hinder the working of heavy produce such as timber, which is difficult
+to transport compared to rubber, with its higher value per unit of
+weight. Owing to this fact, too, near the mouth of the Congo there is an
+almost savannah forest on the banks of the river, which has given the
+country the appearance of not being an afforested one. In the past the
+system of huge, exclusive trading concessions over specific areas being
+granted only to one firm also hindered any free development of the more
+lower-priced forest produce such as timber.
+
+
+                             SPANISH GUINEA
+
+From Eloby, a little-known port situated in the middle of the coast of
+the Spanish possession south of the Cameroons, a great deal of Gaboon
+Mahogany (_Oukoumea Klaineana_), Redwood (_Pterocarpus Soyauxia_), and
+several other timbers have been exported. Despite the fact that the
+forests are not extensive, but almost untouched, and very rich in
+mahogany, a comparatively small number of firms have been working these
+areas. Apparently there are no forest laws, and there is little or no
+security for any forest rights one may acquire from the natives. It
+would be perhaps advisable to work areas here in conjunction with those
+in the Southern Cameroons. It is supposed to be more unhealthy in this
+part than in others, though probably this is due to the local
+conditions. Khaya is less common than elsewhere, while Redwood
+(_Pterocarpus Soyauxii_), Gaboon Mahogany (_Oukoumea Klaineana_) and
+Bilinga (_Afzelia sp._) are common woods. Again, _Canarium
+Schweinfurthii_ and other species are also very prevalent.
+
+
+                      NOTES ON THE CAMEROON TREES
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_ (Raph.). Wine Palm.
+
+  It is found in the district of Victoria. The leaves are 60 feet long.
+  Palm wine (called Mimbo) is obtained from this tree, also piassava
+  fibre.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_ (Jag.). The Oil Palm.
+
+  It is found in the Buea and Victoria districts chiefly, but is one of
+  the most widely spread trees of the Cameroons. Oil, kernels and cake
+  are obtained from it, also palm cabbage from the growing shoots at the
+  top. The oil is collected by the primitive efforts of the natives.
+
+ _Phœnix reclinata_. Swamp Palm.
+
+  It is largely used in the Dschang and Ossidinge districts for making
+  palm wine, by tapping near the root.
+
+
+=Commelinaceæ.=
+
+ _Palisota hirsuta_.
+
+  Found in the Victoria district.
+
+
+=Iridaceæ.=
+
+ _Antholyza Zenkeri_.
+
+  Found in the district of Dschang.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Trema Africana_.
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Bush Oak. Vai (Bali); Abwang (Bare); Ntong
+ (Fontem and Bangwa); Emang (Bakossi); Obang (Bafo); Bobang (Balong);
+ Mokongo or Momangi (Bakundu); Momangi (Bakwiri); Bang (Duala).
+
+  One or two found on an area of 2½ acres in the districts of Johann
+  Albrechts Höhe and Mbo. Height, 97½ to 162 feet. Time of flowering,
+  December to February.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_ (R. Br.). Umbrella Tree. Ikomba (Bare); Ekombo
+ (Bakossi); Ekomba (Bago); Bokombo (Bakundu); Lisengi (Bakwiri); Bosenge
+ (Duala).
+
+  The wood is soft and like cork in texture. Found in the district of
+  Dschang and along the coast. Height, 97½ feet.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Bokukulende (Bakossi); Wokeku (Bakwiri); Bokeku
+ (Duala).
+
+  Found in the Undu districts of Buea and Dschang.
+
+ _Treculia mollis_ (Engl.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Treculia Africana_. Boembe (Bakundu); Bwembi (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the districts of Buea and Dschang.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Wokaka (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the district of Fako, Buea.
+
+ _Ficus populifolia_.
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Ficus Capensis_. Ekol (Bakossi); Ekolo (Bakundu); Monja (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the districts of Buea and Dschang.
+
+ _Ficus courania_. Wotenge (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Ficus Schimperia_. Njondji (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the districts of Dschang and Buea.
+
+ _Antiaris toxicaria_.
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Ongokea Kamerunensis_ (Engl.).
+
+  It grows to the height of 97½ feet and has a yellowish heartwood.
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Strombosiopsis tetrandra_.
+
+  Height, 32½ feet to 97½ feet. Found in the district of Johann
+  Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi.
+
+ _Coula edulis_. Bokumia (Bakundu); Bonwula or Woula (Duala); Wokomea
+ (Bakwiri).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 97½ feet. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts
+  Höhe. Time of flowering, October. This is a good building wood.
+
+ _Strombosia grandifolia_ (Hook.). Ifondo or Wofondo (Bakwiri).
+
+  Grows in the Dschang district chiefly, but spreads over the Cameroons.
+
+ _Strombosia glaucescens_ (Engl.).
+
+  Height, 32½ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Enantia chlorantha_ (Oliv.). The Yellow-wood Tree. Bopalo or Bololo
+ (Bakundu); Woyoyo (Bakwiri); Nje or Banuke (Duala).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. The wood is a beautiful yellow and is used in
+  furniture-making and carpentering, and the bark for building native
+  houses. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Uvaria Busgenii_. Bopanda (Bafo); Bopande (Bakundu); Wofe (Bakwiri);
+ Bope (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Uvaria microtricha_ (Diels).
+
+  Height, 65 to 97½ feet.
+
+ _Monodora myristica_ (Dun.).
+
+  Found in the district of Fako, Buea.
+
+ _Hexabolus megalophyllus_ (Engl. and Diels).
+
+  Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Hexabolus salicifolius_ (Engl.).
+
+  About 65 feet high. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Hexabolus grandiflorus_ (Benth.).
+
+  65 to 81¼ feet high, widely spread over the Cameroon country.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_ (Guill. and Perr.), (Engl. and Diels).
+
+  65 to 81¼ feet in height. Found in Bipindi and Johann Albrechts Höhe
+  districts.
+
+ _Isolona pleurocarpa_ (Diels).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_ (Warb.). Nutmeg. Ngitsa (Fontem or Bangwa); Pitchong
+ (Ossidinge); Ngosame (Bakossi); Bosambe (Bakundu); Esamba (Bakwiri);
+ Bokondo (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. It is a tall tree.
+  Used for building purposes.
+
+ _Staudtii stipitata_ (Warb.).
+
+  Height, 97½ to 123½ feet. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts
+  Höhe. The wood is hard.
+
+ _Staudtii Kamerunensis_ (Warb.).
+
+  Height, 97½ to 113¾ feet. Found in West Africa. This tree has a hard
+  reddish wood.
+
+
+=Lauraceæ.=
+
+ _Tylostemon crassifolius_ (Engl.).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. This tree has a very hard
+  yellowish-brown wood.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium chrysophyllum_ (Oliv.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in the Bipindi and Johann Albrechts
+  Höhe districts.
+
+ _Parinarium_ (small). Ndikombo (Fontem or Bangwa).
+
+  Found in the Ossidinge district.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_ (Hook.). Redwood. Erundu or Wunga (Bakundu);
+ Edundu (Balong); Jondo (Bakwiri); Bolondo (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. It flowers in October
+  and changes leaf December to January. Height, 97½ to 195 feet.
+
+ _Piptadenia Winkleri_ (Harms.).
+
+  9¾ to 39 feet in height. Found in the Duala district.
+
+ _Millettia sp._ Bongongi (Bakundu); Bongongi (Duala); Bongongi (Sanaga
+ River).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Hylodendron Gabunense_ (Taub.). Bokata (Bakundu).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe, Bipindi, Minifia and
+  Gabun. Height, 65 to 97½ feet.
+
+ _Platysepalum_. Djengu (Bakwiri); Tada (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus Zenkeri_. Sosong (Bakossi); Epuepue (Bakwiri).
+
+ _Macrolobium Preussii_ (Harms.).
+
+  65 feet in height.
+
+ _Macrolobium Mannii_. Mokowa (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Macrolobium Zenkerii_ (Harms.).
+
+  65 feet in height. It grows in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Oxystigma Mannii_ (Baill.), (Harms.). Softwood. Bosipi (Duala).
+
+  Height, 130 feet. Found in the district of Victoria. The wood is used
+  in building.
+
+ _Pterocarpus Soyauxii_ (Taub.). Bo (Balong); Boa (Bakundu); Muenge
+ (Duala); Hiol or Mbia (Bakoko).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Height, 81¼ feet to
+  97½ feet. The wood is mediumly heavy, blood-red in the heartwood,
+  difficult to plane; used in making heavy furniture.
+
+ _Copaifera Demeusii_. Bobanja (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Height, 97½ feet.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 97.—=Base of Red Oak (Berlinia acuminata), showing
+smooth bark with comparatively few large scales, Degema Station.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 98.—=Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) Nursery Bed, with
+seedlings two years old, at the side of Forest House, Degema.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 428.
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thonningii_ (Benth.). Kombolo (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Height, 48¾ feet.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_ (Benth.). Combolo (Duala).
+
+  A huge tree, over 65 feet in height, with tough, fibrous, reddish
+  wood. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe, Bipindi and
+  Jaunde. It yields Owala oil.
+
+ _Albizzia Welwitschii_ (Welw.). Goo (Bali); Esang (Bakossi); Elund
+ (Balong); Isaka (Bakundu); Esakasaka (Bakwiri); Bobai (Duala).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownii_ (Walp.), (Oliv.). Isaka (Bakwiri).
+
+  Height, 65 to 97½ feet. The wood is hard and much used in building. It
+  grows in the districts of Bipindi, Mimifia and Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_ (E. Mey.), (Oliv.).
+
+  Height, 97½ feet. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. The
+  wood is moderately hard.
+
+ _Berlinia auriculata_ (Sol.).
+
+  Height, 32½ to 65 feet. Found in the Batanga and Bipindi districts.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_ (Sol.). Mbava (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the district of Teko (Buea). Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum micranthum_ (Harms.).
+
+  65 to 130 feet in height. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum sp._
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_ (Don).
+
+  Height, 97½ feet. Widely found through West Africa. The wood is much
+  used for house, bridge and ship building.
+
+ _Ostryoderris impressa_.
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Cynometra Mannii_ (Oliv.).
+
+  A high tree found in Victoria and Bimbi and on the coast.
+
+ _Cynometra multynge_ (Harms.).
+
+  Over 65 feet in height. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts
+  Höhe and Bipindi.
+
+ _Scorodophlœus Zenkerii_ (Harms.).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe, Bipindi and Urwald.
+  Height, 48¾ feet.
+
+ _Parkia Zenkerii_ (Mim. Harms.).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi. Height,
+  48¾ to 65 feet.
+
+ _Wacuminata_.
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Baphia_.
+
+  Found in the district of Rio del Rey.
+
+ _Baphia Barombiensis_.
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Pterogopodium sp._
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_ (Smith).
+
+  Height, 32½ to 65 feet. Found in the Batanga, Lokundje, and Bipindi
+  districts.
+
+ _Afzelia Zenkeri_. Lom (Bakoko); Bobolo (Malimba).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. A giant tree with
+  edible seeds.
+
+ _Brachystegia cynometroides_ (Harms.).
+
+  Height, 113¾ feet. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+  Mimifia.
+
+ _Erythrina excelsa_. Mokamu (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the district of Buea. Height, 65 feet. Time of flowering is
+  December and January.
+
+ _Dialium Staudtii_ (Harms.).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_ (Willd.).
+
+  Height, 81¼ to 97½ feet. Widely spread through the Cameroon country.
+
+ _Dialium Zenkeri_ (Harms.).
+
+  About 32½ feet high. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Distemonanthus Benthamianus_ (Baill.).
+
+  Height, 97½ to 130 feet. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts
+  Höhe and Mimifia.
+
+ _Distemonanthus sp._
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Calpocalyx Dinklagei_ (Harms.).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi. Height,
+  32 to 48¾ feet.
+
+ _Newtonia Zenkeri_ (Harms.).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi. Height,
+  97½ to 113¾ feet.
+
+ _Adenocarpus Mannii_.
+
+  District, Fako, Buea.
+
+ _Detarium macrocarpum_ (Harms.).
+
+  Height, 81¼ to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Indigofera Atriceps_.
+
+  Found in the district of Fako, Buea.
+
+ _Phutophyllum mirabile_.
+
+  Found in the district of Rio del Rey.
+
+ _Galium aparine_.
+
+  District, Victoria.
+
+ _Daniellia caudata_.
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Afrormosia laxiflora_.
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_ (Harms.). Edum (Bafo); Emang (Bakossi).
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe. A tree with enormous trunk and bark
+  resembling the pine; the wood is reddish. Height, 97½ to 130 feet.
+
+ _Trachylobium sp._
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Fillæopsis discophora_ (Harms.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ feet. Found in the Bipindi district. Called by the
+  Kameroon Holz Syndicate “Milletia.” A big tree with huge paper-like
+  pods.
+
+ _Stemonocoleus micranthus_ (Harms.).
+
+  Height, 81¼ to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Pithecolobium altissimum_ (Oliv.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in Bipindi.
+
+ _Stachyothyrsus Staudtii_ (Harms.).
+
+  Height, 81¼ feet. Found in the Mimifia and Bipindi districts.
+
+
+=Linaceæ.=
+
+ _Phyllocosmus sessiliflorus_ (Oliv.).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Height, 48¾ to 81¼
+  feet.
+
+
+=Erythroxylaceæ.=
+
+ _Erythroxylon Mannii_ (Oliv.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ feet. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+  Bipindi.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Fagara Rederi_ (Oliv.). Wongo (Bakundu); Woongo (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Fagara altissima_ (Engl.).
+
+  Found in the Bipindi district. Height, 48½ to 81¼ feet.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_. Nitone (Fontem or Bangwa).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Irvingia Barteri_ (Hook.). The so-called Wild Mango. Bope (Bafo);
+ Bopek (Balong); Weke (Bakundu); Bwiwa (Bakwiri); Bwiba ba mbale
+ (Duala).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district specially, but widely
+  spread through West Africa.
+
+ _Irvingia Gabunensis_. Etue or Etu (Bakossi); Botuba (Bafo); Bopala
+ (Bakundu).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Odyendea Gabunensis_ (Pierre).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. Height, 65 to 97½ feet.
+
+ _Klainedoxa Gabunensis_ (Pierre).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. Height, 65 to 97½ feet.
+
+ _Klainedoxa grandifolia_ (Engl.).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Pierreodendron grandifolium_.
+
+  Found in the Rio del Rey district.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Pachylobus Zenkeri_.
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Pachylobus edulis_ (G. Don). Bosao (Bakundu); Sao or Bosao (Duala);
+ Bokuka (Etam).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. A fruit tree of about 65
+  to 97½ feet in height, having dark-green, alternating, bipinnate
+  leaves, smooth bark and reddish to grey-yellow wood. The wood is used
+  to make axe-handles; the tree also yields resin.
+
+ _Pachylobus var._ (Mbafo according to Engler). Bosao (Bakundu).
+
+  A fair-sized tree with reddish and greyish-yellow wood. It has a good
+  heartwood, used for the axles of wheels; also for calabashes. Found
+  throughout West Africa.
+
+ _Canarium auriculatum_. Bweii (Bali); Wotua (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the Victoria district.
+
+ _Canarium Schweinfurthii_ (Engl.).
+
+  Height, 113 to 130 feet. Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district
+  principally, but is fairly common throughout West Africa. The wood is
+  white and is used for building.
+
+ _Canarium Mansfeldianum_.
+
+  Found in the Ossidinge district.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Entandrophragma Rederi_. Njokubwele (Bakundu); Won (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Entandrophragma utilis_.
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Entandrophragma Candollei_ (Harms.).
+
+  Height, 97½ to 130 feet. Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+  The wood is similar to mahogany.
+
+ _Guarea glomerulata_. Bobe ba ndiko (Bakundu); Lilualamombe (Bakwiri);
+ Timba or timba nundi (Duala).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. This wood is, like
+  mahogany, used for furniture, also window-wood. This tree is
+  frequently attacked by boring insects.
+
+ _Trichilia rubesilus_ (Oliv.). Ifassoa (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the Buea district. Height, 17½ to 32½ feet.
+
+ _Trichilia Prieureana_ (Juss.).
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. Height, 32½ to 39 feet.
+
+ _Khaya Klainii_ (Pierre).
+
+  The most valuable mahogany is obtained from this tree.
+
+  It is abundantly found in West Africa.
+
+ _Khaya euryphylla_ (Harms.).
+
+  From 97½ to 130 feet in height. Found in the districts of Johann
+  Albrechts Höhe and Buea.
+
+ _Khaya Senegalensis_.
+
+  Found in the district of Victoria.
+
+ _Turraeanthus Zenkeri_ (Harms.).
+
+  Found in the Jaunde and Buea districts. Height, 65 feet.
+
+ _Carapa procera_ (D.C.).
+
+  Height about 65 feet. Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. It
+  yields a wood very like mahogany, useful in building and carpentry.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanum_ (Mull. Arg.). Esango (Bakossi); Wonjasanga
+ (Bakundu); Wonjangasanga (Bakwiri); Njangsang (Duala); Ehan (Bakoko).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Lepidoturus occidentalis_. Longoso (Bakundu); Longoso (Bakwiri);
+ Joloso (Duala).
+
+  District, Mbo.
+
+ _Macaranga sp._
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Macaranga rosea_. Boka (Bakundu); Njon bwele (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Time of flowering,
+  November.
+
+ _Bridelia stenocarpa_ (Mull. Arg.). Esenge (Bakundu); Mosenge
+ (Bakwiri); Tata (Duala).
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe. It flowers in February and changes
+  leaf in December and January. The wood is light yellow with large,
+  open pores.
+
+ _Bridelia macrocarpa_. Esenge (Bakundu).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Alchornea floribunda_ (Mull. Arg.).
+
+  Sometimes found over 81¼ feet in height. It is widely spread over the
+  Cameroons.
+
+ _Alchornea cordifolia_. Dibobonga (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Antidesma laciniatum_. Liwoma (Bakwiri).
+
+  It grows in the Buea district.
+
+ _Claoxylon Preussii_ (Pax.).
+
+  It is found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Croton pyrifolius_.
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Phyllanthus discoideus_.
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Uapaca Staudtii_ (Pax.). Bosambi (Bakundu).
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Hevea_.
+
+  A rubber-tree which needs less soil than the Funtumia. Its extension
+  has been hampered by lack of seed. It suffers much from root diseases.
+  The tree is found in the Buea district.
+
+ _Sapium Mannianum_ (Mull. Arg.), (Bth.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 97½ feet. Widely spread over the Cameroon country.
+
+ _Grossera paniculata_ (Pax.). Nama tubave (Bakundu).
+
+  It grows in the Bipindi district. Height, 48¾ to 65 feet.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sorindeia trimera_ (Oliv.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ feet. Very plentiful throughout the Cameroons.
+
+ _Pseudospondias microcarpa_ (A. Rich., Engl.).
+
+  Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. Found in the Buea district and throughout the
+  Cameroons.
+
+ _Trichoscypha Bipindensis_ (Engl.).
+
+  Height, 65 to 97½ feet. It is found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Phialodiscus Zambesiacus_.
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Deinbollia pycnophylla_ (Gilg.).
+
+  Height, 65 feet. It is found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Desplatzia Dewewrei_.
+
+  Found in the (Boanda) Buea district.
+
+ _Grewiopsis globosa_. Ebonga evodi (Duala).
+
+  This is a small tree having yellow fruit, the size of a man’s fist,
+  used as food for elephants.
+
+  District, N.W. Africa.
+
+ _Grewiopsis discophora_.
+
+  District, N.W. Africa.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Pavonia Schimperiana_.
+
+  Dschang and Buea district.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Ceiba pentandra_. Silk-cotton Tree. Monga (Balong); Mungongo (Duala).
+
+  Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for stuffing, oil, etc.;
+  fruit woody.
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_. Baobab. Sometimes called “Asses Bread.”
+
+  It yields timber, fibre, tanning materials, etc. The pulp of the fruit
+  and the seeds are edible. Found in the savannah forests and also near
+  villages.
+
+ _Eriodendron_. Silk-cotton.
+
+  District, West Africa.
+
+ _Bombax buonopozense_. Silk-cotton.
+
+  District, West Africa. The tree yields timber, wool for stuffing,
+  fibre, oil, etc.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia oblonga_ (Mast.). Engele or Ongele (Balong); Bongele
+ (Bakundu); Ekonge (Bakwiri); Bongele or Bopum ba nji (Duala).
+
+  It grows in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. A large tree having
+  opposite leaves and smooth bark, which rapidly turns red when exposed
+  to the air. The wood is much used for planks.
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_. Poose (Bakundu); Ndototo (Bakwiri); Pio
+ (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. It flowers in
+  November.
+
+ _Sterculia grandifolia_. Kamdjok (Ossidinge).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Ossidinge.
+
+ _Sterculia cordifolia_. Lom (Bakoko).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Ossidinge.
+
+ _Sterculia acuminata_, syn. _Cola acuminata_ (?).
+
+  Much cultivated in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district and on the
+  mountain slopes. The nut of this tree is very much used in chocolate-
+  making and is very refreshing.
+
+ _Sterculia rhinopetala_ (K. Schum.).
+
+  Height, 81¼ to 113¾ feet. This tree yields an excellent building wood.
+
+ _Cola sp._
+
+  Found in the districts of (Muea) Buea.
+
+ _Cola sulcata_.
+
+  It is found in the district of (Boanda) Buea.
+
+ _Cola altissima_ (Engl.).
+
+  Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Cola marsupium_.
+
+  Found in the district of (Boanda) Buea.
+
+ _Pterygota Kamerunensis_.
+
+  Found in the district of Mungo River.
+
+ _Xeropetalum Dombeya_.
+
+  Found in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Triplochiton scleroxylon_ (K. Schum.). Nkom (Bakossi); Ejuong
+ (Jaunde).
+
+  This tree yields a good timber and furniture wood. The leaves are very
+  similar to those of the maple. Found very plentifully in the Cameroon
+  country.
+
+ _Theobroma cacao_. Cocoa Tree.
+
+  There are about twenty species of this tree. The Cameroon country is
+  the richest in the world for cocoa. It grows chiefly in the low-lying
+  country of the Mungo, Wari and Sanaga Rivers, in the Duala and Yabassi
+  districts and Edea; also on the slopes of the Cameroon mountains. It
+  is much attacked by cockchafer grubs (brown rot) and bark bugs. The
+  world’s supply from _T. cacao_ has been going on for five hundred
+  years, and consequently has developed varieties showing a marked
+  difference from the original type.
+
+
+=Scytopetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Oubanguia Klainei_ (Teigh.).
+
+  District, Buea. Height, 48¾ to 65 feet.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira alata_ (Banks). Ironwood. Boko (Bakundu); Ndonge (Bakwiri);
+ Bongossi (Duala).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Mbo. Diameter, 7½
+  to 10½ feet. Height, 162½ feet. The time for flowering is December and
+  January and February for ripe fruit. A good, very hard wood, used for
+  stair treads.
+
+ _Ouratea monticola_.
+
+  Found in the Buea district.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Endodesmia calophylloides_ (Bth.).
+
+  Height, 81¼ to 130 feet. It grows abundantly throughout the Cameroon
+  country.
+
+ _Garcinia punctata_ (Oliv.).
+
+  Height, 65 to 81¼ feet. Plentiful in Cameroon, specially in the Johann
+  Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Pentadesma butyraceum_ (Dom.).
+
+  A very high tree. Common throughout Cameroon.
+
+ _Haronga paniculata_. Konkwa (Bali); Worolongo (Bakwiri); Tolongo
+ (Duala).
+
+  Found in the districts of Dschang and Buea.
+
+ _Symphonia globulifera_ (L. fil.).
+
+  Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found throughout the whole of West Africa.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Flacourtia Ramontchii_. Wondo (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Barteria aromatica_.
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Barteria fistulosa_. Ant-trees (Musimba).
+
+  Found in the Buea district.
+
+ _Lindackeria dentata_.
+
+  Found in the Buea district.
+
+ _Scottellia Mimfiensis_ (Gilg.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 97½ feet.
+
+
+=Caricaceæ.=
+
+ _Carica papaya_.
+
+  Found in the district of Victoria.
+
+
+=Thymelaceæ.=
+
+ _Lasiosiphon glaucus_.
+
+  Found in the district of Victoria.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Poga oleosa_. Njove or Njole (Rio del Rey).
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Poga conophora_ (named after Muller). Njove or Njole (Rio del Rey).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Rhizophora mangle_ (Roxb.). Mangrove. Tanda (Duala).
+
+  It grows freely on the coast of West Africa. The bark is much used in
+  tanning.
+
+
+=Alangiaceæ.=
+
+ _Alangium begonifolium_.
+
+  District, Buea.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Combretum cinerea_.
+
+  It grows in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Terminalia superba_ (Engl. and Diels). Nkom (Bakossi); Bokome (Bafo);
+ Bokome (Bakundu); Djombe (Bakwiri); Mukonja (Duala).
+
+  Height, 65 to 97½ feet. It grows abundantly throughout the Cameroon
+  country, but especially at Johann Albrechts Höhe. The wood is hard,
+  light yellow and close grained; much used for making windows and
+  shutters.
+
+
+=Melastomaceæ=
+
+ _Amphiblemma polyneuron_.
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Memecylon macrodendron_ (Gilg.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Araliaceæ.=
+
+ _Schefflera Hookeriana_ (Harms.).
+
+  Found in the Buea district.
+
+
+=Myrsinaceæ.=
+
+ _Mæsa lanceolata_.
+
+  Found in the Dschang district.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Mimusops sp._
+
+ _Mimusops Djave_ (Laness), (Engl.). Nsab (Bare); Bonjabi (Bakundu);
+ Njabi (Duala).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Mbo. Height, 178¾
+  feet. Diameter, 6½ feet. There is frequently a clear bole of 97½ feet,
+  containing 6,380¼ cubic feet of wood (181 cubic metres). The nuts are
+  much valued locally as food.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum Africanum_.
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum macrophyllum_. Wonjanja (Bakwiri).
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe and Buea.
+
+ _Omphalocarpum Radlkoferi_ (Pierre).
+
+  Height, 65 feet. Found throughout West Africa. This tree yields timber
+  and a sort of gutta-percha.
+
+ _Butyrospermum Parkii_ (Kotschy.). Shea Butter.
+
+  District, N. West Africa. This tree yields a gutta-percha-like resin,
+  edible fruits, and from the seeds a fat (Shea butter).
+
+ _Omphalocarpum Pierreanum_ (Engl.).
+
+  Height, 65 to 81¼ feet. Found in the district of Bipindi.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros suaveolens_ (Gurke). Ebony.
+
+  Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts
+  Höhe.
+
+ _Diospyros atropurpurea_ (Gurke). Ebony. Efindofindo (Bafo); Findefinde
+ (Balong); Epindepinde (Bakundu); Findefinde (Bakwiri); Epindepinde
+ (Duala).
+
+  District, Johann Albrechts Höhe, Bipindi and Buea, and Muyuke. The
+  tree flowers in April and May; the fruit is ripe in October. It yields
+  timber, tanning and dyeing materials, mucilage, edible fruit (date-
+  plums), fish-poison and medicaments. The wood is very hard and of a
+  yellowish colour, the bark black. It is principally used for
+  furniture.
+
+ _Diospyros megaphylla_ (Gurke).
+
+  Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. It grows near Bipindi.
+
+ _Diospyros Bipindensis_ (Gurke).
+
+  Height, 48¾ feet. It is found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros Kamerunensis_ (Gurke).
+
+  Height, 48¾ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros Dendo_ (Welw.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. It is found throughout the Cameroon country.
+
+ _Diospyros Gilgiana_ (Gurke).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros nsambensis_ (Gurke).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros mamiacensis_ (Gurke).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 65 feet.
+
+ _Diospyros aggregata_ (Gurke).
+
+  Over 65 feet in height. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros incarnata_ (Gurke).
+
+  Height, 32½ to 39 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros mespiliformis_ (Hochst.).
+
+  The sapwood is yellowish-white and close-grained. It is very useful in
+  turnery. The tree is found widely spread over West Africa.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Nuxia Mannii_ (Oliv.).
+
+  District, (Fako) Buea.
+
+ _Anthocleista Zenkerii_, also known as Bopolo-polo.
+
+  Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Strychnos gnetifolia_ (Gilg.).
+
+  Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Kicksia elastica_. Dinjongo (Bafo); Dinjongo (Bakundu); Manjongo
+ (Bakwiri); Ebonga manyongo (Duala).
+
+  Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Buea.
+
+ _Rauwolfia macrophylla_ or _gonioclada_. Enonge (Bakundu); Kanja
+ (Bakwiri); Bandonge (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. The time of flowering
+  is October and March.
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_.
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_. Kuge (Bakossi); Bokuk (Balong); Kanja (Bakundu);
+ Wokuka (Bakwiri); Bokuka ba mhale (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. The wood is used for
+  making stools in the Kamerun country.
+
+ _Polyadoa umbellata_.
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_. Ireh Tree. (Lagos rubber.)
+
+  Found widely throughout West Africa. The chief rubber-yielding tree.
+  The tree suffers from the attacks of stag-beetles.
+
+ _Landolphia Dawei_. (Savannah rubber.)
+
+  Found in the primeval forests of West Africa. Several species yield
+  rubber, dyes and edible fruits (from which drinks are made).
+
+
+=Convolvulaceæ.=
+
+ _Ipomæa involucrata_.
+
+  District, Rio del Rey.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Cordia Irvingia_. Bola (Bakundu); Womba (Bakwiri); Bomba (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Cordia yombomba_. Jom (Ossidinge); Yombomba (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Avicennia tomentosa_ (Jacqu.). White Mangrove. Bunja (Duala). Found in
+ the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe and very frequently among coast
+ vegetation. Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. The wood is very beautiful.
+
+ _Vitex cuneata_.
+
+  Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Vitex Bipindensis_ (Gurke).
+
+  Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Clerodendron_. Mumbambe (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the district of Buea.
+
+
+=Scrophulariaceæ.=
+
+ _Selaginella Vogelii_.
+
+  Found in the district of Victoria.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathoidea campanulata_. Jon (Bali); Etutu (Bakundu); Mbako (Bakwiri);
+ Bwele ba Mbongo (Duala).
+
+  Found in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Kigelia acutifolia_. Sosong (Bakossi); Wulule (Bakwiri).
+
+  Found in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Markhamia lutea_. Abbe (Bakossi); Mawelu (Bakwiri); Mabanga (Duala).
+
+  Found in the Dschang district.
+
+
+=Acanthaceæ.=
+
+ _Thomandersia laurifolia_.
+
+  District, Rio del Rey.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Adina macrophylla_ (Lepr. and Guill.), (K. Schum.).
+
+  Found in the district of Victoria. Height of tree, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. A
+  yellowish wood, used in building and very good for furniture.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus sambucinus_ (Wint.). Tabu (Bali).
+
+  A very common tree in West Africa. It is a good building wood.
+
+ _Plectronia glabriflora_.
+
+  District, Dschang and Buea.
+
+ _Oxyanthus speciosus_. Wyfongo (Bakwiri).
+
+  District, Dschang and Buea.
+
+ _Canthium glabriflorum_.
+
+  District, N.W. Africa. This tree has grey bark and is like a palm in
+  appearance. It yields resin, and calabashes are made from the fruit.
+
+ _Morinda citrifolia_ (L.).
+
+  Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. It has a yellowish wood. A very common tree in
+  West Africa.
+
+ _Randia cladantha_ (_K. cladantha_).
+
+  Height, 65 to 81¼ feet. Very common throughout the Cameroon country.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia frondosa_ (Oliv.). Bopolopolo (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Rio del Rey.
+
+ _Vernonia conferta_. Bopolopolo (Duala).
+
+  Found in the district of Rio del Rey.
+
+ _Helichrysum fœtidum_ (Cass.).
+
+  Found in the districts of Victoria and Buea.
+
+
+             SOME CAMEROON TREES ONLY KNOWN BY NATIVE NAMES
+
+
+ Abange (Jaunde).
+
+ Adom (Jaunde).
+
+ Akaka (Jaunde); Ikaka (Bakundu). The wood is soft and nut-brown; it
+ smells like pencil-wood.
+
+ Akondog (Jaunde).
+
+ Ase (Jaunde); Njokubore (Bakundu). The fruit is similar to the
+ Entandrophragma (Meliaceæ), the root buttressed, and the leaves with
+ rosettes on the branches.
+
+ Awong (Jaunde).
+
+ Bosambai (Jaunde).
+
+ Dibanga (Jaunde). A mediumly hard, greyish-brown wood with brown
+ medullary rays; it is used for making furniture.
+
+ Ebe (Jaunde); Borimba (Bakundu). A giant tree with oval leaves, smooth
+ on the top and having brownish hairs underneath.
+
+ Ehemba (Jaunde).
+
+ Ejan (Jaunde).
+
+ Ekoah (Jaunde).
+
+ Enjog (Jaunde).
+
+ Esang (Jaunde).
+
+ Lawonong (Jaunde).
+
+ Lobog (Jaunde).
+
+ Otungue (Jaunde).
+
+ Ebunja (Bakundu).
+
+ Ekambamba (Bakundu).
+
+ Enjenju (Bakundu).
+
+ Esok (Bakundu).
+
+ Idjnake (Bakundu).
+
+ Mbonda pondo (Bakundu). A very close-grained, hard wood.
+
+ Mondoa (Bakundu).
+
+ Bowasa (Duala).
+
+ Bwiba ba njon (Duala). A hard wood used for stair treads. At the Basel
+ Mission the timber worked at was £2 per 35 cubic feet—Steyer and
+ Pingel, at the rate of 10 shillings per 35 cubic feet—the latter firm
+ working all kinds of wood of medium size.
+
+ Ebon (Duala).
+
+ Etotum (Duala).
+
+ Palambanja (Duala).
+
+ Tabako (Duala).
+
+ Eselebaka (Bakoko).
+
+ Ewnon (Bakoko).
+
+ Mpang (Bakoko and Basa).
+
+ Sibugang (Basa).
+
+
+                               APPENDIX I
+
+                        CAMEROONS—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+  -----------+----------------+----------------+---------------
+             |     1908.      |      1909.     |     1910.
+   Products. +------+---------+------+---------+------+--------
+             | Tons.|    £    | Tons.|    £    | Tons.|    £
+  -----------+------+---------+------+---------+------+--------
+  Palm       |11,198|  107,776|13,244|  130,550|13,689|177,678
+  kernels    |      |         |      |         |      |
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Palm oil   | 2,983|   48,388| 3,305|  548,500| 3,140| 62,996
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Rubber     | 1,214|  238,987| 1,517|  377,096| 1,961|553,534
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Cocoa      |   —  |    —    |   —  |    —    |   475|152,769
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Gum Arabic |   261|    7,049|   272|    4,827|   329|  2,866
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Timber     | 1,442|    7,953| 1,912|    8,855| 1,632|  7,193
+  (buildings,|      |         |      |         |      |
+  etc.)      |      |         |      |         |      |
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Bark       |     1|        6|     2|       19|     3|     31
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Dyewood    |     2|       10|   —  |    —    |     8|     21
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Ivory      |    53|   45,018|    53|   43,941|    37| 31,269
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Horns      |   —  |       48|     2|      238|     1|     94
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Honey and  |   —  |    —    |   —  |        8|   —  |     20
+  beeswax    |      |         |      |         |      |
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Shea nuts  |   123|      430|   198|    1,144|   186|    710
+  and Shea   |      |         |      |         |      |
+  butter     |      |         |      |         |      |
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Kola nuts  |    83|    1,213|    42|    1,391|    54|    900
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Djave nuts |   182|    1,023|    30|      160|   343|  1,628
+             |      |         |      |         |      |
+  Copal      |     5|      179|     3|      100|     3|    114
+  -----------+------+---------+------+---------+------+--------
+    TOTALS   |17,547|  458,082|20,580|1,116,833|21,861|991,827
+  -----------+------+---------+------+---------+------+--------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  -----------+----------------+----------------
+             |     1911.      |      1912.
+   Products. +------+---------+------+---------
+             | Tons.|    £    | Tons.|    £
+  -----------+------+---------+------+---------
+  Palm       |14,937|  208,393|15,742|  220,307
+  kernels    |      |         |      |
+             |      |         |      |
+  Palm oil   | 3,333|   71,215| 3,537|   81,119
+             |      |         |      |
+  Rubber     | 2,664|  551,513| 2,766|  573,611
+             |      |         |      |
+  Cocoa      | 3,525|  165,368| 4,479|  212,114
+             |      |         |      |
+  Gum Arabic |   259|    2,135|   221|    2,218
+             |      |         |      |
+  Timber     | 7,089|   19,409|11,109|   34,793
+  (buildings,|      |         |      |
+  etc.)      |      |         |      |
+             |      |         |      |
+  Bark       |     6|      127|    32|       29
+             |      |         |      |
+  Dyewood    |    11|       36|     4|       11
+             |      |         |      |
+  Ivory      |    40|   29,038|    34|   31,809
+             |      |         |      |
+  Horns      |     2|      138|     2|      204
+             |      |         |      |
+  Honey and  |   —  |        5|   —  |        6
+  beeswax    |      |         |      |
+             |      |         |      |
+  Shea nuts  |    65|      232|   105|      645
+  and Shea   |      |         |      |
+  butter     |      |         |      |
+             |      |         |      |
+  Kola nuts  |    87|      953|   235|    8,348
+             |      |         |      |
+  Djave nuts |    45|      254|   189|    1,258
+             |      |         |      |
+  Copal      |     2|       97|     2|       63
+  -----------+------+---------+------+---------
+    TOTALS   |32,065|1,048,905|38,457|1,166,539
+  -----------+------+---------+------+---------
+
+
+                              APPENDIX II
+
+THE CAMEROONS—EXPORTS OF BUILDING AND OTHER USEFUL TIMBERS ACCORDING TO
+                            PORT OF SHIPMENT
+
+
+  [Qu.: Quantity]
+
+  ---------------+------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
+                 |Rio del Rey.|  Victoria.* | Nsanakang.* |    Duala.
+                 |     *      |             |             |
+  Kind of Timber.+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+                 | Qu.,|Value,|  Qu.,|Value,|  Qu.,|Value,|  Qu.,|Value,
+                 |Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.
+  ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+  Abochia        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Arajon,        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  Mahogany,      |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Entandrophragma|     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Afzelia,       |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    13|    32
+  _Afzelia       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Africana_      |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Pear-tree    } |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  (Orella),    } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Adja-tree,   } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+               } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Njabi,       } |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    24|    74
+  _Mimusops    } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Djave_       } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Cotton-tree,   |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     1|     1
+  _Bombax ceiba_ |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bilinga        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    53|   149
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bongossi,      |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   700|18,144
+  _Lophira alata_|     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bimbwa,        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     2|     4
+  _Irvingia      |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Barteri_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Chlorophora   |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    16|    20
+  excelsa_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Ebony,         |   14|    41|   —  |     3|   205|   530| 1,503|13,308
+  _Diospyros sp._|     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mahogany,      |   11|    44|     2|     4|   —  |   —  | 6,672|18,485
+  Meliaceæ       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mbang,         |  —  |   —  |   —  |     2|   —  |   —  | 1,426| 3,114
+  _Chlorophora   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Momangi,       |  —  |   —  |   —  |    27|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  _Chlorophora   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  African        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     2|     1
+  Walnut,        |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Chlorophora   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Okoumea       |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  Klaineana_     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Odiki          |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Olim           |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Olong          |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Owango         |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Palmwood       |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Poana-Poana    |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Redwood,       |    1|     2|   —  |     2|   —  |   —  |    59|   232
+  _Pterocarpus   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  sp._           |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Soppo          |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    18
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Satinwood      |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Misc. parcels  |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  of wood        |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Terminalia     |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    25|   176
+  (Mukonja of    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Duala)         |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Zimingela,     |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  _Terminalia    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  superba        |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Combretaceæ_   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+    TOTALS       |   27|    88|     5|    37|   205|   530|10,503|53,763
+  ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  ---------------+------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
+                 |   Kampo.   |    Koibi.   |    Uroko.   |   Total.
+                 |            |             |             |
+  Kind of Timber.+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+                 | Qu.,|Value,|  Qu.,|Value,|  Qu.,|Value,|  Qu.,|Value,
+                 |Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.
+  ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+  Abochia        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    40|    17|    40|    17
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Arajon,        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   100|   500|   100|   500
+  Mahogany,      |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Entandrophragma|     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Afzelia,       |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    13|    32
+  _Afzelia       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Africana_      |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Pear-tree    } |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    62|    54|    62|    54
+  (Orella),    } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Adja-tree,   } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+               } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Njabi,       } |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   240|   137|   264|   212
+  _Mimusops    } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Djave_       } |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Cotton-tree,   |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    12|     4|    14|     6
+  _Bombax ceiba_ |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bilinga        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    53|   149
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bongossi,      |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   700| 1,814
+  _Lophira alata_|     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bimbwa,        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     2|     4
+  _Irvingia      |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Barteri_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Chlorophora   |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    16|    20
+  excelsa_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Ebony,         |  —  |     3|    29|   110|   —  |   —  | 1,753|13,994
+  _Diospyros sp._|     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mahogany,      |    1|    90|   —  |   —  |   156|   275| 6,845|18,900
+  Meliaceæ       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mbang,         |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     3|     2| 1,431| 3,116
+  _Chlorophora   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Momangi,       |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    27
+  _Chlorophora   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  African        |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   897|   684|   899|   685
+  Walnut,        |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Chlorophora   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_       |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Okoumea       |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |10,992| 6,832|10,992| 6,832
+  Klaineana_     |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Odiki          |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    24|    16|    24|    16
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Olim           |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    12|     5|    12|     5
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Olong          |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    10|     9|    10|     9
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Owango         |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     3|     6|     3|     6
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Palmwood       |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Poana-Poana    |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     1|     3|     1|     3
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Redwood,       |    1|    13|   —  |   —  |    13|    10|    76|   260
+  _Pterocarpus   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  sp._           |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Soppo          |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    18
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Satinwood      |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    33|    21|    33|    21
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Misc. parcels  |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     7|     2|     7|     2
+  of wood        |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Terminalia     |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    25|   176
+  (Mukonja of    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Duala)         |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                 |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Zimingela,     |  —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   264|   145|   264|   145
+  _Terminalia    |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  superba        |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Combretaceæ_   |     |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+    TOTALS       |    3|   107|    29|   110|12,877| 8,728|23,651|47,033
+  ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+
+* These ports are in the English portion of the country.
+
+
+                              APPENDIX III
+
+     THE CAMEROONS—EXPORTS OF TIMBER ACCORDING TO DESTINATION, 1913
+
+
+  [Qu.: Quantity]
+
+  --------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
+                |   Germany.  |   England.  |   France.   |  Holland.
+     Kind of    +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+     Timber.    | Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,
+                | Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.
+  --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+  Abochia       |    40|    17|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Arajon        |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   100|   500|   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Afzelia,      |    13|    32|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  _Afzelia      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Africana_     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Pear-tree     |   300|   225|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  (Orella),     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Mimusops     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Djave_        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Cotton-tree,  |    14|     6|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  Ceiba and     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bombax        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bilinga       |    53|   149|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bongossi,     |   600| 1,580|   100|   234|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  _Lophira      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  alata_        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bimbwa,       |     2|     4|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  _Irvingia     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Barteri_      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Ebony,        |   135|11,402|   397| 2,592|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  _Diospyros    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  sp._          |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mahogany,     | 4,153|12,259| 2,622| 6,291|    13|    17|    57|   331
+  Meliaceæ      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mbang,        | 1,428| 3,103|     3|    13|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  _Chlorophora  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Momangi,      |   —  |    27|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  _Chlorophora  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  African       |   545|   472|   —  |   —  |    21|    20|   152|    12
+  Walnut?       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Okumme,       | 8,847| 4,881|   —  |   —  |   690|   526|   —  |   —
+  Gaboon        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mahogany,     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Okumea       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Klaineana_    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Odiki         |    24|    16|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Olina         |    12|     5|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Olong         |    10|     9|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Owango        |     3|     6|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Palmwood      |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Poana-Poana   |     1|     3|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  African       |     7|     2|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  Lignumvitæ    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Redwood,      |    76|   260|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  Pterocarpus   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Soppo         |   —  |    18|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Satinwood     |    24|     7|   —  |   —  |     8|    13|   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Terminalia    |    25|   176|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Choraschora,  |     1|    20|   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+  _Chlorophora  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Zimengela,    |   157|   127|   —  |   —  |     2|     2|    54|     7
+  _Terminalia   |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  superba       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Combretaceæ_  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+    TOTALS      |17,716|34,815| 3,123| 9,131|   834| 1,069|   264|   351
+  --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+
+  [Continued]
+
+  --------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
+                |   America.  |   Belgium.  |    Total.
+     Kind of    +------+------+------+------+------+------
+     Timber.    | Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,
+                | Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.  | Tons.|  £.
+  --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+  Abochia       |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    40|    17
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Arajon        |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   100|   500
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Afzelia,      |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    13|    32
+  _Afzelia      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Africana_     |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Pear-tree     |   —  |   —  |    26|    40|   327|   266
+  (Orella),     |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Mimusops     |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Djave_        |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Cotton-tree,  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    14|     6
+  Ceiba and     |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bombax        |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bilinga       |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    53|   149
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bongossi,     |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   700| 1,814
+  _Lophira      |      |      |      |      |      |
+  alata_        |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Bimbwa,       |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     2|     4
+  _Irvingia     |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Barteri_      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Ebony,        |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  | 1,753|13,994
+  _Diospyros    |      |      |      |      |      |
+  sp._          |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mahogany,     |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  | 6,845|18,900
+  Meliaceæ      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mbang,        |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  | 1,431| 3,116
+  _Chlorophora  |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Momangi,      |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    27
+  _Chlorophora  |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  African       |   —  |   —  |   180|   180|   899|   685
+  Walnut?       |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Okumme,       |   513| 1,199|   941|   236|10,991| 6,842
+  Gaboon        |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Mahogany,     |      |      |      |      |      |
+  _Okumea       |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Klaineana_    |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Odiki         |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    24|    16
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Olina         |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    12|     5
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Olong         |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    10|     9
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Owango        |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     3|     6
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Palmwood      |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Poana-Poana   |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     1|     3
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  African       |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     7|     2
+  Lignumvitæ    |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Redwood,      |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    76|   260
+  Pterocarpus   |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Soppo         |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    18
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Satinwood     |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    33|    21
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Terminalia    |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |    25|   176
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Choraschora,  |   —  |   —  |   —  |   —  |     1|    20
+  _Chlorophora  |      |      |      |      |      |
+  excelsa_      |      |      |      |      |      |
+                |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Zimengela,    |   —  |   —  |    50|     8|   263|   144
+  _Terminalia   |      |      |      |      |      |
+  superba       |      |      |      |      |      |
+  Combretaceæ_  |      |      |      |      |      |
+  --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+    TOTALS      |   513| 1,199| 1,200|    66|23,651|47,033
+  --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 99.—=The temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo, on
+the Eastern Division, Nigerian Railway. Note, only native, locally grown
+timber used in its construction.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 100.—=Medium-sized African Pearwood (Mimusops Djave)
+standing in the middle of the road outside Degema Station, on the road
+to Illimema, since felled, and logs sold in England.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 101.—=Inoi Tree (Poga oleosa) standing at the edge
+of the Degema Station grounds.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 446.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XI
+
+              THE OIL BEANS, SEEDS AND NUTS OF THE FOREST
+
+
+In a separate chapter the Oil Palm and its produce are more fully
+considered, so that we give here a detailed account of the other
+important Oil Seeds and Nuts. Oil-bearing nuts and seeds are usually
+found in great profusion in the Tropics, and West Africa is no exception
+to the rule.
+
+Amongst the botanical families in which the plants yield oil-seeds or
+nuts are the Palmæ, Leguminosæ, Euphorbiaceæ, Ochnaceæ, Sapotaceæ,
+Rhizophoraceæ, Meliaceæ and Guttiferæ. As far as the Protectorates of
+Nigeria and Sierra Leone are concerned, the “Oil Bean” (_Pentaclethra
+macrophylla_) is one of the most important. According to the data in the
+Niger district, oil beans have been bought for some ten years from the
+natives. They are also known as Owala beans. The natives prefer a price
+of 1s. per case, but the minimum of 6d. and the maximum of 9d. per case
+was about the limit for the nuts in pre-war days. Even then only a small
+profit was made by the European merchant at the prices then ruling for
+the nuts in England. With the much greater, almost universal demand for
+all kinds of oil-nuts and seeds, it is probable that higher prices will
+be paid for these nuts now that the war is over, provided a reasonable
+charge for freight can be arranged. The natives themselves say that the
+nuts should be cooked for twelve hours to be good for eating. There are
+six or seven beans in each pod.
+
+Now that many roadsides in the Owerri province and other districts have
+been planted with Oil-bean trees as a shade tree, there will be a
+continual supply of nuts each year. The tree starts bearing in the tenth
+year, and almost every year bears a fair crop. An example of one of
+these avenues is seen on the Ikpoba Road, just outside Benin City. The
+pods are used as a firewood, which makes a hot, rapid fire. In Sierra
+Leone they are known as Fai beans. The beans are large and flattened,
+covered with a hard brown seed-coat. They may be from one and a half to
+two and three-quarter inches in length, and from one to one and three-
+quarter inches in breadth, and one-third to nearly half an inch in
+thickness. The kernels are white and soft and contain a quantity of oil.
+
+According to the very valuable investigations of the Imperial Institute:
+
+  The proportion of hard seed-coat (by weight), 20·7 per cent.
+
+  The proportion of kernel in bean (by weight), 79·3 per cent.
+
+  The amount of oil contained in the whole, 31·2 per cent.
+
+  The amount of oil contained in the kernels, 39 per cent.
+
+When the oil is left to stand it deposits a quantity of solid fat. On
+trial, the oil was found to yield rather a soft soap, and was stated to
+be worth only about £21 per ton. The cold-pressed oil was of a golden
+yellow colour, and the hot-drawn oil a dull yellow and rather thick.
+From analysis it was found that the meal was very nutritious, containing
+over 39 per cent. of proteids, and if it could be used as a feeding-cake
+it would be worth from £5 to £5 10s. per ton (pre-war rates).
+
+The constants of the oil from the Southern Nigerian seeds are:
+
+  Iodine value    87·07
+
+  Acid value      14·3
+
+  Titer test      50·15° C.
+
+The composition of the meal after extraction of the oil is as follows:
+
+                                      Per cent.
+
+  Moisture                              12·9
+
+  Ash                                    3·5
+
+  Proteins                              34·8
+
+  Fibre                                  6·8
+
+  Sugar (dextrose)                       6·2
+
+  Carbohydrates (other than sugar)      33·7
+
+The oil on analysis gave the following results:
+
+  Specific gravity at 15·5° C. (60° F.)       0·9194
+
+  Saponification value                      184·2
+
+  Free fatty acids, per cent.                 0·7
+
+Analysis of pressed cake:
+
+                   Per cent.
+
+  Oil                12·0
+
+  Moisture            9·9
+
+  Crude proteins     33·2
+
+  Carbohydrates      34·8
+
+  Fibre               5·7
+
+  Ash                 4·5
+
+The oil would make a first-class edible oil. The value of the beans is
+stated to be about £6 per ton c.i.f. London, August 1909, and subject to
+being shipped in lots of fifty to one hundred tons at a time. No regular
+plantations have been made with this tree, but it is probable that with
+cultivation an earlier and quicker yield of nuts could be obtained, also
+with further grafting and seed selecting the thickness of the shell over
+the kernel could be considerably reduced, and also the thickness of the
+pod, and thus make the product more valuable in proportion to its size.
+A small tree will bear half to one bushel of beans, and a large tree
+will bear two. On the smaller and younger trees the pods are narrower
+and shorter than on the older trees, and the beans are much smaller,
+being only about half the size and a third of the bulk of those from
+fully-grown trees. The pods, which also contain a certain amount of oil,
+are not to be despised as a source of fuel, especially as time goes on
+and the population increases.
+
+In this place also should be considered the beans of _Xylia Evansii_.
+This is also a Leguminous tree. The natives apparently have no use for
+the small, flattened round beans, which are about half to three-quarters
+of an inch in diameter and an eighth of an inch thick, and sometimes
+less. The beans have not been collected or sold, neither have they been
+examined chemically as to their oil or other content.
+
+Another oil-bean-bearing tree of this family is _Berlinia acuminata_,
+which has large beans rather more than an inch and a half long, an inch
+broad, and a third of an inch thick. Further examination would show
+whether the oil content is such as to justify their commercial
+exploitation. The Benin name is Ekpagoi and Yoruba Apado.
+
+Closely allied to this one is _Macrolobium palisoti_, the Ogaba of the
+Benis, which also yields a flat, almost square-shaped bean, nearly an
+inch in length and an inch in width. The exact oil content of this bean
+is unknown.
+
+The beans of _Cynometra Afzelii_ and _Cynometra Mannii_ are much larger
+and stouter, but also contain a certain amount of oil of unknown value.
+The Benin name is Upakeka and Yoruba Eggi or Ekku.
+
+Then we have the small, almost black, button-like beans of _Brachystegia
+spicæformis_, which, despite their large quantity, have remained
+uncollected and unused. A proper chemical examination would reveal the
+oil or other content of the beans. The Benin name is Okwan and the
+Yoruba Ako.
+
+Still considering this same family of plants, the Leguminoseæ, there are
+the brown beans of _Erythrophlœum Guineense_ and _E. micranthum_. These
+are of a brown colour, about half an inch long, one-third of an inch
+wide, and an eighth of an inch thick, and of a more or less round shape.
+Here, again, further investigation would reveal the oil content of these
+beans. The Yoruba name is Oginni or Inyi and Yoruba Erunor Obo.
+
+It is also not known whether the nuts of the various Afzelias, known as
+Apa by the Yorubas and Aligna by the Benis, contain a valuable oil or
+other commercial product.
+
+It has been stated that the beans and pods of _Pithecolobium altissimum_
+have been used as a kind of “Dividivi” for tanning leather, but further
+experiment with these would prove or disprove the point.
+
+Finally, there is the Calabar bean or Eseri bean, _Physostigma
+venenosum_. It is known to the Efiks as Eseri. The deep furrow on the
+upper side of the bean is most typical of it, and differentiates it thus
+from the various Mucuna species. It contains two alkaloids, Calabarine
+and Eserine. These beans are comparatively well known. Besides being
+used locally as a medicine and for witchcraft, they are collected and
+sold for export. The bean used in games, _Mucuna urens_, has yet to be
+examined as to its value.
+
+Amongst the other important families containing nut-bearing trees are
+the Rhizophoraceæ. The Inoy nut, _Poga oleosa_, is obtained from a
+common tree in the Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. The local
+people of the Oban and Calabar districts are very fond of the nut, and
+leave the tree standing when making their farms. The nuts sell in the
+Calabar market at the rate of 250 for 3d. They were examined in England
+and favourably reported on by the Imperial Institute in June 1905. The
+hard shell is against their general use, as it is so particularly tough
+and hard to crack. The shell on the nut itself is about one-fifteenth of
+an inch thick. The kernel is soft, white, and very oily. It has a better
+flavour than even the Brazil nut, and is pale-yellow in colour. The
+kernels were valued in May 1906 at from £9 to £10 in England. They
+contain about 60·8 per cent. of oil, which showed the following
+constants according to the investigations of the Imperial Institute:
+
+  Specific gravity of 15° C.      0·896
+
+  Saponification value          184·49
+
+  Iodine value                   89·75
+
+  Hehner value                   93·00
+
+  Reichert-Meissl value           1·45
+
+  Acid value                     39·7
+
+  Titer test                     22° C.
+
+After extraction of the oil the meal gave the following result:
+
+                                    Expressed on Dry Material.
+                                           Per cent.
+
+  Proteins                                  41·51
+
+  Sugars, reducing                           1·32
+
+    „     non-reducing (sucrose)             2·50
+
+  Other carbohydrates                       36·92
+
+  Crude fibre                                9·00
+
+  Ash                                        8·75
+
+“Inoy” kernels would yield a nutritious cake for feeding cattle.
+
+Thus far no use has been found for the round small, pear-shaped, nut-
+like fruits of the Red Mangrove, _Rhizophora racemosa_. Considering the
+large quantity found floating about in the creeks and rivers, further
+investigation seems warranted.
+
+In the Euphorbiaceæ family the Nsa-sana (Efik) or Okkwen nuts of the
+Benis have been found to contain 45·2 per cent. of oil by the Imperial
+Institute.[17] This nut is obtained from _Ricinodendron Africana_ and
+_R. Rautenii_, and is known to the Yorubas as Erimado. In each fruit
+there are two, three, or even four nuts. The flesh of the fruit soon
+dries or rots away, leaving the uncracked nuts among the debris. The
+shell of these is hard and thick, and the inside a bright white colour.
+In some experiments carried out on a comparatively large scale at the
+end of 1907 and at the beginning of 1908, in Benin, it was found that
+more than half the kernels were broken in the cracking of the nut.
+However, in the Cameroons, where the nuts are used for alimentary
+purposes, they are boiled for a short time, and then it is possible to
+crack them quite easily without damaging the kernel inside. Further
+experiments at Benin showed that six boxes (gin cases) of green fruit
+yield one box of nuts containing actually 7,528, which weigh 35 lb. 4
+oz. One box of fruit contains 418 seeds and yields 720 nuts. An average
+of 7,419 seeds is contained in each box, 155 nuts weighing 1 lb. Each
+fruit contains on the average two and one-ninth seeds. On the average
+9d. per box was paid for fruit, and 1s. per box for uncracked nuts.
+Twenty boys cleaned and got ready 2½ boxes of uncracked nuts per day at
+the cost of 5s. Paying at the rate of 1s. a case for the uncracked nuts,
+the cost would be £17 per ton. However, with regular quantities being
+brought in, no doubt this cost could be reduced. In a similar way, if
+the nuts were boiled in quantity and immediately cracked, the kernels
+would be got out at a cheaper rate. The native working for himself, as
+with the palm nuts, would turn out greater quantities in a shorter time.
+
+The yield of the oil pressed from the kernels was 47 per cent., or 14
+per cent. on the whole nut. It is light yellow in colour and has a
+pleasant taste, very much like that of the ground nut. The chemical
+examination showed a resemblance to Tsung oil (Chinese wood oil). It
+possesses the same property of drying on exposure to air under ordinary
+atmospheric pressure. The oil could be used for similar purposes, or for
+the making of soft soap, and would be worth from about £18 to £20 per
+ton for this purpose, and it appears that the oil would have a ready
+sale in England, and have a value, equal to linseed oil, of about £21
+per ton. According to the investigations at the Imperial Institute, the
+analysis of Nsa-sana kernels and Tsung oil showed:
+
+  ---------------------+-------------------+--------------------------
+                       | Oil from Nsa-sana |  Commercial Tsung Oil.
+                       |     Kernels.      |
+  ---------------------+-------------------+--------------------------
+  Specific gravity     |0·9320 (at 20° C.) |0·933-0·942 (at 15·5° C.)
+                       |                   |
+  Saponification value |      191·6        |         190-197
+                       |                   |
+  Iodine value         |      147·7        |         149-165
+                       |                   |
+  Hehner value         |       95·2        |          96·3
+                       |                   |
+  Titer test           |       35·7° C.    |      37·1-37·2° C.
+  ---------------------+-------------------+--------------------------
+
+Despite the large quantities of nuts available, especially in the
+Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces, the difficulty of cracking the
+nuts satisfactorily and buying them cheap enough has so far precluded an
+export trade from being built up. Owing to the low percentage of oil in
+the whole nut it is evident that it would not pay to ship the uncracked
+nuts. So far no plantations have been made with this tree, but it comes
+up very readily and plentifully in old abandoned farms of the mixed
+forest zone. In open localities, with plenty of light, the tree begins
+to bear between the seventh and tenth year, and almost each year there
+is a large crop of fruit. From larger trees the yield appears to be over
+one bushel of nuts per tree per annum.
+
+The curious nut-like fruits of Ubellu, Benin, supposed to be a species
+of Microdesmis, have not been examined as to their oil or other content.
+Soon after falling to the ground they break up into a white putty-like
+substance, which has a very peculiar, almost sulphurous, smell, and
+sometimes rather phosphoric. The nuts are spherical and rather more than
+half an inch in diameter. The tree is found chiefly in Benin, also in
+the Abeokuta and Calabar provinces.
+
+Among the Euphorbiaceæ is the creeper, _Manniphyton sp._, known as Okwe
+to the Benis. The spherically shaped fruit with four raised ribs on its
+surface is cut open and contains one large round nut. It is about one
+inch in diameter. This is boiled for a few hours and is then edible,
+after the thin dark-brown husk has been removed. It can be peeled off
+with the fingers. The nut has a pleasant mealy taste and is very
+satisfying. Further examination would show whether it contains a
+valuable oil, and in what quantity. So far it has not been cultivated.
+
+Of the Cucurbitaceæ, the seeds of _Citrullus vulgaris_, known as Ikpan
+by the Efiks or Egusi bara by the Yorubas, have been examined at the
+Imperial Institute[18] and found to contain from 40 to 41 per cent. of a
+pale-yellow oil. It is a common plant in the more open farms of the
+forest and does not demand a very high rainfall—45 inches. The natives
+use the kernels, after they have removed the hard skin, for making soup.
+It makes an excellent dish with rather a sweet taste. According to the
+investigations of the Imperial Institute[19] an analysis of the oil gave
+the following results:
+
+  Specific gravity at 15° C.     0·9184
+
+  Acid value                     5·5
+
+  Saponification value         194·0
+
+  Iodine value                 106·0
+
+  Hehner value                  95·5
+
+  Titer test                    36·0° C.
+
+The oil could be used for soap-making, and was valued at £29 per ton.
+
+In the family Moringeæ there is _Moringa pterygosperma_, the Ben oil-
+seed tree. It is a common tree of the upper part of the Oyo, Benin and
+Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is also found in Borgu and other of the
+Northern Provinces. On examination by the Imperial Institute the kernels
+were found to contain 38 per cent. of oil, pale-yellow in colour and of
+a pleasant taste. The kernel is difficult to extract. At the Imperial
+Institute[19] the analysis showed:
+
+  --------------+---------------------+---------------------+-----------
+                |    No. 1 from       |     No. 2 from      |No. 3 from
+                |   Extracted Oil.    |  Decorticated Seed. |Undecorti-
+                |                     |                     |cated Seed.
+                +----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------
+                | Liquid.  |  Solid.  |   Cold   |   Hot    |    Hot
+                |          |          | Pressed. | Pressed. | Pressed.
+  --------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------
+  Specific      |    0·914 |    —     |    0·902 |    0·898 |    0·913
+  gravity at    |          |          |          |          |
+  15/15° C.     |          |          |          |          |
+                |          |          |          |          |
+  Acid value    |   15·3   |    —     |   49·7   |  100·5   |    2·3
+                |          |          |          |          |
+  Saponification|  189·2   |  194·4   |  179·2   |  178·7   |  186·0
+  value         |          |          |          |          |
+                |          |          |          |          |
+  Iodine value  |   70·7   |   68·3   |  100·3   |   88·0   |   67·7
+                |          |          |          |          |
+  Unsaponifiable|    —     |    —     |    1·67  |    2·69  |     —
+  matter        |          |          |          |          |
+  --------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------
+
+                  COMPOSITION OF CAKE FROM BEN SEEDS.
+
+  --------------------------------+-------------+---------------
+                                  |   No. 2,    |     No. 3
+                                  |Decorticated.|Undecorticated.
+  --------------------------------+-------------+---------------
+                                  |  Per cent.  |   Per cent.
+                                  |             |
+  Moisture                        |     5·96    |      7·5
+                                  |             |
+  Albuminoids                     |    24·12  } |
+                                  |           } |     30·8
+  Other nitrogenous substances    |    34·81  } |
+                                  |             |
+  Fat                             |    11·27    |     14·5
+                                  |             |
+  Fibre                           |     4·32    |     21·9
+                                  |             |
+  Ash                             |     5·66    |      4·5
+                                  |             |
+  Other non-nitrogenous substances|    13·86    |     20·9
+  --------------------------------+-------------+---------------
+
+From the Simarubeæ there is _Balanites Ægyptica_, Betu oil-tree of the
+Northern Provinces of Nigeria. Although it yields 58·7 per cent. of oil,
+the exploitation of it is almost impossible, owing to the difficulties
+in removing the husk, the external sugary pulp, and then the thick
+fibrous shell under the pulp. At the Imperial Institute,[20] Betu oil on
+analysis showed:
+
+  Specific gravity          0·919
+
+  Acid value                5·0
+
+  Saponification value    196·7
+
+  Iodine value             92·5
+
+  Hehner value             92·5
+
+  Reichert-Meissl value      —
+
+  Unsaponifiable matter     0·6
+
+  Titer test               34·6° C. (approx.)
+
+The oil is a mixture; the results of analysis are as follows:
+
+                         Per cent.
+
+  Olein                     33
+
+  Linolein                  33
+
+  Stearin and palmitin      34
+
+The family of Simarubeæ also contains the trees _Irvingia Barteri_ and
+_I. Smithii_. These yield the Dika nut, or, as it is sometimes called,
+Gaboon chocolate. The sun-dried kernels keep in a perfectly good
+condition for some time. According to the investigation of the Imperial
+Institute[20] the kernel contains about 43·5 of “Dika fat.” It would be
+useful either for soap or for candle making, and be worth from £25 to
+£27 per ton, and the Dika kernels are valued at from £10 to £12 per ton.
+Locally, however, they are often worth as much as this, but no doubt
+increased production would mean a reduction in price. So far the tree
+has only been planted in isolated instances, and otherwise is a forest
+tree which has been protected by the native for the value of its fruit.
+The decortication usually takes place near the tree, or in an open place
+where the nuts are split in half with a sharp matchet, which releases
+the kernel in the centre, and though often cut in half by this method,
+it apparently does not mean a large loss of oil to the kernel. According
+to the analysis of the Imperial Institute[20] the kernel showed:
+
+  ------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------
+                                      | Sample  | Sample  | Sample
+                                      | No. 1.  | No. 2.  | No. 3.
+  ------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------
+  Yield of fat (on kernels) per cent. | 54·3    |  60·1   | 66·3
+                                      |         |         |
+  Specific gravity at 100/15° C.      |    —    |   0·863 |   —
+                                      |         |         |
+  Acid value                          |  6·6    |  12·6   |  1·8
+                                      |         |         |
+  Saponification value                |244·5    | 250·0   |243·8
+                                      |         |         |
+  Iodine value                        |  5·2    |   3·3   |  4·2
+                                      |         |         |
+  Unsaponifiable matter               |  0·7    |    —    |   —
+                                      |         |         |
+  Titer test                          | 34·8° C.|    —    |   —
+                                      |         |         |
+  Melting-point of fat                |    —    |    —    | 39·2°C.
+  ------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------
+
+Apparently an oil seed, probably Philiodiscus, a member of the
+Sapindaceæ family, has been examined at the Imperial Institute and has
+been found to contain a non-drying oil, which was free from taste and
+smell. It should, therefore, be of value for eating or for making a
+white soap.
+
+Sapotaceæ, _Butyrospermum Parkii_.—In recent years larger quantities of
+Shea nuts, which are the product of this tree, have been exported from
+West Africa, especially Nigeria, as also Shea butter, which is
+manufactured locally from the nuts. In the varieties Tengba and Bomo the
+quantity varied from “54·5 per cent. to 48 per cent.,” and these were
+obtained from the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. In the two varieties
+exported from the Northern Provinces, those known as Eko showed a length
+of nut varying from 1·5 to 2·5 inches, and the Giddouchi variety 1·4
+inches long. Owing to the wide prevalence of this tree much larger
+quantities could be exported, but many of the forests containing it are
+situated far away from means of transport, and no very suitable method
+has yet been found of manufacturing the butter on a big scale locally.
+At present it is made by certain women who know the process, which takes
+nearly three days to complete. According to the Imperial Institute the
+results of the analysis of Shea butter are:[21]
+
+  ---------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------
+                                   |  From   | Fat from | Fat from
+                                   | Lagos.  |Untreated |Kiln-dried
+                                   |         | Kernels. | Kernels.
+  ---------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------
+  Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C. |  0·862  |    —     |    —
+                                   |         |          |
+  Acid value                       | 18·0    |   33·9   |   26·2
+                                   |         |          |
+  Saponification value             |179·0    |  181·2   |  180·2
+                                   |         |          |
+  Iodine value                     | 58·7    |   59·4   |   55·8
+                                   |         |          |
+  Hehner value                     | 96·5    |    —     |    —
+                                   |         |          |
+  Unsaponifiable value             |  1·7    |    —     |    —
+                                   |         |          |
+  Titer test                       | 52·0° C.|    —     |    —
+  ---------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------
+
+The fat obtained from the Northern Provinces and the Gold Coast shows
+very similar contents.
+
+_Mimusops, sp. Djave?_.—The nuts of this species closely resemble those
+of the Shea Butter Tree. The nuts are a light-brown colour, about two
+inches long, and one to one and a half inches in diameter, with roundly
+pointed ends. Rather more than half the surface of the nut is smooth and
+shiny, and the other half is rough and dull, and the whole of it is very
+hard. When dry it is, however, comparatively easily separated from the
+kernel. The fresh kernels are cream-coloured. According to the Imperial
+Institute[21] the yield of fat extracted by solvents is 60·2 per cent.,
+or 37·7 per cent. from the whole nut. The fat is solid at ordinary
+temperatures. In 1913 some of these nuts were shipped from the Cross
+River and were valued in Liverpool as Shea nuts, only at a rather lesser
+rate. According to the Imperial Institute the analysis showed:
+
+  Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.     0·860
+
+  Acid value                          25·3
+
+  Saponification value               187·6
+
+  Iodine value                        56·2
+
+  Hehner value                        95·4
+
+  Reichert-Meissl value               Nil
+
+  Unsaponifiable matter                2·6 approx.
+
+  Titer test                          47·8° C.
+
+_Dumoria Heckeli?_ (Baco or Abaku).—Although the Gold Coast name is
+given, these nuts are also found in the Oban forest. The nuts are large,
+considerably longer than those of Mimusops, but rather thinner. They are
+of a pale-brown colour, with a thick, hard, woody shell, most of which
+is smooth and shiny, only one small part of the surface being rough and
+forming almost a nodule. According to the Imperial Institute[22]
+analysis of the Gold Coast samples, the whole nuts contain 21 per cent.
+of fat or 60·5 per cent. in the kernels alone. The fat is solid and of a
+creamy white colour. The soap-makers reported that it was about equal to
+middling quality palm oil. It is also stated that dried kernels in good
+condition would be worth £13 per ton. According to the Imperial
+Institute[22] analysis the fat showed:
+
+  Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.     0·855
+
+  Acid value                          34·7
+
+  Saponification value               188·4
+
+  Iodine value                        51·3
+
+  Titer test                          51·2° C.
+
+  Unsaponifiable matter                1·3
+
+The small nuts of _Mimusops multinervis_ and _M. lacera_ have not been
+examined as to their oil or other content. The hard nuts of _M. lacera_
+appear to contain a fair proportion of oil.
+
+In this family, too, are the nuts of _Chrysophyllum Africanum_ and other
+species, for which a use has yet not been found. Finally, there are the
+numerous and fine seeds of _Omphalocarpum elatum_, known as Ikassa by
+the Benis, which are probably also oil-bearing.
+
+The next important family is the Olacaceæ, _Heisteria parvifolia_, known
+as Ikereoha by the Benis. It yields an edible nut which is white on the
+exterior and has a black-coloured shell over the actual nut inside. It
+has not yet been exported or valued. The Benin and other natives are
+very fond of eating it.
+
+Then there is the nut of Ivialegbi (Benin), which is edible and has a
+pleasant taste. It is rather smaller than the Gaboon nut, and its
+surface is slightly striated from the sharp point of the nut to the
+base.
+
+In this family is found, too, _Coula edulis_, or the Gaboon nut. This is
+chiefly found in the Cameroons, but owing to similarity in the
+vegetation it is very probably growing in the Oban forest of the Anom
+range. The shell of the nut is very rough, and the outside is smoother
+than the inside. The shell can be cracked comparatively easily with a
+somewhat powerful blow with a hammer or axe-handle.
+
+From the Anonaceæ:
+
+  _Monodora tenuifolia_, African Nutmeg.
+
+  _M. myristica_, var. _grandis_, Calabar Nutmeg.
+
+  _M. brevipes_, Yellow-flowering Nutmeg.
+
+None of these nutmegs have yet been placed on the European market.
+Although they are all much smaller in size than the nutmeg of commerce,
+a proper examination would reveal any value they might possess.
+
+Although the Myristicaceæ, _Pycnanthus Kombo_, yield fat-bearing nuts,
+they have not been exported to the English market. The nut is the size
+of a small oval plum. The outer husk is hard and thick, but is
+comparatively easily broken. The inner nut is covered with a red aril
+spread out over it, similar to the mace over the common nutmeg
+(_Myristica fragrans_). The kernel is white inside, with dark rays
+penetrating it from the outside. The tree is very prevalent, and yields
+a large number of nuts. According to the investigation of the Imperial
+Institute[23] “the yield of solid fat was 54 per cent. It has an orange
+colour and a bitter taste.” The fat was stated to be suitable for soap
+and candle making and the meal as a manure. In Sierra Leone the nuts
+were known as Kpoye, and are identical with those known as “Kafu.”
+According to the chemical analysis made at the Imperial Institute the
+following results were obtained:
+
+  Specific gravity at 100/15° C.     0·886
+
+  Melting-point                     48·5° C.
+
+  Saponification value              235 to 245
+
+  Acid value                        21·0
+
+  Hehner value                      90·8
+
+  Iodine value                      48·9
+
+  Titer test                        45·8° C.
+
+             ANALYSIS OF FAT FROM SIERRA LEONE KOMBO SEEDS.
+
+  ---------------------+--------+----------------
+                       |        |  Fat Extracted
+                       | Fat as |   from Kernels
+                       | Sent.  |   at Imperial
+                       |        |    Institute.
+  ---------------------+--------+----------------
+  Specific gravity     |  0·887 |       0·880
+                       |        |
+  Acid value           | 33·0   |      31·4
+                       |        |
+  Saponification value |231     |     236
+                       |        |
+  Iodine value         | 67·6   |      59·0
+  ---------------------+--------+----------------
+
+Of the Meliaceæ there is _Carapa Guineensis_ (_C. procera_, D.C.), which
+yields the Carapa oil. The nuts are roughly tetrahedral in shape, having
+a rough reddish-brown shell enclosing one large kernel covered with a
+pale-brown papery skin. Good kernels yield about 57 per cent. of oil by
+extraction with solvents and 46·7 per cent. by pressure (27 per cent. on
+cold and 22 per cent. on heating); it is of a pale-yellow colour and has
+a bitter taste. The commercial value of the oil was stated in 1907 to be
+£20 10s. per ton according to the valuations made by the Imperial
+Institute,[24] and from the same authority we find the Carapa cake is of
+a very low manurial value, and is only stated to be worth about £2 per
+ton. Some dark-coloured kernels were bought in 1909 at £11 5s. per ton,
+and light kernels at £11 10s. per ton. According to the Imperial
+Institute the results were as follows:
+
+  ---------------------------+-----------------+----------------
+                             |Cold Pressed Oil.|Hot Pressed Oil.
+  ---------------------------+-----------------+----------------
+  Specific gravity at 40° C. |      0·9179     |       0·9174
+                             |                 |
+      „       „       15° C. |      0·9272     |       0·9327
+                             |                 |
+  Saponification value       |    197·1        |     196·4
+                             |                 |
+  Iodine value               |     75·6        |      71·2
+                             |                 |
+  Reichert-Meissl value      |      3·5        |       3·1
+                             |                 |
+  Unsaponifiable matter      |      1·5        |       2·0
+                             |                 |
+  Titer test                 |     35·4° C.    |      36·1° C.
+  ---------------------------+-----------------+----------------
+
+                              CARAPA CAKE.
+
+             Per cent.
+
+  Moisture     9·8
+
+  Ash          5·9
+
+  Nitrogen     2·9
+
+The ash contained:
+
+                                    Per cent.
+                               (calculated on Cake).
+
+  Potash, K₂O                        1·91
+
+  Lime, CaO                          0·18
+
+  Phosphoric anhydride, P₂O₅         0·51
+
+Apocynaceæ.—Although the seeds of _Funtumia elastica_ yield oil, it was
+not favourably reported on. Perhaps now, with the greater value of all
+the oil seeds, some use could be made of it.
+
+Ebenaceæ, _Diospyros Barteri_.—This yields the Ebony nut, which is
+small, but edible. The Benin natives are very fond of it. It has not
+been exported.
+
+_Diospyros crassiflora_ or _Diospyros dendo_ have a fruit about the size
+of a large green plum, which contains four long, thin, almond-like nuts,
+which have rather a bitter taste. Although evidently oil-bearing, they
+have not been properly examined or tested as to the exact content of oil
+or other products.
+
+Rosaceæ.—Although the _Chrysobalanus sp._, or Niko nut, is comparatively
+well known, it is by no means fully utilized. Then there is _Parinarium
+Gabunense_, yielding the Mahogany nut, of uncertain value.
+
+Anacardiaceæ.—The _Anacardium occidentale_, yielding the Cashew nut, is
+so far only utilized near Lagos, where it is growing as a garden escape.
+No proper plantations have yet been made of this tree.
+
+Amongst the Palmæ, besides the Oil Palm, we have the Bottle Toddy or Fan
+Palm, _Borassus flabellifer_, yielding three or four nuts in each fruit.
+These are oil containing, but of unknown value. Considering the large
+areas in all the West African Colonies where the Fan Palm is found, some
+use should be made of the large number of nuts produced.
+
+Then we have Hyphæne, the Doum Palm, which yields a nut used for making
+buttons. Here, again, the large quantities which are found in Africa
+ensure a steady amount of produce being placed on the market, provided a
+remunerative price is always paid for the nuts. Finally there is _Phœnix
+dactylifera_, the Date Palm. Although this is more of a fruit than a
+nut, it is included here, as it is found in the forest groves of the
+North. Considering the value of its produce and the constant demand
+there is for it, a wide extension of its area of cultivation is to be
+recommended.
+
+Ochnaceæ, _Lophira alata_.—This is the dwarf Red Ironwood tree, which
+yields the “Niam” fat or “Meni” oil. The fruit is roughly conical,
+consisting of a reddish-brown fibrous shell, enclosing one kernel. The
+kernel is conical in shape, and about five-eighths of an inch in width.
+The inside is a pale-yellow colour. The fruit has two uneven-sized
+wings, the larger being over an inch in length and nearly half an inch
+in width. According to the Imperial Institute[25] the fat is semi-solid
+and of a yellowish colour. The kernel contains 31·1 to 43 per cent. of
+fat. The fat is suitable for soap-making.
+
+According to the analysis of the Imperial Institute the results were as
+follows: For soap-making it is considered to be of the same value as
+palm oil, i.e. in November 1911, at Liverpool, £30 to £31 per ton. The
+cake obtained from it closely resembled Shea-nut cake and was of a
+similar value, i.e. about £3 per ton in Liverpool. The decorticated
+kernels, which contained about 40 per cent. of oil, were valued at about
+£10 per ton c.i.f. at Liverpool in October 1911. These kernels should
+find a ready market in Europe for soap-making, and the cake to be used
+as a manure. As the tree is one of the commonest in the dry-zone
+forests, ample supplies of the nuts should be always forthcoming,
+providing an adequate price to pay for the cost of production is paid
+for them.
+
+                                TABLE I.
+
+                            _Yield of Fat._
+
+  ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+                        |   A.   |   B.   |    C.    |   D.    |   E.
+  ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+  Product received      | Fruits |Kernels |  Fruits  | Kernels |Kernels
+                        |        |        |          |         |
+  Condition of kernels  | Mostly |  Good  |   Many   |  Good   | fairly
+                        | sound  |        |  partly  |         |  good
+                        |        |        |decomposed|         |
+                        |        |        |          |         |
+  Yield of fat (per     | 31·19  |  43·0  |   39·6   |  41·16  | 41·76
+  cent. calculated on   |        |        |          |         |
+  weight of kernels     |        |        |          |         |
+  used)                 |        |        |          |         |
+  ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+
+                               TABLE II.
+
+                          _Constants of Fat._
+
+  ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+                        |   A.   |   B.   |    C.    |   D.    |   E.
+  ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+  Specific gravity      |  0·9105|  0·9044|   0·9044 |  0·9019 |  0·9016
+                        |        |        |          |         |
+  Acid value            | 18·54  | 25·9   |  33·2    | 47·5    | 48·0
+                        |        |        |          |         |
+  Saponification value  |195·6   |181·5   | 194·6    |180·7    |183·3
+                        |        |        |          |         |
+  Iodine value          | 68·4   | 69·8   |  70·3    | 72·1    | 72·5
+                        |        |        |          |         |
+  Reichert-Meissl value |   —    |  0·9   |   0·9    |  0·8    |  0·8
+                        |        |        |          |         |
+  Unsaponifiable matter |  1·49  |  0·5   |    —     |    —    |  0·86
+                        |        |        |          |         |
+  Titer test            |   —    | 49·0°C.|  47·0° C.| 47·5° C.| 48·5°
+                        |        |        |          |         |  C.
+  ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 102.—=Oil Palm (Elæis Guineensis), eight years old,
+in bearing, showing nine out of the twenty-one bunches of fruit on the
+tree.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 103.—=Seven-year-old Oil Palm in bearing, rather
+over-pruned, showing male inflorescence just below boy’s finger and
+bunch of fruit in the middle of the picture.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 460.
+
+Closely allied to the above is _Lophira procera_, the Red Ironwood Tree,
+which yields the Kaku or Ebba kernels. The fruit is usually more sharply
+conical in shape than that from _L. alata_. The fruits are small, owing
+to the fact that these large forest trees grow closely amongst others,
+and the fruits are not so fully developed or filled out as those of _L.
+alata_. _L. alata_ usually grows in the open freely, or at most only
+just touching a neighbouring tree, and thus the fruit has ample light
+for its development. According to the investigations of the Imperial
+Institute, the nuts were found to yield 55·2 per cent. of fat, which was
+solid and cream-coloured. Owing to the fact that this is a larger yield
+than that obtained from the nuts of _L. alata_, the decorticated kernels
+were valued at £12 per ton c.i.f. Liverpool. This tree is one of the
+most prevalent in the evergreen forests of Nigeria, the Gold Coast, and
+Sierra Leone, so that very considerable amounts of the seeds could be
+obtained, provided a remunerative price is paid to cover the cost of
+production. According to the analysis made at the Imperial Institute[26]
+the kernels contain:
+
+  Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.     0·859
+
+  Acid value                          11·6
+
+  Saponification value               190
+
+  Iodine value                        60
+
+  Unsaponifiable value                 0·8
+
+Guttiferæ, _Pentadesma Butyracea_.—The Tallow Tree. From this a large
+number of fat-yielding kernels are obtained from each fruit. The nuts
+are irregular tetrahedral shape. The shell is not very thick and easily
+broken when the nuts are dry. When fresh the kernel is lightish-yellow
+in colour, and the nut is brown. According to the investigations of the
+Imperial Institute the fat obtained is of a pale-yellow colour, and has
+a pleasant smell and taste. In smell, in fact, it is very much like Shea
+butter.
+
+On analysis it showed:
+
+  Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.     0·859
+
+  Acid value                           3·6
+
+  Saponification value               190·1
+
+  Iodine value                        41·8
+
+  Titer test                          50·7° C.
+
+  Hehner value                        95·0
+
+  Unsaponifiable matter                1·7
+
+  Reichert-Meissl value                Nil
+
+The samples from the Southern Provinces of Nigeria showed rather a lower
+saponification and iodine value.
+
+From its appearance and chemical constants it seems possible that this
+fat might be used in the manufacture of edible fats. The kernels were
+valued, when in good and dry condition, at from £8 to £10 per ton in the
+United Kingdom.
+
+_Allanblackia floribunda_.—The numerous nuts or kernels from the large
+fruits of this tree have not yet been used for any commercial purpose.
+They appear to contain an oil. In this family, too, there is
+_Ochrocarpus Africanus_, which has the large edible fruit known as the
+African Mammee Apple. This also yields large nuts of an uncertain value,
+which are apparently oil or fat bearing.
+
+_Garcinia conrauna_.—The nuts of this, the false or bitter Cola, besides
+yielding an edible fruit, are used locally, but further investigations
+would show whether they would obtain a regular market as an export
+product.
+
+Polygalaceæ, “Cheyi” seed, _Polygala butyracea_, Heck.—This is a common
+herbaceous plant of West Africa. The seeds yield a valuable edible fat.
+They are about a fifth of an inch long and a tenth of an inch broad. The
+seeds are of a brownish-black outside and a greenish-yellow inside.
+According to the investigations of the Imperial Institute “the seeds
+yielded 39·7 per cent. of a soft yellowish fat. The taste of it was
+pleasant, and there was no odour.” According to the Imperial Institute
+analysis the “Cheyi” fat showed:
+
+  ------------------------+---------------+------------------
+                          |Present Sample.|Results previously
+                          |               |     Recorded.
+  ------------------------+---------------+------------------
+  Melting-point           |     36° C.    |         —
+                          |               |
+  Specific gravity at     |      0·866    |         —
+  100/15·5° C.            |               |
+                          |               |
+  Acid value              |      1·24     |        11·4
+                          |               |
+  Saponification value    |    251·0      |       253·0
+                          |               |
+  Iodine value            |     52·5      |        49·4
+                          |               |
+  Titer test              |     37·85° C. |         —
+                          |               |
+  Hehner value            |     85·6      |         —
+                          |               |
+  Reichert-Meissl value   |     45·6      |        45·5
+  ------------------------+---------------+------------------
+
+“The edible fat manufacturers stated that ‘Cheyi’ fat was suitable for
+their purpose if it could be proved that it did not contain a poison,
+and valued the seeds at £13 to £14 per ton. The oil-seed crushers valued
+the seeds at £12 per ton in the United Kingdom.”
+
+N.O. Bixaceæ, according to Thonner, Flacourtiaceæ, _Oncoba echinata_,
+Oliver.—This tree bears a large number of seeds, which are known as
+“Gorli” seeds. The seeds are long and irregularly shaped, and vary from
+a quarter to three-eighths of an inch long, and from one-eighth to
+three-sixteenths of an inch broad. The stiff husk is brown in colour.
+The seeds without husks are white, waxy and soft. According to the
+Imperial Institute investigations the seeds contain 46·6 of fat, which
+is hard, white and crystalline. Although the soap made from it was
+satisfactory, it did not lose the very peculiar odour which the fat has.
+The cake and fat cannot be used as a food because of the large amount of
+chaulmoogric acid contained in it, an acid which causes vomiting. The
+fat might possibly be of value in candle-making. According to the
+Imperial Institute analysis the seeds showed:
+
+                       ANALYSIS OF “GORLI” SEEDS.
+
+  -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+                                 |Sample I.|Sample II.
+  -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+                                 |Per cent.|Per cent.
+                                 |         |
+  Moisture                       |   5·8   |   5·8
+                                 |         |
+  Fat                            |  46·6   |  46·6
+                                 |         |
+  Crude proteins                 |  17·5   |  18·1
+                                 |         |
+   Consisting of—                |         |
+                                 |         |
+    True proteins                |  11·3   |  10·2
+                                 |         |
+    Other nitrogenous substances |   6·2   |   7·9
+                                 |         |
+  Soluble carbohydrates          |   Nil   |   Nil
+                                 |         |
+  Starch, etc.                   |  11·8   |  12·1
+                                 |         |
+  Crude fibre                    |  15·6   |  14·7
+                                 |         |
+  Ash                            |   2·7   |   2·7
+  -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+
+                        ANALYSIS OF “GORLI” FAT.
+
+  -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+                                 | No. I.  | No. II.
+  -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+  Specific gravity at 15·5° C.   |  0·898  |  0·896
+                                 |         |
+  Acid value                     |  4·5    | 22·4
+                                 |         |
+  Saponification value           |192·4    |193·9
+                                 |         |
+  Iodine value                   | 99·7    | 96·8
+                                 |         |
+  Titer test                     | 57·8° C.| 57·8° C.
+                                 |         |
+  Hehner value                   | 96·5    | 96·5
+                                 |         |
+  Reichert-Meissl value          |   Nil   |   Nil
+                                 |         |
+  Unsaponifiable matter          |  1·6    |  1·3
+  -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+
+The nut of Ogbogo, a Benin tree, is as yet unvalued, though it appears
+to be an oil-yielding fruit. There is, too, the long almond-shaped nut
+of Oktobun. Although it has a somewhat hard shell, the nut is very large
+in proportion, and the kernel seems to be rich in oil. So far no use has
+been made of it.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XII
+
+                 THE OIL PALM AND PALM KERNEL INDUSTRY
+
+
+1. ÆSTHETIC ASPECT.—A most familiar sight to everyone visiting a farm in
+the southern part of Nigeria is the charming grace of the fronds of the
+Oil Palm in the clearings near the house. The long, straight,
+cylindrical, undivided stem, crowned by a large tuft of broad green palm
+leaves, easily distinguishes the Oil Palm (_Elæis Guineensis_) from the
+Tombo (_Raphia vinifera_), which has a thinner stem, clothed from the
+base to the top with 40-feet long heavy fronds, the undersides being
+silvery and the upper part light green. In certain times of the year
+huge bunches of yellow grape-like fruits hang quite 4 feet down from the
+narrow crown of this tree. It is most noteworthy that the Tombo Palm is
+found growing in or near a swamp, and only occasionally planted as an
+avenue tree on drier land, whereas the Oil Palm is usually found in the
+hard and drier ground and only occasionally in the swamp. The Oil Palm
+is much larger than another Wine Palm, _Raphia Hookeri_, which is
+similar but smaller than _Raphia vinifera_, the growth being similar but
+the seeds smaller.
+
+_Raphia Ruffia_ is a small swamp palm, with practically no stem, but a
+large number of long, thin, and somewhat light, pendulous fronds.
+
+Most visitors to West Africa are quite familiar with the huge casks of
+orange-coloured or yellow oil, which often leaks on to the deck of the
+ship, and the peculiar, rather nauseatingly pungent odour of the
+“sweating” kernel bags.
+
+1_a_. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE OIL PALM TREE, FRUIT AND NUT.—From the
+railway carriage we can see numerous groves of Oil Palms, as well as
+isolated specimens, almost continuously for the first 60 miles from
+Lagos, and more isolated for the next 180 miles. With few exceptions the
+Oil Palm is a single stemmed tree, one notable forked tree being seen on
+the northern side of the Nigerian Railway, a little more than three
+miles before reaching Ibadan. In this case an oil palm nut may have
+become embedded in an old leaf stalk sheath and subsequently sprouted,
+thus forming a separate tree growing on the other, which in the course
+of time has become joined up.
+
+It will be noticeable that in passing through the heavy forest near
+Olokemeji few or no Oil Palms are seen. This forest, however, is
+situated really within the area of the natural distribution of the Oil
+Palm. The Oil Palm, however, needs a good deal of light for its
+development, and those trees seen in the heavy forest are very tall,
+often over 100 feet high, with comparatively short leaves and a small
+number of them forming the crown of the tree (see illustration 102). On
+the other hand, wherever a clearing has been made in the forest, for
+instance near Awowo, the older Oil Palms are shorter in stem, often
+being not more than 20 feet in height. Another instance of this is seen
+in the farms near Badagry, where the trees are often only 15 to 20 feet
+high, and the stem itself only 10 feet in length. In each of these cases
+it will be noticed that the trees are standing quite free, with no
+overhanging vegetation. From the first they have been in this position,
+and the leaves have had room to spread almost 20 feet all round, thus
+giving the tree the maximum amount of moisture and other food material.
+
+Amongst these trees, Oil Palm seedlings will be seen to spread out over
+the ground almost at once, even when only the secondary and tertiary
+leaves have grown. In the forest, however, the leaves go almost straight
+up, and only after some years have elapsed spread more as they dominate,
+or try to overgrow, other seedling forest trees.
+
+2. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF TREE, FRUIT, ETC.—An Oil Palm starts male
+flowers when three years old, and these are borne one to three years
+before the female flowers appear. The male and female flowers are both
+found on the same tree, the male above the female in the axils of the
+leaves. There are two cycles of leaves younger than the female flower.
+The Oil Palm fruit is formed first by the kernel surrounded by shell,
+then the fibrous pulp containing the palm oil. The ripe fruit is of a
+brilliant brick-red colour, the unripe fruit being always black at the
+point and only red near the base, where it is covered by neighbouring
+fruits. When ripe they fall from the bunch, and it is especially
+noticeable that each bunch of fruit grows out of alternate leaf axils,
+alternating also with the whorls or cycles of growth (illustration 60).
+
+The female flowers are very minute, and in the earlier years each bunch
+is rather smaller than a man’s hand. The centre of the flower is orange,
+coloured with a bluish tip, and scarcely lasts a week. On the other
+hand, the male inflorescence is like a compact horse’s tail, composed of
+closely packed pollenated stamens. Owing to the different years in which
+the male and female inflorescence appear, it is probable that cross-
+fertilization takes place.
+
+2_a_. DISTRIBUTION OF THE OIL PALM.—The Oil Palm is found from Sierra
+Leone to Lake Chad, down to Ambriz, and eastward to the borders of
+German East Africa.
+
+The Palm Belt, according to Millbourne, is 3,000 miles in length, and
+varies from 150 to 300 miles in width.
+
+It is estimated that there are six or seven million Oil Palms behind
+Loanda inland, though this sounds rather exaggerated.
+
+In Nigeria it is most widely distributed in the Southern Provinces, and
+the densest “stands” are found in each of the river basins wherever the
+forest has been cleared (see illustration 103).
+
+Wherever the dry season is very prolonged and the locality shows a
+shallow soil, overlying laterite or rock, the Oil Palm first of all
+appears after the forest has been cut down. After a few years the trees
+are subject to annual grass-fires, and while still bearing fruit they
+begin to fail and scarcely last half the ordinary period of their life.
+Localities of that nature are found in the Afikpo, Onitsha, Ifon, and
+parts of the Ibadan districts.
+
+The Oil Palm is also one of the first trees to appear after the mangrove
+swamp and Tombo Palm region is passed in going through the forest zones
+from the coast inwards.
+
+2_b_. VARIETIES OF THE OIL PALM.—These, according to Professor O.
+Beccari, of Florence, are as follows:
+
+  _Elæis Guineensis_.
+
+  Var. _albescens_. White Oil Palm. Abe-fita or Abe-fufu (Gold Coast).
+
+  _Angulosa_. Oleporo Eyop (Old Calabar).
+
+  _Ceredia_. Adi-be (Gold Coast).
+
+  _Communis_. Udin (Benin).
+
+  _Communis forma, dura_. Ade-pa (Gold Coast).
+
+  _Idolatrica_. Sacred Palm. Abe-Obene (Gold Coast).
+
+  _Intermedia_.
+
+  _Macrocarpa_.
+
+  _Macrocarya_. Abubube (Gold Coast).
+
+  _Pisifera_.
+
+  _Repandra_. Kessede.
+
+  _Rostrata_. Mbana Oyop (Old Calabar).
+
+The Benin people differentiate the Udin or ordinary palm from Ogedin or
+the King Palm on account of its having smaller bunches of fruit, each
+fruit being longer and having a softer shell. They also treat
+Evirommilla or the Palm of Everlasting Life as a separate species. The
+Yorubas, however, consider that there are three species of Oil Palm.
+
+According to the German experiments in the Cameroons, the Lisombe or
+soft-shell Oil Palm does not come up true to type, approximately only 5
+to 10 per cent. growing to the true variety. From the locality in which
+the Lisombe Palm was and is found, it looks as if the high rainfall
+(over 300 inches) had really been one of the main factors in evolving
+this type of Oil Palm. In fact, natives who know the ordinary Oil Palm
+and the soft-shell Oil Palm say it is rather a matter of taste as to
+which is the better of the two. Apparently it depends on what commodity
+the native is dealing in, kernels or oil, as to whether it pays better
+to get plenty of oil, and obtain the kernels more easily from the soft-
+shelled Oil Palm, or an average amount of oil and larger kernels
+obtained with more difficulty from the ordinary Oil Palm. On the whole,
+the Lisombe Palm does not seem to yield on an average more pericarp oil
+than the ordinary Benin or Yoruba Oil Palm growing in a farm in the
+usual moist-zone climate. Certainly the kernel of the Lisombe Palm is
+much smaller than the ordinary Oil Palm. A further point to be
+considered, too, is that the bunch of Lisombe Oil Palm fruit is smaller
+on the average than the bunch of the ordinary Oil Palm.
+
+However, it may be noted that the natives of the southern part of the
+Ogoja district, especially the Ndeh and Befun people, plant a species of
+soft-shelled palm near the villages. Of course, in this locality the Oil
+Palm is not found in very large quantities, and the seeds for these
+groves were obtained from a good distance away, probably near the Cross
+River.
+
+3. THE GROWING OF THE OIL PALM—DISTRIBUTION OF SEED BY FARMERS, PARROTS,
+MONKEYS.—In the forest country a clearing is made some distance away
+from the village by the native to make a new farm. In clearing and
+cutting down the forest, few or no Oil Palms are met with, so that the
+farmer’s wife brings palm fruit or oil to the new farm, in order that
+they may have palm oil to eat. Having made the oil, the nuts are put out
+in the open to dry, with the intention of their being cracked later on.
+However, they lie about some months, and rodents of various kinds, such
+as rats and the hyrax (a squirrel-like animal), carry some of these away
+into the farm. Some farmers, too, pick up a few and scatter them over
+the farm. In the course of a year or two Oil Palm seedlings appear,
+where they are left amongst the other vegetation when the farm is
+abandoned. In this way, instead of the original thick forest there is a
+more or less dense grove of young Oil Palms. In other places the parrots
+may bring nuts from the neighbouring forests or other old farms, and
+these, falling in the clearing, also help to make a palm forest.
+
+The native also, after he has picked the bunches of fruit, puts them
+down in some convenient place on the roadside. Some of the nuts become
+scattered, which subsequently sprout and form additional groves of
+palms, especially where the larger trees near the roadside fall, or are
+cut down, thus giving more light to the young seedlings.
+
+Again, when the bunch of fruit is ripe on the tree, it is not often
+immediately cut off, and many of the ripe nuts thus fall to the ground.
+These subsequently grow, forming almost thickets of Oil Palms, instead
+of the one from which the original seed was obtained. A similar process
+takes place on a bigger scale in the more distantly situated forests,
+where the natives do not collect the fruit at all. Here, all the nuts
+gradually fall off the tree, more or less forming a circle 10 to 15 feet
+away from the trunk. If any clearings take place in these localities,
+they rapidly appear to become filled up with Oil Palms, which in reality
+were already there as little tiny seedlings amongst the herbs and
+undergrowth, ready to make use of any additional light or growing space
+to develop fully.
+
+4. FRUIT-BEARING AGE OF OIL PALM.—Under these conditions, where the
+seedling Oil Palms stand only a few inches, or at the most 4 or 5 feet
+apart, the growth is very constricted, with the result that no flowers
+or fruit appear before the fifteenth or twentieth year. Each stem is
+excessively thin, and tends to grow upwards like an ordinary forest
+tree, rather than forming a very short, almost negligible length of
+stem, but nearly 1 foot in diameter, as is typical of the palm family in
+the earlier years of its growth. Contrary to the above, where the Oil
+Palm comes up in a more open place the leaves do not tend upwards, but
+outwards, arching over with the leaf stalk at an angle of about 45° to
+the ground. The leaves themselves, instead of being long and thin and
+with a long length of green stalk, soon spread out fully 20 inches on
+either side of the main stalk, thus giving the plant more food material
+and making it grow more quickly. Then, in the fourth or fifth year,
+bunches of fruit, each containing from twenty-five to thirty nuts, are
+formed out of the female flower. Each bunch, which is the size of a
+man’s fist at this age, increases to nearly 2 feet in length and 1 foot
+in diameter at maturity. However, each bunch of fruit, having been
+formed against the stem of the palm and in the axil of the leaf stalk,
+is very much compressed, especially at the base. As an experiment, when
+the fruit is beginning to ripen, the leaf stalk just immediately below
+the base of the fruit stalk is removed; gradually then the bunch of
+fruit droops a little and develops more fully at the base, owing to
+having more space. More light thus reaches the fruit sideways, and the
+period of ripening is accelerated by three weeks.
+
+5. OIL PALM PLANTATIONS AND CROPS.—As a result of the greater spreading
+out of the leaves of the young palm and the more sessile habit of the
+stem in the earlier stages of growth, light penetrates more intensely
+into the fruit-bearing axils of the tree, thus increasing the size of
+each bunch.
+
+In the Calabar Arboretum, some Oil Palms were cleaned and the ground
+thoroughly cultivated in two successive years. In the first year one
+tree bore fourteen bunches of fruit, and in the second year it bore
+twenty-two bunches. No manure was placed on the ground, and the soil was
+distinctly poor and sandy—in fact, the natives in the locality said the
+land was of no use and could not be used for farms (see illustration
+102).
+
+In another case, in Benin, the Oil Palms, which were first sown at stake
+and subsequently transplanted, bore fruit in the fifth year. Contrary to
+expectation, the transplanted Oil Palm seedlings developed the secondary
+and tertiary leaves within a few months after the transplanting had
+taken place, whereas those sown at stake continued with only two spiky
+leaves for almost the first year of their growth. As the tree gets
+older, the number of bunches of fruit borne gets less, though each bunch
+is fully five times the size of the first fruiting bunches of the fifth
+year.
+
+In most districts about five bunches of fruit ripen each year, and each
+bunch bears from 1,200 to 2,000 nuts (from the best trees). It is always
+noticeable that the palms growing in the open, free from surrounding
+trees, produce the finest bunches and the greatest number of nuts. On
+this point of the yield of bunches per annum further investigations are
+necessary, as it is by no means proved that an average of five bunches
+per annum is the maximum number for a mature Oil Palm.
+
+In the Togo Plantations (251 acres), it was noticeable that in the more
+favourable climate of Atakpame and Bassari the Oil Palm bore in the
+fifth year, whereas in the drier climate of Jendi the trees first bore
+fruit in the seventh year. In illustration No. 19 the amount of growth
+shows clearly from year to year, more especially in the difference in
+the size of the leaf. The relative shortness of the stem is distinctly
+seen, showing up when compared with the natural forest-grown Oil Palms
+in illustration 20. In addition, there is the Agu Plantation in Togo.
+Thus far very few Oil Palm plantations have been made, those in the
+Cameroons being the most extensive. However, these are almost too young,
+or to some extent mixed up with the original forest-grown Oil Palms, for
+conclusive results to be shown.
+
+In the Central Circle in 1906 a communal plantation was made at Okokwo,
+but the natives have not yet found the necessity of extending it.
+
+Between the Kwa and the Akwayefe Rivers, going along the Akpaboyo Road,
+the Oil Palms are so evenly distributed that they almost appear to be
+one great plantation. However, the locality is very favourable to the
+Oil Palm; the original forest has been largely cut down and the natives
+have allowed the Oil Palms to stand wherever they did not hinder farming
+operations. Owing to the fact that the Oil Palm has spread, and is
+spreading, in those parts of the Southern Provinces of Nigeria and
+elsewhere where the rainfall is between 60 and 150 inches per annum,
+there has thus far, from the native point of view, been no incentive to
+plant more Oil Palms. In fact, with the increasing amount of general
+work going on, combined with the comparatively high price obtained for
+palm oil and kernels, there is less necessity for the native to gather
+all the palm fruit that has grown. It has been noticed that the
+cultivated Oil Palm, or Oil Palms growing in an open place, only reach
+about one-quarter the height of the forest-grown Oil Palms, which attain
+a height of over 100 feet (see illustrations 60).
+
+With cultivated trees it is possible in the earlier fruiting years to
+stand on the ground and gather the fruit from the palms, and even in
+later years only a short ladder is necessary in order to reach it. It is
+really on this problem of the height of the palm-tree that the chief
+collection of the fruit depends, and also the total output from the Oil
+Palm forests. Further investigations are necessary to decide as to how
+far it is possible to retard the height-growth of the Oil Palm for as
+long as possible, while accelerating the radial growth, or at any rate
+increasing the thickening of the stem. Varying planting distances have
+been tried, such as 16 feet 3 inches each way, 17 feet 9 inches in the
+German experiments in Togo, but 23 feet each way in the Cameroons. In
+one case teak (_Tectona grandis_) had been mixed with it. On the whole,
+in ordinarily favourable localities, a planting distance of 24 feet each
+way appears to be the most suitable. For the first five to ten years at
+least agricultural crops could be grown in between, until the Oil Palms
+had spread out so as to cover the ground almost entirely. Few or no
+experiments have yet been undertaken in selecting and planting only the
+biggest nuts of the most prolific variety, which, according to Mr.
+Farquhar’s report, _The Oil Palm and its Varieties_, is the A-sog-e-jub,
+which contains 48 per cent. of pericarp oil.
+
+It has at any rate been demonstrated by the natives that Oil Palms which
+have been tended yield bigger bunches and bear larger nuts, but only by
+actual experiments in selected areas or plantations can it be proved
+exactly how much more produce is obtained, and the extra financial yield
+over and above the increased cost of cultivation, etc.
+
+According to various commercial calculations, it has been estimated that
+only £1 per ton can be paid for the ripe fruit at the oil or kernel
+crushing mill.
+
+Owing to the comparative wide distance (24 feet) at which the Oil Palm
+should be planted, for the first few years it is possible to plant some
+catch crops. One of the cheapest ways of forming Oil Palm plantations
+would be to take over an area fairly well covered with self-sown Oil
+Palms up to 12 or 15 feet in height. After choosing the best and marking
+these, the rest should be gradually thinned out by tapping them for palm
+wine, which could be sold. A crop of water-melon, or Egusi bara
+(_Citrullus vulgaris_) of the Yorubas, could be planted over two-thirds
+of the ground between the Oil Palm plants and trees, leaving sufficient
+space for their growth and about equal to the spread of their foliage in
+each case. After this crop has been gathered in August or September, a
+crop of Awuje (Yoruba name) beans could be planted, which would again be
+ready for picking by December. In each case the haulms and dried leaves
+of the plants, after the crop is gathered, should be burnt in small
+heaps and the ashes scattered over the soil. At the beginning of the
+following year the ground could be got ready again and a crop of maize
+sown in a similar way, covering a half to two-thirds of the ground
+between the plants. This could be followed by another crop of water-
+melon, which would act as soil-covering during the rainy season, and
+again another crop of beans in the autumn. In turn this could be
+followed, after similar treatment as before, at the beginning of the
+third year, by a crop of yams (_Dioscorea sp._). Probably owing to the
+growth of the palms it would only be possible to have one row down the
+middle of the line between the palms. The species of yam should not be
+too large, so that the ridges or yam heaps could be heaped up if
+necessary with a plough and not by hand, as is usually done. The
+following autumn another crop of beans could be planted, and the next
+year, if the soil was light and suitable, a crop of ground nuts could be
+grown as a double row between the Oil Palms. In the following autumn a
+crop of beans could be grown again. In the following year, the fifth,
+some of the Oil Palms would be in bearing and yield the first returns.
+Bananas could then be planted as a single row between the lines of Oil
+Palms and would bear in the following year, thus supplementing the
+second yield of oil and kernels. By these means the whole cost of
+cultivation should at any rate be covered by the sale of the produce
+grown, partially to the labourers and otherwise outside, for export, and
+perhaps even a profit made over and above the cost. In the eleventh or
+twelfth year the bananas would be practically or entirely covered by the
+Oil Palms, and thus have to be cut down and to some extent uprooted.
+Their leaves, however, would form a good mulch for the soil, and at any
+rate act as an effective soil-covering, thus preventing the growth of
+weeds.
+
+It is doubtful whether it would be wise to plant bananas right from the
+start in even one line, not to speak of two amongst the Oil Palms, owing
+to the extraordinary amount of moisture taken from the ground by the
+banana. In some cases, on the better soils, they might be introduced in
+the third year. Cassava, _Manihot utilissima_, is rather too exacting a
+crop to be suitable for planting amongst the Oil Palms. It is very
+liable to impoverish the soil. Then, too, as far as Nigeria is
+concerned, it is not a very paying crop, yielding at the most about 14s.
+per acre after all expenses have been paid. In all the above cases we
+are taking it for granted that the Oil Palm has been planted at, or
+thinned out to, a distance of 24 feet between each tree. On the poorer
+soils the distance might no doubt be 18 to 20 feet, and on the very best
+probably a distance of 30 feet will not be found excessive. Where lime
+or other manure is available and comparatively cheap, and in some cases
+heaps of humus from the outskirts of villages, it would pay to put this
+on the land in the late autumn when the ashes from the previous crops
+are being spread on the land. In addition to these crops, careful
+surface cultivation round each Oil Palm is essential, not only to
+prevent the growth of weeds but also to keep the aeration of the soil
+good, prevent the desiccating effects of the dry season, and accelerate
+the growth of the Oil Palm. Besides planting these crops by directly
+paid labour under European supervision, using as many modern labour-
+saving appliances as possible, parts of a plantation could no doubt be
+let out at a nominal rent to the natives, even to some of the labourers,
+to work it in their own time, but only planting such crops as would fit
+in with the rotation and not lead to the impoverishment of the soil.
+Apparently the greatest danger to the tropical soil is to leave it bare
+for any length of time. In the rainy season all the mineral matter and
+tilth is liable to be washed away, and in the dry season fissures are
+formed in it, and if it is at all argillaceous it is liable to be dried
+out for a depth of over 2 feet. Constant covering is thus necessary to
+ensure the growth of the Oil Palm.
+
+6. DESTRUCTION OF OIL PALMS.—This is carried out for the following
+purposes: For farming (Onitsha) and making palm wine. Sometimes many of
+these trees are destroyed by fire in the Ahoada Okigwi, North Owerri,
+Afikpo, Abakaliki, Ogaya, and Obudu. Grubs, too, are a very frequent
+source of destruction among them. The trees are tapped in the Yoruba
+country to obtain palm wine, but it is not known exactly to what extent
+this reduces the yield of palm oil and kernels. On the whole it is
+harmful, owing to the fact that insect and other pests can obtain
+entrance to the tree through the holes made in tapping it. With the
+steadily rising price of gin the tapping of the Oil Palm is increasing
+annually, resulting in a destruction of many thousand trees each year,
+chiefly in the Obubra and Ikom districts, and to a lesser extent by
+tapping the trees in the Yoruba country. Wherever the rainfall does not
+exceed much over 50 inches and the soil of the locality is shallow over
+laterite or some rock formation, the fires become usually an annual
+occurrence. The Oil Palms which at first come up on the clearing of the
+forests then get burnt, and after a few years cease to grow faster than
+the leaves are burned each year, and subsequently die. In a similar way
+the young seedlings which may come up are very easily killed by these
+annually recurring fires, and thus the whole district is impoverished.
+This process can be seen going on in parts of the Afikpo, Owerri,
+Abakaliki, Onitsha, Ifon and Ibadan districts. It is a serious menace to
+the future development of the Oil Palm industry.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 104.—=Mature Brachystegia spicæformis standing at
+the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing the typical shape of the
+crown and branches.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 105.—=Base of Mature Brachystegia spicæformis
+standing at the side of the Calabar Road showing both the scaly
+untouched bark and the wounded section covered with nodules.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 472.
+
+6_a_. NATIVE METHOD OF COLLECTING FRUIT.—The native, to collect the
+fruit, climbs the tree with a specially made rope round his waist, by
+which he gradually hoists himself up. With a rough chisel, like a piece
+of iron with a handle, he first cuts off the leaf just above the fruit
+and then severs the bunch, letting it fall to the ground. Many of the
+fruits drop out in the transit, but these the native does not trouble to
+gather up.
+
+It is usual for the Chief to close the forest for a certain time until
+the Oil Palm fruit is more or less ripe, and then the natives can gather
+it all at the same time. Owing to the difference in the time of the
+ripening of the individual fruits at the top of the bunch and those at
+the base, many fall to the ground before the bunch is actually cut off
+the tree. These are not gathered up, and are taken away by rodents or
+birds, or come up in the same place.
+
+7. NATIVE METHOD OF MAKING OIL AND KERNEL INSPECTION.—The native cracks
+the palm kernel almost entirely by hand, the nuts being first dried in
+the sun on the ground in open spaces, surrounded roughly with little
+billets of wood, or in small sheds. When dry, they are taken out and
+cracked on rocks (if they happen to be in the neighbourhood) with a
+piece of stone in the cracker’s hand. Should the spot be devoid of rock,
+a piece of wood or stone takes its place, and then a piece of iron or
+stone is used by him in the right hand. Good workers, usually small
+girls or women, can crack about 15 to 20 lb. a day in this manner.
+
+An inspection fee on palm kernels and oil has undoubtedly helped to
+improve the product immensely and not reduced the output.
+
+The kernels are picked out at the same time, the shell remaining more or
+less where the nut is cracked. A certain amount of shell adheres to the
+kernel, and if it is an excessive amount the native picks it off.
+Anyhow, when he reaches the factory the shell contents must not exceed 5
+per cent. Although they are not actually dried, they are usually kept in
+a dry, cool place, until sufficient have been collected to sell either
+in the local market or straight to a European factory. The inspection of
+the palm produce, both oil and kernels, takes place at the factory,
+where the produce is bought by the Inspectors of Produce under the
+Customs Department.
+
+7_a_. KINDS OF OIL.—Most of the oil is soft, but as some hard oil is
+made which is worth £3 or £4 less per ton than the former, owing to its
+having about 8 per cent. less of glycerine, and both are made by a
+different process, both methods will be described.
+
+_Hard oil_ is made chiefly near Onitsha and Ikpa markets, east of the
+Niger, by the Ibos, and the following is the process employed in those
+districts.
+
+The fruit is left on the bunch in the bush, covered with leaves, for ten
+days; it is then brought into the village or place where the fruit is
+cut or knocked off the bunch. Large earthenware pots with a little water
+in the bottom are then filled with the fruit; this is then heated, but
+the water does not actually boil, or even steam very much. The fruit is
+then taken out and beaten in an old canoe or hard mud trough until all
+the fibre is fairly well macerated and detached from the nut. The whole
+mass is then placed in a shady place for four days to enable the oil to
+“get strong,” as the local people say. On the fifth day the oily fibre
+and nuts are placed in the trough again, and cold water is poured in
+until it is about a foot deep. The whole mass is pounded with the bare
+feet of children, girls or women, so that gradually the oil becomes
+detached from the fibre or from adhering to the nuts, and floats on the
+surface of the water, especially near the edges of the trough. It is
+then skimmed off with the hand and put into calabashes. The nuts and
+fibre having sunk to the bottom of the trough, the oil is left
+comparatively free from impurities. The oil in the calabashes hardens to
+much the same degree as dripping, and is ready for sale.
+
+On the banks of the Niger, where it is sold to European firms, the
+natives are often obliged to boil it to purify it still further, and to
+enable it to be poured into the puncheon in which it is shipped to
+England. This oil, even when cleaned and boiled, has a bitter taste,
+which the natives do not like when they have been accustomed to soft
+oil. When this oil arrives in England it is quite hard again.
+
+Soft oil is made in Nigeria, as well as in Sierra Leone and the Gold
+Coast Colony. The Lagos and Benin oil is the best, so the method
+employed in that part of the country will be described. The fruit is cut
+off the tree in much the same way, but the loose fruit is generally
+collected from the ground as well as the bunches, which are then carried
+to the oil-making place, which is usually situated near a running stream
+for the convenience of the manufacture of the oil. The fruit is cut or
+knocked off the bunch, cleaned of any extra stalk or dirt, and placed in
+earthenware pots, in the bottom of which is a little water. These pots
+are then put over a bright fire until the water not only boils, but has
+quite steamed away. It is then considered that the fruit is thoroughly
+soft and ready for crushing, when it is placed in earthen troughs or old
+tree trunks which are used for this purpose. Cold water is then poured
+over the fruit to about a foot in depth, and the fruit is pressed by the
+feet of women or girls standing in the trough. The oil rises to the
+surface of the water, is skimmed off with the hand or a flat piece of
+wood, and put into earthenware calabashes; all fibre is thoroughly
+squeezed and rinsed to obtain the oil out of it. The oil is now
+thoroughly boiled, and when quite thin and of a reddish-orange colour is
+poured off carefully into clean pots. A fine residue of fibre and
+particles of dirt remain in the pot in which the oil was boiled; this is
+used for native lamps by dipping a twisted fibre into it.
+
+The clean soft oil is now ready for sale, and is carried in old kerosene
+tins or other receptacles to the nearest market. Despite the very large
+loss which occurs, owing to the breaking of calabashes on the road to
+market, still very large amounts are carried in vegetable calabashes or
+earthenware pots. By the time this oil reaches Europe it is partially
+hardened in the cask, though usually there is a certain amount of liquid
+on the top.
+
+_Sale of Produce._—The palm oil is sold by the kerosene tin (one
+gallon), by the keg, or by the puncheon. It is also sold by the bottle
+in the markets for local use.
+
+The palm kernels are sold by the calabash in the districts further away
+from the markets, but more usually by the coulah (Jekri). They are also
+sometimes sold by the bag, weighing either 25 lb. or nearly 50 lb. in
+weight. The natives find old salt bags of different sizes very
+convenient for this purpose, more especially when the kernels are to be
+conveyed some distance to the nearest factory.
+
+7_b_. At the beginning of 1915 hard oil was worth £32 per ton, and soft
+oil £36 10s. per ton, whereas at the beginning of 1918 soft oil was
+being sold at £36 5s. to £47 10s. per ton, whilst the official maximum
+price for unbleached palm oil is £44 per ton, and £50 per ton bleached.
+
+7_a_ and 11. UTILITY OF THE OIL PALM.—From the Oil Palm are obtained the
+following products: Palm oil, palm kernels, palm wine and yeast from the
+fermented palm wine. The shells of the nuts are used by blacksmiths, as
+they give out great heat. The growing head of the palm is used as a
+vegetable—palm cabbage. The stems of the leaves are useful as rafters or
+house posts in the Yoruba country, the leaves for making mats for
+roofing, and the midribs as brooms.
+
+To obtain the wine, the tree is either tapped below the male
+inflorescence in Ibadan, Yoruba, etc., or when the tree is felled and
+the crown cut off. A calabash is placed so as to catch the outflowing
+sap, which is the palm wine.
+
+The natives frizzle the kernels in an iron pot and obtain an oil which
+is used as an emollient for wounds and rubbing on bruises or sprains. It
+has a burnt smell. Only small quantities of kernels are used for this
+purpose in Nigeria.
+
+Tapping is sometimes effected at the base of both inflorescences, but
+this is a more unusual method.
+
+So far no use has been found for the wood, though it is uncommonly tough
+and very fibrous.
+
+8. AMOUNT OF PRODUCE USED, EATEN, AND AMOUNT GROWING.—There is probably
+only 5 per cent., or at most 15 per cent., of the total possible trade
+done in this product from West Africa.
+
+The amount of the oil used by the natives per annum is as follows:
+
+Three gallons of oil per head per annum for food.
+
+Half-gallon of oil per head per annum for illuminant in the Eastern
+Circle, according to Gilman, and half-gallon used mixed with camwood for
+rubbing on the skin per head per annum.
+
+Allowing this amount for the total population of 8,000,000, we have a
+total of 32,000,000 gallons used locally per annum. This means the
+produce of at least 128,000,000 trees, taking into consideration the
+very poor or underbearing state of many of the trees. Some also are
+immature and not in full bearing when utilized. Even so, this represents
+only a part of the total possible crop, which might be 100,000,000
+gallons and 500,000 tons of kernels. Although the above small percentage
+of the amount of trade done will eventually prove to be an exaggeration,
+partly owing to the cutting down of Oil Palms in making farms, there is
+nevertheless clear evidence that a great many more palm kernels
+especially could be obtained if there were an increased number of plants
+available for cracking the nuts in various parts of the country. Then,
+too, in those places where the trees stand too closely together, an
+increased yield would be obtained after they had been thinned out.
+Allowing for an area of about 7,000 square miles in the dry zone, where
+the Oil Palms are not found, and 12,000 square miles for mangrove
+swamps, rivers, roads, railways, town and village sites, also where
+there are no Oil Palms, and about 10,000 square miles of heavy evergreen
+and mixed deciduous forest areas where there are few or no Oil Palms,
+this leaves an area of about 50,000 square miles on which they are found
+growing. The density varies from over 200 per acre down to only one, or
+in isolated cases to one to ten acres. With the increased amount of the
+tapping of the Oil Palm, as well as cutting it down both to get the palm
+wine and for making farms for food as well as cocoa crops, there is a
+great danger of the total amount being reduced. Everywhere on the West
+Coast of Africa where other produce has been introduced, such as in the
+Congo and in the Gold Coast, the export of palm produce tends to fall
+very rapidly. Owing to the fact that such a large amount of palm oil is
+used for alimentary or other purposes locally, and a great deal is
+exported to the Northern Provinces, the export of palm kernels to Great
+Britain and Europe generally forms the better basis in calculating the
+amount of palm produce now actually produced in the country. The small
+number of kernels used for making an oil for local use is really quite a
+negligible quantity, and will no doubt almost die out when there are
+larger amounts of pomade and other skin emollients available for the
+natives to buy.
+
+9. EUROPEAN MACHINERY FOR EXTRACTION (PERICARPING).—Mr. E. W. J. Trevor,
+of 87, Maida Vale, claims two machines for detaching and removing the
+pericarp of palm fruit with abrading, and has devised also a means by
+which the fruit is held in place and has along in line, an endless band
+or chain. It is not stated, however, if this is successful.
+
+Another apparatus with knife-blades for decorticating the pericarp has
+been patented by Mr. H. Beckwith, of 2, Rumford Street, Liverpool. It is
+called the depericarping machine. Dr. Hupfeld’s oil process is carried
+out at Agu (Togo).
+
+Haake, a Berlin firm, constructed a machine called the wet process. The
+fruit is heated with water and freed from the pulp in special machines.
+The pulp is allowed to drain, and then heated again and put under
+presses. The nuts are cracked in a large centrifugal machine, and the
+shell is separated by a drum-like sieve or by brine. With this process
+100 lb. of fruit yield 15 lb. of oil and 14 lb. of kernels. Four or five
+tons of fruit can be treated daily by fifteen or twenty men. The natives
+only extract 7 per cent. of the pericarp oil. This oil contains over 30
+per cent. of fatty acid and is only used for soaps.
+
+The Government has set up kernel-cracking machines in various places in
+West Africa.
+
+10. EUROPEAN NUT-CRACKING.—Several plants have been put up latterly to
+deal with the cracking of kernels by machinery.
+
+One of the first of such factories was started at Benin River, Warri
+province, where the shells after the nuts had been obtained from them
+were used for firing the engines of the machinery. Another factory
+exists at Abonnemma, Owerri province, and yet another was started at
+Yenagoa in 1914. The natives seem very willing to bring in the nuts to
+be cracked, especially where the population is not large enough to both
+make the oil and crack the kernels, as in the Brass and Degema
+districts. Brine is often used for separating the kernels from the
+shell.
+
+Some hand-machines have been brought out by Miller Brothers which crack
+the nuts, but both shell and kernels fall to the ground at the same
+time. A certain number of the kernels are broken in the process, but of
+recent years an improvement has been made in this respect. The cost of
+the hand-machine, amounting as it does to £30, is almost prohibitive for
+the native, unless a system of hire-purchase were to be adopted. Only a
+few of these machines (comparatively) have been sold to them.
+
+_Yield of Oil and Kernels from Whole Fruit by Machinery._—It has been
+variously estimated that out of a hundred tons of whole fruit the native
+obtains by his methods:
+
+   7 tons of oil worth (pre-war rates) £12 per ton = £84.
+
+  15 tons of kernels worth (pre-war rates) £6 per ton = £90.
+
+Again, out of the whole fruit, the result of various investigations
+shows that the pericarp comprises 30 per cent., shell 56 per cent., the
+kernels 14 per cent., and that there is 50 per cent. of oil in the
+pericarp. It has also been estimated that out of a hundred tons of whole
+fruit, a maximum of 15 tons of oil and 14 tons of kernels can be
+obtained by machinery. These at the pre-war rates would be worth
+approximately £600 and £200—in all, £800. It has also been estimated
+that the crushing of the fruit, the various freights, the carriage by
+rail and ocean, cost of bags, shipping, landing charges, insurance and
+general expenses would amount to £4 per ton, or in all about £400. This
+leaves about £400 to pay for the fresh fruit and allow for a profit;
+thus, paying £1 per ton for the fresh fruit, there would still be £300
+left for profit, or in the case of paying £2 per ton there would be £200
+left. However, so far £1 per ton has proved too low a rate for the
+natives to accept, and in most places it has been refused. It is
+doubtful whether £2 per ton will attract them sufficiently to bring in
+the large bulk of farm produce which is available. From an average
+closely stocked Oil Palm area the fruit could not be collected at a cost
+of £1 per ton, and it is very doubtful if it could be done for £2 per
+ton. So far, it appears that the native working for himself in his own
+time will always do things at a cheaper rate than paid labour under
+European supervision. Further investigations will, however, prove what a
+high price can be paid for the fresh fruit at the factory and yet leave
+sufficient margin to make a profit on the extraction of the pericarp
+oil, and also of the cracking of the nuts. In this connection the
+crushing of the kernels is considered rather a separate economic
+problem, as several other market factors come in which do not apply to
+the case of the pericarp oil and the uncrushed kernels. The machinery
+for the crushing of the kernels on the whole is much more intricate,
+costly, and requires much more highly-trained European supervision.
+
+10_a_. PERCENTAGE OIL AND KERNELS.—According to the investigations of
+the Imperial Institute, the composition of the fruit is as follows:
+
+                              Per cent.
+
+  Pericarp oil                   18
+
+  Fibre and moisture             12
+
+  Shell and disk                 58
+
+  Kernel                         12
+
+  Cake for fattening hogs       100
+
+The kernel contains 46 to 53 per cent. of oil.
+
+10_b_. PERICARP PALM OIL ANALYSIS.—This is as follows:
+
+  Specific gravity 15/15° C.   0·9209-0·9245
+
+  Melting-point                24°-42·5° C.
+
+  Saponification value         196·3-205·5
+
+  Iodine value                 53-57·4
+
+  Reichert-Meissl value        0·86-1·87
+
+  Hehner value                 94·2-97
+
+The solidifying-point of fatty acids varies from 35·8° to 46·4° C.
+usually 44·5° to 45° C.
+
+(See also 7_a_, Uses; see also 12_a_.)
+
+11. EUROPEAN USES OF OIL AND KERNELS, PALM WINE, PALM CABBAGE, ETC.—From
+46 to 53 per cent. of oil is contained in the kernel.
+
+Palm oil is used in Europe for making margarine, vegetable butters,
+chocolate and cooking fats. It makes a good butter-substitute. Palm oil
+is chiefly used for making soap and candles in England, according to Mr.
+Dennett’s paper. Tin plates are covered with palm oil to prevent
+oxidization. The leakage from the casks of oil on board ship is used for
+making metal polish. Railways use it for greasing axle-boxes on railway
+carriages.
+
+11_a_. NIGERIAN EXPORTS, OIL AND KERNELS.—The exports of palm kernels
+have been increasing almost continuously for years, owing to the gradual
+opening up of the country to trade, and also to the natives finding out
+the value of the kernel as an article of barter; nevertheless, more
+still could be obtained if hand-cracking machinery and more nut-cracking
+mills were introduced at suitable spots.
+
+The following table shows the exports for the years 1909 to 1916 of
+
+                             PALM KERNELS.
+
+  Year.    Tons.         £        Price.
+
+  1907       —       1,658,000      —
+
+  1908       —       1,425,000      —
+
+  1909    158,869    1,815,967      —
+
+  1910    172,998    2,450,814      —
+
+  1911    176,389    2,574,405   £18 6s.
+
+  1912    184,624    2,797,411   £19 15s.
+
+  1913    174,720    3,109,820   £23 5s.
+
+  1914    162,452    2,541,149      —
+
+  1915    153,319    1,692,712      —
+
+  1916    161,439    1,739,706      —
+
+            PALM OIL FROM COLONIAL REPORT, NIGERIAN EXPORTS.
+
+  Year.    Tons.         £        Price.
+
+  1911     79,000    1,696,875   £13 15s.
+
+  1912     77,000    1,654,933   £29 18s.
+
+  1913     83,000    1,854,384   £32 15s.
+
+The following is quoted from Sect. 2, Mr. R. E. Dennett’s paper on
+British Trade in Nigeria. Valuable notes have been obtained from this
+paper with regard to the palm products.
+
+                    PALM KERNEL EXPORTS TO GERMANY.
+
+About £5,000,000 worth went to Germany before the war.
+
+  Year.    Tons.
+
+  1911    262,680
+
+  1912    283,536
+
+  1913    241,961
+
+12. VALUE OF OIL AND KERNELS.—Since the war, the price of oil first went
+down £5 per ton and kernels £15 per ton up.
+
+With kernels at £17 to £18 per ton, the oil is worth £36 15s. per ton.
+
+Glycerine is worth £50 per ton, and pericarp oil contains about 8 per
+cent.
+
+At the beginning of 1918 the price of palm kernels varied from £25 to
+£26 per ton, the latter figure being the official maximum for it.
+
+12_a_. DESCRIPTION OF KERNEL OIL.—It is white or pale-yellow in colour,
+with a pleasant nutty taste. By suitable treatment kernel oil can be
+divided into liquid oil, olein, and solid palm-kernel oil, stearin. It
+is used for soap and candles, edible fats—such as palmine,
+margarine—cooking fats, vegetable butters and chocolate fats.
+
+13. IMPORT PORTS IN ENGLAND AND U.S.A. FOR OIL AND
+KERNELS.—_Hull._—Congo kernels go to Hull by the Cie Congo du Belge
+line, run by Elder Dempster & Co. In the first six months of 1915,
+20,821 tons of kernels were imported into Hull. In most statements on
+Hull the price of palm kernel cake is omitted, whilst those of linseed,
+Bombay cotton-seed, and Saga Bean are always quoted. Hull imported
+between 40,000 and 50,000 tons in 1915 (from January to November only,
+31,723 tons); 200,000 tons were taken by Germany before, and hence are
+available now.
+
+_Bristol._—Bristol as a port is prepared, according to its seed-
+crushers, to try kernels, but they asked the Colonial Office for
+protection from Germany.
+
+_Liverpool._—For the first six months of 1915, 87,366 tons of palm
+kernels were imported into Liverpool, against 73,000 tons in 1914.
+
+_U.S.A._—In 1915, 4,000 tons of kernels were shipped direct to the
+States.
+
+14. THE CRUSHING OF PALM KERNELS IN AFRICA AND ENGLAND.—The largest
+seed-crushing and oil-extracting centre in Great Britain is at Hull.
+
+Most of the crushing used to be done in Harburg, near Hamburg, Germany,
+and only a little at Liverpool—some 70,000 tons out of 300,000 tons.
+Since the war began Hull and London (Erith) have taken up the crushing
+of kernels. Bristol and Manchester have both thought about it.
+
+Crushing has been tried in Africa, but has not been very successful so
+far, the cost of the operations having proved too high. In the Congo,
+however, it is still being done.
+
+The crushing plants in Nigeria are situated at Opoba and Apapa, near
+Lagos.
+
+14_a_. OTHER METHODS OF KERNEL CRUSHING—SOLVENTS.—Commercially, kernels
+are heated with solvents or pressure is used to extract the oil.
+According to Mr. Dennett the first expression takes place at a
+temperature of 45° to 50° C., and the second at 55° to 60° C. The double
+pressing is necessary owing to the amount of fat in the oil. By
+solvents, all or only a part can be taken out of the kernels. If all is
+taken, then they are almost valueless as cake, owing to its lack of oil.
+
+15. PALM-KERNEL PRODUCE.—Palm-kernel cake used to contain 20 to 22 per
+cent. of fibre and 10 per cent. of oil, which went rancid, so was not
+liked here.
+
+This was the main reason why palm-kernel cake was not used to any extent
+by farmers in England before the war.
+
+15_a_. YIELD OF OIL, KERNELS AND CAKE.—From 46 to 53 per cent. of palm-
+kernel oil is obtained from the kernels.
+
+Roughly speaking, a ton of kernels yields half a ton of cake, according
+to Mr. R. E. Dennett.
+
+According to the _Bulletin_ of the Imperial Institute 1 ton of kernels
+yields 1,000 lb. of oil.
+
+_Palm-kernel Cake and Oil Exports._—Palm-kernel cake was exported to
+Denmark in September 1915-18, 863 bags.
+
+15_b_. ANALYSIS OF KERNEL CAKE.—This, according to a recent analysis in
+the _Field_ by Frank J. Lloyd, is:
+
+                       Per cent.
+
+  Fibre                  14·80
+
+  Mineral matters         3·55
+
+  Nutrients—
+
+    Oil                   6·17
+
+    Albuminoids          16·12
+
+    Carbohydrates        48·51
+
+  Water                  10·85
+                        ------
+                        100·00
+
+A further analysis shows:
+
+                   Per cent.
+
+  Oil               5·5-10
+
+  Albuminoids      15·8-18·5
+
+  Carbohydrates    36-50
+
+or per food unit it works out to £4 16s. per ton. Indigestible fibre
+reaches 10 per cent., or in older samples of ten years ago 28 per cent.,
+which is far too high. As a unit it costs 1s. 4d., against 2s. 7d. for
+cotton-seed meal.
+
+According to E. D. News the analysis is:
+
+                          Per cent.
+
+  Albuminous matters        17-30
+
+  Fatty matter              10-18
+
+  Gum, sugar and starch     30-40
+
+15_c_. KERNEL ANALYSIS.—According to the investigations the analysis
+showed:
+
+  Specific gravity at 90/15° C.   0·873
+
+  Iodine value                    10·3-17·5
+
+  Saponification value            242-255
+
+  Titer test                      20·0-25·5° C.
+
+  Hehner value                    91·1
+
+  Reichert-Meissl test            5·0-6·8
+
+16 and 17. VALUE OF PALM-KERNEL OIL AND CAKE.—Palm-kernel cake is sold
+at 7s. per cwt., and only 10 per cent. of the food ration is given to
+cows or calves for the first time.
+
+According to the _Oil and Colours Journal_, in September 1915 palm-
+kernel oil was worth £37 10s. per ton first hand, and £48 in March 1916.
+According to this journal it is the lowest priced of all the cakes.
+
+The price of the cake is £7 to £7 5s. per ton.
+
+The cake is sold at £7 5s. free on rail per ton at Hull. At the
+beginning of 1918 it was worth £13 15s. per ton, but in Surrey it could
+not be obtained under £21 per ton.
+
+Palm-kernel oil is worth about £40 per ton.
+
+At the beginning of 1918, palm-kernel oil extracted by solvents was
+worth £51 per ton; crushed, £52 per ton; refined, £67 per ton—which were
+the official maximum prices.
+
+17. USES OF PALM-KERNEL CAKE.—Kernels worked by solvents make a more
+digestible meal—80 per cent. against 73 per cent. of crushed kernels,
+and containing 19 per cent. of protein and 2 per cent. of fat, against
+18 per cent. of protein and 8 per cent. of fat for crushed kernels. It
+is used for feeding young pigs and milch cows in Germany.
+
+18. RESULTS OF FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH KERNEL CAKE.—The weekly gain in
+live weight with kernel cake ration was 8 lb. at the West of Scotland
+Agricultural College. The cost worked out at 4½d. per lb., and 3 lb. of
+kernel cake gave better results than 4 lb. of bran.
+
+At the East of Scotland College, a gain of 2·04 lb. per day was
+recorded, the cost being £6 6s. per ton.
+
+Experiments conducted in Scotland showed that cattle increased 1·95 lb.
+per day with palm-kernel cake, against only 1·84 lb. with linseed cake.
+No difficulty was found in keeping the cake, and it did not go rancid.
+
+The cattle fed on palm-nut cake were stated to look glossier, carry more
+bloom, and have a looser skin than those fed on cotton-seed cake. It is
+also claimed that the fat content of the milk is increased, though the
+amount of extra butter-fat produced per day cannot be demonstrated.
+
+A mixture containing 3 lb. of palm-nut cake is recommended per day for
+milch cows, and one containing from ¼ lb. to ½ lb. for sheep and pigs.
+
+Ten per cent. of the ration should be given to cows or cattle the first
+time. Only 2 lb. of cake per day is given to animals.
+
+According to the Cambridge University Department of Agriculture the
+feeding value of palm-kernel cake for bullocks is practically the same
+as that of linseed cake.
+
+The feeding experiments demonstrated that the palm-kernel cake gave
+equal results to linseed or cotton-seed cake, and paid better because of
+the lower price of palm-kernel cake for milch cows and cattle. It is
+recommended for pigs too. The cost of feeding for eighty-four days was
+43s. 4d. for palm-kernel cake against 51s. 6d. for linseed, and a gain
+of 164·5 lb. in weight against 167 lb. flesh weight with linseed cake.
+Cattle do not take to it readily at first, but afterwards like it.
+
+According to Wyndham R. Dunstan, palm-kernel cake costs 1s. 5½d. per
+food unit as compared to 2s. 4d. for hay, hay being £5 per ton.
+
+According to Thomas Fawcett, L.M.R., A.S.E., it is a question of what is
+relatively cheaper. British farmers have always bought linseed cake at
+£10 10s. per ton, when beef was only 10d. to 1s. per lb. Relatively, it
+would be better to go in for more cows being fed with palm-kernel cake.
+He also states that kernels only came in irregular quantities.
+
+The cake, according to Lancashire County experiments, must be given as
+part ration, as milk yield goes down with kernel cake alone.
+
+18_a_. PALM-NUT MEAL: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF FEEDING.—In 1879, in
+_Agricultural Chemistry_, by Johnson and Cameron (2nd edition), palm-nut
+meal from England and the Continent is mentioned and recommended as the
+cheapest meal for cattle, especially calves. The Royal Agricultural
+Society of England in 1878 also published a pamphlet for the Paris
+Exhibition, in which a mixture including a large proportion of palm-nut
+meal is recommended, and the experience in feeding young animals is
+given, showing that it is far cheaper and that linseed cake is really
+very expensive. Fourteen beasts fed on linseed cake averaged at eighteen
+months old 13·5 lb. live weight the week, or only ¾ lb. less than the
+heaviest at the show, on less food, especially using palm-nut meal.
+
+According to others, meal is not recommended owing to its going rancid
+and its indigestibility.
+
+19. MANURIAL VALUE OF KERNEL CAKE.—The manurial value of palm-kernel
+cake is £1 4s. for the ration as given per ton.
+
+20. WEST AFRICAN SHIPPING IN RELATION TO FARM PRODUCE.—Before the advent
+of the German line, the West Coast was at the mercy of the Shipping
+Combine, as it is now, freights being arranged accordingly.
+
+Since the Government has fixed maximum freight rates, shippers now know
+the largest amount they will have to pay, but even so freights are
+extremely high, and with no outside competition are unlikely to be
+brought down very much.
+
+21. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE OIL PALM.—Monsieur Chevalier’s _Les Végétaux
+Utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française_, Fasc. VII (1e partie),
+“Documents sur le Palmier à Huile,” contains a great deal of valuable
+information on the subject of the Oil Palm. _The Oil Palm_, by J. H.
+Farquhar, summarizes the results of a year’s investigations as to the
+growth and yield of the Oil Palm in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria.
+
+In the monograph _Oil Seed and Feeding Cakes_, issued by the Imperial
+Institute, a complete account is given of the new British palm-kernel
+industry.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIII
+
+                 THE FOREST IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE
+
+
+The intimate and very important connection between Agriculture and
+Forestry is not at all widely recognized, so it is desirable to bring
+out more fully exactly how the one reacts on the other: the value of
+forests from the climatic point of view to agriculture, the economic
+effects on it, as well as the population connected with it.
+
+In all the older civilized countries, such as France, England and
+Russia, and the United States and Canada of the newer ones, definite and
+almost exactly fixed quantities of land are used for agricultural
+purposes on the one hand and for Forestry on the other.
+
+In the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast and Nigeria, however, with
+the exception of about 1,500 square miles of forest reserves and certain
+native land planted with rubber or cocoa, all the land (even when
+covered with finest mahogany forests) is liable to be farmed for a time
+and then abandoned for another piece of forest-land under the system of
+shifting cultivation. In practice, this means that every year thousands
+of square miles of forest are ruthlessly cut down, in order that the
+land may be used for agricultural crops, for one, two, or at the most
+three years’ crops. In the drier parts of the countries named, through
+such forests as exist, grass-fires annually burn, and destroy many trees
+in order to provide poor grazing for herds of the nomads’ cattle.
+
+It might be argued that in the comparatively damp and hot climate which
+attains in a great part of the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast and
+Nigeria, which are also to some extent still covered with forest, it
+would be most advantageous to clear as much land as possible. This,
+however, is a delusion resting on false impressions, notably that the
+countries named are so much covered with thick forest. In most places
+this so-called “forest” is in reality an almost worthless secondary
+growth, consisting chiefly of umbrella trees (_Musanga Smithii_), soft-
+wooded Hannoa, creepers, grass, with isolated half-burnt or decayed
+trees from the original forest. Again, too, this system of clearing new
+land is quite haphazard, so that, after the first crop has been taken
+off, the land may be found to be too poor to be planted again; the
+natives then abandon it. In some places, chiefly in the Benin and Oban
+districts, they even go so far as to put a “Ju-ju” on the land, which is
+in effect a notice to say that the land is of no use for a farm.
+However, this is usually forgotten in a generation, so that the same
+thing may happen again, only that insufficient time has elapsed for a
+proper forest to be grown, as the cutting of the original forest may
+have so altered the climatic factors of the locality that not only
+different species of trees but also grasses have come in, and choked
+nearly all the self-sown forest-tree seedlings. The main beneficial
+effects of the forest may be summarized as follows:
+
+1. The rainfall of the locality is increased, according to the figures
+of the Indian rainfall stations. This may amount to as much as 16 to 28
+per cent. increase on the annual rainfall.
+
+Afforestation on the Russian steppes has shown that more rain now falls
+on the planted area than in former years.
+
+In Western Canada it is generally said that its climate is altering, and
+a general increase of rain has been noticeable since plantations have
+been made on thousands of farms and what forests there were originally
+have been rigorously protected from annual fires.
+
+2. The rainfall both above and in the ground is more regularly
+distributed.
+
+First of all, nearly 23 per cent. of the rain which falls on the trees
+in a forest is re-evaporated into the air and does not reach the ground
+at all. This in itself increases the humidity of the atmosphere, tends
+to form clouds, and thus induces further rainfall. The clouds tend to
+protect the plants from excessive sun at what may be a critical period
+in the growing season. The extra humidity of the atmosphere does not
+necessitate the plants transpiring so much moisture as they would
+otherwise have to do, to keep them in growing condition. Compared to
+that in the open, only 22 per cent. of the amount of evaporation takes
+place in the forest, added to the fact that it occurs under the canopy
+of the trees, thus creating the more humid atmosphere which is so
+suitable, for instance, for the growth of cocoa and other such crops. In
+other words, we can take one hundred parts as the amount evaporated in
+the open, of which not a quarter is evaporated in the forest. Again, as
+we have seen, twice as much of the rainfall soaks into the ground in the
+forest as in the open, and owing to the tree-roots and general covering
+of the soil the water can only flow away gradually. On the other hand,
+in the open, if the ground is at all sloping, more than half of the rain
+which falls to the ground runs away immediately, or lies on the land,
+flooding it and making planting impossible.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 106.—=Rest House Teak Plantation at Ndeh, showing
+rows of trees 9 feet apart and 4 feet between.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 107.—=View between the lines of one-year-old Teak
+Plantation at Ndeh, in which trees were planted 4 feet apart.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 486.
+
+The trees then act as a rainfall distributer and also as a rainfall
+regulator. The roots of the trees act like a sponge, absorbing a great
+deal of the rainwater besides preventing it from running away. It has
+been calculated that it takes nearly six months for the rainfall to come
+out in the springs of a forest. This also to some extent accounts for
+the saying that if the wells are full in October in the Temperate Zone,
+or at the end of March in the Tropical Zone, there will be sufficient
+water the whole year round. With a varied distribution of forests in the
+country, the above two effects are naturally felt on neighbouring
+agricultural land, and in many cases make possible the growing of
+certain crops, such as cocoa, Cola and rubber, which otherwise could not
+be attempted. An interesting example of this is seen in the way in which
+the natives of Ilobe, in Nigeria, have planted Cola trees just inside
+and on the edge of the Ilaro Forest Reserve boundary.
+
+3. The forest protects the land against corrosion. In most countries,
+wherever the ground is sloping and bare the annual fall of rain washes
+away large masses of good soil as well as stones and other debris, in
+many cases destroying pasturage or agricultural land, and in any case
+silting up the rivers with sand-banks and bars, thus hindering
+navigation. It has often been said that, for its size, the Cross River
+carries in the rainy season much more material in suspension and rolled
+along its bed than many other African rivers. The main reason apparently
+for this fact is that several of its tributaries, such as the Mbu, the
+Fi, the Mfu and the Bago, rise at what are now partially grass-covered
+mountain slopes, but which no doubt were a short time ago covered with
+fine evergreen forests.
+
+The immediate effect of clearing such slopes is that the water, to the
+extent of nearly 90 per cent., rushes unchecked down the mountain slope,
+gaining momentum with every mile and taking grass, soil and even whole
+mountain slopes (1,500 feet in height) along with it. On the other hand,
+if such slopes are covered with forest trees 25 per cent. of the
+rainfall is re-evaporated into the air before reaching the ground, 10
+per cent. is evaporated from the ground into the air of the forest, and
+fully 65 per cent. soaks into the ground.
+
+An instance of this last effect can be seen in the Cross River Divide
+from the Bambuto Mountains, on the Nigerian border. In a few places the
+native farmers understand this effect and make the terraces on which
+they plant parallel with the contour of the hill-side; however, this is
+insufficient when the whole mountain slope has been cleared of forest.
+Only a definite distribution of the land between forest and farm would
+prevent the undue corroding of hill-sides. The unrestricted rush of the
+rainwater off the hill-sides has yet a further effect on the lower
+ground of the country, in that it causes the streams and rivers to flood
+and overflow their banks. This, in turn, prevents huge acreages of land
+from being cultivated for many months in the year, and other large areas
+lower down from being cultivated at all.
+
+Yet another effect is that a vast mass of water hurries down into the
+sea where it is not required, and where there is already plenty of
+evaporation; whereas the greater part of it might have been stored up in
+the forest to form perennial, almost unaltering springs, streams and
+rivers. Two interesting examples of this are seen in the slight, almost
+negligible rise in the Okwo and the Igbagon streams of the Benin
+province. Both of these rivers rise in thick forest, and thick forest is
+also found on their banks.
+
+In a similar way, instead of the water of the rivers being used for
+irrigating land which is sandy and dry in the dry season, it rushes away
+into the ocean for nothing. The flooding of much of the land near the
+rivers also kills many large forest trees and causes a rank growth of
+shrubs, creepers and grass, which form the breeding-places for tsetse
+and other harmful flies. It is rare to find any infected tsetse flies
+near a clear perennial stream in the forest.
+
+4. The forest improves the soil of a locality, whether in the primeval
+or the planted forest. The trees stand at least eighty years, and
+sometimes for several hundred, on the same land, before being cut down.
+During this period the tree roots with their root-hairs are penetrating
+far and wide into the soil, subsoil, and even underlying rock, gradually
+causing the two latter to weather into finer and better constituent
+parts. For instance, nothing appears so solid as a mountain of granite;
+nevertheless, at the base and to the lee-side of each boulder, more
+especially if there is any tree-growth there, a beautiful little bed or
+pocket of blackish soil will be found. Then, again, besides this
+weathering of the subsoil and rock, the tree leaves, even from evergreen
+trees, fall down, gradually decay, and form a thick layer of humus. This
+in itself forms an almost ideal seed-bed. At the edge of forests this
+humus is washed out on to the agricultural lands and thus enriches them;
+furthermore, dry leaves are blown out of the edge of the forest on to
+neighbouring agricultural land, become dug in, or drawn into the land by
+insects, and so tend to enrich it. In many civilized countries a regular
+business is done in taking litter and leaf-mould out of the forest to
+neighbouring garden and farm lands.
+
+It is a well-known fact that when a forest is cut down after some
+hundreds of years many plants appear in the clearing which did not exist
+in the forest before, or, in fact, were not known in that locality, the
+seeds having lain dormant during the whole period of time. This clearly
+shows that the forest soil is an ideal medium for preserving seeds, and
+that it improves rather than deteriorates, which is the case with bare
+land. An instance of this from the Tropics is seen in the way in which
+the Corkwood or Umbrella Tree (_Musanga Smithii_) comes up after the
+mahogany and evergreen forest has been cleared. No Musanga trees are
+usually found in the primeval forest. A parallel example from Europe is
+seen in the way in which _Atropa belladonna_ almost invariably appears
+when a beech forest is cut down.
+
+Planting trees and thus forming a forest, though expensive, is another
+way of clearly proving the beneficial effect of the forest, or
+ameliorating the condition and plant-food content of the soil. On the
+comparatively worn-out and poor soil near Ibadan a firewood plantation
+was started some years ago; now already, in the shade of the Ayin,
+_Anogeissus leiocarpus_ and _Cassia Siamea_ trees, the fallen leaves
+have decayed and formed a layer of humus, killing out the lalang grass
+at the same time. Needless to say, it is a very expensive method to wait
+until the forest has been destroyed, the soil impoverished, and trees
+again planted, before an improvement in the soil conditions can be
+expected.
+
+5. Individual trees, and thus trees in the aggregate, viz. forests, take
+less mineral matter out of the soil than agricultural crops covering a
+similar area. It has been calculated that the trees on an acre of land
+only take one-twelfth of the amount of mineral matter out of the ground
+which is required by an agricultural crop on the same area. It follows
+from this that trees, and in the same way forests, may be left standing
+upon or be grown on land which is nearly or absolutely worthless from an
+agricultural point of view. In the more civilized countries this is
+seen, for instance, in the way in which the mountain ranges of Germany
+have remained covered with forest and the sandy Landes district of
+France has been planted with forests of pine. In Canada, the Spruce
+Hills Reserve, near the Canadian Pacific Railway in Manitoba, is another
+example of the setting aside of poor, almost worthless agricultural land
+as a permanent forest area. In Nigeria, the Oban Forest Reserve and the
+forest-covered hills of Olokemeji are further examples of the practice
+of this principle.
+
+Generally speaking, in fact, in most civilized countries there are
+really three types of land, viz.:
+
+(_a_) Absolute farm-land, which comprises the very richest and best land
+of the country, in which forests should only be allowed to stand, as an
+exception.
+
+(_b_) Relative forest-land, comprising land which can be used
+permanently for agriculture, but requiring a great deal to be spent on
+improvements or manures to make it suitable for the purposes, but which
+in its natural state carries a heavy stand of timber, could be used for
+forests indefinitely.
+
+(_c_) Absolute forest-land, comprising land which, owing either to its
+elevation, aspect, soil or position, cannot be used for the permanent
+cultivation, or in some cases even the temporary cultivation, of crops.
+
+6. The forest protects agricultural land against storms and insect
+pests. In many places, owing to very strong winds, certain crops cannot
+be grown. For instance, it is said bananas cannot be grown at Zaria
+owing to the prevalent strong winds. In the Chang district of the
+Cameroons the natives only plant plantains near their houses or behind
+the very high fences or hedges which mark off one man’s compound from
+another. Apparently this is done in order to protect the plants from the
+wind, which otherwise tears their large leaves into shreds and prevents
+their proper growth.
+
+Some years ago, in the Ibadan district, a fierce tornado cut a path
+about 100 feet wide and nearly a mile long through a forest, but the
+agricultural land beyond was untouched. It goes without saying that had
+all the land been under crops in this locality most of them would have
+been destroyed, whereas the forest took the brunt of the storm, and the
+force of the wind outside was thus weakened and comparatively harmless.
+
+7. The forest protects the soil and its physical properties. In the open
+it is noticeable that the native rarely clears the land properly, many
+stumps both of forest trees and shrubs being usually allowed to remain
+standing. It is true some of the shoots from the stumps are left on
+purpose to be used as supports for the yam tendrils or other crops which
+may be grown. Nevertheless, it is a fact that the native always says
+that the land must not be absolutely cleared of all stumps and roots or
+it will be useless for the growing of crops. Then, again, the native
+speaks of a piece of ground as being “spoilt,” and that he cannot stay
+there any longer. As an example of this, in the Oban district, the
+people of Ekong left the village site because they said the ground was
+too stony and was no good, and they went right away into the forest. On
+an examination of the land being made, it was found that where they had
+cleared the forest and farmed for a few years all the humus, tilth and
+other soil had been washed away, with the result that boulders as well
+as the underlying rock had to some extent come to view. Needless to say
+no attempt had been made at farming under a rotation of crops, nor had
+any manure, green or otherwise, been applied to the soil. On the other
+hand, in the forest the soil is not washed away, the aeration of it is
+almost perfect, the mineral content is always high, and it usually has
+considerable depth, even where there are rock outcrops, for these become
+covered with dead leaves or humus, which in their turn help to weather
+the rock and thus make more soil.
+
+8. The forest tends to regulate the temperature, almost preventing
+extremes of heat and cold. Accurate measurements taken over a period of
+forty years have established the fact that in the warmest season the
+temperature of the forest is 5° to 10° lower, according to species
+(altitude taken to be the same), than the air in the open over
+agricultural land. In a similar way, in the coldest season of the year
+the temperature of the forest is 5° to 10° higher than in the open over
+agricultural land. Most readers will have experienced the feeling of
+freshness and coolness in passing through the forest zone near Olokemeji
+on the Nigerian Railway, or, if on leave in England, in passing through
+the New Forest on the Bournemouth road. This is only the effect which is
+expressed in this difference of temperature: as with other effects, so
+this one affects the neighbouring lands near the forest. Even a dry wind
+on reaching a forest must take up some moisture, and thus be less dry
+when it reaches agricultural land farther on. It can often be seen how
+the grain in the drier parts of the country planted near the edge of a
+forest sprouts up sooner than that right in the open. Again, certain
+crops, such as cacao-yams, cocoa, and Cola trees thrive best amongst
+trees. Without the forests the Cola plantations of the Ilesha district
+would cease to exist, or at any rate bear very small crops.
+
+9. The forest increases the humidity of the air. According to accurate
+measurements taken over a period of forty years, it has been proved that
+the forest increases the humidity of the air up to 10 per cent. No doubt
+in many of the Southern parts of Nigeria and the Gold Coast, people
+travelling in the forests have often thought that there was far too much
+moisture, not only coming from above and below, but also in the air
+around them. However, this should not blind us to the fact that further
+up country this greater humidity of the air of the forest is spread over
+the adjacent lands, and thus makes possible the growth of agricultural
+crops, such as cocoa, Cola, yams, and cacao-yams, which would not
+otherwise be possible. This greater humidity also tends to induce local
+minor rainstorms, which in their turn benefit the adjacent agricultural
+land. This greater humidity of the air also tends to prevent the
+excessive drying in the dry season of the land situated very near, and
+taken in conjunction with the other factors, such as the regulating of
+the temperature and the rainfall, makes it possible to put in crops
+earlier and almost ensures their growing successfully.
+
+10. The forests prevent the spread of insect and fungoid pests. So often
+we read that the crops in South Africa or the Argentine have been
+destroyed by locusts, and on the Gold Coast we read that various pests
+are destroying cocoa-trees in large numbers. Here, again, a forest or a
+belt of forests with large numbers of different species of trees
+interpose a living barrier of green leaf food or woody tissue which
+these pests may attack, owing to the diversity of the species of trees.
+Most pests only find a few trees on which they can thrive or reproduce
+themselves; thus on reaching the forest the scourge tends to lessen, or
+even die out. Even in the worst case of large hordes of locusts, it is
+cheaper to allow them into a forest, perhaps sacrificing it, rather than
+they should spread further and further over agricultural lands.
+
+Having shown that it is necessary in a new and comparatively unsettled
+country to preserve a certain proportion of the forests, it remains to
+be considered what proportion is desirable and necessary to fulfil the
+conditions outlined before and give free play to all the beneficial
+effects of the forests.
+
+Taking the proportion of permanent forest to other land in the more
+civilized countries, we get the following ratios:—
+
+                    Forest per cent.
+
+  Finland                  80
+
+  Russia in Europe         42
+
+  Austria                  33
+
+  Hungary                  29
+
+  Germany                  26
+
+  France                   16
+
+  Sweden                   42
+
+  Switzerland              19
+
+  Norway                   25
+
+  U.S.A.                   10
+
+  India                    38
+
+Special note should be made of the fact that in all these countries the
+agricultural development has gone hand in hand with the preservation of
+the forest, and especially with no detriment to the development of
+agriculture in any direction in which it seemed desirable. Russia has,
+for instance, enormous exports of timber and enormous exports of wheat.
+Austria-Hungary had before the war considerable exports of hardwood
+timber, such as oak, as well as grain, both wheat and other kinds.
+Judging by the experience gained in Germany with its hundred and seventy
+years of forestry practice, a proportion of 25 to 33 per cent. of the
+land area of any country can reasonably be retained under forest, or
+afforested if bare. Such a proportion allows sufficient timber trees to
+be grown to cover the large quantities of wood used in industrial
+development and also a considerable surplus for export to other
+countries.
+
+Turning specifically to the West African Colonies, it would mean, out of
+a total land area of 4,500 square miles, that in the Gambia, for
+instance, an area of between 1,100 and 1,500 square miles should be
+permanently set aside as Forest Reserves or Forest Reserve Afforestation
+Areas. In the latter case, when all were planted up they would gradually
+become forests.
+
+In Sierra Leone, with a total land area of 34,000 square miles, the area
+would vary from 8,500 to 11,000 square miles.
+
+In the Gold Coast, out of a total land area of 80,000 square miles, the
+permanent forest area would vary between 20,000 and 26,000 square miles.
+
+In the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, with a total area of 79,000 square
+miles, the permanent forest area would reach between 19,000 and 26,000
+square miles.
+
+In the Northern Provinces of Nigeria, out of a total area of 250,000
+square miles, the permanent forest area, including the afforestation
+areas, would reach between 62,000 and 83,000 square miles.
+
+Large though these forest or afforestation areas appear to be, it can,
+however, be shown that most of them do not at all trench on existing
+farm-land. First of all, in Nigeria, taking the protective forests,
+comprising all those lands or forests situated in most inaccessible
+places on mountain ranges and hill-sides and the sources of streams,
+they cannot be said to be desirable localities for extending farming
+operations. Typical instances of this kind of land are seen in the Boji
+Hills (Ogoja province), and on the rocky hills near the Cross River in
+the Afikpo district (Owerri province). In Sierra Leone the peninsular
+mountain forests and the hills near Kennema are similar typical examples
+of this type of land or forest.
+
+At the other extreme we have the dry-zone or desert formation, with its
+sandy soil or bare rock outcrops. In either region, in order to make
+agriculture possible and permanently profitable, afforestation areas are
+most necessary. Near the sea, especially in Nigeria and to some extent
+in Sierra Leone, there are the mangrove forests standing on land which
+is never used for agricultural purposes. In Nigeria alone these comprise
+several thousand square miles of land. Again, in Nigeria there are the
+freshwater swamp forests, either near rivers or in other localities.
+Although such lands produce quite a profitable amount of timber from
+many excellent species of trees, no farms have ever been made in such
+areas.
+
+In other parts of the country, often comparatively level, there are
+variations in the strata and soil formation, such as that of the
+laterite formation. Over wide areas most of these lateritic soils are
+nearly useless for permanent agricultural crops, so at any rate it would
+certainly pay better in the long run if it were permanently covered with
+forest. In a similar manner all forests found growing on or near rock
+outcrops or otherwise stony formations, such as old gravel beds formed
+by rivers, would be treated in the same way. One or two agricultural
+crops may be raised on such land, but all the soil is soon washed away
+in the rainy season each year, so that little is left after a short time
+except boulders and stones. Many typical instances of this kind of
+formation are found in the Ibadan and Oyo districts of the Oyo province.
+In other parts of the country, where practically all the land is covered
+with some sort of forest (either high forest, secondary growth or
+scrub), the same proportion as before, viz. 25 to 33 per cent., should
+be set aside in convenient blocks, well distributed over the area, as
+permanent forests (so-called Forest Reserves).
+
+Strange as it may sound, there is comparatively little, at the most an
+area estimated at 7,000 square miles, of real high forest left in the
+Southern Provinces of Nigeria. As is well known, the natives have a
+special name for this type of forest; amongst the Efiks it is called
+Ekai, the Yorubas term it Igbo, and the Benin people Egbo. Considering
+the size of these last remnants of the real high forest, agriculture
+cannot justly claim the right to clear and farm even this area when so
+much (estimated at 28,000 square miles), apart from the area already
+mentioned, has been cleared during the last fourteen years. In the above
+estimate, areas even of 500 square miles for roadways and railways,
+1,000 square miles for town, village and factory sites, and 2,500 square
+miles for inland waterways were allowed for when computing the whole
+area of forest land.
+
+At the present time in Nigeria, with the exception of certain specified
+trees, and less so in the Gold Coast, Sierra Leone and the Gambia, there
+is nothing to hinder a native from cutting down any forest he pleases
+for making a temporary farm. In fact, the difference between farming as
+practised in civilized countries and in these tropical West African
+Colonies is that the former partakes of a permanent cultivation of the
+same land every year, whereas the latter is shifting cultivation of a
+different piece of land almost every year. At the most, the Yoruba
+returns to the land in five or seven years, and the native of Benin
+after ten or twelve years.
+
+Another point which bears on this question is really the comparatively
+small amount of land which a native actually farms every year. For
+instance, an energetic Yoruba farmer will make 2,000 yam heaps a year,
+which, allowing for the distance of 6 feet between each heap, amounts to
+1·6 acres per year. This also includes the help which he may receive
+from his family.
+
+Out of a total population of 8,000,000, at the most 2,000,000 are
+actually men who make farms. It follows, then, that some 2,560,000
+acres, or 4,000 square miles, are cleared and planted each year. Now,
+allowing sufficient land for the native to be able to return to the
+original piece cleared after seven years, the total amount of land
+necessary for the existing farming population would be 28,000 square
+miles, or rather more than a third of the total area of the country.
+Even after allowing 19,000 or 26,000 square miles of forest in the
+country, there would still remain nearly a third, or 25,000 square
+miles, for the future development of agriculture and the natural
+increase of the population. It should be especially noted that it is
+under a system of shifting cultivation that this 28,000 square miles is
+required. No doubt under permanent cultivation less would be necessary.
+Quite apart, however, from this consideration, owing to the greater
+heat, moisture and humidity in the Tropics generally, and in the
+Southern Provinces of Nigeria particularly, agricultural crops grow much
+more rapidly and are much more prolific than in the more temperate
+zones, even without manures. Yet in another way there is not such an
+enormous demand on the amount of land required per unit of population,
+in that over an area of fully 30,000 square miles it is possible to
+raise two crops a year on the same land, and over roughly an area of
+10,000 square miles of the country it is possible to raise three crops
+per year (in each case under a rotation of crops). In this manner less
+land is required per person than in a temperate climate in order to grow
+food either for local consumption or for export.
+
+So far we have dealt with shifting cultivation. However, in most
+civilized countries, sooner or later a system of permanent cultivation
+is started instead of shifting farms. In England this was begun at a
+time in which the population was less dense to the square mile than it
+is now in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria (average 101 persons per
+square mile). In Germany the density of population is 323 persons per
+square mile, yet they had (before the war) 25 per cent. of the land area
+of their country covered with permanent forests. If it were possible to
+start permanent cultivation with a rotation of crops in England when the
+population was less dense than in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, it
+should be feasible in Nigeria now. Again, if it is found possible for
+Germany to retain 25 per cent. of the land area under permanent forest
+crops, with a density of population three times greater than that of
+Nigeria, at the same time maintaining a prosperous system of permanent
+agricultural cultivation, it should also be much easier to have a
+similar proportion of permanent agricultural cultivation in the Southern
+Provinces of Nigeria; at the same time, taking into consideration the
+more favourable climatic factors, it should be possible not only to grow
+sufficient foodstuffs for local use, but also to grow sufficient to
+develop into a large export trade for ground nuts, maize and beans,
+besides cocoa and rubber.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIV
+
+                  BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICAN FORESTS
+
+
+                             1. HISTORICAL.
+
+
+One of the first books was _Forestry in West Africa_, by Sir Alfred
+Maloney, a former Governor of Lagos, which was published in 1887. This
+is a most interesting and readable book, and, for the time it was
+written, gives a very good account of many of the forest trees. It is
+also much to Sir A. Maloney’s credit that teak, _Tectona grandis_, was
+introduced into Nigeria at that time.
+
+In _The Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and Termination
+of the Niger_, by Richard and John Lander, only very vague descriptions
+of the forests are given, and it is therefore not of much value from the
+Forestry point of view, though it is a most entertaining description of
+the people and their doings at that time.
+
+
+                             2. BOTANICAL.
+
+
+From 1868 onwards, _Flora of Tropical Africa_ appeared; so far eight
+volumes have been published. This work was planned by the late Sir
+William J. Hooker and edited first of all by Daniel Oliver, and
+subsequently by Sir W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., and now by
+Lieut.-Colonel D. Prain, the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
+It is, of course, very scientific, accurate and botanical, but has very
+dry descriptions of many of the African trees and plants and no
+illustrations are contained in these octavo volumes. What also makes it
+harder to use this _Flora_ is the fact that since 1868 many new plants
+have been named, and some of the names of the old plants have been
+altered. A most useful chapter on Elementary Botany is contained at the
+beginning of Vol. I. This is to some extent also a glossary of botanical
+terms, but of course it cannot take the place of _A Glossary of Botanic
+Terms_, by D. G. Jackson, 1905.
+
+In many ways a much more useful book to the forester is Engler’s
+_Monographien der Pflanzenfamilien_, of which eight volumes have
+appeared:
+
+     I. Moraceæ, excluding Ficus.
+
+    II. Melastomaceaæ.
+
+   III. Combretaceæ Combretum.
+
+    IV. Combretaceæ, excluding Combretum.
+
+     V. Sterculiaceæ.
+
+    VI. Anonaceæ.
+
+   VII. Strophanthus.
+
+  VIII. Sapotaceæ.
+
+The full-page black-and-white drawings of the various plants are very
+valuable, and as they are all done on the same system, comparison both
+with the plants and with other books is not very difficult. The expense
+of these volumes is not excessive, considering the very large number of
+illustrations and the authority of the text. It is a pity that this
+series has for the time being come to an end.
+
+In Engler’s _Pflanzenfamilien_, of course, a very complete account of
+all plants is given, and the additions to it made almost monthly make it
+quite possible to find out the latest-named additions to the plant-
+world. The only disadvantage to these volumes is their number, size, and
+lack of illustrations.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 108.—=Shinglewood (Terminalia scutifera), 12 feet in
+girth, standing in the Ikrigon Forest Reserve, Eastern Circle.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 109.—=Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), 15 feet in girth,
+standing in Ikrigon Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 110.—=Mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis) standing at the
+edge of Ikrigon Forest Reserve, showing base of trunk with old bark
+wounds already healed over.=]
+
+                                                         To face p. 496.
+
+In a similar, though in a less complete way _The Kew Bulletin_ gives the
+latest list of plants identified at Kew, amongst which are usually some
+from Nigeria, and occasionally special bulletins appear on the plants
+from Nigeria—as, for instance, _Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information_,
+Additional Series No. 9; _The Useful Plants of Nigeria_, Part I, 1908,
+Part II, Additional Series No. 10, 1912, Part III.
+
+_The Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, edited by Sir W. Dunstan,
+which appears quarterly, always contains the most recent information
+with regard to tropical products, including those of the forest. In
+recent years, too, much more has appeared on the subject of the timber,
+gum and oil-seed resources of Nigeria.
+
+_Die Blütenpflanzen Afrikas_, by Franz Thonner, 1908, arranged as it is
+in the form of a key, is most useful in identifying many of the plants
+and trees. The black-and-white illustrations add immensely to its value.
+Additions and corrections to this have also been made in _Die
+Blütenpflanzen Afrikas_, 1913. The last edition is in English, and
+entitled _The Flowering Plants of Africa_.
+
+Among more recent books is a _Catalogue of Plants_ collected by Mr. and
+Mrs. Talbot in the Oban district, South Nigeria, identified by A. B.
+Rendle, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., and others, and brought out by the British
+Museum in 1913. In this book the flora of Oban is specially dealt with,
+and clearly shows the difference between it and the rest of the flora
+and silva of Nigeria. Although this is mainly a description of newly
+discovered plants, the black-and-white illustrations by Mrs. Talbot show
+most accurately their salient features.
+
+_Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants_, by E. W. Foster, late Senior
+Conservator of Forests, contains accurate descriptions of the most
+useful trees, and the native names from the Yoruba country will be most
+useful to anyone working timber in that part of Nigeria.
+
+_The Agricultural and Forest Products of British West Africa_, by G. C.
+Dudgeon, Director-General of Agriculture in Egypt, 1911, gives a short
+description of the main forest and agricultural products of the country,
+which is more useful to the trader than the forester or timber merchant.
+The illustrations showing the making of palm oil and other country
+products are very interesting, but Fig. 21, p. 112, supposed to be of an
+Iroko tree, is in reality that of _Terminalia superba_.
+
+For reference purposes Dr. Adolf Engler’s _Syllabus der
+Pflanzenfamilien_, 1904, which takes special account of the medicinal
+and useful plants, is most valuable.
+
+For a proper introduction to Botany, Strasburger’s _Text Book of Botany_
+is hard to beat.
+
+_Kulturgewächse der Deutschen Kolonien_, by R. Sadebeck, 1899, gives a
+very good account of most of the useful West African forest products;
+the very clear illustrations add immensely to its value, although the
+book is now somewhat out of date.
+
+
+                              3. TIMBERS.
+
+
+In _The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification_, by Herbert Stone,
+F.L.S., F.R.C.I., 1904, a few of the West African timber trees are
+mentioned, but only very cursorily, with but few illustrations.
+
+In _Timber_, by J. R. Baterden, A.M.I.C., a few of the West African
+timber trees are described, and a few photographs show how the timber is
+worked. Their inclusion amongst the South African timbers does not
+exactly enhance their value or give a true view of their place in the
+economy of the timber trade.
+
+_Wood_, by G. S. Boulger, gives an excellent system for classifying
+woods by using all their various characteristics, such as taste, smell,
+hardness, structure of the timber, and the various pith rays and other
+peculiarities. A very complete list of all the various timbers used in
+commerce is given, together with the various synonyms of each, and the
+botanical names of each so far as they are known. The uses of the timber
+and the supplies of each country are given, and in this way it is a most
+important book of reference for any Forest Officer.
+
+
+                         4. FORESTRY GENERALLY.
+
+
+In _Sylviculture in the Tropics_, by A. F. Broun, Director of Woods and
+Forests, Soudan, 1912, some references are made to West African trees.
+Some very typical photographs of forest vegetation in various parts of
+the Tropics are very useful, and demonstrate several forest theories far
+better than pages of words.
+
+_A Dictionary of the World’s Commercial Products_, by J. A. Slater,
+B.A., LL.B., 1907, is very useful for looking up the lesser known forest
+products. The descriptions have to be used with discrimination, as some
+of them are rather cursory and no authorities for botanical names are
+given.
+
+_Gold Coast Report of Forests_, by Mr. H. N. Thompson, Chief Conservator
+of Forests, South Nigeria, 1910, is the authoritative work on the
+Forestry problems of the Gold Coast. Full descriptions of the chief
+forests are given, together with the important plants and trees found in
+each. The laws of South Nigeria as modified to suit Gold Coast
+conditions are also quoted. Forest policy as suitable for this country
+is given; the different types of forest and their relation to the
+climatic formations are also mentioned at length. A suitable
+establishment carrying out these suggestions is laid down. The black-
+and-white drawings which illustrate this book, especially those of
+mahogany, are invaluable to either the Forestry student or the timber
+merchant.
+
+_The Oil Palm and its Varieties_, by J. H. J. Farquhar, Conservator of
+Forests, Nigeria, is an interesting and useful preliminary monograph on
+that most valuable tree. It gives a summary of all the information of
+the Forest Department on that subject up to that date.
+
+_List of Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of the Gold Coast, Ashantee, and
+North Territories_, T. F. Chipp, B.Sc., F.L.S.; _Der Tropenwirt_, by Dr.
+S. Loskin, Hinstorff’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wismar i. U., 1913; _The
+Principal Forest Trees_, by H. N. Whitford, Ph.D., Bulletin No. 10,
+Manila Bureau of Printing, 1911, are three useful books.
+
+_The Kew Bulletin_ and the _Journal of the Imperial Institute_ always
+contain most valuable notes on the botanical and technical qualities of
+the various African trees and plants.
+
+_The Indian Forester_, which appears monthly, is a most necessary
+periodical for every Forest Office or Timber Camp, containing as it does
+not only original articles on sylvicultural and other forest problems,
+but also much information on the uses of timbers, similar kinds of which
+are found here, and thus gives one an indication in what direction to
+exploit new timbers.
+
+_In the Guiana Forest_, by Jas. Rodway, is a very readable book on the
+tropical forest scenery found in Demarara. It is, of course, written in
+very popular style, but gives one a very good introduction to the
+tropical forest, showing both by beautiful descriptions and good
+illustrations what one should observe in these forests. Much tropical
+scenery is very similar, and therefore, though this book deals with
+British Guiana, much of it is applicable to West African forests.
+
+_Forestry_, by Dr. Adam Schwappach, gives a short, concise account of
+what is included under the term Forestry in Europe. One obtains a clear
+view of the divisions under which this subject is treated.
+
+_The Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Sierra Leone_, by C. E. Lane
+Poole, Government of Sierra Leone, is the most important collection of
+notes yet issued on this subject. It should prove of greatest use to
+Forest Officers, and to all others interested in the forests and
+afforestation.
+
+Much useful information has been obtained from the annual Reports on the
+administration of the Forest Department from the years 1906 to 1913,
+more especially from that of 1906, which practically summarized the
+results of the Department’s work up to that date. Data on Togo are
+contained in the report of the afforestation of Togo with teak and other
+African timber trees. This was the result of a long tour in that country
+made by the author in 1911. From Sierra Leone much valuable knowledge
+was acquired as a result of a five months’ tour made in 1908-9, and this
+was embodied in a report which appeared in 1909. Very useful information
+is contained in the reports by the Conservator of Forests there, which
+have appeared since. A most extensive account of the forest trees and
+plants, including the Oil Palm, is given in _Les Végétaux utiles de
+l’Afrique tropicale française_, by M. Chevalier, Parts I and II, 1909,
+1910 (A. Challamel), chiefly in connection with the Ivory Coast.
+
+In the _Notizblatt_ of the Berlin Botanical Station are some useful
+notes on _Die Nutz Holzer der Kamerun_, 1909. Also in the pamphlets _Die
+Nutz Holzer Togos_, Parts I and II. In this manner it is possible to
+make a comparative study of the timber trees found in the different
+parts of West Africa. The addition of the native names in most cases is
+also very valuable.
+
+
+
+
+                                 INDEX
+
+
+  Abá, (Tschaudjo), 127
+
+  Ababele (Appolonian), 96
+
+  Abache (Benin), 392
+
+  Abadan (Yoruba), 251
+
+  Abafe (Yoruba), 298
+
+  Abakaliki District, 472, 473
+
+  Abange (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Abara (Yoruba), 340
+
+  Abari (Appolonian), 108
+
+  Abba, or Abbo Rubber (Lagos), 251
+
+  Abbis (Mendi), 441
+
+  Abe (Fanti), 93; A. fita or A. fufu (Gold Coast), 466; A. Obene, 466
+
+  Abeletia (Appolonian), 93.
+
+  Abeokuta Province, 152, 154, 158, 160, 236, 240, 243, 246, 247, 249,
+  251, 252, 259, 260, 262, 263, 266, 269, 270, 275, 277, 279, 280, 282,
+  284, 286, 287, 288, 291, 294, 296, 299, 300, 303, 306, 309, 310, 313,
+  317, 322, 325, 329, 330, 333, 335, 336, 339, 340, 342, 343, 345, 347,
+  348, 350, 353, 362, 366, 370, 371, 374, 381, 383, 389, 391, 395, 400,
+  401, 409
+
+  Abere (Yoruba), 269
+
+  Abi or Yar River, 82
+
+  Abilu (Tschaudjo), 145
+
+  Ablari (Fanti), 107
+
+  Abo (Attie), 86, 262, 366; (Yoruba), 334; (Efik), 390; A. Asha
+  (Ibadan), 337; A. Idofun (Yoruba), 269; A. jaga (Yoruba), 344; A.
+  Lakosha (Yoruba), 265; A. oganwo (Yoruba), 317
+
+  Aboboë (Atakpame), 144
+
+  Abochia, 445, 446
+
+  Abolo (Benin), 343
+
+  Abonnemma (Owerri Province), 477
+
+  Abono (Mbonoi), 83
+
+  Aborkpor (Benin), 385
+
+  Aborpor (Benin), 230
+
+  Abragba, 168
+
+  Abubube (Gold Coast), 466
+
+  Abue (Egbado, Yoruba), 267
+
+  Abugie (Mendi), 57
+
+  Abura (Yoruba), 230
+
+  Aburese baka (Agni), 89
+
+  Aburuhi (Fanti), 88
+
+  Abuwe (Yoruba), 326
+
+  Abwang (Bare), 425
+
+  Acacia, 19, 204, 212, 232, 234, 299
+
+    Albida, 199; (_var._ saccharata), 191, 208, 220
+
+    Arabica, 132, 148, 202, 208, 219
+
+    Ataxacantha, 301
+
+    Benin Rope, 301
+
+    Caffra, 220
+
+    Campylacantha, 191, 199, 208, 220, 300
+
+    Catechu, 98, 122, 125, 131
+
+    de Gabon (Colons), 85
+
+    Farnesiana, 300, 418
+
+    Forests, 197
+
+    macrostachys, 220
+
+    pennata, 299
+
+    Senegalensis, 199, 208
+
+    Seyal, 198, 199, 208, 220
+
+    Sieberiana, 98, 191, 199, 201, 202, 208, 219, 220, 299
+
+    Suma, 131
+
+    Thorny, 220
+
+    Whitethorn, 208
+
+  Acalypha, 193
+
+  Acantha montana, 113, 197
+
+  Acanthaceæ, Gold Coast, 113; Nigeria, 194, 197, 401; Cameroons, 441
+
+  Acrocephalus polytrichus, 195
+
+  Adabi (Yoruba), 400
+
+  Adadasé (Ewe), 144
+
+  Adadawa (Wassaw), 96
+
+  Adani (Akwa), 393
+
+  Adansonia digitata, 53, 105, 116, 118, 138, 190, 210, 223, 347, 435
+
+  Adder’s tongue, 196
+
+  Adema or Baba (Ewe), 132
+
+  Adenium Honghel, 199
+
+  Adenocarpus Mannii, 430
+
+  Ade-pa (Gold Coast), 466
+
+  Adere (Lagos), 367; (Yoruba), 374
+
+  Adiantum lunulatum, 196; A. Schweinfurthii, 196
+
+  Adi-be (Gold Coast), 466
+
+  Adido (Ewe), 138
+
+  Adina microcephala, 145, 192, 214, 225, 231, 232, 233; A. macrophylla,
+  441
+
+  Adja or Adza (Ewe), 137; (Ibo), 228; (Ibo, Asaba), 292; Adja tree, 445
+
+  Adjonde (Ebrie), 83
+
+  Adom (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Adowa (Appolonien), 94; A. and Dupain (Ashanti), 94
+
+  Adua or Aduwa (Hausa), 198, 210
+
+  Adube (Fanti), 93
+
+  Adudze (Ewe), 135
+
+  Adugbin (Ibadan, Yoruba), 281
+
+  Aduruku, 192; A. _syn._ Ba reshe, 225
+
+  Adyanyapeso (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+  Adyokŭkola (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+  Adzadze (Ewe), 137
+
+  Ægle Barteri, 312
+
+  Æolanthus, 195
+
+  Aeyedi (Quitta), 94
+
+  Afana (Twi), 101
+
+  Afara (Yoruba), 179, 230, 263, 371
+
+  Afe (Yoruba), 233, 262
+
+  Affi (Ibadan and Oyo), 248
+
+  Affram (Twi), 96; A. River, 98
+
+  Afikpo District, 466, 472, 473, 493
+
+  Afoforo (Egba) or Abo-fero (Yoruba), 249
+
+  Afoma (Mistletoe-like parasite), 170; (Yoruba), 246
+
+  Aforwa (Wassaw), 103
+
+  Aframomum, 128
+
+  Africa, British East, 189; Forest, Central, 189; Forest escape, 175;
+  Africa, 293
+
+  African (West) Allspice, 374
+
+    Apricot (Colons), 88
+
+    Barwood, 178
+
+    Blackwood, 26, 46; W. African B., 297
+
+    Brazil nuts, 368
+
+    Bread fruit, 123, 256
+
+    Cabbage Tree, 62; Big leaf C.T., 409
+
+    Catechu, 300
+
+    Coffee, 63
+
+    Copaiba Balsam Tree or Copaivi, 205, 221, 307
+
+    Ebony, 192, 214
+
+    “Elemi Tree,” 221, 315
+
+    Elm, 248, 249
+
+    Greenheart, 48, 153, 269; Light G., 279, 286, 287, 384, 416, 419
+
+    Indigo, 221
+
+    Kapok, 345
+
+    Kino, 206
+
+    Lignumvitæ, 446
+
+    Lilac, 222
+
+    (West) Locust Bean, 207, 282, 283
+
+    Mahogany, 20, 120, 135, 149, 175, 205, 222; Togo Plantations of M.,
+    149; Nigeria, 175
+
+    (West) Mahogany, 211, 422, 423
+
+    Mammee or Mammy Apple, 29, 55, 363, 462
+
+    Maple, 351
+
+    Mistletoe, 259
+
+    Myrrh, 198, 211
+
+    Nutmeg, 264, 457
+
+    Oak, 26, 27, 32, 42, 51, 54, 67, 70, 75, 77, 86, 179, 209, 253, 255,
+    342, 356, 358, 403
+
+    Padowk, 273, 274
+
+    Palm, 236
+
+    Pearwood, 28, 29, 57, 67, 68, 375
+
+    Pepper, 219
+
+    Redwood, 178
+
+    Rosewood, 31, 34, 221, 273, 299
+
+    Rubber tree, 58, 68, 395
+
+    Satinwood, 371; Dry Zone Satinwood, 309, 311
+
+    Star apple, 58, 69, 381
+
+    Strychnos Tree, 389
+
+    Teak (English name), 86, 253, 256; small-fruited, 256
+
+    (West) Timbers, 293
+
+    Tragacantha, 54, 348
+
+    Tulip tree, 400
+
+    Violetwood, 26, 46
+
+    Walnut, 28, 49, 67, 74, 75, 101, 177, 328; West African W., 178,
+    293, 326, 445, 446
+
+    Whitewood, 418
+
+    Wisteria, 302
+
+    Wood-oil nut, 163, 332, 333 418
+
+    Yellow wood, 259
+
+  Afrormosia elata, 271, 352; A. laxiflora, 66, 73, 97, 119, 158, 191,
+  201, 202, 221, 230, 251; A. sp., 219
+
+  Afzelia, 19, 117, 124, 125, 132, 290, 450; Calabar A., 291; Forest A.,
+  291
+
+    Africana (Rhodesian Mahogany), 17, 26, 47, 97, 117, 118, 120, 121,
+    159, 179, 190, 191, 202, 205, 220, 229, 271, 290, 291, 292, 418,
+    422, 430, 445, 446
+
+    bella, 291
+
+    bracteata, 47, 67, 292
+
+    Brownei, 97
+
+    Cuanzensis, 290, 291
+
+    fastigiata, 97
+
+    (Kontah), 32
+
+    microcarpa, 82, 84
+
+    Nov. sp., 291
+
+    pachyloba, 291, 416, 419
+
+    red-arilled, 290
+
+    sp., 47, 290
+
+    Zenkeri, 430, 417
+
+  Aga (Yoruba), 233 or Agbawo, 252
+
+  Agan Aparo (Yoruba), 408
+
+  Aganokwi (Benin), 17, 375, 378; A. No. I, 376
+
+  Agave rigida, 117; A. Sisalana, 128
+
+  Agba, 159; A. of the Benis, 229; (Ikale, Benin), 304, 353; (West
+  Side), 361, 393
+
+  Agbana (Ewe), 129
+
+  Agbara (Ikale), 278
+
+  Agbarin (Yoruba), 299
+
+  Agbede, 298
+
+  Agberibede (Yoruba), 232; Agberigeddi, 277
+
+  Agboin (Yoruba), 229, 279
+
+  Agbon (Benin), 244
+
+  Agedegbo (Benin), 260, 263
+
+  Agege (Yoruba), 396; A. Yoruba Country, 396
+
+  Agelæa obliqua, 96, 196
+
+  Ageratum conyzoides, 194
+
+  Aggan Egbo (Egba), 383
+
+  Aghaghe (Yoruba), 267
+
+  Aghako (Yoruba), 262
+
+  Agiekpogo (Benin), 325
+
+  Agkwokhau (Benin), 266
+
+  Agniere (Ebrie), 83
+
+  Agnon (Abe), 83
+
+  Ago (Quitta, Krepi, Accra), 93
+
+  Agoma (Benin), 381
+
+  Agome Mts., 142
+
+  _Agricultural Chemistry_, by Johnson and Cameron, 483
+
+  Agricultural College, E. and W. Scotland, 482
+
+  Agricultural land fixed by the older civilized countries, 485
+
+  Agricultural Society of England, Royal, 483
+
+  Agu (Togo), 477; A. Plantation, 469; A. Valley, 125
+
+  Aguana (Benin), 400
+
+  Aguaya (Ebrie), 86
+
+  Agui (Ebrie), 83
+
+  Agumua (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+  Agutesi (Krepi), 105
+
+  Aguwa, 199
+
+  Ahedua (Twi), 97
+
+  Ahoada District, 173, 255, 472
+
+  Ahon or Ahun (Yoruba), 231, 390
+
+  Ai-da (Yoruba), _cf._ Kalango daji and Sandan Mayu, 220
+
+  Aiko (Yoruba), 235
+
+  Aini (Egba), 394
+
+  Ainyere (Appolonian), 100
+
+  Ainyesan (Benin), 230
+
+  Aiomiti (Kirikiri), 141
+
+  Aiu (Krepi), 94
+
+  Aiveygbo (Egbado, Yoruba), 335
+
+  Aiye (Ondo), 230; (Yoruba), 267
+
+  Aiyeni (Egbado, Benin), 267
+
+  Aiyo (Egba), 249; (Yoruba), 290, 370
+
+  Aja-igi or Aja-iji (Yoruba), 229, 286
+
+  Ajama (Krepi), 95; (West Coast), 95
+
+  Ajasso Reserve, 160
+
+  Ajia (Yoruba), 278; (Ibo Asaba), 281
+
+  Ajumkobi (Ashanti), 99
+
+  Ajurlo (Krepi), 103
+
+  Aka (Yoruba), 285, 340; A. Ishin, 340
+
+  Akak (Timani), 46
+
+  Akaka (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Akala (Yoruba), 382
+
+  Akapano (Benin), 407
+
+  Akara (Atakpame), 141
+
+  Akassa (Warri Province), 410
+
+  Akata (Twi, Denkira), 105; (Benin), 393
+
+  Akbo (Ibo, Asaba), 345
+
+  Akboro (Benin), 419
+
+  Ake or Akhe (Mbonoi), 83; (Atakpame), 146; (Benin), 392
+
+  Akede (Abe), 83
+
+  Akee (Tree), 61, 69, 76; A. Apple, 222, 341; Bush A., 342
+
+  Akhuro (seed, Benin), 298
+
+  Aki (Asante), 137
+
+  Akika or Aka, 338, 340
+
+  Akiko or Agliko (Atakpame), 136
+
+  Akilla Timber Works, 160
+
+  Akinale (Tschaudjo), 144
+
+  Akinrankiri (Benin), 257
+
+  Akion (Ebrie), 83
+
+  Akiti (Ibo Owerri), 336
+
+  Akiye or Akwiye (seeds), 220
+
+  Akkihien (Benin), 295
+
+  Akkun (Yoruba), 339, 340
+
+  Aklo (Anecho), 133
+
+  Ako (Benin), 260, 263; (Yoruba) 179, 229, 236, 270, 277, 315, 330,
+  366, 375, 489; A. bolobolo (Yoruba), 344; A. gbogbonshe, 264; A.
+  Idofun (Yoruba), 269; A.-ire, 233, 395; A. ledo (Yoruba), 396
+
+  Akodiombi or Zakuebiembi (Attie), 88
+
+  Akodo (Mbonoi), 85
+
+  Akoima (Agni), 88
+
+  Akoko (Benin), 350; (Yoruba), 401
+
+  Akokotsua (Fanti), 88
+
+  Akomu (Yoruba), 231, 266
+
+  Akondog (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Akoriko (Yoruba), 231
+
+  Akorüe (Indenie), 88
+
+  Akosica (Abe), 88
+
+  Akoso (Benin), 372
+
+  Akotompo (Fanti), 84
+
+  Akouibia (Fanti), 88
+
+  Akpaboyo Road, 469
+
+  Akpakpa (Ibo), 229
+
+  Akpakossa (Benin), 406
+
+  Akpakpla (Anago), 139
+
+  Akpaku (Ibo, Asaba), 328
+
+  Akpanagya (Benin), 272; Akpan Etuidiwi (Efik), 274
+
+  Akpanya (Efik), 277, 278
+
+  Akpe (Ibo), 231
+
+  Akplẽ or Loloẽ (Ewe), 138
+
+  Akpo, 413
+
+  Akpoklo or Bofuti (Ewe), 138
+
+  Akposso, 131
+
+  Akronkron (Accra), 105
+
+  Aku (Atakpame), 136; Akus, 61
+
+  Akuana (Agni), 85
+
+  Akũgre (Kpedyi), 133
+
+  Akukan (Quitta) (Krepi), 103
+
+  Akukobasa (Ewe), 146
+
+  Akumasse (Fanti), 86, 87
+
+  Akume (Benin), 273, 311
+
+  Akun (Yoruba), 231
+
+  Akuosi, Ambi (Fanti), 85
+
+  Akure Province, 322
+
+  “Akushi” (native basin), 212
+
+  Akushunmajadin (Ikale), 285
+
+  Akwabohori (Fanti), 100
+
+  Akwabu (Mbonoi), 85
+
+  Akwankusuma (Fanti), 85
+
+  Akwantanuro (Fanti), 101
+
+  Akwarri (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+  Akwayefe District, 415, 416, 419; A. River, 151, 152
+
+  Akwekwe (Benin), 313
+
+  Ala (Ewe), 127
+
+  Alabata (Atakpame), 131
+
+  Alabenum, 87
+
+  Alabeta Province, 275
+
+  Alade (Ikale), 285
+
+  Alãfe (Ewe), 134
+
+  Alafia Landolphioides, 395
+
+  Alale (Hausa), 222, 228, 229
+
+  Alambo, 219, 221
+
+  Alangiaceæ (Cameroons), 438
+
+  Alangium begonifolium, 438
+
+  Alapari (Yoruba), 312
+
+  Alasko, 263
+
+  Alati (Quitta, Krepi), 93
+
+  Alayafu, 195
+
+  Albert Lake, 189
+
+  Albizzia, 26, 48, 73, 125, 172, 293, 294, 295
+
+    Albruana, 98
+
+    Amara, 148
+
+    Angolensis, 98, 131
+
+    Boji, 290
+
+    Brownii, 48, 78, 98, 163, 175, 178, 229, 293, 294, 296
+
+    Cæsalpinia, 123
+
+    Chevalieri, 191, 199, 208
+
+    fastigiata, 48, 73, 84, 98, 131, 229, 293, 294, 296
+
+    ferruginea, 84
+
+    Lebbek, 29, 175
+
+    rhombifolia, 84, 295
+
+    sp., 73, 293, 294, 295, 296, 418
+
+    stipulata, 148; A. Welwitchii, 429
+
+  Alchornea cordata, 197, 203, 204; A. cordifolia, 136, 434; A.
+  floribunda, 434; A. sp., 86
+
+  Alembole (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+  Alensuneku (Atakpame), 138
+
+  Alepo (Yoruba), 325
+
+  Aleurites Moluccana, 421
+
+  Ali (Timani), 46
+
+  Aligna (Benin), 79; A. (or Adya), 229, 282, 290, 291, 292, 450
+
+  Alikongeba (Yoruba), 419
+
+  Aliliba or aliliba, 215, 224, 230
+
+  Alinyan (Benin), 301
+
+  Alismataceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+  Allahbanunu (Agni), 88
+
+  Allanblackia floribunda, 55, 107, 363, 461; A. parviflora, 87
+
+  Allerle (Benin), 396
+
+  Alligator apple, 71, 262
+
+  Allophyllus Africana, 76, 137
+
+  Almeidina, 277
+
+  Almond Tree, 122; A. wood (Coula edulis), 33; Indian A. Tree, 421
+
+  Alobla (Kpedyi), 134
+
+  Alode (Benin), 413
+
+  Aloe Barteri, 128, 195; A. Buettneri, 128
+
+  Alofin (Jebu), 230
+
+  Alongua (Bondoukou), 89
+
+  Alsodeia, sp., 55, 108
+
+  Alstonia Congensis, 26, 58, 88, 111, 119, 143, 231, 390, 419, 440
+
+  Alu (Ewe), 135
+
+  Alukon raba (Yoruba), 230
+
+  Alum bark, 61
+
+  Amaké (Ewe), 146
+
+  Amanoa bracteata, 51
+
+  Amaranthaceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+  Amaranthus caudatus, 195; A. viridis, 195
+
+  Amaryllidaceæ (Togo), 128; (Nigeria), 195
+
+  Ambriz, 465
+
+  Ameliki (Timani), 62
+
+  Amellaky (or Egbessye of S. Leone) (Benin), 401
+
+  Ameme (Benin), 252
+
+  Amerere (Agni), 85, 88
+
+  America (S.), 185; A. exotics, 175; A. “whitewood,” 260
+
+  Amhio (Bondoukou), 87
+
+  Amizi Agni, 84
+
+  Ammannia Senegalensis, 192
+
+  Amorphophallus Barteri, 195; A. dracontioides, 196
+
+  Amoyin (Egba), 289
+
+  Ampelideæ (Nigeria), 193, 197, 203
+
+  Ampelocissus, 193
+
+  Amphiblemma polyneuron, 438
+
+  Amu-ati (Ewe), 144; A. Ne (New Calabar), 361
+
+  Amuan (Attie), 85
+
+  Ana River (Togo), 117
+
+  Anacardiaceæ (S. Leone), 52; (Liberia), 75; (Ivory Coast), 86; (Gold
+  Coast), 103; (Togo), 136; (Nigeria), 191, 196, 198, 212, 222, 338,
+  459; (Cameroons), 434
+
+  Anacardium occidentale, 136, 222, 338; A. sp., 340
+
+  Anaküe (Mbonoi), 84
+
+  Anamolum (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+  Anamomila or Anamomilla (Benin), 226, 228, 412
+
+  Ananas, 127
+
+  Anane (Axim), 107
+
+  Anaphe Moloneyi (Wild silkworm), 206; A. sp., 207, 216
+
+  Anaphrenium, 191
+
+  Anchi (Fanti), 101
+
+  Anchomanes Dalzielii, 196
+
+  Ancistrophyllum, 70; A. sp., 93
+
+  Andira inermis, 134
+
+  Andoni River, 151
+
+  Andropogon apricus, 201; A. Gayensis, 201; A. sorghum, 127; A.
+  tectorum, 201
+
+  Andropogoneæ, 196, 199
+
+  Aneilema, A. lanceolatum, A. sinicum, 195
+
+  Anglo-French saw-mills, 159
+
+  Anglocalyx ramiflorus, 296
+
+  Angowma, 422
+
+  Angular pod, 284
+
+  Anikantuhu (Yoruba), 315
+
+  Anikiba (Benin), 407
+
+  Anisophyllea laurina (monkey apple), 33, 54
+
+  Ankent (Timani), 41
+
+  Ankump (Timani), 41
+
+  Annatto (orange dye), 364
+
+  Anogeissus, 56; A. leiocarpus, 108, 120, 123, 140, 167, 179, 192, 212,
+  223, 232, 234, 373, 489; A. sp., 88
+
+  Anona, 342; A. afzelii, 263; A. Mannii, 263; A. muricata, 71; A.
+  palustris, 71, 95, 262; A. Senegalensis, 59, 190, 201, 202, 219, 262;
+  A. sp., 130
+
+  Anonaceæ (S. Leone), 43; (Liberia), 71; (Ivory Coast), 84; (Gold
+  Coast), 95; (Togo), 129; (Nigeria), 190, 196, 219, 259, 457
+
+  Anopyxis ealænsis, 108
+
+  Ansellia, 201; A. Congoensis, 195
+
+  Ant Trees (Musimba), 437
+
+  Anthericum, 195
+
+  Anthocleista Kerstingii, 142; A. magnifica, 110; A. nobilis, 58, 88,
+  110, 203, 224; A. parviflora, 58, 224; A. sp., 110; A. Vogelii, 197,
+  224
+
+  Antholyza Zenkeri, 425
+
+  Anthostema Senegalense, 51
+
+  Antiaris, 70, 249; A. Africana, 95, 129; A. sp., 95, 250; A. toxiaria,
+  83, 129, 231, 250, 426
+
+  Antidesma anbryanthum, 103; A. laciniatum, 51, 103, 434; A. sp., 336;
+  A. venosum, 103, 336
+
+  Anwai District, 392; A. River, 353, 392
+
+  Anyan (Efik), 229
+
+  Anyeran (Benin), 158, 271, 352
+
+  Anyesan (Benin), 271
+
+  Anyi (Anago), 140
+
+  Anyo, 391
+
+  Anyolo (Timani), 60
+
+  Apa (Rhodesian Mahogany), 120, 159; (African Oak, Yoruba), 179, 229,
+  291, 292; A. oro (Yoruba), 389, 450
+
+  Apado (Yoruba), 230, 449; (Abeokuta), 281
+
+  Apagban (Yoruba), 269
+
+  Apakka (Anago), 132
+
+  Apapa (near Lagos), 481; A. Saw mill, 159, 160
+
+  Apapo (Yoruba), 302
+
+  Apara (Yoruba), 178, 231, 303
+
+  Apassa, 159; (Efik), 229, 379
+
+  Apata, 336, 343, 379; A. Wood (Benin), 336
+
+  Ape (Attie), 87
+
+  Apepe (Yoruba), 231, 273
+
+  Aphania, 104
+
+  Aphanocalyx sp., 84
+
+  Apiko (Yoruba), 344
+
+  Apobo (Jekri, Ijor), 326
+
+  Apocynaceæ (S. Leone), 58; (Liberia), 78; Ivory Coast, 88; (Gold
+  Coast), 110; (Togo), 142; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 199, 224, 390, 394,
+  459; (Cameroons), 440
+
+  Apodytes Beninensis, 104
+
+  Apokpo (Anecho), 138
+
+  Appapayi or Wausauwah (Twi), 101; (Fanti), 101
+
+  Apple tree compared with Fagara, 134
+
+  Appolonia, 95; Appolonians, 109
+
+  Apukur (Mbonoi), 88
+
+  Apurro (Twi), 101
+
+  Aqua egbua (Agni), 88
+
+  Ara (Yoruba), 231, 273
+
+  Arab, 217
+
+  Araba (Yoruba), 231, 345, 346
+
+  Arabmetu (Adionkron), 84
+
+  Arac Palm, 244
+
+  Arachi (Ibo, Asaba), 275, 292
+
+  Arachis hypogæa, 192
+
+  Aragbaihi (Benin), 401
+
+  Arajon, 445, 446
+
+  Arakpa (Benin), 275
+
+  Araliaceæ (S. Leone), 56; (Togo), 140; (Nigeria), 192, 213, 224, 375;
+  (Cameroons), 438
+
+  Aramoho (Benin), 400
+
+  Aranhe (Mbonoi), 85
+
+  Ararabi (Hausa), 221
+
+  Arasa (Yoruba), 337
+
+  Arasha (Ondo), 335
+
+  Areca catechu, 177
+
+  Arenga saccharifera, 177
+
+  Arere (Appolonian), 93; A. Tree, 153, 178; (Yoruba), 230, 351, 352
+
+  Argemone Mexicana, 193
+
+  Argentine, 491
+
+  Aridan (Yoruba), 231, 284; A. Abatta, 282
+
+  Aril, yellow, 291
+
+  Aristida, 196, 202
+
+  Aristolochia alba, 195
+
+  Aristolochiaceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+  Aroba (Mbonoi), 84
+
+  Aro Boro (Yoruba), 303
+
+  Aroid, 197
+
+  Aroideæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+  Arojoku (Yoruba), 400
+
+  Aroko (Onitsha Province), 297
+
+  Aroro (Benin), 335; (Yoruba), 336
+
+  Arquane (Mbonoi), 88
+
+  Arrow-poison climber, 192
+
+  Artabotrys sp., 264
+
+  Artocarpus incisa, 122, 148, 218
+
+  Arugbo, 412
+
+  Arundo donax, 201
+
+  Asa bogüie (Agni), 86; A. Gidi, 338
+
+  Asaba District, 189, 266, 353, 391, 392, 393, 395
+
+  Asama (Mbonoi), 85
+
+  Asana (Yoruba), 288, 330
+
+  Asclepiadaceæ (S. Leone), 59; (Gold Coast), 112; (Nigeria), 192, 199
+
+  Asclepias lineolata, 192
+
+  Ase (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Asemigniri (Mbonoi), 84
+
+  Ash (European), 316
+
+  Asha (Yoruba), 335; (Oudo), 335; (Ibadan), 337; A. omode (Yoruba),
+  331; A. ragha (Yoruba), 335
+
+  Ashanti, 95; A. natives, 105; Ashanti Report (Gold Coast and Northern
+  Territory), by Mr. H. N. Thompson, 91
+
+  Ashasha of the Yorubas, 231, 355
+
+  Ashuwole (Yoruba), 278
+
+  Asia, 185
+
+  Asihuë (Atakpame), 131
+
+  Askale (Ikale), 304
+
+  Asofeyeje (Yoruba), 393
+
+  Asogedaka (Atakpame), 136
+
+  A-sog-e-jub, 470
+
+  Asokoru (Apollonian), 102
+
+  Asologun (musical instrument), wood of Alstonia, 391
+
+  Asoma (Fanti), 102
+
+  Asoroa (Aowin), 102
+
+  Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi (Tree), 42, 195
+
+  Aspidosperma Quebracho, 123, 124, 148
+
+  Aspillia, 194
+
+  Asre (Yoruba, Egbado), 304
+
+  Asses bread, 435
+
+  Assi (Benin), 335
+
+  Assihato (Agni), 85
+
+  Assinie River and Town, 81, 82
+
+  Assivi (Benin), 335
+
+  Assomah (Twi), 102
+
+  Assoro (Twi), 109
+
+  Assun (Benin), 407
+
+  Astragalus gummifer, 54
+
+  Astrochlæna, 194
+
+  Asuaindokun (Aowin), 107
+
+  Asukole (Ikale), 304
+
+  Asunwon (Yoruba), 270
+
+  Aswen (Benin), 288
+
+  Asystasia Coromandeliana, 197
+
+  Ata (Anago), 134; (Yoruba), 232, 233, 309; A. frifridi (Ibo, Asaba),
+  395
+
+  Ataka (Ibo, Asaba), 303; Atakapuresossi (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+  Atakpame, 117, 122, 123, 131, 469
+
+  Atakpati (Atakpame), 135
+
+  Atakpla (Atakpame), 132
+
+  Atawa (Ashanti), 103
+
+  Atawah or Altawah (Twi), 97
+
+  Atidje (Atakpame), 135
+
+  Atikuzẽ (Ewe), 131
+
+  Atillis (Hausa), 221
+
+  Atisiā (Ewe), 136
+
+  Atite (Ewe), 133
+
+  Atiyi (Ewe), 134
+
+  Atolaie (Mbonoi), 83
+
+  Atont (Timani), 46
+
+  Atore (Efik), 325
+
+  Atori (Oban, Ekoi), 323; (Yoruba), 324
+
+  Atropa Belladonna, 488
+
+  Atsan (Attie), 83
+
+  Atta (Eflk), 260, 363
+
+  Attagbo (Yoruba), 301; (Benin), 310
+
+  Attagura, 218
+
+  Attan (Benin), 408
+
+  Attenli (Aowin), 96
+
+  Atwen (Mbonoi), 83
+
+  Atwaba (Fanti), 103
+
+  Au River (Togo), 117
+
+  Aubrya Gabunensis, 308
+
+  Augor (Benin), 179, 235, 236
+
+  Augwameatee (Aowin), 97
+
+  Auro (Yoruba), 312
+
+  Ause (Yoruba), 265
+
+  Austria-Hungary, 492
+
+  Austrian Markets, 325, 326
+
+  Autopoi (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+  Auwolo (Akposso), 132, 138
+
+  Avenya (Ewe), 147
+
+  Avicennia Africana, 60, 113, 144, 234, 397; (allied to A.
+  officinalis), 144; A. tomentosa, 440
+
+  Avogola or Awogolu (Ewe), 129
+
+  Awa (Attie), 87
+
+  Awabima (Twi), 106
+
+  Awasse (Abe), 87
+
+  Awaw District, 394; A. (Yoruba), 297; (Benin), 297
+
+  Awe (Yoruba), 331, 337
+
+  Awenu (Yoruba), 287
+
+  Awesu (Jekri), 228
+
+  Awessu (Jekri), 402
+
+  Awewe (Yoruba), 342
+
+  Awewi (Lagos, Yoruba), 288
+
+  Awigbi (Benin), 358
+
+  Awin (Ib.), 289
+
+  Awipu (Benin), 299
+
+  Awka Plantation, 167
+
+  Awoa (Yoruba), 266
+
+  Awolo (Atakpame), 136
+
+  Awong (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Awow (Benin), 297
+
+  Awowo, 465
+
+  Awraw (Egbado), 347
+
+  Awshun, 170
+
+  Awun (Yoruba), 231, 390
+
+  Axim Forests, 17
+
+  Aya, 196; Aya Aya, 196
+
+  Ayagdo (Yoruba), 400
+
+  Aye (Yoruba), 256
+
+  Ayeye (Yoruba), 408
+
+  Ayibukpo (Eflk), 292
+
+  Ayin (Yoruba), 179, 232, 271, 373, 489
+
+  Ayinre (Yoruba), 178, 294, 295; Ayinre Ayinre (Yoruba), 296; A.
+  bonabona (Yoruba), 229, 294; A. eta (Yoruba), 229; A. langara (Egba,
+  Yoruba), 293, 295; A. ogo, 293, 295; Ayinretta (Yoruba), 296
+
+  Ayo (Yoruba), 370
+
+  Ayobo-Osuke Road, 297
+
+  Azimommon (Benin), 339
+
+  Azodo (Abe), 87
+
+
+  Ba-fini, 233; Ba-jini, _syn._ Jina-jina (Sok. and Zanf.), 219; Ba-
+  reshe, 225; Ba-ruwana, _syn._ Rimni (Sok.), 218; Ba-Zanfare (Katagum),
+  _syn._ Rai dore, 220
+
+  Baba (Ewe), 132
+
+  Bäbäle (Atakpame), 134
+
+  “Babool,” Indian, 208
+
+  Baboon Kola, 54
+
+  Babu (Yoruba), 266
+
+  Baccaurea Bonneti, 86
+
+  Bada, 193
+
+  Badagri, Trading Station, 151
+
+  Badagry, 465; Badagry District, 264
+
+  Bagarumar makka (Sok.), 219
+
+  Bagarwa (Hausa), 208, 219
+
+  Bagi (Mendi), 56
+
+  Bago, River, 487
+
+  Baka-biringui (Abe), 86
+
+  Bakahehessi (Agni), 85
+
+  Bakana (Port), 152
+
+  Bakasa (Attie), 88
+
+  Bakau (Fanti), 83
+
+  Bakbaboi (Mendi), 48
+
+  Bakbwi, or Bpakpei (Mendi), 48
+
+  Bakiesu (Atakpame), 134
+
+  Bakin makarfo, 220
+
+  Bakossi Road, 417; B. Forest, 417
+
+  Bākū (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Bakum (Timani), 55
+
+  Bakundu Natives, 417
+
+  Bälä (Afem), 136
+
+  Balakenta (Timani), 48
+
+  Balangi (musical instrument), 46
+
+  Balanites Ægyptica, 198, 210, 453
+
+  Balanophoraceæ (Nigeria), 197
+
+  Balata (rubber), 70, 252
+
+  Bale (Yoruba), 312
+
+  Baledia or Welengele (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+  Balong natives, 378, 417
+
+  Balsam Copaiba Tree, 97, 154, 205, 231, 307; B. apple, 193; B. of
+  Peru, 177, 421; B. of Tolu, 316; B. Tree, 221
+
+  Balsamodendron Africanum, 198, 211; B. pedunculatum, 198
+
+  Balsamodendron myrrha, 221
+
+  Balua (Attie), 89; Balua (Rosewood), 31
+
+  Balui (Mendi), 41
+
+  Bambi (Mendi), 41
+
+  Bamboos, 90; B. palm, 195, 216, 218; B. sp., 93, 117, 122, 127, 196,
+  234, 236
+
+  Bambus, 199
+
+  Bambuto Mts., 487
+
+  Bamenda District, 415
+
+  Bana (Attie), 83
+
+  Bananas, wild, 128, 147
+
+  Bandana River, 82
+
+  Bandonge (Duala), 440
+
+  Bang (Duala), 425
+
+  Banuke or Nje (Duala), 427
+
+  Baobab, 53, 105, 116, 118, 190, 207, 209, 223, 347, 435
+
+  Baphia, 430; B. Barombiensis, 430; B. nitida (Camwood), 31, 73, 84,
+  99, 133, 197, 204, 232, 287, 288; B. polygalaceæ, 48, 232, 288; B.
+  pubescens, 73, 197, 221, 232, 288; B. sp., 288
+
+  Bar nagoda (Hausa), 221
+
+  Bara (Tschaudjo), 145
+
+  Barabutu (Hausa), 218
+
+  Barambo (Gobir), 219
+
+  Barbaji _syn._ Tsibra or Tsura (Sok.), 225
+
+  Bariba or Biribi (Abe), 85
+
+  Barijuko, 189
+
+  Bark Bugs, 436; Bark exported, 444; Bark fibre, 128, 142
+
+  Baro, 189
+
+  Baro Kano Line, 159
+
+  Barteria aromatica, 437; B. fistulosa, 437
+
+  Barth, Dr., 198, 206, 207
+
+  Barwood or Nigerian Camwood, 31, 34, 35, 158, 229, 273, 417
+
+  Basamu (Sok. and Zanf.), 221
+
+  Basel Mission Timber Works, 443
+
+  Bassa-bassa (Benin), 232
+
+  Bassam, 423
+
+  Bassari (Togo), 117, 124; B. Savannah, 140, 143, 469
+
+  Batabue (Agni), 87
+
+  Batanga District, 429
+
+  Batwi (Mendi), 46
+
+  Bauchi (Highlands), 188, 190, 200, 204
+
+  Baugbaningbamu (Tschaudjo), 127
+
+  Bauhinia, 36, 169; B. Dry Zone, 298; B. Krughii, 148; B. reticulata,
+  97, 117, 133, 191, 201, 207, 252, 298; B. rufescens, 191, 201, 220,
+  298; B. Thonningii, 298
+
+  Bauji (E. Hausa), _syn._ Fara Raya, 219
+
+  Baulan Bolo (Degema, Calabar), 363
+
+  Bauren fadama; Bauren rafi, (Hausa), 218
+
+  Bauri (Hausa), 129
+
+  Baushe (Hausa), 192, 212, 222
+
+  Baut I. (Timani), 47
+
+  Bawie (Hausa), 193, 216, 218
+
+  Baya (Twi Kowin), 113
+
+  Bayama (Kontagora), _syn._ Gwazkiya, 220
+
+  Baywood, 20
+
+  Bazana (Hausa), 211; Banzano (Kano and Zaria), 221
+
+  Bead Head, 222; B. Tree, 331
+
+  Beari (Mendi), 57
+
+  Bebeti (Moyen Cavally), 89
+
+  Beckindanko (Hausa), 111, 393
+
+  Beckwith, Mr. H. (depericarping process), 477
+
+  Beech, 325; B. compared with Gum Copal, 36
+
+  Beef-Tree, Australian, 174
+
+  Beeswax, 226, 444
+
+  Befun people, 467
+
+  Begonia (rostrata), 197
+
+  Beguan (Attie), 84
+
+  Beibolei (Mendi), 53
+
+  Bek (Timani), 49
+
+  Belengbe (Kratschi), 139
+
+  Belgian Congo, 423, 424
+
+  Belvi (Mendi), 43
+
+  Bembe (Bambara), 87
+
+  Bembedo (Yoruba), 270
+
+  Bembu (Mangu), 134
+
+  Ben (seeds), 453
+
+  Bēnature (Mangu), 136
+
+  Bende, 19; B. noso (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+  Bendiguri (Mendi), 47
+
+  Bendwi or Bunduei (Mendi), 48
+
+  Benin, 153, 178, 236, 238, 240, 243, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251,
+  252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 260, 263, 264, 269, 271, 273, 276, 278,
+  279, 282, 284, 288, 289, 291, 297, 306, 310, 317, 324, 327, 329, 330,
+  333, 342, 343, 347, 348, 350, 367, 376, 381, 390, 393; B. arboretum,
+  177, 178, 243; B. cane or rattan, 240; B. City, 166, 175, 304; B.
+  Forests, 19, 168, 292; B. language, 185; B. market, 313; B. natives
+  and people, 163, 164, 243, 246, 249, 260, 264, 268, 278, 287, 298,
+  301; B. (North), 154, 158; B. nut, 258; B. Pearwood, 378; B. River,
+  151
+
+  Beniti (Agome), 131
+
+  Bentpod, 290, 307
+
+  Benué Region, 212, 215; B. River, 188, 189, 203, 204, 207
+
+  Beri (Mendi), 49
+
+  Berlinia, 19, 293
+
+  Berlinia acuminata, 47, 84, 99, 119, 133, 191, 230, 281, 282, 290,
+  418, 429, 449; B. auriculata, 68, 99, 230, 282, 429; B. Heudelotiana,
+  47, 99, 132, 197, 204; B. Kerstingii, 117, 118, 123, 133; B. sp., 416;
+  B. sp. near B. stipulaceæ, 47; B. tomentosa, 133; B. of the Waterside,
+  292
+
+  Berrya ammomilla, 176, 421
+
+  Bersama, Chippii, 104; B. Doeringii, 138
+
+  Bersama Paullinioides, 53
+
+  Bertiera glabrata, 61
+
+  Bessi, 44; B. (Ashanti), 106; B. Kpessei, 44
+
+  Betel nut palm, 177
+
+  Beteng (Aowin), 93
+
+  Betu oil or tree, 210, 453, 454
+
+  Beurre de Karité, 90
+
+  Bewa or Mano River, 69
+
+  Bewe-Bauban (Mendi), 52
+
+  Bibiabe (Attie), 86
+
+  BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICAN FORESTS, 496-500
+
+    _Agricultural and Forest Products of British West Africa_, by G. C.
+    Dudgeon, Director-General of Agriculture in Egypt, 498
+
+    _Bulletin (Kew)_, 497-499
+
+    _Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information_, 497
+
+    _Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, ed. by Sir W. Dunstan, 497
+
+    _Catalogue of Plants_ collected by Mr. and Mrs. Talbot in the Oban
+    District, South Nigeria, 497
+
+    _Der Tropenwirt_, by Dr. S. Loskin, 499
+
+    _Dictionary of the World’s Commercial Products_, by J. A. Slater,
+    B.A., LL.B., 498
+
+    _Die Blütenpflanzen Afrikas_, by Franz Thonner, 497
+
+    _Forestry_, by Dr. Adam Schwappach, 499
+
+    _Forestry in West Africa_, by Sir Alfred Maloney, 496
+
+    _Glossary of Botanic Terms_, by D. G. Jackson, 496
+
+    _Gold Coast Report of Forests_, by H. N. Thompson, Chief Conservator
+    of Forests, South Nigeria, 499
+
+    _In the Guiana Forest_, by Jas. Rodway, 499
+
+    _Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and Termination of
+    the Niger_, 496
+
+    _Journal of the Imperial Institute_, 499
+
+    _Kulturgewächse der Deutschen Kolonien_, by R. Sadebeck, 498
+
+    _Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française_, by M.
+    Chevalier, 500
+
+    _List of Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of the Gold Coast, Ashantee and
+    Northern Territories_, by T. F. Chipp, B.Sc., F.L.S., 499
+
+    _Monographien der Pflanzenfamilien_, 8 vols. by Dr. Adolf Engler,
+    496-497
+
+         I. Moraceæ, excluding Ficus.
+
+        II. Melastomaceæ.
+
+       III. Combretaceæ Combretum.
+
+        IV. Combretaceæ, excluding Combretum
+
+         V. Sterculiaceæ.
+
+        VI. Anonaceæ.
+
+       VII. Strophanthus.
+
+      VIII. Sapotaceæ.
+
+    _Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants_, by E. W. Foster, 497
+
+    _Notizblatt of the Berlin Botanical Station_, containing notes on
+    “Die Nutz Holzer der Kamerun,” 500
+
+    Pamphlets on _Die Nutz Holzer Togos_, 500
+
+    _Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien_, by Dr. Adolf Engler, 498
+
+    _Sylviculture in the Tropics_, by A. F. Broun, Director of Woods and
+    Forests, Soudan, 498
+
+    _Text Book of Botany_, by Strasburger, 498
+
+    _The Indian Forester_, 499
+
+    _The Oil Palm and its Varieties_, by J. H. J. Farquhar, Conservator
+    of Forests, (Nigeria), 499
+
+    _The Principal Forest Trees_, by H. W. Whitford, Ph.D., 499
+
+    _The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification_, by Herbert
+    Stone, F.L.S., F.R.C.I., 498
+
+    _The Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of S. Leone_, by C. E. Lane
+    Poole, 499
+
+    _The Useful Plants of Nigeria_, 497
+
+    _Timber_, by J. R. Baterden, A.M.I.C., 498
+
+    _Wood_, by G. S. Boulger, 498
+
+  Bignoniaceæ (S. Leone), 60; (Liberia), 79; (Ivory Coast), 89; (Gold
+  Coast), 113; (Togo), 144; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 215, 225, 401;
+  (Cameroons), 441
+
+  Bijaje (Hausa), 218
+
+  Bilinga (Yoruba), 290, 292, 445; Benin Bilinga, 292, 417, 418, 422,
+  445, 446
+
+  Bimbi District, 429
+
+  Bimbwa, 445, 446
+
+  Bingeria Africana, 85
+
+  Biophytum sensitivum, 193
+
+  Biota trees, 420
+
+  Bipindi District, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 434, 438, 439, 440,
+  441
+
+  Bishiyapl, or Bishiyoyi generic (Hausa), 218
+
+  Bismarckburg sub-station (Togo), 126
+
+  Bissaboko (Attie), 87
+
+  Bissimi (Mendi), 50
+
+  Bitter Bark, 415; B. Kola, 55, 77; B. Leaf, 409; Bitter tomato, 194
+
+  Biunwe (Twi), 97
+
+  Bixa orellana, 122, 365
+
+  Bixaceæ or Bixineæ (Nigeria), 190, 196, 365
+
+  Black Tumbler, 47, 73
+
+  Blackwater Plant, 270
+
+  Blackwood, 26, 46; B. African W., 297; B. Benin N., 297; B. Indian,
+  386; Yoruba Blackwood, 298
+
+  Blepharis, 194
+
+  Blighia sapida, 61, 69, 76, 87, 104, 137, 196, 222, 229, 341, 342; B.
+  sp., 342, 343
+
+  “Blind” wood or Kapok, 345
+
+  Blita Resthouse (Togo), 117
+
+  Blood Plum of Sierra Leone, 136
+
+  Bloodwood, 221
+
+  Blue dye, 407
+
+  Blue gum, 174
+
+  Bo, 39; B. (Balong), 428
+
+  Boa (Bakundu), 428
+
+  Boanda (Buea district), 434, 436
+
+  Bobai (Duala), 429
+
+  Bobang (Balong), 425
+
+  Bobanja Duala, 428
+
+  Bobbyboya Water (Timani), 57
+
+  Bobby water, or Benin Mahogany, 78
+
+  Bobe ba ndiko (Bakundu), 433
+
+  Bobolo (Malimba), 430
+
+  Bodekadun (Yoruba), 395
+
+  Bodgei (Mendi), 47
+
+  Bœmbe (Bakundu), 426
+
+  Bofelei (Mendi), 50
+
+  Bofu (Fanti), 84
+
+  Bogi or Gbojei (Mendi), 52, 60
+
+  Bogo zage (Zanfau), 220
+
+  Bogüe (Agni), 83
+
+  Boi (Mendi), 50
+
+  Boi boi (Yoruba), 367
+
+  Boisima (Agni), 89
+
+  Boji, 311; B. Albizzia, 290; B. Hills, 18, 154, 290, 311, 385, 493
+
+  Boka or Boko (Bakundu), 433, 436
+
+  Bokata (Bakundu), 428
+
+  Bokeku (Duala), 426
+
+  Bokombo (Bakundu), 426
+
+  Bokome (Bakundu, Bafo), 438
+
+  Bokondo (Duala), 427
+
+  Boko-pupa (Yoruba), 344
+
+  Bokuk (Balong), 440; B. ba mhale (Duala), 440; B. (Etam), 432
+
+  Bokukulende (Bakossi), 426
+
+  Bokumia (Bakundu), 426
+
+  Bola (Bakundu), 440
+
+  Bolo (Ijaw and Brass), 230
+
+  Bolobolo, 345; B. fibre, 345
+
+  Bolondo (Duala), 428
+
+  Bolusila (Mangu), 138
+
+  Bomba (Duala), 440
+
+  Bombacaceæ (Cameroons), 435; (Gold Coast), 105; (Ivory Coast), 87;
+  (Liberia), 76; (Nigeria), 223, 346; (Sierra Leone), 53; (Togo), 137
+
+  Bombax, 231, 445, 446; B. brevicuspe, 105; B. Buonopozense, 53, 76,
+  87, 105, 138, 190, 196, 209, 223, 345, 435; B. sp., 105, 346
+
+  Bombay Blackwood, 176
+
+  Bombay cotton seed, 480
+
+  Bomoku (Agni), 85
+
+  Bon (Attie), 85
+
+  Bonabona (Yoruba), 178
+
+  Bongani (Mendi), 53
+
+  Bongele or Bopum ba nji (Duala), 435
+
+  Bongongi (Bakundu), 428; (Duala), 428; (Sanaga River), 428
+
+  Bongossi (Duala), 415, 436, 445, 446
+
+  Bonjabi (Bakundu), 438
+
+  Bonni (Yoruba), 300
+
+  Bonny River, 151
+
+  Bōnugú (Misahöhe), 140
+
+  Bonwula or Woula (Duala), 426
+
+  Bonyurome (Mbonoi), 86
+
+  Bonza (Bambara), 83
+
+  Booni (Mendi), 54
+
+  Boottia Abyssinica, 195
+
+  Bopalo or Bololo (Bakundu), 427, 432
+
+  Bopanda (Bafo) or Bopande (Bakundu), 427
+
+  Bope (Bafo), 431; (Duala), 427
+
+  Bopek (Balong), 431
+
+  Bopolo polo (Duala), 440, 442
+
+  Borassus Æthiopium, 70, 93, 233; B., _var._ Æthiopium, 195, 216, 218,
+  243; B. flabellifer (also called Fan or Bottle Palm), 39, 41, 70, 83,
+  93, 117, 122, 127, 195, 459
+
+  Borbor, 74
+
+  Borepore (Agni), 86
+
+  Borer attacks on Anogeissus, 374; on Dalbergia, 175; on Diospyros,
+  385; on Gum Copal, 36; on Mahogany (Leading Shoot Borer), 167, 175; on
+  Terminalia, 56
+
+  Borgu Province, 300, 453
+
+  Borimba (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Bornu, 190, 198, 206, 207, 209, 214, 215
+
+  Boro (Yoruba), 302
+
+  Borraginaceæ (sometimes Boragineæ) (Sierra Leone), 59; (Gold Coast),
+  112; (Togo), 143; (Nigeria), 192, 215, 224, 396; Cameroons, 440
+
+  Borri-borri (Yoruba), 287
+
+  Bosambai (Jaunde), 442; Bosambe (Bakundu), 427, 434
+
+  Bosav (Bakundu), or Sao (Duala), 432
+
+  Boscia, 190, 198; B. Senegalensis, 198
+
+  Bosenge (Duala), 426
+
+  Bosipi (Duala), 42
+
+  Bosole (Bondoukou), 84
+
+  Bossi (Twi), 101
+
+  Boswellia Dalzielii, 191, 210, 221; B. Klaineana, 100; B. odorata,
+  191, 221
+
+  Botapia (Attie), 87
+
+  Bōti (Dyakossi), 128
+
+  Bottle gourd, 193; Bottle palm, 39
+
+  Botuba (Bafo), 432
+
+  Boundary Tree, 245
+
+  Bowasa (Duala), 442
+
+  Bowiwasi (Fanti), 97
+
+  Bowiwunua (Twi), 97
+
+  Bowstring Hemp, 127, 128
+
+  Boxwood, 58, 79, 176, 394; compared with Cratæva religiosa, 130; False
+  B., 391
+
+  Boye (Mendi), 44
+
+  Brachystegia, 47; B. cynometroides, 416, 430; B. spicæformis, 68, 119,
+  229, 277, 449
+
+  Bräkrauku (Asante), 141
+
+  Brass District, 240, 405, 406; B. language, 185; B. natives, 358; B.
+  Port, 151; B. River, 151
+
+  Brazil nut, 368, 450
+
+  Bread fruit, 122, 138, 218
+
+  Bridelia atroviridis, 103, 335; B. ferruginea, 51, 103, 193, 202; B.
+  macrocarpa, 434; B. micrantha, 51, 102, 335; B. scleroneura, 193; B.
+  speciosa, 86; B. stenocarpa, 335, 417, 433; B. Zenkeri, 335
+
+  Brimstone, 31, 32, 60, 69; Bush B., 61, 79; B. Wood, 405
+
+  Bristol Port prepared to try Palm kernels, 480, 481
+
+  British West African Colonies and Protectorate, 17
+
+  Bromabima (Axim), 107
+
+  Bromeliaceæ (Togo), 127
+
+  Bubbuoi (Mendi), 59
+
+  Buboi (Mendi), 58
+
+  Buchholzia macrophylla, 84
+
+  Buda͡u (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+  Budyonū (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+  Buea District, 425, 426, 427, 430, 431, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438,
+  441, 442
+
+  Buesse (Mbonoi), 87
+
+  Buettneria, 353
+
+  Buffalo Horn, 222
+
+  Bugama Port, 150
+
+  Buini (Mendi), 46
+
+  Buittigirri (Mendi), 61
+
+  Buje nla (Yoruba), 407
+
+  Buji dudu (Yoruba), 407
+
+  Bulbostylis, 196; B. barbata, 93; B. laniceps, 93
+
+  Bullet-wood tree, 186
+
+  Bulokossa (Benin), 406
+
+  Bumbi (Mendi), 46
+
+  Bunbola Mountains, 25
+
+  Bundu dance, 51; Bundu devils, 51
+
+  Bundui or Bundwi (Mendi), 46, 60
+
+  Bunga (Timani), 45
+
+  Bungi (Mendi), 57
+
+  Buni (Mendi), 54
+
+  Bunja (Duala), 440
+
+  Bur-grass, 199
+
+  Bureh Mill, 35; B. River, 25; B. Town, 25, 36, 46, 56
+
+  Burkea, 302; B. Africana, 132, 191, 207, 220
+
+  Burma, 162, 168, 171
+
+  Burnatia enneandra, 195
+
+  Burogono (Mendi), 47
+
+  Burokossa (Benin), 406
+
+  Buronona (New Calabar), 364
+
+  Buro Nuro (Mbonoi), 88
+
+  Burseraceæ (Sierra Leone), 49; (Liberia), 74; (Ivory Coast), 85; (Gold
+  Coast), 100; (Nigeria), 191, 198, 221, 314; (Cameroons), 432
+
+  Bush Maple, 351, 353, 417; B. Oak, 420, 425; B. Pawpaw, 75; B. Teak,
+  417; B. Town, 56
+
+  Bussea Occidentalis, 99
+
+  Butter tree, 77, 107, 361
+
+  Butyrospermum Parkii, 109, 117, 119, 141, 179, 192, 202, 214, 224,
+  231, 358, 379, 439, 455
+
+  Buxus sempervirens, 176
+
+  Bwele ba Mbongo (Duala), 441
+
+  Bwembe (Bakwiri), 426
+
+  Bwiba ba mbale (Duala), 431; Bwiba ba njon (Duala), 443
+
+  Bwiwa (Bakwiri), 431
+
+  Byrsocarpus coccineus, 191
+
+
+  Cabbage Palm, 58; C. Tree of the West Indies, 134, 224
+
+  Cacao, 420, 421; C. bean, 163; C. yams, 421, 491
+
+  Cadaba farinosa, 198
+
+  Cæsalpinia arborea, 148; C. Bonducella, 197, 303; C. coriaria, 148; C.
+  regia, 148; C. rostrata, 148; C. sappan, 124, 148
+
+  Cæsalpiniæ (Nigeria), 269
+
+  Caindah Wood, 131
+
+  Calabar, 152, 153, 154, 157, 177, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 243, 249,
+  250, 251, 252, 256, 257, 259, 264, 271, 273, 275, 276, 279, 284, 288,
+  289, 297, 303, 306, 310, 312, 313, 315, 324, 327, 333, 340, 343, 349,
+  350, 371, 376, 382, 387, 390, 395, 396, 411; C. Arboretum and
+  Botanical Gardens, 166, 168, 174, 179, 410, 468; C. Beans, 80, 298; C.
+  Forest land, 17, 49, 154; C. Market, 368; C. River, 18, 151, 152, 154
+
+  Calabash nutmeg, 43, 72, 265
+
+  Calamus Barteri, 94; C. deerratus, 94, 240; C. sp., 41
+
+  Callichilia subsessilis, 58
+
+  Caloncoba Gilgiana, 139
+
+  Calonyction speciosum, 197, 203
+
+  Calpocalyx, 99; C. Dinklagei, 430
+
+  “Cam,” 287, 288
+
+  Cam River, 415
+
+  Cambridge University Department of Agriculture, 483
+
+  Cameroons, 17, 378, 387, chap. x, 415-446; C. exports, 444; C.
+  Mountains, 415, 416, 420, 436; C. (South), 425; C. Timber exports,
+  445, 446
+
+  Campanulaceæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+  Camps of Timber Firms, 187
+
+  Camwood, 31, 34, 35, 48, 84, 73, 80, 98, 158, 178, 221, 226, 229, 273,
+  287, 288, 416, 417, 418, 419; Benin C., 288; Cross River C., 274;
+  Large-fruited Camwood, 275; Spineless fruited C., 273
+
+  Canarium, 422; C. Auriculatum, 432; C. Mansfeldii, 317, 432; C.
+  occidentalis, 82, 85; C. Schweinfurthii, 29, 49, 67, 74, 82, 221, 229,
+  315, 416, 417, 425, 432; C. sp., 317
+
+  Canary Isles, 20, 177
+
+  Candle nut, 421
+
+  Canoe-making (Nigeria), 158; Oguta C., 159; C. Tree, 356; Twelve
+  puncheon C., 159
+
+  Canta Bark, 259
+
+  Canthium discolor, 61; C. glabriflorum, 408, 441
+
+  Capparidaceæ (Ivory Coast), 84; (Togo), 130; C. Vanguerioides, 197;
+  (Nigeria), 190, 196, 198, 213, 219, 266
+
+  Capparis, 190, 198; C. Thonningii, 266; C. viminea, 196
+
+  Caralluma Dalzielii, 199
+
+  Carapa cake, 458; C. Gayensis, 35; C. Guianensis, 102; C. microcarpa,
+  85; C. procera, 49, 74, 119, 135, 317, 419, 433, 458; C. velutina, 86
+
+  Cardiospermum Halicacabum, 191
+
+  Carissa edulis, 192, 395
+
+  Carludovica palmata, 127
+
+  Carpodinus Barteri (_syn._ Clitandra Barteri), 392; C. fulva, 393; C.
+  hirsuta, 111, 197, 392
+
+  Carpolobia alba, 50; C. lutea, 50, 288, 332
+
+  Carriers’ duties and treatment (Nigeria), 186
+
+  Caryophyllaceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+  Casada, 421
+
+  Casearia sp., 230
+
+  Cashew nuts, 123, 222, 339
+
+  Cassada, 125
+
+  Cassava, 204, 471
+
+  Cassia, 269, 270; C. Alata, 99; C. Arereh, 201, 206; C. bicapsularis,
+  99; C. dwarf mimosoides, 191, 202; C. fistula, 99, 164, 270; C.
+  florida, 123, 124, 148; C. Goratensis, 201, 221; C. Kotschyana, 191,
+  206, 220; C. Lophira, 99; C. obovata, 199; C. occidentalis, 99, 164,
+  220, 270; C. podocarpa, 73, 270; C. Siamia, 163, 176, 489; C.
+  Sieberiana, 46, 99, 133, 206, 269; C. Tora, 99, 270
+
+  Cassytha Guineensis, 195
+
+  Castor-oil Shrub, 193
+
+  Casuarina, 125, 420, 421; C. equisitifolia, 122, 148, 173; C. sp., 183
+
+  Catechu, 98; Burmese variety, 98
+
+  Cauri (Mbonoi), 88
+
+  Cavally Port, 81, 82; C. River, 81, 82
+
+  Cawthorne River, 151
+
+  Ceara Rubber, 117; C. R. Plantation, 118, 123, 125, 149
+
+  Ceceru (Agni), 83
+
+  Cedar, 101, 416; Cigar-box Cedar tree, 122, 173, 420; Dry Zone C.,
+  211, 323; Cedar-like Lauro, 250; C. Mahogany hard, 26, 28, 323; Red
+  C., 29, 32, 50, 67, 74, 75; Scented Mahogany Cedar, 317, 318; White
+  Cedar, 418, 419
+
+  Cedrat (Colons), 86
+
+  Cedrela, 154, 420; C. odorata, 122, 123, 148, 173, 183, 420; C. Toona,
+  173
+
+  Ceiba, 445, 446; C. pentandra, 120, 122, 123, 125, 138, 435
+
+  Celastraceæ (Gold Coast), 104; (Nigeria), 191, 340
+
+  Celosia argentea, 195
+
+  Celtis, hard, 246; C. integrifolia, 83, 128, 193, 216, 217; C.
+  Prantlii, 128; C. soft, 247; C. solenostigma, 246, 248; C. sp., 247,
+  388
+
+  Cenchrus catharticus, 199
+
+  Cephalostigma Perrottettii, 194
+
+  Cerambix (Borer), 386
+
+  Ceratotheca sesamoides, 194
+
+  Ceredia, 466
+
+  Cestos River, 71
+
+  Ceylon, 420; C. satinwood compared with Eucalyptus, 174
+
+  Chad, Lake, 465
+
+  Chailletia floribunda, 332; C. toxiaria, 50
+
+  Chang District (Cameroons), 415, 489
+
+  Charcoal exported from Gambia, 20; C. making from Lophira procera, 77;
+  C. Wood (Blacksmith’s), 339
+
+  Charia indeniensis, 86
+
+  Che (Fõ), 134
+
+  Chediya (Hausa), 193, 199, 216, 218
+
+  Chedscho Valley, 125
+
+  Chen (Ibo), 229
+
+  Chenchen (Twi), 95
+
+  Chêne d’Afrique (Colons), 86
+
+  Cherry, 79
+
+  Chestnut (False), 347
+
+  Chevalier, Mons. Auguste, 81; Books by, 81, 198, 484
+
+  Chewstick, 55, 56, 77, 120, 167, 179, 194, 212, 223, 225, 234, 359,
+  360, 409
+
+  “Cheyi” fat, 462; C. seed, 462
+
+  Chichiwa (Hausa), 219
+
+  Chicue (Attie), 86
+
+  Chiriri, 213, 223, 224
+
+  Chleho (Fõ), 134
+
+  Chloris, 196
+
+  Chlorophora excelsa, 19, 26, 32, 42, 67, 70, 82, 83, 95, 117, 128,
+  158, 168, 171, 204, 215, 219, 228, 253, 416, 417, 418, 419, 422, 425,
+  445, 446
+
+  Chlorophytum, 195
+
+  Chocolate cream (from Shea Butter), 153; C. Gaboon, 454
+
+  Choka (Attie), 88
+
+  Choraschora, 446
+
+  Chrinika (Atakpame), 131
+
+  Chrysobalanus ellipticus, 72, 84, 96; C. icaco, 72, 233; C. sp., 269,
+  459
+
+  Chrysophyllum, 57, 232; C. Africanum, 69, 110, 381, 382, 419, 438,
+  456; C. Albidum, 110, 382; C. ellipticus, 57; C. Kainato, 381; C.
+  macrophyllum, 438; C. obovatum, 141; C. pruniforme, 57; C. sp., 57,
+  78, 381
+
+  Chuiansa (Appolonian), 103
+
+  Cissampelos Owariensis, 259; C. Pareira, 193, 259
+
+  Cissus, 193
+
+  Cistanthera sp., 343
+
+  Citron de la mer, 202
+
+  Citrullus vulgaris, 193, 242, 452, 470
+
+  Citrus aurantium, 74
+
+  Claoxylon Barteri, 337; C. Preussii, 434
+
+  Clausena Anisata, 312
+
+  Cleidion Gabunicum, 103
+
+  Cleistopholis, near C. patens, 43, 84, 130
+
+  Clerodendron, 113, 193, 441; C. scandens, 399; C. splendens, 400; C.
+  Thompsonii, 399; C. Thonningii, 399; C. volubile, 399
+
+  Clitandra cirrhosa, 393; C. elastica, 111, 393; C. Togoland, 393; C.
+  visciflua, 393
+
+  Cloth Shrub, 391
+
+  Clove, 224
+
+  Clynogyne, _syn._ Donax cuspidata, 246; C. filipes, 195; C. flexuosa,
+  128
+
+  Cnestis, 196; C. ferruginea, 96
+
+  Cochlospermaceæ (Gold Coast), 107
+
+  Cochlospermum tinctorium, 107, 190, 201
+
+  Cockburn Major, 177
+
+  Cockchafer Bugs, 436
+
+  Coco Fibre, 127; C. nuts, 63, 122, 226; C. nut Palm, 218, 237, 244,
+  421; C. oil (Touloucouna de palmiste), 90; C. yams, 255
+
+  Cocoa, 421, 444, 476, 487, 491; C. Industry (Gold Coast), 92; (Togo),
+  126; C. Plum, 72; C. seeds, 63; C. Tree, 436
+
+  Cocos nucifera, 94, 218
+
+  Cœlocaryon oxycarpum, 84
+
+  Coffea Liberica, 79
+
+  Coffee, 80; C. scions, 80; C. seed, 80; C. trees, 80
+
+  Cola, 232, 351, 354, 355, 356, 396, 487, 491
+
+    acuminata, 54, 77, 106, 354
+
+    Afzelia, 106, 138, 354
+
+    altissima, 436
+
+    Angustifolia, 54
+
+    astrophora, 138
+
+    Bitter, 359, 462
+
+    caricifolia, 106, 138
+
+    cauliflora, 354
+
+    common, 354
+
+    cordifolia, 87, 106
+
+    digitata, 77
+
+    False, 359
+
+    laterita, 418
+
+    Laurel-leaved, 354
+
+    laurifolia, 106, 138, 196, 204, 354, 355
+
+    leonensis, 54
+
+    mahogany, 354
+
+    marsupium, 436
+
+    mirabilis, 87
+
+  Cola nut, 71, 77, 90, 115, 116, 163
+
+  Cola proteiformis, 87
+
+    Simiarum, 54
+
+    sp., 354, 355, 436
+
+    sublobata, 106
+
+    sulcata, 436
+
+    supfiana, 138
+
+    vera, 87, 107, 124, 126, 148
+
+    verticulata, 107
+
+  Colonguli (Mendi), 54
+
+  Combretaceæ (Sierra Leone), 56; (Ivory Coast), 88; (Gold Coast), 108;
+  (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 199, 203, 212, 223, 224, 369;
+  (Cameroons), 438, 445, 446
+
+  Combretum Afzelia, 108
+
+    cinerea, 438
+
+    constrictum, 197, 203
+
+    geitonophyllum, 223
+
+    glutinosum, 213, 223, 373
+
+    Hartmannianum, 213, 223, 373
+
+    herbaceum, 201
+
+    Kerstingii, 140, 223, 224
+
+    Lawsonianum, 372
+
+    leonense, 213, 223
+
+    micranthum, 373
+
+    mucronatum, 373
+
+    paucinervium, 373
+
+    racemosum, 197
+
+    Sokodense, 139
+
+    sp., 108, 192, 201, 212
+
+    sp. near C. altum, 199, 204
+
+    verticillatum, 223
+
+    viridiflora, 88
+
+    zenkeri, 108, 373
+
+  Combwood, 35
+
+  Commelinaceæ (Nigeria), 195, 197, 425
+
+  Commelyna, 195; C. nudiflora, 195; C. umbellata, 195
+
+  Commiphora Kerstingii, 191, 211
+
+  Communal Rubber Plantations, 179
+
+  “Compartments,” 169
+
+  Compositæ (Gold Coast), 114; (Togo), 147; (Nigeria), 194, 225, 409;
+  (Cameroons), 441
+
+  Conapharingia, 79, 233; C. Crassa, 59, 88, 142; C. durissima, 391; C.
+  longifolia, 59; C. pachysiphon, 35, 391
+
+  Confectioner’s Gum, 300
+
+  Congo, 476; C. Cie Congo du Belge Line, 480; Belgian C., 423, 424;
+  French and Belgian C., 189; French or Gaboon C., 422, 423; C. River,
+  423, 424; Upper C., 423, 424
+
+  Congo-Congo (Gabonais), 83
+
+  Coniferous trees, 162; Conifer, 177
+
+  Convolvulaceæ (Gold Coast), 112; (Nigeria), 194, 197; (Cameroons), 440
+
+  Convolvulus (Moon), 203
+
+  Coondi (Timani), 49
+
+  Copaiba Balsam Tree, 205
+
+  Copaifera Demeusii, 176, 417, 421, 428; C. Guibourtiana (Gum Copal),
+  35, 36, 37, 46; C. officinalis, 176; C. salikounda, 46, 99, 176
+
+  Copaifera of the Boji Hills, 198; _cf._ Copaifera, 298
+
+  Copal, 444
+
+  Copenhagen Market, 325
+
+  Copra exported (Nigeria), 226
+
+  Coral flower, 301; C. Tree, 221
+
+  Corchorus, 190; C. acutangulus, 344; C. olitorius, 344
+
+  Cordia Abyssinica, 192, 215, 224; C. (acorn-like fruited), 396; C.
+  (Drumwood), 396; C. Gharaf, 143; C. Irvingia, 112, 396, 440; C.
+  millenii, 230, 396; C. sp., 59, 230, 396; C. Yombomba, 440
+
+  Cordyla Africana, 133, 197
+
+  Coreopsis, 194
+
+  Corkwood, 42, 70, 83; C. Tree, 95, 252, 418, 419, 488
+
+  Corynanthe Johimbe, 408; C. paniculata, 61, 407
+
+  Corypha elata, 177
+
+  Cosomon (Bambara), 86
+
+  Costus afer, 195
+
+  Cotton tree, 26, 53, 76, 117, 153, 160, 177, 190, 204, 278, 345, 346,
+  445, 446
+
+  Coula edulis (Almond wood), 33, 43, 71, 83, 95, 258, 417, 426, 457
+
+  Counterwood (Afzelia Africana), 47; Counter-top Mahogany, 157
+
+  Cowhage, 203
+
+  Crab apple, 146; Crab-oil Tree, 318; Crabwood, 19, 74, 317
+
+  Cratæva Adansonii, 190, 213, 219, 266; C. religiosa, 130
+
+  Craterispermum laurinum, 61
+
+  Cratopteris Thalictroides, 196
+
+  Cream of Tartar, 53
+
+  Creepers, 172
+
+  Creole, 44, 45, 52; C. Damson, 53
+
+  Crinum yuccæflorum, 195
+
+  Cross River, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 159, 170, 179, 185, 273, 378,
+  415, 418, 456, 493; C. R. nut, 376
+
+  Crossopteryx Africana or Kotschyana, 61, 145, 192, 214, 225, 408
+
+  Crotalaria, 191
+
+  Croton penduliflorus, 61; C. pyrifolius, 434
+
+  Cryptolepis nigritana, 192
+
+  Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum, 47
+
+  Cucumis Melo, _var._ agrestis, 199; C. prophetarum, 194
+
+  Cucurbita Pepo, 193
+
+  Cucurbitaceæ (Nigeria), 193, 199, 452
+
+  Culcasia scandens, 195
+
+  Cupania akeesia, 343
+
+  Curculigo Gallabatensis, 195
+
+  Cussonia, 210; C. Barteri, 140; C. Djalonensis, 56; C. Nigerica, 192,
+  213, 224
+
+  Custard apple (wild), 262
+
+  Cutch Tree, 98
+
+  Cuviera acutiflora, 197
+
+  Cyanastraceæ (Nigeria), 245
+
+  Cyanastrum cordifolium, 245
+
+  Cyanothyrsus ogea, 97, 278
+
+  Cyanotis, 195
+
+  Cycad appearance of Palm, 243
+
+  Cycinium camporum, 400
+
+  Cylicodiscus, 280, 286; C. Gabonensis, 48, 97 (compared with
+  Piptadenia Africana, 99), 229, 295, 416, 419, 431
+
+  Cymbopogon diplandrus, 201; C. giganteum, 201; C. hirtus, 201; C.
+  rufus, 201; C. Ruprechtii, 201; C. Sennariensis, 199
+
+  Cynometra, 117, 120, 231; C. Afzelii, 98, 121, 132, 285, 449; C.
+  cryptosepalum, 84; C. Mannii, 98, 285, 429, 449; C. megalophylla, 132,
+  148; C. mitragyne, 19, 36; C. multynge, 429; C. sp., 98, 132; C.
+  Vogelii, 45, 84, 197, 203; C. Waterside, 285
+
+  Cyperaceæ (Gold Coast), 93; (Nigeria), 196
+
+  Cyperus esculentus, 196; C. Fenzelianus, 196; C. rotundus, 196
+
+  Cypress, 420; C. (Bald), 175; C. (Deciduous), 175; C. (swamp), 175
+
+  Cyrtosperma Senegalense, 197
+
+
+  Dabadogun (Benin), 267
+
+  Dabino (Hausa), 217
+
+  Dabudabu (Agni), 87
+
+  Dadafunde (Atakpame), 145
+
+  Dadie (Asante), 138
+
+  Dafara, 193
+
+  Dagbongbore (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+  Dagera (Hausa), 223
+
+  Dahomah (Twi), 97
+
+  Dahomey, 189
+
+  Dakwora (Hausa), 208
+
+  Dalbergia, 297; D. (False), 270; D. Hostilis, 298; D. Latifolia, 175;
+  D. Melanoxylon, 118, 134; D. Rosewood, 48; D. Saxatilis, 297; D. sp.,
+  20, 48
+
+  Dali (Hausa), 211; (Kano and Katsina), 221
+
+  Dalo, 213, 223
+
+  Dalu (Kana and Katsina), 221
+
+  Dalziel. Dr. J. M., on “Botanical Features of Nigeria,” 188-205; “Some
+  trees of Hausaland,” 205-219; “Nigerian trees,” 218-225, 244
+
+  Dambarra Village, 66, 69
+
+  Damerghu, 207
+
+  Dandana, 194
+
+  Daniellia, 231; D. Caudata, 278, 431; D. Fosteri, 278; D. oblonga, 84,
+  278; D. ogea (Blue Bessie), 32, 33, 35, 68, 74, 97, 230, 278; D.
+  Punchii, 278; D. sp., 74, 424; D. Thurifera, 205, 221
+
+  Danko (Hausa), 111
+
+  Dan marike (Hausa), 221
+
+  Danowa (Hausa), 231
+
+  Dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and Katsina), 221
+
+  Dantwi (Atakpame), 135
+
+  Danya (Hausa), 198, 212, 222
+
+  Dargaza, 190
+
+  Dashi (Hausa), 198, 211
+
+  Date, 200; Date, desert, 210; Date palms, 124, 125, 217; wild date
+  palm, 240
+
+  Datura Metel, 194
+
+  Daudawa (Hausa), 207
+
+  Dawa (Hausa), 196, 204
+
+  Dawo (Hausa), 220, 231
+
+  Debundscha (Cameroons), 416
+
+  Degema, 364; D. Arboretum, D. District, 405; D. Port, 152; D. Town,
+  179, 314
+
+  Deinbollia Indeniensis, 87; D. insignis, 104, 233; D. primata, 343; 
+  D. pycnophylla, 434
+
+  Deleb palm, 41, 200, 216, 217, 218
+
+  Denbehawi (Mendi), 54
+
+  Dendo (Attie), 83
+
+  Dengma (Mangu), 130
+
+  Dennett, Mr. R. E., Quotation from Paper on “British Trade in
+  Nigeria,” 480, 481
+
+  Dennettia sp., 260, 263; D. tripetala, 260
+
+  Denya (Twi), 97
+
+  Depapāte (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+  Derris Stuhlmannii, 133
+
+  Desmodium, 191
+
+  Desplatzia Dewewrei, 434
+
+  Detarium, Guineensis, 119, 120, 132, 229; D. microcarpum, 132, 430; D.
+  Senegalense, 29, 69, 73, 97, 123, 132, 148, 191, 201, 202, 206, 221,
+  306; D. sp., 97
+
+  Dialium, Dinklagei, 73, 84; D. Englerii, 73; D. Guineense, 84, 99,
+  133, 197, 289, 418, 424; G. Senegalense, 47, 48, 73; D. sp., 48; D.
+  Staudtii, 417, 430; D. Zenkeri, 430
+
+  Diancangue (Attie), 83
+
+  Diangue (agni), 83
+
+  Dibanga (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Dibobonga (Duala), 434
+
+  Dichapetalaceæ (S. Leone), 50; Nigeria, 332
+
+  Dichrostachys nutans, 99, 131, 191, 201; D. platycarpa, 199
+
+  Didelotia Engleri, 74
+
+  Digitaria, 196
+
+  Digiten (Brass), 228
+
+  Digo (Anago), 140
+
+  Dika bread, 74; D. butter, 74; D. chocolate, 74; D. fat, 454; D.
+  kernels, 454; Dika nuts, 68, 74, 100, 179, 312, 454; Benin D. nuts,
+  313
+
+  Dikbere (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+  Diki (Hausa), 128
+
+  Dikir (Efik), 349
+
+  Dilifu (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+  Dilleniaceæ (Liberia), 77
+
+  Dillenia indica, 421
+
+  Dingi (Mendi), 56
+
+  Dinjongo (Bakundu), 440
+
+  Dinya (Kano), 215, 224
+
+  Dioclea reflexa, 299
+
+  Dioecious trees, 52
+
+  Dioscorea prehensilis, 195; D. sp., 471
+
+  Dioscoreaceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+  Diospyros aggregata, 439
+
+    atropurpurea, 230, 383, 384, 385, 439
+
+    Barteri, 385, 459
+
+    Bipendensis, 385, 439
+
+    crassiflora, 230, 385, 459
+
+    Dendo, 230, 386, 439, 459
+
+    Gilgiana, 416, 439
+
+    incarnata, 439
+
+    Kamerunensis, 385, 415, 439
+
+    Mamiacensis, 439
+
+    Megaphylla, 439
+
+    Mespiliformis, 110, 118, 123, 125, 141, 169, 178, 185, 192, 214,
+    224, 230, 383, 439
+
+    Mombuttensis, 110, 142, 230, 383
+
+    Mombuttensis, _syn._ sinensis, 383
+
+    Multinervis, 384, 385
+
+    Nsambensis, 439
+
+    Sanza, 88
+
+    Species, 57, 118, 383, 385, 416, 417, 445
+
+    Suaveolens, 386, 420, 439
+
+    Tricolor, 142
+
+    Verrucosa, 385
+
+    Xanthochlamys, 110, 387
+
+  Dipcadi, 195
+
+  Dipcadi occidentale, 199
+
+  Dipterocarpaceæ (Togo), 139
+
+  Dirinshi (Ibo), 228
+
+  Discoglypremna caloneura, 103
+
+  Dissotis, 194
+
+  Distemonanthus Benthamianus, 100, 133, 301, 430; D. sp., 430
+
+  Dita (Detarium Senegalense), 29, 48, 69, 73, 120
+
+  Dituture (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+  Djave Nut, 420, 444
+
+  Djengu (Bakwiri), 428
+
+  Djo Arbi (Mbonoi), 87
+
+  Djombe (Bakwiri), 438
+
+  Djuna (Bondoukou), 84
+
+  Djutisha Station, 420
+
+  Do (Trepo), 84
+
+  Dodo (Yoruba), 391
+
+  Dodonæa viscosa, 76
+
+  Dodoriya, 193; D. or Dadori (Hausa), 223
+
+  Dodoya, 195
+
+  Dogo (Bondoukou), 85
+
+  Doka (Ashanti), 93; (Apollonian), 93; (Aowin), 93, 200; (Hausa), 220,
+  232
+
+  Dolichandrone lutea, 113
+
+  Dombeya Buettneri, 356
+
+  Dona (Abe), 85
+
+  Donax, Cuspidata, 246
+
+  Dongke on Jeti (Ewe), 141
+
+  Dorose Populu (Plapo), 89
+
+  Dorowa or Darawa (Hausa), 207, 220, 230
+
+  Doti (Ewe), 133
+
+  Doumane, 90
+
+  Dracæna, 22; D. arborea, 94; D. Cylindrica, 245; D. Mannii, 42, 94; D.
+  Perrottettii, 83, 246; D. sp., 245, 246; D. Surculosa, 70, 94, 245
+
+  Dragon’s blood, 70, 245
+
+  Droseraceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+  Drosera indica, 193
+
+  Dschang Station, 420, 425, 426, 435, 436, 441
+
+  Duakobin or Duabayi (General West Coast), 97
+
+  Duala District, 428, 436
+
+  Dubiddi (Ashanti), 96
+
+  Dubiri Kegingo (Appolonien), 86
+
+  Dubon or Dubini (Twi, Wassaw, Fanti), 101
+
+  Duboscia macrocarpa, 87
+
+  Dubu (Brass), 231
+
+  Dudu (Appolonian), 103
+
+  Düdüreda (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+  Duika, 361, 378, 403, 422; D. Chop fruit, 360; D. Maxwell’s, 250; Red-
+  headed D., 250; Yellow-backed D., 250
+
+  Dukki (Hausa), 216; or Dunki, _syn._ Zuwo (Kano, Zaria, etc.), or
+  Dinkin, 218
+
+  Duko, Durgo, or Duroko (Bondoukou), 86
+
+  Dukuma Dugura (Agni), 86
+
+  Dum palm, 94, 200, 216, 217, 218, 244
+
+  Duma, 193; D. namé, 356
+
+  Dumoria Heckeli, 378; D. Heckeli (Baca or Abaku), 456
+
+  Dumya (Sok), 224
+
+  Dunkwah Reserve, 160
+
+  Dunstan, Prof. Wyndham R. (Opinion on feeding cattle), 483
+
+  Dupwi II (Mendi), 48
+
+  Duru Forest, 201
+
+  Durumi (Hausa), 193, 199, 216
+
+  Dushe (Kana), 220
+
+  Dussa (Hausa), 208; D. (East Hausa), 220
+
+  Duvui (Mendi), 41
+
+  Dworom (Asante), 128
+
+  Dye wood industry (Nigeria), 159; Dyewoods, 444
+
+  Dyschoriste Perrottettii, 194
+
+  Dzobellobe (Ewe), 127
+
+  Dzogbenyabo (Ewe), 128
+
+
+  Eba (Benin), 159, 356; E. District, 394
+
+  Ebakwe (Benin), 284
+
+  Ebar (Brass, Ibo), 230; (Brass, North Calabar), 406
+
+  Ebattan (Benin), 364
+
+  Ebba (Benin), 356
+
+  Ebbe (Mendi), 45, 159
+
+  Ebbo (Benin), 308
+
+  Ebbome (Oban, Ekoi), 279
+
+  Ebe (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Ebegogogbo (Benin), 343
+
+  Eben (Efik), 233, 314; (Jekri), 404; E.-etridon (Efik), 229; E. giku,
+  404
+
+  Ebenaceæ (S. Leone), 57; (Ivory Coast), 88; (Gold Coast), 110; (Togo),
+  141; (Nigeria), 192, 214, 224, 383; (Cameroons), 439
+
+  Ebenote (Benin), 399
+
+  Ebewaki (Benin), 259
+
+  Ebo (Ewe), 129; (Yoruba), 230
+
+  Ebon (Duala), 443
+
+  Ebonga evodi (Duala), 435; E. manyongo (Duala), 440
+
+  Ebony, 57, 110, 124, 226, 415, 417, 420, 445; Benin Ebony, 383, 385,
+  386, 387; Black E., 416; Brown E., 385; Calabar E., 387; Cameroon
+  Ebony, 385; Cross River E., 386; E. nut, 385; E. Plantations (Togo),
+  149; (Nigeria), 164, 169, 178, 186, 226; Walking-stick E., 383; Yoruba
+  E., 383
+
+  Eborodumuen (Agni), 87
+
+  Ebruke (Attie), 87
+
+  Ebubri etu (Efik), 386
+
+  Ebumen (Benin), 337
+
+  Ebunja (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Ebuttemetta Gardens, 168, 170, 269; E. Sawmill, 159
+
+  Ecastaphyllum Brownei, 100
+
+  Eché, or Alãfe (Ewe), 134
+
+  Echirua (Agni), 86
+
+  Eclipta Alba, 194
+
+  Econ grass, 176, 179
+
+  Edat, 158; (Ekoi), 231, 405; (Efik), 266, 405
+
+  Edde (Mbonoi), 88
+
+  Eddo Binoyoba (Benin), 265
+
+  Ede (Quitta, Krepi), 93; (Yoruba), 300, 397; E. Plantation, 175
+
+  Edea District, 436
+
+  Edem (Calabar), 363; (Efik), 323
+
+  Eden (Efik), 228
+
+  Edeng (Calabar), 363
+
+  Edible nut, 258
+
+  Edna (Appolonian), 84
+
+  Edum (Bafo), 431
+
+  Edun (Benin), 359
+
+  Edundu (Balong), 428
+
+  Efam (Efik), 229
+
+  Effnobrodidwa (Twi), 101
+
+  Effnokonkonti (Ashanti), 101
+
+  Efiari (Efik), 233; (Benin), 360
+
+  Efik, 159, 185, 494
+
+  Efindofindo (Bafo), 439
+
+  Efiohlĕ (Ewe), 139
+
+  Efiori or Efrie (Efik, Kwa), 359
+
+  Efomu (Agu), 84
+
+  Efriyo, 228; E. moniba (Efik), 228
+
+  Efuen (Agni), 84
+
+  Efu Iya (Yoruba), 317
+
+  Efunmundon (Appolonian, Aowin), 111
+
+  Efurumundi (Agni), 89
+
+  Egba (Ewe), 136; (Iba, Owerri), 363, 368; (Yoruba), 234; East
+  Province, 259, 395
+
+  Egbe, 163
+
+  Egbesi (Yoruba), 401
+
+  Egbi (Ibadan), 271
+
+  Egbo (Atakpame), 142; (Benin), 494
+
+  Egeun (Aowin), 95
+
+  Eggi or Ekka (Ibo, Asaba), 319; (Yoruba), 285, 449
+
+  Egg-shaped fruit tree (Ocotea cf.), 266
+
+  Eggun (Yoruba), 345, 346
+
+  Eghogho (Benin), 337
+
+  Egoyn lukan (Benin), 369; E. nebbi, 369; E. nikwi, 369; E. nufwa
+  (Benin), 179, 371
+
+  Egu (Atakpame), 142
+
+  Egui (Agni), 83
+
+  Eguni (Appolonian), 95
+
+  Egun oran (Yoruba), 266
+
+  Egusi bara (Yoruba), 242, 452, 470
+
+  Egwa oriakuku or oviakuku, 399
+
+  Egyptian Mimosa, 219
+
+  Ehan (Bakoko), 433
+
+  Ehemba (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Ehranbagogo (Benin), 259
+
+  Ehranezi (Benin), 364
+
+  Ehranpata, or Esanpata (Benin), 336
+
+  Ehrenyegbo (Yoruba), 385
+
+  Ehretia cymosa, 112, 143, 396
+
+  Ehrodo (Benin), 368
+
+  Ehrurumesi (Benin), 297
+
+  Ehukei (Appolonian), 107
+
+  Ehunogo, or Ehrunbogo (Benin), 248
+
+  Ehye or Incense Tree, 100
+
+  Eijan (Appolonian), 105
+
+  Ejan (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Ejuong (Jaunde), 436
+
+  Ekai (Efik), 494
+
+  Ekambamba (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Ekanesie adie (Yoruba), 343
+
+  Eke, deka (Atakpame), 144; E. oyimbo (Yoruba), 331
+
+  Ekebergia, 50; E. Senegalensis, 135
+
+  Eket District, 236; E. Port, 152
+
+  Eki (Yoruba), 229
+
+  Ekika Aja (Yoruba), 339
+
+  Ekimi or Ekhimi (Benin), 229, 279; (Mbonoi), 85
+
+  Ekiti District, 405
+
+  Ekiyawa (Benin), 296
+
+  Ekkana (Yoruba), 266
+
+  Ekki (Yoruba), 356
+
+  Ekkiowa (Benin), 411
+
+  Ekko okpan, 347
+
+  Ekku (Ibadan), 332, 333
+
+  Ekkun (Yoruba), 285
+
+  Ekna (Agni), 86
+
+  Eknalokpoe (Ewe), 136
+
+  Eknana (Fanti), 97
+
+  Ekoah (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Ekoi Plains, 339
+
+  Ekok (Oban, Ekoi), 282
+
+  Ekol (Bakossi), 426
+
+  Ekolo (Bakundu), 426
+
+  Ekom (Ibo, Owerri), 368
+
+  Ekomba (Bago), 426
+
+  Ekombo (Bakossi), 426
+
+  Ekonge (Bakwiri), 435
+
+  Ekopa (Agni), 85
+
+  Ekosuba, Zenna, Kerenya (Agni), 87
+
+  Ekpa (Krepi), 93
+
+  Ekpagoi (Benin), 230, 281; (Yoruba), 449
+
+  Ekpagoize (Benin), 282, 290
+
+  Ekpin (Yoruba), 252
+
+  Eku or Ekui (Aowin), 105; (Twi), 105; (Yoruba), 229
+
+  Ekuba (Appollonian), 105
+
+  Ekube (Agni), 83
+
+  Ekugbi (Yoruba), 317
+
+  Ekugbo (Yoruba), 317
+
+  Ekuie (Abe), 86
+
+  Ekuri Ebu (Ibo, Owerri), 390
+
+  Ekuro (Fanti), 84
+
+  Ekusa or Ikujo (Benin), 360
+
+  Ekusamba (Fanti), 89
+
+  Ekusawa (Fanti), 113
+
+  Ekuso (Yoruba) (Ikale), 361
+
+  Ela (Yoruba), 257; or Elu, 303, 356
+
+  Elæis, _var._ Albescens, 466
+
+    Angulosa, 466
+
+    Ceredia, 466
+
+    Communis, 466
+
+    Communis forma dura, 466
+
+    Guineensis, _var._ Lisombe, 243
+
+    Guineensis, 26, 37, 39, 68, 70, 93, 122, 127, 197, 204, 218, 228,
+    241, 262, 420, 425, 464, 466
+
+    Guineensis, _var._ Thompsonii, 242
+
+    Idolatrica, 466
+
+    Intermedia, 466
+
+    Macrocarpa, 466
+
+    Macrocarya, 466
+
+    Nigericum, 119, 138
+
+    Orientale, 53, 169, 190, 209, 223, 345, 346
+
+    Pisifera, 466
+
+    Repandra, 466
+
+    Rostrata, 466
+
+    sp., 243
+
+  Elæophorbia drupifera, 103
+
+  Eleba (Jekri), 356
+
+  Elegbe Oju (Yoruba), 410
+
+  Elekikobi (Yoruba), 239
+
+  Elekua (Agni), 86
+
+  Elemi gum, 314
+
+  Elephant hunting, 66; E. sugar cane, 375; E. poison, 395
+
+  Elika-aja (Yoruba), 231
+
+  Elili (Ibo, Owerri), 356
+
+  Elk’s horn fern, 197
+
+  Eloby, 424
+
+  Elo Uta (Ibo, Owerri), 271
+
+  Elui (Agni), 83
+
+  Elund (Balong), 428
+
+  Emang (Bakossi), 425; E. District, 431
+
+  Emarr (Timani), 58
+
+  Embi-Siembi (Agni), 89
+
+  Eme-ela (Yoruba), 246
+
+  Emi-emi (Yoruba), 231, 379; E. gbegeri (Yoruba, Ibadan), 323; Emi
+  ghegiri (Yoruba), 177; E. gbigi, 230, 232; E. ori, 179
+
+  Emido (Yoruba), 229, 251, 334, 375, 380
+
+  Emil, Emril, or Emiri (General Gold Coast), 108
+
+  Emmaha (Benin), 236
+
+  Emosobegan (Yoruba), 297
+
+  Emuinguin (Fanti), 86
+
+  Ena (Atakpame), 131
+
+  Enantia chlorantha, 84, 259, 417, 427; E. polycarpa, 259
+
+  Ende (Agni), 88
+
+  Endiar or N’diar (Wolof), 84
+
+  Endodesmia calophylloides, 437
+
+  Endwi (Mendi), 54
+
+  Engele or Ongele (Balong), 435
+
+  Enjenju (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Enjog (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Enonge (Bakundu), 440
+
+  Entada (Abyssinica), 99, 131, 299; E. scandens, 69, 131, 163, 298,
+  299; E. Soudanica, 99, 191, 199, 201, 209, 221, 299
+
+  Entandrophragma, 228, 320, 327, 332, 364, 422, 442, 445; E. candollei,
+  177, 416, 417, 432; E. cylindricum, 102, 324, 325; E. ferruginea, 86,
+  102; E. macrophylla, 82, 86, 102; E. rederi, 415, 416, 432; E. rufa,
+  86; E. septentrionalis, 86, 102; E. sp., 420; E. utilis, 102, 323,
+  325, 326, 416, 432
+
+  Enwiwan (Benin), 347
+
+  Enyena (Ashanti, Fanti, and Wassaw), 105
+
+  Enyenewu, enyenewi (Yoruba), 298
+
+  Enyenga (Appolonian), 105
+
+  Enyin Mbukpo (Efik), 232
+
+  Enymi (Benin), 282
+
+  Enyo (Aowin), 105
+
+  Epa ile (Yoruba), 303
+
+  Epe, Colony of Lagos, 340
+
+  Epindepinde (Bakundu, Duala), 439
+
+  Epiphytes, 195, 199, 216
+
+  Epiphytic foliage, 193; E. orchids and ferns
+
+  Eplekgo (Jekri), 323
+
+  Epuepue (Bakwiri), 428
+
+  Epweperu, 348
+
+  Eragrostis, 202
+
+  Eranobapotineddo (Benin), 271
+
+  Eremospatha macrocarpa, 163, 240; E. sp., 163, 240
+
+  Ereruku (Calabar), 363
+
+  Eriagbo (Yoruba), 331
+
+  Erigaba (Yoruba), 337
+
+  Erimado (Ib.), 332; (Benin), 451
+
+  Erin (Yoruba), 394
+
+  Erinji (Ijor), 276
+
+  Eriocœlum, 104; E. Kerstingii, 137
+
+  Eriodendron, 231, 434; E. anfractuosum, 26, 53, 76, 105, 346; E.
+  Nigericum, 119, 138; E. orientale, 53, 169, 190, 209, 223, 345, 346
+
+  Eriosema, 191
+
+  Erogbo (Benin), 240
+
+  Erohun of the Ikales, 232
+
+  Eru (Yoruba), 233, 260
+
+  Erüi (Agni), 85
+
+  Eruju (Yoruba), 263
+
+  Erumacie, 282; (Yoruba), 297
+
+  Erun (Yoruba), 229; E. obo (Yoruba), 275
+
+  Erundu or Wunga (Bakundu), 428
+
+  Erunnor Obi (Yoruba), 449
+
+  Erunnor Obo (Yoruba), 449
+
+  Erurunuesi (Benin), 297
+
+  Eruwa Road Station, 169, 171
+
+  Erythrina, 231; E. excelsa, 430; E. Senegalensis, 45, 73, 100, 117,
+  191, 221, 233, 301
+
+  Erythrophlœum Guineense, (Sassybark), 35, 39, 48, 85, 98, 117, 120,
+  125, 132, 197, 220, 229, 275, 277, 429, 449; E. Ivoriensis, 85; E.
+  micranthum, 229, 276, 429, 449; E. sp., 45, 134, 275, 429; E. sp. near
+  micranthum, 45, 98
+
+  Erythroxylaceæ (Cameroons), 431
+
+  Erythroxylon Mannii, 431
+
+  Esakasaka (Bakwiri), 428
+
+  Esang (Bakossi), 428; (Jaunde), 442; Esango (Bakossi), 428
+
+  Esanigbakhehe (Benin), 301
+
+  Esanke or Esangue (Attie), 86
+
+  Escravos River, 151
+
+  Eselebuka (Bakoko), 443
+
+  Eseme (Mbonoi), 84
+
+  Esenge (Bakundu), 433, 434
+
+  Eseri (Efik), 298; E. Bean or Calabar Bean, 450
+
+  Eserine or Calabarine, 450
+
+  Esisi (Yoruba), 336
+
+  Esiskwi (Benin), 400
+
+  Esive (Mbonoi), 88
+
+  Eso, 163, 232, 301; Eso or Esho (Yoruba), 350
+
+  Esok (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Eson (Fanti), 86
+
+  Esore (Agni), 87
+
+  Essago (Benin), 268
+
+  Esseah or Essia (General West Coast), 108
+
+  Essenim (Efik), 400
+
+  Esseresu opirimú (Asante), 132
+
+  Esseri (Appolonian), 106
+
+  Essobelīa (Tschaudjo), 144
+
+  Essunsun (Benin), 336
+
+  Essunwoi, 410
+
+  Esu (origin of “Ju-Ju,” the devil), 355
+
+  Esura (Yoruba), 344
+
+  Esuro (Attie), 84
+
+  Etama (Agni), 84
+
+  Etare (Oban, Ekoi), 277
+
+  Etehetem Sawmills, 159, 364
+
+  Ethiopian pepper (Colons), 84
+
+  Etiap (Oban, Ekoi), 390
+
+  Etini (Yoruba), 384
+
+  Etjannake (Akposso), 142
+
+  Eto (Benin), 412
+
+  Etori (Ekoi), 228
+
+  Etotum (Duala), 443
+
+  Etsa (Krepi), 98
+
+  Etu or Etue (Bakossi), 432
+
+  Etufiak or Itufiak (Efik), 410
+
+  Etüi (Agni), 86
+
+  Etutu (Bakundu), 441
+
+  Eucalyptus, 123, 124, 175; E. amygdalina, 174, 410; E. citrifolia,
+  123; E. citriodora, 148, 174, 410; E. marginata, 148; E. robusta, 148;
+  E. rudis, 410; E. sp., 183; E. tereticornis, 410; E. tesselaris, 410
+
+  Euchresia (Fanti), 94
+
+  Eugenia callophylloides, 56; E. caryophyllata, 224; E. coronata, 192;
+  E. Guineensis, 109; E. owariensis, 19, 109, 192, 213, 224, 232, 374,
+  375
+
+  Eulophias, 195
+
+  Euphorbia Abyssinica, 222; E. Ægyptica, 193; E. Barteri, 193, 222; E.
+  milkweed, 199; E. pilulifera, 193; E. Poissoni, 193; E. sepium, 199;
+  E. unispina, 193
+
+  Euphorbiaceæ (S. Leone), 50; (Liberia), 75; (Ivory Coast), 86; (Gold
+  Coast), 102; (Togo), 135; (Nigeria), 193, 197, 199, 215, 222, 332,
+  447, 452; (Cameroons), 433
+
+  Eussŭ́ (Misahöhe), 138
+
+  Eutie (Agni), 84
+
+  Evi (Quitta), 106
+
+  Evialegbi (Benin), 258
+
+  Eviromilla (Benin), 243
+
+  Evolvulus alsinoides, 194
+
+  Ewai of the Benis, 231
+
+  Ewanenimi (Benin), 245
+
+  Ewasi (Aowin), 106
+
+  Ewäti (Anecho), 141
+
+  Ewayon (wrapping-leaves for food), 164, 239
+
+  Ewayron (Yoruba), 412
+
+  Ewe ofo (Yoruba), 356
+
+  Ewelisomū (Tschaudjo), 141
+
+  Ewoha (Benin), 355
+
+  Ewnon (Bakoko), 443
+
+  Ewon (Yoruba), 301; E. pala (Ikale), 281
+
+  Ewuro or Ewuru (Yoruba), 409
+
+  Excœcaria, 103; E. sp., 336
+
+  Exin (Agni), 84
+
+  Eye (Fanti), 93
+
+  Eyhrodo (Benin), 397
+
+  Eyo (Yoruba), 344
+
+  Ezzi (Benin), 269
+
+
+  Fae or Fai (Mendi), 45
+
+  Fagara Altissima, 431; F. Macrophylla, 85; F. Rederi, 431; F.
+  Zanthoxyloides, 134
+
+  Fagbajoi (Mendi), 52
+
+  Fai Beans, 447
+
+  Faia (Aowin), 111
+
+  Fako Mountain, 416; F. District, 426, 440
+
+  Falaba, 39
+
+  Falcon’s Claw, 208
+
+  “Falls,” 169
+
+  False Boxwood, 391; F. Chestnut, 347; F. Cola, 359; F. Dalbergia, 270;
+  F. Iroko, 419; F. Nutmeg, 43; F. Oroko, 249; F. Rubber Tree, 79; F.
+  Shea Butter, 370; F. Shea Butter Nut, 376
+
+  Fan Palm, 39, 41, 70, 94, 117, 216, 218, 244, 459
+
+  Fara doka (Hausa), 200, 206, 220; F. Kaya (Hausa), 208, 219; F. Kaya,
+  _syn._ Bauji (E. Hausa), 220
+
+  Farichin shafu (Hausa), 208; F. shafo or Kumbar shafo, 220
+
+  Farin Makarfo (Hausa), 207; F. sansami, _syn._ Shunin Biri Zanfara
+  halshen sa, 220, 221
+
+  Farnesian Acacia, 300
+
+  Farquhar, Mr., discovered new sp., Farquharia, 392, 470; on yield of
+  Oil Palm, 484
+
+  Farquharia elliptica, 391
+
+  Faru (Hausa), 212; F., _syn._
+
+  Tudi (Zanfara), 222
+
+  Farum biri (Sok.), 222
+
+  Fasa daga, 220; F. Kwari, 196, 221, 232
+
+  Fate fate (Hausa), 225
+
+  Faurea speciosa, 129, 257
+
+  Fawcett, Thomas, L.M.R., A.S.E., on feeding cattle, 483
+
+  Fe (Attie), 84, 86
+
+  Fegblo (Ewe), 140
+
+  Fela (Bambara), 88
+
+  Feretia canthioides, 192, 202
+
+  Feutia (Aowin), 100
+
+  Fevei (Mendi), 60
+
+  Fi River, 419, 487
+
+  Fibre-producing trees, 163
+
+  Ficoideæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+  Ficus, 70, 94, 193, 202, 215, 216; F. Asperata, 249, 252; F.
+  Asperifolia, 95; F. Bembicicarpa, 129; F. Brachipus, 129; F. Capensis,
+  216, 218, 219, 426; F. Courania, 426; F. Djurensis, 129; F.
+  Dusenoides, 129; F. Elastica, 122, 123, 124, 126, 148; F. Elegans, 96;
+  F. Eriobotryoides, 95; F. Exasperata, 129, 250; F. Glumosa, 216, 219;
+  F. Gnaphalocarpa, 216, 218; F. Goliath, 83; F. Grandicarpa, 129; F.
+  Guineensis, 83; F. Indica, 251; F. Kawuri, 216, 219; F. Lutea, 129; F.
+  Ottoniæfolia, 95; F. Platyphytes, 42, 122; F. Platyphylla, 94, 216,
+  218, 252; F. Populifolia, 218, 426; F. Rokko, 129; F. Schimperia, 426;
+  F. Schlechteri, 148; F. Sokodensis, 129; F. species, 42, 71, 83, 94,
+  204, 218, 219, 251, 252; F. Syringifolia, 199, 216, 218; F. Tesselata,
+  129; F. Thonningii, 199, 216, 218, 251; F. Togoensis, 129; F.
+  Tiliifolia, 129; F. Triangulus, 95, 251; F. Umbrosa, 129; F. Vallis
+  choudæ, 129; F. Vogelii, 42, 122, 197, 216, 219, 228, 251, 418; F.
+  Whytei, 71
+
+  Fidda sartsi, 199
+
+  Fiditi (Oyo Province), 266
+
+  Fifäti (Anecho), 146
+
+  Fifei (Ewe), 146
+
+  Fig (common), 251; F. large, F. narrow-leaved, 219; F. small, 218
+
+  Fig species (Antiaris), 70
+
+  Filasko, 199
+
+  Filices (Nigeria), 196
+
+  Fillæopsis discophora, 431
+
+  Fimbristylis, 196
+
+  Findefinde (Bakwiri), 439
+
+  Finger root, 44
+
+  Finland Market, 325
+
+  Finzan (Bambara), 87
+
+  Firbandu (Mendi), 48
+
+  Firewood Plantation, 175, 178
+
+  Firmiana Barteri, 138, 163, 301, 350
+
+  Fish poison, 302
+
+  Fita (Hausa), 128
+
+  Flacourtia Ramontchii, 366, 437; F. Flavescens, 366
+
+  Flacourtiaceæ (Sierra Leone), 55; (Liberia), 78; (Ivory Coast), 88;
+  (Gold Coast), 108; (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 223, 365, 462; (Cameroons),
+  437
+
+  Flagellaria indica, 127
+
+  Flagellariaceæ (Togo), 127
+
+  Fleabane (Ash-coloured), 410
+
+  Flintwood, 114
+
+  Floscopa, 195
+
+  Flueggea microcarpa, 51, 193
+
+  Fõ (Ewe), 143
+
+  Fofol (Mendi), 42
+
+  Fofui (Mendi), 52
+
+  Fognian (Mbonoi), 83
+
+  Fõjiti (Anecho), 143
+
+  Fola (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+  Folei-kpakpei (Mendi), 48
+
+  Fonde (Attie), 84
+
+  Fontwans, 420
+
+  Forcados Port, 156, 157, 382; F. River, 151; F. star apple, 382
+
+  Forests, Afzelia, 291; F. Calabar Evergreen, 154; F., Canopied
+  deciduous, 19; F. Control, Gold Coast, 92; F. control, lack of, and
+  results, 92; F., Department formed (1910), 91, 87; F. Department
+  guaranteed Iroko timber, 173; Nigerian, 228; F. Evergreen, 18, 19,
+  152; (Calabar), 154, 423; F. Evergreen Fringing, 203; _F. Exports_,
+  Sierra Leone, 63, 64; Liberia, 80; Ivory Coast, 90; Gold Coast, 115;
+  Nigeria, 226; Freshwater Swamp Forests, 19, 154; Fringing or
+  “Galerie,” 18, 19, 154; F. Hill, 154; _F. in relation to Agriculture,
+  The_, chap, xiii, 485-495; F. land fixed in the older civilized
+  countries, 485; F. Law (Nigerian), 162; F. Locust, 45, 73; F. Mixed,
+  121, 350; F. Mixed deciduous, 19, 152, 159, 169; F. Mixed
+  intermediate, 18; F. New, 491; Officers in Nigeria (European), 184;
+  Rank, Training, Appointments, Salary, etc., 186; Chief Conservators,
+  Senior Conservators, Conservators, etc., 187; F. Open deciduous, 19;
+  F. Orchard, 99; F. Peninsular, 39; F. Peninsular Mountain (Sierra
+  Leone), 25, 160; Permanent Forests (Nigeria), 160-166; Permanent
+  Forests, Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Norway,
+  Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.A., 492; F. Rain, 151, 154, 189; F.
+  Reserves, 91; F. Sapeli, 326; F. Savannah, 196, 197, 200; (True,
+  Treeless, Bush, Tree, Sclerophyllus Formation), 18, 19, 93; Nigeria
+  (Tree, Bush, Open Orchard, Treeless), 188; South-West African, 189;
+  Bush, 201; Parks, 202; F. semi-evergreen, 196; F. South Benin, 325,
+  326; F. State, Communal, Municipal, or Private, various countries, 91,
+  92
+
+  Forestry, Arboretum Calabar, 342; F. Conference at Berlin on Togo
+  Afforestation, 119; F. Progress in Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
+  Gambia, 188
+
+  Forked Palm, 244
+
+  Frake (Agni), 88
+
+  Fram (Bonduku), 88
+
+  Framine (Agni), 88
+
+  Frankincense Tree, 191, 210, 221
+
+  Freetown, 25, 35, 50, 62
+
+  Fref (Fanti), 105
+
+  French Beans compared to Locust Beans, 153
+
+  French Ivory Coast, position of, 17
+
+  Frimu (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+  Fruntum (Ashanti), 111
+
+  Fu (Attie), 86
+
+  “Fufu” mortars, 358
+
+  Fulani, 198
+
+  Fulŏ or Folŏ (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+  Funfun (Yoruba), 321, 332
+
+  Funtumia, 124, 180, 434; F. Africana, 58, 79, 89, 111, 232; F.
+  Elastica, 58, 68, 79, 89, 111, 122, 123, 125, 126, 143, 180, 228, 391,
+  395, 440, 459; F. species, 79
+
+  Furniture Woods, 107
+
+  Furu (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+  Futu (Kirikiri), 133
+
+
+  Gabarua (Hausa), 231
+
+  Gabaruwa (Hausa), 219
+
+  Gaboon, 29, 293; G. Chocolate, 454; G. Nut, 258, 457
+
+  Gabun, 144
+
+  Gaertnera paniculata, 61
+
+  Gagamagati (Ewe), 133
+
+  Galium Aparine, 431
+
+  Gall-bug, 124
+
+  Gallery Forests, 130, 138
+
+  Gamafada (Hausa), 206, 220; G. fada hada fuda (Sok.), 220
+
+  Gambia, 17, 20-22, 211, 494; G. Forest Exports, 24; G. Forest Trees,
+  23; G. Mahogany, 135; “Gambia” pods, 208, 290; G. Rubber, 252
+
+  Game Preservation Ordinance, 302
+
+  Gamji (Hausa), 216; or Ganji (Kano), 218
+
+  Ganbe (Yoruba), 344
+
+  Gangame (Hausa), 218
+
+  Garcinia conrauana, 233, 359, 360, 462; G. punctata, 55, 437; G.
+  Guineensis, 107; G. Kola, 55, 69, 77, 360; G. Mannii, 360; G.
+  ovalifolia, 204; G. polyantha, 55, 88; G. species, 77, 239; G., _var.
+  nov._ brevipedicellata, 360
+
+  Gardayi (Hausa), 220
+
+  Gardenia Abeokuta, 146; G. erubescens, 192, 201; G. medicinalis, 146;
+  G. Sokotensis, 199; G. species, 225; G. species near G. physophylla,
+  61; G. tenuifolia, 113, 146; G. ternifolia, 192, 201; G. Thunbergia,
+  146; G. viscidissima, 89
+
+  Garicha (Zanfara), 218
+
+  Garlic, 199
+
+  Gassaya, 190
+
+  Gatisima (Mbonoi), 84
+
+  Gauden kura, 192
+
+  Gauta, 194
+
+  Gautan Rura, 194
+
+  Gawasa (Hausa), 199, 213, 219, 231, 232
+
+  Gawo (Hausa), 208, 220
+
+  Gazari or Gizeri (Hadeija), 218
+
+  Gbassei (Mendi), 44
+
+  Gbetschigbetschi (Atakpame), 144
+
+  Gbingbin (Yoruba), 233
+
+  Gbingbindo (Yoruba), 272
+
+  Gbogbonshe (Yoruba), 263
+
+  Gboite (Mendi), 43
+
+  Gbojei (Mendi), 52
+
+  Gbolei (Mendi), 51
+
+  Gedar (Hausa), 220; Gedar kurumi, 233
+
+  Gedu (Benin), 228
+
+  Geduloha (Benin), 322
+
+  Genferrebiesó (Mangu), 146
+
+  Gera, 204
+
+  Geraniaceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+  German Markets, Sapeli wood, 157
+
+  Gero, 199
+
+  Gesa, 199
+
+  Gesneraceæ (Nigeria), 197
+
+  Geza, 204, 223
+
+  Ghido (Yoruba), 259
+
+  Giant Pod, 290
+
+  Gibofoyoi (Mendi), 50
+
+  Gibowali (Mendi), 61
+
+  Gibowuli (Mendi), 61
+
+  Gidjiko (Kratschi), 143
+
+  Giginya, 195, 200, 216, 218, 233
+
+  Gilli-gilli Forest, 160
+
+  Gimwi (Mendi), 45
+
+  Ginger, 90
+
+  Gingerbread palm, 216, 218; G. plum, 44, 72, 199, 213, 219
+
+  Gisekia pharnaceoides, 194
+
+  Giwini (Yoruba), 391
+
+  Giyaiya (Hausa), 192, 214; or Giyeya, 225
+
+  Gjira (Kratschi), 141
+
+  Gladiolus, 195; G. quartinianus, 195
+
+  Gloriosa superba, 195
+
+  Glossonema nubicum, 199
+
+  Glycerine in pericarp oil, 480
+
+  Glyphæa Grewioides, 53, 105, 343
+
+  Gnibi (Attie), 87
+
+  Gnidia, 195
+
+  Goga jiki, 223
+
+  Gogwi (Mendi), 45
+
+  Gola Forest, 50, 66-69
+
+  Gold Coast, chapter vi, 91-115; Description of, 91-92; Forest Exports,
+  115; Forest land, 17, 69, 492, 494; Forest Reserve, 160; List of
+  Indigenous Trees and Rubber Vines, 93-114
+
+  Golli (Mendi), 62
+
+  Gombei (Mendi), 42
+
+  Gomphia, 190; G. Congesta, 54; G. Glaberrima, 359; G. Insculpta, 359;
+  G. W. Affinis, 359
+
+  Gongola or Gwongola gwangwala (Nupe), 218
+
+  Goñgovi (Kpedyi), 142
+
+  Gongui (Mendi), 43
+
+  Gonguonkiur (Mbonoi), 89
+
+  Gonistan Mountain, 416
+
+  Gonwé (Mendi), 42
+
+  Gonwi (Mendi), 42
+
+  Goo (Bali), 429
+
+  Gora (Hausa), 218
+
+  Gorgo (Hausa), 225
+
+  Goriba, 218, 244; G. (Hausa), 195, 200, 216
+
+  “Gorli” seeds, 462, 463
+
+  Goro, 223
+
+  Goron biri or G. ruwa (Hausa), 210, 221
+
+  Gossypium Peruvianum, 76
+
+  Gotti (Fõ), 140
+
+  Government of Forest Reserves, Central and Federal, 165
+
+  Govwi (Mendi), 42
+
+  Gramineæ (Gold Coast), 93; (Togo), 127; (Nigeria), 196, 199, 218
+
+  Grand Basà, 70; G. Forests of, 72, 73, 74, 76, 82; G. swamps, 71
+
+  Grand Bassam, 69; G. Port, 81, 82
+
+  Grass in Treeless Savannah, 19
+
+  Grazing Reserves, Nigeria, 163
+
+  “Greenheart,” 52, 75, 280
+
+  Grewia, 190; G. Carpinifolia, 105, 344; G. Gigantiflora, 137; G.
+  Mollis, 190, 201; G. Tetragastris, 344; G. Villosa, 137
+
+  Grewiopsis discophora, 435; G. Globosa, 435
+
+  Griffonia palescens Coronko— cut locally, 33
+
+  Ground nuts, 63
+
+  Grumilea vanosa, 89
+
+  Guaiacum officinale, 175
+
+  Guangua (Attie), 84
+
+  Guarea, 50; G. Africana, 75; G. Glomerata, 416, 433; Guarea sp. near
+  Leptotricha, 50, 228; G. species, 329, 416; G. (Satin Mahogany)
+  description, 28, 67, 101, 328; G. Thompsonii, 228, 328, 329, 330, 419
+
+  Guava, 78; G. Mistletoe found on, 43
+
+  Gudjápūpŭ or Gudzawuwu (Ewe), 131
+
+  Gueguirotta baka (Agni), 84
+
+  Guele (Bondoukou), 83
+
+  Guere (Neyau), 87
+
+  Guesu (Bete), 87
+
+  Guiango (Agni), 87
+
+  Guiera Senegalensis, 198, 199
+
+  Guima Djuma (Bondoukou), 83
+
+  Guinea Corn, 196, 204; G. Pepper, 219; G. (Spanish), 424; G. (Upper),
+  17
+
+  Gum, 278, 298; G. African, 176, 417; G. Arabic, 98, 204, 226, 234,
+  444; G. Copal, 35, 46, 63, 64, 68, 74, 90, 97, 152, 154, 226, 234,
+  424; G. Elemi, 314; G. Forests, 39; G. Resin, 211; G. True Benin
+  Copal, 298
+
+  Gumah, 39; G. River, 35
+
+  Gumgui (Mendi), 48
+
+  Gummel, 189
+
+  Gumni (Mendi), 45; or Gumui, 283
+
+  Gumwi (Mendi), 45
+
+  Guna, 193
+
+  Gung (Grunchi), 105
+
+  Gurara River, 211
+
+  Gurji, 199
+
+  Gurjiya (Hausa), 190, 209; Gurjiya or Guriya, 223
+
+  Guru (Hausa), 106
+
+  Gurzundali (Katagum), 221
+
+  Gushiocho (Kratschi), 134
+
+  Guttapercha, 78, 80, 109, 226, 439; G. Tree, 218
+
+  Guttiferæ (Sierra Leone), 54; (Liberia), 77; (Ivory Coast), 87; (Gold
+  Coast), 107; (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 154, 359, 416, 447; (Cameroons),
+  437
+
+  Gwaboa (Hausa), 213; (Sok., Kats., and Zanf.), 224
+
+  Gwandar daji (Hausa), 190, 219, 233
+
+  Gwanja kusa (Hausa), 219
+
+  Gwaska (Hausa) or Itchen gwaska (Hausa), 220, 229
+
+  Gwe (Grunchi), 106
+
+  Gymnosporia Senegalensis, 191, 202, 340
+
+  Gynandropsis pentaphylla, 190
+
+
+  Haake (Berlin Firm), depericarping process, 477
+
+  Habenarias, 195
+
+  Habizacue (Attie), 86
+
+  Hadanyar rafi or Kadanyar kurumi (Hausa), 225
+
+  Hæmanthus rupestris, 195
+
+  Hæmatostaphis Barteri, 86, 136, 192, 222
+
+  Hague (Agni), 85
+
+  Haguguwa (Kano and Bauchi), 218
+
+  Haho-Baloë District Plantations, 117, 119; Afforestation area, 120,
+  121
+
+  Haho River, 117
+
+  Haiefai (Abe), 85
+
+  Hainde (Agni), 86
+
+  Hainfain (Attie), 80
+
+  Haipi (Bondoukou), 86; (Agni), 86
+
+  Hakue (Attie), 85
+
+  Halu (Adionkron), 87
+
+  Hamburg Market, 157, 325, 326, 345, 378
+
+  Hamon, 68
+
+  Han Sawmill, 159
+
+  Hana Gobard (Zanfara), 221
+
+  Hanabali (Oban, Ekoi), 280
+
+  Hane (Ebrie), 84
+
+  Hanfaru (Agni), 84
+
+  Hankufa, 190
+
+  Hannoa Klaineana, 85, 100, 232; H. Undulata, 134, 191, 210, 213, 221,
+  233, 313, 358
+
+  Hano (Hausa), 221
+
+  Hanwego (Bondoukou), 85
+
+  Hapo (Ebrie), 87
+
+  Happerrie (Mbonoi), 87
+
+  Harburg (near Hamburg, Germany), 480
+
+  Hardwood, 360, 413, 417; Big H., 410; Yellow H., 417
+
+  “Harmattan,” 181
+
+  Harmon, 54
+
+  Harms, 205, 211
+
+  Haronga Madagascariensis, 55, 107, 362; H. Paniculata, 437
+
+  Harrisonia Abyssinica, 100
+
+  Hasskarlia Didymostemon, 52, 75, 86, 103
+
+  Hate (Attie), 85
+
+  Hausa, 163, 185, 198, 205, 206, 350; H. Salts, 335
+
+  Hausaland, 188, 189, 190, 196, 200, 205, 207, 211, 216, 217
+
+  Hazel-nut compared with Heisteria parvifolia, 257
+
+  Heeria insignia, 137
+
+  Heinokohun (Mendi), 59
+
+  Heinsia jasminiflora, 61
+
+  Heisteria parvifolia, 257, 456; H. species, 258
+
+  Helei (Mendi), 47
+
+  Heleilahin (Mendi), 57
+
+  Helichrysum fœtidum, 442
+
+  Heliotropium, 192
+
+  Hellebolei (Mendi), 47
+
+  Hendje, Hengué (Agni), 85; H., soft-wooded, 485
+
+  Hendui (Mendi), 54
+
+  Henna, 192
+
+  Heptapleura Mannii, 375
+
+  Heritiera, 54; H. species, 351, 419; H. Utilis, 77, 106
+
+  Hete bake (Mbonoi), 85
+
+  Hetere (Bondoukou), 84
+
+  Heteropterys Africana, 102
+
+  Hevea, 434; H. Braziliensis, 123, 180, 420
+
+  Hewe (Mendi), 43
+
+  Hexalobus grandiflorus, 43, 96, 263, 427; H. Monopetalus, 130; H.
+  Salicifolius, 427; H. Senegalensis, 196
+
+  Hibiscus, 201
+
+  Hibiscus Esculentus, 344; H. Grewioides, 344; H. Quinquilobus, 344; H.
+  species, 190; H. Tiliaceus, 105
+
+  Hides and skins exported Togo, 150
+
+  Hiern, 214
+
+  “High Forest,” 241
+
+  Hiol or Mbia (Bakoko), 428
+
+  Hippocrates, 191
+
+  Ho Sub-station (Togo), 126
+
+  Hobo hapi (Abe), 86
+
+  Hofa (Abe), 87
+
+  Hog Gum, 363; H. Plum of the Creoles, 52, 103, 222, 232, 338, 419
+
+  Hogogo (Atakpame), 134
+
+  Hoke (Mendi), 41
+
+  Holarrhena Africana, 59; H. Ovata, 59; H. Wulfsbergii, 112, 142, 233,
+  395
+
+  Holland, Mr., _The Useful Plants of Nigeria_, 278
+
+  Homalium Africanum, 88; H. _cf._ Africanum, 366; H. Molle, 55; H.
+  species, 55
+
+  Honey exported, 444
+
+  Honum (Twi), 110
+
+  Hooker, Sir Wm. J., 496
+
+  Horns exported, 444
+
+  Horse Chestnut Tree, 129; H. Radish Tree, 44, 219
+
+  House post, 413
+
+  Hugonia acuminata, 100; H. octhocosum, 100; H. Planchoni, 100; H.
+  Platysepala, 100
+
+  Hui (Mendi), 43
+
+  Hull Port for Congo Kernels, 480; H. Price of Cake, 482
+
+  Humiriaceæ (Sierra Leone), 49; (Ivory Coast), 85; (Nigeria), 308
+
+  Humpe (Ebrie), 86
+
+  Humus, 70, 257
+
+  Hupfeld, Dr. (depericarping process), 477
+
+  Hure (Plapo), 87
+
+  Huti (Fõ), 138
+
+  Huwi Djenjei (Mendi), 58
+
+  Hydrocharitaceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+  Hydrolea, 194; H. Guineensis, 194
+
+  Hydrophyllaceæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+  Hylodendron Gabunense, 428
+
+  Hymenocardia acida, 52, 103, 135, 202; H. Chevalieri, 103; H.
+  Heudelotii, 52; H. Lyrata, 52; H. Ulmoides, 136
+
+  Hymenodictyon Bracteatum, 407; H. Kurria, 145
+
+  Hypericineæ (Nigeria), 190
+
+  Hyphæne, 244, 459; H. Coriaceæ, 127; H. Thebaica, 195, 216, 218; H.
+  Togoensis, 127
+
+  Hyrax (squirrel-like animal), 467
+
+
+  Iakuni (Quitta), 109
+
+  Ibadan, 159, 174, 175, 185, 240, 241, 247, 249, 251, 252, 263, 269,
+  275, 285, 288, 289, 294, 299, 301, 305, 307, 313, 322, 323, 331, 336,
+  339, 342, 349, 354, 362, 367, 370, 383, 389, 391, 393, 396, 401, 409,
+  418, 475, 489, 490, 493; I. Forests, 244; Ibadan-Jebu-Ode Road, 170;
+  I. Plantations, 176, 178, 179; I. Reserve, 163
+
+  Ibadudu (Benin), 368; I. (Jebu, Yoruba), 368
+
+  Ibagho (Yoruba), 314, 315
+
+  Ibbegogo (Benin), 317
+
+  Ibbu (Benin), 391
+
+  Ibegogo (Benin), 229
+
+  Ibeshe, 367
+
+  Ibi, 188
+
+  Ibibio Province, 185
+
+  Ibitoto (Bembi), 349
+
+  Ibo-Akitipa (Yoruba), 392; I.-tabong (Yoruba), 392; I. Ilecki
+  (Yoruba), 392
+
+  Ibo (Benin), 393; I. (Yoruba), 392
+
+  Ibo country, 158, 253; I. language, 185; I. markets, 284
+
+  Ibos, 474
+
+  Ibugidi or Ibogidi (Yoruba), 392
+
+  Icacinaceæ (Sierra Leone), 53; (Ivory Coast), 87; (Gold Coast), 104;
+  (Nigeria), 340
+
+  Ida Plantation, 167
+
+  Idagbon (Ondo), 230
+
+  Idah (Yoruba), 270
+
+  Idanre district, 392
+
+  Idi, Idi Odan (Yoruba), 372
+
+  Idigbo (Yoruba), 369
+
+  Idjawli (Akposso), 143
+
+  Idjnake (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Idofun (Yoruba), 407
+
+  Iedi (Krepi), 96
+
+  Ifainaki (Egba), 230
+
+  Ifassoa (Bakwiri), 433
+
+  Ife, 159
+
+  Ifetn, 337
+
+  Ifon Owe-Akure Road, 318; Ifon Province, 275, 402, 412, 466, 473
+
+  Ifondo or Wofondo (Bakwiri), 426
+
+  Ifwan (Efik), 229
+
+  Igata (Yoruba), 269
+
+  Igba (Yoruba, tree), 283
+
+  Igbagon Stream, 488
+
+  Igberi (Yoruba), 260
+
+  Igbeshe, 367
+
+  Igbin (Brass), 290
+
+  Igbo (Benin), 245, 391; (Yoruba), 265; (Lagos), 313, 407, 494
+
+  Igbofia (Ibibio), 361
+
+  Igedudu (Benin), 384, 385; (Yoruba), 385
+
+  Igi Ira (Lagos), 407
+
+  Igigum (Egba), 313
+
+  Igili (Mendi), 51
+
+  Igmikkia fruit (Benin), 284
+
+  Igoda (Benin), 363
+
+  Igogo (Benin), 257, 331
+
+  Igoso, 351
+
+  Igun (Yoruba), 302
+
+  Ihagobo (Benin), 409
+
+  Ihege (Benin), 256
+
+  Ihi (Ekoi), 229; (Ibo, Owerri), 276
+
+  Ija oke (Yoruba), 396
+
+  Ijaiye, old town site, 167
+
+  Ije (Benin), 256
+
+  Ijebo (Yoruba), 228
+
+  Ijebbo (Yoruba, Jebu, Ashuwole), 323
+
+  Ijebu-Ode District, 278
+
+  Ijeni (fruit, Benin), 256
+
+  Ijeni Udegbu (West Side), 361
+
+  Ijor, 185
+
+  Ijors or “Waterboys,” 155, 158, 185, 187, 238
+
+  Ikaka (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Ikakama Udia Ebian (Efik, Ibibio), 361
+
+  Ikale Village, 354
+
+  Ikan (Benin), 240
+
+  Ikassa (Benin), 379
+
+  Ikate (Yoruba), 233
+
+  Ikbo (a Benin game), 379
+
+  Ikereoha (Benin), 257
+
+  Ikhemeni tree (Benin), 284
+
+  Ikhimi (Benin), 401
+
+  Ikoha (Benin Province), 403
+
+  Ikoi (Oban), 368
+
+  Ikom, 168; I. District, 239, 472
+
+  Ikomba (Bare), 426
+
+  Ikoto, 244
+
+  Ikpa market, 473
+
+  Ikpa ukoro (Yoruba), 241; I. wudu (Benin), 294
+
+  Ikpan (Efik), 452
+
+  Ikpanya (Efik), 277, 278
+
+  Ikpoba Road, 447
+
+  Ikrigon Reserve, 160, 168, 171, 172, 173, 178, 372
+
+  Iku, Seeds (Yoruba), 285, 368
+
+  Ikwabobo (Benin), 325
+
+  Ikwapbo (Yoruba), 315
+
+  Ikwapo (Benin), 228
+
+  Ikwepokin (Benin), 233
+
+  Ikwian (Benin), 393
+
+  Ilaka (Benin), 410
+
+  Ilakosin (Yoruba), 265
+
+  Ilaro Reserve, 160, 166, 167, 170, 173, 322, 343, 347
+
+  Ilasa Omodo (Yoruba), 344
+
+  Ile (Ibo), 231; (Bonny and New Calabar), 334
+
+  Ilesha District, 302, 354, 395
+
+  Ilobe (Nigeria), 487
+
+  Ilorin, Balsam, 44, 307
+
+  Ilugbro, 359
+
+  Ilugun, 159
+
+  Illushi (Asaba District), 395
+
+  Ilysanthes, 194
+
+  Imo, Railway, 364; Imo River, 152, 287
+
+  Imonon (New Calabar), 368
+
+  Imonor (Ibo), 229
+
+  Imperial Institute, Teak samples sent to, 171; Report on Irvingia
+  Barteri, 313
+
+  _Imperial Institute Bulletins_, 20
+
+  Incense Tree or Ehye, 100, 229, 314, 315
+
+  Indäihen (Mendi), 42
+
+  India, 145, 174, 338; I. Almond, 176; I. Blackwood or Rosewood, 175;
+  I. Value of Bombay Blackwood, 176; I. Rose Chestnut or Ironwood, 176;
+  I. Walnut, 175
+
+  Indigo, 303; I. (Big leaved), 46, 192; Yoruba Indigo, 303
+
+  Indigofera, 191; I. Africana, 430; I. Arrecta, 129; I. Hirsuta, 303;
+  I. Secundiflora, 221; I. Stenophylla, 303
+
+  Indoabaka (Mangu), 140
+
+  Ingidido (Hausa), 190, 213, 219
+
+  Inkum, 168
+
+  Innuwar Bauna (Hausa), 214
+
+  Inoi, 368; I. nut, 368; or Inoye (Efik), 368, 416, 451; Inoi (Ekoi),
+  368
+
+  “Inselbergs,” 189
+
+  Insofaniowŏche (Mangu), 130
+
+  Insuakoto (Mangu), 143
+
+  Insuopangi (Mangu), 130
+
+  Intya (Dyakossi), 145
+
+  Intya Joko (Yoruba), 372
+
+  Inya (New Calabar), 282
+
+  Inyere (Ekoi), 229
+
+  Inyi (Ibo), 229; (Ibo, Onitsha Owerri), 275
+
+  Inyin Tree, 234
+
+  Ipa (Yoruba), 337
+
+  Ipahan (Yoruba), 358
+
+  Ipapo (Yoruba), 302
+
+  Ipawhaw (Yoruba), 232, 358
+
+  Ipetu, 337
+
+  Ipomæa, 194; I. bona-nox, 203; I. involucrata, 440
+
+  Ira Odan (Yoruba), 335
+
+  Iragbo Amuje (Yoruba), 257, 393
+
+  Iraïgbo (Yoruba), 393
+
+  Iranje (Yoruba), 337
+
+  Ireh Ako, 395; I. (False) Tree, 395, 440; Ireh-ibeji, 395; I. Rubber
+  (Funtumia elastica) Plantations, Nigeria, 180; Togo, 149
+
+  Irena-kekere (Yoruba), 396
+
+  Irere (Yoruba), 330
+
+  Iridaceæ (Nigeria), 195; (Cameroons), 425
+
+  Iringi (Ibo), 229
+
+  Iro District, 408
+
+  Iroko, 19; suggestion by Dr. Unwin, 42, 67, 117, 119, 120, 124, 125,
+  126; I. (chlorophora excelsa) Plantations (Nigeria), 154, 158, 159,
+  162, 164, 168, 171, 172, 215, 228, 249, 252, 254, 418, 498;
+  Plantations (Togo), 149, 153
+
+  Ironpost, 27; Uses of, 28; Sierra Leone, cut locally, 33, 54
+
+  Ironwood, 174, 176; Dwarf Ironwood, 323, 379, 417
+
+  Irosun (Yoruba), 232, 287
+
+  Iru (Yoruba), 282, 401
+
+  Irugba (Yoruba), 230; (fruit), 283
+
+  Irugbo Abatta (Yoruba), 282
+
+  Irvingia, 85; I. Barteri, 68, 74, 100, 179, 230, 312, 313, 417, 418,
+  422, 423, 445, 446, 454; Irvingia Gabunensis, 419, 432; I. Smithii,
+  191, 203, 204, 210, 221, 313, 454; I. sp., 100, 313
+
+  Isain (Attie), 86
+
+  Isanhianme (Benin), 385
+
+  Isbe (Yoruba), 299
+
+  Iseko (Yoruba), 330
+
+  Isha fere (Yoruba), I. gere (Yoruba), I. kekere, 395
+
+  Ishan (Benin), 358
+
+  Ishan, 229; I. gege (Yoruba), 343; I. jeje (Yoruba), 343; I. oka
+  (Yoruba), 341, 342
+
+  Ishishiya (Zanfara), 220
+
+  Ishoka, 299
+
+  Isienwe (Benin), 354
+
+  Isinko (Yoruba), 342
+
+  Isinrem (Lagos), 367; (Yoruba) 375
+
+  Islii of the Akus, 61
+
+  Isoberlinia, 19, 232, 233; I. Dalzielii, 205, 220; I. doka, 191, 200,
+  205, 220, 280; I. sp., 234
+
+  Isolona pleurocarpa, 427
+
+  Issa oku (Yoruba), 262
+
+  Ita of the Yorubas, 232; (Ikale), 246, 247; I. gangan (Egba), 246;
+  Ita-ita (Yoruba), 247
+
+  Itaku market, 300
+
+  Itakum (Yoruba), 337; I. mountain, 18; I. okere (Yoruba), 344
+
+  Itebe (roofing canes), 164
+
+  Iteruku (Efik), 279
+
+  Itiuyang (Oban, Ekoi), 386
+
+  Ito (Yoruba), 284, 367
+
+  Itobo (Ibibio), 368
+
+  Itue (Benin), 362
+
+  Itunkpe Creek (trib. of Kwa River), 411
+
+  Ivialegbi (Benin), 457
+
+  Ivioha (Benin), 385
+
+  Ivory, 80; Exported (Togo), 150-144; Ivory Coast, 66, 69, chap. v,
+  81-90, 157; Forest exports, 90; List of trees, 83-89; I. coast
+  mahogany, 81; method of felling, 81; working the forests, 82
+
+  Iwe (Yoruba), 401
+
+  Iwu (Yoruba), 19
+
+  Ixora radiata, 197, 204
+
+  Iya (Efik), 235; (Yoruba), 231, 307
+
+  Iyawy (Red Cedar), 32
+
+  Iyeye (Yoruba), 232, 338
+
+  Iyoha (Benin), 265
+
+  Iyokheze (Benin), 407
+
+  Izaquente Portugais (Colons.), 83
+
+  Izenagan (Benin), 256
+
+  Izeni or Iyockan (Benin), 363
+
+
+  Jackson, D. G., 496
+
+  Jagbouei (Mendi), 51
+
+  Jagiri, 300
+
+  Jahdanko (Accra), 111
+
+  Jalei (Mendi), 46
+
+  Jama (Ashanti), 111
+
+  Jamostima (Mendi), 46
+
+  Jan Sayi (Hausa), 211, 222; J. Yaro or Jitache, 222
+
+  Jashuli (Mendi), 61
+
+  Jasmin, 61
+
+  Jatropha curcas, 193
+
+  Jaudari (East Hausa), _syn._ Gorso, 225
+
+  Jaunde District, 429, 433
+
+  Jawei (Mendi), 50
+
+  Jawul (Hausa), 221
+
+  Jebere of the Ondos, 230
+
+  Jebu or Jebu-ode, 152, 153, 154, 159, 303, 342, 349, 354, 357, 361,
+  378
+
+  Jekri Country, 308, 398, 474; Jekris, The, 163, 236, 238
+
+  Jendi (Togo), 118, 125, 469
+
+  Jerusalem Thorn, 221
+
+  Jeti (Ewe), 141
+
+  Jibda kassa, 193
+
+  Jimshi (Sok.), 220
+
+  Jina Jina (Sok. and Zanf.), 219
+
+  Jirga (Sok. and Kats.), _syn._ Tsatsagi (Sok., Zaria, Kano, etc.), 220
+
+  Jiri (Hausa), 215, 225; J. dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and Kats.), 225
+
+  Johann Albrechts Höhe, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433,
+  434, 435, 438, 439, 440, 441
+
+  Johimbe, 407
+
+  Johimbin alkaloid, 408
+
+  John Obey, 25
+
+  Jojau (Kabure), 138
+
+  Jol (Timani) (Mendi), 42
+
+  Joloso (Duala), 433
+
+  Jom (Ossidinge), 440
+
+  Jon (Bali), 441
+
+  Jondo (Bakwiri), 428
+
+  Ju (Akposso), 138
+
+  “Ju-ju,” 164, 243, 246, 286, 287, 299, 343, 355, 486
+
+  Jujube Tree, 222
+
+  Juma (Wassaw), 95
+
+  Jumbowilli, 46
+
+  Justicia, 194
+
+
+  Kaba, 218, 244
+
+  Kabeova, 193
+
+  Kabu or Ebba Kernels, 460
+
+  Kadanya (Hausa), 214, 231; K. or Kadai, 224
+
+  Kadanyar kurumi, 225; K. rafi (Hausa), 214, 232, 233
+
+  Kadaura (Hausa), 191, 205, 220; (Kano, Zaria), 221
+
+  Káde (Hausa), 141
+
+  Kaderabolo (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+  Kaduna R., 189
+
+  Kæmpferia Æthiopica, 195
+
+  Ka fafogo (Hausa), 222
+
+  Kafahinei (Mendi), 61
+
+  Kafe or Kaffi (Mendi), 50, 57; Kafei (Mendi), 60
+
+  Kafro (Grunchi), 105
+
+  “Kafu,” 457
+
+  Kagnari Mountains, 25, 39, 58
+
+  Kaidaji (Hausa), 209, 220; or Kardaji, 220
+
+  Kaiguigo (Bondoukou), 86
+
+  Kaikai (Hausa), 219
+
+  Kaikumba (Mendi), 55
+
+  Kainya (Hausa), 230
+
+  Kaiwa (Hausa), 214, 224
+
+  Ka Jafgo (Hausa), 215
+
+  Kaju (Yoruba), 339
+
+  Kakaleka (Bondoukou), 88
+
+  Kakana (Agni), 89
+
+  Kakanla (Kratschi), 140
+
+  Kakatown, 70
+
+  Ka Ki ganin bula (Zanfara), 221
+
+  Kakoba (creeper), 163
+
+  Kakoro (Fanti), 86
+
+  Kaku or Red Ironwood Tree, 107
+
+  Kakunt (Timani), 49
+
+  Käla (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+  Kalangasshi Station (Togo), 126
+
+  Kalangon daji, 220
+
+  Kam (Timani), 48
+
+  Kamaa River (Togo), 121, 124
+
+  Kamatete (Ibo Owerri), 407
+
+  Kambala, 422, 423
+
+  Kamban (Fanti), 103
+
+  Kambui Hills, 25, 39, 160
+
+  Kamerun Holz Syndicate, “Millettia,” 431
+
+  Kameruns, 189, 211
+
+  Kamfuã (Bagu), 135
+
+  Kamou Aguire (Agni), 87
+
+  Kanahia consimilis, 112
+
+  Kanakan (Yoruba), 246
+
+  Kanda Bark, 259
+
+  Kandari (Hausa), 192, 212, 223
+
+  Kangahan, 25
+
+  Kanja (Bakwiri and Bakundu), 440
+
+  Kanjanapcule (mangu), 134
+
+  Kanju (Hausa), 222
+
+  Kankan (Yoruba), 407
+
+  Kankandika (Yoruba), 366
+
+  Kánnâ (Asante), 140
+
+  Kano, 189, 190, 198, 201, 207, 217
+
+  Kanran (Yoruba), 178, 230, 384
+
+  Kant (Timani), 55
+
+  Kanti (Mendi), 55
+
+  Kanton (Fanti), 85
+
+  Kanumfari (Hausa), 224
+
+  Kanwo (Hausa), 229
+
+  Kanya (Hausa), 214, 224
+
+  Kao (Hausa), 132
+
+  Kapok or C. Pentandra (German Botanists), Eriodendron (Kew Botanists),
+  122; K. fibre, 53, 90, 105, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 150, 209, 226,
+  345, 346; K. plantations (Togo), 149
+
+  Kapro (Grunchi), 94
+
+  Kapus (Timani), 43
+
+  Karangia, 199
+
+  Karan masalachi, 199
+
+  Karene District, 46
+
+  Karfa (Bambara), 83
+
+  Kargo (Hausa), 207
+
+  Karina District, 31; K. Forest, 46
+
+  Kariya, 199; Kariye gatari, 220, 221
+
+  Karjara (Kano), 220
+
+  Karki (Sok., Kats., and Zanf.), 220
+
+  Kasfiya, 214; K. (Sok., Kats., and Zanf.), 225
+
+  Kashi Kashi (Kontagora Kols.), 220
+
+  Kaskawami, 190; K. cannabinus, 190
+
+  Kassekui (Mbonoi), 86
+
+  Kassewe Hills, 25, 36, 39, 46
+
+  Katai (Timani), 46
+
+  Katambiri (Hausa), 225
+
+  Katanga treeless area, 423
+
+  Katank (Timani), 54
+
+  Kati (Abe), 88; K. (Atakpame), 131
+
+  Katsari (Hausa), 209, 220
+
+  Katsina, 207; K. (Allah), 210; K. (River), 188
+
+  Katumbulia (Tschaudjo), 141
+
+  Kau belia or abalia (Tschaudjo), 146; K. këure (Tschaudjo), 146; K.
+  kutoku (Tschaudjo), 146
+
+  Kauchi, 193
+
+  Kauri Gum, 37
+
+  Kauriri, 193
+
+  Kaüsa (Indenie), 87
+
+  Kauwi (Mendi), 58
+
+  Kawo (Hausa), 190, 191, 205, 220
+
+  Kawogei (Mendi), 59
+
+  Kawuri (Hausa), 216, 219
+
+  Kayar rakumi or Karo (Kano, Sok., and Kats.), 220
+
+  Kayo (Bondoukou), 86
+
+  Kebarre (Kratschi), 132
+
+  Kedā (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+  Kedeleā or Kodoleā (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Kedempo (Atakpame), 141
+
+  Kedemponasi (Kratschi), 135
+
+  Keditia (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+  Kedjetjelo (Tschaudjo), 146
+
+  Keiwgo (Bondoukou), 86
+
+  Keka (Kratschi), 137
+
+  Kekëū (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+  Kekpili (Kratschi), 133
+
+  Kekung (Timani), 45
+
+  Kelantori (Kratschi), 134
+
+  Kelengma͡u (Tschaudjo), 134
+
+  Keleyn (Kratschi), 133
+
+  Kelipotu (Kratschi), 138
+
+  Kelle (Kratschi), 138
+
+  Kengüe (Mbonoi), 85
+
+  Kenjang (Kratschi), 132
+
+  Kennema, 54, 59, 160, 493
+
+  Kent, 25
+
+  Kerana, 193
+
+  Kere (Yoruba), 270
+
+  Kersting, Dr. (Piptadenia Kerstingii experiments), 123
+
+  Keruwowo (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Kesang (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+  Kessede, 466
+
+  Kessing (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Kete-Kratschi Station (Togo), 118, 124, 126, 143
+
+  Ketibubaka (Aowin), 109
+
+  Ketschikantscha (Kratschi), 131
+
+  Ketum (Timani), 60
+
+  Ketyelenea (Tschaudjo), 146
+
+  Kewe (Mendi), 43
+
+  K’fut (Timani), 54
+
+  Khaya, 50, 121, 228, 323, 330, 363, 425; K. anthoteka, 100, 318, 320;
+  K. caudata, 101; K. euryphylla, 415, 417, 420, 433; K. grandifolia,
+  318; K. grandis, 75, 81, 101, 318, 319, 320, 322; K. Ivoriensis, 66,
+  81, 82, 86, 101, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324; K. Klainii or Klaineana,
+  119, 120, 121, 126, 135, 416, 433; K. punchii, 81, 100, 101, 318, 319,
+  322; K. Senegalensis, 17, 20, 81, 101, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124,
+  125, 126, 134, 177, 190, 191, 203, 211, 222, 229, 318, 321, 433; K.
+  sp., 101, 183, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 424
+
+  Kiangue (Mbonoi), 89
+
+  Kicksia Africana, 143; K. elastica, 440
+
+  Kidgeling (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+  Kidney-tree Cotton, 76
+
+  Kigelia, 60; K. acutifolia, 441; K. Æthiopica, 192, 204, 215, 225; K.
+  Africana, 145, 400; K., _var._ Bornuensis, 215, 225; K. pinnata, 113,
+  145, 233
+
+  Kili (Mendi), 41
+
+  Kimba (Hausa), 219, 233
+
+  Kinchia, 195
+
+  King of the Timber, 318
+
+  Kingkanga (Hausa), 94
+
+  Kinguei (Mendi), 53
+
+  Kinkonawon (Mbonoi), 84
+
+  Kino (Timani), 50
+
+  Kinyelu (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+  Kiria (Hausa), 131
+
+  Kiriandutschi (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+  Kiriya (Hausa), 207, 220, 233
+
+  Kishia (General West Coast), 113
+
+  Kita (Timani), 48
+
+  Kiukuesin (Attie), 84
+
+  Kiumba (Bondoukou), 89
+
+  K’Kuperb (Timani), 45
+
+  Klaineodoxa Gabunensis, 230, 432; K. Grandifolia, 432
+
+  Klo (Ewe), 133
+
+  Klokpakpa (Ewe), 131; (Kratschi), 132
+
+  Klongbau (Timani), 134
+
+  Kobei (Mendi), 54
+
+  Kobi (Bambara), 85
+
+  Kobwi (Mendi), 46
+
+  Kochoa (Kratschi), 132
+
+  Kodago, 218, 244
+
+  Kode lia (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+  Kofe (Mendi), 55
+
+  Kofei (Mendi), 58
+
+  Koghia bera (Fanti), 88
+
+  Koinadugu District, 59
+
+  Kojagei (Mendi), 56
+
+  Kokank (Lophira Procera) cut locally, Sierra Leone, 33
+
+  Kokara (Hausa), 220
+
+  Kokiya (Hausa), 215; or Kokiyar biri (Kontagora), 224
+
+  Koko Port, 151, 156, 157; K. Town, 305
+
+  Kokochiko (Hausa), 223
+
+  Kokojá (Losso), 128
+
+  Kokomazur (Mbonoi), 89
+
+  Kokoro or Golloklo (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Kokoti (Wassaw, Fanti), 108
+
+  Kokotsi (Fanti), 87
+
+  Kokotswi (Twi), 101
+
+  Kokpara (Atakpame), 130
+
+  Kokue (Attie), 88
+
+  Kokuwa (Sok. and West.), 221
+
+  Kola (Tree), 54; Baboon K., 54; K. Bark, 145; Bitter K. (exported from
+  Sierra Leone), 63, 106. _See also_ Cola
+
+  Kola nuts, 54, 63, 69, 80, 106, 150, 223
+
+  Kolei (Mendi), 48
+
+  Koligi (Leopardwood), 35
+
+  Kologalei (Mendi), 55
+
+  Kombo seeds, 458
+
+  Kombolo or Combolo (Duala), 429
+
+  Komdi (Timani), 55
+
+  Komigbulei (Mendi), 53
+
+  Komoe River, 82
+
+  Komu (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+  Kondi (Mendi), 51
+
+  Kongkong or Kongkonga (Tschaudjo), 135, 143
+
+  Kongo (Tschaudjo), 142
+
+  Kongofura (Tschaudjo), 142
+
+  Kongoli (Mendi), 62
+
+  Kongolu (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+  Kongowura (Kotokoli), 139
+
+  Konkwa (Bali), 437
+
+  Kontagora, 189, 190, 200, 210
+
+  Kontah or Rhodesian Mahogany (_see_ Afzelia African), 32, 47
+
+  Kontsha District, 415
+
+  Köpu (Kratschi), 132
+
+  Koran tablets made from Crossopteryx Kotschyana, 145
+
+  Koriga stream, 200
+
+  Koronko (Timani), 45; (and Mendi), 45
+
+  Kotia (Yendi), 137
+
+  Koto Dyakossi, 142
+
+  Kotokie (Indenia), 87
+
+  Kotopapa (Krepi), 98
+
+  Kotopuan (Attie), 84
+
+  Kotschii, 214, 215
+
+  Kotublassu (Fõ), 139
+
+  Kouanda (Attie), 87
+
+  Kowi or Kuwi (Mendi), 49
+
+  Kpa (Efik), 352; K. (Ewe), 127
+
+  Kpaini (Mendi), 43
+
+  Kpako (Anago), 127
+
+  Kpakpa (Fõ), 132
+
+  K’Pal (Timani), 46
+
+  K’Palen (Timani), 58
+
+  Kpánenā (Kratschi), 131
+
+  Kpaoloe (Mendi), 51
+
+  Kpendei (Mendi), 47
+
+  Kpendeideli (Mendi), 47
+
+  Kpessei (Mendi), 44
+
+  Kpetellahen (Mendi), 59
+
+  Kpoe (Ewe), 139
+
+  Kpoye (Sierra Leone), 457
+
+  Kreangú (Asanté), 141
+
+  Krekete (Bambara), 88
+
+  Krendja Haigue (Agni), 85
+
+  Kroo Coast, 98
+
+  Krŭbete (Asanté), 135
+
+  Krubua (Twi), 101
+
+  Krutū (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+  Kuakie-kuakie (Agni), 88
+
+  Kuangua (Agni), 84; K. iniama (Agni), 85
+
+  Kuanguan (Agni), 84
+
+  Kuatiecuale (Agni), 86
+
+  Kube (Akwapim), 93
+
+  Küe (Attie), 84
+
+  Kuge (Bakossi), 440
+
+  Kugŏnu (Tschaudjo), 134
+
+  Kuka (Hausa), 138, 190, 210, 223
+
+  Kukorn (Timani), 45
+
+  Kukuki, 190, 210, 223
+
+  Kukumarugbo (Yoruba), 332
+
+  Kuli pia (Bondoukou), 85
+
+  Kulil (Timani), 51
+
+  Kumba District, 416, 420
+
+  Kumchi (Sok. and Zanf.), 222
+
+  Kuntunkun (Twi), 105
+
+  Kuntunkuni (Denkira), 105
+
+  Kupaussŭto (Kabure, Tschaudjo), 131
+
+  Kupkup (Timani), 62
+
+  Kuppe Mountains, 415, 417, 420
+
+  Kurdi (Hausa), 220
+
+  Kure (Agni), 84
+
+  Kuriya (Sok. and Zanf.), 223
+
+  Kurna (Hausa), 198, 213
+
+  Kurnan nasara, 191, 219; (East Hausa, Kontagora), 222
+
+  Kursua (Appolonian), 107
+
+  Kuru (Brass), 357; (Ibo, Owerri), 357; (Ijor), 229
+
+  Kusia (Twi), 113
+
+  Kuwi or Kowi (Mendi), 49
+
+  Kuwul (Timani), 44
+
+  Kwa (River), 152, 469
+
+  Kwaboho (Ashanti), 100
+
+  Kwabohri (Twi), 100
+
+  Kwaiebo River, 151, 152
+
+  Kwakwa or Kwakwar (Hausa), 218
+
+  Kwalo nut, 218, 244
+
+  Kwandaruja, 220
+
+  Kwankanni, 192
+
+  Kwantama (Wassaw, General West Coast), 111
+
+  Kwantanura (Ashanti), 101
+
+  Kwari (Hausa), 224
+
+  Kwina (Hausa), 222
+
+  Kyllingia, 196
+
+  Kyukyu or bird, 315
+
+
+  Labiatæ (Nigeria), 194, 400
+
+  Labuje goriya (largest nuts), 223
+
+  Laburnum compared to Cassia fistula, 99
+
+  Lagenaria, 159; L. vulgaris, 193
+
+  Lagerstrœmia (L. flos Reginæ), 174
+
+  Lagos, 151, 156, 157, 169, 170, 174, 176, 185, 189, 243, 264, 339,
+  358, 368, 395, 410, 464; L. Public Works, 160; L. Sawmills, 159; L.
+  Reserve, 163; L. River, 151
+
+  Laguncularia racemosa, 56, 108, 374, 397; L. sp., 397
+
+  La Hou, 81, 82
+
+  Lakole (Yoruba), 349
+
+  Lakoshe (Yoruba), 265
+
+  Lakosin (Yoruba), 264, 265
+
+  Lakuta (Yoruba), 303
+
+  Lalong grass, 56
+
+  Lancashire County experiments, 483
+
+  Ländo (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+  Landolphia, 203, 302; Landolphia (large fruited), 392; L. bracteata,
+  100, 392; L. Dawei, 440; L. Droogmansiana, 111; L. ferruginea, 110; L.
+  florida, 111, 192, 392; L. Heudelotii, 58; L. jenge, 79; L. klainii,
+  111; L. leonensis, 58; L. owariensis, 68, 79, 111, 197, 392; L.
+  owariensis jenge, 58; L. owariensis, _var._ rubiginosa, 392; L.
+  Petersiana, 392; L. scandens, 111, 392; L. Senegalensis, 111, 392; L.
+  Thompsonii, 111, 392
+
+  Lane Poole (species trees, Sierra Leone), 41
+
+  Lānga͡ua (Kratschi), 146
+
+  Lannea acidissima, 86, 136; L. Barteri, 136; L. sp., 87
+
+  Lantana camara, 112; L. salvifolia, 193
+
+  Lasiodiscus, 104
+
+  Lasiosyphon Glaucus, 437; L. Kraussii, 195
+
+  Latex, 58, 95, 109, 111, 250, 252, 254, 266, 292, 392
+
+  Lauraceæ (Gold Coast), 96; (Cameroons), 427; (Nigeria), 195, 266
+
+  Lauro (Cedar-like), 250, 346
+
+  Lawonong (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Lawsonia alba, 192
+
+  Laye, Igu (Yoruba), 302
+
+  Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, 53, 104, 340
+
+  Lecythidaceæ (Gold Coast), 108; (Nigeria), 367
+
+  Leea, 105; L. Guineensis, 197
+
+  Leguminosæ, (Sierra Leone), 44; (Gold Coast), 96; (Liberia), 72;
+  (Ivory Coast), 84; (Nigeria), 191, 197, 199, 219, 269, 276, 277, 301,
+  305, 447; (Togo), 130
+
+  Leicester Peak, 25
+
+  Lemon trees, 124
+
+  Lentibulaceæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+  Leopardstown (Calabar), 312
+
+  Leopardwood, Description of, 35 Lepidoturus occidentalis, 433
+
+  Leptadenia lancifolia, 199
+
+  Leptaulos daphnoides, 53, 87
+
+  Leptoderris, 287
+
+  Leptonychia, 54
+
+  Lia nuwasanre (Tschaudjo), 142
+
+  Liane, liana (fibre), 72, 131
+
+  Liasá (Atakpame), 129
+
+  Liberia, position of, 17; L., chapter iv, 66-80; L. Gola Forest, 66;
+  L. valuable trees, 66-69; L. Trees and Rubber Vines, 70-79; L. Forest
+  Exports, 80
+
+  Liberian coffee, 79
+
+  Lifui (Ewe), 144
+
+  Light African Greenheart, 279
+
+  Lignum Vitæ, 175
+
+  Lili River, 117
+
+  Liliaceæ (Sierra Leone), 42; (Liberia), 70; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold
+  Coast), 94; (Togo), 127; Nigeria, 195, 199, 245
+
+  Lilualamombe (Bakwiri), 433
+
+  Lime trees, 124
+
+  Limonia, 221; L. Preussii, 134; L. Warneckei, 134
+
+  Linaceæ (Sierra Leone), 49; (Ivory Coast), 85; (Gold Coast), 100;
+  (Cameroons), 431
+
+  Lindackeria dentata, 107, 437
+
+  Linociera Mannii, 88; L. nilotica, 142
+
+  Lipiti or Dsati (Ewe), 132
+
+  Lippia Ukambensis, 193
+
+  Lisombe Palm, 243
+
+  Lissochilus arenarius, 195
+
+  Liver Sausage tree, 145
+
+  Liverpool Markets, 157, 252, 255, 259, 264, 268, 272, 277, 279, 280,
+  282, 287, 293, 305, 308, 310, 316, 327, 333, 344, 348, 354, 358, 361,
+  378, 390, 403, 404, 405, 456, 460, 461, 480
+
+  Liwoma (Bakwiri), 434
+
+  Lloyd, Frank J., _Analysis of Kernel Cake_, 481
+
+  Lo (Abe), 85; L. (Attie), 85; Lo (Attie), 87; (Ewe), 134
+
+  Lobog (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Locust, 491; L. bean, 45, 73; Tree, 97, 120, 126, 153, 207; L. wood,
+  131
+
+  Loganiaceæ (Sierra Leone), 58; (Ivory Coast), 88; (Gold Coast), 110;
+  (Togo), 142; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 215, 224, 389; (Cameroons), 440
+
+  Logo (Ewe), 129
+
+  Logoasagu (Ewe), 128
+
+  Loho (Abe), 83
+
+  Loko, 219
+
+  Lokoba (Attie), 86
+
+  Lokobua (Attie), 86
+
+  Lokoja, 188, 189, 202, 206
+
+  Lom (Bakoko), 430, 435
+
+  Loma Mountains, 25, 58, 160
+
+  Lomburu (Bondoukou), 87
+
+  Lome Experimental Gardens, 122; Railway, 119, 121; Taxation, 116;
+  (Capital) Togo, 116
+
+  Lonchocarpus, 35, 46; L. Barteri, 72; L. cyanescens, 46, 99, 197, 219,
+  221, 303; L. laxiflora, 72, 191, 201, 220, 221; L. sericeus, 46, 72,
+  85, 99, 133, 302; L. sp., 303; L. zenkeri, 72, 231, 428
+
+  London markets, 157; (Erith), 480
+
+  Longoso (Bakundu, Bakwiri), 433
+
+  Loofah gourd, 194
+
+  Lophira, 117, 118; L. alata, 18, 19, 26, 54, 67, 82, 107, 109, 139,
+  190, 200, 202, 209, 214, 232, 234, 357, 358, 379, 436, 445, 446, 459,
+  460, 461; Lophira procera, 19, 27, 33, 54, 77, 87, 107, 159, 160, 209,
+  229, 277, 356, 358, 359, 394, 415, 416, 417, 419, 460
+
+  Lophotocarpus Guyanensis, 195
+
+  Lopi (Timani), 42
+
+  Loranthaceæ (Sierra Leone), 43; (Nigeria), 193, 259
+
+  Loranthus, 193; L. langwensis, 43; L. leptolobus (Red flowering L.),
+  259
+
+  Lovoa, 101, 177, 228, 326, 412, 416, 422; Klaineana, 28, 49, 67, 74,
+  101, 177; L. sp. near L. Klaineana, 49
+
+  Lubei (Mendi), 59
+
+  Lubi or Snuff, 62
+
+  Lubiniati (Adionkron), 85
+
+  Ludjŭ (Tschaudjo), 128
+
+  Luep (Timani), 52
+
+  Luffa Acutangula, 194; L. Ægyptiaca, 194; L. Soudanica, 164
+
+  Lumber exports (Gold Coast), 115
+
+  Lycopodaceæ (Nigeria), 410
+
+  Lycopodium phlegmaria, 410
+
+  Lymexylon, 326
+
+  Lythraceæ (Nigeria), 192
+
+  Maba (Benin), 388; M. Mannii, 57, 388; M. Warneckii, 142
+
+  Mabanga (Duala), 441
+
+  Mabump (Timani), 47
+
+  Macaranga, 337; M. Barteri, 52, 102; M. heterophylla, 52, 102; M.
+  Heudelotii, 86; M. Monandra, 52, 102; M. Rosea, 433; M. Rowlandii,
+  102; M. sp., 433
+
+  Mackay or Sea bean, 69, 72, 298
+
+  Macrolobium elongatum, 47; M. Limba, 46, 47, 98; M. Mannii, 428; M.
+  Macrolobium, 289; M. Palisotii, 46, 85, 98, 288, 289, 449; M.
+  Preussii, 428; M. reticulatum, 98; M. sp., 46, 98, 232; M. sp. near
+  Heudelotii, 47; M. Stipulaceæ, 98, 289; M. Zenkeri, 428
+
+  Madachi (Hausa), 190, 211, 229; M. or Madavachi (Sok.), 222
+
+  Madobia (Hausa), 206, 221, 231
+
+  Mærua, 198; M. Angolensis, 219
+
+  Mæsa lanceolata, 438
+
+  Mæsobotrya cauliflora, 103; M. sp., 52; M. stapfiana, 86; M.
+  sparsiflora, 103
+
+  Magariya, 198, 213, 222
+
+  Magariyar kura, 198, 222
+
+  Magarua or Bagarua (Hausa), 131
+
+  Magbevi (Mendi), 50
+
+  Magoro (Hausa), 222
+
+  Maho River, 39
+
+  Mahogany, 50, 67, 75, 77, 119, 120, 228, 323, 329, 332, 334, 363, 364,
+  405, 413, 416, 420, 421, 422, 424, 445, 446
+
+    African, 20, 120, 135, 149, 175, 205, 222
+
+    African, West, 211, 422, 423
+
+    Bark Tree, Brass, 308
+
+    Bastard, 315
+
+    Bean, 205
+
+    Benin, 57, 78, 157, 266, 268, 316, 319
+
+    Cedar, 26, 28, 328, 329, 330; Hard Cedar M., 323
+
+    Cherry, 376
+
+    Close-grained, 328
+
+    Dita, 73
+
+    Dry Zone, 177, 229
+
+    Duika, 423
+
+    False, 324
+
+    False Hill, 343
+
+    Gaboon, 29, 315, 316, 317, 320, 419, 422, 424
+
+    Hard, 306, 419; Hard capsuled, 323
+
+    Heavy, 102, 151, 157, 418, 420
+
+    Khaya, 423, 325; M. Khaya Senegalensis, 17, 20, 21; Khaya Klainii,
+    149
+
+    Kontah, 26, 67, 205
+
+    Lagos, 157, 162, 164, 167
+
+    Light, 415, 417
+
+    Long-capsuled, 177, 178, 415, 416
+
+    Mountain, 35, 46, 68, 72
+
+    Niger, 320
+
+    Nuts, 267, 269
+
+    Oban, 378
+
+    Pink, 304, 315
+
+    Plantations (Togo) (Khaya Klainii), 149
+
+    Red, 267
+
+    Reserves, 167
+
+    Rhodesian or Kontah, 26, 67, 205
+
+    Sapeli or Heavy, 102, 151, 157, 418, 420
+
+    Satin, 28, 50, 75
+
+    Scented, 317, 318, 329, 416, 417, 419
+
+    Seedlings (Growth, Felling, Rafting), 187
+
+    Spanish, 175
+
+    Substitute, 57
+
+    Timber, 226
+
+    Uhi, 319
+
+    Unscented, 416
+
+    White or Galvon, 29, 320; White-barked, 320
+
+  Maize, 204, 471
+
+  Maje (Hausa), 190, 191, 205; (Sok.), 221
+
+  Majigi, 221
+
+  Majiriya (Kano), 221
+
+  Mak (River), 419
+
+  Makarfo (Hausa), 202, 205, 221, 233
+
+  Makasar adwa, 194
+
+  Makua (Mbonoi), 86
+
+  Makube (Ashanti), 93; (Fanti), 83, 93
+
+  Malacantha sp. nov., 382; M. Warneckeana, 141
+
+  Malankwi (Appolonian), 93
+
+  Malei (Mendi), 45
+
+  Mallotus oppositifolius, 197
+
+  Malmo (Hausa), 213, 224, 232
+
+  Malpigheaceæ (Gold Coast), 102
+
+  Malvaceæ (Liberia), 76; (Gold Coast), 105; (Togo), 137; Nigeria, 190,
+  344; (Cameroons), 435
+
+  Mambo (Mendi), 47
+
+  Mamboi (Mendi), 51
+
+  Mambui (Mendi), 47
+
+  Mamie Kini, 88
+
+  Mamfe, 418
+
+  Mammea sapota, 55; M. sp., 230
+
+  Mammee (Timani), 55
+
+  Mammy or Mammee Apple (Ochrocarpus Africanus), 29, 33, 55; Mammy
+  supporter, 55
+
+  Mamu Lonchocarpus, 303; M. Reserve, 160, 166, 170, 172, 173, 176, 178,
+  179, 180, 246, 264, 278, 303, 312, 347, 373, 392, 405, 407
+
+  Manchester (prepared to take kernels), 481
+
+  Mandji, 422
+
+  Manengube Mountains, 415, 417
+
+  Mangifera, 75; M. Africana, 52; M. Indica, 222; M. sp., 75
+
+  Mango, 75, 196, 222; M. sp., 75; M. Tree, 75
+
+  Mangrove, 19, 438; M. Bark, 226; Red M., 234, 368, 396, 451; White M.,
+  108, 234, 374, 397, 440; White Button M., 374; White Nut M., 257
+
+  Mangrove Forests, 20, 33, 56, 78; M. Swamps, 18, 151, 154
+
+  Mangu natives, 130; M. station (Togo), 126
+
+  Manihot dichotoma, 122, 123, 148; M. Glaziovii, 122, 126; M.
+  heptaphylla, 123, 124, 148; M. Pianhyensis, 123, 124, 148; M.
+  utilissima, 47
+
+  Manja R., 418, 419
+
+  Mannia Africana, 85
+
+  Manniophyton Africanum, 337; M. sp., 337, 452
+
+  Mano River, 39, 66, 68, 69
+
+  Mansu, 102
+
+  Manya River, 418
+
+  Manyu River, 418
+
+  Maradi, 210
+
+  Marantaceæ (Nigeria), 246; M. (Togo), 128
+
+  Maremper, 25
+
+  Mareya spicata, 52
+
+  Marga (Hausa), 206
+
+  Margarine made from Palm Kernel Oil, 480; from Shea Butter Nuts, 153
+
+  Marike (Hausa), 92, 212, 223, 232
+
+  Marine supplied with timber, 187
+
+  Markhamia Lutea, 144, 441; M. tomentosa, 144, 401
+
+  Maro, 39
+
+  Marua, 190
+
+  Masche (Hausa), 132
+
+  Mat (Timani), 48
+
+  Match-box Bean, 298
+
+  Maticke (Ho), 146
+
+  Mauritius Hemp, 128
+
+  Mawelu (Bakwiri), 441
+
+  Mbafo, 432
+
+  Mbagboldede (Mendi), 54
+
+  Mbako (Bakwiri), 441
+
+  Mbana Oyop (Old Calabar), 466
+
+  Mbang (Attie), 84, 445, 446
+
+  Mbaoa (Bakwiri), 429
+
+  Mbarakun (Oban, Ekoi), 290
+
+  Mbauwi (Mendi), 53
+
+  Mbawe (Abe), 84
+
+  Mbomdi (Mendi), 46, 47
+
+  Mbomo-kuku (Efik), 288; M.-nkuku (Efrie), 232
+
+  Mbonda pondo (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Mbosse (Agni), 86
+
+  Mboti Buma (Attie), 88
+
+  M’boy (Mendi), 62
+
+  Mbrahu (Abe), 89
+
+  Mbu District and River, 417, 418, 419, 487
+
+  Mbuandæ (Mendi), 62
+
+  McIver, Messrs., Lagos Sawmill, 159
+
+  Mdayen (Mendi), 55
+
+  Measurements of planted trees (Olokemeji Reserve), 183
+
+  Mebeli (Mendi), 55; M. deli, 48; M. or Mbelignli, 45, 55
+
+  Megabana (Trillesii), 103
+
+  Mekhi (Attie), 83
+
+  Melastomaceæ (Cameroons), 438; M. (Ivory Coast), 88; M. (Nigeria),
+  375; M. (Sierra Leone), 56
+
+  Melia Azedarach, 123, 135, 148, 191, 222, 331
+
+  Meliaceæ (Cameroons), 432, 442, 445, 446; M. (Gold Coast), 100; M.
+  (Ivory Coast), 85; M. (Liberia), 74; M. (Nigeria), 191, 196, 211, 222,
+  317, 331; M. (Sierra Leone), 49; M. (Togo), 135
+
+  Melianthaceæ (Gold Coast), 104; (Togo), 137
+
+  Memchin (Appolonian), 97
+
+  Meme (District), 415; M. (River), 418, 419
+
+  Memecylon macrodendron, 438; M. polyanthemos, 88; M. _cf._ M.
+  spathulandra, 56; M. sp. (near Barten), 375
+
+  Mendi or Mendis, 26, 28, 35, 40; M. (Sierra Leone), 26
+
+  “Meni” oil, 358, 359, 459
+
+  Menispermaceæ (Nigeria), 193, 259; M. (Sierra Leone), 43
+
+  Merremia, 194; M. umbellata, 197
+
+  Mesua Ferrua, 176
+
+  Metchi (Attie), 83
+
+  Mfam (Ekoi), 228
+
+  Mfu River, 419, 487
+
+  Mgua (Abe), 83
+
+  Michelia Champaca, 177
+
+  Microdesmis puberula, 52, 103, 336, 419; M. sp., 230, 336, 452
+
+  Mijin kade (Hausa), 209
+
+  Mileishia (Appolonien) (Aowin), 94
+
+  Milk-weed, 199
+
+  Miller Bros., Messrs., Koko Town Sawmill, 159
+
+  Millet (Bull-rush), 199, 204
+
+  Millettia attite, 133; M., _cf._ drastica, 48; M. Lane-Poolei, 48; M.
+  pallens, 48; M. rhodantha, 48; M. sericeus, 203; M. sp., 85, 428; M.
+  sp. near M. sangana, 48, 197, 203, 417, 418; M. Thonningii, 99, 233,
+  284; M. Zechiana, 99
+
+  Mimbo (Palm Wine), 425
+
+  Mimifia District, 430, 431
+
+  Mimosa asperata, 191, 209; M. Dinklagei, 48, 73
+
+  Mimoseæ (Nigeria), 301
+
+  Mimusops, 57, 78, 110, 197; M. djave, 57, 110, 179, 229, 370, 376,
+  378, 416, 419, 420, 438, 445, 446, 455; M. Egyptian, 219; M. elengi,
+  167; M. Kerstingii, 141; M. lacera, 67, 78, 141, 159, 378, 456; M.
+  multinervis, 18, 109, 118, 123, 141, 167, 186, 228, 375, 456; M. sp.,
+  28, 29, 57, 438
+
+  Minjiriya (Kano), 221
+
+  Misahöhe (Togo), 119, 125, 126, 142
+
+  Mistletoe, 43; M. (African), 259; M. (parasite), 170, 246
+
+  Mitragyne, 62; M. Africana, 145, 192, 202, 214, 225, 406; M. inermis,
+  145; M. macrophylla, 89, 113, 145, 230, 406; value of M. species, 146
+
+  Mixed Plantations, 124
+
+  Mo River, 415, 418
+
+  Mobo (District), 420, 425, 433, 438; Mobo River, 417; M. Foto
+  Mountains, 415, 417
+
+  Mobonran (Ijaw), 229
+
+  Mogbara (Yoruba), 278; M. (Ikale and Yoruba), 288
+
+  Mohammedan rosaries, 128; M. Teachers’ use of Vitex, 60
+
+  Moigbwamy (Mendi), 43
+
+  Mo-Kamaa, Afforestation area, 120
+
+  Mokamu (Bakwiri), 430
+
+  Moko River, 415, 419
+
+  Mokongo or Momangi (Bakundu and Bakwiri), 425
+
+  Mokowa (Bakwiri), 428
+
+  Molemṓle (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+  Mollugo, 194
+
+  Moloney, 290
+
+  Momangi, 445, 446
+
+  Momordica balsamina, 194
+
+  Mon (Attie), 84
+
+  Mondetu (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+  Mondoa (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Monechma, 194
+
+  Monga (Balong), 435
+
+  Moniera, 194
+
+  Monkey Apple (Anisophyllea laurina), 33, 55; M. bread, 53, 223, 347;
+  M. cola, 106, 210, 355; M. Guava, 215, 384
+
+  Monkwa Rock, 418
+
+  Monocotyledonous orders (Nigeria), 195, 197, 199
+
+  Monodora brevipes, 96, 265, 457; M. myristica, 43, 72, 84, 427, 457;
+  M. myristica, _var._ grandifolia, 265; M. tenuifolia, 72, 96, 264,
+  265, 457
+
+  Monotes Kerstingii, 139
+
+  Monrovia, 70, 73, 78
+
+  Moo River, 51
+
+  Moor Plantation, 241
+
+  Moraceaæ (Cameroons), 425; M. (Gold Coast), 94; M. (Ivory Coast), 83;
+  M. (Liberia), 70; M. (Nigeria), 193, 197, 199, 215, 218; M. (Sierra
+  Leone), 42; M. (Togo), 128
+
+  Morelia (Senegalensis), 62, 192, 214
+
+  Morinda Citrifolia (The Brimstone), Sierra Leone, cut locally, 31, 32,
+  60, 68, 89, 123, 146, 197, 204, 441; M. confusa, 61; Ekiti Morinda,
+  405; M. longiflora, 405; M. lucida, 405; M. quadrangularis, 61; M.
+  sp., 79, 405
+
+  Moringa pterygosperma, 44, 219, 453
+
+  Moringaceæ (Nigeria), 219, 453; M. (Sierra Leone), 44
+
+  Morro (River), 39, 66, 68, 69
+
+  Morus Mesozygia, 83; M. sp., 256
+
+  Mosaic-work and inlaying, 146
+
+  Mosangui (Attie), 87
+
+  Mosenge (Bakwiri), 433
+
+  Motandra Guineensis, 395
+
+  Mountain Ash, 311
+
+  Mousandua (Fanti), 94
+
+  Moyamba, 36
+
+  Moyida (Yoruba), 365
+
+  Mozambique, 211
+
+  Mpang (Bakoko and Basa), 443
+
+  Mpanju (Efik), 277, 278
+
+  Mpot, 168
+
+  Mpuri (Oban, Ekoi), 266
+
+  Mucuna pruriensis, 203; M. sp. Preussii, 299; M. urens, 299
+
+  Muea (Buea District), 436
+
+  Muell, 215
+
+  Muenge (Duala), 428
+
+  Mukonja, 418; M. (Duala), 438, 445
+
+  Munchis, 54
+
+  Mundulia suberosa (Benth), 303
+
+  Mungo River, 415, 419, 436
+
+  Mungongo (Duala), 435
+
+  Munon (Efik), 368
+
+  Muruchi, 216
+
+  Musa textilis, 128
+
+  Musaceæ (Togo), 128
+
+  Musanga, 358; M. Smithii, 42, 70, 83, 95, 129, 159, 233, 252, 418,
+  419, 420, 426, 485, 488
+
+  Musk Tree, 411
+
+  Muskat Nut, 72
+
+  Mussænda, 197, 203; M. erythrophylla, 407; M. Isertiana, 407; M.
+  tenuiflora, 407
+
+  Mussake, 420
+
+  Myole Polie (Abe), 83
+
+  Myrianthus arboreus, 42, 83, 95, 129, 256, 426; M. serratus, 42, 71,
+  83, 95, 129, 197, 204; M. sp., 42
+
+  Myristicaceæ (Cameroons), 427; (Gold Coast), 96; (Ivory Coast), 84;
+  (Liberia), 72; (Nigeria), 266; (Sierra Leone), 44; (Togo), 130
+
+  Myrrh, 221
+
+  Myrsinaceæ (Cameroons), 438
+
+  Myrtaceæ (Gold Coast), 108; (Ivory Coast), 88; (Liberia), 78;
+  (Nigeria), 192, 197, 213, 224, 374, 410; (Sierra Leone), 56; (Togo),
+  140
+
+
+  Na (Attie), 86
+
+  Nagudi (Atakpame), 136
+
+  Nainvi (Bondoukou), 85
+
+  Nali (Mendi), 58
+
+  Namijin gwabsa, 210, 221; N. Kade (Hausa), 190, 232
+
+  Naparli (Mangu), 132
+
+  Napoleona Imperialis, 367; N. Owariensis, 367; N. speckle-fruited,
+  367; N. Vogelii, 108, 197, 367; N. Whitfieldii, 367
+
+  Naprampogo (Dyakossi), 142
+
+  Narenga (Dagomba), 143
+
+  Nassarawa, 200; N. Province, 300
+
+  Nassarli or Nabuli (Dyakossi), 146
+
+  Native Court Plantation, 180
+
+  Nayile (Konkomba), 136
+
+  Nbob (Moyen Cavally), 86
+
+  Ndambabuli (Mendi), 48
+
+  Ndat (Efik), 231
+
+  Ndau (Appolonian, Aowin), 93
+
+  Ndawi or Ndawei (Mendi), 43, 44; N. (Badgi), 44
+
+  Ndebere (Attie), 89
+
+  Ndeh, 19, 168; N. people, 467
+
+  Ndeiwei (Mendi), 52
+
+  Ndian District, 415; N. River, 419
+
+  Ndonge (Bakwiri), 436
+
+  Ndototo (Bakwiri), 435
+
+  Ndukwun (Appolonian), 98
+
+  Negro Pepper, 219, 260; (N. P. small-flowering), 262
+
+  Negro Republic, 66
+
+  Nelsonia Campestris, 194
+
+  Nephrodium Asplenium, 196
+
+  Nesuwa (Benin), 344
+
+  Nettle-tree, 218
+
+  Newbouldia lævis, 60, 79, 113, 144, 192, 225; N. L. compared with
+  Markhamia tomentosa, 144
+
+  New Calabar language, 185; N. C. River, 151
+
+  News, Mr. E. D., Analysis, 482
+
+  Newtonia, 280; N. Insignis, 49, 99; near Newtonia, 290; N. Zenkeri,
+  417, 418
+
+  New Zealand Kauri Gum, 37
+
+  Ngitsa (Fontem or Bangwa), 427
+
+  Ngnanake (Abe), 86
+
+  Ngodua (Fanti), 107
+
+  Ngolo ngoloti (Abe), 86
+
+  N’goloduloi (Mendi), 54
+
+  Ngosame (Bakossi), 427
+
+  Ngua (Abe), 87; N. Abo (Attie), 87
+
+  Nguangua (Mendi), 52
+
+  Nguepe (Attie), 86
+
+  Nguni (Kabure), 134
+
+  Nguobi or Kusibiri (Attie), 88
+
+  Nhuei (Mendi), 53
+
+  Niagalei (Mendi), 55
+
+  Niam Fat, 358, 459
+
+  Niamidua (Twi), 111
+
+  Nianga (Agni), 83; N. Magui (English), 83; (Indenie), 83; Niankuma or
+  Niangama (Fanti, Ashanti, Aowin, Appolonian), 95
+
+  Niger Delta, 152, 185, 189; N. Estuary, 151; N. River, 153, 156, 168,
+  174, 188, 474; N. Province, 300
+
+  Nigeria, chapter viii; Afforestation, 166-182; Amount of forest land,
+  17; Bush Savannah, 201-202; Evergreen Fringing Belts, 203-205; Forest
+  Department, 184-188; Forest Exports, 226; Imports of Timber, 227;
+  Indigenous Trees, 235-414; List of Nigerian Trees, 218-225; Mahogany
+  or Timber Industry, 155-160; Measurements of planted trees in
+  Olokemeji Reserve, 183; Park Savannah, 202-203; Permanent Forests,
+  160-166; Review of the Botanical Features, 188-200; Rivers, Ports, and
+  Forests, 151-154; Schedule of Protected Trees, 228-234; some trees of
+  Hausaland, 205-217; South, 67; Southern Provinces, chapter ix, 493,
+  494, 495; Tree Savannah or Savannah Forest, 200-201
+
+  Nigerian Swamps, 19
+
+  Nihau (Benin), 350
+
+  Ni-Kaftei (Mendi), 53
+
+  Nikko or Niko Nuts, 267, 269, 459
+
+  Nikli (Mendi), 52
+
+  Nimeribaka (Appolonian), 111
+
+  Nimmini Mountains, 25, 39, 58, 160
+
+  Nimwau Peso (Tschaudjo), 137
+
+  Ningei (Mendi), 42
+
+  Ningo (Bambara), 87
+
+  Niondobi (Bondoukou), 86
+
+  Nja (Efik), 272
+
+  Njabi, 445; N. (Duala), 438
+
+  Njahewe (Mendi), 43
+
+  Njakpe (Anlo), 145
+
+  Njakpokpo (Anecho), 145
+
+  Njangsang (Duala), 433
+
+  Njasun (Ekoi), 229
+
+  Njelei (Mendi), 61
+
+  Njokubore (Bakundu), 442
+
+  Njokubwele (Bakundu), 432
+
+  Njomboguli (Mendi), 49
+
+  Njondji (Bakwiri), 426; N. Bwele (Duala), 433
+
+  Njorgora (Oban, Ekoi), 336
+
+  Njove or Njole (Rio del Rey), 437
+
+  Nkiebe (Mbonoi), 83
+
+  Nkissi River, 276
+
+  Nkohen (Ekoi), 229
+
+  Nkom (Bakossi), 438
+
+  N’ku (Akwapim), 109; (Fanti), 109
+
+  Nkue (Attie), 87
+
+  Nkula (Gaboon), 258
+
+  Nla Ali Hills, 418
+
+  Noami River, 238
+
+  Nobe, 199
+
+  Non gwanki, 219
+
+  Normal type of Fringing Forests, 117
+
+  Notonima (Ashanti), 108
+
+  Nsa-sana (Efik), 451, 452; Nsa-sana kernels, 452
+
+  Nsab (Bare), 438
+
+  Nsan (Ekoi), 228; (Oban, Ekoi), 253
+
+  Nsukakara (Oban, Ekoi), 338
+
+  Ntaba (Bambara), 87
+
+  Ntagne (Attie), 88
+
+  Ntini Nyok (Kwa), 361
+
+  Ntong (Fongtem and Bangwa), 425
+
+  Ntung (Fanti and Ashanti), 93
+
+  Nuatjä, 117; N. Agricultural School, 122; N. Railway, 119
+
+  Nukoi (Mendi), 59
+
+  Nun River, 151, 174
+
+  Nunu (fruit of Danya), 222
+
+  Nupé Canoes, 215
+
+  Nuso or Aru (Atakpame), 130
+
+  Nutmeg, 421, 427; N. African, 264, 457; N. Calabar, 457; N. Calabash,
+  265; N. yellow flowering, 265, 457
+
+  Nutssunutssu (Anago), 138
+
+  Nuwo (Ekoi), 231
+
+  Nuxia Mannii, 440
+
+  Nya (Efik), 288
+
+  Nyakpekpe (Ewe), 145
+
+  Nyam (Efik), 376
+
+  Nyama (Mangu), 133
+
+  Nyankon, Yankom or Yankun (General West Coast), 106
+
+  Nyimo (Atakpame), 146
+
+  Nyimu (Mangu), 134
+
+  Nyi-nu-Robin (General West Coast), 105
+
+  Nymphæa, 193
+
+  Nympheaceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+  Nyomdobai (Mendi), 53
+
+  Nyumbuyambei (Mendi), 62
+
+
+  Oaho (Benin), 37, 413
+
+  Oak (Bush O.), 416; O. (Dry Zone), 379, 394, 422, 423
+
+  Oba, Oba’s house, 275; O. Tree (Yoruba), 253
+
+  Obadan-nikwi (Benin), 251, 407
+
+  Obagie Forest, 160, 166, 339, 407
+
+  Obala (Atakpame), 130
+
+  Oban Hills, 17, 152; O. Hill Forests, 19, 154, 159; O. natives, 378;
+  O. Reserve, 160, 168, 362, 375, 392, 399, 450, 456, 497
+
+  Obang (Bafo), 425
+
+  Obba on the Hill (Ondo Province), 400
+
+  Obbo (Akposso), 140
+
+  Obeche or Obechi, 153, 159, 230, 351
+
+  Obi (Yoruba), 321; O. Abata, 354
+
+  Obiache (Benin), 159, 228, 402, 404, 405
+
+  Obidu (Yoruba), 355
+
+  Obiedum or Obiedun (Yoruba), 355
+
+  Obiletu (Efik), 230
+
+  Obiliteto (Efik), 386
+
+  Obo (Oban, Ekoi), 318
+
+  Oboba or Obobo (Yoruba), 251
+
+  Obobonikwi (Benin), 228, 328
+
+  Obobonufwa (Benin), 328, 329
+
+  Obokha (Benin), 346
+
+  Obon (Oban, Ekoi), 318
+
+  Obong (Efik), 233
+
+  Obuba (New Calabar), 281
+
+  Obuban (Benin), 399
+
+  Obubra Forest, 19, 177, 239, 273, 274, 307, 350, 472
+
+  Obudu District, 356, 365, 407, 472
+
+  Obuko (Yoruba), 312
+
+  Oburuburu (Yoruba), 349
+
+  Ochna Afzelii, 139; O. multiflora, 233, 356; O. sp., 54, 356 (new
+  sp.), 190
+
+  Ochnaceæ (Sierra Leone), 54 (Liberia), 77; (Ivory Coast), 87; (Gold
+  Coast), 107; (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 190, 209, 356, 447, 459;
+  (Cameroons), 436
+
+  Ochrocarpus Africanus, 29, 33, 55, 88, 159, 363, 462
+
+  Ochthocosmus Africanum, 49
+
+  Ocimum, 195; O. Americanum, 195; O. viride, 400
+
+  Ocotea, _cf._ 266
+
+  Octodon, 192
+
+  Octoknema affinis, 84
+
+  Octoknemaceæ (Ivory Coast), 84
+
+  Odahuma (Wassaw), 97
+
+  Odala (Ibo), 228
+
+  Odan (Yoruba), 309
+
+  Ode District, 303, 354, 357, 361, 367, 399
+
+  Odenya (Wassaw), 97
+
+  Odgebu (West side), 362
+
+  Odiki, 445, 446
+
+  Odina acida, 76; O. Barteri, 212, 222; O. sp., 52, 104, 191
+
+  Odji (Asaba), 253; (Brass), 233, 359; (Ibo), 228, 253
+
+  Odjiwawa (Ibo), 231
+
+  Odo (Jekri), 368
+
+  Odoko (Yoruba), 232
+
+  Odonomo-kyu-kyu (Benin), 229
+
+  Odonumon (Efik), 397
+
+  Odoum or Odum (Appolonian), 83; (Asante), 128; (Hausa), 215; (Twi), 95
+
+  Odu (Yoruba), 368
+
+  Odubin (Ashanti), 101
+
+  Odudu (Ondo), 230
+
+  Oduduku (Atakpame), 138
+
+  Odupon (Fanti), 101
+
+  Odyendea Gabunensis, 432
+
+  Œcological Division of Forests (after Warming), 18
+
+  Ofarm (Ashanti), 98
+
+  Ofemm (Bembi), 390
+
+  Offenma (Ashanti), 103
+
+  Offonkwari (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+  Offram (Twi, Fanti), 109
+
+  Offun (Lagos), 247
+
+  Ofika (Timani), 42
+
+  Ofriyio (Efik), 253
+
+  Ofu or Ohonton (Fanti), 95
+
+  Ofun (Yoruba), 234
+
+  Ofuntum (Appolonian), 89
+
+  Ofwho (Quitta, Krepi), 105
+
+  Ogaba (Benin), 288, 289, 449
+
+  Ogabeszi (Benin), 289
+
+  Ogabezzi (Benin), 285
+
+  Ogabi, 365
+
+  Ogan or Ogun River, 152, 169, 170, 174, 252, 272, 276, 322, 334
+
+  Ogan or Okan (Yoruba), 373; O. oga (Yoruba), 298; O. pupa (Yoruba),
+  230, 372, 373, 383
+
+  Ogangan (Benin), 335, 336
+
+  Oganwo (Yoruba), 177; or Ogangwo, 229, 319, 321; Oganwo or Oganwu
+  (Benin), 177, 318, 319
+
+  Ogba Forest, 160; O. Plantations, 166, 176, 177; O. Province, 271; O.
+  River, 327
+
+  Ogbamaton (Benin), 336
+
+  Ogbia (Yoruba), 360
+
+  Ogbogo nut, 463
+
+  Ogbun (Lagos), 397
+
+  Ogea (Yoruba), 278
+
+  Ogeddin (Benin), 243
+
+  Ogedin, 466
+
+  Ogege (Benin), 328
+
+  Ogemme (Benin), 367
+
+  Ogi (Calabar District), 399
+
+  Ogiahimi (Benin), 400
+
+  Ogidu (Yoruba), 348
+
+  Ogiedi (Benin), 243
+
+  Ogigedu (Benin), 321
+
+  Ogihu (Benin), 245
+
+  Ogikan (Benin), 328
+
+  Ogikiomi (Benin), 285
+
+  Oginni or Inyi (Yoruba), 449
+
+  Oginyi (Benin), 275
+
+  Ogiovala (Benin), 330
+
+  Ogiovu (Benin), 249
+
+  Ogo (Akposso), 140; (Yoruba), 295; O. Province, Nigeria, 252
+
+  Ogodo Dry Zone Forest, 39
+
+  Ogohen (Benin), 159, 252
+
+  Ogohomeh or Oyohomeh (Benin), 365
+
+  Ogoja, 19, 237, 239, 240, 243, 244, 247, 249, 251, 252, 255, 257, 258,
+  259, 262, 263, 266, 270, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284, 289,
+  291, 294, 297, 298, 299, 301, 303, 305, 306, 309, 312, 317, 322, 324,
+  337, 340, 343, 344, 345, 346, 350, 354, 355, 357, 358, 362, 363, 365,
+  369, 379, 381, 382, 383, 390, 396, 397, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406,
+  407, 408, 413
+
+  Ograw (Yoruba), 252
+
+  Ogrugru Province, 322; O. (Yoruba), 349
+
+  Ogu (Anago), 138; O. District, 419
+
+  Ogudugbu (Yoruba), 390
+
+  Ogugu (Yoruba), 232, 349, 389
+
+  Oguja (Yoruba), 278
+
+  Oguk (Oban, Ekoi), 390
+
+  Ogungun (Yoruba), 349
+
+  Ogunshileh, 159
+
+  Ogurohe (Yoruba), 299
+
+  Oguru (Brass), 266
+
+  Ogwangu (Benin), 321
+
+  Ogwega (Benin), 306
+
+  Ogwi Tree (Benin), 312
+
+  Oha (River), 263
+
+  Ohau (Benin), 251
+
+  Ohehe (Benin), 301
+
+  Ohia (Benin), 246, 247, 388
+
+  Ohianamemme (Benin), 246
+
+  Ohiomo of the Benis, 230
+
+  Ohiorme (Benin), 233, 289
+
+  Oie (Yoruba), 311
+
+  _Oil and Colours Journal_, 482
+
+  Oil Bean tree, 45, 73, 97, 178, 380, 416; Beans, 68, 303, 304
+
+  Oil Beans, seeds and nuts, chap. xi, 447-463; Analysis of—
+
+    Ben oil seed cake, 453
+
+    Betu oil, 454
+
+    Carapa Guineensis, 458
+
+    “Chevi” seeds, 462
+
+    Citrullus vulgaris, 453
+
+    Dumoria Heckeli, 456
+
+    “Gorli” seeds, 463
+
+    Inoy nut, 450
+
+    Irvingia Barteri, 454
+
+    Kombo seed, 458
+
+    Lophira alata, 459-460
+
+    Lophira procera, 460-461
+
+    Meal after extraction of oil, 448, 450
+
+    Mimusops Djave, 456
+
+    Moringa pterygosperma, 453
+
+    Nsa-sana kernels, 452
+
+    Oil after extraction of meal, 448
+
+    Oil from South Nigeria seeds, 448
+
+    Shea butter, 455
+
+  Oil Ben tree, 453
+
+  Oil Investigations by the Imperial Institute, 448, 463
+
+  Oil Nuts, 69, 163, 165
+
+  _Oil, Seed and Feeding Cakes_, by the Imperial Institute, 484
+
+  Ojamba (Ashanti), 95
+
+  Ojia (Yoruba), 230
+
+  Oju Agbigbo (Yoruba), 343
+
+  Okagbo (Yoruba), 348
+
+  Okahimi (Benin), 388
+
+  Okakan, 163
+
+  Okan (Benin), 229, 286
+
+  Okankan, 240
+
+  Okare (Yoruba), 337
+
+  Okarora ossa (Ondo), 361
+
+  Oke-Igbo (Ilesha District), 395
+
+  Okenuhen District, 240
+
+  Okha (Benin), 231, 345, 346
+
+  Okherli (seed) (Benin), 179, 230, 312
+
+  Okika (Yoruba), 339
+
+  Okikopom (Ibibio), 357
+
+  Okilolo (Ijor), 232
+
+  Okisibisi (Fanti), 114
+
+  Okitsiwanfu (Fanti), 94
+
+  Okkwan (Benin), 277
+
+  Okkwen (Benin), 332; O. nebo (Benin), 333
+
+  Oko (Ibo, Owerri), 266; (Yoruba), 409; O. Ishin (Yoruba), 342
+
+  Okoko (Benin), 348, 349
+
+  Okokotaka (Asante), 133
+
+  Okokwi (Benin), 400
+
+  Okokwo (Benin), 349
+
+  Okoni (Kratschi), 143
+
+  Okor (Benin), 310
+
+  Okot or Okut (Oban, Ekoi, Kwa), 357, 363
+
+  Okoume, 422
+
+  Okporoporo (Akure), 349
+
+  Okra or Achro (fruit), 344
+
+  Okrika Port, 152
+
+  Oktobun District, 463
+
+  Okume d’Ivoire (Colons), 85
+
+  Okumme, 446
+
+  Okumu Forest, 160
+
+  Okun (Yoruba), 240
+
+  Okunmankra (Fanti), 101
+
+  Okurii (Ashanti), 100
+
+  Okuta (Yoruba, Benin), 413
+
+  Okuturupu (Yoruba), 332
+
+  Okwaba (Benin), 412
+
+  Okwan (Yoruba), 449
+
+  Okwawa hill system, 112
+
+  Okwe (Benin), 335, 452
+
+  Okwekwe (Benin), 299, 400
+
+  Okwen (Benin), 231; O. seni (Benin), 333; O. seva (Benin), 332
+
+  Okwo River, 282, 488
+
+  Okwoga Plantation, 167
+
+  Olacaceæ (Sierra Leone), 43; (Liberia), 71; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold
+  Coast), 95; (Togo), 129; (Nigeria), 191, 257, 456; (Cameroons), 426
+
+  Olax, 43; O. subscorpoidea, 95
+
+  Oldenlandia, 192; O. grandiflora, 202; O. Senegalensis, 202
+
+  Oldfieldia Africana, 26, 51, 67, 75, 86, 342; O. (imported as Teak),
+  75
+
+  Oleaceæ (Ivory Coast), 88; (Gold Coast), 110; (Togo), 142; (Nigeria),
+  288, 388
+
+  Olein, 480
+
+  Oleporo Eyop (Calabar), 466
+
+  Oli (Atakpame), 136
+
+  Olibracha (Egba, Yoruba), 283
+
+  Olikiba (Benin), 407
+
+  Olim, 445
+
+  Olina, 446
+
+  Oliver, Daniel, 496
+
+  Ollo (Akposso), 127
+
+  Olodu (Yoruba), 244
+
+  Ologun She-she (Yoruba), 301
+
+  Olokemeji (Arboretum, Forests, Reserves, etc.) (oke = hill, meji =
+  two), 19, 123, 160, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175, 177, 179, 185,
+  245, 246, 256, 260, 264, 266, 270, 278, 302, 306, 307, 310, 312, 331,
+  334, 359, 365, 367, 370, 371, 372, 374, 375, 382, 387, 395, 396, 464,
+  490
+
+  Olong, 445, 446
+
+  Olosan (Yoruba), 229
+
+  Oluwa (Benin), 244
+
+  Omah (Benin), 396
+
+  Omar (Yoruba), 348
+
+  Ombega, 422
+
+  Ome (Benin), 372
+
+  Omo (Yoruba), 230, 396
+
+  Omocham (Benin), 266
+
+  Omoin (Egba), 246
+
+  Omomeran (Benin), 336
+
+  Omon (Yoruba), 396
+
+  Omphalocarpum, 78; O. elatum, 456; O. Pierreanum, 439; O. procerum,
+  379; O. Radlkoferi, 439; O. sp., 109
+
+  Omunu or Onumu (Benin), 258, 314; O. kynkyu (Benin), 315, 317
+
+  Omunu (Yoruba), 348
+
+  Ona River, 152
+
+  Onamagugun, onamagungun, orimagugu, or oriweni (Yoruba), 409
+
+  Onanisankianmon (Benin), 391
+
+  Oncinotis gracilis, 396
+
+  Oncoba dentata, 108, 366; O. echinata, 108, 462; O. Gilgiana, 108; O.
+  glauca, 366; O. spinosa, 139, 196, 204, 223, 366
+
+  Ondo (Circle, Forest, Province, and Reserve), 19, 152, 154, 160, 170,
+  180, 235, 236, 240, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
+  263, 266, 268, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, 282, 284, 286, 287,
+  291, 301, 302, 305, 308, 310, 312, 313, 317, 318, 321, 324, 325, 327,
+  329, 330, 336, 340, 342, 346, 351, 355, 356, 362, 365, 369, 379, 381,
+  382, 383, 390, 396, 397, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 413
+
+  Odutu (Tschaudjo), 131
+
+  Onegozi (Benin), 344
+
+  Ongokea Kamerunensis, 416, 417, 426; O. Klaineana, 83
+
+  Ongina (Twi), 105
+
+  Oni River, 152, 160
+
+  Onihokha (tree in flower) (Benin), 346
+
+  Onikokha (Benin), 346
+
+  Onion, 199
+
+  Onitsha Province, 153, 154, 173, 174, 244, 251, 252, 255, 270, 275,
+  276, 279, 284, 297, 301, 303, 305, 308, 309, 349, 353, 358, 398, 400,
+  401, 409, 472, 473
+
+  Onitsha-olona District, 353
+
+  Onomokyukyu (Benin), 228, 323
+
+  Onuru (Ibo, Owerri), 290
+
+  Onyangba (Atakpame), 136
+
+  Onye (Benin), 334
+
+  Onyemo (Benin), 332
+
+  Onyena (Fanti), 105
+
+  Onyenu (Benin), 339
+
+  Onyina (Fanti), 105
+
+  Oohoo (Benin), 386
+
+  Opaga (Benin), 178
+
+  Opagga (Benin), 303
+
+  Opahan (Benin), 413
+
+  Opaina (Fanti), 111
+
+  Opapao (Twi, Akwapim), 97
+
+  Opäti (Atakpame), 140
+
+  Ope (Yoruba), 241, 246; O. Ifu No. 1 (Yoruba), 243; O. Igbo (Benin),
+  245; O. trumfo (Yoruba), 243
+
+  Opele, 247, 248; (Yoruba), 388
+
+  Open Deciduous Forest, 19
+
+  Open Orchard Forest, 18
+
+  Opepe (Ikale, Ijor), 273; (Yoruba), 228, 369, 402, 404; O.-ira
+  (Yoruba), 231, 349; False O., 406; Swamp O., 405
+
+  Opepera (Yoruba), 405
+
+  Opilia celtidifolia, 191
+
+  Ophioglossum vulgatum, 196
+
+  Opobo (Nigeria), 481; O. Port, 152; O. River, 151
+
+  Opochala (Ibo, Niger), 303
+
+  Opon (Yoruba), 231
+
+  Oporipor (Benin), 348
+
+  Opoto (Yoruba), 251
+
+  Opputtu (Benin), 250
+
+  Ora-Igbo (Yoruba), 344
+
+  Orange (Calabash), 312; O. (common), 74, 124
+
+  Orban-igba (Yoruba), 383
+
+  Orchards (Togo), 124
+
+  Orchid, 195, 264
+
+  Orchidaceæ (Nigeria), 195, 246
+
+  Ordeal bark, 275, 276; O. tree, 98
+
+  Oregbon I (Yoruba), 250
+
+  Orella, 445, 446
+
+  Ori (Benin), 297; O. (Oban, Ekoi), 235; O. (Yoruba), 398; O.-eta
+  (Yoruba), 399; O.-nla (Yoruba), 398
+
+  Oria (Benin), 266; O. Plantations, 168
+
+  Oriakuku (Benin), 399
+
+  Oriri Ogikiomi (Benin), 398
+
+  Orisi (Igbado, Yoruba), 313
+
+  Oriweni (Benin), 389
+
+  Oriwu (Benin), 409
+
+  Orli (Anago), 143
+
+  Ormocarpum bibracteatum, 191
+
+  Ormosia laxiflora, 99, 117, 123, 133, 232, 234, 270, 297, 308, 336; O.
+  monophylla, 49, 231
+
+  Oro (Brass), 233, 252; (Egba), 249; (Yoruba), 179, 230, 231, 312, 343;
+  O.-Igbo, 246
+
+  Oroba (Mbonoi), 86
+
+  Orodo (Benin), 291; (Brass), 349; O. or Orodu (Yoruba), 347
+
+  Orogbo or Orugbo (Yoruba), 359
+
+  Oroko, 42, 70, 250, 253, 419; False O., 249
+
+  Orokpo (Anago), 132
+
+  Orokwa (Benin), 367
+
+  Oron Port, 152
+
+  Oropa of the Yorubas, 232
+
+  Orora (Yoruba), 400
+
+  Orrimogungun (Benin), 389
+
+  Orro (Yoruba), 322
+
+  Orsorsor (Benin), 372
+
+  Orupa (Yoruba), 336
+
+  Oruru (Benin), 414; (Yoruba), 400
+
+  Oruwo (Yoruba), 405
+
+  Oryza silvestris, 199
+
+  Osan (Yoruba), 232; O. odo (Yoruba), 383
+
+  Osangbalumo or Osum Agbalum (Yoruba), 381, 382; O. Edan (Yoruba), 381;
+  O. Palambo (Yoruba), 381
+
+  Osbeckia, 194
+
+  Ose (Yoruba), 347
+
+  Oshen or Oshun River, 152, 357
+
+  Oshere (Yoruba), 366
+
+  Osho (Il.), 286
+
+  Oshopoto Dudu (Yoruba), 344
+
+  Oshoshi (Ibo, Owerri), 290
+
+  Oshun Reserve, 160, 339
+
+  Oshunshun (Yoruba), 332
+
+  Oshusi (Ibo, Owerri), 364
+
+  Osia, 307
+
+  Osisiru (Ashanti), 113
+
+  Ositwa (Benin), 288
+
+  Ossa (Ondo), 361
+
+  Osse River, 154, 166, 238, 241, 378, 399
+
+  Osshosha (Ibo, Asaba), 284
+
+  Ossidinge District, 425, 432, 435
+
+  Ossiomo River, 156, 298
+
+  Ossizza Factory, 273
+
+  Ossusu (Yoruba), 288
+
+  Ostryoderris impressa, 277, 297, 394, 429
+
+  Osu (Benin), 394
+
+  Osuabise (Akwapim), 102
+
+  Osualong (seed) (Benin), 400
+
+  Osukaregigi (Benin), 400
+
+  Osun (Yoruba), 178, 229, 273; O. dudu (Yoruba), 273; O. pupa (Yoruba),
+  273
+
+  Otanta (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+  Ote (Twi), 96; O., Oti or Etsu (Accra, Ashanti, Fanti), 96
+
+  Otendui (Fanti), 110
+
+  Oti Steppe, 131; Valley (Togo), 118
+
+  Otien (Benin), 381
+
+  Otopoi (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+  Otta farfridi (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+  Ottelia lancifolia, 195
+
+  Ottoa (Benin Province), 392
+
+  Otugba (Akposso), 139
+
+  Otun (Oban, Ekoi), 363
+
+  Otungue (Jaunde), 442
+
+  Otutu (Jebu), 347; O. of the Yorubas, 230
+
+  Otwa (Benin), 287
+
+  Oubanguia Klainei, 436
+
+  Oukot (Efik), 236
+
+  Oukoumea Klaineana, 422, 424, 425, 445, 446
+
+  Ouratea monticola, 437
+
+  Ovalla (Benin), 330
+
+  Ovia River, 272, 321
+
+  Oviaruza (Benin), 335
+
+  Oviegikwe (Benin), 351
+
+  Ovinni (Benin), 276
+
+  Ovioza (Benin), 331
+
+  Ovu (Benin), 250
+
+  Owala Beans, 447; O. (Gabonais), 85; O. oil, 429
+
+  Owama (Ashanti), 102
+
+  Owango, 445, 446
+
+  Owawa (Wassaw), 106
+
+  Owawe or Owowe (Benin), 365
+
+  Owe (Benin), 288
+
+  Owehe (Benin), 412
+
+  Owena Reserve, 160; O. River, 152, 154, 156, 321
+
+  Owerri, 153, 178, 236, 240, 247, 249, 251, 252, 257, 259, 268, 279,
+  281, 282, 284, 286, 287, 288, 291, 294, 301, 303, 304, 308, 313, 317,
+  322, 327, 338, 342, 346, 349, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 361, 362, 363,
+  368, 371, 376, 381, 390, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401, 405, 447, 450, 466,
+  472, 473, 493
+
+  Owessu (Brass), 228
+
+  Owewe (Benin), 294; O. lagebon (Benin), 295; O. nolemare (Benin), 294,
+  295
+
+  Owi (Benin), 411
+
+  Owun (Yoruba), 348
+
+  Owussu, 158
+
+  Oxyanthus speciosus, 62, 441; O. tubiflorus, 114; O. unilocularis, 62,
+  197
+
+  Ox-eye Bean, 299
+
+  Oxystelma Bornuense, 199
+
+  Oxystigma Mannii, 428
+
+  Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, 127, 196, 218
+
+  Oyan River, 302
+
+  Oyen (Benin), 334, 337
+
+  Oyife (Yoruba), 317
+
+  Oyo, 19, 152, 153, 154, 262, 266, 273, 283, 284, 298, 299, 300, 301,
+  325, 347, 355, 372, 373, 374, 375, 379, 383, 392, 395, 398, 452, 493;
+  O. Iseyin Road, 170, 322
+
+  Oyon River, 339
+
+  Ozaba, 307
+
+  Ozia (Benin), 230; O. Beans, 307
+
+
+  Pachylobus edulis, 233, 314, 315, 432; P. _var._, 432; P. Zenkeri, 432
+
+  Pachypodanthium, 84; P. staudtii, 44
+
+  Pachystela Cinereum, 383; P. Parkii, 141
+
+  Padauk or Padouk, 31; P. African, 273; P. Edible-fruited, 272; P.
+  Indian, 178
+
+  Paddlewood, 263, 417
+
+  Padiivin (Difale), 129
+
+  Pakie-pakie (Agni), 88
+
+  Palambanja (Duala), 443
+
+  Paletuvier rouge (Colons), 88
+
+  Palime Station (Togo), 119
+
+  Palisota hirsuta, 425; P. thyrsiflora, 197
+
+  Palissya Cordata, 336
+
+  Palm Arac, 244; P. Belt (according to Millbourne), 465; Black Run Palm
+  or Palmyra, 244; P. Bottle or Toddy, 244, 459; P. Cabbage, 58, 425,
+  479; P. Cocoanut, 218, 237, 244, 421; P. Date, 124, 125, 210, 217,’
+  240, 459; Swampy Date, 239; Wild Date, 240; P. Deleb, 41, 200, 216,
+  217, 218; P. Dum, 94, 200, 216, 217, 218, 244, 459; P. Everlasting
+  Life or King Palm, 241, 242, 466; P. Fan, 244, 459; P. Forked, 244; P.
+  Fruit Industry, 92; P. F. I. Cultivation, 21, 22, 26, 41; P. F. I.
+  Liberia, 68, 70; P. Hookers, 235; P. Kernels, 63, 90, 150, 226, 444,
+  479; P. K. Cake, 226; P. K. Oil, 226; P. K. Shells, 226; P. Lisombe or
+  Soft-shelled, 243, 466, 467; P. Method of Extraction, 38; P. Oil
+  export, 35; (Gambia), 21; (Gold Coast), 115; (Ivory Coast), 99;
+  (Sierra Leone), 63, 64; (Liberia), 80; (Nigeria), 226; P. O.
+  Plantations (Togo), 116, 117, 118, 149; P. O. Nurseries, 121, 123,
+  124, 125, 126, 153, 197, 218, 228, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242, 418, 420,
+  425, 444, 447, 464; P. O. Small, 243; (Sacred Oil Palm), 243, 244,
+  421; P. O. White, 466; The Oil Palm and Palm Industry, chapter xii,
+  464-484—
+
+     1. Æsthetic Aspect, 464
+
+     2. Botanical Description of Tree, Fruit, etc., 465
+
+     3. The Growing of the Oil Palm, 467
+
+     4. Fruit-Bearing Age, 468
+
+     5. Oil Palm Plantations and Crops, 468
+
+     6. Destruction of Oil Palms, 472
+
+     7. Native Method of Making Oil and Kernel Inspection, 473
+
+     8. Amount of Produce used, eaten, and growing, 476
+
+     9. European Machinery for extraction (Pericarping), 477
+
+    10. European nut-cracking, 477
+
+    11. European uses of the Oil, Kernels, Palm Wine, etc., 479
+
+    12. Value of Oil and Kernels, 480
+
+    13. Import Ports in England and U.S.A. for Oil and Kernels, 480
+
+    14. The Crushing of Palm Kernels in Africa and England, 480
+
+    15. Palm-Kernel Produce, Analysis, etc., 481
+
+    16 and 17. Value of Palm-Kernel Oil and Cake, 482
+
+    17. Uses of Palm-Kernel Cake, 482
+
+    18. Results of Feeding Experiments with Palm-Kernel Cake, 482
+
+    19. Manurial Value of Kernel Cake, 484
+
+    20. West African Shipping in Relation to Farm Produce, 484
+
+    21. Bibliography of the Oil Palm, 484
+
+  Palm, Palmyra, or Black Run, 244; P. Piassawa, 235; P. Roofing, 239;
+  P. Royal, 237; P. Sacred, 243, 244, 466; P. Swamp, 425; P. Tombo, 234,
+  236, 237, 244, 464; P. Vegetable Ivory, 421; P. West African, 241; P.
+  Wine Tree (Raphia Vinifera), 38, 179, 216, 218, 236, 244, 425, 464,
+  479
+
+  Palmæ (Sierra Leone), 41; (Liberia), 70; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold
+  Coast), 93; (Togo), 127; (Nigeria), 195, 216, 218, 235, 447, 459;
+  (Cameroons), 425
+
+  Palmas, Cape, 66
+
+  Palmine, 480
+
+  Palmwood, 445, 446
+
+  “Palmyra,” 216, 218, 244
+
+  Pambei (Mendi), 41
+
+  Panama hat fibre, 124; P. Palms, 124
+
+  Pancratium trianthum, 195
+
+  Pandaceæ (Ivory Coast), 85
+
+  Pandanaceæ (Sierra Leone), 41; (Liberia), 74; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold
+  Coast), 93; (Togo), 127; (Nigeria), 308
+
+  Pandanus Candelabrum, 41, 74, 83, 308; P. Fibre, 234; P. Kerstingii,
+  127; P. species, 93; P. species near Candelabrum, 41; P. Togoensis,
+  127
+
+  Pandoro (Yoruba), 400
+
+  Pangalan (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+  Pangbaïngu (Tschaudjo), 137
+
+  Pangi (Mangu), 131
+
+  Panguma Hills, 25
+
+  Panicum stagninum, 199
+
+  Panyero (Tschaudjo), 143; Panyerobuda, 143
+
+  Papac (Ewe), 132
+
+  Papala (Yoruba), 323
+
+  Papao (Ashanti), 97
+
+  Papau (Asante), 132
+
+  Papaveraceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+  Papilionaceæ (Nigeria), 301
+
+  Para, 123; P. Rubber, 126, 180, 420
+
+  Para Dakue (Attie), 87
+
+  Paradaniella, 169; P. Oliveri, 19, 190, 191, 202, 203, 205, 220, 231,
+  307; P. (Rosewood), 98, 117, 119, 123, 133, 191, 202; P. Thurifera,
+  33, 44, 97, 117, 132
+
+  Paradedi (Attie), 87
+
+  Paran (Yoruba), 297
+
+  Parapara (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+  Parasolier (Colons), 83
+
+  Parinarium, 19, 67, 32, 233, 418; P. Chrysophyllum, 428; P.
+  Curatelifolium, 96, 130, 192, 201, 213, 219, 269; P. excelsum, 33, 44,
+  69, 72, 268; P. Gabunense, 269, 459; P. intermedia, 148; P.
+  Kerstingii, 130; P. macrophyllum, 44, 72, 192, 199, 213, 219, 232; P.
+  mobola, 96, 232; P. polyandrum, 96, 117, 192, 213, 219, 269; P.
+  Robustum, 84, 96, 267, 268; P. species, 266; P. species (Red
+  Mahogany), 267; (small), 428; (White Oak), 72, 96; P. subcordatum,
+  130, 197, 204; P. tenuifolium, 84
+
+  Parkia Africana, 45, 117, 123, 131; P. Agbœnsis, 85; P. biglobosa, 45,
+  132, 230, 231, 282; P. filicoidea, 45, 73, 97, 120, 126, 131, 191,
+  202, 207, 220, 230, 231, 283; P. species, 45; P. Zenkeri, 429
+
+  Parkinsonia aculeata, 198, 221
+
+  Parrots, seed carriers, 251, 252
+
+  Partridge wood, 134
+
+  Pasau (Tschaudjo), 145
+
+  Patabua (Bondoukou), 83
+
+  Patakli (Atakpame), 128
+
+  Patapara (Agni), 84
+
+  Pato (Tschaudjo), 131
+
+  Pattern Wood, 390, 419
+
+  Patti Forest, 202
+
+  Pau (Twi), 111
+
+  Paulai (Mendi), 26, 51, 67
+
+  Paullinia pinnata, 104, 191
+
+  Pausynistalia Lane-Poolei, 61; P. species, 230, 405
+
+  Pauwilli, 67
+
+  Pavetta Baconia, 61, 146, 407; P. Barteri, 192; P. Crassipes, 146
+
+  Pavonia schimperiana, 435
+
+  Pawi Kpaoloe (Mendi), 51
+
+  Pe (Abe), 88
+
+  Peach (blossom compared with Stereospermum Kunthianum), 145, 401; P.
+  (Sierra Leone), 62, 79, 214
+
+  Pear, native (Oban), 314, 315; P. Tree, 445, 446; P. Wood, 416, 419
+
+  Pebulai (Mendi), 62
+
+  Pechi (Attie), 89
+
+  Pedaliaceæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+  Pegblagei (Mendi), 61
+
+  Pekĭre (Losso), 130
+
+  Peltoforum, 46, 49; P. species, 97
+
+  Pennisetum, 196; P. pedicellatum, 201; P. typhoideum, 199, 204
+
+  Pentaclethra Macrophylla, 45, 68, 73, 85, 96, 119, 168, 178, 231, 303,
+  380, 416, 417, 429, 447
+
+  Pentadesma, 77; P. Butyraceæ, 55, 69, 107, 232, 361, 362, 363, 437,
+  461; P. Grandifolia, 361; P. Kerstingii, 118, 123, 139; P. Leucantha,
+  88; P. Nigritana, 362; P. species, 360
+
+  Peregun (Yoruba), 245
+
+  Pereng (Kabure), 129
+
+  Pergularia tomentosa, 199
+
+  Peri (Timani), 52
+
+  Peristrophe bicalyculata, 194
+
+  Permanent cultivation, England, Germany, South Provinces, Nigeria, 495
+
+  Permits for Tree-cutting (Togo), 119
+
+  Persian Lilac, 222, 331
+
+  Pesin (Attie), 89
+
+  Peso (Tschaudjo), 137
+
+  Petwun, 176
+
+  Peucedanum araliaceum, _var._ fraxinifolium, 140
+
+  Peukwa (Twi), 101
+
+  Pfandi (Mendi), 46
+
+  Pfandu station (Togo), 118, 119
+
+  Pfui (Mendi), 49; P. II (Mendi), 49
+
+  Phialodiscus species, 341, 342, 455; P. Unijugatus, 53, 104; P.
+  Zambesiacus, 434
+
+  Phœnix Dactylifera, 148, 217, 459; P. reclinata, 94, 127, 239, 425; P.
+  species, 418; P. spinosa, 127, 240
+
+  Phrynium, 234
+
+  Phutophyllum mirabile, 430
+
+  Phyllanthus Discoideus, 52, 135, 434; P. floribundus, 193, 222; P.
+  Reticulatus, 103, 193, 337; P. species, 337
+
+  Phyllocosmus Africanus, 85; P. sessiliflorus, 431
+
+  Physalis, 194
+
+  Physic nut, 193
+
+  Physostigma venosum, 298, 450
+
+  Piampian (Fanti), 84
+
+  Pianro (Agni), 87
+
+  Piassava fibre, 38; Cameroons, 425; Exported, Sierra Leone, 63; Gold
+  Coast, 93; Ivory Coast, 90; Liberia, 68, 70, 80; Nigeria, 234, 236,
+  239; Togo, 150
+
+  Piche Aboko (Attie), 88
+
+  Picralima Elliotii, 89; P. Klaineana, 396
+
+  Pierreodendron Grandifolium, 432
+
+  Pigeons, seed carriers, 251, 252
+
+  Pija (Wassaw), (Fanti), 107
+
+  Pineapple, 127
+
+  Pink Mahogany, 304
+
+  Pinus Mercusii, 175
+
+  Pio (Duala), 435
+
+  Piper Umbellatum, 197
+
+  Piperaceæ (Nigeria), 197
+
+  Piperomia Pellucida, 197
+
+  Piptadenia Africana, 45, 68, 73, 75, 97, 119, 131, 197, 229, 279, 286,
+  295, 417, 419, 428; P. compared with African Greenheart, 48; P.
+  Chevalieri, 85; P. Kerstingii, 123, 131, 295; P. species, 96; P.
+  Winkleri, 428
+
+  Pitchong (Ossidinge), 427
+
+  Pithecolobium Altissimum, 97, 290, 450; P. Dulcis, 122, 148
+
+  Placodiscus Pseudostipularis, 87
+
+  Plantains as Charms, 258
+
+  Plantations (Nigeria), 180-184; (Togo), 121
+
+  Planting schemes (Togo), 121
+
+  Platycerium Æthiopicum, 179
+
+  Platysepalum, 428
+
+  Platythyrsa, 396
+
+  Plectronia Glabriflora, 441; P. Vanguerioides, 146
+
+  Pleiocarpa Tricarpella, 59
+
+  Pleioceras Afzelii, 59; P. Barteri, 197, 396
+
+  Plekkogo (Benin), 323
+
+  Plum Abeokuta, 366; P. Blood; P. Common, 52, 269; P. Hog, Jamaica,
+  Spanish, or Yellow, 52, 103, 222, 232, 338; P. Mirabel, 338; P. Niger,
+  366
+
+  Poana-Poana, 445, 446
+
+  Poga Conofora, 437; P. Oleosa, 229, 368, 416, 437, 450
+
+  Poinciana drepanophylla, 148; P. Regia, 123, 125, 148
+
+  Polu-Dyenye (Mangu), 134
+
+  Polyadoa Elliotii, 58; P. Umbellata, 112, 232, 394, 424, 440
+
+  Polyalthia Oliverii, 71
+
+  Polycarpæa, 193
+
+  Polygala arenaria, 191, 332; P. butyracea, 197, 462; P. Clarkeana, 197
+
+  Polygalaceæ (Sierra Leone), 50; (Togo), 135; (Nigeria), 191, 197, 332,
+  462
+
+  Polysphæria Macrostyla, 204
+
+  Polystachys Odorata (Mistletoe-like Parasite), 170, 246; P. species,
+  246
+
+  Polystemonanthus Dinklagei, 74
+
+  Ponamagoi (Mendi), 60
+
+  Pondei (Mendi), 62
+
+  Pongoi-nei, Pongoi-hini (Mendi), 58
+
+  Ponhon (Yoruba), 358
+
+  Ponpola or Ponponla (Ibadan, Yoruba), 346
+
+  Pontya Excelsa, 83
+
+  Poor man’s candle, 50
+
+  Poose (Bakundu), 435
+
+  Poplar, 77
+
+  Poposi (Mbonoi), (Ebrie), 86
+
+  Popowia Mannii, 196, 263; P. Whyteii, 71
+
+  Porcupine, 317
+
+  Porepore (Abe), 87
+
+  Poroporo (Yoruba), 353
+
+  Porphyranthus Zenkeri, 85
+
+  Port Harcourt, 152
+
+  Potato, sweet, 204
+
+  Potedon (Appolonian, Ashanti, Fanti, Wassaw), 98
+
+  Potepote (Kratschi), 130
+
+  Poyndua (Fanti), 89
+
+  Prain, Lt.-Col. D., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 496
+
+  Pranpran (Fanti), 84
+
+  Prekese (Ewe), 131
+
+  Premna Hispida, 60; P. Zenkeri, 143
+
+  Prevostea Africana, 112; P. Heudelotii, 112
+
+  Pride of India, 222
+
+  Propri (Timani), 53
+
+  Prosopis Oblonga, 120, 131, 191, 202, 207, 220, 233, 305
+
+  Protea, 191; P. Bismarckii, 129
+
+  Proteaceæ (Pogo), 129; (Nigeria), 191, 257
+
+  Proteaceous Trees, 55
+
+  Protected Trees of Nigeria, List of Classes with Royalties, 228
+
+  Pseudocedrela, 50, 75, 117, 119, 422; P. Cylindrica, 101; P.
+  Kotschyii, 101, 117, 123, 135, 177, 191, 202, 211, 222, 230, 232, 323;
+  P. species, 28, 101; P. species near P. Utilis, 50; P. Utilis, 101
+
+  Pseudocinchona Africana, 89
+
+  Pseudospondias Microcarpa, 104, 136, 339, 434
+
+  Psidium Guajava, 78, 109
+
+  Psilanthus Ebracteolus, 61
+
+  Psorospermum, 107; P. Senegalense, 190, 201, 202
+
+  Pteleopsis, 109; P. Kerstingii, 140
+
+  Pterocarpus, 273, 445, 446; P. Erinaceus, 20, 30, 46, 98, 117, 119,
+  123, 133, 191, 202, 206, 221, 231, 234, 273; P. Esculentus, 46, 85,
+  98, 133, 197, 210, 220, 233, 272; P. Indicus, 178; P. Osun, 229, 274,
+  275, 311; P. Santalinoides, 417; P. Soyauxii, 158, 275, 417, 418, 424,
+  425, 428; P. species (so-called Camwood), 273, 311, 416, 419, 424, 445
+
+  Pterogopodium, 304; P. species, 417, 430
+
+  Pterolobium, 305
+
+  Pterygota, 353; P. Cordifolia, 87; P. Kamerunensis, 436; P.
+  Schumanniana, 138
+
+  Pteryyota Wawampe’e (Ashanti), 106
+
+  Public Works Department, South Nigeria, 45, 186, 187
+
+  Pulley Wood, 289
+
+  Pullum (Timani), 53
+
+  Pumpkin, 193
+
+  Puni (Krepi), 111
+
+  Punkwa (Wassaw), 101
+
+  Pupalia lappacea, 195
+
+  Pusum (Lamatessi), 141
+
+  Puttuputtu (Yoruba), 332, 333
+
+  Pwekupweku (Benin), 313
+
+  Pycnanthus Dinklagei, 72; P. Kombo, 34, 44, 72, 84, 96, 130, 231, 266,
+  418, 419, 427, 457
+
+  Pycreus, 196
+
+  Pynærtia ealænsis, 75, 101; P. Occidentalis, 86
+
+  Pyrenacantha species nov., 340
+
+
+  Quelipe Kelipe (Bondoukou), 88
+
+  Quinine Plantations, 420
+
+  Quisqualis Indica, 203
+
+
+  Rafters exported (Nigeria), 226
+
+  Rahaina (Hausa), 192, 215, 225
+
+  Railway supplied with timber, 187
+
+  Rainfall distributors, 486
+
+  Rake, 196
+
+  Raken giwa (Hausa), 221, 224
+
+  Rama, 190
+
+  Ramaniya, 190
+
+  Rambong rubber (Ficus elastica) plantations (Togo), 149
+
+  Ramos River, 151
+
+  Randia Caudata, 62, 407; R. Cladantha, 407, 442; R. Genipæflora, 62,
+  113; near R. Macrantha, 62, 407; R. Maculata, 79, 114, 407; R.
+  Malleiflora, 62, 225, 407; R. Nilotica, 199, 225; R. Octomera, 407; R.
+  sp. near R. caudata, 62, 407
+
+  Ranger (Nigeria), 185, 186
+
+  Raphia near R. Gærtneri, 41; R. Hookeri, 93, 235, 239, 464; R. Ruffia,
+  235, 239, 464; R. Vinifera (see palm wine tree), 38, 41, 68, 70, 93,
+  127, 179, 195, 204, 216, 218, 234, 235, 236, 425, 464
+
+  Rattan, 41, 93; R. Benin, 240; R. Benin (Large), 163, 240; R. Benin
+  (Small), 163; R. Substitute, 241
+
+  Rauwolfia Cumminsii, 110; R. Macrophylla, 440; R. sp., 197; R.
+  Vomitoria, 59, 78, 89, 112, 393, 440; R. Welwitschii, 197, 224
+
+  Rawaya, 190
+
+  Rawsonia spinosa, 108
+
+  Rawuya, 192, 215; (Sok.), 225
+
+  Red-arilled Afzelia, 290
+
+  Red Cedar (Euphorbiaceæ sp.), Descrip., 29; cut locally, 32, 34, 51,
+  54
+
+  Red Cotton Tree, 53, 76; R. Flowering Silk C. Tree, 209, 223
+
+  Red Dye-wood, 133
+
+  Red Ironwood or Ironpost, 26, 27, 54, 67, 77, 107, 152, 154, 160, 169,
+  209, 276, 356, 358, 379, 380, 384, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 459
+
+  Red Mangrove, 397
+
+  Red Oak (Lophira procera) cut locally, Sierra Leone, 33, 277, 350,
+  410; Red Oak (Berlinia auriculata), 68, 277, 281, 282, 356, 418; Red
+  Oak (Sterculia cordifolia), 54
+
+  Red Pine, 68
+
+  Red Resin, 200
+
+  Red Water Tree, 45
+
+  Redwood (Colons), 84, 159, 424, 425, 428, 445, 446
+
+  Rendle, Dr. A. B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., 497
+
+  Rere (Yoruba), 330
+
+  Reserve, Definition of, 160, 161; objects of R., 162
+
+  Rhamnaceæ (Gold Coast), 104; (Togo), 137; (Nigeria), 198, 213, 222,
+  343
+
+  Rhaptopetalum Tieghemi, 87
+
+  Rhizophora, 139, 234, 368, 451; R. (Liberia), 78, 234, 438; R. Mangle,
+  78, 139, 234, 438; R. Mucronata, 139; R. Racemosa (Mangrove) (Sierra
+  Leone), cut locally, 33, 56, 88
+
+  Rhizophoraceæ (Sierra Leone), 55; (Liberia), 78; (Ivory Coast), 88;
+  (Gold Coast), 108; (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 197, 368, 447; (Cameroons),
+  437
+
+  Rhodesia, 17
+
+  Rhodesian Mahogany (Afzelia Africana), 17, 120, 149
+
+  Rhynchosia, 191
+
+  Rice, 199, 421, 499
+
+  Ricinus communis, 193
+
+  Ricinodendron, 278, 314; R. Africanum, 50, 86, 102, 119, 136, 163,
+  231, 332, 333, 417, 418, 433, 451; R. Heudelotii, 50, 75; R. Ricin.
+  Rautenii, 332, 333, 334, 451; R. sp., 333
+
+  Ridi, 194
+
+  Rikio (Abe), 86
+
+  Rimi (Hausa), 190, 209, 231; R. (Kano), 223; R. or Rini (Sok.), 223
+
+  Ringa (Timani), 54
+
+  Rio del Rey, 415, 430, 432, 440, 441, 442
+
+  Risga, 195
+
+  Ritchiea sp., 196
+
+  Riverine Natives, 187
+
+  Rock Elm (Chlorophora excelsa), 26; (African Oak or Teak,
+  Description), 29, 253
+
+  Roco (Dahomey), 128
+
+  Roey or Counter-top Mahogany, 157
+
+  Rogeria adenophylla, 194
+
+  Rokell River, 36, 39
+
+  Ronier (Colons), 83
+
+  Ronietta, 46
+
+  Roofing palm, 239
+
+  Roof Pole (Benin), 363
+
+  Rope Tree, 350
+
+  Rosaceæ (Sierra Leone), 44; (Liberia), 72; (Ivory Coast), 84; (Gold
+  Coast), 96; (Togo), 130; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 199, 213, 219, 266;
+  (Cameroons), 428
+
+  Rosewood (Dalbergia sp. and Pterocarpus erinaceus), 20, 46; Rosewood
+  (Senegal), 98, 206
+
+  “Rotation,” 162
+
+  Rottbœllia exaltata, 201
+
+  Rough-barked Canarium, 317
+
+  Rough-skinned Plum (Sierra Leone), cut locally, 33, 44; R. (Liberia),
+  72
+
+  Rubber, 58, 68, 71, 234, 421, 444, 487; African R., 68, 228; Balata
+  R., 252; Brown Cluster or Brown Medium R., 392, 393; R. Company
+  (Liberia), 66; Corrugated-fruited R., 392; R. Exports (Liberia), 79;
+  R. Exports (Nigeria), 226; R. Exports (Ivory Coast), 90; R. Exports
+  (Sierra Leone), 63; R. Exports (Togo), 150; False R., 79, 395; Flake
+  or Paste R., 392; Gambia R., 252; Lagos or Silk R., 111, 440; Male
+  Rubber Tree, 395; Mauve-flowered Vine R., 392; Oban R., 393;
+  Ornamental R., 396; Para R., 111; Pear-shape fruited R., 393; Planting
+  R. (Sierra Leone), 36, 39; Rambong R., 125, 149; Raw R. exported (Gold
+  Coast), 115; Red Kano R., 216; Root R., 111, 392; Savannah R., 440;
+  Spurious R., 111; True Rubber Tree, 79; Rubber Vine or Whiteball R.,
+  58, 68, 79, 392; West African R., 395; Whiteball R., 111
+
+  Rubiaceæ (Sierra Leone), 60; (Liberia), 79; (Ivory Coast), 89; (Gold
+  Coast), 113; (Togo), 145; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 199, 214, 225, 401;
+  (Cameroons), 441
+
+  Ruka, 200
+
+  Rumfu or Runhu (Hausa), 221
+
+  Rura (Hausa), 213, 219
+
+  Russegeri, 113
+
+  Russia, 492
+
+  Russian Market, 325, 326
+
+  Russian Steppes, Afforestation, 486
+
+  Rutaceæ (Sierra Leone), 49; (Liberia), 74; (Ivory Coast), 85; (Gold
+  Coast), 100; (Togo), 134, 309; (Nigeria), 196, 221, 309; (Cameroons)
+
+  Ruwenzori, 189
+
+
+  Sa (Fõ), 132
+
+  Sabarra, 198, 199
+
+  Sabicea calycina, 408
+
+  Sabicu, 264, 310
+
+  Sabine, 213
+
+  Saccharum officinarum, 196; S. spontaneum, 201
+
+  Saccoglottis Gabunensis, 49, 85, 158, 231, 238, 405, 415
+
+  Sackwi or Mbauwi (Mendi), 53
+
+  Sacred Lake, 101; S. Oil Palm, 243, 244, 466
+
+  Sadan mayu (Hausa), 220
+
+  Saga Bean, 480
+
+  Sagbei (Mendi), 55
+
+  Sago (Bondoukou), 87; S. Palm, 177
+
+  Saingja (Asante), 132
+
+  Sakuni (Krepi), 109
+
+  Salacia debilis, 104
+
+  Salicaceæ (Nigeria), 193, 218
+
+  Salix, 193, 218
+
+  Sama, 356
+
+  Samanta (Tivi), 97
+
+  Samantawa (Fanti), 97
+
+  Samarin danga, 219
+
+  Samba Sankamba (Bondoukou), 87
+
+  Samia (Hausa), 132
+
+  San (Attie), 84
+
+  Sanaga River, 436
+
+  Sanbúgo (Mangu), 138
+
+  Sandalwood, white scented, 129
+
+  Sandpaper Tree, 42, 95; (S. Leaf), 252
+
+  Sanga-sanga (Ijor), 229; S.-S. (New Calabar), 279; S.-S. (Sok. and
+  West), 220
+
+  Sangongo (Bambara), 89
+
+  Sannaba (Mbonoi), 86
+
+  Sansami, 215; S. or Sasami _syn._ Jiri dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and
+  Kats.), 225
+
+  Sansane Station (Togo), 126
+
+  Sansevieria, 94; S. Cylindrica, 128; S. Guineensis, 127
+
+  “Sant” pods, 208
+
+  Santiriopsis, 100; S. Klaineana, 229
+
+  Sanza, Asun, Minika, Seka (Agni), 88
+
+  Sapele-scented Wood (Entandrophragma utilis), 102; S. or Sapeli, 151,
+  157, 323, 325
+
+  Sapho (Yoruba), 389
+
+  Sapindaceæ (Cameroons), 434; S. (Gold Coast), 104; S. (Ivory Coast),
+  87; S. (Liberia), 76; S. (Sierra Leone), 53; S. (Togo), 137
+
+  Sapium Guineense, 136; S. Kerstingii, 136; S. Mannianum, 136, 434
+
+  Sapoba, 320
+
+  Sapotaceæ (Gold Coast), 109; (Liberia), 78; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 214,
+  224, 375, 447, 455; (Sierra Leone), 57; (Togo), 141
+
+  Sappan, 123
+
+  Sarcocephalus, 415; S. esculentus, 62, 79, 89, 113, 158, 214, 228,
+  402, 404; S. eu-esculentus, 401; S. Pobeguini, 89, 422; S. Russegeri,
+  113, 192, 201, 202, 214, 224; S. sambucinus, 146, 404, 416, 441; S.
+  sp., 231, 405, 419
+
+  Sasabani, 219; S. (Hadeija), 221
+
+  Sasanemasa (Ashanti), 113
+
+  Sassandra (Port), 69, 81, 82; S. (River), 81, 82
+
+  Sasswood, 39, 45, 97, 120, 121, 123, 125, 152, 229, 275; Sasswood
+  Plantations (Erythrophlœum Guineense) (Togo), 149
+
+  Sassybark, 35, 275
+
+  Satinwood, 30, 49, 66, 67, 73, 74, 88, 119, 154, 174, 251, 309, 310,
+  370, 412, 419, 445, 446; S. (African), 271, 309, 311; S. (Dry Zone
+  African), 309; S. (Dwarf), 311; S. (Spiny), 74; S. (soft), 352; S.
+  (True Benin), 310; S. (West Indian), 311; S. (yellow), 230, 271
+
+  Sausage-tree, 113, 215, 225, 400
+
+  Sausanyebui (Mangu), 137
+
+  Scale Insects, 250
+
+  Scandent Palm, 93
+
+  Schio (River), 117; S. (Valley of), 116
+
+  Schizoglossum, 192
+
+  Schmidelia Africana, 53, 191
+
+  Schrebera Golungensis, 110, 230, 247, 248, 388
+
+  Schwenkia Americana, 194
+
+  Scitamineæ (Nigeria), 195, 197
+
+  Scoparia dulcis, 194
+
+  Scorodophlœus Zenkerii, 429
+
+  Scotland, feeding experiments, 483
+
+  Scottelia coriaceæ, 88; S. (Kamerunen), 88, 232; S. Mimfiensis, 437
+
+  Screwpine, 41, 74, 93, 234, 308
+
+  Scrophulariaceæ (Cameroons), 441; S. (Nigeria), 194, 400
+
+  Scytopetalaceæ (Gold Coast), 107; S. (Ivory Coast), 87; S.
+  (Cameroons), 436
+
+  Scytopetalum Tarquense, 107
+
+  Sea Bean (Mackay), 69, 72
+
+  Secretariat and Timber supply conditions (Nigeria), 187
+
+  Securidaca longepedunculata, 135, 191, 201
+
+  Segbe (Mangu), 133
+
+  Segna (Attie), 85
+
+  Selaginella Vogelii, 441
+
+  Senan (Attie)
+
+  Sendar (Yoruba), 329
+
+  Senegal, 66
+
+  Senegambia, 58, 135
+
+  Senna (Senegal), 199
+
+  Sesamum, 194; S. Indicum, 194
+
+  Sesbania Ægyptica, 219; S. leptocarpa, 219; S. aculeata, 219
+
+  Sesedo (Yoruba), 262
+
+  Séssëu (Atakpame), 145
+
+  Shagamu District, 395
+
+  Shaki, 153
+
+  Shakka (Brass), 231, 345, 346
+
+  Shange (Yoruba), 312
+
+  Shapo Obibere (Yoruba), 256
+
+  Shapon Market, 200
+
+  Sharan lobbi (Sok.), _cf._ Alambo, 221
+
+  Shasha (River), 152
+
+  Shayo (Yoruba), 303
+
+  Shea Butter, 19; S. B. Tree, 109, 117, 118, 126, 141, 153, 169, 179,
+  192, 202, 209, 214, 224, 226, 231, 323, 379, 380, 439, 444, 455; False
+  Shea Butter, 370, 376
+
+  Shea Butter Nuts, exports (Nigeria), 204, 226, 378, 456; (Sierra
+  Leone), 63; (Togo), 150
+
+  Shea Nut Cake, 460
+
+  Shedua or Abonsandua (Ashanti), 94; S. (Twi), 94
+
+  Shedun (Yoruba), 233, 270, 307, 308
+
+  Shemusholoshi, 294; S. (Jebu), 295
+
+  Shepolo-hun (Yoruba), 340
+
+  Sherbro, 37
+
+  Shero (Dagomba), 145
+
+  Shifting cultivation (Gambia, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
+  etc.), 485
+
+  Shinglewood Tree, 119, 179, 371, 416, 419
+
+  Shirinya, 216
+
+  Shisinya, _syn._ Shiriya (Sok.), 219
+
+  Shunin-biri (Hausa), 220, 221, _Syn._ Farin sansami (Sok. and Kats.)
+
+  Siamese Cassia, 176
+
+  Sibugang (Basa), 443
+
+  Sida, 190; S. carpinifolia, 344; S. (Yoruba), 329
+
+  Sideroxylon Aylmerii, 57, 329; S. longistylum, 57, 78
+
+  Sidu (Yoruba), 328
+
+  Sie (Yoruba), 299
+
+  Sierra Leone, 17, 25, 65, 66, 72, 73, 160, 287, 492, 493, 494
+
+  Sierra Leone, chap. iii, 25-65; I. The Forests, 25; II. Notes on
+  Timber Trees, 26; III. Trees cut for local use, 31; IV. Minor Forest
+  Produce, 35; V. The Forest Department, 39; VI. Indigenous Forest
+  Trees, 41; Appendix I, II. Forest Exports, 63, 64; Appendix III.
+  Timber Imports, 65
+
+  Sierra Leone (Mountains), 206
+
+  Sigo (Yoruba), 375
+
+  Silk Cotton Tree, 105, 116, 190, 209, 223, 230, 435
+
+  Silkworm, 216
+
+  Siluko River, 238; S. Road, 258; S. Sub-district (Benin), 282
+
+  Simarubaceæ (Gold Coast), 100; S. (Ivory Coast), 85; S. (Liberia), 74;
+  S. (Nigeria), 191, 198, 210, 312, 313, 453, 454; S. (Togo), 134
+
+  Sime or Semei (Mendi), 42
+
+  Simua (Attie), 84
+
+  Sino Basin, 73, 79
+
+  Sino Kim (Town), 70
+
+  Sisal Hemp, 124
+
+  Skiwaka (Hausa), 225
+
+  Smeathmannia lævigata, 78; S. pubescens, 108, 365; S. sp., 77
+
+  Smilax Kraussiana, 195
+
+  So (Abe), 83
+
+  Soap Tree, 62
+
+  Sobos (Tribe), 238
+
+  Sofo (Attie), 89
+
+  Soft-shelled Palm, 243
+
+  “Softwood,” 428
+
+  Sogoto, 213
+
+  Sokodé-Bassari coast forests, 142; S. District, 117, 173; S.
+  Plantations, 118, 123, 124
+
+  Sokoto, 189, 190, 198, 200, 201, 207, 210, 211, 215, 216
+
+  Solanaceæ (Nigeria), 194, 225
+
+  Solanum, 194; S. incanum, 194; S. Melongena, 194; S. sp., 225
+
+  Somabari (Oban, Ekoi), 331
+
+  Sombreiro River, 151
+
+  Soppo, 445, 446
+
+  Sopubia, 194
+
+  Sorghum, 199, 204; S. vulgare, 196; S. vulgare, _var._ saccharatum,
+  196, 199
+
+  Sorindeia juglandifolia, 53; S. trimera, 434
+
+  Sorono (Asante), 131
+
+  Sorowa (Agni), 86
+
+  Sosong (Bakossi), 428, 441
+
+  Sotibia (Fanti), 85
+
+  Soudan or Soudan Zone, 189, 190, 191, 198, 200, 203, 208, 210
+
+  Soumbaras, 90
+
+  Sounoum (Fanti), 87
+
+  Sour Gourd, 223; S. Sop, 71
+
+  Soyauxia sp., 365
+
+  Spanish Elder compared with Melia Azedarach, 135; S. Mahogany, 175; S.
+  Plum, 222
+
+  Spathodea, 233; S. campanulata, 60, 89, 113, 144, 197, 204, 400, 441
+
+  Spermacoce, 192
+
+  Sphenoclea Zeylanica, 194
+
+  Spice Tree, 43; Mountain S. T., 43
+
+  Spiny Tree, 413
+
+  Spondias dulcis, 124; S. lutea, 52, 76, 87, 103, 136, 196, 222, 232,
+  339, 419; compared to Pseudospondias microcarpa, 104; S. sp., 198,
+  212, 222, 231, 239
+
+  Sponges, 163; from vines and lianes, 234
+
+  Spruce Hills Reserve (c. Pacific Railway), 489
+
+  Ssäre (Tschaudjo), 128, 129
+
+  Sserre (Kratschi), 128
+
+  Ssissiku (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+  Ssissina (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+  Sso abalu (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Ssomū (Tschaudjo), 141
+
+  Ssosi (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+  Ssossosi (Tschaudjo), 131
+
+  Ssua (Tschaudjo), 140; S. dau (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+  Ssuto (Tschaudjo), 131
+
+  St. Barbara (R.), 151, 154; St. Bartholomew (R)., 151; St. John’s
+  River, 74; St. Paul’s River, 70, 73
+
+  Stachyothyrsus Staudtii, 431
+
+  Stag-beetle attacks on Funtumia elastica, 440
+
+  “Stands,” 162, 169, 238
+
+  Star Apple, 57, 110; African S. A., 57, 381; edible S. A., 381;
+  Forcados S. A., 382; Monkey S. A., 381; Round S. A., 381; White S. A.,
+  382
+
+  Staudtia Kamerunensis, 427; S. stipitata, 427
+
+  Stearin, 480
+
+  Stemonocoleus micranthus, 431
+
+  Stenanthera hamata, 44, 84
+
+  Steppe conditions, 190
+
+  Sterculia, 87, 106, 138, 233
+
+    acuminata, _syn._ cola acuminata, 436
+
+    Barteri, 106, 232
+
+    cinerea, 349
+
+    cordata, 232
+
+    cordifolia, 54, 106, 117, 119, 169, 348, 349, 435
+
+    grandifolia, 435
+
+    oblonga, 76, 87, 138, 232, 435; S. near oblonga, 349
+
+    rhinopetala, 347, 436
+
+    sp., 76, 348
+
+    tomentosa, 106, 138, 190, 202, 210, 223, 348
+
+    tragacantha, 54, 348, 435
+
+  Sterculiaceæ, 29; S. (Gold Coast), 106; S. (Ivory Coast), 87; S.
+  (Liberia), 76; S. (Nigeria), 190, 196, 210, 223, 347; S. (Sierra
+  Leone), 54, 68; S. (Cameroons), 435; S. (Togo), 138
+
+  Stereospermum acuminatissimum, 400; S. Kunthianum, 144, 192, 201, 215,
+  225, 400; S. leonense, 60
+
+  “Stinkwood” Tree, 108
+
+  Stool Wood, 390
+
+  Strephonema Apoloniensis, 109
+
+  Streptocarpus nobilis, 197
+
+  Striga, 194; S. Senegalensis, 194
+
+  Strombosia glaucescens, 426; S. grandifolia, 426; S. Pustulata, 83
+
+  Strombosiopsis tetrandra, 426
+
+  Strophanthus hispidus, 192, 395; S. Preussii, 395; S. sarmentosus, 192
+
+  Strychnos alnifolia, 192; S. Buettneri, 142; S. densiflora, 389; S.
+  emarginata, 110; S. gnetifolia, 440; S. laxa, 142; S. pubescens, 142;
+  S. spinosa, 202, 214; S. triclisioides, 192
+
+  Stylochiton Dalzielii, 196
+
+  Subanda (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Suein (Appollonian), 107
+
+  Sugar Cane, 196, 199, 421; S. Loaf Mountains, 55; S. Palm, 177; S.
+  Plantations, 116; S. Plum, 34, 51
+
+  Sukai I, S. II (Mendi), 57
+
+  Sundew, 193
+
+  Supom, 102
+
+  Surrey price of cake, 482
+
+  Susuwuru, 37
+
+  Swamp Date Palm, 239; S. (Freshwater), 118; S. planting, 175; S. rice,
+  53
+
+  Swartzia Madagascariensis, 133, 191, 219
+
+  Sweden Market, 324
+
+  Swietenia bijuga, 148; S. chloroxylon, 174; S. macrophylla, 421
+
+  Swizzle-stick, 59, 78, 393
+
+  Sword Bean, 298
+
+  Symphonia globulifera, 88, 363
+
+  Syzygium Guineense, 140
+
+
+  Taba ni ka samu (Hausa) (_cf._ Kurnan nasara), 219
+
+  Tabako (Duala), 443
+
+  Taboia (Atakpame), 136
+
+  Tacazzea (Barteri), 192
+
+  Tacca involucrata, 195; T. pinnatifida, 128
+
+  Taccaceæ (Togo), 128; (Nigeria), 195
+
+  Taceribe (Mbonoi), 84
+
+  Tada (Duala), 428
+
+  Tafashia (Hausa), 214, 225
+
+  Tagalel, 207
+
+  Tagbadja River (Togo), 117
+
+  Tagbekove Village, 116
+
+  Tahl of the Soudan, 208
+
+  Takanda, 196, 199; or Takandar giwa (Kats., Sok., and Zanf.), 221;
+  Takandar giwa (Hausa), 210, 213
+
+  Takwadua (Twi, Wassaw), 104
+
+  Tala (Ibo and Brass), 231, 238, 405; (New Calabar), 405
+
+  Talaki or Talakin Yarubawa, 221; _syn._ Namijn gwabsa (Kontagora),
+  etc., 221
+
+  Talisiopsis oliviformis, 138
+
+  Tallow Tree, 69, 77, 107, 361, 461
+
+  Tamarind, 99, 202, 206, 207, 221, 306; Velvet T., 289
+
+  Tamarindus indica, 98, 132, 191, 199, 206, 221, 229, 232
+
+  Tamarese (Asante), 132
+
+  Tamau (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+  Tambelei (Mendi), 41
+
+  Tamenasi (Atakpame), 133
+
+  Tanda (Duala), 438
+
+  Tangerine, 124
+
+  Tanna (English), 86
+
+  Tannin, 56, 108, 208
+
+  Tano Forest and River, 82
+
+  Taramniya, 213, 223
+
+  Taro (Tschaudjo), 127
+
+  Tartar Tree, 349
+
+  Tata (Duala), 433
+
+  Tatairo (Moyen Cavally), 86
+
+  Tau (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Taupwi (Young Trees, Mendi), 41
+
+  Taura (Hausa), 202, 206, 221
+
+  Tauwi (Mendi), 41
+
+  Tawatsa (Hausa), 209; T. or Tawatsa, 221
+
+  Taxodium distichum, 175
+
+  Tchiat Kottse (Attie), 89
+
+  Tchiko (Attie), 86
+
+  Teak, 42, 70, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 169, 170, 171, 500; Brown Teak,
+  416; Burma T., 162, 168; Bush Teak, 417; T. plantations (Tectona
+  Grandis), 470; T. (Togo), 149
+
+  Tebo (Attie), 85
+
+  Tectona grandis, 120, 122, 126, 148, 183, 420
+
+  Tegai (Mendi), 45
+
+  Tei-tei (Ijor, Brass), 356
+
+  Teko District (Buea), 429
+
+  Teli (Bambara), 85
+
+  Tema (Timani), 42
+
+  Tendeba (Apollonian), 110; (Aowa), 110
+
+  Tenuba, Tanuba (Mbonoi), 86
+
+  Tephrosia, 191; T. Ansellii, 302; T. Vogelii, 302
+
+  Teredo borer, 157; T. Worm, 357
+
+  Terle (Mendi), 57
+
+  Terminalia, 117, 118, 119, 169, 202, 230, 416, 445, 446; T. Altissima,
+  88; T. Avicennioides, 223, 372; T. Baumannii, 140, 212, 223; Black
+  bark Terminalia, 369; T. Brownii, 372; T. catappa, 122, 148, 176, 421;
+  T. dictyoneura, 140; T. Dry zone, 372; T. Elliotii, 212, 223; T.
+  Ivoriensis, 88; T. macroptera, 109, 140, 192, 202, 212, 223; T.
+  Orange-barked, 370; T. scutifera, 56, 369, 370, 371, 416, 419; T. sp.,
+  56, 108, 192, 212, 223, 369, 370, 371, 421; T. Superba, 56, 109, 119,
+  140, 179, 183, 230, 438, 445, 446, 498; T. Togoensis, 19, 109, 117,
+  140, 233, 371; T. Yellow, 369
+
+  Termites, 31, 70, 73, 249, 257, 268, 280, 311, 388, 408
+
+  Tetere (Mbonoi), 89
+
+  Tetracera leiocarpa, 77; T. Dinklagei, 77; T. potatoria, 77; T. sp.,
+  77
+
+  Tetrapleura, 220, 231; T. Prekese, 97; Thonningii, 85, 131, 197, 220,
+  284, 429
+
+  Teyei (Mendi), 57
+
+  Theobroma cacao, 420, 436
+
+  Thespesia populnea, 105, 137
+
+  Thistleton-Dyer, Sir W. T., K.C.M.G., C.I.E., 496
+
+  Thomandersia laurifolia, 441
+
+  Thompson, Mr. H. N., Conservator of Forests, South Nigeria, Report on
+  Ashanti, Gold Coast, and Northern Territory, 91, 101; Brought Khaya
+  Senegalensis seed from Shaki district, 177; Opinion as to Albizzia
+  sp., 295
+
+  Thonningia sanguinea, 197
+
+  Thorn Apple, 194
+
+  Thunbergia (Blue, Benin), 401; T. Vogeliana, 401
+
+  Thuya occidentalis, 177
+
+  Thymelæaceæ (Nigeria), 195; (Cameroons), 437
+
+  Tiamatiama (Agni), 86; (Appolonian), 86, 101; T. (Aowin), 101
+
+  Tiame-tiame (Appolonian), 101
+
+  Tigalo (Tschaudjo), 141
+
+  Tigu Schirafinsa (Mangu), 134
+
+  Tigwi (Mendi), 51
+
+  Tijoi (Mendi), 52
+
+  Tika (Appolonian), 96
+
+  Tiko Plain, 416
+
+  Tiliaceæ (Sierra Leone), 53; (Ivory Coast), 87; (Gold Coast), 105;
+  (Togo), 137; (Nigeria), 190, 343; (Cameroons), 434
+
+  Tim (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Timani or Tunani, 26, 40
+
+  Timba or Timba nundi (Duala), 433
+
+  Timber, 40, 165, 498; Conditions of working in Liberia, 69; T. dogs,
+  155; T. exports (Cameroons), 444; (Sierra Leone), 64; T. Imports
+  (Sierra Leone), comparative statement, 65; T. Industry (Nigeria Law),
+  155-166; Nigerian Local Felling T., 158; T. Reserves (Nigeria), 158;
+  T. Yield, Temperate Zone, 161; T. Yield Tropics, 161
+
+  Timbuctoo, 198
+
+  Tingbatau or Patandeu (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+  Tinya, 193
+
+  Tisal (Togo export), 150
+
+  Tisemu (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+  Titiro (Egbado), 346
+
+  Tiupe (Attie), 84
+
+  Tochitschíñe (Atakpame), 144
+
+  Toddalia sp., 312
+
+  Toddy, 70
+
+  Togba (Atakpame), 145
+
+  Togbeli (Mendi), 48
+
+  Togo, 17, 173, 189, 306, 469, 500; T., chap. vii, 116-150;
+  Introduction, 116; Forests between or at the Stations, 116-119; Forest
+  department plantations, 119-122; District plantations, 122-127;
+  Indigenous trees, 127-147; List of Introduced species planted, 148;
+  Census of Plantations, 149; Forest Exports, 150
+
+  Togo, Tour by Dr. A. H. Unwin, 116-150
+
+  Toi-tsi (Ibo), 233
+
+  Tokei (Mendi), 43
+
+  Tolabu (Atakpame), 137
+
+  Tolongo (Duala), 437
+
+  Toluifera Pereiræ, 177, 421
+
+  Toman or Tonas (Hausa), 211
+
+  Tombo Palm, 41; (General West Coast), 93, 234
+
+  Tonga (Bondoukou), 83
+
+  Toon, 173
+
+  Tortoza, 26; (Timani), 51
+
+  Totengei (Mendi), 61
+
+  Toto (Yoruba), 246
+
+  Totohote (Attie), 85
+
+  Touloucouna oil, 317
+
+  Toye (Mendi), 51
+
+  Trachylobium sp., 431
+
+  Tragacanth, 54
+
+  Tragia Manniana, 336
+
+  Trakuan (Attie), 84
+
+  Treculia Africana, 83, 123, 233, 256, 426; T. mollis, 426; T. sp., 256
+
+  Trema affinis, 42, 94, 249, 425; T. Africana, 42, 94, 248, 249, 425;
+  T. Guineensis, 197; T. sp., 420, 421
+
+  Trevor, Mr. E. W. J. (Pericarping machines), 477
+
+  Trianthema monogyna, 194
+
+  Trichilia, 419; T. acutifolia, 86; T. Candollei, 86; T. cedrata, 86;
+  T. emetica, 135, 191, 211, 222; T. Heudelotii, 50, 75, 102, 232, 330;
+  T. Prieuriana, 135, 330, 331, 433; T. retusa, 196, 212; T. rubescens,
+  102; T. rubesilus, 433; T. sp., 50, 102, 330; T. sp. near T.
+  Prieuriana, 50, 330
+
+  Trichodesma Africanum, 192
+
+  Trichoscypha, 104; T. Bipindensis, 434
+
+  Triclisia macrophylla, 43
+
+  Trinkomali Wood, 176, 421
+
+  Triplochiton, 19, 76, 119, 370; Compared with Myrianthus Arboreus,
+  257; T. Johnsonii, 106, 139, 230, 251, 253; T. Nigericum, 18, 117,
+  139, 159, 178, 183, 230, 351, 352; T. nov. sp., 353; T. scleroxylon,
+  87, 417, 436
+
+  Tripoli senna, 199
+
+  Tritonia, 195
+
+  Triumfetta cordifolia, 344; T. Rhomboidea, 344; T. sp., 105, 191, 344
+
+  Triwa (Agni), 83
+
+  Trochomeria, 194
+
+  Tsada, 191, 202
+
+  Tsadar Lamarudu, 222; T. masar (Hausa), 222, 232
+
+  Tsamiya (Hausa), 199, 206; T. or Tsamia (Hausa), 229, 232; Tsamiyar or
+  “Tsamiya,” 207, 221
+
+  Tschabola buanda or Tschabolabunda (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+  Tschaloware (Tschaudjo), 134
+
+  Tschamanu (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+  Tschapēa (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+  Tschato (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+  Tschengunga (Asante), 130
+
+  Tschingbelika (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+  Tschuṓu (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+  Tscisili (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+  Tsetse or Echéché (Ewe), 140
+
+  Tsiberi Kinkini, 193
+
+  Tsibra or Tsura (Sok.), 225
+
+  Tso (Ewe), 130; Tsa (Ewe), 132
+
+  Tsung Oil (Chinese Wood Oil), 451, 452
+
+  Tte (Attie), 84
+
+  Tuanyei (Mendi), 49
+
+  Tudi (Zanfara), 222
+
+  Tui (Mendi), 41
+
+  Tuinynelli (Mendi), 57
+
+  Tukuruwa Palm, 195, 216, 218
+
+  Tulip (Tree), 60, 144, 405; African T. tree, 400; Red T. tree, 400
+
+  Tulipier de Gabon (Colons), 89
+
+  Tuloi (Mendi), 54
+
+  Tumbalaka (Atakpame), 130
+
+  Tumuku, 194
+
+  Tuna, Tunas, or Tunam (Hausa), 222, 230
+
+  Tunfall (Timani), 60
+
+  Tunka (Mendi), 41
+
+  Tunkia, Chief of, 66
+
+  Tuntumi (Timani), 57
+
+  Tura (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+  Turndogo (Bondoukou), 84
+
+  Turraeanthus Zenkeri, 433
+
+  Turræa Heterophylla, 331; T. sp., 50; T. Vogelii, 331
+
+  Tursuje (Hausa), 222
+
+  Turtle-backs, 189
+
+  Turubi, 195
+
+  Tusima or Tingma (Tschaudjo), 147
+
+  Twani (Appolonian), 103
+
+  Twe (Neyau), 89
+
+  Tyanka or Hogogo (Atakpame), 134
+
+  Tyentyem (Mangu), 128
+
+  Tyenyeólo or Pasau (Tschaudjo), 145
+
+  Tyĕtĕbu (Mangu), 136
+
+  Tylostemon crassifolius, 427; T. Mannii, 96
+
+  Tzambi (Mendi), 47
+
+
+  Ua magungŭ́na (Hausa), 135
+
+  Uapaca Benguelensis, 86; U. Bingervillensis, 86; U. Guineensis, 51,
+  193, 204, 215, 231, 334; U. Heudelotii (Sugar Plum, Red Cedar) cut
+  locally in Sierra Leone, 34, 51, 102, 136, 334, 335, 337; U. Staudtii,
+  231, 416, 434; U. Togoensis, 51
+
+  Ubabikpan (Benin), 393
+
+  Ubake (Benin), 393
+
+  Ubanakwi (Benin), 392
+
+  Ubara (Efik), 287
+
+  Ubellu genus, 412; U. (nuts), 452
+
+  Ubelluname, Ubellunowe (Benin), 336
+
+  Ubuen (Efik), 406
+
+  Ubgo (Benin), 392
+
+  Uboto (Benin), 392
+
+  Uche (Akposso), 134
+
+  Udeni (Ibo), 230
+
+  Udeni (Ibo, Owerri), 278
+
+  Udi Plantation, 167
+
+  Udia Ebiong (Efik), 232
+
+  Udin (Benin), 241; U. (Benin), 466
+
+  Uganda, 211
+
+  Ugbamiogou (Benin), 392; or Ubamiogon (Benin), 392, 395
+
+  Ugbehen (Benin), 303
+
+  Ugbodokossa (Benin), 406
+
+  Ughahan (Benin), 309, 310
+
+  Ugheberi (Benin), 358
+
+  Ugibisaro (Benin), 267
+
+  Ugo, 258
+
+  Ugumu, 392
+
+  Uhi Forest, 160, 298
+
+  Uhie (Ibo), 229
+
+  Ukan (Yoruba), 240
+
+  Ukana (Efik), 231
+
+  Ukape (Benin), 407
+
+  Ukhu (Benin), 390
+
+  Ukloba (Akposso), 128
+
+  Ukpa (Efik), 275
+
+  Ukpa (Efik), 229; Ukpa-Kara (Brass), 231
+
+  Ukpagga (Benin), 303
+
+  Ukpaigwi or Okpaigwi (Benin), 414
+
+  Ukpami (Akposso), 132
+
+  Ukpassa (Efik), 379
+
+  Ukpi nikwi of the Benis, 232, 342; U. Nufwa (Benin), 341, 343; Small
+  Ukpi (Yoruba), 343; U. Wenwan (Benin), 348
+
+  Ukpoi (Oban, Ekoi), 266
+
+  Ukposa (Benin), 265
+
+  Ukukon (Benin), 239, 240
+
+  Ukum (Efik), 231, 345
+
+  Ukung (Efik), 229
+
+  Ulazo (Benin), 370
+
+  Ulmaceæ, 42; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold Coast), 94; (Togo), 128;
+  (Nigeria), 193, 197, 218, 246; (Cameroons), 425
+
+  Uloko, U. odigpe, U. nushinogbon (Benin), 253
+
+  Umaja or Umazza (Benin), 263
+
+  Umbelliferæ (Togo), 160; (Nigeria), 375
+
+  Umberium (Timani), 43, 71, 263
+
+  Umbrella tree, 95, 233, 252, 420, 426, 485, 488
+
+  Ume (Benin), 158, 178, 273, 275
+
+  Umowenek (Efik), 229
+
+  Uncaria Africana, 197, 203
+
+  Undu District, 426
+
+  Ungari (Timani), 53
+
+  Ungive (Mendi), 53
+
+  Ungu (Ibo, Owerri), 277
+
+  Ungu (Ibo), 229
+
+  Ungungmekkan (Benin), 383
+
+  Unie (Benin), 260
+
+  United States protection in Liberia, 66
+
+  Uno (Efik), 233
+
+  Unscented Mahogany, Entandrophragma cylindricum, 210
+
+  Unwin, Dr. A. H., suggestion as to name Iroko, 42; Trip to Togo, 116,
+  150; discovery of Khaya in Gold Forest, 50
+
+  Unyenghen (Benin), 264
+
+  Uoli (Akposso), 143
+
+  Upakeka (Benin), 285, 449
+
+  Upeka (Benin), 273
+
+  Upper Cross River, 317
+
+  Upper Niger, 58
+
+  Uputtu of the Benis, 230
+
+  Ureben (Benin), 273
+
+  Urena lobata, 190, 345
+
+  Urere, 95, 257
+
+  Urginea, 195; U. Indica, 195; U. Nigritana, 195; U. Spp., 199
+
+  Urophyllum hirtellum, 113
+
+  Urostigma, 193, 216
+
+  Urticaceæ (Gold Coast), 95; (Nigeria), 257
+
+  Uruaro (Benin), 246
+
+  Uruba su (Bete), 89
+
+  Urueben (Benin), 311
+
+  Uruhe (Benin), 272, 367
+
+  Uruiju Arogu (Yoruba), 263
+
+  Uruk (Efik), 356
+
+  Ururata (Benin), 349
+
+  U.S.A., Southern States, Deciduous Cypress, native of, 175
+
+  Usi (Benin), 347
+
+  Uso or Dinka, 361
+
+  Usshin (Benin), 297
+
+  Uta (Ikale), 246
+
+  Utan-tan (Benin), 340
+
+  Utricularia, 194
+
+  Uuti (Ewe), 138
+
+  Uvaria Afzelii, 44, 71, 263; U. Busgenii, 263, 417, 427; U. Chamæ,
+  129, 264; U. Dinklagei, 71; U. Macrocarpa, 44; U. Microtricha, 427; U.
+  Scabrida, 71; U. sp., 44
+
+  Uwanwanis (Benin), 299
+
+  Uwar Yara (Kano and Katagum), 216, 218
+
+  Uwen (Efik), 230; Uwenyriotan or Uwemriotan (Benin), 343
+
+  Uwonwen (Benin), 337
+
+  Uwowe Lugu (Benin), 293; U. Labafun (Benin), 293
+
+  Uyat (Efik), 293
+
+
+  Vandakiie (Attie), 85
+
+  Vangueria nigrescens, 62; V. chrysocarpa, 197; V. euonymoides, 204
+
+  Vai (Bali), 425
+
+  Velvet Tamarind, 47, 289
+
+  Verbenaceæ (Sierra Leone), 59; (Ivory Coast), 89; (Gold Coast), 112;
+  (Togo), 143; (Nigeria), 193, 197, 215, 224, 397; (Cameroons), 440
+
+  Vernonia, 35, 194; V. amygdalina, 194, 225, 409; V. cinerea, 410; V.
+  conferta, 62, 114, 409, 442; V. frondosa, 442; V. nigritana, 194, 409;
+  V. Senegalensis, 147; V. sp., 225
+
+  Vetch, 302
+
+  Vetiveria zizanoides, 201
+
+  Vi (Abe), 86
+
+  Victoria District, 415, 420, 425, 428, 431, 433, 441, 442; V.
+  Botanical Gardens, 176; V. Falls, 17
+
+  Vigna, 191; V. sinensis, 192, 204
+
+  Vincentella impressa, 110
+
+  Violaceæ (Sierra Leone), 55; (Gold Coast), 108
+
+  Violetwood, Description of (Sierra Leone), 30; African V., 26
+
+  Vismia leonensis, 55
+
+  Vitaceæ (Gold Coast), 105; (Nigeria), 223
+
+  Vitex, 232; V. angolensis, 197; V. Bipindensis, 441; V. camporum, 143;
+  V. cienkowskii, 59, 143, 144, 193, 202, 215, 224, 398; V. cuneata,
+  112, 143, 441; V. diversifolia, 193, 224, 399; V. doniana, 59; V.
+  fosteri, 399; V. grandifolia, 59, 398; V. megaphylla, 112; V.
+  micrantha, 60, 89; V. oxycuspis, 60
+
+  Vitis, 193; V. pallida, 193; V. quadrangularis, 193, 223
+
+  Voacanga Africana, 59, 112, 143, 197, 204, 341; V. obtusa, 59, 197,
+  204, 224; V. Thonnersii, 59
+
+  Voandzeia subterranea, 192
+
+  Volta River, 98, 118
+
+  Volta Valley, 124
+
+
+  Wa, 193, 216, 219
+
+  Wa-Wa (Appolonien), W. (Indenie)
+
+  Wacuminata, 430
+
+  Wadda Tree, 197, 224
+
+  Waghebe (Ewe), 142
+
+  Wala (Bondoukou), 89
+
+  Walehe (Abe), 84
+
+  Walnut, 164, 228, 295, 416, 419; African W., 293; W., East Indian, 29,
+  293
+
+  Waltheria Americana, 190
+
+  Walwei (Mendi), 46
+
+  Wan kurumi, 219
+
+  Waogbum (Tschaudjo), 137
+
+  Ware Borf Ware (Agni), 87
+
+  Warie (Agni), 84
+
+  Warri Port, 151; W. (Province), 152, 156, 235, 236, 239, 251, 252,
+  257, 263, 276, 277, 279, 286, 288, 308, 313, 317, 340, 356, 361, 362,
+  371, 381, 393, 397, 404, 405, 406, 408
+
+  Warry (a Mendi game), 47
+
+  Water Lily, 193; W. Melon, 193, 199, 471
+
+  Water Kola, 210
+
+  Waterside cynometra, 285
+
+  Waterside Ekpagoize, 290
+
+  Water Tree, 77
+
+  Wawa (Appolonian) (Indenie), 87; Wawa or Wawwaw (Twi), 106
+
+  Wawæ (Mendi), 61
+
+  Wawapupus (Twi), 106
+
+  We (Trepo), 87
+
+  Weatherboard Wood, 402
+
+  Weihea Africana, 197; W. sp., _cf._ Africana, 368; W. sp., 368
+
+  Weke (Bakundu), 431
+
+  Welu (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+  Were (Yoruba), 302
+
+  Western Africa, Logs exported from, 67; Conditions of working, 69
+
+  Weti (Atakpame), 137
+
+  Wheat, 199
+
+  Whismore, description of, 34
+
+  White Ants, 29, 286, 401
+
+  White-ball Rubber, 79
+
+  White Cedar (_see_ Pycnanthus Kombo), 34, 44, 77, 266
+
+  White Mahogany, 49, 67, 100
+
+  White Oak (Parinarium sp.), 32, 52; Ostryoderris impressa, 277, 297
+
+  Whitewood, 75, 417; W. (American), 260, 313
+
+  Wild Custard Apple, 95, 190, 262
+
+  Wild Date Palm, 94, 240, 418
+
+  Wild Fig, 42
+
+  Wild Indigo (Yoruba), 219, 221
+
+  Wild Mango, 100, 312, 417, 419, 431
+
+  Wild Plum, 72; W. Rice, 199
+
+  Willow, 218
+
+  Wine Palm, 70
+
+  Wismao (Sierra Leone), 68
+
+  Witkoran (Timani), 49
+
+  Wo (Ewe), 127, 131
+
+  Wokaka or Wokuka (Bakwiri), 426, 440
+
+  Wokeku (Bakwiri), 426
+
+  Wokotelimon (Abe), 87
+
+  Womba (Bakwiri), 440
+
+  Wondo (Bakwiri), 437
+
+  Wongo (Bakundu), 431
+
+  Wonjangasanga (Bakwiri), 433; or Wonjasanga (Bakundu), 433
+
+  Wonjanja (Bakwiri), 438
+
+  Wood Oil Nut, 417
+
+  Wood, various exported, Togo, 150
+
+  Woods (exported Ivory Coast) for cabinet making, etc., 90
+
+  Woongo (Bakwiri), 431
+
+  Worolongo (Bakwiri), 437
+
+  Wotenge (Bakwiri), 426
+
+  Woto or Atrati (Ewe), 139
+
+  Wotobe Ewotobe (Mbonoi), 87
+
+  Wu (Ewe), 138
+
+  Wueti (Ewe), 141
+
+  Wulfram (Fanti), 98
+
+  Wulule (Bakwiri), 441
+
+  Wuyan damo (Hausa), 223
+
+  Wych Elm, 335, 336
+
+  Wyfongo (Bakwiri), 441
+
+
+  Xeropetalum Dombeya, 436
+
+  Ximenia Americana, 129, 191, 202
+
+  Xylia Evansii, 45, 75, 97, 232, 307, 449
+
+  Xylopia Æthiopica, 43, 71, 84, 96, 130, 219, 260, 262; X. sp.
+  Dinklagei, 43, 71; X. sp. near X. Elliotii, 43; X. Eminii, 130; X.
+  Parviflora, 13, 43, 84, 96, 130, 196, 204, 262, 427; X. Striata, 96
+
+  Xysmalobium, 192; X. granitiolum, 59
+
+
+  Ya (Hausa), 219
+
+  Yabassi District, 436
+
+  Yabonji, 35
+
+  Yafo (Kpedyi), 130
+
+  Yam, 195, 204-265, 304, 71, 491; Y. as charms, 255; Y. crushing, 132;
+  Yams as food, 186; Yam stick, 385, 490
+
+  Yandahun Village, 66
+
+  Yankran (Fanti), 95
+
+  Yar or Abi River, 82
+
+  Yaru (Yoruba), 259
+
+  Yawi (Mendi), 54
+
+  Ya-ya or Yar-yar (General West Coast), 113
+
+  Yayabé (Mangu), 134
+
+  Yellow Aril, 291; Y.-backed Duika, 250; Y.-flowering nutmeg, 265, 457;
+  Y. Plum, 222; Y. poppy, 193; Y. wood, 71, 76, 427; Hard yellow wood,
+  388, 404, 417
+
+  Yenagoa, 477
+
+  Yere (Yoruba), 334
+
+  Yerepe (Yoruba), 299
+
+  Yevo-Gboma (Atakpame), 137
+
+  Yewa River, 151
+
+  Yeye (Yoruba), 334
+
+  Yinrin-Yinrin of Ijaws and Ikales, 230
+
+  Yokharauku (Dagomba), 142
+
+  Yokomi (Mendi), 53
+
+  Yola, 207; Y. mosque, 217
+
+  York, 46
+
+  Yoruba, 158, 163, 164, 185, 212, 243, 253, 255, 270, 284, 298, 349,
+  373; Yoruba Market, 313; Yorubas, The, 170, 246, 247, 250, 252, 260,
+  267, 283, 295, 301, 303, 318, 331, 338, 349, 359, 389, 394
+
+  Yoruba Blackwood, 298; Y. Blue Dye, 303; Y. Charcoal Wood, 305; Y.
+  Chewstick, 373; Y. Coffinwood, 333; Y. Ebony, 384; Y. Indigo, 303; Y.
+  Ironwood, 276, 335, 384; Y. Soft Cane, 246
+
+  Yotsa or Yo, 141
+
+  Yowi or Togba (Atakpame), 145
+
+  Yrewo (Ewe), 134
+
+  Yukugo (Bondoukou), 83
+
+  Yumba (Mangu), 137
+
+
+  Zacoba (Agni) (Attie), 86
+
+  Zaki banza, 195
+
+  Záklu (Misahöhe), 132
+
+  Zamarke (Hausa), 219
+
+  Zaminguila, 422, 423
+
+  Zanha golungensis, 137
+
+  Zanthoxylum, 309, 310, 419; Z. macrophyllum, 30, 67, 74; Z.
+  parvifolium, 85; Z. rubescens, 49; Z. Senegalensis, 30, 100, 196, 204,
+  221, 232, 309, 310; Z. sp., 49, 74, 311
+
+  Zaria, 185, 189, 190, 200, 206, 207, 216, 489
+
+  Zech, Graf (late Governor of Togo), 120
+
+  Zeronga (Bambara), 89
+
+  Zimingela, 445, 446
+
+  Zinder, 198, 210, 211
+
+  Zindi (Katagum, Kanuri), 223
+
+  Zini River, 82
+
+  Zizyphus Jujuba, 137, 198, 213, 222, 343; Z. mucronata, 104, 137, 198,
+  222, 343; Z. Spina-Christi, 104, 198, 213, 222
+
+  Zogalagandi, 219; Z., _syn._ Bagarumar makka (Sok.), 219
+
+  Zone Guinéenne of Chevalier, 189
+
+  Zone Sahélienne, 189; By Chevalier, 198
+
+  Zungeru, 189, 241
+
+  Zuwo, 216
+
+  Zygophyllaceæ (Togo), 134
+
+
+                     _Printed in Great Britain by_
+                        UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED
+                           WOKING AND LONDON
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: _Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Sierra Leone._ See
+Lane Poole.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Pre-war rates.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Reprinted by kind permission of the Editor of _United
+Empire_.]
+
+[Footnote 4: 4th class in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 5: 6th class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 6: 4th class in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 7: 5th class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 8: 4th class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 9: 3rd class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 10: 7th class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 11: 3rd class in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 12: 3 feet minimum girth in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 13: 2nd class in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 14: 3 feet minimum girth in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 15: 6 feet minimum girth in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 16: 4 feet minimum girth in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 17: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 18: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 19: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 20: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 21: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 22: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 23: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _Official Report_, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+
+  +--------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+  |  Page  |         Printed as          |         Changed to          |
+  +--------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+  |multiple|[Albizzia] fastigata         |fastigiata                   |
+  |   pages|                             |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |multiple|Tschandjo                    |Tschaudjo                    |
+  |   pages|                             |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      13|near Oniloku Road, Olokemji  |Olokemeji                    |
+  |        |Reserve                      |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      14|Oshun River, looking         |downstream                   |
+  |        |downstrean                   |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      19|_Ugenia Owariensis_          |_Eugenia_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      33|_Ansophyllea laurina_        |_Anisophyllea_               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      36|squares, which occude only   |occlude                      |
+  |        |very gradually.              |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      46|probably Petophorum sp.      |Peltophorum                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      46|_Cassia Siberiana_           |_Sieberiana_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      51|_Fluggea microcarpa_         |_Flueggea_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      51|_Antidesma lacinatum_        |_laciniatum_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      54|_Cola augustifolia_          |_angustifolia_               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      55|_Visinia leonensis_          |_Vismia_                     |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      58|_Polydoa Elliotii_           |_Polyadoa_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      62|near _R. candata_            |_caudata_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      68|_Elæsis Guineensis_          |_Elæis_                      |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      70|_Elæsis Guineensis_          |_Elæis_                      |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      77|_Tetracera ærocarpa_         |_leiocarpa_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      81|natives cut a ew trees at a  |a few                        |
+  |        |time                         |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      83|_Treculia africana_.         |Izaquente                    |
+  |        |Izaqueute Portugais          |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      84|_Stenanthera Laniate_        |_hamata_                     |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      85|Heudje, Heugué (Agni)        |Hendje, Hengué (Agni)        |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      86|_Charia Indiensis_           |_Indeniensis_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      86|_Macaranga Hendelotii_       |_Heudelotii_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      87|=Syctopetalaceæ=             |=Scytopetalaceæ=             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      87|_Rhaptopetalum Sieghemi_     |_Tieghemi_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      88|_Combretum vivoflora_        |_Combretodendron viridiflora_|
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      88|_Memycylon polyanthemos_     |_Memecylon_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      98|_Cynometra Alzelii_          |_Afzelii_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |      99|Flowers more brilliant then  |than                         |
+  |        |_C. fistula_                 |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     100|_Distemonanthus Benthamiam_  |_Benthamianus_               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     100|_Hugonia playsepala_         |_platysepala_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     100|_Harrisonia Abyssinia_       |_Abyssinica_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     100|=Bursuraceæ=                 |=Burseraceæ=                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     102|=Malphigeaceæ=               |=Malpigheaceæ=               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     104|=Celastiaceæ=                |=Celastraceæ=                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     105|_Thespesia populuea_         |_populnea_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     106|_Nansonia altissima_         |_Mansonia_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     108|_Anopyxis ealænis_           |_ealænsis_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     110|_Vincentella ampressa_       |_impressa_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     110|_Diospyros xanthoxplamys_    |_xanthochlamys_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     116|the nonal dry-zone vegetation|normal                       |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     122|_Terminalia catalpa_         |_catappa_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     122|_Manihot Glaziovii_ and      |_dichotoma_                  |
+  |        |_Manihot dichotama_          |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     123|_Manihot dichotama_          |_dichotoma_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     125|overlooking the Volto Valley |Volta                        |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     125|Ceara Rubber, and Ramboug    |Rambong                      |
+  |        |Rubber                       |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     127|_Oxytenanthera Abyssinia_    |_Abyssinica_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     127|_Hyphæne corioceæ_           |_coriaceæ_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     128|_Agava Sisalana_             |_Agave_                      |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     129|_Myrianthus seratus_         |_serratus_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     129|_Ficus vallis chondæ_        |_choudæ_                     |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     129|_Ficus toliifolia_           |_tiliifolia_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     129|_Ficus dusenwides_           |_dusenoides_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     129|_Faures speciosa_            |_Faurea_                     |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     130|_Hexalobus morepetalus_      |_monopetalus_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     131|_Entanda scandens_           |_Entada_                     |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     131|_Entanda Abyssinia_          |_Entada Abyssinica_          |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     133|_Berlinia accuminata_        |_acuminata_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     133|_Cassia Siberiana_           |_Sieberiana_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     134|_Fagara xanthoxyloides_      |_zanthoxyloides_             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     137|_Thespesia populuea_         |_populnea_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     141|_Pachystela cinera_          |_cinerea_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     141|the Butyspermum in colour    |Butyrospermum                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     142|_Anothocleista Kerstingii_   |_Anthocleista_               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     148|Terminalia catalpa           |catappa                      |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     148|Poinciana repanophylla       |drepanophylla                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     148|Manihot dichotama            |dichotoma                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     148|Ficus Sclechteri             |Schlechteri                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     174|Lagostræmia (_Lagostræmia    |Lagerstrœmia                 |
+  |        |flos Reginæ_)                |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     176|_Berrya Ommomilla_           |_Ammomilla_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     176|_Copaifera salicikounda_     |_salikounda_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     177|_Entandrophragma Condollei_  |_Candollei_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     178|_Diospyros mespeliformis_    |_mespiliformis_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     191|two species of _Anasphrenium_|_Anaphrenium_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     192|_Moralia Senegalensis_       |_Morelia_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     192|_Tœcazea Barteri_            |_Tacazzea_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     194|_Giesekia pharnaceoides_     |_Gisekia_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     194|a few of _Merrimia_          |_Merremia_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     194|SCROPHULARACEÆ               |SCROPHULARIACEÆ              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     194|_Blepharis_, _Monechma_,     |_Justicia_                   |
+  |        |_Justocoa_                   |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     195|_Hyphæna Thebaica_           |_Hyphæne_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     196|_Sorghum vulgare_, var.      |_saccharatum_                |
+  |        |_saccharantum_               |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     196|_Agelæa_ and _Cnestic_       |_Cnestis_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     197|_Plenisceras Barteri_        |_Pleioceras_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     197|_Alchornea cordate_          |_cordata_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     199|CURCURBITACEÆ                |CUCURBITACEÆ                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     201|_Vetweria zizanoides_        |_Vetiveria_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     201|_Sterospermum Kunthianum_    |_Stereospermum_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     202|_Pseudrocedrela Kotschyi_    |_Pseudocedrela_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     203|_Erythrophlocum Guineense_   |_Erythrophlœum_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     204|mixed deciduous and          |xerophilous                  |
+  |        |xerophilus habit             |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     207|_Parkia filicoidia_          |_filicoidea_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     213|_Z. lujuba_, Lam.            |_jujuba_                     |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     214|_Diospyros mespeliformis_    |_mespiliformis_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     218|Elæsis Guineensis            |Elæis                        |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     218|Kano and Katugum             |Katagum                      |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     219|Uwar yara (Kano, Katagum),   |Haguguwa                     |
+  |        |syn. Kaguguwa                |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     221|Toruba Wild Indigo           |Yoruba                       |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     221|Boswellia Dalzielli          |Dalzielii                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     222|[Zizyphus jujuba] Margariya  |Magariya                     |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     222|[Zizyphus mucronata]         |Magariyar                    |
+  |        |Margariyar kura              |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     224|Diospyrus mespiliformis      |Diospyros                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     225|[Adina microcephala]         |Kadanyar                     |
+  |        |Hadanyar rafi                |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  | fc. 228|Cedrela odrata (Cigar-box    |odorata                      |
+  |   (fig.|Cedar)                       |                             |
+  |     47)|                             |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     231|_Oromosia monophylla_        |_Ormosia_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     232|_Xanthoxylon Senegalensis_   |_Zanthoxylon_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     233|_Garoinia conrauana_         |_Garcinia_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     240|_Calamus dearatus_           |_deerratus_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     241|_Elæsis Guineensis_. The Oil |_Elæis_                      |
+  |        |Palm                         |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     242|_Elæsis Guineensis_          |_Elæis_                      |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |243 (x3)|_Elæsis_                     |_Elæis_                      |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     246|_Dracæna Perottetii_         |_Perrottetii_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     246|_Clinogyne_, syn. _Donax     |_cuspidata_                  |
+  |        |cusputata_                   |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |250 (x2)|_Antiarus_                   |_Antiaris_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     256|_Treculia Africana_ (Dene)   |Decne                        |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     259|_Loranthus leptolopus_       |_leptolobus_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     259|_Cissampelos Pariera_        |_Pareira_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     266|_Cratæva Adansonii_ (Guill.  |Guill. et Perr.              |
+  |        |et Pierre)                   |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     266|_Cappiaris Thonningii_       |_Capparis_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     270|_Cassia toro_                |_tora_                       |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     284|FIG. 62.—=Base of Bilinga=   |FIG. 61.                     |
+  |  (plate|                             |                             |
+  | facing)|                             |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     301|_Distemanthus Benthaniami_   |_Distemonanthus Benthamianus_|
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     312|_Clausena Amsata_            |_Anisata_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     307|_Druosia laxiflora_          |_Ormosia_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     334|_Uapaca Guineensis_ (Much.   |Muell. Arg.                  |
+  |        |and Arg.)                    |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     337|may be the same as _Uafaca   |_Uapaca_                     |
+  |        |Heudelotii_                  |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     343|_Deinbollia primata_         |_pinnata_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     343|_Zisyphus mucronata_         |_Zizyphus_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     344|_Hibiscus quinquilobus_ (C.  |G. Don                       |
+  |        |Don)                         |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     359|_Gomphia glabriana_          |_glaberrima_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     359|_Gomphia_ nr. _offinium_     |_affinis_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     361|it it probable that the nuts |it is                        |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     366|_Flacourtia flabescens_      |_flavescens_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     381|_Diosypros mespiliformis_.   |_Diospyros_                  |
+  |        |Monkey Guava                 |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     382|having brown tomatose hairs  |tomentose                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     388|_Diospyros xanthoxyplamys_   |_xanthochlamys_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     392|_Landolphia Thompsonii_      |Chev.                        |
+  |        |(Ches.)                      |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     394|_Polyodoa umbellata_         |_Polyadoa_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     394|_Lophia procera_             |_Lophira_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     395|_Strophanthus bispidus_      |_hispidus_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     395|one much smallar than the    |smaller                      |
+  |        |other                        |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     399|_Clerodendron volubulu_      |_volubile_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     400|_Stereospermum               |_acuminatissimum_            |
+  |        |accuminatissimum_            |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     407|_Randia malliefera_          |_malleifera_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     407|_Randia cladanthra_          |_cladantha_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     407|_Randia cordata_             |_caudata_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     407|_Mussænda termiflora_        |_tenuiflora_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     410|_Lycopodium phyllamaria_     |_phlegmaria_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     410|_Eucalyptus tessitaris_      |_tesselaris_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |416 (x2)|_Entandrophragma Condollei_  |_Candollei_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     416|Terminalia, Scutifera        |_Terminalia scutifera_       |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     417|_Dialium Standtii_           |_Staudtii_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     417|_Triplochiton schleroxylon_  |_scleroxylon_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     420|_Elæsis Guineensis_          |_Elæis_                      |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     422|_Sarcocephalus Pobegundii_   |_Pobeguinii_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     425|_Elæsis Guineensis_          |_Elæis_                      |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     430|_Distemonanthus Benthamiasus_|_Benthamianus_               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     430|_Indigofera Africeps_        |_Atriceps_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     431|_Daniella caudata_           |_Daniellia_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     432|_Pachylobus edulis_ (G. Dom) |G. Don                       |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     433|_Turracanthus Zenkeri_       |_Turraeanthus_               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     433|_Ricinodrendron Africanum_   |_Ricinodendron_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     434|_Antidesma lacimiatum_       |_laciniatum_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     434|_Trichoxypha Bipindensis_    |_Trichoscypha_               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     436|_Cold acuminata_             |_Cola_                       |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     436|_Cola suleata_               |_sulcata_                    |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     436|_Triplochiton sceleroxylon_  |_scleroxylon_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     436|=Syctopetalaceæ=             |=Scytopetalaceæ=             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     437|_Flacourtia Ramintilii_      |_Ramontchii_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     438|_Alangium hegonifolium_      |_begonifolium_               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     439|_Diospyros sauveolens_       |_suaveolens_                 |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     439|_Diospyros Gilgiano_         |_Gilgiana_                   |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     439|_Diospyros mespeliformis_    |_mespiliformis_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     440|_Ranwolfia macrophylla_      |_Rauwolfia_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     440|_Rauwolfia vomitosia_        |_vomitoria_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     440|_Ipomæa involvucrata_        |_involucrata_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     441|_Canthium glabriforum_       |_glabriflorum_               |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     450|_Phyostigma venenosum_       |_Physostigma_                |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     459|_Chrysobalamus sp._          |_Chrysobalanus_              |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     462|_Garcinia conrauna_          |_conrauana_                  |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     466|[_Elæis Guineensis_ Var.]    |_Macrocarya_                 |
+  |        |_Marcrocarya_                |                             |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     469|going along th Akpaboyo Road |the                          |
+  |        |                             |                             |
+  |     488|on to neighbouring           |agricultural                 |
+  |        |agrcultural land             |                             |
+  +--------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+
+  Other than the changes above, taxon names haven't been standardized.
+
+  Most of the changes above affecting taxon names have also been made
+  in the INDEX, as well as several other spelling changes for
+  consistency with the main text.
+
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78844 ***
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+
+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78844 ***</div>
+
+<div class="transnote x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<p class="center">Large-size versions of illustrations are
+available by clicking on them.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="x-ebookmaker-drop space-above2">
+</p>
+
+<div class="x-ebookmaker-drop figcenter pb iw9">
+<figure id="cover"><a href="images/cover.jpg"><img alt="[Cover]"
+src="images/cover_thumb.jpg"></a>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="page">
+<p class="center xlarge spaced15">WEST AFRICAN FORESTS<br>
+AND FORESTRY</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i001" class="iw1"><a href="images/fig001.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig001.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 1.—<span class=
+"bold">Mixed Evergreen Forest on the edge of Barombo Lake (Elephant
+Lake), Cotton Trees in foreground.</span></p>
+
+<p class="cpr">Frontispiece.</p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="titlepage">
+<h1>WEST AFRICAN FORESTS<br>
+AND FORESTRY</h1>
+
+<p class="center spaced13"><span class="small">BY</span><br>
+<span class="large word-spaced03">A. HAROLD UNWIN</span><br>
+<span class="less"><span class="sc">D.Oec., M.Can.</span>,
+S.F.E.</span><br>
+<span class="small">Late Senior Conservator of Forests,
+Nigeria</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center small spaced15 space-above3">WITH 110
+ILLUSTRATIONS<br>
+BY THE AUTHOR</p>
+
+<p class="publisher"><span class="large word-spaced05">T. FISHER
+UNWIN LTD</span><br>
+<span class="less">LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE</span>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="page">
+<p class="center small space-above"><em>First published in
+1920</em>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center small space-above"><em>(All rights reserved)</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<div class="page">
+<p class="center spaced17 space-above"><span class=
+"less">TO</span><br>
+<span class="large">MY MOTHER</span>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2 class="large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_7">[7]</span><a id="pref"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p class="nind space-above15"><span class="sc">While</span> going
+round inspecting timber areas being worked by European firms in
+Nigeria, I have often been asked for a book with illustrations
+showing the different kinds of trees which might be felled, and
+also giving some account of the trees themselves, as well as the
+main work of the Forest Department. It is with the idea of trying
+to supply this want that I have mainly compiled this work, in the
+hope that, however imperfect it may be, the various timber getters
+and users in Nigeria may find it useful.</p>
+
+<p>I have not attempted to give accurate descriptions of the trees,
+as this has already been done by Mr. Foster in his work <em>Notes
+on Nigerian Trees and Plants</em>, and I would refer readers to
+that volume, and to the botanical works, such as <em>Useful Plants
+of Nigeria</em>, issued under the authority of the Director of Kew
+Gardens, and the <em>Flora of Tropical Africa</em>, by Oliver; but
+only refer to some specific feature of the trees that are most
+common or useful, by which they can be recognized by an ordinary
+observer without botanical knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>I wish to acknowledge with thanks the assistance given to me by
+the Central and Southern Secretaries for permission to use the
+annual Forest Report from the year 1906 onwards.</p>
+
+<p>I wish also to express my thanks to the Under-Secretary of State
+for the Colonies for permission to use my Reports on the Forests of
+Sierra Leone and the Afforestation of Togo.</p>
+
+<p>To Mr. H. N. Thompson, the Chief Conservator of Forests of
+Nigeria, I am indebted for much useful information obtained from
+his Report on the Gold Coast Forests.</p>
+
+<p>To Mr. R. E. Dennett, Deputy Chief Conservator of Forests, who
+has given me much help and advice in compiling this work, and more
+especially for reading through the proofs, I tender my grateful
+thanks.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span>Two most valuable
+chapters on the Forests and botanical features of the Northern
+Provinces of Nigeria were written by Dr. J. M. Dalziel, to whom I
+owe grateful thanks for his encouragement in this work.</p>
+
+<p>My greatest thanks are due to Mr. C. E. Lane-Poole, Commissioner
+of Forests, Victoria, for the use of the list of the Sierra Leone
+trees.</p>
+
+<p>To M. Chevalier I return grateful thanks for his list of the
+Ivory Coast trees.</p>
+
+<p>For the constant and unfailing interest and devotion to the work
+of Miss Christina E. Lacy, acting as amanuensis, I beg to extend my
+heartfelt thanks.</p>
+
+<p>Further thanks are also due to my wife, who has lent not only
+practical assistance, but has been the mainspring of inspiration
+for the completion of this work.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2 class="large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_9">[9]</span>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table class="toc">
+<tr>
+<td class="width4">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr med">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">PREFACE</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">7-8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">TABLE OF CHAPTERS</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">9, 10</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">LIST OF
+ILLUSTRATIONS</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">11-16</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c01">CHAPTER
+I</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">THE FORESTS OF WESTERN
+AFRICA</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">17-19</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c02">CHAPTER
+II</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">THE GAMBIA</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">20</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc">Descriptions of Trees and
+Forests</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">20</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c02app1">Appendix I.</a> The
+Forest Law. (Fees)</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">23</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c02app2">Appendix II.</a>
+Forest Exports</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">24</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c03">CHAPTER
+III</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">SIERRA LEONE</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">25</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c03s1">I.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Forests</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">25</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c03s2">II.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">Notes on Timber Trees. (Export and
+Local Use)</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">26</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c03s3">III.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">Trees cut for Local Use</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">31</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c03s4">IV.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">Minor Forest Produce</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">35</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c03s5">V.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Forest Department, Sierra
+Leone</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">39</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c03s6">VI.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">Botanical and Vernacular Names of
+Indigenous Trees, with Description</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">41</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c03app1">Appendix I.</a>
+Exports of Forest Produce</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">63</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c03app2">Appendix II.</a>
+Forest Produce, 1827-1835</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">64</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c03app3">Appendix III.</a>
+Imports of Timber into Sierra Leone</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">65</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c04">CHAPTER
+IV</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">LIBERIA</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">66</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c04s1">I.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Gola Forest</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">66</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c04s2">II.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">Notes on the Most Valuable Trees</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">66</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c04s3">III.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Conditions of Working Timber</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">69</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c04s4">IV.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">Botanical and Vernacular Names of
+Indigenous Trees</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">70</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c04app1">Appendix.</a>
+Forest Exports</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">80</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c05">CHAPTER
+V</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">THE IVORY COAST</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">81</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc">A Note on the Forest and
+Mahogany Industry</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">81</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc"><a href="#c05s2">Botanical
+and Vernacular Names</a> of Trees. By Monsieur August
+Chevalier</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">83</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc"><a href=
+"#c05app1">Appendix.</a> Forest Exports</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">90</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c06">CHAPTER
+VI</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">THE GOLD COAST</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">91</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc">The Forestry Position</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">91</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc">Notes on Indigenous
+Trees</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">93</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc"><a href="#c06s3">Botanical
+and Vernacular Names.</a> (From Mr. H. N. Thompson’s Report)</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">93</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc"><a href=
+"#c06app1">Appendix.</a> Forest Exports</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">115</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_10">[10]</span><a href="#c07">CHAPTER VII</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">TOGO</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">116</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c07s1">I.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Forests</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">116</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c07s2">II.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Forest Plantations</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">119</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c07s3">III.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The District Plantations</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">122</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c07s4">IV.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">Notes on Indigenous Trees. Botanical
+and Vernacular Names</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">127</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c07app1">Appendix I.</a>
+Introduced Species of Trees Planted</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">148</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c07app2">Appendix II.</a>
+Census of Plantations</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">149</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c07app3">Appendix III.</a>
+Exports of Forest Produce</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">150</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c08">CHAPTER
+VIII</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">NIGERIA</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">151</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c08s1">I.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Rivers, Ports and Forests</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">151</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c08s2">II.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Mahogany and Timber
+Industries</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">155</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c08s3">III.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Permanent Forests or Forest
+Reserves</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">160</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c08s4">IV.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">Afforestation in Nigeria</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">166</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c08s5">V.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">The Forest Department</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">184</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#c08s6">VI.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc">Review of the Botanical Features of N.
+Nigeria. By Dr. J. M. Dalziel</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">188</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c08s7">Some Trees of
+Hausaland.</a> By Dr. J. M. Dalziel</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">205</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c08app1">Appendix I.</a>
+Botanical and Vernacular Names of Indigenous Trees. Northern
+Provinces</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">218</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c08app2">Appendix II.</a>
+Exports of Forest Produce</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">226</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c08app3">Appendix III.</a>
+Imports of Timber into Nigeria</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">227</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c08app4">Appendix IV.</a>
+The Fees and Royalties on Timber Trees</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">228</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c09">CHAPTER
+IX</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">THE NIGERIAN TIMBER
+TREES</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">235</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c10">CHAPTER
+X</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">THE FORESTS AND TIMBER
+PRODUCTION OF THE BRITISH SPHERE OF THE CAMEROONS</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">415</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc">(With a Note on the
+<a href="#c10s1b">French</a> and <a href="#c10s1c">Belgian
+Congo</a> and <a href="#c10s1d">Spanish Guinea</a>)</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang3 sc"><a href="#c10s2">Notes on
+Descriptions of Trees.</a> Botanical and Vernacular Names</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">425</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c10app1">Appendix I.</a>
+Exports of Forest Produce</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">444</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c10app2">Appendix II.</a>
+Exports of Timber according to Port of Shipment</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">445</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 sc"><a href="#c10app3">Appendix III.</a>
+Exports of Timber according to Destination</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">446</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c11">CHAPTER
+XI</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">THE OIL BEANS, SEEDS
+AND NUTS OF THE FOREST</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">447</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c12">CHAPTER
+XII</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">THE OIL PALM AND PALM
+KERNEL INDUSTRY</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">464</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c13">CHAPTER
+XIII</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">THE FOREST IN RELATION
+TO AGRICULTURE</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">485</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><a href="#c14">CHAPTER
+XIV</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large">BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEST
+AFRICAN FORESTS</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">496</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdl-top hang1 large"><a href=
+"#ind">INDEX</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">501</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2 class="large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_11">[11]</span>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<table class="toi">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">I.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i001">1.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mixed Evergreen Forest on the edge of
+Barombo Lake (Elephant Lake). Cotton Trees in foreground</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot"><em>Frontispiece</em>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">II. SIERRA LEONE.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr med no-wrap"><em>To face page</em>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i002">2.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Red Ironwood (<i>Lophira procera</i>), in
+the Forest, Gumah</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">16</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i003">3.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mature Cola Tree (<i>Cola vera</i>),
+growing in Fundo village, Protectorate of Sierra Leone</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">16</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i004">4.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">View of Gumah Mountain from the
+Gumah</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">16</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i005">5.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">African Oak (<i>Oldfieldia Africana</i>),
+showing bole in middle foreground, near Bureh Town Bridge</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">24</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i006">6.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">African Oak (<i>Oldfieldia Africana</i>),
+showing scaly bark at base of tree, the late Mr. C. W. Smythe
+standing beside it</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">24</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i007">7.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i> in flower
+near Fakar Kole, at the edge of the Peninsular Forest</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">40</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i008">8.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Forest of true Gum Copal (<i>Copaifera
+salikounda</i>), showing nearly all the trees bare of foliage and
+dying, due to overtapping, near Sussuwuru, Moyamba District</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">40</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i009">9.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">True Gum Copal (<i>Copaifera
+salikounda</i>), showing base of stem with tapping squares, near
+the bank of the Rokell River, north of Moyamba District</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">40</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">III. LIBERIA.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i010">10.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Large Brimstone Tree (<i>Sarcocephalus
+sp.</i>), Gola Forest</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">66</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i011">11.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">African Satinwood (<i>Afrormosia
+laxiflora</i>), Gola Forest</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">66</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i012">12.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gola Forest, general view, near Morro
+River</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">80</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i013">13.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mahogany (<i>Khaya Ivoriensis</i>), the
+late Mr. C. W. Smythe standing beside it, Gola Forest</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">80</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i014">14.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Young Yawey Cedar (<i>Heritiera?</i>),
+Gola Forest</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">80</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">IV. TOGO.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i015">15.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Teak Plantation of 1908, 35¾ feet high,
+Sokode, in 1911</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">90</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i016">16.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Teak Plantation of 1907 and 1908 on
+hill-side, Atakpame</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">90</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i017">17.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to
+ten-year-old trees, 1911</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">116</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i018">18.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation,
+Sokode</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">116</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i019">19.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation,
+Sokode</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">116</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i020">20.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation,
+Sokode</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">116</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i021">21.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>, 1911</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">126</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i022">22.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Five-year-old Oil Palm Plantation,
+Sokode</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">126</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i023">23.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Five-year-old <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>,
+1911</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">126</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i024">24.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Teak Plantation made in 1907 at Pfandu,
+in 1911</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">136</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i025">25.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Khaya Klaineana</i>, 17 feet in girth,
+Misahohe Station</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">136</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i026">26.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Corner of a 1907 Teak Plantation, Pfandu,
+in 1911</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">136</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_12">[12]</span>V. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Ebuttemetta Gardens.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i027">27.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Large Teak Tree (<i>Tectona grandis</i>),
+about sixteen years old, Ebuttemetta Gardens</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">150</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i028">28.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Large Para (<i>Hevea Braziliensis</i>),
+Ebuttemetta Gardens, age about sixteen years</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">150</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">VI. WESTERN CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Olokemeji Arboretum and
+Railway Plantation and Two Studies of Capsules.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i029">29.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">The Chief Conservator of Forests’ House,
+with five-year-old <i>Albizzia Lebbek</i> standing beside it</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">162</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i030">30.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Three capsules of Mahogany (<i>Khaya
+grandis Ivoriensis</i> and <i>Punchii</i>), from banks of Owena
+River</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">162</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i031">31.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Capsules of three species of
+Entandrophragma: <i>E. macrophyllum</i>, the largest; <i>E.
+utilis</i>, the next in size; and <i>E. cylindricum</i>, the
+smallest</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">162</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i032">32.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cedrela odorata</i>, seven years old,
+with Forest Office in background, Olokemeji</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">174</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i033">33.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cedrela odorata</i>, Cigar-box Cedar,
+girth 5 feet, twelve years old, Olokemeji Arboretum</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">174</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i034">34.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i>), ten years
+old, Olokemeji Arboretum</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">174</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i035">35.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Teak, six years old, Olokemeji
+Arboretum</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">184</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i036">36.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, five years
+old, from seed obtained by H. N. Thompson, Esq., in Shaki
+District</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">184</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i037">37.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mature Iroko Tree (<i>Chlorophora
+excelsa</i>), over 12 feet in girth in 1911, since cut down and
+used for building the Chief Conservator of Forests’ house</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">184</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">VII. NORTHERN PROVINCES,
+NIGERIA.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i038">38.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Marsh or “fadama” with islets of foliage,
+Benué overflow near Yola</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">196</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i039">39.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">The Lower Niger in flood</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">196</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i040">40.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Fringing Forest on River Benué, in the
+rainy season</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">196</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i041">41.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">A Baobab (<i>Adansonia digitata</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">208</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i042">42.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Giginya or “Fan Palm” (<i>Borassus
+flabellifer</i>, var. <i>Æthiopum</i>), with waterlilies
+(<i>Nymphæaceæ</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">208</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">VIII. WESTERN CIRCLE,
+OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i043">43.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mahogany (<i>Khaya grandis</i>), 6½ years
+old, showing bent leader, owing to previous one being eaten out by
+the leading-shoot borer</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">216</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i044">44.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">1909 Mahogany (<i>Khaya grandis</i> and
+<i>K. Punchii</i>) Plantation after six years’ growth, near road to
+Chief Conservator’s house, Olokemeji Arboretum</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">216</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i045">45.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">The largest Mahogany (<i>Khaya
+Punchii</i>), seven years old, Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest
+Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">216</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i046">46.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation,
+Olokemeji Arboretum, showing it at the end of the dry season, March
+1915, Captain Owens</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">228</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i047">47.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cedrela odorata</i>, Cigar-box Cedar,
+three years old (seen close), R. E. Dennett, Esq.</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">228</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i048">48.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation,
+with H. N. Thompson, Esq., 1911</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">228</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i049">49.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Shea Butter Tree (<i>Butyrospermum
+Parkii</i>), standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house, June
+1915, after being protected from fire eight years</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">234</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_13">[13]</span><a href="#i050">50.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i>), three
+years old, Compartment 2, Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">234</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i051">51.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Shea Butter Tree (<i>Butyrospermum
+Parkii</i>) in fruit, April 1911, standing near the Conservator of
+Forests’ house. This tree has been protected from fire for nearly
+four years</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">234</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i052">52.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Shea Butter Tree (<i>Butyrospermum
+Parkii</i>), standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house. The
+same tree of which the fruit was photographed April 1911</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">234</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">IX. WESTERN CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Studies of Trees, Olokemeji
+Reserve.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i053">53.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mature Opepe (<i>Sarcocephalus
+esculentus</i>), in middle of picture, across Ogun River, Olokemeji
+Forest Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">250</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i054">54.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mature Oganwo (<i>Khaya Punchii</i>),
+near Dajopa, Olokemeji Reserve, showing base of stem for nearly 12
+feet stripped of bark</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">250</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i055">55.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Large Emido (<i>Mimusops
+multinervis</i>), 10 feet in girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest
+Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">250</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i056">56.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Large-leaved Mahogany (<i>Khaya
+grandis</i>), 14 feet in girth, with smaller Iroko (<i>Chlorophora
+excelsa</i>), standing at the side, Olokemeji Forest Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">260</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i057">57.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Arere (<i>Triplochiton Nigericum</i>),
+120 feet high, thirty years old</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">260</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i058">58.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ebony (<i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>), 7
+feet 6 inches in girth, on Dajopa Road, Olokemeji Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">260</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i059">59.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Large Ayin (<i>Anogeissus
+leiocarpus</i>), 10 feet in girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest
+Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">272</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i060">60.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Oil Palm in bearing, two bunches of fruit
+in view, Olokemeji Forest Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">272</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i061">61.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Base of 14-foot Bilinga (<i>Afzelia
+Africana</i>), Dajopa Forest Reserve, Olokemeji Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">284</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i062">62.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Shea Butter (<i>Butyrospermum
+Parkii</i>), 7 feet in girth, near Oniloku Road, Olokemeji
+Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">284</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i063">63.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Afara (<i>Terminalia superba</i>), base
+of mature tree over 12 feet in girth, Olokemeji Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">284</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i064">64.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Afzelia Africana</i>, 14 feet in
+girth, showing bole and usual fork, Ijaiye Range, Dajopa, Olokemeji
+Forest Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">284</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">X. WESTERN CIRCLE.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Forest Trees, Ilaro.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i065">65.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Khaya Ivoriensis</i>, 14 feet 8 inches
+in girth, Ilaro Forest Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">294</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i066">66.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Iroko (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>), 8
+feet in girth, standing in Ilaro Forest Reserve after Forest was
+cleared</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">294</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XI. WESTERN CIRCLE.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Dry Zone Vegetation, Oyo
+District.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i067">67.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, 1910, on bank
+of Ogun River, near Iporin, Oyo Province</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">308</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i068">68.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Locust Tree (<i>Parkia filicoidea</i>),
+in bearing, Oyo District, 1910</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">308</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XII. WESTERN CIRCLE.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Studies of Forest Vegetation,
+Ado and Mamu Forest.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i069">69.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mature Iroko (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>)
+and Teak, one year old, Mamu Forest Reserve, Ibadan Province,
+1915</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">320</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_14">[14]</span><a href="#i070">70.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Large full-grown Iroko Tree
+(<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>) standing near Ibadan, Jebu Ode Road,
+Mamu Forest Reserve, in May 1910. See Fig. 69, which is of the same
+tree taken five years later</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">320</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i071">71.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Untouched Forest on summit of Ado Rock,
+Oyo Province, 1910</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">320</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OSHUN
+AND MAMU FORESTS.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i072">72.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking
+downstream, Oshun Forest Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">332</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i073">73.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Large Arere Tree (<i>Triplochiton
+Nigericum</i>) already girdled and dead</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">332</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i074">74.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking
+upstream, Oshun Forest Reserve, Jebu Ode District</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">332</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i075">75.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ride between Compartments C and D, Mamu
+Forest Reserve, Funtumia seedlings on either side, six to eight
+years old</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">332</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XIV. WESTERN CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA, ONDO AND IWOYE FORESTS.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i076">76.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Path in Iwoye Forest, Western Circle,
+showing parts of four mahogany trees in the picture</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">342</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i077">77.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mature Cocoanut Grove near stream in the
+middle of Idanre Town, 1910</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">342</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XV. CENTRAL CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA, IFON FOREST.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i078">78.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Osse River, looking downstream, edge of
+the Pool, Ifon District</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">354</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i079">79.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mixed Forest near Osse, looking upstream,
+Ifon District</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">354</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XVI. CENTRAL CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA, EBEKWI FOREST.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i080">80.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Heavy Sapeli Mahogany (<i>Entandrophragma
+utilis</i>) standing near the road between Uyeri and Benin City,
+Benin Province</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">364</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i081">81.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Agba (Benin), (<i>Pterogopodium?</i>),
+standing near Ifon Road, south of Uyeri, Benin Province</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">364</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XVII. CENTRAL CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Ogba Plantation, Benin.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i082">82.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Benin Satinwood (<i>Afrormosia
+laxiflora</i>) standing in the Ogba Plantation, Benin District</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">376</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i083">83.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mixed Mahogany Plantation, <i>Khaya
+grandis</i> on left, <i>K. Punchii</i> in centre, and
+Entandrophragma in the right foreground, six years old, near Ogba,
+Benin Province</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">376</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i084">84.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ogea, Gum Copal (<i>Daniellia
+caudata</i>), standing in the Ogba Plantation, Benin Province</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">376</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XVIII. CENTRAL CIRCLE,
+OBAGIE FOREST, BENIN.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i085">85.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Khaya anthoteca</i>, 16 feet in girth,
+Obagie Forest Reserve, Benin Province</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">384</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i086">86.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Okan (<i>Cylicodiscus Gabunensis</i>),
+African Greenheart, 24 feet in girth, standing in Obagie Forest
+Reserve, Benin Province</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">384</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_15">[15]</span>XIX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, KOKO TOWN
+MAHOGANY.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i087">87.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Koko Town, with raft of mahogany logs
+moored near the bank</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">396</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i088">88.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mahogany logs floating in the river above
+Koko Town</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">396</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XX. CENTRAL CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA, OSSE RIVER FOREST.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i089">89.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Funtumia Rubber Plantation, both sides of
+the road, Igwoshudi, Benin</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">408</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i090">90.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mahogany Plantation, <i>Khaya
+Punchii</i>, twelve years old, near Noami, on the banks of the Osse
+River, Benin Province</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">408</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i091">91.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Entandrophragma log with three sides
+already squared and fourth partially cut ready for squaring</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">408</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i092">92.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Stump of <i>Khaya Punchii</i> with log at
+base, left in the Benin Forest</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">408</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XXI. EASTERN CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Degema Forest Station,
+including Imo Bridge.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i093">93.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Mimusops Djave</i>, about twelve years
+old, standing near Prison, Degema Station, Eastern Circle</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">414</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i094">94.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mature Light African Greenheart,
+<i>Piptadenia Africana</i>, standing in the middle of Degema
+Station</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">414</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i095">95.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Young Oil Bean Tree in bearing,
+<i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>, Degema Station</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">414</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i096">96.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Red Oak, <i>Berlinia acuminata</i>, 20
+feet in girth, standing near the Sombreiro River, Degema
+Station</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">414</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i097">97.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Base of Red Oak, <i>Berlinia
+acuminata</i>, showing smooth bark with comparatively few large
+scales, Degema Station</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">428</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i098">98.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Iroko, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>,
+nursery bed, with seedlings two years old, at the side of Forest
+House, Degema</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">428</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i099">99.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">The temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo,
+on the Eastern Division, Nigerian Railway. Note, only native,
+locally grown timber used in its construction</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">446</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i100">100.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Medium-sized African Pearwood,
+<i>Mimusops Djave</i>, standing in the middle of the road outside
+Degema Station on the road to Illimema, since felled, and logs sold
+in England</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">446</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i101">101.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Inoi Tree, <i>Poga oleosa</i>, standing
+at the edge of the Degema Station grounds</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">446</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XXII. EASTERN CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA, CALABAR ARBORETUM AND STATION.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i102">102.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Oil Palm, <i>Elæis Guineensis</i>, eight
+years old, in bearing, showing nine out of the twenty-one bunches
+of fruit on the tree</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">460</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i103">103.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Seven-year-old Oil Palm in bearing,
+rather over-pruned, showing male inflorescence just below boy’s
+finger and bunch of fruit in the middle of the picture</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">460</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i104">104.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mature <i>Brachystegia spicæformis</i>
+standing at the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing the
+typical shape of the crown and branches</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">472</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i105">105.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Base of mature <i>Brachystegia
+spicæformis</i> standing at the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar,
+showing both the scaly untouched bark and the wounded section
+covered with nodules</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">472</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_16">[16]</span>XXIII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CROSS
+RIVER.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Teak Plantations, Ndeh.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i106">106.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Rest House Teak Plantation at Ndeh,
+showing rows of trees 9 feet apart and 4 feet between</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">486</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i107">107.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">View between the lines of one-year-old
+Teak Plantation at Ndeh, in which trees were planted 4 feet
+apart</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">486</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect1 large">XXIV. EASTERN CIRCLE,
+NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" class="tdc sect2 sc">Ikrigon Forest.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i108">108.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Shinglewood, <i>Terminalia scutifera</i>,
+12 feet in girth, standing in the Ikrigon Forest Reserve, Eastern
+Circle</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">496</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i109">109.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Iroko, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>, 15
+feet in girth, standing in Ikrigon Forest Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">496</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#i110">110.</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mahogany, <i>Khaya Senegalensis (?)</i>,
+standing at the edge of Ikrigon Forest Reserve, showing base of
+trunk with old bark wounds already healed over</td>
+<td class="tdr-bot">496</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i002" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig002.jpg"><img src='images/fig002.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 2.—<span class=
+"bold">Red Ironwood (Lophira procera) in the Forest,
+Gumah.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i003" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig003.jpg"><img src='images/fig003.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 3.—<span class=
+"bold">Mature Cola Tree (Cola vera), growing in Fundo Village,
+Protectorate of Sierra Leone.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i004" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig004.jpg"><img src='images/fig004.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 4.—<span class=
+"bold">View of Gumah Mountain, from the Gumah.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="clear">
+</p>
+
+<p class="center xxlarge space-above pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_17">[17]</span>WEST AFRICAN FORESTS<br>
+AND FORESTRY</p>
+
+<h2 class="nopb"><a id="c01"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE FORESTS OF WESTERN AFRICA</p>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">From</span> a large scale-map of
+Africa, the various British West African Colonies and
+Protectorates, as well as Liberia, French Ivory Coast, the late
+German Colonies of Togo and Cameroons, can be seen on the western
+side of that Continent. In fact, these territories are all within
+the Tropics, and also between the latitudes of 13° North in the
+Gambia to nearly the Equator in the Cameroons, and between
+longitude of 17° West to 10° East. Roughly speaking, Upper Guinea,
+as this part is usually called, covers an area of 100 to 200 miles
+wide by a length of over 1,500 miles, as a sylvan belt mainly of
+one type of vegetation, which botanically, however, only begins to
+alter as the boundary of the Cameroons is approached in the eastern
+part of Nigeria. Therefore one finds several trees extending right
+through this area, and also an almost unbroken forest all the way
+along the coast line, and roughly 100 to 150 miles inland. The
+width of the forest varies rather according to the aspect of the
+coast line, because the prevalent wind being south-west, the
+greatest rainfall, and thus the heaviest type of forest, occurs
+when the coast line runs at right angles to the prevailing wind.
+This occurs, for instance, near Calabar, Nigeria in the Cameroons,
+part of the Gold Coast near Axim, and Sierra Leone near Freetown.
+In some instances this effect is accentuated by the proximity of
+mountains near the coast, as, for instance, north of Calabar and
+north of Benin. One tree, which might be taken as a type, is the
+Rhodesian Mahogany, <i>Afzelia Africana</i>, which is found right
+in this belt of forest on its northern side. As the name implies,
+it is also found in Rhodesia, near the Victoria Falls. Mahogany,
+<i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, is another tree found in the Gambia,
+also in Nigeria right up to the Cameroon border, over 1,500 miles
+away.</p>
+
+<p>However, in this huge forest belt there are great variations in
+the rainfall, from 20 to over 175 inches in the Oban Hills of
+Nigeria. There are also, naturally, variations in soil and
+elevation, which make differences<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_18">[18]</span> in the character of the forest. The proximity
+to the sea causes yet another difference in the type of vegetation,
+combined as it often is with low elevation.</p>
+
+<p>Broadly speaking, then, one can differentiate several distinct
+types of forest, though owing to slight changes in a locality the
+one merges into the other and very sharp boundary lines cannot be
+drawn.</p>
+
+<p>I. The Mangrove Swamps are usually near the sea coast, though
+not always at the sea coast; a strip of Evergreen Forest is usually
+found actually on the sandy dunes of the sea coast. The Mangrove
+Swamps also extend up the rivers near the coast as a fringe a mile
+or more wide.</p>
+
+<p>II. The Evergreen Forest is usually found on the sea coast, also
+extending inland up the rivers, and also on low land up to an
+elevation of a few hundred feet, as, for instance, the forest on
+the banks of the Calabar River.</p>
+
+<p>III. The Freshwater Swamp Forests are also found in this type of
+locality.</p>
+
+<p>IV. The Mixed intermediate Forest is found usually where the
+rainfall does not exceed 60 inches, or in slightly hilly country,
+and contains a few deciduous trees. Typical trees of this forest
+are the <i>Triplochiton Nigericum</i> and <i>Mimusops
+multinervis</i>. It contains both evergreen and deciduous
+trees.</p>
+
+<p>V. The Fringing Forest, or “Gallerie” Forest of the Germans, is
+found at the edge of rivers or lakes, where the rainfall is
+otherwise too low for the mixed deciduous forests.</p>
+
+<p>VI. The Savannah Forest, sometimes so-called Dry-zone Forest,
+usually occurs with a rainfall of 30 to 50 inches. The typical tree
+of this is the <i>Lophira alata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>VII. The Evergreen Forest of the hills, chiefly above an
+altitude of 2,000 or 3,000 feet. It is especially noticeable on
+Mount Itakum and the Boji Hills (elevation 5,000 feet).</p>
+
+<p>VIII. The Open Orchard Forest, with shrubby trees of small
+growth.</p>
+
+<p>These, then, roughly follow the Œcological Divisions according
+to Warming, which are as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="simple1">
+<li>Mangrove Swamp,</li>
+
+<li>True Savannah,</li>
+
+<li>Treeless Savannah, low and high grass,</li>
+
+<li>Bush Savannah,</li>
+
+<li>Tree Savannah,</li>
+
+<li>Savannah Forest,</li>
+
+<li>Sclerophyllus formations, such as</li>
+
+<li class="pad3">Bush and Forest,</li>
+
+<li class="pad3">Bamboo Forest.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span>Forests are in
+addition named after the locality, such as Benin Forests, Oban
+Forests, Ondo Forests. Again, yet another nomenclature is after the
+kind of tree represented, such as Evergreen Forest, where all the
+trees are evergreen all the year round; for instance, Calabar
+Forests, Ondo, South Benin.</p>
+
+<p>The mixed forests and intermediate forests, where the trees are
+both evergreen and deciduous, growing side by side, such as
+Olokemeji Forests, Benin Forests, Obubra Forests, and Bende
+Forests. Thus summarising the Nigerian Forests, we get the
+following formations:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t019">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 width-half">1. Nigerian Swamp</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1 width-half">Evergreen: Mangrove, type
+tree.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">2. Evergreen Forests</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Lophira procera</i>,
+<i>Parinarium</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">2a. Freshwater Swamp Forests</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cynometra mitragyne</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">3. Mixed Deciduous, intermediate
+Forests</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Triplochiton</i>, Iroko,
+<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">3a. Fringing Forests</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mixed, deciduous really.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">4. Canopied Deciduous Forests (sometimes
+termed dense Savannah Forests)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Olokemeji: <i>Berlinia</i>,
+<i>Afzelia</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">5. Open Deciduous Forests</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Paradaniella Oliverii</i>, <i>Eugenia
+Owariensis</i>, <i>Terminalia Togoensis</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">6. Tree Savannah Orchard Forest</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Lophira alata</i>, Shea butter,
+<i>Acacia</i>; <em>Iwu, Oyo, Ndeh</em>.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">7. Treeless Savannah</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Grass, a few stunted bushes of <i>Acacia
+Isoberlinia</i>, North Ogoja.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span><a id=
+"c02"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE GAMBIA</p>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">In</span> the early part of the
+nineteenth century a considerable quantity of African Mahogany,
+obtained from <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, a dry-zone mahogany-tree,
+was shipped to England; in fact, this was the original source of
+African Mahogany, as also it was the first tree from which it was
+obtained. Even now this tree is one of the most prevalent in the
+strip of land on both banks of the Gambia, so far as British
+territory is concerned.</p>
+
+<p>At the present time no mahogany is being shipped from the
+Gambia, but recently an Ordinance was passed regulating the cutting
+of firewood and forest trees.</p>
+
+<p>Forests in the ordinary sense of the word cannot be said to
+exist in the Gambia, but no doubt a considerable amount of timber
+could be obtained from the dry-zone country. The total length of
+the colony is 300 miles, and approximately 5 miles wide, on either
+side of the Gambia River, which makes it in the aggregate a
+considerable tract of country, in all 4,500 square miles, of which
+the colony proper occupies 4 square miles.</p>
+
+<p>So far only Rosewood (<i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>), Mahogany
+(<i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>), and small pieces of Baywood, probably
+also a mahogany, have been reported from the Gambia. In 1908 a
+certain amount of wood was cut for the making of charcoal by a man
+from the Canary Islands. In 1909, 102 tons of charcoal were
+exported, and in 1910, 176 tons, valued at £634. Since then no
+other returns are available, so apparently this industry has come
+to an end. There is no Forest Officer in the Gambia, and no
+proposals for Forest Reserves have been put forward by the
+Government. Part of the land near the mouth of the Gambia is swampy
+and covered with the usual Mangrove forests.</p>
+
+<p>In the <em>Bulletin of the Imperial Institute</em>, vol. viii,
+1910, p. 244, it is stated that the specimens of rosewood and
+mahogany forwarded to the Imperial Institute were reported on as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>Rosewood (<i>Dalbergia sp.</i>), reddish-yellow with darker
+lines and red pores, solid and compact, resembling rosewood except
+in colour. The timber would not pass as rosewood on the market. It
+has an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span> agreeable
+odour, is hard and heavy, weighing 45½ lb. per cubic foot. It
+turned and polished well, sawed very easily, but was difficult to
+plane; planing left a smooth, bright surface.</p>
+
+<p>Mahogany (<i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>) may be looked upon as
+inferior baywood, the wood light in colour, of poor figure, hard to
+plane, but when planed leaves the surface bright and woolly in
+alternate bands; very cross grained, sawed and turned easily.
+Weight, 41½ lb. per cubic foot. Should be very useful locally, but
+probably not of sufficient value for much export trade.</p>
+
+<p>Even in this comparatively small colony a certain amount of
+forest land should be preserved, more especially that which is
+unsuitable for agriculture. In every country there is always some
+poor or rocky land which is not favourable to the growing of
+agricultural crops.</p>
+
+<p>The oil palm is another useful tree, which yields the well-known
+palm oil and kernels; however, here the oil is required locally for
+alimentary purposes, and therefore only the palm kernels are
+exported.</p>
+
+<p>The following shows the exports for five years:</p>
+
+<table class="padded2b padded05" id="t021">
+<tr>
+<th>Year.</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>s.</th>
+<th>d.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1910</td>
+<td>467</td>
+<td>5,640</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1911</td>
+<td>443</td>
+<td>4,756</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1912</td>
+<td>445</td>
+<td>6,518</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1913</td>
+<td>545</td>
+<td>9,026</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1914</td>
+<td>494½</td>
+<td>7,814</td>
+<td class="tdr">17</td>
+<td class="tdr">11</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It will be noticed that the very high prices ruling for part of
+1913 and the beginning of 1914 had the effect of causing increased
+exports to be made.</p>
+
+<p>Here, as in the case of other products, planting could be
+undertaken with advantage, as the yield of kernels and oil is good;
+even if the increased amount of oil produced was sold locally, the
+increased output of kernels would find a market in England, where
+they are needed.</p>
+
+<p>It is a tree which allows cultivation of field crops to be made
+between the oil palms for several years before the palms become too
+big and shut out the light necessary for field crops. In the drier
+climate of the Gambia a planting distance of probably 16 feet would
+be sufficient to ensure a good yield, and yet give sufficient
+distance between the trees to allow room for them even when
+mature.</p>
+
+<p>If an Agricultural or Forest Department, which at present does
+not exist in the Gambia, could not supply young seedlings or nuts
+for planting, one of the trading firms could secure them from one
+of the other West Coast Protectorates. Of course, in many
+cases,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> if the natives
+could be induced to believe that a good price would always be paid
+for kernels, they would no doubt make small plantations of oil
+palms themselves, as some fruit always falls to the ground in the
+picking, is thus not boiled, and so is suitable for furnishing seed
+for planting. It is, of course, inadvisable to plant boiled nuts,
+as many do not germinate, owing to the germ having been destroyed
+by the boiling of the fruit; others do, however, as can be seen in
+the young oil palms sprouting from heaps of uncracked nuts which
+the natives leave near the villages.</p>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span><a id=
+"c02app1"></a>APPENDIX I</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">FOREST FEES IN GAMBIA</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A <span class="sc">new</span> list was published by
+the Legislative Council in Gambia which fixes the different rates
+of fees for the right of felling useful timber for export.</p>
+
+<p>The fees are as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t023">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc sect1"><em>Felling of Useful Timber for
+Export.</em>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">For each sort of useful trunk</td>
+<td class="tdl-bot">10s. per trunk.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc sect1"><em>Felling of Useful Timber
+which is not intended for Export.</em>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">For each trunk, Rosewood (Jacaranda,
+Palisander wood)</td>
+<td class="tdl-bot">5s. per trunk.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">For each trunk, Mahogany</td>
+<td class="tdl-bot">1s. per foot after felling.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">For each trunk in Mandingo Falls</td>
+<td class="tdl-bot">9d. per foot after felling.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">For each trunk in Tumbo</td>
+<td class="tdl-bot">8d. per foot after felling.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">For each trunk in Jaffo</td>
+<td class="tdl-bot">6d. per foot after felling.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">For each trunk, Cotton-tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-bot">4d. per foot after felling.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">For every other valuable tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-bot">4d. per cubic foot.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span><a id=
+"c02app2"></a>APPENDIX II</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE GAMBIA—FOREST EXPORTS</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t024">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">Products.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1909.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1910.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1911.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1912.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1913.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1914.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Cane</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">59</td>
+<td>bdls.</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gum Arabic</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">44</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ground nuts</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">53,644</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">323,231</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">58,456</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">387,943</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">47,931</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">437,472</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">64,169</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">502,069</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">67,404</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">622,098</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">66,884</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">650,460</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernels</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">389</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,526</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">467</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">5,640</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">444</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,758</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">445</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,518</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">546</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">9,026</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">494</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">7,814</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rubber</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">15,548</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,550</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">7,148</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">952</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">10,733</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">836</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">4,335</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">409</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">12,995</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,027</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">3,548</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">102</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Wax</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">48,969</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,180</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">25,718</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,274</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">33,871</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,514</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">30,830</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,164</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">31,518</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">990</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">15,513</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">473</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Wood and timber</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">4</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">162</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">63</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">155</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">28</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">178</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">55</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,562</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">30</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Oil (palm)</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">361</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">39</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">108</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Lumber</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">273</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="feet">ft</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">feet</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gum copal</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">90</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">4</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"pkgs.">pk</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">330,530</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">162</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"pkgs.">pk</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">395,885</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">155</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"pkgs.">pk</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">444,608</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">178</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"pkgs.">pk</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">500,218</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">1,562</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"pkgs.">pk</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">633,161</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">30</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"pkgs.">pk</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">658,911</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">54,033</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">58,923</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">48,375</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">64,614</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">67,950</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">67,382</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">64,509</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">32,956</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">44,604</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">35,165</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">44,513</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">19,061</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">361</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">108</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">273</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="feet">ft</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">feet</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">59</td>
+<td>bdls.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i005" class="iw11"><a href=
+"images/fig005.jpg"><img src='images/fig005.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 5.—<span class=
+"bold">African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing bole in middle
+foreground, near Bureh Town Bridge.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i006" class="iw11"><a href=
+"images/fig006.jpg"><img src='images/fig006.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 6.—<span class=
+"bold">African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing Scaly Bark at
+base of tree, the late Mr. C. W. Smythe standing beside
+it.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 24.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span><a id=
+"c03"></a>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">SIERRA LEONE</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc space-above1"><a id="c03s1"></a>I. The Forests.</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> Colony and Protectorate
+of Sierra Leone cover an area of approximately 34,000 square miles,
+or, to make it more comprehensible, it is almost the same size as
+Ireland. Probably in the earliest times the whole territory was
+covered with some kind of arborescent growth, varying from open
+savannah and deciduous forest to close, impenetrable evergreen rain
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Now scarcely 1 per cent. of this forest remains, one of the most
+important tracts being the Sierra Leone or Peninsular Mountain
+Forest, situated on the mountain due east of Freetown. The whole of
+this region was once covered with forest, now reduced to an area of
+approximately 48 square miles, or 30,000 acres. All this tract down
+to the 500-foot control line has been reserved as a permanent
+forest, so that eventually the whole peninsular forest will have an
+area of 75 square miles. Illustrations <a href="#i002">Nos. 2</a>
+and <a href="#i004">4</a> show a general view of these forests.</p>
+
+<p>Other important mountain forests are those situated on the
+Kassewe Hills, Kagnari Mountains, Kambui Hills, Panguma Hills,
+Nimmini Mountains, Loma Mountains, Bunbola Hills, and Maramper
+Hills. In addition to these areas, timber trees are felled at
+Kangahan and Yonni, as well as in the peninsular mountains and
+Maramper Hills, especially for local use.</p>
+
+<p>Turning now to a consideration of the forests more in detail,
+one naturally first deals with the most accessible ones, i.e. of
+the peninsular mountains. From the beautiful harbour of Freetown,
+Sierra Leone, one sees the edge of these forests between Leicester
+Peak and Sugar Loaf Mountains. From these two points it skirts the
+hill station, extending thence roughly parallel to the sea as far
+as Kent; the largest wooded slopes face the ocean, only a narrow
+strip of forest being found on the landward side of the mountains
+near Burehtown and John Obey. The forest extends practically from
+the water’s edge on the estuary of the Bureh River right up the
+mountains to an elevation of 2,000 feet, with a rainfall of upwards
+of 160 inches per year. Silvan vegetation is very luxuriant, the
+giant trees standing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span>
+close together, often entwined and joined to each other by various
+large creepers, the whole forming an almost impenetrable grove,
+into which only the diffused light of the sun reaches. The
+undergrowth is not very thick, except where old trees have fallen
+or where mature trees have been felled; this is partly owing to the
+dense shade of the tall trees, and therefore the trunks of these
+trees can be seen. A large Cedar Mahogany 23 feet in circumference
+was seen. This specimen of a mahogany was one of the largest trees
+found, and shows to what size the trees attain in this peninsular
+forest. One of the commonest trees found is the Red Ironwood, or
+sometimes called in Sierra Leone Ironpost, botanically known as
+<i>Lophira procera</i>. A picture of a large specimen of one of
+this species is shown as illustration <a href="#i002">No. 2.</a>
+Another very common tree is a species of Mimusops, known as
+pearwood, or sometimes mahogany, when sold as timber. The African
+Violetwood, sometimes known as Blackwood, is comparatively common.
+Rhodesian Mahogany, usually called Kontah, botanically known as
+<i>Afzelia Africana</i>, is also found. Real African Oak
+(<i>Oldfieldia Africana</i>) is seen singly scattered throughout
+forests. A patch of true Gum Copal trees is found, as well as
+isolated specimens in some parts of the forest. Rock Elm
+(<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>) is seen both in the forest and in the
+clearings made for farms. The Oil Palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>)
+is sparsely distributed in the forest, but more frequent in the
+abandoned farms. The above-named trees are representative of some
+of the very large number of hardwoods and other trees of economic
+value in the forest. There are, however, also a very large number
+of softwoods found scattered amongst the other trees in the forest;
+a beautiful Whitewood (<i>Alstonia Congensis</i>) is, for instance,
+one of such softwoods. The Cotton Tree (<i>Eriodendron
+anfractuosum</i>) is probably the one most commonly found. Various
+Albizzias are also met with in a similar manner.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c03s2"></a>II. Notes on Timber Trees.</h3>
+
+<p>Taking now the different species of timber trees individually,
+the following are most important:</p>
+
+<p>1. Real African Oak (<i>Oldfieldia Africana</i>), which is
+termed Tortorza by the Timanis and Paulai by the Mendis. As
+illustration <a href="#i005">No. 5</a> shows, this is a very large
+and tall tree. It often attains a bole length of 50 feet and a
+girth of 16 feet. It is found singly, scattered through the forest.
+The habit of its branches, open crown, and greyish bark make it
+look not unlike a European oak. In reality the bark is scaly,
+gradually peeling off in flakes. The tree in illustration <a href=
+"#i006">No. 6</a> shows this characteristic peculiarity to
+advantage, and also shows a medium-sized tree, approximately 10
+feet in girth. The tree fruits moderately, and has an indehiscent
+capsule not unlike<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span>
+the shape, size and colour of an oak-apple. The capsule has five
+faint ribs on its surface, but contains only three seeds. The
+little seedling, with light grey stem and white lenticels, is
+easily recognized. It usually has also only three leaflets on its
+leaves, instead of forming true digitate leaves as a full-grown
+tree. The sapling once started shows fairly rapid growth, and
+during the early years stands a good deal of shade. It should
+therefore be classified as a slight shade-bearer. African Oak is a
+dark reddish-brown wood, which is very hard and most durable. It
+has, of course, a much closer grain than ordinary oak. A very
+smooth surface can be obtained by planing the timber. Locally,
+small trees are cut for conversion by pit-saw into timber for boat
+keels. This timber was exported as teak from Sierra Leone 1827 to
+1835 for use in the English Navy. It was afterwards lost sight of,
+though the natives continued to use it locally. During 1908 a few
+round logs of short length (12-16 feet) of this timber were
+exported to England and sold in a Liverpool market for 2s. 6d. per
+cubic foot (extreme measure).</p>
+
+<p>2. Ironpost, or African Oak, or Red Ironwood (<i>Lophira
+procera</i>), is the most common tree throughout the peninsula.
+According to the Conservator of Forests in Sierra Leone, 80 per
+cent. of the trees of the peninsular forest are <i>Lophira
+procera</i>. All stages of growth are found, from the smallest
+seedlings to the largest tree, over 100 feet high and 20 feet in
+girth. In the forest the tree has an orange-coloured bark, which
+rapidly turns grey when exposed to the rays of the sun. The bole is
+not always quite cylindrical, especially near the base, where it
+often develops rather angular root protuberances. This seems to
+occur more often on rocky ground, such as that where the tree is
+found in the peninsula. For a similar reason the bole is not always
+straight, though in the ordinary way the tree has a comparatively
+small crown with short branches. Thus, in proportion to the size of
+the tree, the bole is very long, the twigs are thickish, and the
+long thin paper-knifelike leaves appear at the ends of them.
+Seedlings seem to come up wherever suitable conditions of
+reproduction are found. A clear bole is typical of these trees in
+the pole stage of growth. Illustration <a href="#i002">No. 2</a>
+shows a large specimen on the edge of the forest, and there are
+many large trees with the peculiar root protuberances, growing in
+the forest. The timber is very hard and of a dark red colour, which
+it retains when dry. The heartwood forms comparatively early in the
+life of the tree, and although the sapwood is white, it is almost
+as hard as the heartwood. For this reason comparatively small trees
+yield timber, and thus can be felled earlier than trees in which
+the heartwood forms later. Of course, in this connection it should
+not be forgotten that the market does not desire logs of too small
+a size, i.e. of 18 inches or under, when squared. Locally
+this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> is known as
+Ironpost, and is sold for house-building, and, as its name implies,
+it is used for the uprights of the house. The Public Works
+Department have a regular schedule of timbers which are used, and
+this timber is mentioned amongst them, and is bought from native
+contractors at 3d. per superficial foot for boards, and 3d. to 6d.
+per linear foot for beams and posts. This timber has been used as a
+substitute for real African Oak, when it is sold as African Oak. A
+regular supply of logs could be obtained from the peninsular
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>3. Cedar Mahogany (<i>Pseudocedrela sp.</i>; termed Bissimi by
+the Mendis). This tree, which grows to a very large size, is not
+very prevalent. The largest tree, some 23 feet in girth, was found
+above the Gumah. The bole is usually very long and straight, which
+makes it very cylindrical. This last characteristic of the tree is
+all the more accentuated by its having no root projections at its
+base. This species appears to be one of the largest trees in the
+forest. It is apparently a very fast-growing tree, forming
+heartwood comparatively early, though the sapwood is rather wide
+(up to 10 inches in a tree 7 feet in diameter). This timber has not
+been exported, but wood from similar trees on the coast has been
+exported and sold in the European market as mahogany (scented).
+There is no reason to believe, therefore, that the wood from this
+tree would not fetch a similar price. Owing to this tree being so
+fullwooded, a larger proportion of the bole can be converted into
+logs than is the case with other kinds of mahogany trees which have
+large root flanges.</p>
+
+<p>4. African Walnut (<i>Lovoa Klaineana</i>). This is a
+medium-sized tree of the Mahogany family, which, owing to the brown
+colour of the wood, has been termed African Walnut in the timber
+trade. Although not very prevalent, it yields one of the timbers
+suitable for export.</p>
+
+<p>5. Satin Mahogany (<i>Guarea sp.</i>) is another medium-sized
+tree which is prevalent in most parts of the peninsula. The grain
+of the timber is of course similar to Mahogany, as the tree from
+which it is obtained belongs to the Mahogany family. The timber
+when planed has a satiny sheen on it, which may make it valuable in
+the European market. It has not been cut for local use.</p>
+
+<p>6. African Pearwood (<i>Mimusops sp.</i>) is a large tree with a
+good bole of fair length. Only a moderate number of this species
+were found, but there are at least two, if not three, other species
+of Mimusops which yield a timber which has been sold as mahogany.
+The grain of the timber of the first-named tree is more open,
+sometimes figured, and of a lighter reddish colour than the other
+species. These other trees yield a dark-red timber of close grain,
+which is much harder than mahogany. These Mimusops are found at a
+higher altitude than most timber trees. The forest, therefore,
+above an elevation of 2,000 feet, is much more valuable owing to
+the presence of this tree. These<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_29">[29]</span> trees attain a girth of 12 feet and a height
+of upwards of 150 feet. The bark of the trunk of the tree is
+smoother than that of mahogany.</p>
+
+<p>7. White Mahogany (<i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>), also known
+sometimes as Gaboon Mahogany, is a very tall forest tree which
+attains a bole length of 70 feet, with a girth of 10 feet. It is
+not very plentiful, but is one of the light-coloured species of
+mahogany. It has a definite shipping value of 2s. 6d. in the round
+per cubic foot.</p>
+
+<p>8. African Mammee or Mammy Apple (<i>Ochrocarpus Africanus</i>)
+is a large tree attaining a girth of 10 feet, with a bole length of
+30 feet. It is moderately prevalent. The timber has a pretty grain,
+and is of a reddish colour, which is similar to mahogany.</p>
+
+<p>9. Dita (<i>Detarium Senegalense</i>) is a large tree with the
+bole length of 30 feet and a girth of 12 feet. Although it is not a
+very common tree, it is a useful addition to the number of trees
+which yield timber similar to mahogany. The fruit is large, has an
+edible pericarp, and is sold in the market under the name of
+Dita.</p>
+
+<p>10. Red Cedar (species of Sterculiaceæ) is a large and
+straight-growing tree, which reaches a girth of 10 feet. The tree
+has very characteristic root flanges, which can be seen in
+illustration <a href="#i010">No. 10.</a> The timber has a
+mahogany-like grain, though of a somewhat more open texture. It is
+one of the most prevalent trees in the peninsular forest.</p>
+
+<p>11. Kontah, or Mahogany (<i>Afzelia Africana</i>), is a large
+tree with oval crown and bole length of 30 feet. Only a few
+specimens were met with in the forest, though the tree often grows
+up in old clearings. The timber is of a reddish-brown colour,
+somewhat hard and very durable. It takes the place of an oak timber
+economically, although it is not really of that type. The grain of
+the timber has much longer and more open pores than oak, though it
+could probably be sold as an oak or teak substitute in the European
+market.</p>
+
+<p>12. Rock Elm, also known as African Oak or Teak, is a common
+tree attaining large dimensions. Being a very durable wood of
+moderate hardness, it largely takes the place of European oak in
+the economy of the country, which, with its yellowish light-brown
+wood, rapidly becoming a nice old-oak brown colour, makes it a very
+similar timber, although, as the first name, Rock Elm, indicates,
+the tree is botanically a member of the Elm family. White ants
+occasionally attack its sapwood, but make no progress in the
+heartwood. The wood is not attacked by fungi to any extent.
+Wherever the rainfall is sufficient, seedlings of this tree come up
+in the old farms, and when cut down it sprouts again from the
+stump.</p>
+
+<p>13. East Indian Walnut (<i>Albizzia Lebbek</i>) is a
+medium-sized tree which grows very quickly. The heartwood, which
+matures comparatively early, is a light-brown colour, similar to
+walnut. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span> timber
+has an open, pretty grain. It is one of the trees which comes up in
+old farms, provided rainfall is moderate.</p>
+
+<p>14. Satinwood (<i>Zanthoxylum macrophyllum</i>) is a
+medium-sized tree with a clear bole of 30 feet, combined with a
+narrow crown and small branches. It is a very common tree in the
+peninsular forest, and it is also found growing up in the old
+farms, where the rainfall is adequate (60 inches). The wood is the
+typical light-yellow colour. The grain of the timber is very fine
+and hard, which makes it less liable to shrink than other more
+open-grained woods. The heartwood forms early, though where trees
+grow up very quickly, roughly only half of the diameter width of a
+tree is made of heartwood. That is to say, in a tree a foot in
+diameter, approximately 6 inches will be heartwood. In the
+evergreen forest there is another species of Zanthoxylum which
+attains a rather larger size than the first named. It is, however,
+not quite so prevalent as the other species. In common with other
+species of Zanthoxylum, it bears all round the stem extremely large
+woody spines. In this species the spiny protuberances are exactly
+like small round cones of wood, with a diameter 2 inches at the
+base. Yet a third species of <i>Zanthoxylum Senegalense</i> yields
+a similar satinwood, almost as close grained, which, however, is
+found growing as a small tree at the edge of the deciduous forest
+before the dry-zone belt is reached. This tree is characterised by
+its much smaller leaf, with pinnæ broader in proportion to their
+length than the former species. In a similar manner the woody
+protrusions on the stem do not project more than three-quarters of
+an inch from it, compared to those of the second-named species,
+which attain a length of 3 inches. The timber of this dry-zone
+Satinwood is just as valuable as the former species. It is fairly
+prevalent in the more open forest where it is found. It withstands
+the annual grass fires to some extent, and seedlings appear in the
+neighbourhood of mature trees.</p>
+
+<p>15. Violetwood is a medium-sized tree with a smooth bark not
+unlike beech, and a bole of up to 20 feet in length and 12 feet in
+girth. It is, however, a little crooked in growth, but this is not
+an undesirable feature, because the texture of the grain often thus
+becomes figured. Specimens which were collected showed this growth,
+and a few species had a very pretty figured grain. It is quite a
+common tree in the peninsular forest. The fruit of this tree is a
+pod about a foot long and an inch wide, containing on the average
+eight oblong flattish beans. The wood is of a greenish-brown
+colour, and is very hard, heavy and durable, judging by the timber
+of fallen trees. The timber when planed has a scent of violets,
+hence the English name which I have given to it. The tree has not
+been cut for use as an export timber, though it is well worth a
+trial. It is not used locally, so that all available supplies of
+timber could be used for export.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i> (African Rosewood) is a small
+tree of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span> the savannah
+forest, which is found in the Karina district and other parts of
+the country. It is one of the commonest trees, and occurs in small
+groups scattered throughout these forests. The timber is a
+reddish-brown colour and of a similar texture to the ordinary
+Camwood or Padauk, of which genus it is a member. The wood,
+however, of this species is much harder than that of the others,
+and the coloration is often partially streaked, both features being
+due probably to the much slower growth owing to the annual grass
+fires. From the neighbouring territory of Senegal the timber has
+been exported to France as African Rosewood, where it finds a good
+market; but it is doubtful if it could compete with the Bahia
+Rosewood in the English market, owing to its less brilliant colour;
+the timber is, however, worth a trial.</p>
+
+<p>17. <i>Baphia nitida</i> (Camwood) is a small-sized tree, which
+is commonly found at the edge of villages and in old farms. It is a
+somewhat slow-growing tree, in which the heartwood forms none too
+early and in a somewhat irregular manner, occasionally small
+patches forming comparatively near the bark. The wood is hard, and
+the heartwood of a deep claret-red colour. The timber is close
+grained and of fine texture, which planes very smooth after being
+cut and dried. In recent years much smaller quantities of Camwood
+have been sent away (see <a href="#c03app1">Appendix I</a>) than
+between the years 1827 and 1835 (see <a href="#c03app2">Appendix
+II</a>), when between 5 and 802 tons were exported. In this
+connection, too, there can be no doubt that Camwood is obtained
+from the tree known botanically as <i>Baphia nitida</i>, because
+this tree is found in Sierra Leone, whereas Barwood, or the
+so-called Camwood of Nigeria, the produce of <i>Pterocarpus
+tinctorius</i> or Osun, which has not yet been reported from the
+neighbourhood of Sierra Leone, could not have been absolutely
+killed out between the years 1835 and 1900.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c03s3"></a>III. Trees Cut for Local Use.</h3>
+
+<p>1. <i>Morinda citrifolia?</i> (the Brimstone) is the most common
+tree, from which the largest amount of timber which is used locally
+is obtained. Growing, as it does, with a girth up to 20 feet and a
+bole length of 50 feet, the local sawyers can usually make a very
+large number of 12-feet planks 1 inch thick out of each tree. The
+chief use of this timber is for weather-boards, which are sold at
+10s. per 100 feet. All the native houses in Freetown are faced with
+weather-boards of this kind of timber. After being cut down, shoots
+sprout out from the stump, forming in a few years small trees of
+useful size, especially in old farms. The name of this tree,
+Brimstone, denotes the wonderful sulphur-like colour of the wood.
+The durability of this timber for outside work and its
+termite-resisting qualities have given it a premier position
+amongst local timbers. The<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_32">[32]</span> Brimstone has a fruit not unlike coffee, and
+bears seeds plentifully; it should therefore not be difficult to
+raise seedlings for making plantations. The trees grown from
+stool-shoots do not appear to attain nearly such a large size as
+those grown from seedlings in the forest.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i> (Rock Elm, African Oak) is a
+common tree which is cut for local use. The heartwood, which
+rapidly darkens from a light-yellow brown colour to a dark old-oak
+brown colour on exposure to air, is very durable for inside or
+outside work. Though white ants attacks and destroy the sapwood,
+they make little or no progress in properly seasoned heartwood.
+Locally it realises 10s. per 100 feet. It is plentiful, and has a
+distinct tendency to spread into old farms, where the seedlings
+have more light to develop than in the forest.</p>
+
+<p>3. <em>Iyawey</em> (Red Cedar, or Isganwe) is also a common tree
+which is cut for local use. It is a large and straight-growing
+tree, and attains a girth of about 10 feet. Owing to the wood being
+comparatively soft, easy to saw and of a nice red colour, it
+fetches 12s. per 100 feet, which is more than is obtained for
+several other local timbers.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Oldfieldia Africana</i> (Black Oak, Beechwood) is cut for
+local use, for sale as planks at 2¼d. per foot, and uprights and
+beams at 3s. per cubic foot. One of the chief uses of this timber
+is for the keelsons of the locally made sea-going boats. Owing to
+the difficulty of the local sawyers in handling heavy logs on the
+raised wooden pit-saw framework on which the logs are sawn, only
+comparatively small trees are felled, and consequently there is
+more waste, and undersized trees are prematurely sacrificed owing
+to the poor methods of the local sawyers. Less timber, especially
+heartwood, is thus obtained.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Parinarium sp.</i> (White Oak) is a moderately common
+tree. It attains a good height and a girth of 12 feet. It has large
+root flanges reaching about 10 feet up the bole. Although a
+somewhat hard wood, it is used locally either as planks and posts
+or as beams and logs. It is said to be durable, and is worth 2s.
+per cubic foot when sawn.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Afzelia Africana</i> (Mahogany, Kontah) is a medium-sized
+tree which is not very prevalent in the forest, but is much more so
+outside in the open forest country. The timber, which is hard, has
+an open grain with a good yellow-brown colour, not unlike Iroko. It
+is very durable, and used as planks and logs. In the plank it is
+sold at 6d. per superficial foot, and in the log at 3s. 6d. per
+cubic foot. This is considered one of the best local woods, partly
+owing to its grain being somewhat similar to mahogany. Seedlings
+appear in old farms where there are but few grasshoppers. Otherwise
+trees grown in a nursery are attacked by these insects, as well as
+by rodents of different kinds.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Daniellia Ogea</i> (Blue Bessie) is sold as planks at 3d.
+per superficial<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span> foot.
+It is closely related to <i>Paradaniella Thurifera</i>; the former
+tree is more prevalent in the green forest, and the latter in the
+open deciduous forests, which attains a girth of 10 feet and a bole
+length of 30 feet, while the first-named species reaches a girth of
+over 20 feet and a bole length of over 100 feet. It is sold locally
+chiefly for house-building.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Griffonia palescens Koronko</i> is felled for sale as
+planks at 2½d. per superficial foot.</p>
+
+<p>9. <i>Coula edulis?</i> (Almond Wood) is a medium-sized tree
+which is cut into planks 1 to 2 inches thick and up to 12 feet
+long, and sold at 2½d. per superficial foot.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Rhizophora racemosa</i> (Mangrove) grows in pure “stands”
+in the swamps near the sea coast, chiefly in the estuaries of the
+rivers. It attains a girth of 4 feet and a height of 80 feet. It is
+sold as poles 9 to 12 feet in diameter at the rate of 2½d. per
+cubic foot. Very large areas of mangrove forest occur, so that
+ample supplies of this kind of timber are assured. Locally it is
+often used for house-building, and is preferred to many other
+timbers.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Ochrocarpus Africanus</i> (Mammy Apple) is a large tree
+attaining a girth of 10 feet and a bole length of 30 feet. It is
+evidently not so prevalent as it used to be, owing to the fact that
+the best trees have been felled. Seedlings, however, appear very
+readily from the large fruit when it falls in suitable germinating
+places in the forest. It is much prized locally on account of its
+pretty grain and red mahogany-like colour. It is sold as planks,
+joists or posts at 3d. or 3½d. per superficial foot.</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Anisophyllea laurina</i> (Monkey Apple) is a very lofty
+tree, attaining a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of 40 feet.
+Although moderately prevalent in the forests, it is very plentiful
+outside in the deciduous forests. It shoots up very strongly from
+the stump after an old tree has been cut down. Wood obtained from
+these stool-shoots is, however, not so good or of such large size
+as that obtained from seedling trees. The timber is a light-brown
+colour, but a very pretty grain, full of medullary rays, giving it
+a sheen not unlike oak. Locally it is sold as joists and posts at
+the price of 3d. to 6d. per superficial foot.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Lophira procera</i> (Red Oak, Kokank, also known as
+Ironpost) is sold as planks, posts and beams at 3½d. to 6d. per
+superficial foot. It is chiefly used for house-building. A full
+description of this tree is given under the heading of the export
+timbers, so that nothing more need be added here.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Parinarium excelsum</i> (Rough-skinned Plum) is a very
+common tree, which attains a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of
+30 feet. It yields a hard timber with open grain. It is sold
+locally as planks or logs at 6d. per cubic foot for building
+timber. The fruit, which,<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_34">[34]</span> as the name indicates, is like a green plum,
+is covered with white lenticels, making the surface very rough. The
+flesh is of a yellowish colour and soft, with a pasty nature. It
+has a sweet, pleasant taste. The wood, when freshly cut, has a
+sweet, beeswax-like scent, similar to that of the fruit.</p>
+
+<p>15. Whismore, which is sold as planks at 2½d. per superficial
+foot, is another very useful timber, not unlike cedar in texture.
+The tree comes up very readily in old farms, and has very large
+tripinnate leaves. Apparently it grows very fast, though this does
+not appear to hinder the early formation of heartwood, which is of
+a very light brown colour, though the sapwood is quite white. It
+attains a girth of about 9 feet and a bole length of 50 feet. The
+bark forms very characteristic fissures, dividing it into more or
+less diamond-shaped pieces, rather reminiscent of the European Elm.
+Although the tree does not occur in actual groups, more than one
+will usually be found in the same locality.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>Uapaca Heudelotti</i> (Sugar Plum, Red Cedar) is a large
+tree with rather a spread of crown and numerous aerial roots. It
+attains a girth of 9 feet and a bole length of 20 feet. The timber
+has a close and fine grain, and is of a reddish colour. Locally it
+is cut and used for the ribs of sea-going boats. It is apparently
+quite durable for this purpose. It is very prevalent, and usually
+grows near waterways.</p>
+
+<p>17. <i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i> (White Cedar) is a very large tree
+which attains a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of 80 feet. It
+is very prevalent, and can be recognised by the flat crown and long
+straight branches coming out at right angles to the stem. When cut
+it exudes a reddish-coloured mass of semi-liquid nature. The bark
+reminds one of the Mahoganies, though on the whole it is more
+fissured. The timber is soft and of a pinkish colour, though it
+gives more the impression that it is white and tinged with red. It
+has a very open grain with particularly long pores, reminding one
+of cedar (<i>Cedrela</i>). It is cut locally for sale as
+planks.</p>
+
+<p>18. <i>Pterocarpus Erinaceus</i> (African Rosewood) is mentioned
+amongst the number of possible export timber-bearing trees. It is
+also used locally in the making of a musical instrument called
+Balangi, after the timber has lain some months in the ground. In
+the drier portions of the country it is a useful tree for
+house-building. It seeds readily, and is usually found in large
+quantities.</p>
+
+<p>19. <i>Baphia nitida</i> (Camwood) is also one of the export
+produce bearing trees, but which has been used as a colouring
+matter for putting on the body from time immemorial. The local
+people, however, prefer to use cakes of the ground-up produce of
+the Barwood (<i>Pterocarpus Tinctorius</i>) from Southern Nigeria,
+which commands a higher price. That this product of <i>Baphia
+nitida</i> is the true Camwood is practically proved by the fact
+that this tree was first identified<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_35">[35]</span> from Sierra Leone, whence it is all exported,
+and also by the fact that Barwood, or the Southern Nigeria Camwood,
+is not found in Sierra Leone.</p>
+
+<p>Although the above completes the description of the most
+important local timber trees, there are many others which might be
+used with satisfaction. One of these trees, known as Yabonji by the
+Mendis, has a grain, colour and softness similar to white pine, and
+is sold locally as yellow pine. <i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>
+(Sassybark) yields a hard timber suitable for bridge-building, as
+it is very durable and grows to a large size, though not always
+with a very long bole. Mountain Mahogany, a species of
+Lonchocarpus, has a grain similar to pine, with resin-like canals
+in the wood. It grows to a large size, with a straight bole 50 feet
+in length and a girth of 10 feet. Combwood (<i>Conapharingia
+pachysiphon</i>) is a small tree, which yields a yellow wood
+similar in texture and grain to boxwood, though a little softer.
+Locally it is used for making native combs. There is also a
+so-called Leopardwood, termed Koligi by the Mendis, which has a
+curious striped grain a little reminiscent of a leopard’s skin;
+hence the name. The local inhabitants have various chewsticks,
+which are obtained from guttiferous trees or Vernonia species.
+<i>Carapa Gayensis</i> is found and used locally both as a timber
+and also the seeds for making an oil for the skin. In connection
+with all this local felling it should be noticed that there is
+scope for sawn timber of all kinds, more especially when it is
+taken in conjunction with the fact that over 2,000,000 feet board
+measure of planks, etc., are imported every year. A small mill
+placed near Bureh Town would probably be able to supply all wants
+as far as Freetown and the immediate neighbourhood were concerned,
+and water power might be available from the Gumah River, which
+flows down very rapidly to the sea. A mill, on the whole, is more
+economical in conversion than the local sawyer, as all slabs are
+left to rot in the forest, but these a mill would consume in
+power-making, or they would be resawn into smaller boards or
+shingles. At present there is no sawmill in the whole country, so
+that there is an open field for this venture, with a forest
+adjacent to the market and suitable conditions of labour.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c03s4"></a>IV. Minor Forest Produce.</h3>
+
+<p>No account of the Sierra Leone forest would be complete without
+a description of the two chief vegetable products of the forest,
+namely Palm Oil and Kernels and Gum Copal.</p>
+
+<p>Turning first of all to Gum Copal, known botanically as
+<i>Copaifera Salikounda</i>, which is a true copal gum, not to be
+confused with the gum from <i>Daniellia Ogea</i> and other allied
+species, illustrations <a href="#i008">Nos. 8</a> and <a href=
+"#i009">9</a> show this tree standing in the open, and also the
+shape of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> trunk at
+nearer inspection. It will be seen that it is rather a tall tree,
+with open thin crown and straight upward-spreading branches. The
+bole usually does not exceed 30 feet in length, and then forks or
+divides into three main stems. The curious marks on the stem,
+making the tree look as if it were attacked with some form of
+canker, are those made by tapping the trees for the gum. At the
+beginning of the dry season small squares of bark, about an inch
+across, are removed from the tree, beginning at the ground, upwards
+to 20 and 30 feet. At the corners of each little square gum
+gradually exudes during the dry season in the form of an
+ever-increasing sized globular tear, which hardens on exposure to
+the air. By the end of the dry season, as in February or March, it
+has attained a size of half an inch or so, and is then quite hard
+and white and nearly transparent. Only a few little pieces of bark
+adhere to its surface, and these are easily removed. Then these
+tears are collected in a bag, sorted, and then sold to the European
+firms in Sierra Leone and elsewhere. The average tree yields 1 lb.
+of gum copal per year.</p>
+
+<p>In the peninsular forest a patch of Gum Copal trees is found
+near Bureh Town. In the Protectorate, irregular belts occur, such
+as that on the Kassewe Hills and north of Moyamba. On the banks of
+the Rokell River, too, it occurs in single specimens dotted along
+the bank. The smooth grey bark of the stem is not unlike Beech,
+except for the fact that it is pitted by the tapping squares, which
+occlude only very gradually.</p>
+
+<p>The leaves are in pairs, but have such a straight inner edge
+that they appear like one leaf which has been cut in half down the
+middle. The main vein of the leaf is at one side of it. In this
+manner the leaf is unmistakable, though a Cynometra leaf is
+somewhat similar, and also a Bauhinia; but in the former the vein
+is more in the centre and the leaves are quite separate and not
+close together, and in the latter they are joined at the base. The
+tree appears to be easily killed by overtapping. Before the
+formation of the Forest Department, whole forests had been
+destroyed in this way, one of which I saw north of Moyamba during
+an inspection of the Gum Copal belt.</p>
+
+<p>The timber of this tree is a red-brown colour, of hard texture,
+with a pretty grain. It is, of course, of the type of purple-heart.
+It is very durable and termite-proof, though a borer attacks it
+slightly. The wood of trees killed by overtapping proves to be
+quite sound and useful for any purpose where a hard timber is
+required.</p>
+
+<p>The tree can be grown from the flat, round, paper-like seeds,
+which are bought at £1 a bushel in Sierra Leone. The tree usually
+bears well, and the seed is collected off the ground. Young
+self-sown seedlings are found, which shows that the seeds germinate
+readily too. It does not stand transplanting very well, but with
+care soon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span> recovers.
+It grows rapidly, and reaches a tapable size in ten years,
+approximately. It does not seem very exacting with regard to soil.
+In the peninsula it grows on rocky soil, and in Moyamba on an
+alluvial soil.</p>
+
+<p>Recently the exports have decreased, as the <a href=
+"#c03app1">following figures</a> show, chiefly owing to the
+destruction of the trees by overtapping. However, when the forests
+have recovered, the younger trees have matured, and the trees since
+planted are in bearing, and an increase may be expected. It is the
+most valuable, Gum Copal usually being worth 8d. to 1s. 6d. a
+pound, but if quite clean and white it fetches as much as 2s. 6d. a
+pound. Its chief use is for varnish-making, though the best grades
+are used for pharmaceutical preparations. It is far easier to tap
+than rubber, and the cost of preparation is therefore very low, so
+that it should prove worth cultivating on a large scale. The market
+for Gum Copal is a comparatively large one, and other sources of
+supply, such as those of Kauri Gum from New Zealand, are
+decreasing, or not entirely meeting the demand. It is only a
+question of time before the whole supply will have to be obtained
+from cultivated trees.</p>
+
+<p>It stands a certain amount of shade during the first four years,
+but from the fifth year onwards it is distinctly a light-loving
+species. On the whole it is almost a gregarious tree, as usually
+groups of trees are found up to fifty or more, and in a whole
+forest the prevalent tree will be Gum Copal; for instance, in the
+Gum Copal belt near Susuwuru. A planting distance of 6 feet will
+probably prove advantageous, as the tree has a distinct tendency to
+branch low down on the stem if not forced to grow up straight by
+the presence of other trees. Then in the tenth year a judicious
+thinning out of the weakest trees by tapping to death would give
+additional space to the others and allow for greater girth
+increment for the other clean-stemmed trees. An early financial
+yield would also thus be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>In the economy of the country, more important even than the Gum
+Copal is the Oil Palm (<i>Elæis Guineensis</i>), which is found in
+the Forest, scattered in groups and belts amongst farms inland, as
+at Blama, and near the sea coast, as at Sherbro, and also as
+isolated individual trees in the drier parts of the Protectorate.
+Towards the northernmost part of the country it is not seen at all,
+though climatically there is nothing to stop it growing if planted
+in suitable localities. It tends to spread with increasing
+cultivation of the ground, so long as the rainfall is sufficient
+and the soil moist enough for it. In the forest itself it is very
+sparsely distributed. Owing to the large population and the
+comparatively small area on which the Oil Palm is really plentiful,
+more palm oil is eaten than exported. This is most clearly seen in
+the quantity of exports of both products, which show a much larger
+proportion of kernels than oil.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span>The fruit usually
+ripens in January, February, March, or sometimes earlier, and is
+left for six months. Usually the trees have to some extent been
+cleared by the natives, then on a certain day the bunches of fruit
+may be cut. This takes place after the natives have cut the bush
+down for making the chief’s farm. It also ensures, incidentally,
+that most of the fruit is quite ripe, though this is not the reason
+why the natives may not begin cutting off the bunches when they
+like. The bunches of fruit are left in the forest at convenient
+places at the edge of the path, covered with palm leaves. After a
+week or so these are taken to the village, and all the drupes cut
+off with a machete. These are next put in large earthenware pots
+with a little water, which are then placed over a good fire. In
+about an hour the fruit is thoroughly steamed. The fruit is then
+piled into a trough of beaten clay with a palm-nut bottom, or even
+stones. Water is poured in, and the fruit is pounded with the feet
+and also with a small pestle. The oil gradually rises in yellow
+fatty masses on the surface of the water, and is collected with the
+hand and put into a clean pot. As soon as a pot is filled, it is
+placed over a good fire to boil. When it has been boiled thoroughly
+it is strained, the strained oil being that usually eaten or sold
+to firms for export. The residue of dirt and pieces of fibre is
+used as an illuminant in the native lamps. The nuts are placed in
+the sun to dry for two or three months, after which they are
+cracked with a stone or a piece of iron and the kernels collected
+in boxes or bags for sale. The fibre in the washing trough is
+thoroughly squeezed by hand and all oil extracted. The water is let
+out of the trough gradually, and all oil collected from the sides
+of it. It is also washed down with water to collect the more
+adhesive particles. Even so, there is a large percentage of waste.
+An oil is also made from the kernels by heating them in an iron
+vessel over a fire. This oil is used for the skin or for
+wounds.</p>
+
+<p>In the ordinary way oil palms are not planted, though in moving
+to a new area where farms have not been made before the natives
+take oil-palm fruit with them, which get scattered as nuts; these
+germinate and form the nucleus of a group of oil palms in that
+locality. Considering the large population and its increasing need
+for the oil, the planting of oil palms appears to be
+remunerative.</p>
+
+<p>Palm Wine-tree (<i>Raphia vinifera</i>) is used very largely
+where it is found in the extensive forests near the rivers and sea
+coast in swampy places. Piassava fibre is obtained from this
+source, but so far has not been used in Sierra Leone for this
+purpose, whereas in the neighbouring country some of the best
+piassava is obtained. The people are, however, otherwise occupied,
+so that until there is a greater population it is unlikely that
+this industry will be taken up. The approximate area of wine palms
+is 3,000 square miles in various parts of the whole country. Some
+of the best areas are found on the banks<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_39">[39]</span> of the Mano, Morro, Maho and Rokell Rivers.
+The long fronds of the leaves yield the steering and pushing poles
+for canoes, also most useful rafters and scantlings for houses. The
+leaves themselves are made into mats for covering the houses. They
+are said to last seven years when properly put on. The fruit of the
+tree is used for stupefying fish, which can then be very easily
+speared by the natives. The tree is usually set on fire to draw the
+palm wine, though this more often happens subsequently to the
+taking of the wine. A tree does not last more than three years with
+severe tapping, such as it is subject to by the natives.</p>
+
+<p><i>Borassus flabellifer</i> (Fan Palm, Bottle Palm) is found in
+the northern, drier part of the Protectorate, but so far is not
+used to any extent for house-building, for which the timber is most
+suitable, being very durable, of good length, and can be split. The
+nuts of the large coconut-like fruit are useful as a substitute for
+vegetable ivory, though thus far no use has been made of them. The
+approximate area of distribution of this species of tree is about
+4,000 square miles. Quite a trade is done in various kinds of bark,
+altogether from about fifteen different species of trees, of which
+most are collected in the Peninsular Forest. Amongst them is found
+the Sasswood, or that of <i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>, the
+notorious native poison, though it is not at all certain that
+nowadays in Sierra Leone it is used for this purpose.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c03s5"></a>V. The Forest Department of Sierra
+Leone.</h3>
+
+<p>In the course of 1911 a Forest Department was formed by the
+appointment of a Conservator of Forests; this has been gradually
+enlarged until there are now three Assistant Conservators of
+Forests as well. The chief work of the Department so far has been
+the drafting and passing of a Forestry Ordinance in 1912 and the
+demarcation of two Forest Reserves. The Peninsular Forest, with its
+new boundaries, comprises 75 square miles, and the Kassewe Hill.
+Other areas have been set aside, notably the Kagnari Hills and
+Kambui Hills as Forest Reserves, and Nimmini and Loma Forests
+examined previous to demarcation with a view to their reservation.
+The Gum Forests were closed to tappers with the consent of the
+chief, so that the trees could recover from previous overtapping.
+In addition to this work, some rubber planting has been done in the
+Gumah, and one Assistant spends all his time on this work,
+nurseries having been formed in different places—Mano, Bo, and
+Falaba. A large number of botanical specimens of the trees and
+shrubs have been forwarded to Kew for identification, so that
+gradually the silvan vegetation is becoming known. No planting of
+oil palms (<i>Elæis Guineensis</i>) has been undertaken yet,
+despite the large export of this product. Rubber planting has
+not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span> been forgotten
+either. So far very little revenue has been received for
+timber-felling fees, which means really that in the past the
+forests have been destroyed, and now only small quantities can be
+cut. It does indeed make one pause and think what immense forests
+must have existed in the days of 1827, when so many loads of timber
+were exported, as shown in the table on <a href="#c03app2">p.
+64.</a> If those forests had been preserved then, they would be
+yielding high returns now, and the Department would be
+self-supporting, instead of having money invested first in
+plantations before returns are obtained. However, now that the
+Department has been formed, a definite Forest Ordinance has been
+passed, under which Forest Reserves can be made, and the future of
+the existing forests is thus assured. Sooner or later all of them
+will yield a monetary return, besides benefiting the country
+climatically and preserving the soil.</p>
+
+<p>One can really look upon Forestry as a kind of Endowment
+Assurance, with returns which may begin at once with existing
+forests, or later with afforestation begun now. The return is
+always sure, more especially now, with continually rising timber
+prices. In Sierra Leone, of course, for some years money will have
+to be put into Forestry work before adequate returns can be made,
+owing to the reckless mismanagement of the forest in the early part
+of the nineteenth century. For the purpose of easy reference, a
+<a href="#c03s6">list</a> of some of the most important timber
+trees is appended, and with both the Mendi and Timani names, when
+it is possible to give these, and an English equivalent is also
+given where one uses a name suggestive of the use of the
+timber.</p>
+
+<p>So far the Department has not leased any areas for the
+exploitation of timber for export or local use, though there are
+several areas available, such as the peninsular forest. Even an
+organization of the sawyers and boat-builders would be a useful
+work, and machinery for cutting the various woods would lead to
+greater production and a saving of timber, of which so much is now
+wasted. Again, the enormous demand for firewood in Freetown, most
+of which is waterborne, could be more advantageously met with a
+small sawmill or movable plant in connection with the other
+wood-using industries already named. The mangrove swamps would
+provide material ready at hand for conversion. The railway requires
+firewood at certain points; there again is scope for improved
+methods of dealing with it, yielding profit both to the contractor
+and to the Forest Department.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i007" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig007.jpg"><img src='images/fig007.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 7.—<span class=
+"bold">Pterocarpus esculentus in flower near Fakar Kole, at the
+edge of the Peninsular Forest.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i008" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig008.jpg"><img src='images/fig008.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 8.—<span class=
+"bold">Forest of true Gum Copal (Copaifera salikounda), showing
+nearly all the trees bare of foliage and dying, due to overtapping,
+near Sussuwuru, Moyamba District.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i009" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig009.jpg"><img src='images/fig009.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 9.—<span class=
+"bold">True Gum Copal (Copaifera salikounda), showing base of stem
+with tapping squares, near the bank of the Rokell River, north of
+Moyamba District.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 40.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_41">[41]</span><a id="c03s6"></a>VI.—INDIGENOUS FOREST
+TREES</h3>
+
+<p class="center less">Species marked with an asterisk (*) are Lane
+Poole’s<a id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class=
+"fnanchor">[1]</a>; those marked with an obelisk (†) are the
+Author’s.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Pandanaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pandanus candelabrum</i>. Screw Pine. Bambi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pandanus sp.</i> near <i>P. candelabrum</i>.*
+Screw Pine. Pambei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a tree with wide-spreading prop roots always
+growing in running fresh water. The leaves are used in
+basket-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Palmæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis Guineensis</i>.* Oil Palm. Ankump
+(Timani); Tui, Tauwi, Taupwi (young trees), (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The well-known Oil Palm. It is a most useful tree,
+thriving best near villages, but growing abundantly in the northern
+part of the forests. The nuts contain a large quantity of oil. They
+are used also for planting.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Borassus flabellifer</i>.* Fan or Daleb Palm.
+Tunka (Timani); Hoke (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows to about 70 feet in the grass country.
+Umbrellas are made from the leaves, also baskets. The stems are
+used for building-posts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia vinifera</i>.* Wine Palm. Ankent
+(Timani); Duvui (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Sometimes called the Tombo Palm. It is very
+gregarious, being frequently found forming almost a small forest in
+swampy ground.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia sp.</i> near <i>R. Gaertneri</i>.* Kili
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small plant of only 10 feet, growing in the
+swamps. It does not yield wine. Baskets and mats are made from the
+leaf stalks and thatch from the leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Calamus sp.</i>* Balui (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a climbing palm or rattan, growing to the
+top of the highest trees, having a diameter of 2 inches, armed with
+strong hooked spines. The stem, when split, is used for tying the
+rafters of houses; lengths of it are used as clothes-lines.
+Suspension bridges are even made over the river.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Calamus sp.</i>* Tambelei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species grows as high as the preceding one,
+but is only ½ inch in diameter. Besides being used as cordage, it
+is employed as thatching.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_42">[42]</span>Liliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna Mannii</i>.* Ningei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows to 30 feet in height, and is called
+the Asparagus Tree by Europeans, because the flavour of the young
+leaves is like asparagus. The natives eat them chopped with their
+rice.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ulmaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trema affinis</i>.* Gombei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, from 25 to 30 feet. It springs up in
+cleared farms; the wood is of little use except as thatching laths.
+The bark is peeled and eaten for coughs.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trema Africana</i>.* †</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Moraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Vogelii</i>.* Jol, Lopi (Timani); Gonwi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A much-branched tree, yielding a latex, which
+coagulated has been sold at from 6d. to 1s. a lb. in London as
+paste rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus sp.</i>* Wild Fig or Sandpaper Tree.
+Indäihen (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species has rough leaves like sandpaper, hence
+its name. They are used to clean woodwork.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus platyphytes</i>. Gonwé (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>.* Iroko, Teak, African
+Oak. Tema (Timani); Sime or Semei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found particularly near old clearings, but
+not so frequently in the forest. It is a termite-resisting timber;
+called Teak, Oroko or African Oak, when exported, it is worth about
+1½d. per superficial foot. At one time the latex was used as an
+adulterant for rubber. It polishes well and makes very handsome
+furniture. Canoes, pestles, rice-basins, etc., are made from it.
+Dr. Unwin suggests that Iroko is a corruption for rock elm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Musanga Smithii</i>.* Corkwood. Ofika (Timani);
+Govwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree, growing to about 60 feet in
+old farm lands, and affords a shade for forest species to get a
+footing. It is remarkable for its wide-spreading prop roots and
+large palmate leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus arboreus</i>.* Fofoi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus sp.</i>* Fofoi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus serratus</i>.* Fofoi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with edible fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_43">[43]</span>Olacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Coula edulis</i>.* Tokei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree bearing walnut-like nuts, the
+kernels of which are good to eat both raw and cooked. Oil is
+obtained from the kernels, which are valued at £7 a ton.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Olax</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Loranthaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Loranthus langwensis</i>.* Mistletoe. Gongui
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is the common mistletoe, which may be seen
+growing on a great number of trees. Specially common on Guava and
+Kola Trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Menispermaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triclisia macrophylla</i>. Ndawi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A climbing shrub.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anonaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia Æthiopica</i>.* The Spice Tree.
+Umberikum (Timani); Kewe or Hewe (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Its fruit is much in demand as medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia sp. Dinklagei</i>.* Mountain Spice.
+Kapus (Timani); Hui, Hewe (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Monodora Myristica</i>.* Calabash Nutmeg or
+False Nutmeg. Gboite (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, with rose-pink,
+sweet-smelling flowers. The fruit is the false nutmeg.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia sp.</i> near <i>X. Elliotii</i>.* Yellow
+Wood. Belvi or Kpaini (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows to a medium height, with thin but
+very straight stem up to 18 inches in diameter. Its wood has been
+exported to Europe, where it has taken the place of American
+whitewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia parviflora</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall tree of 20 feet, growing on the bank of the
+Moa River.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cleistopholis sp.</i> near <i>C. patens</i>.*
+Moigbwamy (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows to a height of 80 feet. Strips of
+the bark are used by the natives for making brow-bands and
+shoulder-straps when carrying palm hampers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hexalobus grandiflorus</i>.* Njahewe
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large, wide-crowned tree, with conspicuous
+white flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_44">[44]</span><i>Pachypodanthium Staudtii</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large-boled forest tree, with grey, rough bark,
+of which the timber is very hard to saw.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Stenanthera hamata</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria Afzelii</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of 15 feet in height, with very
+heavy-scented flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria sp.</i>*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall, straight tree, with blackish-green
+longitudinally ribbed bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria macrocarpa</i>.* Finger Root.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found 15 feet in height. The root is
+used medicinally by the Creoles, and by them called Finger
+Root.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myristicaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i>.* White Cedar. Kuwul
+(Timani); Boye (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very tall tree, attaining a girth of 12
+feet, which is cut locally, but not for export, owing to its soft
+wood and open grain.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Moringaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Moringa pterygosperma</i>.* Horse-radish Tree;
+or Oil of Ben Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The oil in the seeds is 38 per cent., and they are
+valued at £9 a ton in London. The oil is suitable for lubricating
+clocks and watches. The wood is not used.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rosaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium macrophyllum</i>.* Gingerbread Plum.
+Ndawei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree bearing a fruit the size of a
+goose’s egg. The fruit is the edible ginger-plum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium excelsum</i>.* Rough-skinned Plum.
+Abbis (Timani); Ndanwi Badgi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree attains a large size and seeds very
+readily. It yields a useful hardwood; is felled locally and for
+building purposes. The grain of the wood is too open to be of much
+use for export. It is of a reddish-brown colour. The pulp around
+the seed is eaten.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Leguminosæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Paradaniella thurifera</i>.* Ilorin Balsam Tree.
+Bessi (Timani); Bessi Kpessei or Gbassei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A quick-growing, soft-wooded tree, pretty evenly
+distributed through the forest. It attains a girth of 9 feet and a
+bole length of 30 feet. It is cut locally for house-building and
+other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> purposes. A
+fragrant resin is exuded and much used as a scent by the Creoles
+and natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>. Sasswood. Kukorn
+(Timani); Gogwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large but not very straight-growing tree, which
+attains a girth of 9 feet. It has been exported, but the price
+obtained for it is not available. The wood is hard, but works up
+well, and has been used by the Public Works Department of Southern
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum sp.</i> near <i>E.
+micranthum</i>.* † Sasswood or Redwater Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The bark contains a virulent poison, which is used
+as an ordeal. It is a large forest tree, having a green bole. The
+wood is used to make canoes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrina Senegalensis</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree 20 feet high, with handsome red flowers. The
+branches are armed with prickles. The wood is used for fencing.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrina sp.</i>* Malei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a large tree, 80 feet in height, with
+wide-spreading branches. The stem is pale grey and covered with
+strong prickles. The flowers are pink.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia Africana</i>.* K’Kuperb (Timani);
+Mbeli or Mbelignli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is very plentiful, and attains a large
+size. The wood is of a brown colour, hard and durable. Strong
+canoes are made from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra Vogelii</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylia Evansii</i>.* † Bunga (Timani); Tegai
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Griffonia palescens</i>. Koronko (Timani);
+Koronko (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>.* Oil Bean Tree.
+Kekung (Timani); Fai, Fae (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is of a brown colour, hard and durable.
+The natives use the ashes of the burnt pods for making soap. The
+wood is sold for 1s. 1d. per cubic foot in the English market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia Africana</i>. Locust Bean. Ebbe (Timani);
+Gumwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia filicoidea</i>. Forest Locust. Gimwi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia biglobosa</i>.* Locust Bean.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A wide crowned tree, 50 feet in height, bearing
+conspicuous red flowers and long pods. The pulp around the seed is
+edible, but the seed itself is considered a great delicacy ground
+and mixed in soup.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia sp.</i> Gumni (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is much like the <i>P. biglobosa</i>, but
+is found growing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span> wild
+in the forests. It differs in having well-developed buttress roots.
+The seed is not eaten.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus</i>. Mountain Mahogany. Ali
+(Timani); Jumbowill (Mendi), probably Peltophorum sp.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very tall and straight tree, with a bole of 50
+feet and a girth of 10 feet. It is found everywhere, especially on
+the edges of old clearings and in old farms. It has been felled for
+export, but no data are available as to its worth. The wood
+resembles pine, being soft and full of resin-like canals.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus cyanescens</i>.* Big-leaved Indigo.
+Jalei, Walwei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A valuable dye is obtained from the leaves, which
+takes the place of indigo and is sold at from 4s. to 4s. 6d. a
+pound in England.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus sericeus</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A branched and gnarled tree growing on the sea
+shore, its roots often being washed by the tide. The timber is
+close-grained, hard and durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia Sieberiana</i>.* Bongbo or Bangbwei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree bearing handsome yellow flowers. A
+decoction is made from the root to ease elephantiasis, also stomach
+troubles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Copaifera Guibourtiana</i>.* Sierra Leone Gum
+Copal. Akak (Timani); Kobwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree was found growing on the ridges and
+low-lying land near York and Bureh Town, also in Ronietta, Karene
+District, and Kassewe Hills. It is noted for its gum. The dead wood
+works up very well, having a fine grain and red colour, and should
+be of value for export. Locally it has only been used for
+bridge-building. The average price paid by local traders for the
+gum appears to be 1s. a pound.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Copaifera salikounda</i>.* Buini (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i>. Atont (Timani);
+Batwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>.* Rosewood. Katai
+(Timani); Bundwi Batwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small but valuable tree, confined
+principally to the drier parts of the country, particularly in the
+Karina forests. The wood finds a good market in France. Locally it
+is used to make a musical instrument called “Balangi.” The seeds
+are intoxicating when eaten raw.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium sp.</i> Jamostima (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium Palisotii</i>. K’Pal (Timani); Bumbi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium sp.?</i>* <i>Limba?</i> African
+Violet Wood. Tunfall (Timani); Pfandi or Mbombi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span>It
+yields a wood with a pleasant scent, which grows to a stem length
+of 20 feet and girth of 12 feet. The wood would probably be
+figured, owing to its peculiar growth, ebony-like, hard, heavy and
+of a greenish-brown colour. It bears a pod about a foot long and an
+inch wide. The tree grows in great quantities, but it is not used
+locally, owing to its hardness. It should be tried in European
+markets.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium elongatum</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small shrubby tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium sp.</i> near <i>M. Heudelotii</i>.*
+†</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree found chiefly near water. The
+pod is larger than the other Macrolobiums.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium Limba</i>.* Mbombi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree reaches a height of 40 feet. Its roasted
+leaves, when ground and mixed with water and ashes, are used for
+ulcers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Guineense</i>.* Black Tumbler or Velvet
+Tamarind. Mabump (Temni), (Timani); Mamboi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree bearing edible, velvety
+seed-vessels.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Senegalense</i>. Black Tumbler. Baut, I
+(Timani); Burogono Mambui (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia bracteata</i>.* Konta. Konta (Timani);
+Bendiguri or Kpendeideli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia Africana</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">These two trees are very much alike as far as
+timber is concerned. The wood is much used locally, and it may be
+of value for export, as the texture is similar to mahogany. The
+<i>A. Africana</i> yields a particularly good mahogany substitute
+under the name of Kontah or Counter wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia sp.</i>*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large-crowned tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia acuminata</i>.* Kpendei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows to a height of 80 feet, having a
+very conspicuous flower. It is much used in cabinet-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>B. Heudelotiana</i>.* Helei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree, 50 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>B. sp.</i> near <i>B. stipulaceæ</i>.* Tzabembi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree, the seeds of which are made into
+counters by the Mendis to play Warry.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Brachystegia sp.</i>* Bodgei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It reaches the height of 150 feet, and is one of
+the largest forest trees, with wide buttress roots.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum</i>.* Hellebolei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_48">[48]</span><i>Cylicodiscus gabunensis</i>.* African
+Greenheart. Mbeli-deli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is very similar to <i>Piptadenia Africana</i> in
+appearance, and also yields a strong, hard wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dalbergia sp.</i>* Dalbergia Rosewood. Balakenta
+(Timani); Firbandu Ndambabuli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia polygalaceæ</i>.* Ndambabuli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A climber, 10 feet in height. The stem used for
+killing fish.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia nitida</i>.* Camwood Tree. Mat, Kam
+(Timani); Bendwi or Bunduei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree from which dyewood, a fast red dye, is
+obtained. The wood is hard and heavy, and is used for rice-mortar
+pestles and walking-sticks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia Brownii</i>.* Albizzia. Bakbwi or
+Bpakpei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a medium-sized tree yielding a reddish wood
+of moderately fine grain, somewhat resembling mahogany. The
+heartwood is very pretty. It should be saleable in Liverpool
+market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia fastigiata</i>.* Folei-kpakpei,
+Bakbaboi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species rarely attains a diameter at the base
+of more than 18 inches. It nearly always has a rotten heart.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium Senegalense</i>.* Mahogany, Dita. Kita
+(Timani); Dupwi II, Kolei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very lofty tree, which yields a wood sold
+as mahogany in the Liverpool market. The grain is not so close as
+is usual in mahogany, but the colour is good. The fruit is edible
+and eaten locally. Dita is the name given to it. It is not very
+common.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium sp.</i>*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree of 60 or 70 feet in height, probably a
+new species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Millettia</i> cf. <i>drastica</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Millettia Lane-Poolei</i>.* Togbeli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree or shrub about 15 feet in height, with
+white, scentless flowers. There are three other varieties, with
+flowers ranging from white and pink to mauve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Millettia pallens</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree with mauve flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Millettia sp.</i> near <i>M. Sangana</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree with erect pods and mauve
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Millettia rhodantha</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree with yellow, aromatic wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimosa Dinklagei</i>.* Gumgui (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree, 50 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_49">[49]</span><i>Newtonia insignis</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree about 80 feet in height, with well developed
+buttress roots.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Peltophorum</i>.* Njomboguli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ormosia monophylla</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Linaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ochthocosmus Africanum</i>.* Tuanyei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small, fairly common tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Humiriaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Saccoglottis Gabunensis</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree yields a first-class timber. The bark
+strips off cleanly and is sold in Calabar at 5s. a roll 30 inches
+long and 18 inches in diameter.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rutaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum macrophyllum</i>.* Spiny Satinwood.
+Witkoran (Timani); Pfui II (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree yields a very pretty yellow wood, with a
+somewhat open grain.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum sp.</i> Satinwood. Bek (Timani);
+Pfui (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree, with most peculiar conically
+shaped woody protrusions on the bark. It has not been cut
+locally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum rubescens</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">An armed tree from 12 to 15 feet high.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Burseraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>. White Mahogany.
+Beri (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is not very common. A very large tree
+which has been found 150 feet high, with a bole of 70 feet and a
+girth of 10 feet. It could be cut locally and would make a valuable
+addition to local furniture woods. It is, however, hard to saw.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Meliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lovoa Klaineana</i>.* † African Walnut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, not very common; the
+value of the timber varies from 1¾d. to 3d. per foot.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lovoa sp.</i> near <i>L. Klaineana</i>. African
+Walnut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carapa procera</i>.* Crabwood, Coondi, Kakunt
+(Timani); Kuwi Kowi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, which is evenly
+distributed everywhere. It yields a mahogany-like wood, which has
+been sold in the Liverpool market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_50">[50]</span><i>Carapa Gayensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Guarea</i>. Satin Mahogany. Kaffi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fair-sized tree, having a grain similar to
+mahogany, but with a satiny sheen which may make it very valuable.
+It is not cut locally, but might be tried for export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Guarea sp.</i> near <i>leptotricha</i>.* † Kaffi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocedrela</i>. Cedar Mahogany. Bissimi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows to a very large size. The timber is
+similar to that of a tree found in Southern Nigeria, but it appears
+to be a different species; the sapwood is wider and the heartwood
+has a better colour. It is fairly common.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocedrela sp.</i> near <i>P.
+utilis</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tall tree, yielding a handsome wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ekebergia</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Medium-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Dr. A. H. Unwin found a Khaya in a Gola forest
+which has since been ceded to Liberia. The Khayas yield timber
+(African Mahogany), gum, tanning-barks and medicaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia Heudelotii</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia sp.</i> near <i>T.
+Prieuriana</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia sp.</i>* Jawei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Turræa sp.</i>*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, from 12 to 15 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Polygalaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carpolobia alba</i>.* Bofelei or Gibofoyoi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree called Poor Man’s Candle.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carpolobia lutea</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrub or small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Dichapetalaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chailletia toxicaria</i>.* Magbevi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A violent poison is made from the kernel, used by
+the natives to destroy dogs and vermin. They have also used it to
+poison well-water in hostile villages. The pulp of the fruit is
+harmless and edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Euphorbiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron Heudelotii</i>. Mahogany. Kino
+(Timani); Boi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree yields a mahogany valued at 2d.-3½d. per
+superficial foot. It is rather an uncommon tree, but as it seeds
+very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span> readily and
+develops rapidly, more could be planted. A large number are found
+along the river banks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron Africanus</i>.* Gbolei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree 90 feet high with horse-chestnutlike leaf.
+The timber is soft, and used for making masks for Bundu devils,
+also rice spoons and plates. The seeds are rich in oil, but the
+natives do not extract it; they are, however, used by the native
+women in the rattle for their Bundu dance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Guineensis</i>.* Sugar Plum, Red Cedar.
+Kulil (Timani); Kondi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large spreading tree with aerial roots. It is cut
+locally and used for the ribs of local boats. The wood is of a
+reddish colour and fine grain, which might sell as mahogany. Some
+species yield edible fruits.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Heudelotii</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a tree growing up to 60 feet along the bank
+of the Moo River.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Togoensis</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows in the riverside forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oldfieldia Africana</i>.* Real African Oak.
+Tortorza (Timani); Paulai, Pawi Kpaoloe (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree attains a large size, a height of 120
+feet and diameter at the base of 5½ feet. The bole often reaches 60
+feet without a branch, though sometimes the bole is short, owing to
+its growing in a laterite soil. It is more frequent in the southern
+than the northern forests. It has not been cut locally, though the
+natives recognise it as a very hard wood. It has been used for dock
+gates.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cyclostemon</i>. Toye (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Flueggea microcarpa</i>.* Tigwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Amanoa bracteata</i>.* Jagbouei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree which grows up to 5 feet in diameter, and
+straight from the ground to a height of 60 feet. It is then much
+branched. The timber is not used.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthostema Senegalense</i>.* Mamboi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree growing on the sea shore.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antidesma laciniatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree attaining a height of 25 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia ferruginea</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree of about 20 feet high, very much
+branched. All through the dry season it drips water at night.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia micrantha</i>.* Igili (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species also reaches a height of 20 feet. It
+is used for making charcoal, and a medicine is made from meat
+stewed in the water in which the roots have been boiled.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_52">[52]</span><i>Hasskarlia didymostemon</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows to a height of 50 feet, with a
+diameter at the base of 20 feet. It is one of the diœcious
+trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hymenocardia acida</i>.* Fagbajoi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, knotted, gnarled and branched,
+growing both in the open and in the forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hymenocardia Heudelotii</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hymenocardia lyrata</i>.* †</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species is found in the peninsular
+forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga Barteri</i>.* Ndeiwei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized armed tree, reaching about 50
+feet, and 18 inches in diameter at the base. A light wood used for
+firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga heterophylla</i>.* Fofui (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga monandra</i>.* Ndeiwei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized armed tree, up to 50 feet
+high, and 8 inches at the base, with reddish-brown pubescent
+branches. It is useless except as firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mæsobotrya sp.</i>*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mareya spicata</i>.* Nguangua (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree reaching 30 feet in height. The leaves have
+a bitter taste; a decoction of them is used as a poison.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Microdesmis puberula</i>.* Nikli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, reaching about 15 feet in height. The
+fruit is edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phyllanthus discoideus</i>.* Tijoi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A common tree, 60 feet in height, with a diameter
+of 18 inches.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anacardiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mangifera Africana</i>.* White Oak or
+Greenheart. Peri (Timani); Bewe-Bauban (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree growing to 40 feet in height, with root
+flanges extending 10 feet up the stem; it has a girth of 12 feet.
+The tree is cut locally. The seeds are edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spondias lutea</i>.* Common Plum or the Hog Plum
+of the Creoles. Luep (Timani); Bogi or Gbojei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree, with rough, grey bark; it resists the
+grass fires very well. They yield timber, tanning material,
+medicaments and edible fruit, from which a spirituous drink is
+prepared.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Odina sp.</i>*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It reaches a height of 30 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_53">[53]</span><i>Sorindeia juglandifolia</i>.* Creole
+Damson. Ni-Kaffei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of 50 feet in height, having aerial roots. A
+broken branch or scraped root has a resinous smell.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Icacinaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Leptaulos daphnoides</i>.* Propri (Timani);
+Bongani (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapindaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bersama Paullinioides</i>.* Nyomdobai
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree growing to a height of 35 feet. It is
+regarded as an evil tree, and neither man nor beast touches it. A
+poison is extracted from the root, with which Mendis poison their
+enemies.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lecaniodiscus cupanioides</i>.* †</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phialodiscus unijugatus</i>.* Yokomi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of 50 feet in height. This tree bears
+conspicuous red capsules, which contain black seeds having a yellow
+ovule. The leaves and twigs are macerated in pools in the rivers to
+kill fish.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Schmidelia Africana</i>.* Komigbulei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Tiliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Glyphæa Grewioides</i>.* Swamp Rice. Beibolei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A decoction of the leaves is used for curing
+gonorrhœa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bombacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Adansonia digitata</i>.* Baobab, Cream of Tartar
+or Monkey Bread. Ungari (Timani); Sackwi Mbauwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a slow-growing tree, but a valuable one,
+yielding fibre, paper pulp and a native medicine. Sodium chloride,
+potassium and acid tartrate have been found in the leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax Buonopozense</i>.* Kinguei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large deciduous tree, often called the Red Cotton
+Tree on account of its flowers. It yields a fibre called Kapok.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriodendron anfractuosum</i>. Cotton Tree.
+Pullum (Timani); Ungwe (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriodendron orientale</i>.* Cotton Tree. Nhuei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Cotton Tree of commerce. The fibre fetches from
+2d. to 4d. a pound in London. It grows readily from seed. The seed
+is valuable, as it yields an oil, and the ash of the seed contains
+28·5 per cent. of phosphoric acid and 24·6 per cent. of potash (the
+latter makes a valuable manure). The wood is used locally for
+canoes and platters.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_54">[54]</span>Sterculiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia tragacantha</i>.* African Tragacantha.
+Kobei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The ashes are used for soap. It yields a gum
+similar to that of Tragacanth, <i>Astragalus gummifer</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia cordifolia</i>. Red Oak. K’fut
+(Timani); Buni (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola acuminata</i>.* The Kola Tree. Tuloi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree yields the Kola nut, a most valuable
+export. Very little, however, is sent to Europe, but great
+quantities to French Senegal. It contains great stimulating
+properties, and enables travellers to march long distances without
+food. The tree grows wild in certain forests, and begins to yield
+at six or seven years old. The nut is little thought of by
+Europeans, owing to its bitter taste. The price varies from £10 to
+£12 a measure (160 lb.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola angustifolia</i>.* Denbehawi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, the leaves of which are used as a
+stomach medicine. The Munchis use the wood to make their short
+bows.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola leonensis</i>.* † Booni (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with large leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola simiarum</i>.* Baboon Kola. N’goloduloi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree, 60 feet in height. A fine specimen of
+it grows over the wooden bridge at Kennema.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heritiera</i>.* Red Cedar or Harmon. Yawi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It yields a very handsome, easily worked wood,
+useful for any purpose. The fruit is edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Leptonychia</i>.* Mbagboldede (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows only to the size of a shrub or small tree.
+The leaves are used to cure thorn wounds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ochnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira procera</i>.* African Oak, Red Ironwood,
+Ironpost. Ringa (Timani); Hendui or Endwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree attains about the same size of the
+Oldfieldia; there does not seem to be any microscopical difference
+in the texture or grain of the wood. It is much used by builders,
+as it is proof against the attacks of termites. This tree also
+yields oily seeds and medicaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira Alata</i>.* Katank (Timani); Endwi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree having seed yielding 43 per cent. oil,
+valued at £24 to £25 a ton.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gomphia congesta</i>.* Colonguli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree undergrowth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ochna sp.</i>*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_55">[55]</span>Guttiferæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ochrocarpus Africanus</i>.* African Apple or
+Mammy Apple Tree. Mammee, Bakum (Timani); Kaikumba (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree, attaining a girth of 10 feet and a
+bole of from 20 to 30 feet. It has been cut locally, and is much
+prized on account of its pretty grain and red colour. It is used
+for joinery and similar work.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia Kola</i>.* † Kofé (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia epunctata</i>.* †</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia polyantha</i>.* Bitter Kola. Sagbei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small tree with thick yellow latex; the
+fruit is edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma butyraceæ</i>.* Chewstick. Komdi
+(Timani); Mdayen (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Chewstick. This is a very prevalent tree, though it
+does not reach very stout dimensions. The roots are used
+extensively for native chewsticks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Haronga Madagascariensis</i>.* Mbeli
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree which grows readily on farm
+lands. The juice below the bark is orange-red. The wood resembles
+that of Proteaceous trees and is very beautiful.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mammea sapota</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Locally called Mammy Supporter. It is a handsome
+tree and has an edible fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vismia leonensis</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree of 15 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Allanblackia floribunda</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Violaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alsodeia sp.</i>*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree. Some of these yield timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alsodeia sp.</i>*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree growing near the river.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Flacourtiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Homalium molle</i>.* Niagalei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, very tall and straight.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Homalium sp.</i>* Kologalei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large straight tree, often confused with <i>H.
+molle</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rhizophoraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anisophyllea laurina</i>.* Monkey Apple. Kant
+(Timani); Kanti (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span>This
+is a very lofty tree, with a bole of 40 feet and girth of 12 feet.
+It has not been tried as timber away from the locality, but should
+be valuable as an export, having a pretty grain, full of medullary
+rays. The local value is 3d. to 6d. per lineal foot. It is fairly
+common in the forest, but very plentiful outside, as it shoots up
+from the stump when cut down. Naturally, the wood from such trees
+is not so good as from seedlings.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rhizophora racemosa</i>.* Mangrove. Dingi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small tree of the swamps which is found
+very useful for poles and firewood. It fetches a high price from
+the bakers—£1 10s. to £1 15s. a cord. The bark contains 18 per
+cent. of tannin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Combretaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anogeissus</i>.* †</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A chewstick with a black heart. It will kill out
+Lalong grass.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Laguncularia racemosa</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a shrub which grows in the mangrove swamps.
+It yields a second-rate tannin bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia scutifera</i>.* †</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large straight, tall-boled tree, yielding a
+useful timber to shipwrights.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia sp.</i>* Bagi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very large tree, even taller than <i>T.
+superba</i>, and the timber is yellower. The tree is gnarled and
+much branched near the sea-shore. The wood is much used for canoes.
+Dye and a yellow wash for sore feet are obtained from the bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia superba</i>.* Kojagei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very large tree of 150 feet or more. The timber
+is soft and white, used for indoor work, but it is much attacked by
+borers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myrtaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eugenia calophylloides</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Melastomaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Memecylon</i>, cf. <i>M. spathulandra</i>.†</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree growing in the swamps near Bureh
+town.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Araliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cussonia Djalonensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized to large tree growing in the
+savannah forests. It has a thick grey, rough bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_57">[57]</span>Sapotaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops sp.</i> Benin Mahogany. Tuntumi
+(Timani); Sukai I (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a kind of mahogany which is very common, and
+attains a girth of 12 feet, with a smaller bole than the ordinary
+mahogany. The wood is of a reddish colour and rather hard. This
+tree is found growing at a higher altitude than most timber trees,
+which makes the forest situated at 2,000 feet much more
+valuable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops sp.</i> Mahogany substitute. Bobbyboya
+Water (Timani).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a very large tree, with hard red wood sold
+as mahogany, not very plentiful.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops</i>. Mahogany substitute. Abugie
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Another species of hard mahogany. It is not very
+plentiful, but worthy of export. It is of large size and good “form
+figure,” somewhat the shape of a cylinder.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops Djave</i>.* †</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large beautiful tree, yielding a valuable sound
+timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops</i>. African Pearwood. Sukai II
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree with a good bole. It has been exported
+and sold in the Hamburg market at 6d. a foot. The wood is of a
+reddish colour, a little harder than mahogany, and of close grain.
+It would pay to plant out any seedlings found.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sideroxylon longistylum</i>. Kafe or Kaffi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Some species yield timber, edible seeds and
+medicaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sideroxylon Alymerii</i>. Teyei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree bearing a seed rich in oil. The
+oil of the seed is very like that of the coconut in taste; it is
+used for frying food or for hair-oil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum sp.</i> Tuinynelli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">All the Chrysophyllum species yield timber and
+edible fruits.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum sp.</i> Star-apple. Terle
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum ellipticus</i>.* Beari
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small species growing on the sea-shore.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum</i>. African Star-apple. Bungi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum pruniforme</i>.* Heleilahin
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Elephants are fond of the bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ebenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros sp.</i>* †</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized ebony.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Maba Mannii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_58">[58]</span>Loganiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthocleista nobilis</i>.* Pongoi-hei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a larger species than the <i>A.
+parviflora</i>; it is not armed. The root is used as a medicine.
+The wood is soft and useless.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthocleista parviflora</i>.* Pongoi-hini
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In English sometimes called Cabbage Palm. This
+species reaches scarcely over 30 feet in height; it is armed with
+strong, twin-set spines. The wood is soft and useless.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Apocynaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Funtumia elastica</i>.* African Rubber Tree.
+Emarr (Timani); Buboi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows to a height of 50 feet. It is rare
+in Sierra Leone, but has been found in Kagnari, Nimmini and Loma
+Mountains. It yields a good rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Funtumia Africana</i>.* Rubber. Buboi
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species grows to a height of 70 feet. It
+yields an abundant latex of no commercial value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Polyadoa Elliotii</i>. Boxwood. K’Palen
+(Timani); Kofee or Kofei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree with greenish pimply bark. The
+wood is very hard, like boxwood, and is used to make hair combs and
+hoe handles. Medicine is made from the bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alstonia Congensis</i>.* † Kauwi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large, tall tree with a straight stem, found in
+the peninsular forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Owariensis jenje</i>.* Common Rubber
+Vine. Huwi Djenjei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The export of this rubber was at one time very
+profitable, but the natives overtapped the tree, and even dug up
+the roots to extract the rubber. The fruit of this species is
+edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Heudelotii</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a climber 40 feet in height, and one of the
+most valuable of the Landolphias, found in many parts; but it is
+the characteristic vegetation of the dry interior of Senegambia and
+the Upper Niger.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia leonensis</i>.* Nali (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A climber reaching the tops of the highest trees.
+The fruit is 3½ inches in diameter. The pulp around the seed is
+edible. The latex is used as bird-lime, but yields no rubber, and
+cannot even be used as an adulterant.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Callichilia subsessilis</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shrub or small tree having a handsome
+flower.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_59">[59]</span><i>Conopharyngia crassa</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree bearing a double fruit as large as a
+child’s head.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>C. longiflora</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree bearing a conspicuous heavy-scented
+flower.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Holarrhena Africana</i>.* Nukoi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small or medium-sized tree. Wooden serving spoons
+for rice are made from the wood. The leaves beaten to a pulp are
+used for poultices.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Holarrhena ovata</i>.* Bubbuoi (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Used as a stirring-stick.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pleioceras Afzelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pleiocarpa tricarpella</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rauwolfia vomitoria</i>. Kawogei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very common small tree, 20 feet high.
+Swizzle-sticks for mixing drinks are made from it, and the natives
+use the large branches for mixing indigo dye.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Voacanga Africana</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree 30 feet high bearing very fragrant
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Voacanga obtusa</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Voacanga Thonnersii</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree of 50 feet in height, with
+ornamental cream flowers. It has been seen growing in the
+swamp-land near the 180th milestone on the railway to Kennema.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Asclepiadaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xysmalobium granitiolum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree in the river bed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Borraginaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cordia sp.</i> Kpetellahen (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree growing on river banks. The bark
+is edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Verbenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex grandifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Some of this species yield timber, vegetables,
+edible fruits and medicaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex Cienkowskii</i>.* Heinokohun (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall tree growing at the edge of the forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex doniana</i>.* Lubei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree growing in the savannah country in the
+Koinadugu<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> district.
+An ink made from the leaves is used by the Mohammedan teachers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex micrantha</i>.* Fevei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree reaching a height of 70 feet and 2 feet 6
+inches at the base. The timber is useful for many purposes. The
+Mohammedan teacher has his school slates made from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex oxycuspis</i>.* †</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Avicennia Africana</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree growing in the mangrove swamps.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Premna hispida</i>.* Kafei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree. A decoction for ulcerated mouths is
+made from the leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bignoniaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spathodea campanulata</i>.* Tulip Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree yielding timber, edible seeds
+and medicaments. It is also used as an ornamental tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Newbouldia lævis</i>.* Anyolo (Timani); Bogi
+Ponamagbei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a tree reaching a height of 40 feet. Its use
+is principally medicinal. The root and leaves are used for scrotal
+elephantiasis, and a decoction from the bark is applied to sore
+feet. It is much used for quick fences, as it grows readily from
+stakes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Kigelia</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree 50 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Stereospermum leonense</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree bearing pink blossoms.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rubiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morinda sp.? citrifolia</i>.* Brimstone. Ketum
+(Timani); Bundwi Bundui (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows to a height of 150 feet, and has
+been found with a bole of 50 feet, a girth of 16 to 20 feet, and
+diameter of 5 feet without any branches. The wood is of a bright
+yellow colour, commonly used for weather-boards. It is sold near
+Freetown at 10s. per 100 feet. Its English name is given because of
+the peculiar colour of the wood. Its durability and ant-resisting
+qualities have given it a high place among the local timbers. It is
+used for building wooden vessels, mortars, etc. It will shoot up
+from the stump, so a good deal of small timber is obtained from old
+farms. Neither its colour nor grain make it of any worth for
+export. The bark is made into a decoction for malaria, and the
+natives after marching bathe their feet in the water in which it
+has been boiled.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_61">[61]</span><i>Morinda confusa</i>.* Wawae (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a climber, the leaves of which are used in
+medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morinda quadrangularis</i>.* Brimstone Bush.
+Jashuli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, 30 feet in height and about 1¼ feet
+in diameter at the base. It is only useful as firewood. The leaves
+are used as medicine in various diseases; supposed to be specially
+efficacious for malaria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pausynistalia Lane-Poolei</i>.* Gibowali
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree having green-brown deciduous
+bark, on which marked depressions are left when it comes off. The
+bole is straight and branchless up to 40 feet. The flowers are
+light yellow on first coming out, afterwards turning a purple
+pink.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pavetta Baconia</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrub or small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Psilanthus ebracteolatus</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, 20 feet in height, having white
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bertiera glabrata</i>.* Kafahinei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, 25 feet in height. The leaves are
+made into a medicine to soothe teething babies.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Blighia sapida</i>.* Akee Tree. Islii of the
+Akus.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is cultivated for its fruit, which is wholesome
+and savoury.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canthium discolor</i>.* Totengei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrub to small tree with strong, sharp
+spines.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Corynanthe paniculata</i>.* Gibowuli
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree 50 feet high.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Craterispermum laurinum</i>.* Alum Bark. Njelei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree 25 feet in height, having a diameter of 1
+foot at the base. The bark, when dried and beaten into powder, is
+used as a remedy for sore feet. The wood splits easily and is used
+in thatching.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Crossopteryx Kotschyana?</i> or
+<i>Africana</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Croton penduliflorus</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree of 35 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gaertnera paniculata</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is only found as a small tree on the
+sea-shore, but said to grow big in the forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gardenia sp.</i> near <i>G. physophylla</i>.*
+Buittigirri (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree growing in swamps.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heinsia jasminiflora</i>.* Pegblagei
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a tree of about 20 feet in height; the
+flowers white and much like jasmin. Scrapings of the bark are used
+for irritation of the skin at rice-harvest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_62">[62]</span><i>Mitragyne</i>. Mbuandae or M’boy
+(Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large, tall tree, 100 feet high and 4½ feet in
+diameter at the base. It is only found in swamp-land. It yields a
+light, white wood much used in indoor work. The leaves are very
+large and are used for wrapping kolas; they are sold in Freetown at
+3d. a bundle.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morelia Senegalensis</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small tree half scandent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oxyanthus unilocularis</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oxyanthus speciosus</i>. Pebulai (Mendi).*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is common near Freetown. The bark is
+aromatic, and when dried in the sun is used as a scent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia acuminata</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with large oval fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia genipæflora</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrub or small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia macrantha</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree common everywhere. It bears handsome
+white fragrant bell-flowers. The black pulp around the seed is
+edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia malleifera</i>.* Pondei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree bearing very fragrant white
+bell-flowers. The seeds when ground are mixed with water to make a
+sort of black paint used by the native women.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia sp.</i> near <i>R. macrantha</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, 20 feet in height, bearing an
+oval-shaped fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia sp.</i> near <i>R. caudata</i>.*</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, 25 feet high, bearing small but
+conspicuous fan-shaped fragrant flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vangueria nigrescens</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus esculentus</i>.* Sierra Leone
+Peach. Ameliki (Timani); Golli Nyumbuyambei (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very common tree growing to a height of 25 feet.
+It has conspicuous white heads of flowers and an edible fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Compositæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vernonia conferta</i>. African Cabbage Tree, the
+Soap Tree. Kupkup (Timani); Kongoli (Mendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree about 25 feet in height, growing in
+the rain forest. The burnt ashes are used in soap-making and the
+sediment, when dried, is used as snuff or Lubi.</p>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span><a id=
+"c03app1"></a>APPENDIX I</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">SIERRA LEONE—FOREST EXPORTS</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t063">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">Products.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1910.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1911.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1912.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1913.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1914.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>Value.</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>Value.</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>Value.</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>Value.</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>Value.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">£</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">£</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">£</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">£</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">£</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Camwood</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">142</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">13·382</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">67</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">36</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">142</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Coconuts</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">116</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">54</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">99</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">114</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">116</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Cocoa seeds</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">41</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">17</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">52</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">41</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>African coffee</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">3·544</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">303</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">10·559</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">501</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">7·062</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">347</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">7·632</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">598</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">3·549</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">303</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gum copal</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">16·446</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,075</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">27·768</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,965</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">17·010</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,606</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">23·764</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,682</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">16·258</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,075</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ground nuts</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,229</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">214</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">874</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">189</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,202</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">257</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2,448</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">488</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,229</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">214</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kola (bitter)</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">30</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kola nuts (dried)</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">0·794</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2·698</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">51</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2·908</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">56</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">0·843</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">66</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">0·794</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kola nuts (fresh)</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,924</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">279,185</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,596</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">194,260</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,649</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">276,473</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,865</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">328,003</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,924</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">279,185</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm oil</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">436,144</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">38,537</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">725,648</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">69,927</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">728,509</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">67,314</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">617,088</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">56,659</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">436,144</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">38,537</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernels</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">35,915</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">559,313</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">42,892</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">657,348</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">50,750</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">793,177</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">49,201</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">920,943</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">35,915</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">559,313</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Piassava</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">983</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">19,492</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">906</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">12,501</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,146</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">15,461</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">839</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">12,280</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">983</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">19,492</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rubber</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2·266</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">364</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">18·501</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">5,917</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">9·808</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,962</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">5·500</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,292</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2·775</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">364</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Shea butter</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">15</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">15</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Shea nuts</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">3·685</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">27</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">3·700</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">27</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">38,848</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">900,846</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">45,468</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">943,791</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">53,583</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">1,157,816</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">51,943</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">1,323,207</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">38,849</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">900,846</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,229</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">874</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,202</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2,448</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,229</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">436,144</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">725,648</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">728,509</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">617,088</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">436,144</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span><a id=
+"c03app2"></a>APPENDIX II</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">SIERRA LEONE—FOREST EXPORTS</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t064">
+<tr>
+<th>Articles.</th>
+<th>1827.</th>
+<th>1828.</th>
+<th>1829.</th>
+<th>1830.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1831.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1832.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1833.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1834.</th>
+<th>1835.</th>
+<th>Total.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Timber, loads</td>
+<td class="tdr">10,742</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,114</td>
+<td rowspan="4" colspan="2">Not enumerated</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">18,983</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">24,048</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,771</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">16,951</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">9,302</td>
+<td class="tdr">82,911</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Camwood, tons</td>
+<td class="tdr">550</td>
+<td class="tdr">303</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">592</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">644</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">975</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">911</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">802</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,837</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm oil, gallons</td>
+<td class="tdr">27,011</td>
+<td class="tdr">75,676</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">364</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">397</td>
+<td>casks</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">480</td>
+<td>casks</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">592</td>
+<td>casks</td>
+<td class="tdr">928</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gum copal, casks</td>
+<td class="tdr">81</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">18</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">96</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">133</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">87</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">197</td>
+<td class="tdr">612</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span><a id=
+"c03app3"></a>APPENDIX III</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF TIMBER IMPORTS INTO SIERRA
+LEONE, 1902-7 <span class="sc">and</span> 1910-15</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t065">
+<tr>
+<th>Year.</th>
+<th>Superficial<br>
+feet.</th>
+<th class="thbd-right">Value.</th>
+<th>Year.</th>
+<th>Superficial<br>
+feet.</th>
+<th>Value.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc thbd-right">£</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">£</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1902</td>
+<td class="tdr">765,501</td>
+<td class="tdr thbd-right">4,765</td>
+<td>1910</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,273,631</td>
+<td class="tdr">9,935</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1903</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,705,805</td>
+<td class="tdr thbd-right">11,066</td>
+<td>1911</td>
+<td class="tdr">965,410</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,842</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1904</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,642,738</td>
+<td class="tdr thbd-right">10,097</td>
+<td>1912</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,337,851</td>
+<td class="tdr">21,403</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1905</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,768,611</td>
+<td class="tdr thbd-right">8,886</td>
+<td>1913</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,507,327</td>
+<td class="tdr">22,425</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1906</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,188,702</td>
+<td class="tdr thbd-right">9,827</td>
+<td>1914</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,883,564</td>
+<td class="tdr">26,893</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1907</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,351,559</td>
+<td class="tdr thbd-right">18,856</td>
+<td>1915</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,503,751</td>
+<td class="tdr">26,279</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sc bt">Total</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">9,422,916</td>
+<td class="tdr thbd-right bt">63,497</td>
+<td class="sc bt">Total</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">12,471,534</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">115,777</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span><a id=
+"c04"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">LIBERIA</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc space-above1"><a id="c04s1"></a>I. The Gola
+Forest.</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">This</span> comparatively narrow
+strip of Africa, extending from Cape Palmas on the east to the Mano
+River on the west, an area of 40,000 square miles, is a Negro
+Republic under the nominal protection of the United States. It is
+bounded on the west by the British Colony and Protectorate of
+Sierra Leone, and on the north and east by the French possessions
+of Senegal and the French Ivory Coast.</p>
+
+<p>Some years ago a large rubber company was formed to exploit the
+wild-growing rubber vines and trees, and until recently fairly
+large amounts were secured. Apart from rubber, however, there are
+large forests, one of the best being the Gola Forest, on the
+western boundary and contiguous to the Sierra Leone
+Protectorate.</p>
+
+<p>This Gola Forest is formed by the confluence of the Morro and
+Mano Rivers, being thus triangular in shape and approximately 250
+square miles in extent. No natives actually live in it, though
+there are a few villages at the edge, such as Yandahun and
+Dambarra. The typical forest is seen in the view of the River Morro
+near the junction of the Mano. Here herds of elephants roam and
+make tracks through the dense growth of numerous trees; in fact,
+the only paths there have been made by the elephant. The Chief of
+Tunkia always has at least ten youths with him learning the art of
+elephant-hunting, for which a large fee for tuition is paid. In
+illustrations <a href="#i010">Nos. 10</a> and <a href=
+"#i012">12</a> views of the inner parts of the forest are
+given.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c04s2"></a>II. The Most Valuable Trees.</h3>
+
+<p>The chief species of trees suitable for cutting for export are
+the following:</p>
+
+<p>1. Mahogany (<i>Khaya ivoriensis</i>), probably, a very well
+textured wood with some very pretty medullary rays and a thorough
+sheen on it when planed. Illustration <a href="#i013">No. 13</a>
+shows a specimen of this tree.</p>
+
+<p>2. Satinwood (<i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i>), a large tree with
+smooth bark, which varies from light green or yellow to an
+orange-red shade, thus making it very conspicuous in the forest.
+See illustration <a href="#i011">No. 11,</a> which shows one of
+these trees of medium size.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i010" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig010.jpg"><img src='images/fig010.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 10.—<span class=
+"bold">Large Brimstone Tree (Sarcocephalus sp.), Gola
+Forest.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i011" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig011.jpg"><img src='images/fig011.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 11.—<span class=
+"bold">African Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora). Gola
+Forest.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 66.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span>3. The African Oak
+(<i>Oldfieldia africana</i>), Paulai of the Mendis is more common
+in the southern than in the northern part of the forest. It attains
+a large size, but has not yet been exploited either by a European
+or a native firm. This is one of the most durable of African
+timbers. As it has already been described in the chapter on the
+Sierra Leone trees, further notes on this tree are unnecessary
+here. Illustrations <a href="#i005">Nos. 5</a> and <a href=
+"#i006">6</a> show this tree to advantage, especially its
+straightness of growth.</p>
+
+<p>4. The real Satinwood (<i>Zanthoxylum macrophyllum</i>), not an
+uncommon tree, of small size. It is most easily recognised by its
+very long pinnate leaves. One leaf may attain a length of 6 feet.
+There is another species of Zanthoxylum which also has a similar
+kind of timber.</p>
+
+<p>5. African Walnut (<i>Lovoa Klaineana</i>). This tree is not
+very prevalent, but is scattered in small groups throughout the
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>6. Cedar Mahogany, a species of Guarea which attains a large
+size. It is none too prevalent, though it is scattered singly
+throughout the forest.</p>
+
+<p>7. African Pearwood (<i>Mimusops lacera</i>) is a very good
+reddish timber, often with figure in the grain. Although much
+harder than mahogany, it has been sold as such.</p>
+
+<p>8. The Iroko (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>) is common near the old
+farms, but is not so prevalent in the forest proper. It has not yet
+been exploited from here, nor is it cut locally.</p>
+
+<p>9. The Red Ironwood Tree (<i>Lophira procera</i>) is very
+prevalent, and attains much the same size as elsewhere. It has not
+yet been exploited.</p>
+
+<p>10. The so-called Mahogany, the timber of a tree, a species of
+Parinarium, known as Pauwilli of the Mendis. This is one of the
+most prevalent trees in the forest. It is also somewhat gregarious,
+as many as forty specimens being sometimes found in one group. The
+timber of this tree was exported from Southern Nigeria some years
+ago. It grows to a height of 150 feet, with a clear bole of 60 feet
+in height, and upwards of 18 feet in girth. Illustration <a href=
+"#i002">No. 2</a> shows the trunk especially, and the base of one
+of these trees. A most typical scene in the northern part of the
+Gola Forest is shown in illustration <a href="#i012">No. 12,</a>
+several of the trees in that picture being Pauwilli.</p>
+
+<p>All the above-mentioned trees have been cut and exported in the
+log from various parts of Western Africa. There are, however,
+several other trees which might be cut and used as export timbers,
+as, for instance:</p>
+
+<p>11. The White Mahogany (<i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>), which
+attains the same size as elsewhere, but is not so commonly
+found.</p>
+
+<p>12. Rhodesian Mahogany (<i>Afzelia bracteata?</i>), which is
+fairly common and attains a medium size.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span>13.
+<i>Brachystegia spicæformis</i>, which yields a light-brown hardish
+timber with very pretty grain. (See illustration <a href=
+"#i104">No. 104,</a> which shows a very large specimen of this tree
+in Nigeria.) It is very prevalent, in fact one of the commonest
+trees in the Gola Forest, so that large quantities of timber could
+be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>14. Wismah (Sierra Leone name) is also found, and apparently
+grows up very quickly in old farms.</p>
+
+<p>15. The Red Oak (<i>Berlinia auriculata</i>) is quite prevalent,
+especially near the banks of streams. It attains a large size, and
+the timber has been sold as oak in the European market. Here it has
+not yet been cut.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the trees which can be felled for conversion into
+export timbers, there are others which may be cut for sale locally,
+such as:</p>
+
+<p>16. The Brimstone (<i>Morinda citrifolia?</i>), one of the most
+suitable trees for the purpose. One of the largest trees was 5 feet
+in diameter, and had also a clear bole of 50 feet. On the whole it
+grows to a larger size in the Gola Forest than in Sierra Leone.
+Illustration <a href="#i010">No. 10</a> shows one of these trees
+from which a timber specimen had been cut.</p>
+
+<p>17. The Hamon, which is apparently a species of Sterculiaceæ,
+although not of enormous size, has a straight bole, which divides
+up into four or five very large and thin root flanges. It is one of
+the most prevalent trees in the forest. Illustration <a href=
+"#i014">No. 14</a> shows the peculiar formation of the roots of
+this tree.</p>
+
+<p>18. <i>Piptadenia africana</i>, a very large tree with small and
+fine pinnate leaves. It is frequently met with, in fact one of the
+commonest of the trees in the forest. It yields a hard brown wood
+which is durable.</p>
+
+<p>19. The so-called Mountain Mahogany, probably a species of
+Leguminoseæ. It attains a large size, and yields a timber not
+unlike that of Red Pine.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the present no local or other sawyers have worked in this
+forest. Although only a few trees have been mentioned which could
+be cut for use locally, there are many others out of approximately
+a hundred different kinds which are found in the forest.</p>
+
+<p>There are other products, such as oil beans, obtained from
+<i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>, a large forest tree; gum copal,
+obtained from <i>Daniellia Ogea</i>, one of the largest forest
+trees; palm oil and kernels from the Oil Palm (<i>Elæis
+guineensis</i>), which is found in all the clearings. Piassava,
+obtained from <i>Raphia vinifera</i>, is found on the banks of the
+two rivers, Morro and Mano. Rubber could be obtained from the
+African Rubber Tree (<i>Funtumia elastica</i>) and various rubber
+vines, such as <i>Landolphia Owariensis</i>, and others. Dika nuts
+could be procured, as the tree which bears them, <i>Irvingia
+Barteri</i>, is commonly<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_69">[69]</span> found; also the Tallow Tree (<i>Pentadesma
+butyracea</i>), which bears a large number of oil-bearing nuts in
+its large fruit; the Dita (<i>Detarium Senegalensis</i>), which
+yields a mango-like fruit, eaten locally. Bitter Kola (<i>Garcinia
+kola</i>) is found, but not often sold in the local market. The
+rough-skinned <i>Parinarium excelsum</i> yields a fruit which is
+eaten locally; the African Star-apple (<i>Chrysophyllum
+Africanum</i>) is found in the forest, and also planted. In other
+villages the Akee, being obtained from <i>Blighia sapida</i>, is
+quite common in the forest, though the edible fruit is not used.
+The Mackay or Sea Bean (<i>Entada scandens</i>) is a huge creeper
+which grows to 350 feet in length and 3 feet in girth. Near
+Dambarra, from a stout specimen hung a complete pod containing
+fourteen beans.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c04s3"></a>III. Conditions of Working
+Timber.</h3>
+
+<p>The Mano or Bewa River forms the natural outlet for the
+extraction of timber, as the Morro River forms one boundary of the
+Gola Forest, and this river joins the former rather more than
+half-way through the forest. The Mano River reaches the sea about
+80 miles from the end of the forest; thus logs of timber could be
+brought down the Mano straight into the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Very good timber of various kinds of mahogany has been shipped
+from several ports, such as Sassandra and Grand Bassam on the Ivory
+Coast. Good prices, such as 1s. to 2s. 3d. per superficial foot,
+have usually been paid for this timber. There is therefore no
+reason why similar timber from Liberia should not fetch equally
+good rates, when properly cut, squared, and sold under similar
+conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Conditions of working are very similar on the West Coast of
+Africa, but may vary somewhat in detail from place to place.
+However, if at the outset natives accustomed to working timber in
+Nigeria or the Ivory Coast were employed, good results would be
+obtained. Gradually a local native staff would be built up, so that
+the services of those from another part of the coast could be
+dispensed with and cheaper working thus assured; because imported
+labour, whether skilled or otherwise, is usually more expensive
+than that of the locality. Lower shipping rates should be paid from
+Liberia than from the Ivory Coast or Gold Coast, owing to the
+distance being less to the European markets where the timber is
+sold.</p>
+
+<p>The other forests of Liberia should be thoroughly examined to
+see what amount of timber is there. It is usual to work several
+areas in conjunction, as the cost of management per unit of output
+(the log) is thus reduced.</p>
+
+<h3 class="large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_70">[70]</span><a id="c04s4"></a>IV. TREES AND RUBBER
+VINES</h3>
+
+<p class="tax1">Palmæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis Guineensis</i>. Oil Palm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The well-known Oil Palm. It does not thrive in the
+forests among taller trees. It grows best near villages. (Found in
+Sierra Leone, too.) Quantities of oil obtained from it. The leaves
+are used for roof coverings.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia vinifera</i>. Wine Palm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The leaves used in weaving, brushes, mats, etc.
+Grows in swampy ground.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Borassus flabellifer</i> and <i>B.
+Æthiopium</i>. Fan Palm, Piassave.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Both most useful trees. The leaves for roofs, fibre
+for ropes. The sap made into a sweet kind of toddy. Wood for house
+and bridge building. The <i>B. Æthiopium</i> grows from 60 to 80
+feet high, the leaves 5 to 12 feet long.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ancistrophyllum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fibre used for weaving.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Liliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna surculosa</i>. Dragon’s Blood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A much branched tree, having white flowers and red
+berries. Found in Sino Kim, Kakatown and Monrovia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Moraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>. Oroko, Teak, African
+Oak.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large, well-known tree, used for many purposes
+where durability is required. Frequently found; it grows well near
+old farms. It is also found in Sierra Leone. The wood seems to be
+proof against termites and fungoid diseases. It is the best wood
+for railway sleepers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Musanga Smithii</i>. Corkwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The first tree to appear after a farm has been
+abandoned; its thick leaves, when they fall, form a heavy layer of
+humus.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris</i>. Fig species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fig-like fruit, used in medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Vogelii</i>. Rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows from 20 to 40 feet, yields so-called Balata,
+or an inferior rubber. Found on St. Paul’s River, Grand Basā.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_71">[71]</span><i>Ficus sp.</i> Rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Yields rubber; branches reddish colour; grows in
+the Kuru country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Whyteii</i>. Rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large forest tree yielding abundant rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus serratus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A deciduous tree having mulberry-like fruit of
+pleasant taste.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Olacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Coula edulis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Bark and leaves have a resinous sap. The oily seeds
+of this tree are very pleasant to the taste; it has no connection,
+however, with the Cola Nut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anonaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia oxypetala</i>. Yellow wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A moderate-sized tree with white, scented flowers,
+growing in the bush of the littoral.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia Dinklagei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small glabrous tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia Æthiopica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">From 30 to 60 feet in height. Fruit aromatic, used
+as a tonic. Wood elastic, made into masts and oars.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia humilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with broad top and pendulous branches,
+growing in the primary forests of the littoral.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria scabrida</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A moderate-sized tree in the primary forest, found
+on the banks of the Cestos River.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria Dinklagei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Similar to the last; grows in the humid parts of
+the coast bush.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria Afzelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Similar to the above.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Polyalthia Oliverii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small glabrous tree growing in the coast
+forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Popowia Whyteii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with glabrous leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anona muricata</i>. Sour Sop.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small glabrous tree, the Sour Sop of English
+colonists.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anona palustris</i>. Alligator Apple.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree with soft wood, used as cork. Fruit edible,
+frequently made into a refreshing drink. It is found in the swamps
+of Grand Basā.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_72">[72]</span><i>Monodora myristica</i>. Calabash
+Nutmeg.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree having showy flowers and aromatic
+seed; the much esteemed Calabash Nutmeg of West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Monodora tenuifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the primary forests of Grand Basā. Very
+similar to the last; narrower leaved.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myristicaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pycnanthus Dinklagei</i>. Muskat Nut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Tree reaches the height of 30 feet, with drooping
+branches. It supplies good timber and oily seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pycnanthus kombo</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The seeds of this variety contain 73 per cent. of
+fat and burn like a candle.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rosaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium macrophyllum</i>. Rough-skinned
+Plum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very common tree, used locally for building
+purposes; oak-like texture. Fruit yellow, the size of a goose-egg;
+sometimes called Gingerbread Plum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium excelsum</i>. Wild Plum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium sp.</i> Wild Plum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Also found in Sierra Leone. Used for building
+locally; grain too open for export. <i>P. excelsum</i> and
+<i>sp.</i> very similar.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysobalanus icaco</i>. Cocoa Plum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysobalanus ellipticus</i>. Cocoa Plum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall shrub or small tree, with greenish-purple
+edible fruit known as Cocoa Plums. These two are very similar; both
+found near Grand Basā.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Leguminosæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus laxiflora</i>. Mountain
+Mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Supplies a good useful wood and dyes. It is also
+found in Sierra Leone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus sericeus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">An ornamental tree with downy twigs, reddish-violet
+papilionaceous flowers; wood hard and heavy, not very well known.
+Found in Grand Basā.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus Barteri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Similar to <i>L. sericeus</i>, but a loftier
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus Zenkeri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entada scandens</i>. Mackay or Sea Bean.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The well-known liana, the fibre used in rope and
+net making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_73">[73]</span><i>Dialium Senegalense</i>. Black Tumbler.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A hard wood, useful in the building trade; also
+grows in Sierra Leone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Englerii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Timber useful for many purposes. A refreshing drink
+is made from the edible fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Dinklagei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with umbrella-like top.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia fastigiata</i>. Albizzia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">All Albizzias are proof against termites. Wood used
+where durability is required, and therefore very valuable. The
+branches are pendulous, flowers white and fragrant. Found in
+Monrovia and Sino Basin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia Brownei</i>. Albizzia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A hard, useful wood. A large forest tree with
+cracked greyish bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia sp.</i> Albizzia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree of good form and hard wood. The tree
+cylinder-shaped, heartwood a bright, pretty colour. Not very
+plentiful. Quite worthy of export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium Senegalense</i>. Mahogany, Dita.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A beautifully marked hard wood, with a bole of 30
+feet and girth of 12 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>. Oil Bean Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Yields oil-bearing seeds or beans, used as an
+article of food. The ashes after burning the dry pods are useful in
+soap-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia filicoidea</i>. Forest Locust or Locust
+Bean.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very common tree in Liberia, but wood of little
+value. The bean is eaten locally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrina Senegalense</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Deeply cleft bark; wood of little value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows everywhere in great quantities in Liberia.
+The wood is hard and valuable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i>. Satinwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A beautiful clear brown wood, used for building
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia nitida</i>. Camwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Very valuable as a red dye-wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia pubescens</i>. Camwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Valuable dye-wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia podocarpa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows best on very dry ground; common on native
+farms, 70 miles up the St. Paul River. Wood extraordinarily
+hard.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimosa Dinklagei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree found in the coast woods of Grand
+Basā.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_74">[74]</span><i>Daniellia Ogea</i>. Benin Gum Copal.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood soft. When the tree has attained a large size,
+it is attacked by the boring beetle; the gum then exudes and falls
+to the ground, and is so collected. Value, 5d. or 6d. a pound.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Daniellia sp.</i> Gum Copal sp.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Very similar to the <i>C. Ogea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Didelotia Engleri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree found in the humid woods of the
+coast.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Polystemonanthus Dinklagei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree growing on the banks of St. John’s
+River, Grand Basā.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylia Evansii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Beautiful plumed trees; small heads of flowers. A
+pretty ornamental tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rutaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylon sp.</i> Satinwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fairly hard wood, with rough, knotty bark in the
+shape of cone-like, woody protrusions.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylon macrophyllum</i>. Spiny
+Satinwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Smaller than the last, but somewhat similar; the
+wood a very pretty yellow, with open grain.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Citrus aurantium</i>. Common Orange.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very ornamental tree. Leaves and buds used in
+perfumery. Fruit edible, valuable for export. Timber useful in many
+ways.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Simarubaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Irvingia Barteri</i>. Dika Nut or Borbor.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is edible, seeds oily. Dika butter, dika
+bread and a kind of chocolate are made from it. The wood is also
+used.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Burseraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood useful in commerce. The oily seeds are
+edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Meliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lovoa Klaineana</i>. African Walnut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Has a shady crown of branches. A good shade
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carapa procera</i>. Crabwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree cut and sold as cedar mahogany for
+building purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_75">[75]</span><i>Carapa Gayensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree supplies a good timber; the oily seeds
+are used in medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocedrela</i>. Cedar Mahogany or African
+Walnut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is 65 feet in height, wood used for
+building purposes and for furniture; not very common. It should be
+a useful export timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia Heudelotii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree; wood easy to work; not well
+known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya grandis</i>. Benin Mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fine tree, sometimes attaining the height of 130
+feet, and 14 feet in diameter. The trunk has slight root flanges.
+The wood of a beautiful surface, a most valuable wood in furniture
+and carriage making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Guarea Africana</i>. Satin Mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grain similar to mahogany and might be sold for it.
+Should be a useful export wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pynærtia ealænsis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Not very well known; flowers in long, showy
+panicles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Euphorbiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron Heudelotii.</i>? Mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Sold as mahogany. The wood is used locally for
+boat-building. The tree seeds readily, so could easily be
+planted.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hasskarlia didymostemon</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Attains the height of 40 to 80 feet; leaves
+yellowish-green and yellow catkins. Not well known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oldfieldia Africana</i>. Real African Oak.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall, fine tree, with a bole of 50 feet and girth
+of 16 feet. Most useful in boat-building, especially for the keels.
+It seeds very readily. Many years ago it was exported as teak
+(1827-35), though this afterwards ceased.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anacardiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mangifera</i>. Mango species, Greenheart.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Mango Tree, very plentiful. It attains a girth
+of 12 feet. A greyish wood used for building purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mangifera sp.</i> Bush Pawpaw.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Used in building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mangifera sp.</i> Whitewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Used in building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Odina acida</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small deciduous, glabrous tree; the powdered
+bark, mixed with other substances, used as a paint for the
+face.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_76">[76]</span><i>Spondias lutea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall, glabrous tree, with yellow, plum-like
+fruits, which are edible. They are often made into a refreshing
+drink. The wood bright-coloured and hard; it has the useful quality
+of growing when put in as fence posts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapindaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Blighia sapida</i>. Akee.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A useful shade tree near dwellings, growing to the
+height of 97½ feet. Wood light yellow in colour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Allophyllus Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small, common tree with hard, blackish fruit,
+growing along the coast of Grand Basā; wood useful in many
+ways.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dodonæa viscosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree having viscid branchlets saturated
+with resin, which serve as torches. The wood is used for engraving
+and in turnery.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Malvaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gossypium Peruvianum</i>. Kidney-tree
+Cotton.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">These African cotton-plants are still imperfectly
+known. Probably used locally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bombacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriodendron anfractuosum</i>. Cotton Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows to the height of 160 feet. Smooth, bright
+grey bark, having cracked appearance. Wood not of much value in
+commerce. Handsome, brilliant crimson flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax Buonopozense</i>. Red Cotton Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large deciduous tree, often attaining 162 feet in
+height, with tuberculate, prickly bark and scarlet flowers with
+firm, velvety petals. Wood of little value in commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sterculiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia oblonga</i>. Yellow Wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of medium height, the wood soft, and fibre
+strong and tough. Exudes gum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fruit edible, the oily seeds used medicinally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triplochiton</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fruit winged, flowers panicled, leaves ragged.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_77">[77]</span><i>Cola acuminata</i>. Cola.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Much like the Poplar in appearance. The wood is
+used in ship-building, house-building and furniture. The oily,
+edible Cola Nut is in great demand.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola digitata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The oily seeds much used in medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heritiera utilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber hard and useful for various purposes,
+the bark in tanning. Fruit woody.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Dilleniaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tetracera potatoria</i>. Water Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small, hairy tree growing on the dry and sunny
+parts of the coast savannahs. It yields a profuse amount of water
+from the stems; hence its name.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tetracera leiocarpa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Very similar to the above. Used as a medicine by
+the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tetracera Dinklagei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Similar to the other Tetracera species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tetracera sp.</i> White Cedar.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Reaches a girth of 10 or 12 feet. Wood soft and
+grain too open for export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ochnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira procera</i>. African Oak or Red
+Ironwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree yields oil-bearing seeds. The wood is
+hard and heavy, of a reddish brown. Sold as African Oak. The wood
+is also used in charcoal-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Guttiferæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma</i>. Butter or Tallow Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall, slender tree growing by the streams. Wood
+light in colour, useful in various ways. Also found in Sierra
+Leone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia kola</i>. Bitter Cola.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large but slow-growing tree, with a hard,
+prettily grained wood, rather uncommon.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia sp.</i>? Mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood sometimes sold as mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia sp.</i> Chew-stick.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The smaller roots are used as chew-sticks, but
+taking these in the drastic method in which it is done generally
+means death to the tree. It is found on summits of the
+mountains.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_78">[78]</span>Flacourtiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Smeathmannia lævigata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Smeathmannia sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The buds are single, growing in the axils of the
+leaves. Leaves toothed. There are fifteen species of this tree; not
+very common. Wood of little value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rhizophoraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rhizophora mangle</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Mangrove species. It grows in swamps or on the
+banks of rivers of Liberia. The wood is hard and heavy but easily
+worked; much used for poles and firewood, the bark in tanning.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rhizophora racemosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Mangrove species. Very similar to the
+above.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myrtaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Psidium guajava</i>. Guava.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree growing near Monrovia. Fruit edible,
+the well-known Guava of commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapotaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops sp.</i> The Bobby Water or Benin
+Mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very common kind of Mahogany, attaining a bole of
+50 feet and girth of 12 feet. It will grow at a higher elevation
+than most forest trees. Wood very useful in the making of
+furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops lacera</i>. African Pearwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall, fine-looking tree, with good bole. It would
+pay to plant these unsparingly. It grows well near the coast. The
+hard, red wood is very useful and most valuable in
+furniture-making, inlaying, veneering, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of medium height. Fruit edible. The wood not
+well known in commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sideroxylon longistylum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree supplies a good timber. The fruit is
+edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Omphalocarpum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A kind of Guttapercha is obtained from this tree.
+It supplies also a good, useful timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Apocynaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rauwolfia vomitoria</i>. Swizzle-stick.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A good workable timber is obtained from it. Stone
+fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_79">[79]</span><i>Funtumia Africana</i>. False Rubber
+Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The rubber is useless, being sticky, like birdlime.
+Height from 15 to 20 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Funtumia sp.</i> Boxwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Much the same as above. Found also in Sierra
+Leone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Funtumia elastica</i>. True Rubber Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">One of the most important rubber-trees of Africa
+(also Sierra Leone); produces good rubber. Height 100 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Conopharyngia</i>. Rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Another rubber-tree, yielding only small
+quantities, of little use in commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Owariensis</i>. Vine Rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Another of the best rubber-trees; grows in the Sino
+Basin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia jenje</i>. Vine or White Ball
+Rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very good rubber, even better than <i>L.
+Owariensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bignoniaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Newbouldia lævis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A pinnate-leaved tree with dense panicles of pink
+flowers like the foxglove; the fruit long and slender. The
+bright-coloured wood is very even in texture, much used in
+fence-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rubiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus esculentus</i>. Sierra Leone
+Peach.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Flowers in large heads, white and fragrant.
+Deep-red fruit, the peach of the country, the size of a man’s fist.
+The wood much used for inlaying.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morinda sp.</i>? Brimstone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree with bole of 50 feet in height, girth from
+16 to 20 feet. The wood is bright yellow in colour, not of much
+value, but the root-wood is sold in the native markets for yellow
+dye and the bole wood for weather-boards. It is very hard and
+resists attacks of insects.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia maculata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very pretty ornamental tree, with glossy leaves
+and white flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Coffea Liberica</i>. Liberian Coffee.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree about 20 feet in height. Coffee-berries the
+size of a cherry.</p>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span><a id=
+"c04app1"></a>APPENDIX</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">LIBERIA—FOREST EXPORTS</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t080">
+<tr>
+<th>Products.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1908.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2">1909.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2">1910.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2">1911.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2">1912.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernels</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">200,489</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">41,916</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm oil</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">876,000</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">60,223</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,149</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">359</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rubber</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">169,566</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,478</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Coffee</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,459,082</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">27,966</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">6,774</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">353</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">103,032</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">5,648</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">93,822</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,589</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Coffee seed</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,690,955</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">32,978</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Coffee scions</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2,082,540</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">35,830</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,851,993</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">38,508</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,514,193</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">47,456</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Coffee trees</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Piassava</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">7,396,863</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">38,528</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kola nuts</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">384,830</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,408</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Calabar beans</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">4,318</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">37</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Guttapercha</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Camwood</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ivory</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">14,514</td>
+<td><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,447</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">9,044,343</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">181,599</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">2,082,540</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">35,830</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">2,082,559</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">36,098</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">1,955,025</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">44,156</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">1,608,015</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead">lb</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">lb.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">52,045</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">876,000</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,149</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">200,489</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="bush.">bs</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">bush.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i012" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig012.jpg"><img src='images/fig012.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 12.—<span class=
+"bold">Gola Forest, general view, near Morro River.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i013" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig013.jpg"><img src='images/fig013.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 13.—<span class=
+"bold">Mahogany (Khaya Ivoriensis), the late Mr. C. W. Smythe
+standing beside it, Gola Forest.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i014" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig014.jpg"><img src='images/fig014.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 14.—<span class=
+"bold">Young Yawey Cedar (Heritiera?), Gola Forest.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 80.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span><a id=
+"c05"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE IVORY COAST</p>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">Thanks</span> to Monsieur Auguste
+Chevalier’s very varied and extensive travels on the Ivory Coast,
+we have obtained very graphic descriptions of the belt of forest
+extending nearly 150 miles inland and parallel to the coast.</p>
+
+<p>In his books <em>Les Végétaux Utiles de l’Afrique Tropicale
+Française</em>, Fasc. V., <em>Première Etude sur les Bois de la
+Côte d’Ivoire</em>, and <em>Les Végétaux utiles de l’Afrique
+tropicale française</em>, Fasc. VII (Première Partie),
+<em>Documents sur le Palmier à Huile</em>, on the vegetation of
+this French Colony, not only are there general descriptions of some
+of the best and most accessible forests, but also there are full
+descriptions of the individual trees, together with most of their
+botanical and most valuable vernacular names.</p>
+
+<p>Considering that the area of the Ivory Coast is 130,000 square
+miles, and the forest belt about 150 miles wide, the mahogany
+industry should be still further developed than it is at the
+present time.</p>
+
+<p>So far, on the average, the Ivory Coast has been noted for its
+figured mahogany, the Ports of Grand Bassam, Assinie (a town and
+river of Upper Guinea), and La Hou being the most noted, and having
+given almost their name to different classes of Ivory Coast
+mahogany. For several reasons this type of mahogany has fetched
+higher prices than that of the average from elsewhere. Sassandra,
+at the mouth of a similar named river, and also Cavally, on the
+Cavally, are minor ports for the shipment of mahogany.</p>
+
+<p>First and foremost the wood obtained from what Monsieur
+Chevalier terms <i>Khaya Ivoriensis</i> is of a much more sheeny
+nature than that of either <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, <i>Khaya
+grandis</i> or <i>Khaya Punchii</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the next place, the method of working is most peculiar.
+Usually, individual natives cut a few trees at a time, standing
+nearest a waterway or lagoon; in fact, these were picked trees
+which the natives thought contained figured wood, and this had the
+effect of only a one-sided working of the forest, thus leaving many
+other valuable trees. On the average, the distribution of the
+numbers and of the various species is about the same as in other
+parts of West Africa. Apparently many of the ordinary trees have
+often been left standing, or at any rate most of those which are
+too inaccessible. A tree standing more than about<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span> a mile from water is too far for
+a native working almost single-handed, and only collecting a few
+labourers for hauling his logs to the waterway.</p>
+
+<p>In recent years, however, British as well as French firms, with
+a larger amount of capital, have started to work the forests.
+Regulations have been drawn up by the local Government in a similar
+manner and of a similar nature to those in force generally on the
+West Coast of Africa. The Government also has built a railway
+passing through and near some of the forests north of Grand Bassam.
+Since its inception, a further impetus has been given to the
+mahogany trade. However, in the matter of water transport, the
+rivers of the Ivory Coast, such as the Tano, mostly flowing in
+British territory, but emptying itself into the sea at Assinie (the
+port for logs in French territory), the Yar or Abi, the Komoe, the
+Zini, and Bandana, the Sassandra and Cavally, can none of them be
+said to be at all good for the floating out of logs. La Hou is the
+port for the Bandana and Zini Rivers, after their junction;
+Sassandra is the port for the Sassandra and Cavally for the
+Cavally. At the mouth of each of them there is a shallow bar, and
+this in turn causes a bad surf, and in other parts the coast lacks
+harbours, and the formation of it is unsuitable for the shipment of
+timber. No doubt, as time goes on, an effective means will be
+invented for dealing with the passage of the logs through the surf,
+especially at the mouths of rivers. So far, from all accounts, the
+rivers themselves have not been cleared of snags and rocky
+obstructions for the transport of the timber. This factor again has
+reacted on the output, and many of the finest forests remain
+unworked. Owing to the fact of this accidental policy of only
+cutting the best mahogany trees, the intensive exploitation of the
+forests by cutting other species of trees (the timber of which has
+already found a market in Europe) has been greatly hindered. Among
+such timbers are the following:</p>
+
+<ul class="simple2">
+<li><i>Khaya Ivoriensis</i>,</li>
+
+<li><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>,</li>
+
+<li><i>Lophira alata</i>,</li>
+
+<li><i>Afzelia microcarpa</i>,</li>
+
+<li><i>Entandrophragma macrophylla</i>,</li>
+
+<li><i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>, or <i>Occidentalis</i>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>On the whole, English firms working on the Ivory Coast have been
+encouraged and not hindered, but some of the minor regulations
+appear to be rather irksome and vexatious in their working, and the
+firms have felt that their tenure of the forest rights was not
+quite so secure as elsewhere in West Africa.</p>
+
+<p>The export duties placed on mahogany cut on the banks of the
+Tano in Gold Coast territory are almost of such a nature as to
+prohibit the profitable working of the Tano forests.</p>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span><a id=
+"c05s2"></a>LIST OF TREES</h3>
+
+<p class="sch2">(Chevalier’s.)</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Pandanaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pandanus candelabrum</i>. Sometimes known as
+Screw Pine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A well-branched tree, supported by aerial roots;
+leaves spinous and in dense spirals.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Palmæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Borassus flabellifer</i> Ronier (Colons); Dendo
+(Attie); Makube (Fanti); Ekube (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Liliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna Perrotetti</i>. Nkiebe (Mbonoi); Adjonde
+(Ebrie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ulmaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Celtis integrifolia</i>. Mgua (Abe); Tongo
+(Bondoukou).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Moraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris toxiaria</i>. Ake (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>. Corkwood (English);
+Akede (Abe); Bakana (Fanti); Guele (Bondoukou); Elui (Agni); Bonzo
+(Bambara); Agui (Ebrie); Odum (Appollonien).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Goliath</i>. Abono (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Guineensis</i>. Aturn (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus sp.</i> Mekhi (Attie); Diangue (Agni);
+Karfa (Bambara).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pontya excelsa</i>. Metchi (Attie); Triwa
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morus mesozygia</i>. Bana (Attie); Cecerui
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Musanga Smithii</i>. Parasolier (Colons); Loho
+(Abe); Guima Djuna (Bondoukou); Egui (Agni); Congo-congo
+(Gabonais).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus arboreus</i>. Agnon (Abe); Atolaie
+(Mbonoi); Agniere (Ebrie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus serratus</i>. Nianga-magui (English);
+Diancangue (Attie); Nianga (Agni); Nianga-magui (Indenie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Treculia africana</i>. Izaquente Portugais
+(Colons); Yukugo (Bondoukou).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Olacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Coula edulis</i>. Atsan (Attie); Bogüe (Agni);
+Akion (Ebrie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ongokea Klaineana</i>. So (Abe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strombosia pustulata</i>. Myole Polie (Abe);
+Patabua (Bondoukou); Fognian (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_84">[84]</span>Octoknemataceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Octoknema affinis</i>. Guangua (Attie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anonaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cleistopholis patens</i>. Kotopuan (Attie); Bofu
+(Fanti); Eutie (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Enantia chlorantha</i>. Mbawe (Abe); Esuro
+(Attie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Monodora myristica</i>. Mbang (Attie); Efuen
+(Agni); Hane (Ebrie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Stenanthera hamata</i>. T’sainfi (Attie); Surua
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pachypodanthium</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia æthiopica</i>. Ethiopian pepper
+(Colons); Fonde (Attie); Efomu (Agni); Endiar or N’diar
+(Wolof).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia parviflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myristicaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cœlocaryon oxycarpum</i>. Kinkonawon
+(Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i>. Walehe (Abe); Hetere
+(Bondoukou); Etama (Agni); Anaküe (Mbonoi); Edna (Appolonien).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Capparidaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Buchholzia macrophylla</i>. Mon (Attie);
+Akotompo (Fanti); Amizi (Agni); Do (Trepo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rosaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysobalanus ellipticus</i>. Hanfuru
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium robustum</i>. Aroba (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium tenuifolium</i>. Simua (Attie);
+Gatesima (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Leguminosæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia fastigiata</i>. San (Attie); Piampian
+(Fanti); Kuanguan (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia ferruginea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia gigantea</i>. Turndogo, Bosole
+(Bondoukou).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia rhombifolia</i>. Küe (Attie); Pranpran
+(Fanti); Kure (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia microcarpa</i>. Asemigniri (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Aphanocalyx sp.</i> Redwood (Colons); Taceribe
+(Mbonoi); Arabmetu (Adionkron).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia nitida</i>. Camwood (English); Tte
+(Attie); Ekuro (Fanti); Exin (Agni); Eseme (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia acuminata</i>. Beguan (Attie);
+Gueguirotta baka (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra Vogelii</i>. Tiupe (Attie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra cryptosepalum</i>. Kiukuesin (Attie);
+Patapara (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Daniellia oblonga</i>. Trakuan (Attie); Kuangua
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Dinklagei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Guineense</i>. Fe (Attie); Warie
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_85">[85]</span><i>Erythrophlœum Ivoriensis</i>. Amerere
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>. Erüi (Agni); Teli
+(Bambara); Aranhe (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus sericeus</i>. Acacia de Gabon
+(Colons); Akuosi, Amba (Fanti); Ekopa (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium Palisoti</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Milletia sp.</i> Vandaküe (Attie); Bakahehessi
+(Agni); Ekimi (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia Agboensis</i>. Lo (Abe); Dogo
+(Bondoukou); Asama (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>. Owala
+(Gabonais).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia Africana</i>. Bon (Attie); Nainvi
+(Bondoukou); Kuangua iniama (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia Chevalieri</i>. Lo (Attie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i>. Totohote (Attie);
+Assihaoto (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tetrapleura Thonningii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Pandaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Porphyranthus Zenkeri</i>. Tebo (Attie);
+Akwankusuma (Fanti); Akuana (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Linaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phyllocosmus Africanus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Humiriaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Saccoglottis Gabunensis</i>. Amuan (Attie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rutaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Fagara macrophylla</i>. Hanwego (Bondoukou);
+Kengüe (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum parvifolium</i>. M’Bon (Attie);
+Kanton (Fanti); Hendje, Hengué (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Simarubaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hannoa Klaineana</i>. Haiefai? (Abe); Neube?
+(Attie); Hete bake (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Irvingia</i>. Akwabu (Mbonoi); Lubigniati
+(Adionkron).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mannia Africana</i>. Hate (Attie); Sotibia
+(Fanti); Bomoku (Agni); Akodo (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Burseraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium Occidentalis</i>. Okume d’Ivoire
+(Colons); Segna (Attie); Krendja Haigue (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Meliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bingeria Africana</i>. Hakue (Attie); Hague
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carapa microcarpa</i>. Dona (Abe); Kuli pia
+(Bondoukou); Kobi (Bambara).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_86">[86]</span><i>Carapa velutina</i>. Bibiabe (Attie);
+Akumasse (Fanti); Sorowa (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Charia Indeniensis</i>. Zacoba (Attie); Zacoba
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma ferruginea</i>. Locobo (Attie);
+Tiamatiama (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma macrophylla</i>. Baka-biringui
+(Abe); Lokoba (Attie); Kaiguigo (Bondoukou); Makua (Mbonoi);
+Tiamatiama (Appolonien).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma rufa</i>. Cedrat (Colons);
+Kaiguigo (Bondoukou).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma Septentrionalis</i>.
+Baka-birin-gui (Abe); Keiwgo (Bondoukou).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Ivoriensis</i>. Bariba or Biribi (Colons);
+Ekuie (Abe); Lokobua (Attie); Dukuma Dugura (Agni); Humpe (Ebrie);
+Tiamatiama (Appolonien).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pynærtia Occidentalis</i>. Hainde (Agni);
+Kassekui (Mbonoi); Dubiri Keguigo (Appolonien).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia Candollei</i>. Tanna (English); Fe
+(Attie); Tenuba, Tanuba (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia cedrata</i>. Ngnanake (Abe); Mbosse
+(Agni); Anokue (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia acutifoliata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Euphorbiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga Heudelotii</i>. Abo (Attie); Eson
+(Fanti); Ekna (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mæsobotrya Stapfiana</i>. Senan (Attie);
+Emuinguim (Fanti); Asa bogüie (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oldfieldia Africana</i>. African Teak (English);
+Fu (Attie); Etüi (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron Africanus</i>. Hobo Hapi (Abe);
+Isain (Attie); Sosaü (Fanti); Haipi (Bondoukou); Haipi (Agni);
+Poposi (Mbonoi); Poposi (Ebrie); Nbob (Moyen Cavally).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Benguelensis</i>. African Oak (English);
+Chêne d’Afrique (Colons); Rikio (Abe); Niondobi (Bondoukou);
+Cosomon (Bambara); Sannaba (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Bingervillensis</i>. Rikio (Abe); Na
+(Attie); Kayo (Bondoukou); Elekhua (Agni); Orobo (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alchornea sp.</i> Bonyurome (Mbonoi); Aguaya
+(Ebrie); Tatairo (Moyen Cavally).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baccaurea Bonneti</i>. Habizacue (Attie);
+Kuatiecuale (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia speciosa</i>. Chicue (Attie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hasskarlia didymostemon</i>. Nguepe (Attie);
+Echirua (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anacardiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hæmatostaphis Barteri</i>. Vi (Abe); Esanke,
+Esangue (Attie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lannea acidissima</i>. Ngolo ngoloti (Abe);
+Tchiko (Attie); Kakoro (Fanti); Durgo, Duroko, Duko (Bondoukou);
+Borepore (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_87">[87]</span><i>Lannea sp.</i> Ebruke (Attie); Bembe
+(Bambara).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spondias lutea</i>. Ngua (Abe); Ningo (Bambara);
+Haperrie (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Icacinaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Leptaulus daphnoides</i>. Paradedi (Attie);
+Eborodumuen (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapindaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Blighia sapida</i>. Sago (Bondoukou); Finzan
+(Bambara).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Deinbollia Indeniensis</i>. Ngua, Abo (Attie);
+Ekosuba, Zenna, Kerenya (Agni); Kaüsa (Indenie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Placodiscus pseudostipularis</i>. Para dakue
+(Attie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Tiliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Duboscia macrocarpa</i>. Pianro (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bombacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax Buonopozense</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sterculiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola cordifolia</i>. Awa (Attie); Amhio
+(Bondoukou); Dabudabu (Agni); Ntaba (Bambara).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola mirabilis</i>. Gnibi (Attie); Kamou aguire
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola proteiformis</i>. Kouanda (Attie); Kokotsi
+(Fanti); Guiangon (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola vera</i>. Awasse (Abe); Lo (Attie); Buesse
+(Mbonoi); Hapo (Ebrie); Guere (Neyau); Guresu (Bete); Hure (Plapo);
+We (Trepo); Halu (Adionkron).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterygota cordifolia</i>. Ape (Attie); Sounoum
+(Fanti); Ware Borf ware (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia oblonga</i>. Azodo (Abe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia tragacantha</i>. Porepore (Abe);
+Botapia (Attie); Lomburu (Bondoukou); Kotokie (Indenia).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triplochiton scleroxylon</i>. Hofa (Abe); Samba,
+Sankamba (Bondoukou); Batabua (Agni); Wa-wa (Appolonien); Wa-wa
+(Indenia).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Scytopetalaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rhaptopetalum Tieghemi</i>. Mosangui (Attie);
+Djo Arbi (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ochnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira procera</i>. Nokue (Attie); Esore
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Guttiferæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Allanblackia parviflora</i>. Wohotelimon (Abe);
+Bissaboko (Attie); Akumase (Fanti); Alabenun (Agni); Wotobe Ewotebo
+(Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_88">[88]</span><i>Garcinia polyantha</i>. Mamie Kini
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ochrocarpus Africanus</i>. African Apricot
+(Colons); Quelipe Kelipe (Bondoukou).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma leucantha</i>. Piche Aboko (Attie);
+Allahbanunu (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Symphonia globulifera</i>. Arquane (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Flacourtiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Homalium Africanum</i>. Akouibia (Fanti); Akoima
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Scottellia coriaceæ</i>. Bakaza (Attie); Aburuhi
+(Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Scottellia Kamerunensis</i>. Akosica (Abe); Edde
+(Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rhizophoraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rhizophora racemosa</i>. Paletuvier rouge
+(Colons); Ntagne (Attie); Koghia bera (Fanti); Ende (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Combretaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anogeissus sp.</i> Kakaleka (Bondoukou); Krekete
+(Bambara).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretodendron viridiflora</i>. Kati (Abe);
+Esive (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia altissima</i>. Pe (Abe); Fram
+(Bondoukou); Frake (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia Ivoriensis</i>. Satinwood (English);
+Mboti, Buma (Attie); Tuhidja (Bondoukou); Framine (Agni); Fela
+(Bambara); Cauri (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myrtaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eugenia syzygium</i>. Amerere (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Melastomaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Memecylon polyanthemos</i>. Taisin (Attie); Tai
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ebenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros sanza</i>. Nguobi, Kusibiri (Attie);
+Sanza, Minika, Asun, Seka (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Oleaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Linociera Mannii</i>. Akodiombi, Zakuebiembi
+(Attie); Akokotsua (Fanti); Aqua egbua (Agni); Akoriie
+(Indenie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Loganiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthocleista nobilis</i>. Buro-Nuro
+(Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Apocynaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alstonia Congensis</i>. Kokue (Attie).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Conopharyngia crassa</i>. Choka (Attie);
+Akotompo Atsim (Fanti); Pakie-pakie, Kuakie-kuakie (Agni); Apukur
+(Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_89">[89]</span><i>Funtumia Africana</i>. Pesin (Attie); Wala
+(Bondoukou).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Funtumia elastica</i>. Pechi (Attie); Poyndua
+(Fanti); Efurumundu (Agni); Ofuntum (Appolonien); Twe (Neyau);
+Uruba su (Bete); Dorose-Populu (Plapo); Bebeti (Moyen Cavally).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Picralima Elliotii</i>. Hainfain (Attie); Kakana
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rauwolfia vomitoria</i>. Embi-siembi (Agni);
+Gonguonkiur (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Verbenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex micrantha</i>. Kiangu (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bignoniaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spathodea campanulata</i>. Tulipier de Gabon
+(Colons); Kokomazur (Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rubiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Grumilea vanosa</i>. Tchiat Kottse (Attie);
+Aburese baka (Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gardenia viscidissima</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mitragyne macrophylla</i>. Sofo (Attie); Bahia
+(Agni).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morinda citrifolia</i>. Alongua (Bondoukou);
+Sangongo (Bambara).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocinchona Africana</i>. Mbrahu (Abe);
+Kiumba (Bondoukou).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus esculentus</i>. Tetere
+(Mbonoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus Pobeguini</i>. Ndebere (Attie);
+Ekusamba (Fanti); Boisima (Agni); Zeronga (Bambara).</p>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span><a id=
+"c05app1"></a>APPENDIX</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">IVORY COAST—FOREST EXPORTS</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t090">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">Products.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1909.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1910.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1911.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1912.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1913.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">Tons.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">Tons.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">Tons.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">Tons.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">Tons.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Colas</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>8</td>
+<td class="tdr">717</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+<td class="tdr">770</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,0</span>24</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,007</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernels</td>
+<td class="tdr">5,191</td>
+<td class="tdr">45,421</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>5,422</td>
+<td class="tdr">47,450</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>5,251</td>
+<td class="tdr">66,223</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,799</td>
+<td class="tdr">73,656</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>6,949</td>
+<td class="tdr">104,030</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Doumane</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">26</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>5</td>
+<td class="tdr">56</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdr">89</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>0·7742</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ginger</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>0·0098</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm oil</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,367</td>
+<td class="tdr">119,398</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>5,954</td>
+<td class="tdr">111,651</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>6,625</td>
+<td class="tdr">169,305</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,776</td>
+<td class="tdr">155,294</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>6,014</td>
+<td class="tdr">125,921</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Coco-oil (touloucoume de palmiste)</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>0·5194</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gum copal</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">77</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>0·0882</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>0·6106</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">98</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>1</td>
+<td class="tdr">99</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rubber</td>
+<td class="tdr">368</td>
+<td class="tdr">67,604</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,</span>391</td>
+<td class="tdr">121,490</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,</span>351</td>
+<td class="tdr">110,916</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,376</td>
+<td class="tdr">344,020</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,</span>394</td>
+<td class="tdr">78,239</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Beurre de karité</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>0·15415</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">22</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>8</td>
+<td class="tdr">128</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Soumbaras</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>0·098</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Woods (cabinet-making etc.; mahogany)</td>
+<td class="tdr">15,994</td>
+<td class="tdr">33,321</td>
+<td>13,783</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,871</td>
+<td>23,812</td>
+<td class="tdr">9,426</td>
+<td class="tdr">30,489</td>
+<td class="tdr">120,688</td>
+<td>42,651</td>
+<td class="tdr">208,869</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kapok</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>2</td>
+<td class="tdr">28</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Piassava</td>
+<td class="tdr">14</td>
+<td class="tdr">99</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>7</td>
+<td class="tdr">45</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>3</td>
+<td class="tdr">23</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Bamboos</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00,00</span>0·56804</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">27,938</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">265,949</td>
+<td class="bt">25,550·882</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">283,468</td>
+<td class="bt">36,054·76475</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">356,655</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">45,466</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">624,676</td>
+<td class="bt">56,047·96944</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">519,364</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i015" class="iw4"><a href="images/fig015.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig015.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 15.—<span class=
+"bold">Teak Plantation of 1908, 35¾ feet high, Sokode, in
+1911.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i016" class="iw3"><a href="images/fig016.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig016.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 16.—<span class=
+"bold">Teak Plantation of 1907 and 1908 on Hill-side,
+Atakpame.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span><a id=
+"c06"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE GOLD COAST</p>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">Area</span>, 80,000 square
+miles.</p>
+
+<p>During 1909, a most interesting and exhaustive <em>Report on the
+Forest of the Gold Coast</em>, as well as Ashanti and the Northern
+Territories, was written by Mr. H. N. Thompson, the Chief
+Conservator of Forests of Nigeria. As a result of this Report, a
+Forest Department was formed in 1910. This Forest Department now
+consists of a Conservator, Deputy, and three Assistant Conservators
+of Forests. However, legislation for the proper preservation of the
+forest and creation of Forest Reserves has not been passed, so that
+the scope of the Forest Department’s usefulness has been much
+curtailed.</p>
+
+<p>It would be quite superfluous here to try and describe the
+forests in such a masterly fashion as has been done by Mr.
+Thompson, but anyone who is interested in the Gold Coast Forests
+should read the Report for themselves. It will suffice to give an
+outline of the main features of the Forest Administration and a
+general description of the forests.</p>
+
+<p>With the author’s permission I have given a list of the
+timber-trees, together with the botanical names, so far as they are
+known.</p>
+
+<p>The people of this very rich country have in a short-sighted way
+very much hindered real progress in Forestry by refusing to assist
+in the creation of Forest Reserves. Forest Reserves are, of course,
+simply forest permanently set aside for the production of timber or
+other such forest products. The people of the Gold Coast have,
+apparently, judging by extracts from the local Press, got the idea
+into their heads that the making of a Forest Reserve necessarily
+means the ownership of the land on which the forest stands passing
+into the possession of the Government. This, of course, is quite a
+contrary view to the true conception of a Forest Reserve, which is
+an area set apart by the Supreme Government as a forest for the
+permanent production of timber, etc., and usually managed by the
+Forest Department of the country. It may be a State forest, a
+communal forest, a municipal forest, or even a private forest which
+is thus placed under Forest Laws as a Forest Reserve. The user
+(that is, the man who has the right of usufruct in it) is not
+generally in a position to protect it thoroughly, and to some
+extent foregoes present temporary profits for future permanent
+returns.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span>The diverse forms
+of forests named above, under the permanent management of the
+State, are seen in Switzerland, Germany, France, Russia, Japan, and
+India, not to mention Nigeria, so that it cannot be called an
+isolated system.</p>
+
+<p>The cocoa industry has quite overshadowed that of collecting
+palm fruit, making palm oil, and cracking of palm nuts to obtain
+the kernels, with the result that these exports are small compared
+with Sierra Leone even, which is a much smaller colony, with a
+climate less propitious for palm-trees.</p>
+
+<p>The following table shows the exports for the last five
+years:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1 padded05" id="t092">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1909</td>
+<td class="tdr">14,553</td>
+<td class="tdr">113,784</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1910</td>
+<td class="tdr">14,252</td>
+<td class="tdr">185,058</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1911</td>
+<td class="tdr">13,254</td>
+<td class="tdr">175,890</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1912</td>
+<td class="tdr">14,629</td>
+<td class="tdr">205,365</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>1913</td>
+<td class="tdr">9,744</td>
+<td class="tdr">159,128</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the year 1913 forest produce, in the shape of logs, etc., to
+the value of £3,327,743 was exported. It would be disastrous to the
+country if a few loud-voiced, narrow-minded people were to prevent
+proper measures being adopted for the welfare of the country.
+Considering their previous education and small experience in these
+wide economic matters, it is only natural that they should take
+this view, but, on the other hand, that is no reason why the
+Supreme Government should not do what is necessary for the future
+permanent benefit of the country. A child is not allowed to play
+with fire, although it may very much like to see the flames; in the
+same way the British people, as locally represented by the Gold
+Coast Government, cannot allow the inhabitants of the district to
+play fast and loose with their priceless treasures, the African
+forests, well knowing that the country will be permanently injured
+thereby. Examples are to be found to-day of countries which have
+allowed their forests to be destroyed. Spain and Portugal are
+typical of this, and even in Africa one has the spectacle of France
+putting untold millions into Forestry in Algeria in order to
+restore the rainfall. Morocco and Mesopotamia are further examples
+of countries in a similar condition, where the forests have been
+destroyed. Palestine, with its ancient forests of Lebanon, is the
+most drastic example of forest destruction, quite apart from
+Turkish misrule. A similar process has taken place in the Soudan,
+and this locality is only now being laboriously re-afforested by
+the Forest Department there. In India, European countries, Canada,
+Australia, and in the United States it has been proved that it is
+only by a central Government Agency that the forests will be
+properly preserved both for this generation and the next;
+therefore, before it is too late, it behoves the Gold Coast people
+to recognise their responsibility to future generations and allow
+the necessary legislation, so that the forests may be preserved and
+rightly utilised.</p>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span><a id=
+"c06s3"></a>LIST OF INDIGENOUS TREES AND RUBBER VINES</h3>
+
+<p class="sch3">(From Mr. H. N. Thompson’s Report on the Gold Coast
+Forests.)</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Pandanaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pandanus sp.</i> Ntung (Fanti); Ntung (Ashanti);
+Ndau (Apollonian); Ndau (Aowin); Ekpa (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Screw Pine. Often found near villages on the coast
+and where drier conditions prevail, in sheltered spots. Reaches
+height of 30 feet. Leaves used in mat-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Gramineæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bamboo sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Some of these attain a great height. Used for many
+purposes by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Cyperaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bulbostylis barbata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bulbostylis laniceps</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Quite small trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Palmæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ancistrophyllum sp.</i> Eye (Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Large kind of rattan. Scandent palm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Borassus flabellifer</i>. Makube (Fanti); Makube
+(Ashanti); Kube (Akwapim); Malankwi (Apollonian); Ago (Quitta); Ago
+(Krepi); Ago (Accra).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Borassus æthiopica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood, exclusive of pith, extremely hard.
+Pericarp of nut edible. Savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia vinifera</i>. Adube and Doka (Fanti);
+Doka (Ashanti); Tombo (general West Coast); Doka (Apollonian); Doka
+(Aowin); Alati (Quitta); Alati (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia Hookeri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wine (from stem) and bamboo palm. Piassava fibre
+prepared from the rachis and the leaves, poles from bamboo in
+building; pinnæ for baskets and thatch. Seed beaten to pulp thrown
+in water to catch fish.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis Guineensis</i>. Abe (Fanti); Arere,
+Abeletia (Apollonian); Beteng (Aowin); Ede (Quitta); Ede
+(Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Oil Palm of commerce. Derived from this tree, also,
+the chief supply of palm wine and piassava fibre. The coast natives
+use the leaf rachis for building and the leaves for thatch.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_94">[94]</span><i>Calamus Barteri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Scandent palm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Calamus deerratus</i>. (West) Uwatia and Oyea
+(Ash.) (Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The common rattan; marshes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cocos nucifera</i>. Kube (Fanti); Kukwi
+(Ashanti); Ajui (Aowin); Eue (Quitta); Eavune (Krepi); Hukwi
+(Axim).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Cocoanut, found in the vicinity of villages on the
+coast, sometimes inland.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><em>Fan Palm</em> or <em>Doum</em>. Ago (general
+West Coast).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood provides beams for building; fruit edible;
+leaves for thatching; and a strong wine is made from the stem.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phœnix reclinata</i>, or Wild Date Palm.
+Euchresia (Fanti); Mileishia (Apollonian); Mileishia (Aowin);
+Aeyedi (Quitta); Iedi (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small date palm; grows on the sea-shore. Fruit
+edible. The terminal buds are cooked as a vegetable. A wine is made
+from the stem.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Liliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sansevieria</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree, fibre-yielding.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna arborea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">40 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna Mannii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">30 feet in height. Yields a light-coloured dye.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna surculosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ulmaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trema affinis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trema Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree of secondary forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Moraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus sp.</i> Shedua or Abonsandua (Twi);
+Mousandua or Okitsiwanfu (Fanti); Shedua (Ashanti); Adowa
+(Apollonian); Adowa and Dupain (Aowin); Kapro (Grunchi); Aiu
+(Krepi); Kingkanga (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Some Ficus are tapped for rubber, others fruited.
+This species is a large, smooth-barked tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus platyphylla</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fruit edible, cf. <i>Vogelii</i>, and in great
+demand.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Vogelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Medium-sized tree. Latex extracted by tapping. A
+good shade tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_95">[95]</span><i>Ficus asperifolia</i>. Yankran (Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Savannah forests. Called Sandpaper Tree, because
+the rough leaves are used to smooth planks. The ashes are used in
+making dyes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus elegans</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus eriobotryoides</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Ottoniæfolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus triangularis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Musanga Smithii</i>. Juma (Wassaw); Ajama
+(Fanti); Ajama (West), Ojamba (Ashanti); Eguni (Apollonian); Egeun
+(Aowin); Ajama (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Umbrella or Corkwood Tree; used as buoys for
+fishing-nets in Apollonia, and roof shingles in Ashanti.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus arboreus</i>. Niankuma (Fanti);
+Niankuma (Ashanti); Niankuma (Apollonian); Niangama (Aowin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is eaten by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus serratus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree with edible fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris sp.</i> Chenchen (Twi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree, the timber of which is liable to
+attacks by white ants; when seasoned, used for planks. The latex is
+one of the chief rubber adulterants.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris toxicaria</i>. Ofu, Ohonton
+(Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>. Odoum or Odum
+(Twi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Timber very hard and durable; not easy to export,
+because it will not float in its green state. A large and valuable
+timber-tree found in the fringing forests, the driest parts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Urticaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Urera</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, very common. Fibre very useful.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Olacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Coula edulis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Medium-sized tree with edible fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Olax subscorpoidea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anonaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anona Senegalensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wild Custard Apple. Fruit edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anona palustris</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fruit edible. Both these grow in savannah forests.
+Roots used in making floats.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_96">[96]</span><i>Monodora brevipes</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in mixed deciduous forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Monodora tenuifolia</i>. Dubiddi (Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hexalobus grandiflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large, handsome tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia parviflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia striata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Xylopias all small trees, except
+<i>Æthiopica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia Æthiopica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fairly large tree. Wood resists attacks of white
+ants. Used for native house-posts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myristicaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i>. Ote (Twi). Oti or Etsu
+(Fanti); Oti (Ashanti); Tika (Apollonian); Attenli (Aowin); Oti
+(Accra).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is useful for domestic purposes, roof
+shingles, etc. A fatty oil is obtained from the seeds. A
+medium-sized tree, straight-stemmed; wood not durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Lauraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tylostemon Mannii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rosaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium sp.</i> Affram (Twi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood used by natives for building purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium curatellæfolium</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Very common locally. The fruit edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium robustum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Very little known about this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium polyandrum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium mobola</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree, but good timber. Fruit edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysobalanus ellipticus</i>. Ababele
+(Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found near fresh-water lagoon. The fruit of a blue
+colour, small and edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Connaraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cnestis ferruginea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Agelæa obliqua</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Leguminoseæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia sp.</i> Dahumah (Twi); Adadawa
+(Wassaw).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_97">[97]</span><i>Piptadenia Africana</i>. Dahomah (Twi);
+Odahuma (Wassaw).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Feathery foliage. Fruit a pod 1 foot long, 1 inch
+broad. A common forest tree; hard timber, good for railway
+sleepers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cylicodiscus Gabonensis?</i> Denya (Twi); Odenya
+(Wassaw).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Very large tree of the evergreen forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Daniellia Ogea</i>. Ahedua (Twi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Gum Copal.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>. Atawah or Althawah
+(Twi); Ekuana (Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Oil-bean Tree. Fruit edible; vegetable oils and
+fats. Timber hard, suitable for turnery.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium sp.</i> Biunwe (Twi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A gigantic forest tree. Timber good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium sp.</i> Bowiwunua (Twi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Much like the first. Timber good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium Senegalensis</i>. Bowiwasi (Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Not so large as other species; doubtful if the
+timber would be durable on exposure to the atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia filicoidea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fruit edible. The Locust-bean Tree. Savannah
+forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Peltophorum sp.</i> Memchin (Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bauhinia reticulata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The bast fibres are very long and tough; used as
+ropes by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Paradaniella thurifera</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Balsam Copaiba Tree—wood oil. Timber of little
+value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tetrapleura Thonningii Prekese</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Feathery-leaved tree. Four-angled fruit (pod),
+edible. Used for medicinal purposes. Wood of medium hardness.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylia Evansii</i>. Samanta (Twi); Samantawa
+(Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pithecolobium altissimum</i>. Augwameatee
+(Aowin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree, growing on river banks. A good
+shade tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i>. Duakobin or Duabayi
+(general West Coast).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree. Timber good, reddish colour; has been
+sold in Liverpool as satinwood. Canoes made from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia Africana</i>. Opapao (Twi); Papao
+(Ashanti); Opapao (Akwapim).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A first-class, durable tree. Timber very valuable.
+The dominant tree of the savannah forests. Pod 4 to 7 inches long.
+Used for railway sleepers, furniture, and building purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia fastigiata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_98">[98]</span><i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fine, spreading tree of the savannah forests.
+Wood hard and durable; used for building. The Sasswood or Ordeal
+Tree. The bark is poisonous; infusions of it are used by the
+natives for the ordeal test, especially on the Kroo coast. It
+regenerates freely from seed. Impervious to attacks of white
+ants.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum micranthum</i>. Potedon (Wassaw);
+Potedon (Fanti); Potedon (Ashanti); Potedon (Apollonian); Etsa
+(Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A reddish-brown coloured poison obtained from
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tamarindus Indica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood very ornamental; fruit edible. The tree is
+found near the large rivers Volta and Affram.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium Palisotii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium stipulaceum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium sp.</i> Wulfram (Fanti); Ofarm
+(Ashanti); Ndukwun (Apollonian); Kotopapa (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Common in marshy places.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium limba</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium reticulatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra Afzelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Cynometra all grow near streams.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra Mannii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fringing forests, close to streams.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the fringing forests. Small tree, of
+little use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Senegal Rosewood Tree. The savannah
+forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia Brownei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fringing forests. Valuable wood, rich brown colour;
+hard and very durable. Height of tree about 100 to 120 feet, girth
+of 10 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia Angolensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia <span class="msg" title=
+"sic">Abruana</span></i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia fastigiata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found on disused farms. The timber should be useful
+for local bridge-making, etc., also furniture. A gum of little
+value obtained from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia Sieberiana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia catechu</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A common tree, very gregarious, in open grass
+country. Catechu procured from it. Similar to the species in Burma.
+The heartwood less well developed than Burmese variety. Sometimes
+called the Cutch Tree. Gum arabic.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_99">[99]</span><i>Baphia nitida</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, frequently found, except in the
+driest parts. The Camwood of commerce, though camwood is really the
+product of Pterocarpus.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Guineense</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Known as Sierra Leone Tamarind. Very local; fruit
+edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia acuminata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Medium-sized tree. Gum obtained from it. Ornamental
+wood; does not work well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia Auriculata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia Heudelotii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Medium height. Grows on river banks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia bicapsularis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia fistula</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Tree much like a laburnum, of medium size.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia tora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia alata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Flowers more brilliant than <i>C. fistula</i>.
+Found near villages.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia lophira</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia Sieberiana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia Occidentalis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Milletia Thonningii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Milletia Zechiana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bussea Occidentalis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with bright-yellow flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Newtonia insignis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall tree with very smooth bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Calpocalyx</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree of the evergreen forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus sericeus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Timber not much good; branches for hoe-handles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus cyanescens</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The young leaves for making blue dye.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entada Soudanica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small, spiky tree; grows in dry, open
+country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entada Abyssinica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows in savannah forests. Small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dichrostachys nutans</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ormosia laxiflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of about 30 feet in height, much gnarled and
+twisted.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Copaifera salikounda</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cylicodiscus Gabunensis</i>. Ajumkobi
+(Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Sold as greenheart in the Liverpool market; 90 or
+100 feet in height. Very much like <i>Piptadenia Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_100">[100]</span><i>Distemonanthus Benthamianus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ecastaphyllum Brownei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small white-flowered tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrina Senegalensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree, found chiefly in the dry
+parts. It has very ornamental scarlet flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Linaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hugonia acuminata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hugonia Planchoni</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hugonia platysepala</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hugonia octhocosum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Hugonia species are all small trees growing on
+the sea-shore.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rutaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum Senegalense</i>. Ainyere
+(Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Timber good quality. Bark used medicinally. A tree
+of the fringing forests—from a shrub on the sea-shore to a tree of
+40 feet in height inland.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Simarubaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hannoa Klaineana</i>. Feutia (Aowin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree. Timber soft.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Irvingia sp.</i> Okurii (Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Yields a latex copious white when tapped, but
+turning red on exposure. Used as a rubber adulterant.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Irvingia Barterii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">One of the species that bears the Dika Nut or Wild
+Mango of commerce. Edible. Vegetable oils and fats. Tree of medium
+size.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Harrisonia Abyssinica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Burseraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Boswellia Klaineana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Ehye or Incense Tree. Timber good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Santiriopsis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Timber good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Meliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya anthotheca</i>. Kwabohri (Twi); Akwabohori
+(Fanti); Kwaboho (Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">White Mahogany. Medium-sized tree; timber good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_101">[101]</span><i>Khaya grandis</i>. Appapayi or Wausauwah
+(Twi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A mahogany growing on the shores of the Sacred
+Lake. Fringing forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree attains the height of from 50 to 60 feet
+and a girth of 6 feet. Grows best in open dry-zone grass country.
+Not easy to export, as it does not grow near waterways. A gum of
+little value obtained from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Punchii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in fringing forests, rainy districts and
+swamps. Timber very useful in furniture-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Ivoriensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The principal mahogany-yielding tree (Mr.
+Thompson).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya caudata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya sp.</i> (<em>Dubon</em> or
+<em>Dubini</em>). Dubini (Twi); Dubini (Wassaw); Odupon or Dubini
+(Fanti); Odubin (Ashanti); Tiame Tiame (Apollonian); Tiama Tiama
+(Aowin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The ordinary mahogany of the moist evergreen
+forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya sp.</i> Krubua (Twi); Okunmankra
+(Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya sp.</i> Afana or Apurro (Twi); Appapyayi
+(Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Two small unidentified trees from the mixed
+forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lovoa Klaineana</i> (<em>Pebedum</em>).
+Akwantanuro (Fanti); Kwantanura (Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Shipped sometimes as African Walnut. A good
+timber-tree, closely resembling the teak in colour and structure.
+Very ornamental wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pynærtia ealænsis</i>. Kokotswi (Twi); Anchi
+(Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A good timber-tree, much used locally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Guarea sp.</i> Bossè (Twi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A good timber-tree; appearance of cedar, and
+exported as such. Moist evergreen forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocedrela utilis</i>. Effnobrodidwa (Twi);
+Effnokonkonti (Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Cedar; the largest of the species. A fine
+timber-tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocedrela Kotschyii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Savannah forests; attains a great height. Timber
+hard, of reddish colour, gnarled and twisted, so difficult to
+obtain timber of any size. Used for building by the natives. Roots,
+bark and leaves used medicinally (rheumatism).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocedrela sp.</i> Tiama Tiama
+(Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A new species of the cedars.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocedrela cylindrica</i>. Peukwa (Twi);
+Punkwa (Wassaw); Tiama Tiama (Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This cedar produces excellent timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_102">[102]</span><i>Carapa Guianensis</i>. Osuabise
+(Akwapim); Asokoru (Apollonian); Asoroa (Aowin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree of the fringing forests, growing on
+the banks of the streams; sometimes shipped as mahogany. Vegetable
+oils and fats obtained from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma cylindricum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma ferrugineum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma macrophylla</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma Septentrionale</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma utilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found near Mansu and Supom. The timber of the
+Entandrophragma species is exported under the name of cedar. The
+<i>cylindricum</i> attains a height of 100 feet. Wood gummy, and
+unsuitable for veneers. Sometimes called “unscented mahogany.” The
+<i>utilis</i> under the name of “sapele scented wood.”</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia Heudelottii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree of little value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia rubescens</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Attains a height of 30 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia Prieuriana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Medium-sized tree with flaky bark and much-curled
+branches. Wood of red colour, not unlike cedar, but close-grained
+and hard, and has a tendency to twist when sawn.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Malpigheaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heteropterys Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree; not very well known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Euphorbiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron Africanus</i>. Assomah (Twi);
+Asoma (Fanti); Owama (Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In fringing forests on the banks of streams.
+Vegetable oils and fats obtained from this tree. The wood is soft,
+but burns well; used by natives as fuel.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia micrantha</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree of the dry zone. A deep reddish-brown
+dye obtained from this tree. It is made a fast colour by the
+admixture of old iron, such as old kerosene tins, which seems an
+important part of the fixing.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga Barterii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga heterophylla</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga monandra</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga Rowlandii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">These four Macaranga species are all small,
+little-known trees. The Monandra species is a small cauliflorous
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_103">[103]</span><i>Mæsobotrya cauliflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree; has conspicuous red fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mæsobotrya sparsiflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small, little-known tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Megabaria Trillesii</i>. Chuiansa
+(Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree bearing poisonous fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Microdesmis puberula</i>. Aforwa (Wassaw);
+Offenma (Ashanti); Chuiansa (Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree. Wood very useful in the making of
+agricultural instruments, also chew-sticks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Heudelottii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree; very common on river banks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hasskarlia didymostemon</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree; wood of little worth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hymenocardia acida</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hymenocardia Chevalieri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Hymenocardia are both small trees of the
+savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Excœcaria</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree of the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phyllanthus reticulatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree of the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia ferruginea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">An antidote against poisons.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia atroviridis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Not well known. About 10 feet in height. A small
+tree of the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Discoglypremna caloneura</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree of the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæophorbia drupifera</i>. Kamhan (Fanti); Dudu
+(Apollonian); Ajurlo (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree growing near the sea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cleidion Gabunicum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree. Chew-sticks obtained from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antidesma venosum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antidesma laciniatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antidesma <span class="msg" title=
+"sic">anbryanthum</span></i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A white latex obtained from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anacardiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spondias lutea</i>. Atwaba (Fanti); Atawa
+(Ashanti); Twani (Apollonian); Tongoma (Aowin); Akukan (Quitta);
+Akukan (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the fringing forests. A very fine tree.
+Fruit edible, called Hog-plum—like yellow plums in appearance; a
+sharp, acid taste, not unpleasant.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_104">[104]</span><i>Odina sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small, uncommon tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudospondias microcarpa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fair-sized tree, not unlike the <i>Spondias
+lutea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichoscypha</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, little known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Celastraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Salacia debilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall shrub, 20 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Icacinaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Apodytes Beninensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, little known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapindaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Blighia sapida</i>. Takwadua (Twi); Takwadua
+(Wassaw).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Often planted near villages. A useful shade tree,
+and part of the fruit edible, called Akee. In the forest a
+good-sized, straight tree. Timber excellent; hard, good grain, and
+easily worked.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Paullinia pinnata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree or shrub.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phialodiscus unijugata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree. Wood of little account.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lecaniodiscus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree. Wood of little account.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriocœlum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A river-side tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Aphania</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree, little known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Deinbollia insignis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree, little known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Melianthaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bersama Chippii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small ornamental tree with sweet-scented
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rhamnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zizyphus Spina-Christi</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with edible fruit. Wood very useful in
+cabinet-work.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lasiodiscus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small, little-known tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zizyphus mucronata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree of the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_105">[105]</span>Vitaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Leea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree of the savannah forests. Fruit
+edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Tiliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Grewia carpinifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Glyphæa Grewioides</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triumfetta sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Three small fibre-yielding trees. The Grewia has
+brilliant yellow flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Malvaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hibiscus tiliaceus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A yellow-flowered tree. Wood durable under
+water.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Thespesia populnea</i>. Fref (Fanti); Eijan
+(Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree growing on sea-shore.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bombacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax Buonopozense</i>. Akata (Twi); Akata
+(Denkira); Ekuba (Apollonian); Eku (Aowin); Kafro (Grunchi);
+Agutesi (Krepi); Akronkron (Accra).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Silk Cotton Tree. Red-flowered. A tall tree
+with horizontal branches with spiny protuberances. Grows in the
+mixed forests. It yields a kapok (fibre) similar to the
+Eriodendrons.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax brevicuspe</i>. Kuntunkun (Twi);
+Kuntunkuni (Denkira).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A new species of cotton-tree. Timber used for
+canoes, bark for dye, and cotton for native pillows.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax sp.</i> Eku (Twi); Nyi-nu-kobin (general
+West Coast); Akata (Denkira); Ekuba (Apollonian); Ekui (Aowin);
+Kafro (Grunchi); Agutesi (Krepi); Akronkron (Accra).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species is confined to the rain forests of the
+maritime zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Adansonia digitata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Baobab Tree. The pulp of the fruit is eaten by
+the natives; flavour acid. The seeds are washed, pounded and
+steeped in water for ten days. The North-west Ashanti natives use
+it to flavour soup. This tree is very rich in wood fibre, which
+realises from £9 to £10 per ton, and is of great commercial value.
+A gouty-looking tree, and grows in open country, rocky soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriodendron anfractuosum</i>. Ongina (Twi);
+Enyena (Wassaw); Onyina or Enyena (Fanti); Enyena (Ashanti);
+Enyenga (Apollonian); Enyo (Aowin); Gung (Grunchi); Ofwho (Quitta);
+Ofwho (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The white-flowered silk cotton-tree of the fringing
+forests,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> one of the
+largest trees of West Africa. The wood is very light, and should be
+useful in making light wood articles, such as boxes and toys, but
+there is no market for it at present. The fibre is good, and the
+wood should also make pulp in paper-making; but there is no market,
+owing to the expense involved in collecting it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sterculiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heritiera utilis</i>. Awabima (Twi); Pteryyota
+Wawampe’e (Ashanti); N’yankon, Yankom or Yankun (general West
+Coast).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Good timber-tree, medium-sized.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia cordifolia</i>. Wawapupuo (Twi);
+Duamenyi (Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Tall tree; height, 60 to 100 feet. The wood of
+little value, as it is very soft. Found in the fringing and
+intermediate forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia tomentosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 40 to 50 feet. Intermediate and fringing
+forests. The fruit grows in clusters, kidney shaped, with a dense,
+reddish tomentum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia Barterii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Flowers when the tree is leafless—appears covered
+with red flame. The wood is soft and of little value; it should
+make a good paper-pulp. The inner bark used to make rope.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia tragacantha</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree. Wood of little worth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triplochiton Johnsonii</i>. Wawa or Wawwaw
+(Twi); Owawa (Wassaw).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A good timber-tree. Bark used locally for roofing.
+Strong, works well and has satiny sheen. When used in exposed
+places it is subject to dry-rot. Tall, straight-growing tree.
+Should be useful for inside building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola Afzelia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fringing forests. Monkey Cola. Fruit bright-red in
+colour, something like Kola. Tree grows to a height of 40 or 50
+feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola laurifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very small species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola acuminata</i>. Bessi (Ashanti); Esseri
+(Apollonian); Ewasi (Aowin); Gwe (Grunchi); Evi (Quitta); Guru
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Kola Nut of commerce is obtained from this
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola caricifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mansonia altissima</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Timber-tree; useful for domestic purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola cordifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola sublobata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_107">[107]</span><i>Cola vera</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Hausa, supposed to be the best.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola verticulata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Tree little known and of little value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Scytopetalaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Scytopetalum Tarquense</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree of the evergreen forests, bearing
+white flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ochnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira procera</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Lophira is also called the Kaku or Red Ironwood
+Tree; the most durable timber of the West Coast. Very valuable as
+fuel; it has highly calorific properties. It grows solely in the
+maritime zone, in swampy land. It is of great weight, and will not
+float. Very useful for piles in wharves, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira alata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very fine, tall tree, growing from 20 to 50 feet.
+The bark is dark and rough; timber very hard and durable. The seeds
+are rich in oils. The tree is sometimes mistaken for the Shea
+Butter Tree. Common in open grass country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Guttiferæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma butyraceæ</i>. Pija (Wassaw); Pija
+(Fanti); Ehukei (Apollonian); Asuaindokun (Aowin); Bromabina
+(Axim).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Butter or Tallow Tree. An edible fat is obtained
+from the seeds. Also used in soap-making. A thick yellow juice
+exudes from the tree when cut. A fine tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Allanblackia floribunda</i>. Suein (Apollonian);
+Anane (Axim).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree, not well known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia Guineensis</i>. Ablari (Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A purgative is made from a decoction of the
+leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Haronga Madagascariensis</i>. Ngodua (Fanti);
+Kursua (Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A yellow dye is obtained from the bark. The leaves
+are used as a medicine for dysentery. There is a red watery
+exudation from the bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Psorospermum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large shrub, sometimes may be called a tree, in
+the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Cochlospermaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cochlospermum tinctorium</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large shrub of the savannah forests. The bark is
+used in rope-making. A yellow dye is obtained from the roots.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lindackeria dentata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_108">[108]</span>Violaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alsodeia</i>. Notonima (Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrubbery tree of little value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Smeathmannia pubescens</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrubby tree with conspicuous white flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Flacourtiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oncoba echinata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with white cauline flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oncoba Gilgiana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large shrub.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oncoba dentata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rawsonia spinosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Smeathmannia pubescens</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrubby tree with conspicuous white flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Lecythidaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Napoleona Vogelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, grows by river banks. The wood is
+easily worked. Fruit edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rhizophoraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anopyxis ealænsis</i>. Kokoti (Wassaw); Anchi or
+Kokoti (Fanti); Abari (Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Good timber-tree, much used for fuel.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Combretaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum Afzelia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found near rivers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Laguncularia racemosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">White Mangrove. Grows in swamps.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall tree, from 30 to 50 feet in height. The
+roots are used as chew-sticks. The heartwood very durable, brown or
+blackish-brown. The grey ash of sap and heart woods used as a
+mordant. Tannin and gum obtained from this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum Zenkerii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large, shrubby tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum sp.</i> Esseah or Essia (general West
+Coast).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The “Stinkwood” Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia sp.</i> Emril, or Emil or Emiri
+(general West Coast).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is used locally for shingles. In
+intermediate forests. Branches in tiers or whorls. A huge tree,
+bark black.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_109">[109]</span><i>Terminalia superba</i>. Offram (Twi);
+Offram (Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the fringing forests, of great height and
+extremely straight. Branches in whorls, barely noticeable in the
+full-grown tree. Timber medium strength and hardness, light
+coloured, with discoloured patches. Works up very well, but of no
+great value for export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia macroptera</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia Togoensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree of dry zone, of no particular
+value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pteleopsis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree. Timber little used.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strephonema Apoloniensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, species little known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myrtaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eugenia Guineensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree. Work used for many purposes. Fruit
+edible and medicinal.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eugenia Owariensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows in the dry zone. A spreading tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Psidium Guajava</i>. Aduaba (Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Guava Tree. Fruit edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapotaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Omphalocarpum sp.</i> Assoro (Twi); Ketibubaka
+(Aowin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A workable wood obtained from it, also guttapercha.
+The seeds worn as ornaments at their feasts by Apollonians.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops multinervis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows to the height of 60 or 80 feet, with a
+corresponding girth. Timber hard and durable, red in colour, with a
+fine grain. Its weight and hardness are against its ordinary use,
+but it is a fine wood for sleepers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>. N’ku (Fanti); N’ku
+(Akwapim); Iakuni (Quitta); Sakuni (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Shea Butter Tree. One of the most valuable trees,
+found very frequently. Bark thick, rough, and often gnarled and
+twisted. Flowers creamy-white, leaves straplike. The fruit is
+something like a yellow plum, ripe in May. It is very similar in
+appearance to the <i>Lophira alata</i>, but the Shea butter tree
+exudes a white latex when cut; the Lophira does not. Timber good,
+but as the tree is usually only from 20 to 30 feet in height
+(occasionally 50 feet), it is not large enough for most purposes.
+The vegetable oil or butter has an agreeable sweetish taste, much
+used in cooking.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_110">[110]</span><i>Mimusops sp.</i> Opapea (Twi); Opepeli
+(Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Vegetable oils from all the Mimusops species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops Djave</i>. Baku (Twi); Baku (Fanti);
+Baku (Ashanti); Makure (Apollonian); Makwe (Aowin); Abaku
+(Accra).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Vegetable oils and fats obtained from <i>M.
+Djave</i>. A very good timber-tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vincentella impressa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A new species. A large tree, found growing on the
+river banks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum albidum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Edible fruit. Not so well known as <i>Chrysophyllum
+Africanum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum Africanum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Star-apple Tree, often cultivated for its
+fruit, and also as a shade tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ebenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of the fringing forests—the Ebony Tree. Very
+abundant. Of medium size, 50 to 60 feet in height, 6 to 8 in girth.
+The heartwood is usually streaked with brown. The larger trees are
+generally hollow.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros Mombuttensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros xanthochlamys</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Oleaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Schrebera Golungensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the fringing forests. Very uncommon. A
+large tree; timber very good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Loganiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strychnos emarginata</i> and others.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthocleista sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree, near fresh-water swamps. Large
+white flowers. Wood of no special value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthocleista magnifica</i>. Honum (Twi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree with very large leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthocleista nobilis</i>. Otendui (Fanti);
+Tendeba (Apollonian); Tendeba (Aowin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, of little value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Apocynaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia bracteata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A vine-like tree. Does not yield rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia ferruginea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Like the above.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_111">[111]</span><i>Landolphia Owariensis</i>. Pau (Twi);
+Kwantama (Wassaw); Opaina (Fanti); Jama (Ashanti); Kwantama
+(general West Coast); Amale (Apollonian); Faia (Aowin); Danko
+(Hausa); Jahdanko (Accra).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Two kinds of rubber obtained: “root-rubber,” after
+crushing the bark and stems and washing out the rubber, or
+“white-ball,” by tapping and scoring, and coagulating the latex as
+it exudes by lime-juice rubbed on the bark. It is valued at 1s. 9d.
+to 2s. a pound, the root-rubber at 1s. 6d. a pound.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia florida</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A quantity of milky juice which becomes a pasty
+mass, but has no market value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Droogmansiana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Good rubber obtained when growing in dry ground,
+worthless when in swampy ground.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Senegalensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Thompsonii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Widely spread in the fringing forests; does not
+yield good rubber, only a pasty mass from the latex.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia scandens</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">No yield of rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Klainei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Inferior rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carpodinus hirsuta</i>. Alibida (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Very robust and hairy (hence its name). Found in
+mixed forest belts. It yields a flake or paste rubber, extracted by
+tapping and coagulated by boiling.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clitandra elastica</i>. Beckindanko (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Yields a good rubber, sold at 1s. 3d. or 1s. 6d. a
+pound.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Funtumia elastica</i>. Fruntum (Ashanti);
+Efunmundon (Apollonian); Efunmundon (Aowin); Puni (Krepi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The yield of this rubber-tree is called the Lagos
+or Silk rubber. Found in the evergreen rain forests. Very little
+inferior to Para rubber. The amount procured from <i>F.
+elastica</i> is less than Para rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Funtumia Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Spurious rubber-tree; though in appearance very
+much like <i>F. elastica</i>, the leaves are coarser and pods
+longer. The latex, when coagulated, forms a sticky mass like
+birdlime, sometimes used for adulterating other latices.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alstonia Congensis</i>. Niamidua (Twi); Sindra
+(Ashanti); Nimeribaka (Apollonian).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood rather soft; only fit for inside building or
+toy-making. It grows best in the swamp country. A fairly large
+tree, slightly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span>
+buttressed with smooth bark. The natives mix the latex with
+rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rauwolfia Cumminsii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rauwolfia vomitoria</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, not over 20 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Polyadoa umbellata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Tree of 30 feet in height, growing in the fringing
+forests near rivers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Holarrhena Wulfsbergii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows in the fringing forests. A tree with drooping
+branches. Flowers white and fragrant. The wood is very soft, of
+little value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Voacanga Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, widely distributed. It has a milky
+latex, which is used in adulterating rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Asclepiadaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Kanahia consimilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrubby tree growing near water.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Convolvulaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Prevostea Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree, little known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Prevostea Heudelotii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree; wood of no value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Borraginaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cordia Irvingii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the rain forests of the Okwawu hill
+system. Timber used locally for shingles. A spreading tree,
+reaching to about 60 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ehretia cymosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree. Wood used for various purposes. Fruit
+edible and medicinal.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Verbenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lantana camara</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Shrubby tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lippia adoensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Shrubby tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex megaphylla</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Both Vitex species grow in the savannah
+forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex cuneata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A common tree about 30 feet in height. Of no known
+value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_113">[113]</span><i>Avicennia Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">One of the tallest trees in the mangrove
+association, yielding a workable wood, medicine and tannin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clerodendron splendens</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrubby tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bignoniaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spathodea campanulata</i>. Osisiru
+(Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree, found in the fringing forests.
+Provides a useful timber, medicine, and from the seeds an article
+of food. Large yellow trumpet-shaped flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dolichandrone lutea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of about 30 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Kigelia pinnata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit has a thick rind and is edible. Timber
+and drugs obtained from it. Sometimes called Sausage Tree, from the
+sausage-shaped fruits which hang down a long stalk. A small
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Newbouldia lævis</i>. Sasanemasa (Ashanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">An evergreen tree, from 30 to 40 feet in height.
+Pink trumpet-shaped flowers. The natives use it as a boundary
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Acanthaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acantha montana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrubby tree having medicinal properties.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rubiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mitragyne macrophylla</i>. Baya (Twi); Yar-yar,
+or Ya-ya (general West Coast); Baya (Aowin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree growing in the fresh-water swamps.
+Timber good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus esculentus</i>. Kusia (Twi);
+Ekusawa (Fanti); Kishia (general West Coast); Baya (Aowin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Good timber, used locally. Wood of a golden yellow
+colour, very ornamental, hard and durable, easily worked.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus Russegeri</i>. Osupawa
+(Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Russegeri grows in the savannah forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gardenia tenuifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fruit edible. A bushy, ornamental tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Urophyllum hirtellum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrubby tree. Dyes obtained from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia genipæflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree having fine trumpet-shaped
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_114">[114]</span><i>Randia maculata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A bushy tree, very ornamental when in flower.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oxyanthus tubiflorus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very ornamental shrub or small tree. Timber, dyes
+and medicine obtained from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Compositæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vernonia conferta</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large-leaved, small tree. The timber of one
+variety fairly good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Flintwood</em>, not identified.
+Okisibisi (Fanti).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Good timber, used for mine-props.</p>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_115">[115]</span><a id="c06app1"></a>APPENDIX</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">GOLD COAST—FOREST EXPORTS</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t115">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">Product.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1909.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1910.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1911.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1912.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1913.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Cola nuts</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">93,850</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">77,716</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">93,099</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">134,231</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">144,705</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Lumber</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">9,838,959</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">82,937</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">14,938,749</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">148,122</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">13,975,196</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">138,836</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">23,573,891</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">228,748</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">37,392,100</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">366,097</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernels</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">11,598</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">112,425</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">14,182</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">185,058</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">13,254</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">175,891</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">14,628</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">205,364</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">9,744</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">159,128</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm oil</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2,007,296</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">120,978</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2,044,868</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">161,388</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,610,209</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">128,916</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,444,432</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">112,885</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">860,155</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">65,652</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rubber (raw)</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,233</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">263,694</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,438</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">355,876</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,191</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">219,447</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">888</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">168,729</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">588</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">87,915</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">12,831</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">673,884</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">15,620</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">928,160</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">14,445</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">756,189</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">15,516</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">849,957</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">10,332</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">823,497</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2,007,296</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2,044,868</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,610,209</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,444,432</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">860,155</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="gals.">gl</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">gals.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">9,838,959</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">14,938,749</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">13,975,196</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">23,573,891</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">37,392,100</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="sup. ft.">sf</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">sup. ft.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span><a id=
+"c07"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">TOGO</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc space-above1">Introduction.</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">During</span> the latter part of
+1911 I had the opportunity of visiting Togo. Since August 1914 it
+has been in the occupation of British and French troops,
+administered as a co-dominion.</p>
+
+<p>Forest Station work has been the main work of the Forest
+Department since the inception, both under the District Officer and
+subsequently under the trained officer. There is only 1 per cent.
+of forests in the whole country.</p>
+
+<p>Lome, the capital of Togo, formed my starting-point, and there
+His Excellency the Governor and the Secretary of the Colony advised
+me as to the best route and supplied me with many interesting
+details as to the system of taxation, etc.</p>
+
+<p><em>Taxation.</em>—In Lome every man above sixteen years of age
+has the choice of paying 6s. per year or working twelve days for
+the Government. On the coast it is found that the natives prefer to
+pay the tax, but inland the twelve days’ work is usually given.
+This Government work consists of plantation and road making,
+bridge-building, erecting rest-houses, and many other kinds of
+public work.</p>
+
+<p>The subject may be divided into three sections:</p>
+
+<p><a href="#c07s1">(1)</a> <em>The Forests between or at the
+Stations</em>.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#c07s2">(2)</a> <em>The Forest Department
+Plantations</em>.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#c07s3">(3)</a> <em>District Plantations</em>.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c07s1"></a>I. The Forests between or at the
+Stations.</h3>
+
+<p>Near Lome the ground is very sparsely covered with thorny shrubs
+and occasional Baobabs, <i>Adansonia digitata</i>, but on nearing
+the valley of the Schio the soil improves and small plantations of
+sugar-cane appear. Though no attempt has been made here to develop
+this industry, the natives of Tagblekovke and other places sell
+large quantities of the cane. Oil palms are seen on both sides of
+the line, chiefly, however, on the river banks, owing to the annual
+grass fires. Scattered silk cotton-trees also occur along the river
+banks, otherwise only the normal dry-zone vegetation is found.</p>
+
+<p>The rainfall, however, is quite sufficient for the growth of a
+deciduous forest. The remains of fringing forests on the banks of
+the Rivers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span> Schio,
+Lili and Haho consist of <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>,
+<i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>, <i>Terminalia Togoensis</i> and a
+few specimens of Afzelia or Cynometra.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i017" class="iw14">
+<p class="cp2">I.</p>
+<a href="images/fig017.jpg"><img src='images/fig017.jpg' alt=
+''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 17.—<span class=
+"bold">One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to ten-year-old Trees,
+1911.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i018" class="iw14">
+<p class="cp2">II.</p>
+<a href="images/fig018.jpg"><img src='images/fig018.jpg' alt=
+''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 18.—<span class=
+"bold">Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="clear">
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i019" class="iw2">
+<p class="cp2">III.</p>
+<a href="images/fig019.jpg"><img src='images/fig019.jpg' alt=
+''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 19.—<span class=
+"bold">Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i020" class="iw2">
+<p class="cp2">IV.</p>
+<a href="images/fig020.jpg"><img src='images/fig020.jpg' alt=
+''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 20.—<span class=
+"bold">Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 116.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Passing on to the Haho-Baloë district, plantations occur at the
+junction of these rivers in an open plain of scanty dry-zone
+forest. A fringing mixed forest of the normal type, varying from
+200 to 500 yards in width, was found on the banks of each river,
+and as it formed a complete fire protection, was left untouched. In
+the open forest the most common trees are the Pseudocedrelas,
+<i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>, <i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i> and
+Terminalia.</p>
+
+<p>The rainfall varies at this spot from 28 to 39 inches annually.
+The higher rainfall is probably the true average, if considered in
+conjunction with the natural vegetation. A great change in the
+vegetation was noticeable between Nuatjä and Atakpame; the typical
+dry-zone trees, such as <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>, Shea Butter,
+Lophira and others, were soon left behind, and on nearing the hilly
+country of Atakpame a more flourishing condition was evident. Oil
+palms were growing in profusion both on the banks of the rivers and
+also on the sides. Large cotton-trees, <i>Triplochiton
+Nigericum</i>, Iroko, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>, <i>Sterculia
+cordifolia</i> and other trees of this kind were seen. The rainfall
+is much higher here, averaging from 58 inches, spread over the
+months of April, May, June, July, August and September, and a
+little in October. This rises to 58 inches, falls to 52, 105 miles
+to the north of Atakpame, in the Sokode District. This is spread
+over the usual rainy season of West Africa; more rain, however,
+falls in September than in the northern part of Southern Nigeria
+during the same month. After leaving the hills of Atakpame behind,
+we took the road to Sokode, and between the Rivers Tagbadja and Au
+the following dry-zone trees were most prevalent: <i>Lophira
+alata</i>, Shea Butter, <i>Terminalia Togoensis</i> and
+<i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>. As we advanced the Shea Butter Tree
+ceased, but more Terminalia were seen; Pterocarpus in groups and
+<i>Pseudocedrela Kotschyi</i> became very prevalent. Fringing
+forests were seen in the level country which followed along the
+banks of the Ana River.</p>
+
+<p>On the third day’s march I found a large specimen of <i>Khaya
+Senegalensis</i> and several smaller ones at a place just above the
+eighth parallel of latitude, below which the <i>Khaya
+Senegalensis</i> is rarely found. Beyond this were <i>Paradaniella
+thurifera</i>, <i>Borassus flabelliformis</i>, Fan Palm, <i>Afzelia
+Africana</i> and Shea Butter, and less of the species already
+mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>These were succeeded by small pure forests of <i>Berlinia
+Kerstingii</i>, Afzelia, <i>Ormosia laxiflora</i>, <i>Bauhinia
+reticulata</i>, <i>Erythrina Senegalensis</i>, <i>Parinarium
+polyandrum</i> and <i>Parkia Africana</i>, syn. <i>filicoidea</i>.
+Nearing Blita rest-house, bamboos appeared, <i>Agave rigida</i>,
+and also a Ceara-rubber plantation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span>It was
+interesting to find on inquiry that this plantation was the result
+of 1,000,000 Ceara seeds distributed to the natives in 1907. The
+vegetation on the banks of the rivers and streams consisted mostly
+of deciduous forest, with typical dry-zone trees at the edges. In
+addition, <i>Pentadesma Kerstingii</i> and <i>Dalbergia
+melanoxylon</i> were seen.</p>
+
+<p>The last-named species has, according to German botanists, been
+confused with <i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>, so far as the timber
+is concerned. The last two miles before reaching Sokode were
+covered with extensive plantations.</p>
+
+<p><em>Dry-zone Trees.</em>—Between Sokode and Bassari, a distance
+of 37 miles, are the Malfakassa Mountains, of which the summits are
+mostly bare, owing to the annual grass fires, but a dense growth of
+<i>Berlinia Kerstingii</i>, Terminalia and <i>Afzelia Africana</i>
+grow in the moister valleys.</p>
+
+<p>On the more open ground the usual dry-zone trees were seen, and
+the <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i> on the banks of each of the four
+rivers.</p>
+
+<p>The rainfall is the same as that of Sokode, about 52 inches,
+although the atmosphere is moister, which is partly due to the
+higher altitude.</p>
+
+<p>The somewhat cooler temperature of the air causes heavy dews,
+and these also, in their turn, increase the moisture of the air.
+The differences are thus very marked between Sokode and Bassari as
+to the atmospheric moisture, and also as to the variation in the
+growth of the trees at the two stations.</p>
+
+<p>After a short visit of two days I left Bassari for Jendi, 70
+miles to the north-west. One range of hills on the way is
+noticeable for the pure formation of iron ore which “crops out” and
+causes the tree-growth to be small.</p>
+
+<p>The vegetation becomes very sparse towards the valley of the
+Oti, 30 miles distant from Bassari, and this is owing to a great
+change in the climatic conditions as compared with Bassari, as well
+as the annual grass fires. The sole representatives of the dry-zone
+vegetation, which, near Bassari, had originally consisted of
+<i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, Afzelia and Shea Butter trees, are the
+Baobabs, <i>Adansonia digitata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The rainfall is only 43 inches per year. The poor vegetation
+found near Jendi gradually gives way, between that station and
+Kete-Kratschi, to more typical dry-zone trees, such as Shea Butter,
+Lophira, Afzelia and <i>Berlinia Kerstingii</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oil palms were found on the third day growing near the banks of
+the streams, and more Afzelia in the open country. <i>Mimusops
+multinervis</i> and Diospyros were found near the River Volta, at
+the edge of a wide belt of evergreen forest.</p>
+
+<p>The dry season is much prolonged in most years. On the average
+the rainfall is 46·8 inches. At the next station on the tour,
+Pfandu,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span> the
+rainfall rises to 55 inches per year. Near the summit of the
+station hill the soil is poor, but excellent on the lower
+slopes.</p>
+
+<p>The climatic conditions of Pfandu, a substation to Misahöhe, are
+unfavourable, and labour is less obtainable. The road between these
+two stations passes through very poor dry-zone forest, but on
+entering the Misahöhe mountainous region we came upon a fine
+evergreen forest. The most common trees noticed were <i>Khaya
+Klainii</i>, Mahogany, Iroko and <i>Terminalia superba</i>, the
+shingle-wood tree, also Triplochiton, <i>Sterculia cordifolia</i>,
+<i>Carapa procera</i>, <i>Piptadenia Africana</i>, <i>Pentaclethra
+macrophylla</i>, <i>Detarium Guineensis</i>, <i>Brachystegia
+spicæformis</i>, <i>Berlinia acuminata</i>, <i>Afrormosia
+laxiflora</i>, Satinwood, <i>Alstonia Congensis</i>,
+<i>Ricinodendron Africanum</i> and <i>Eriodendron Nigericum</i>.
+The mahoganies of this district were remarkably fine trees, mostly
+over 10 feet in girth.</p>
+
+<p>A written permit, costing 3s. per tree, has to be obtained for
+cutting trees, and also permission from the Commissioner, before
+forest land may be cleared.</p>
+
+<p>The high rainfall of Misahöhe, which is 62 inches per year,
+produces a very moist atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>After a visit of three days to the Misahöhe Station, I left for
+Palime, the terminus of the Lome Railway. On the way down the
+mountain, the contrast between the eastern and western slopes was
+very noticeable, a deciduous forest covering the eastern slope and
+an evergreen forest the western. For the first 10 miles from Palime
+on the way to Lome, mahoganies, oil palms and other trees abounded,
+but gradually gave way to the same drier type of forest as that
+seen on the Nuatjä railway-line.</p>
+
+<p>This condition of vegetation continued until Lome was reached, a
+distance of 75 miles.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c07s2"></a>II. The Forest Department
+Plantations.</h3>
+
+<p>During 1907 there was a Forestry Conference in Berlin with
+regard to the afforestation of the Colony of Togo (which is wooded
+only to the extent of 1 per cent.), with the result that the area
+of Haho-Baloë was first chosen, and the plantation started at the
+junction of the rivers.</p>
+
+<p>A fringing mixed forest on each bank of the river was left
+untouched, as they formed a fire protection for the plantation.
+Pseudocedrelas, <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>, <i>Butyrospermum
+Parkii</i> and Terminalia were the most common trees found in the
+open forest between the rivers.</p>
+
+<p>The altitude of this area above sea-level is about 480 feet. It
+slopes slightly from north to south and is triangular in shape.</p>
+
+<p>Seedlings were first tried, but did not survive the first
+season,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span> and since
+that time seeds have been sown, and this proved a great success.
+Eight species of trees have been used to form these
+plantations:</p>
+
+<ul class="simple3">
+<li>(1) Teak, <i>Tectona grandis</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(2) <i>Afzelia Africana</i>, also called Rhodesia Mahogany or
+Apa.</li>
+
+<li>(3) Sasswood, <i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(4) African Mahogany, <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(5) <i>Khaya Klainii</i>, Mahogany.</li>
+
+<li>(6) Iroko, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(7) Kapok, <i>Ceiba pentandra</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(8) <i>Anogeissus Leiocarpus</i>, Chew-stick Tree.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>One-sixth of the total area, however, has been planted with
+teak; in all, 491,300 seedlings. The Erythrophlœum seedlings are
+most numerous, the wood of this species being hard, durable and
+termite resisting. It has been used with great success for piles
+and trestles in bridge-building.</p>
+
+<p>Afzelia and the two mahoganies will be valuable and useful
+timbers, especially the mahoganies, as they are indigenous to the
+country, and there is not the element of speculation attending
+introduced trees.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the eight chief species named above, a few
+specimens of <i>Detarium Guineense</i> (the Dita fruit of Sierra
+Leone) and Cynometra were planted, but their growth is slow. A
+mixed crop, consisting of <i>Parkia filicoidea</i>, the Locust
+Tree, <i>Prosopis oblonga</i>, <i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i> and
+<i>Detarium Guineense (Senegalense)</i>, has also been planted.</p>
+
+<p>The mixture is a good one, but the growth has been slow. The
+general appearance of the area where teak has been planted, in
+spite of the fact that the bush was left standing, is that of a
+teak plantation, for the teak has outgrown all the indigenous trees
+and formed a complete thicket.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the lack of drainage in the soil, as well as attacks of
+the borer, the <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i> has grown slowly. Slow
+growth is noticed also in the Apa, <i>Afzelia Africana</i>, but
+that seems to be typical of the tree.</p>
+
+<p>During the first year the cost of planting (including building
+and labour) worked out at £4 4s. an acre, but by the third year
+this amount was reduced to £1 2s. The valuation of the whole
+plantation is at least £10,000.</p>
+
+<p>The second Forest Department’s afforestation area is Mo-Kamaa,
+which is being planted in a similar manner and with similar
+planting methods to the area situated near the Haho-Baloë. Tax
+labour has been used to a large extent in these plantations. The
+situation is particularly suitable for planting operations, owing
+to its being protected<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_121">[121]</span> on two sides by the rivers from the
+annually recurring fires of this locality. The altitude is about
+500 feet above sea-level.</p>
+
+<p>As in the case of Haho, nurseries were made for oil palms only,
+various species being sown in lines, between which the forest
+growth was left standing, so as to form shade for the seedlings.
+Approximately 600,000 seedlings have survived, about 400,000 Khayas
+and 200,000 teak.</p>
+
+<p>Dry-zone mahogany, <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, and teak have been
+planted in addition to the oil palm. The Khaya, even up to 12 feet
+in girth, is found all over the locality, and near the bank of the
+Kamaa a few oil palms.</p>
+
+<p>The teak has grown much faster than the Khaya, the average
+height of the former being 6 feet and that of the latter only 2
+feet. The teak seedlings are beginning to outstrip the indigenous
+trees in the locality.</p>
+
+<p>The mixture of these two trees, as far as can be judged, has
+been a great success. For, by the persistent foliage of the Khaya
+falling to the ground at a different period to that of the teak,
+the necessary protection to the soil, when the teak-trees are
+leafless, is thus given, and the Khaya (Mahogany) benefits by being
+drawn up by the quickly growing teak, and in both cases there is
+less tendency to form strong side branches.</p>
+
+<p>With the advent of the proposed railway, the timber in this
+locality will be of great value; but even without this advantage
+the present value is at least £1,000.</p>
+
+<p>The planting scheme contemplated is enormous, and includes an
+area of 96,000 acres. An actual start has been made with 295
+acres.</p>
+
+<p>It is an interesting fact that the mixed plantations in the
+afforestation areas have nearly all been made by the Forest
+Department, and the pure plantations by the Commissioners at the
+District Stations.</p>
+
+<p>Approximately 300 acres are composed of mixed plantations and
+256 of pure plantations.</p>
+
+<p>The following mixed plantations are found in the Haho-Baloë
+afforestation area:</p>
+
+<ul class="simple3">
+<li>(1) Sasswood and Teak.</li>
+
+<li>(2) Sasswood, Teak and Mahogany, <i>Khaya
+senegalensis</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(3) Sasswood, Teak and <i>Khaya Klainii</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(4) Sasswood, Afzelia and <i>Cynometra Afzelia</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(5) Sasswood and <i>Afzelia Africana</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(6) Sasswood, <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i> and <i>Afzelia
+Africana</i>.</li>
+
+<li>(7) Sasswood and <i>Khaya Klainii</i>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The most profitable mixture of all these is the teak, <i>Khaya
+Klainii</i> and Sasswood, though all have something in their
+favour.</p>
+
+<p>These mixed forests need much attention, as one species
+frequently<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span> outgrows
+another, one suppressing the other, and the mixture consequently no
+longer existing. More European supervision is required to remove
+suppressed or crooked trees.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c07s3"></a>III. District Plantations.</h3>
+
+<p>Avenues of trees suitable for street-planting have been largely
+made in Lome. The <i>Terminalia catappa</i> (almond-tree) is one of
+the most useful trees for this purpose; at least 12 feet of the
+stems are quite free from branches, and thus the trees cannot
+harbour many insects.</p>
+
+<p>The coconut, though made use of for this purpose, is not so
+suitable, as it lacks height-growth; the Dracæna also, which does
+not improve the roadside, and a species of Ficus, probably
+<i>platyphylla</i>, which loses its foliage in the dry season, are
+neither of them a success. Near the Government House a large number
+of <i>Casuarina equisitifolia</i> have been planted; these have
+flourished well, as they can stand the ocean wind blowing almost
+continuously at Lome.</p>
+
+<p>In the Experimental Gardens, which are situated 80 feet above
+sea-level, there are many interesting varieties.</p>
+
+<p>The soil, a mixture of very poor sand with a great deal of iron,
+is not favourable to height-growth of the teak (<i>Tectona
+grandis</i>); the seeds, though in great quantities, are small and
+ill-developed. The mahogany, too, showed poor height and girth
+growth, the locality was evidently not suitable for it. Other trees
+that did not seem to thrive were <i>Cedrela odorata</i>, the
+Cigar-box Cedar Tree, <i>Pithecolobium dulcis</i>, <i>Funtumia
+elastica</i>, Bread-fruit, <i>Artocarpus incisa</i>, <i>Ficus
+Vogelii</i>, <i>Borassus flabellifer</i>, <i>Bixa orellana</i>,
+<i>Acacia catechu</i>, <i>Casuarina equisitifolia</i>, <i>Manihot
+Glaziovii</i> and <i>Manihot dichotoma</i>; but the oil palms,
+<i>Elæis Guineensis</i>, and <i>Ficus elastica</i> were doing
+exceeding well and were of a healthy green colour. Bamboos and the
+usual tropical fruits had also been planted. The Kapok tree
+(<i>Ceiba pentandra</i> according to German botanists, and
+<i>Eriodendron Nigericum</i> according to Kew botanists), which has
+been planted too far apart, has made very little growth.</p>
+
+<p>Under the guidance of the Director I visited the Agricultural
+School at Nuatja, 50 miles from Lome. Experimental work of all
+kinds was carried on here. In the nurseries were to be found Kapok,
+<i>Ceiba pentandra</i>, cotton and oil palms. In a machinery shed
+were a cotton gin and press, and husking machines for other seed.
+Lectures are given early in the year, and as the season advances
+practical work takes their place.</p>
+
+<p>A great drawback to the extension of the Atakpame District
+plantations (95 miles from Lome) is the shortness of labour, as the
+natives pay their tax instead of working.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span>The main
+plantations have been made on the east side of the station, on a
+slope facing south. Teak has been very largely planted here, no
+less than 25,400 seedlings since 1901, when the work was started.
+Others are <i>Treculia Africana</i>, African Bread-fruit, Sasswood,
+<i>Mimusops multinervis</i>, the hard red wood of the Olokomeji
+Reserve, Kapok, <i>Ceiba pentandra</i>, and Cashew Nuts. A new
+Piptadenia, named <i>Kerstingii</i> after Dr. Kersting, was tried,
+but most of the plants died. An avenue of <i>Eucalyptus
+citrifolia</i>, with its delicate foliage, has developed well and
+fully deserves mention.</p>
+
+<p>The teak has grown well everywhere, except in a small swampy
+area, where the trees look unhealthy. The very large crops of seeds
+during the last three years have caused the height-growth to fall
+off in comparison with earlier years.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the trees are planted too far apart, but nevertheless,
+seeing the whole hillside, east of the station, covered with a teak
+forest produces a very wonderful effect on the mind.</p>
+
+<p>If the teak alone is taken as a basis of valuation, the total
+value cannot be less than £2,500.</p>
+
+<p>The Sokode District plantations have a great advantage over
+those at Atakpame, as tax labour has been used almost entirely and
+the population is much larger than elsewhere. As soon as an
+experiment with regard to agricultural crops, fruit and forest
+trees proved satisfactory, plantations were at once made.</p>
+
+<p>The orchards, farms and plantations begin on the south-east
+slope of the hillside, round the station to the south, finishing to
+the west and north-west of the office building. The plantations
+occur between the altitude of 1,000 and 1,260 feet. The variations
+of soil are very remarkable, from poor laterite to rich loam, from
+sand to swamp; but it is not to be wondered at, when the large area
+is taken into account.</p>
+
+<p>As at nearly all the other stations, teak has been the most
+extensively planted tree, some 81,000 seedlings having been set out
+on an area of 115·9 acres. Oil palms have also been planted in
+great numbers. These are set some distance apart to get the full
+benefit of the sun and develop large crowns and stems. Some of the
+other species planted are: <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, Iroko,
+<i>Funtumia elastica</i>, <i>Ficus elastica</i>, Ceara Rubber,
+<em>Para</em>, <i>Hevea Braziliensis</i>, <i>Manihot dichotoma</i>,
+<i>Manihot heptaphylla</i> and <i>Manihot Pianhyensis</i>. Three or
+four species only of the following trees: <i>Albizzia
+Cæsalpinia</i>, including <i>Sappan</i>, <i>Cassia florida</i>,
+<i>Cedrela odorata</i>, <i>Berlinia Kerstingii</i>, <i>Ceiba
+pentandra</i>, <i>Detarium Senegalense</i>, <i>Diospyros
+mespiliformis</i>, <i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>, Eucalyptus,
+<i>Melia azedarach</i>, <i>Morinda citrifolia</i>, <i>Ormosia
+laxiflora</i>, <i>Parkia Africana</i>, <i>Pentadesma
+Kerstingii</i>, <i>Poinciana regia</i>, <i>Pseudocedrela
+Kotschyi</i>, <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i> and <i>Aspidosperma
+Quebracho</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span>The mixed
+plantations are not very plentiful, but teak and oil palms have
+been planted together, though not systematically, and have proved a
+very profitable mixture, which is worthy of notice here. In its
+early years the oil palm is a shade-bearing tree, so that the shade
+of the teak does not hinder its growth. In the oil-bearing season
+the teak is leafless, which is beneficial to the formation of fruit
+in the oil palm. The dense foliage of the oil palm kills the
+adventitious shoots or side branches of the teak, so rendering
+pruning unnecessary. In the dry season the soil is protected most
+thoroughly by the evergreen foliage of the oil palm, and its masses
+of small roots conserve the moisture of the soil, while the
+wide-spreading roots of the teak allow the surface water to run
+away. For instance, teak and Iroko are not so suitable a mixture,
+as they both cast their leaves at the same time, though when
+planted together the teak tends to accelerate the height-growth of
+the Iroko, and also keeps it freer from the attacks of the gall
+bug.</p>
+
+<p>If space permitted, many more instances of the advantage and
+disadvantage of these mixtures might be given.</p>
+
+<p>Orchards have been largely planted at Sokode too. Oranges,
+limes, tangerines and <i>Cola vera</i> have done well, and the
+<i>Spondias dulcis</i> yields very large fruit. The date palms have
+not yet fruited. Fibre plants, including sisal hemp, and the Panama
+palms seem to be growing well; fibre for Panama hats is obtained
+from this palm.</p>
+
+<p>A substation of Sokode, Bassari, was my next stopping place. The
+station is situated on the northern side of the mountain,
+overlooking the valley of the River Kamaa. The plantations, with
+the exception of the <i>Ficus elastica</i>, which is 200 feet
+higher up, are all planted below the station. The approximate
+altitude is 1,350 feet above sea-level.</p>
+
+<p>The following species have been most extensively planted: Teak,
+Oil Palms, Afzelia, <i>Khaya Senegalense</i>, Iroko, Ebony, Kapok,
+<i>Funtumia</i>, <i>Ficus elastica</i>, <i>Manihot heptaphylla</i>,
+<i>Manihot Pianhyensis</i>, <i>Aspidosperma Quebracho</i>,
+<i>Cæsalpinia Sappan</i> and <i>Cassia florida</i>. Large orchards
+had been made, and these contained tangerines, lemon and many other
+kinds of tropical fruits; and very fine specimens of Eucalyptus
+trees showed how suitable this locality was for them.</p>
+
+<p>About 200,000 trees have been planted here within ten years.</p>
+
+<p>Funtumia, when planted with teak, grows well in this area, as
+the shade of the teak is beneficial to it; but planted alone, the
+leaves become a poor colour and drop prematurely. The same thing is
+noticeable when planted with mahogany.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of Ebony, one of the knottiest forestry problems of
+Europe, viz. that of finding suitable trees for admixture, has been
+solved. Many of them died when planted pure, but the gaps being
+filled with teak, the ebony seedlings, put into competition with
+this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span> fast-growing
+tree, have been “drawn” up quicker than they would have otherwise
+grown, and have done remarkably well.</p>
+
+<p>The most northerly station that I visited was Jendi,
+approximately on latitude 9·30, at an altitude of 640 feet above
+sea-level. The method of planting was slightly different at Jendi,
+agricultural crops being grown for three years between the rows of
+forest-tree seeds, only the oil palms and teaks being planted out
+as one-year seedlings from the nursery.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these two species, <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, <i>Afzelia
+Africana</i>, Date Palms, Ceara Rubber, and Rambong Rubber have
+also been planted. Altogether 457,200 seedlings are growing.</p>
+
+<p>As firewood alone is worth 3d. a bundle, timber of all kinds is
+very valuable in this locality, the teak plantation alone being
+worth £200.</p>
+
+<p>Kete-Kratschi, the station adjoining Jendi and overlooking the
+Volta Valley, is a specially interesting one, because it was
+started by Graf Zech, the late Governor of Togo, who was so
+desirous of seeing plantations made everywhere. At this station the
+plantations were first made half a mile away, and these have done
+better than the later ones planted to the east of the station.</p>
+
+<p>Teak has been largely planted, and considering the poor soil and
+low rainfall, has done remarkably well. For the first time a
+parasite in the shape of a species of Loranthus was found growing
+on the upper branches of two large teak-trees, but no diminution in
+the growth of the teak was noticeable. Afzelia, <i>Khaya
+Klainii</i> and <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i> have been planted in
+large numbers, and experiments made with <i>Albizzia lebbek</i>,
+<i>Poinciana regia</i>, <i>Acacia catechu</i> and <i>Ceiba
+pentandra</i>. A few oil palms and Casuarinas have found a place in
+the plantations. Eight miles from the Volta Valley is the station
+of Pfandu, situated on an open, isolated hill with a sheer cliff to
+the east and sloping gradually away to the north-west and
+south.</p>
+
+<p>The only variation here in the planting system was that Cassada
+was largely used as an agricultural crop between the rows of tree
+seedlings, which were put in the year after the Cassada had been
+planted. Though the Cassada afforded a shade for the young
+seedlings, the latter did not seem to show sufficient growth to
+warrant a further trial of the system. The teak especially thrives
+here, the tree having reached a height of 36 feet and a girth of 14
+inches, and these trees have already been felled for house-building
+purposes. The plantation is valued at £550.</p>
+
+<p>Ceara rubber is now being tapped on a large scale. Sasswood,
+<i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>, Iroko, Oil Palms, and <i>Funtumia
+elastica</i> have been planted in large numbers, and a few
+Afzelias, <i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i> and Kapok trees.</p>
+
+<p>The hill station of Misahöhe overlooks the valley of the
+Chedscho and Agu, with the highest mountain in Togo opposite. The
+people<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span> have means
+to pay the tax here, so labour is scarce and prisoners are employed
+in keeping the plantations clean. The altitude of the highest
+plantation is 1,800 feet above sea-level. <i>Manihot Glaziovii</i>
+has been planted in greater numbers than any other tree; next comes
+Teak, then Para Rubber, of which one had been tapped with
+satisfactory results, <i>Funtumia elastica</i>, Oil Palms, <i>Khaya
+Klainii</i>, Sasswood and <i>Cola vera</i>. Small plantations of
+<i>Ficus elastica</i>, Cocoa and <i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i> have
+also been made. One curious mixture was seen, Teak and <i>Cola
+vera</i>; the teak-trees tended to grow much faster, and the Cola
+benefited by the shade.</p>
+
+<p>The most northerly and the driest stations are Sansane Mangu and
+Kalangasshi, where I was told 1,037 acres had been planted with
+Teak, <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, Ceara Rubber and Afzelia. It is
+proposed to form the third afforestation area of 15,000 acres at
+Kalangasshi.</p>
+
+<p>In smaller quantities are to be found the Locust Bean, <i>Parkia
+filicoidea</i>, <i>Manihot Glaziovii</i>, Shea Butter, Iroko,
+<i>Ficus elastica</i>, Oil Palms, <i>Funtumia elastica</i>,
+<i>Afzelia Africana</i> and Kapok. Some teak and a few other trees
+had been planted at Bismarckburg, an old substation to
+Kete-Kratschi, and the same varieties at Ho, a substation to
+Misahöhe.</p>
+
+<p>I was unable to obtain figures as to the number of trees planted
+at the above three stations, but teak is reported to be doing well
+at them all.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the species of indigenous trees planted, and also
+introduced, species such as Teak, <i>Tectona grandis</i>, and many
+others have been planted on a small scale.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i021" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig021.jpg"><img src='images/fig021.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 21.—<span class=
+"bold">Chlorophora excelsa, 1911.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i022" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig022.jpg"><img src='images/fig022.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 22.—<span class=
+"bold">Five-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i023" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig023.jpg"><img src='images/fig023.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 23.—<span class=
+"bold">Five-year-old Khaya Senegalensis, 1911.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 126.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_127">[127]</span><a id="c07s4"></a>IV. NOTES ON INDIGENOUS
+TREES</h3>
+
+<p class="tax1">Pandanaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pandanus Togoensis</i>. Kpa (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">6½ feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pandanus Kerstingii</i>. Abá (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">32½ feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Gramineæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oxytenanthera Abyssinica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Bamboo. 19½ feet to 26 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Andropogon Sorghum</i>. Wo (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Used in broom-making and roof-covering.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Palmæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia vinifera</i>. Ala (Ewe); Taro
+(Tschaudjo); Kpakó (Anago); Ollo (Akposso).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Leaves used for brooms and brushes, mats, baskets,
+weaving, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phœnix spinosa</i> or <i>Phœnix
+reclinata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">32½ feet high. Leaves, weaving nets, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis Guineensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Oil palm. Covering for roofs from leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Weaving of all kinds, coco fibre, carpets, brushes.
+Nuts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Borassus flabelliformis</i> or <i>Hyphæne
+Togoensis</i>, <i>Hyphæne coriaceæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Plaiting for hats, nets, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carludovica palmata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Flagellariaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Flagellaria indica</i> L.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tough outer stems used as ropes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bromeliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ananas</i>. Atóto (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">An attempt has been made to bring the Togo
+pineapple into the markets, but without success. Fibre much used in
+weaving, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Liliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">——: Dzogbeblôbe (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sansevieria Guineensis</i>. Baugbaningbamu
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Long, flat leaves, 4⅞ feet long. Fibres useful in
+commerce. Bowstring hemp.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_128">[128]</span><i>Sansevieria cylindrica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">6½ feet long. Fibres useful in commerce. Bowstring
+hemp.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Aloe Barteri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Aloe Buettneri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fibre from leaves of both Aloes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Amaryllidaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Agave Sisalana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><em>Mauritius hemp</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Both have been introduced into Togo. Fibre used in
+weaving.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Taccaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tacca pinnatifida</i>. Dzogbenyabo (Ewe); Ludjŭ́
+(Tschaudjo); Bōti (Dyakossi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Used as a vegetable, having tubers like a potato,
+about the size of the fist. Leaves much divided. Fibres used in
+weaving all sorts of articles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Musaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><em>Wild bananas</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Mohammedan rosaries are made from the seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Musa textilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fibre much used.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Marantaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Aframomum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Leaves for roofs.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clinogyne flexuosa</i>. Fita (Haussa); dworom
+(Asante).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Leaves used in paper-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ulmaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Celtis Prantlii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Dwarf variety. Bark fibre very much used.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Celtis integrifolia</i>. Tyentyem (Mangu); Diki
+(Haussa); Kokojắ (Losso); Patakli (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">130 to 162½ feet high. Wood not very good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Moraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>. Logo asagu (Ewe); Ssäre
+(Tschaudjo); Ukloba (Akposso); Odum (Asante); Sserre (Kratschi);
+Roco (Dahomey).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">130 to 195 feet high. From 39 to 65 feet in
+circumference. One of the highest trees in the Colony. One of the
+most useful trees of West Africa for building purposes and
+furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_129">[129]</span><i>Musanga Smithii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">65 feet in height. The wood very light, sometimes
+takes the place of cork. Wood used for cigar boxes, also sometimes
+in cellulose factories.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus arboreus</i>. Avogolo or awogolu
+(Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus serratus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Like horse chestnut in appearance; orange flowers.
+Wood brittle, used for fences.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris Africana</i> (syn. <i>Antiaris
+toxicaria</i>). Logo (Ewe); Ssäre (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fruit fig-like.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus grandicarpa</i>. Furu (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Milky juice oozes from bark when cut. 65 feet in
+height. Bark smooth; regular branching. Figs gathered in March.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus vallis choudæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus exasperata</i>. Fola (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus bembicicarpa</i>. Kedā (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">There are about 30 varieties of figs.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus lutea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus rokko</i>. Kedā (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus tiliifolia</i>. Adyokŭkola
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus umbrosa</i>. Tisemu (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus djurensis</i>. Tura (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus brachypus</i>. Ebö (Ewe); Bauri
+(Haussa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Reddish bark. Wood heavy.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus tesselata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus dusenoides</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Togoensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus sokodensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Proteaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Faurea speciosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Protea Bismarckii</i>. Düdürede (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood yellowish-red in colour, used for furniture.
+Height 32½ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Olacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ximenia Americana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Yellow heartwood resembles the scented white
+sandalwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anonaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria chamæ</i>. Agbana (Ewe); Pereng (Kabure);
+Liasá (Atakpame); Padiivīn (Difale).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree with edible fruit. Wood greyish-brown,
+fairly heavy.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_130">[130]</span><i>Cleistopholis patens</i>. Baledia or
+Welengéle (Tschaudjo); Nuso or Aru (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 32½ feet to 65 feet. Wood light—used for
+barrels and drums—of a grey colour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hexalobus monopetalus</i>. Tschabola buanda
+(Tschaudjo); Tumbalaka (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows to large tree in Gallery Forests—small in
+Savannah. No trial of wood made yet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia æthiopica</i>. Tso (Ewe); Ssosi
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Light yellow wood of flexible nature, used for
+masts of boats.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia parviflora</i>. Tschabolabunda
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Root wood takes place of cork.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia Eminii</i>. Akatapuressosi
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fairly large tree, wood reddish, used for
+furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anona sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Root wood of all the species forms a substitute for
+cork.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myristicaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i>. Óbala (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Soft wood. Used in box-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Capparidaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cratæva religiosa</i>. Anamolum (Tschaudjo);
+Dengma (Mangu); Tschengunga (Asante). Wood can be turned
+easily—like boxwood in appearance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rosaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium curatellifolium</i>. Molemṓle
+(Tschaudjo); Insofaniwŏche (Mangu); Pótepote (Kratschi); Yafo
+(Kpedyi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Trees of stunted appearance in Savannah, but
+growing higher in better soil. Wood is oak-like and very
+hard—uniform texture. Used for wooden pegs or pins, and other
+purposes in building, when durability is important.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium subcordatum</i>. Bende noso
+(Tschaudjo); Insuopangi (Mangu); Pekĭre (Losso).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Used for rafters in roofs by the natives of
+Mangu.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium polyandrum</i>. Bende noso
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium mobola</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Never attains any great height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium Kerstingii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Attains much greater height than the last, a tree
+worthy of notice.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Leguminosæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia Brownii</i>. Pangalan (Tschaudjo);
+Kokpara (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Large, handsome forest tree, with greyish-green
+cracked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span> bark. Wood
+fairly hard. Light sapwood, dark brownish heartwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia Angolensis</i>. Atikuzẽ (Ewe).
+Kŭpaussŭto (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 97½ feet. Diameter 4⅞ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia fastigiata</i>. Asihuë (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Albizzias are all proof against the termites on
+account of their hardness. Wood of <i>A. fastigiata</i> used for
+the felloes of wheels.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia catechu</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia Arabica</i>. Magarua or Bagarua
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">About 19½ feet in height. Characteristic tree of
+the Steppe north of Oti. Numerous.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia suma</i>. Gudjápūpŭ or Gudzawuwu (Ewe);
+Chrinika (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 32½ feet. Yellowish-white wood, heavy and
+very hard; used for agricultural implements.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dichrostachys nutans</i>. Ssossōsi (Tschaudjo);
+Beniti (Agome).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Hard wood—dark heartwood, almost black—used for
+making walking-sticks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Prosopis oblonga</i>. Akä́ka (Ewe); Pato
+(Tschaudjo); Pangi (Mangu); Kaki (Atakpame); Kpánenã
+(Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Hard wood—termite-proof. Young branches used for
+handles of axes and hatchets.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tetrapleura Thoningii</i>. Prékese (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A stately tree, only known in Akposso at present.
+The wood not yet much used.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia Kerstingii</i>. Kapaussuto
+(Kabure).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Huge tree—stands singly. Blossoms in January, when
+it is leafless. Fruit appears in April.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia Africana</i>. Alagbáta
+(Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood doubtless of great value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entada Abyssinica</i>. Ondutu (Tschaudjo); Kiria
+(Hausa); Ketschikantscha (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Tree stunted, leafless in the dry season. Wood
+spongy, not of much value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entada scandens</i>. Klokpakpa (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The well-known Liana, with husks 3¼ feet long,
+growing abundantly in the coast provinces. The fibre is much used
+in the making of nets, ropes, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia Africana</i>. Wo (Ewe); Ssuto
+(Tschaudjo); Dorana (Haussa) Soroño (Asante); Gotschö́ne
+(Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 65 feet. The hard, heavy, pale yellowish
+wood, locustwood of Sierra Leone. In commerce known as Caindah
+wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia filicoidea</i>. Ena (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows plentifully on the coast of Atakpame.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_132">[132]</span><i>Parkia biglobosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 97½ feet. Bark from a clear grey to dark
+brown, much furrowed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>. Tsa (Ewe); Kekëū
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood much valued for its heartwood and because of
+its rarity. Withstands the attacks of termites, and therefore much
+used in house and ship building, wheels for gun-carriages, etc.
+Takes a foremost place in export of wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Burkea Africana</i>. Tschĭ́sili (Tschaudjo);
+Kiriandutschi (Haussa); Esseresu opĭrimú (Asante); Atakpla
+(Atakpame); Kinkiri (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 78 feet. Broad crown. Leaves covered with
+silky hairs; wood used by the natives for sword handles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra megalophylla</i>. Agumuắ
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the coast forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra Afzelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium microcarpum</i>. Depapātē (Tschaudjo);
+Naparli (Mangu); Kökpakpa (Kratschi); Záklu (Misahöhe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very heavy wood of a brown colour. Used in
+boat-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium Senegalense</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Has a larger fruit than the <i>D. microcarpum</i>.
+A beautifully marked hard wood. Grows to a great height. Found
+exclusively on the coast.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium Guineense</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tamarindus indica</i>. Keditia (Tschaudjo);
+Samia (Haussa); Tamarese (Asante); Kö́pu (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows near farms and in the prairies. A
+clear-coloured wood—very heavy to work; will not float in water;
+used for mill-wheels, powder coal, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia Africana</i>. Papac (Ewe); Welu
+(Tschaudjo); Apakka (Anago); Ukpami (Akposso); Kao (Haussa); Papau
+(Asante); Kebarre (Kratschi); Kpakpa (Fõ).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 48¾ feet. A very beautifully marked wood.
+Proof against attacks of termites; much valued in building and for
+table-making, also mortars for crushing yams.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Daniellia thurifera</i>. Lipiti or Dsati (Ewe);
+Tschato (Tschaudjo); Orokpo (Anago); Auwolo (Akposso); Masche
+(Haussa); Saingja (Asante); Kenjang (Kratschi); Sa (Fõ).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height from 65 to 97½ feet. Common in the prairies.
+The sapwood is white, and the heartwood reddish and very hard.
+Barrels are made from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia Heudelotiana</i>. Ademá or Baba (Ewe);
+Buda͡u (Tschaudjo); Kochoá (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Large tree with white showy flowers, growing on
+banks of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span> rivers.
+Heavy wood of light brown colour. Only of secondary importance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia Kerstingii</i>. Tau (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">65 to 97½ feet high, grows on open prairie. Wood
+used for rafters in house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia acuminata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia tomentosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bauhinia reticulata</i>. Klo (Ewe); Bākū
+(Tschaudjo); Nyama (Mangu); Okokotaka (Asante); Tamenasi
+(Atakpame); Aklō (Anecho).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fairly heavy wood of dirty brown colour, easily
+worked. Very plentiful in the prairies.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Guineense</i>. Zigbli or Toë (Ewe);
+Madŭ́ (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">32½ to 48¾ feet high, valued as a wood for
+building, known as Black Tumbler or Velvet Tamarind on the
+market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Distemonanthus Benthamianus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">One of the hardest woods of Togo, a gigantic
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia Sieberiana</i>. Gagamagati (Ewe);
+Tschamanu (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows best on dry, stony parts of the prairie.
+Light brown wood, extraordinarily hard, proof against termites.
+When burnt it causes headache.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Swartzia Madagascariensis</i>. Subando
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree growing by river banks and on the
+prairies. Heartwood reddish black.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cordyla Africana</i>. Kessing (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood used in table-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ormosia laxiflora</i>. Kedeleā or Kodoleā
+(Tschaudjo); Kokoro or Golloklo (Mangu); Obri (Asante); Kekpili
+(Kratschi); Akũgre (Kpedyi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Beautiful clear brown wood, used by the natives for
+building. It is termite-proof.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia nitida</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small slender tree. Tons of the wood are sent
+yearly to England as red dye-wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Milletia atite</i>. Atite (Ewe); Sso abalu
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Spread through all the colonies. Wood very
+uniformly marked of clear yellowish-white.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>. Doti (Ewe); Tim
+(Tschaudjo); Segbe (Mangu); Keleyu (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Used as a red dye. Height 65 feet. Very heavy wood
+of reddish-brown colour. Sold as teak—one of the best woods of
+commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i>. Keruwowo
+(Tschaudjo); Futu (Kirikiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Smaller tree than the last, found in prairies. Wood
+fairly heavy and yellowish-white.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_134">[134]</span><i>Lonchocarpus sericeus</i>. Lo (Ewe);
+Bäbäle (Atakpame); Alobla (Kpedyi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in prairies and terrace woods. Flowers
+reddish-violet. Wood not well known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Derris Stuhlmanii</i>. Tschaloware (Tschaudjo);
+Bembu (Mangu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 32½ feet. Hard, yellowish-white wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Andira inermis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Fairly large mountain tree. The Cabbage Tree of the
+W. Indies. Hard, yellowish-white wood. The partridge wood of
+commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrina Senegalensis</i>. Yrewo (Ewe); Nyimu
+(Mangu); Baklesu (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Slender tree 32½ feet in height. Bark deeply cleft,
+cork-like, and thorny. Wood very light and useful in many ways.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dalbergia melanoxylon</i>. Atiyi (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The heartwood is almost hard as iron, proof against
+attacks of insects. Used for pillars and piles, also in the making
+of musical instruments.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Brachystegia spicæformis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium stipulaceum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Zygophyllaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Balanites Ægyptiaca</i>. Kunjanapcule (Mangu);
+Gushiocho (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 19½ to 26 feet. A beautiful golden brown
+wood, used in the making of ploughs, clubs, sticks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rutaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Fagara zanthoxyloides</i>. Eché or Alãfe (Ewe);
+Kelengma͡u (Tschaudjo); Polu-Dyenye (Mangu); Tigu Schirafinsa
+(Mangu); Ata (Anago); Uche (Akposso); Che (Fõ); Klongbaŭ (Tim).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fairly large tree of the prairie. In appearance
+like an apple-tree. Bark rough and knotty.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Limonia Warneckei</i>. Kugŏ́nu (Tschaudjo);
+Nguni (Kabure); Tyanka or Hogogo (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood light yellow, uniform, hard, and very
+heavy.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Limonia Preussii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Simarubaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hannoa undulata</i>. Dikbere (Tschaudjo); Yayabé
+(Mangu); Kelantori (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is of a light greyish-white colour, fairly
+heavy.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Meliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>. Frimu (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree sometimes attaining a height of 130
+feet and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span> over. 13¼
+feet in diameter. Has a beautiful surface; is most useful in
+commerce for furniture, carriages, cases for microscopes, etc. The
+fruit is about the size of an apple, with four valves and four rows
+of flat seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Klainii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The seed vessel has five valves, and the fruit is
+larger than the last. Known as the African or Gambia mahogany of
+commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocedrela Kotschyi</i>. Alu (Ewe); Dituturi
+(Tschaudjo); Krŭbete (Asante); Kedemponasi (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">65 feet in height. The wood is of a greyish colour,
+serviceable in building and furniture industry. The natives use it
+for drums and barrels.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carapa procera</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Not much known, though used in Senegambia as a
+building mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Melia Azedarach</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small, much cultivated tree; the purplish blue
+flowers are like the Spanish elder. The sapwood whitish, the
+heartwood reddish. Easy to work; used in the making of
+furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ekebergia Senegalensis</i>. Frimŭabalŭ́
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree growing in the mountainous districts.
+Wood light yellow and fairly heavy, and uniform texture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia emetica</i>. Adyanyapesō
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia Prieuriana</i>. Dilifū
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">These two are small trees, fairly easy to work, of
+a light yellowish-coloured wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Polygalaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Securidaca longepedunculata</i>. Foji
+(Tschaudjo); Dyōro (Dyakossi); Ua magungŭ́na (Haussa); Atakpati
+(Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small tree. A strong useful fibre obtained from the
+small branches.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Euphorbiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phyllanthus discoideus</i>. Kongkonga
+(Tschaudjo); Dantivi (Atakpame); Kamfuắ (Bagu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall primeval forest tree—occasional clumps in
+the villages. Hard heavy wood of a beautiful red colour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hymenocardia acida</i>. Adudze (Ewe); Atidje
+(Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is fairly hard, light brown, with the
+year-rings clearly marked. Very brittle, so only fit for
+firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_136">[136]</span><i>Hymenocardia ulmoides</i>. Taboia
+(Atakpame); Bälä (Afem).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 130 to 162½ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Togoensis</i>. Egba (Ewe); Kidgeling
+(Tschaudjo); Nagudi (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A prairie tree of medium size. Beautiful
+brown-coloured wood; used for firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Heudelotii</i>. Oli (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows in the terraced woods. Useful in
+building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alchornea cordifolia</i>. Tschufṓu (Tschaudjo);
+Awowlo (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small prairie tree. The hollow twigs are used in
+pipe-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sapium Guineense</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sapium Kerstingii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sapium Mannianum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">These three trees are not of much importance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron Africanus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Vegetable oils and fats obtained from this tree.
+The wood is soft and used for fuel.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anacardiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mangifera Indica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Mango tree. A greyish wood, useful for building
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anacardium occidentale</i>. Atisiā (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Reddish, fairly hard wood, used in boat-building,
+also for charcoal.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spondias lutea</i>. Kinyelu (Tschaudjo); Akiko
+or Agliko (Atakpame); Nayile (Konkomba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Tall, slender tree. The fruit is edible, yellow,
+and downy. Abundant in the prairies, now introduced in many
+localities. Bright-coloured wood, fairly hard and heavy.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudospondias microcarpa</i>. Onyangba
+(Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Stately tree, 65 feet in height. Nothing is known
+of the wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lannea acida</i>. Eknalokpoe (Ewe); Käla
+(Tschaudjo); Tyĕtĕbu (Mangu); Asogedaka (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A common tree in the prairies. The greyish hard
+wood is used by the natives for arm-rings, chairs, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lannea Barteri</i>. Tingbatau or Patandeu
+(Tschaudjo); Bēnature (Mangu); Akú (Atakpame.)</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree has a characteristic spiral bark. It
+grows to a height of 65 feet, with reddish edible fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hæmatostaphis Barteri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Has a beautiful fruit of a delicious flavour, the
+blood-plum of Sierra Leone. The wood has not yet been tried.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i024" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig024.jpg"><img src='images/fig024.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 24.—<span class=
+"bold">Teak Plantation made in 1907 at Pfandu, in 1911.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i025" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig025.jpg"><img src='images/fig025.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 25.—<span class=
+"bold">Khaya Klaineana, 17 feet in girth, Misahohe
+Station.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i026" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig026.jpg"><img src='images/fig026.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 26.—<span class=
+"bold">Corner of a 1907 Teak Plantation, Pfandu, in
+1911.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 136.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_137">[137]</span><i>Heeria insignis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is much valued in the making of specially
+good furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapindaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Blighia sapida</i>. Adza or Adja (Ewe); Peso
+(Tschaudjo); Aki (Asante); Keká (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is light yellow, not of any value. Planted
+near houses as an orchard tree, and also for its shade. 97½ feet in
+height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriocœlum Kerstingii</i>. Nimwau Pesō
+(Tschaudjo); Yevo-Gboma (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">97½ feet in height in the coast forests. A good
+furniture and building wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Talisiopsis oliviformis</i>. Waogbŭ́m
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Perhaps identical with <i>Zanha golungensis</i>. 65
+to 97½ feet high, with reddish bark. Wood used for furniture and
+building. The fruit is downy, of an orange colour, and edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Allophyllus Africanus</i>. Weti (Atakpame);
+Kōtīa (Yendi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small bushy tree. The wood used for cleaning the
+teeth. Useful for working in many ways.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Melianthaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bersama Doeringii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree has aerial roots. The blossoms in long
+bunches of white flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rhamnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zizyphus Jujuba</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small shrub-like tree with edible berries. The
+wood is used in saddle-making and for agricultural implements.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zizyphus mucronatus</i>. Pangbaïngu (Tschaudjo);
+Sausanyebui (Mangu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is used in wagon-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Tiliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Grewia gigantiflora</i>. Adzadze (Ewe); Tolábŭ
+(Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Grewia villosa</i>. Adzadze (Ewe); Yumba
+(Mangu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives use the wood for handles of spears.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Malvaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Thespesia populnea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sap-wood is a bright red, and the hard
+heartwood a dark red; used for carriage-building and furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_138">[138]</span>Bombacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax Buonopozense</i>. Fulṓ or Folṓ
+(Tschaudjo); Sanbúgo (Mangu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows on high ground and also by the streams.
+Height about 162½ feet. A marvellous sight when covered with its
+crimson blossoms. The bark is smooth and bright grey, with rough
+cracked appearance. Of small account in commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Adansonia digitata</i>. Adido (Ewe); Kuka
+(Haussa); Dádie (Asante); Kelle (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Called also bread-fruit tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ceiba pentandra</i>. Wu (Ewe); Komu (Tschaudjo);
+Ogu (Anago); Ju (Akposso); Huti (Fõ).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Wood little used, though it should be valuable in
+the cellulose factories.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriodendron Nigericum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sterculiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia tragacantha</i>. Akplẽ or Loloẽ (Ewe);
+Kaderabobo (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia tomentosa</i>. Akpoklo or Bofuti
+(Ewe); Modetu (Tschaudjo); Bolusila (Mangu); Oduduku (Atakpame);
+Kelipotu (Kratschi); Apokpo (Anecho).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia oblonga</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood of these three trees is soft and of little
+value. The fibre strong and tough. Tree medium height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola cordifolia</i>. Uuti (Ewe); Dagbongbore
+(Tschaudjo); Nutssunutssu (Anago); Anwolo (Akposso); Eussŭ́
+(Misahöhe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A huge tree of the Gallery Forests, also found
+singly near villages. The leaves are a foot long. The wood hard and
+heavy, used in Senegambia for strengthening the coast and for
+rafters.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola acuminata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree resembles the poplar. Proof against the
+attacks of insects; useful for carriage and furniture-making, and
+ship-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola laurifolia</i>. Jojau (Kabure).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is very pliable and used in the making of
+bows (for shooting).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola caricifolia</i>. Alensuneku (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola astrophora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola supfiana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola Afzelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triplochiton Johnsonii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triplochiton Nigericum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterygota Schumanniana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood of these five trees is little known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_139">[139]</span><i>Firmiana Barteri</i>. Tschingbelika
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">From 130 to 162½ feet high. The regular,
+pyramidal-shaped trunk ends in plank-like roots. The natives make
+cups and bowls and floats from the wood. The flowers are a
+beautiful scarlet, appearing before the leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ochnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ochna Afzelii</i>. Tanam (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Moderately high tree, with hard, beautifully-marked
+bright brown wood. Used in turning and table-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira alata</i>. Parapára (Tschaudjo);
+Akpakpla (Anago); Otugba (Akposso); Kekrefunde (Asante); Belengbe
+(Kratschi); Kotublassu (Fõ).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very common tree of the prairies, so much like
+the Shea butter as to be frequently mistaken for it. The wood is
+hard, heavy, and dark, reddish-brown, and sold as African oak.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Guttiferæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma Kerstingii</i>. Budyonū
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows on the wooded banks of streams. A tall,
+slender tree with lightish brown wood, very similar in texture to
+that of the Ochnaceæ family. Used by the natives in various
+ways.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Dipterocarpaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Monotes Kerstingii</i>. Kesáng (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height about 48¾ feet. It is found frequently in
+the prairies. Easily recognized by the likeness of its leaf to a
+curved hollow of a hand. The wood is only useful for burning.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Flacourtiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oncoba spinosa</i>. Kpoe (Ewe); Krutū
+(Tschaudjo); Kongowura (Kotokoli).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall, thorny shrub, with white rose-like flowers.
+The wood is capable of taking a good polish, used in inlaying.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Caloncoba Gilgiana</i>. Efiohlĕ (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fair-sized tree. The wood is also used for
+inlaying.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rhizophoraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rhizophora mangle</i>. Woto or Atrati (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rhizophora mucronata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Little is yet known of the mangroves of Togo. The
+<i>Rhizophora mucronata</i> of East Africa has a reddish brown
+wood, hard and heavy, but easily worked; used in building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Combretaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum sokodense</i>. Ssissiku
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Flourishes in pasture land and by streams. The bark
+is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span> cork-like and
+deeply corrugated, the wood brownish and very hard. Height, 35
+ft.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum Kerstingii</i>. Alembole
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Hard, greyish-brown wood, used for firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia dictyoneura</i>. Ssua
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia macroptera</i>. Ssua dau
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">These two Terminalia both have a beautiful glossy
+brown wood, useful for many purposes. Both are about 48¾ feet in
+height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia Baumannii</i>. Opäti (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A beautiful prairie tree, the wood not yet
+tried.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia superba</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia Togoensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pteleopsis Kerstingii</i>. Ssissinā
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fair-sized tree in the Bassari savannah. The
+natives say it has neither flowers nor fruit, but this naturally
+cannot be the case.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>. Tsetse or Echéché
+(Ewe); Kodelia (Tschaudjo); Anyi (Anago); Ogo (Akposso); Kánnâ
+(Asante); Kakanla (Kratschi); Chlehó (Fõ).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree 97½ feet high, growing on the river banks
+and on the moist savannahs, very widespread. The fruit is much like
+that of our alder. The wood very hard, proof against attacks of the
+termites, with a black heartwood like ebony, and used as such. The
+most valuable wood of the Colony.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myrtaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Syzygium Guineense</i>. Tschapēa
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fair-sized tree on the shore slopes. A white,
+easily-worked wood. Used by the natives for making tools, images of
+their gods, chairs, etc. In some parts for building purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Araliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cussonia Barteri</i>. Fegblo (Ewe); Kongolu
+(Tschaudjo); Indoabaka (Mangu); Digo (Anago); Obbŏ (Akposso);
+Bōnugŭ́ (Misahöhe); Gotti (Fõ).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A characteristic tree of the Baobab savannahs near
+Misahöhe. The wood is spongy and cannot be worked, but the ashes
+are of use in making a blue dye.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Umbelliferæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Peucedanum araliaceum</i>, var.
+<i>fraxinifolium</i>. Ländo (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree under medium height, of the pasture lands.
+The bark of the young shoots is used for squirts and syringes. The
+wood is easy to cut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_141">[141]</span>Sapotaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>. Yotsa or Yo (Ewe);
+Ssomū (Tschaudjo); Káde (Hausa); Krangkú (Asante); Kedempo
+(Atakpame); Aiomiti (Kirikiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Shea butter tree. Height 48¾ to 65 feet. The
+tree is so plentiful that it is a rare thing not to find one in any
+district. The fruit is soft and edible; the wood a beautiful
+brownish-red of even texture, and capable of taking a good polish.
+Much used in furniture-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pachystela cinerea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">An immense tree growing along the coast. Wood
+unknown in the market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum obovatum</i>. Katumbulia
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of medium height with edible fruit. Its wood
+not known in commerce. It should be of use, as are most of those
+belonging to this family.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Malacantha Warneckeana</i>. Akara (Atakpame);
+Pusum (Lamatessi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree found among the mountain streams, and
+also in the plains of the coast regions. The trunk has on the
+outside wavy cross-lines that look like a border, and give it a
+very curious appearance. The hard wood is made into shuttles,
+shovels, scoops, etc., by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops multinervis</i>. Ewelisomū (Tschaudjo);
+Bräkrankū (Asante); Gjira (Kratschi); Ewäti (Anecho).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops Kerstingii</i>. Ewelisomu
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood of both these two Mimusops is like that of
+the Butyrospermum in colour and structure. Rarely found higher than
+32½ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops lacera</i>. Wueti (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tallest and most beautiful tree in the
+immediate neighbourhood of the sea. Its hard red wood is made into
+walking-sticks, also for inlaying and veneering of furniture and
+parquets.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ebenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>. Dongke or Jeti
+(Ewe); Tingalō (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A semi-cultivated tree growing to the height of 81¼
+feet. The trunk is often from 3¼ to 4¹⁄₁₆ feet in diameter. A
+widely spreading shady tree. Its height in the prairies is much
+less. Found very abundantly and takes a high place as in copses and
+park lands. The fruit is edible, round, and of a bright red colour.
+The heartwood is hard and durable, and black as ebony. The tree is
+of great value commercially for many purposes as ebony.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_142">[142]</span><i>Diospyros mombuttensis</i>. Liä-nuwasaure
+(Tschaudjo); Etjannaka (Akposso).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree growing only from small to moderate size on
+the hill slopes, with a bright-red fruit—a thorn-bearing tree. The
+wood is durable and hard, used for shovels, walking-sticks,
+rafters, etc., and the flexible branches in the making of
+traps.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros tricolor</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">One of the most frequent trees on the shore and
+prairies of the coast region, growing only to the height of a man.
+It has a yellowish-red three-sided fruit; the stem seldom attains
+more than the thickness of the finger. It is used for
+walking-sticks. A hard white wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Maba Warneckii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fair-sized noticeable tree, rarely found, and
+little known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Oleaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Linociera nilotica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small, unimportant tree. The wood is light brown,
+of even texture, and great durability.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Loganiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strychnos Buettneri</i>. Kongofura
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strychnos laxa</i>. Wagbebĕ (Ewe); Naprámpŏgo
+(Dyakossi); Egbo (Atakpame); Go͠ngóvi (Kpedyi); Yokharaúgu
+(Dagomba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Both these trees have a strong stem of
+bright-coloured wood, with a fine grain, and should be of value.
+The fruit of the Buettneri is edible, something like an orange.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strychnos pubescens</i>. Kongŏ (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives only use it as firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthocleista Kerstingii</i>. Kuwondëü
+(Tschaudjo); Egu (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height 97½ feet, growing in the terraced or gallery
+woods, and also in small groves. The trunk is very straight at
+first, then widely branched. The trunk of the young trees is marked
+with leaf-scars; the leaves attain the length of feet, and are used
+by the natives as quivers for their arrows. The white,
+easily-worked wood is used for many purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Apocynaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Holarrhena Wulfenbergii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall tree of the Agome Mountains and the coast
+forests of Sokodé-Bassari, also found singly near villages and
+farms. The white wood is fairly heavy and easily worked, used in
+carving figures, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Conopharyngia crassa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of varying height, with drooping branches.
+Found only in Misahöhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_143">[143]</span><i>Voacanga Africana</i>. Kongkong
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fair-sized, widely-spread tree in copses and by
+the streams. The wood is like that of the Holarrhena, only of a
+deeper shade. The round white-coloured fruit, growing two together,
+look like spots on the dark foliage.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Kickxia Africana</i> (syn. <i>Funtumia
+elastica</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Reaches the height of 65 feet. Growing in Misahöhe
+and Kete-Kratschi. The wood is little known. All the trees of this
+family are distinguished by a rich milky juice in bark, leaves, and
+fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alstonia congensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Borraginaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cordia Gharaf</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fair-sized tree known only in one locality. A
+hard, durable wood used in building. There is no doubt that there
+are other species in Togo, and so far as the Cordia has been used,
+it has proved to be a most useful tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ehretia cymosa</i>. Okoni (Kratschi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the coast regions, growing to the height
+of 13 to 16¼ feet. Seldom met with. It has masses of white
+blossoms; the fruit is a berry about the size of a pea. The wood
+has not yet been proved.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Verbenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex Cienkowskii</i>. Fõ (Ewe); Panyero
+(Tschaudjo); Orli (Anago); Uoli (Akposso); Koto (Dyakossi); Gidjiko
+(Kratschi); Fõjiti (Anecho); Narenga (Dagomba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large barkless tree, with spreading crown. Leaf
+with five divisions in the form of a hand, the flowers in large
+clusters of white blossoms. Ink is made from the shiny black,
+edible fruit and the young leaves. This tree is widely spread over
+the hill slopes and forest prairies. The wood is moderately hard
+and useful for inlaying; the natives make ribs of boats from
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex Camporum</i>. Panyerōbuda (Tschaudjo);
+Insuakoto (Mangu); Idjawli (Akposso).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Leaves with three divisions, the underside hairy.
+Flowers blue, in clusters like the last. The fruit is more like an
+acorn, and the tree shrub-like. The natives make fishing-tackle
+from the wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex cuneata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Premna Zenkeri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tall tree growing on the mountain slopes of
+Bassari.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span> Leaves
+simple and broad; the small, white flowers are in panicles a foot
+long. The wood is entirely like the <i>V. Cienkowskii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Avicennia Africana</i>. Amu-ati (Ewe).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A broad-spreading leafy tree from 39 to 48¾ feet in
+height, and about 7 inches in diameter; leaves dark green, the
+underside grey, and flowers a smudgy white. Its wood is used for
+boat-building in Gabun, but little known elsewhere. It is closely
+allied to the <i>Avicennia officinalis</i> of East Africa, which
+has a beautiful, violet-coloured wood; is very hard and heavy.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bignoniaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spathodea campanulata</i>. Adadasé (Ewe);
+Gbetschigbetschi (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A wonderful leafy tree, 97½ feet in height, with
+wide-spreading crown of foliage, and greyish-green warty trunk. In
+the flowering time the tree is a mass of crimson flowers—a
+beautiful sight in the coast woods and on the hill slopes. In
+Europe it goes by the name of tulip-tree. The buds are filled with
+a sweet, watery fluid, which the children use as squirts. The wood
+should be of great service, but does not seem to be used.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Newbouldia lævis</i>. Lifui (Ewe); Akinale
+(Tschaudjo); Aboboë (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized prairie tree, found plentifully also
+near the villages, where the small branches are used as material
+for fences. When the tree is young, it stands very erect, but later
+the remarkably long branches bend to the ground. The flowers are
+either rose-coloured, violet, or bright blue. The bright-coloured
+wood is fairly heavy, uniform in texture, very similar to the <i>V.
+Cienkowskii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Markhamia tomentosa</i>. Tschitschíñe
+(Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Appears to grow only among the mountains. The
+flowers are yellow, with red stripes; the leaves and husks both
+yellowish brown. Children use the flower buds as playthings. The
+wood is like that of the <i>Newbouldia lævis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Markhamia lutea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Usually found as a shrub, but occasionally to the
+height of 19½ to 26 feet high, with rough or warty, blackish bark,
+and yellow flowers in great quantities.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Stereospermum Kunthianum</i>. Essobelīa
+(Tschaudjo); Eké-deká (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree seldom found taller than 32½ feet, a
+greenish-grey bark, divested of leaves. When in bloom it has much
+the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span> appearance of a
+peach-tree. The flowers, which appear before the leaves, are pink,
+edged with white and reddish-brown, with striped and spotted lip.
+Found frequently in the forest savannahs, and occasionally on the
+highlands. The brownish dye from the bark is used by the girls for
+their lips, and chewed as Kola. The wood is much the same as the
+last three species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Kigelia Africana</i>. Nyakpekpe (Ewe); Abilū
+(Tschaudjo); Njãkpokpo (Anecho); Njãkpẽ (Anlo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in damp places in the prairies and on the
+banks of rivers. The well-known liver-sausage tree. The wood is
+suitable for small buildings.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Kigelia pinnata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Rubiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hymenodictyon Kurria</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">All belonging to this family have simple leaves in
+pairs. Found as a shrub and a small tree in the terraced woods and
+mountains. The solid wood, of a clear mahogany colour, is much used
+in India for agricultural implements, but little known here in
+Togo.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Crossopteryx Africana</i>. Tyenyeṓlo or Pasau
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Crossopteryx Kotschyana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found to the height of 32½ feet in the prairies of
+the coast zone and a few scattered inland. According to the opinion
+of an importer, this wood is one of the best of Togo. It is clear
+brown, very hard and heavy, and of fine texture. The natives make
+shuttles and tablets for the Koran from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Adina microcephala</i>. Barā (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree of 97½ feet in height, growing on the river
+banks of Sokodé-Bassaris. The wood takes a very high place as to
+value, but it has a peculiar odour and an oily feeling to the
+touch. The fibres from the twigs are made into tooth-brushes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mitragyne macrophylla</i>. Yŏwi or Togba
+(Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A gigantic tree growing on the swampy banks of
+streams, with an excellent wood used by the natives for making
+doors, drums and barrels.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mitragyne inermis</i>. Intyú (Dyakossi); Shero
+(Dagomba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Smaller than the last, found on ground which is
+occasionally under water. Its yellowish-white wood is used for
+beams and rafters. It forms also a beautiful, easily-worked
+furniture wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mitragyne Africana</i>. Séssëu (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree which flourishes in swampy places and
+parts overflowed by the streams. Its blossoms are used as hay. The
+particularly valuable wood is proof against attacks of
+the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span> termite, very
+hard, and much used in building. The wood of all the Mitragyne
+species are valued in Tropical Africa on account of their
+durability and being proof against weather and easily worked.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus sambucinus</i>. Akukobasa (Ewe);
+Kedjetjelo (Tschaudjo); Nyimo (Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small shrubby tree, with long, tendril-like
+branches, white fragrant flowers, and strawberry-coloured fruit.
+The wood is used considerably for mosaic work and inlaying.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gardenia Thunbergia</i>. Fifei (Ewe); Kau kutoku
+(Tschaudjo); Lángan͠a (Kratschi); Fifäti (Anecho).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree or shrub with rigid branches, fragrant
+white flowers, and yellow, spindle-shaped fruit, tasting like a
+crab-apple, scattered in small clumps over the prairie. Spoons and
+similar articles are made from the white, fairly hard wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gardenia ternifolia</i>. Kau këure (Tschaudjo);
+Nassarlĭ or Nabuli (Dyakossi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Similar to the preceding tree in appearance, etc.,
+but the fruit is cylindrical in form, like a small cucumber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gardenia medicinalis</i>. Kau belia or abalia
+(Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The same characteristics as the last; the fruit is
+much smaller, round, and furrowed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gardenia assimilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gardenia Abeokutā</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">These trees are all found in the higher forests as
+undergrowth, and are very similar in every respect.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Plectronia vanguerioides</i>. Dädäfunde
+(Atakpame).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Medium-sized tree. Occasionally found as a shrub in
+the coast and mountain forests. The wood is only useful as
+firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pavetta Baconiana</i>. Genferrebiesó
+(Mangu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pavetta crassipes</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Used as firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morinda citrifolia</i>. Amakḗ (Ewe); Ketyĕlenga
+(Tschaudjo); Aké (Atakpame); Maticki (Ho).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A tree 32½ feet in height, with a broad, shady
+crown, seems to be bearing blossoms or fruit all the year round.
+The flowers are in the form of little round bunches; the fruit is
+greenish-yellow, spongy, and growing together in large masses—each
+fruit about the size of a pear. The white wood is not of much
+value, but the rootwood is sold in the native markets for making
+yellow dye. Two species of this tree seem to be known in Togo, one
+found frequently on the coasts, the best known, and another variety
+in North Togo, less common and with a much smaller fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_147">[147]</span>Compositæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vernonia Senegalensis</i>. Avenya (Ewe); Tusima
+or Tingma (Tschaudjo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The only one of the family which attains a height
+of 19½ feet, and stem of 6 or 7 inches in diameter. The leaves are
+a greyish-green; the flowers, a yellowish-white, appear in great
+masses. The wood is fairly heavy, light brown in colour, and very
+easy to work. Of the many varieties from which the twigs and roots
+are used for brushes, this one is the most valuable.</p>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_148">[148]</span><a id="c07app1"></a>APPENDIX I</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">LIST OF INTRODUCED SPECIES PLANTED</p>
+
+<ul class="simple2">
+<li>&nbsp;1. Terminalia catappa.</li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;2. Casuarina equisetifolia.</li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;3. Tectona grandis.</li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;4. Swietenia bijuga.</li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;5. Cedrela odorata.</li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;6. Pithecolobium dulcis.</li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;7. Artocarpus incisa.</li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;8. Cassia florida.</li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;9. Bauhinia Krughii.</li>
+
+<li>10. Eucalyptus marginata.</li>
+
+<li>11. Eucalyptus citriodora.</li>
+
+<li>12. Eucalyptus robusta.</li>
+
+<li>13. Cæsalpina arborea.</li>
+
+<li>14. Cæsalpina sappan.</li>
+
+<li>15. Cæsalpina rostrata.</li>
+
+<li>16. Cæsalpina coriaria.</li>
+
+<li>17. Cæsalpina regia.</li>
+
+<li>18. Poinciana regia.</li>
+
+<li>19. Poinciana drepanophylla.</li>
+
+<li>20. Melia azedarach.</li>
+
+<li>21. Manihot glaziovii.</li>
+
+<li>22. Manihot dichotoma.</li>
+
+<li>23. Manihot pyanhyensis.</li>
+
+<li>24. Manihot heterophylla.</li>
+
+<li>25. Aspidosperma quebracho.</li>
+
+<li>26. Phœnix dactylifera.</li>
+
+<li>27. Cola vera.</li>
+
+<li>28. Ficus elastica.</li>
+
+<li>29. Ficus Schlechteri.</li>
+
+<li>30. Albizzia amara.</li>
+
+<li>31. Albizzia stipulata.</li>
+
+<li>32. Acacia Arabica.</li>
+
+<li>33. Cynometra megalophylla.</li>
+
+<li>34. Detarium Senegalense.</li>
+
+<li>35. Parinarium intermedia.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_149">[149]</span><a id="c07app2"></a>APPENDIX II</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">CENSUS OF PLANTATIONS IN TOGO</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t149">
+<tr>
+<th>Tree.</th>
+<th>At all Stations.</th>
+<th>District<br>
+Plantations.</th>
+<th>Forest<br>
+Plantations.</th>
+<th>At all Stations.</th>
+<th>District<br>
+Plantations.</th>
+<th>Forest<br>
+Plantations.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc less">No. Planted.</td>
+<td class="tdc less">No. Planted.</td>
+<td class="tdc less">No. Planted.</td>
+<td class="tdc less">Acreage.</td>
+<td class="tdc less">Acreage.</td>
+<td class="tdc less">Acreage.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,022,014</td>
+<td class="tdr">330,714</td>
+<td class="tdr">691,300</td>
+<td class="tdr">878·27</td>
+<td class="tdr">471·77</td>
+<td class="tdr">406·5<span class="word-spaced03">&nbsp;</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Sasswood (<i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,072,877</td>
+<td class="tdr">15,877</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,057,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">586·94</td>
+<td class="tdr">30·19</td>
+<td class="tdr">556·75</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>African Mahogany (<i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">9,089,184</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,169,584</td>
+<td class="tdr">919,600</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,017·65</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,713·65</td>
+<td class="tdr">304·00</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Mahogany (<i>Khaya Klainii</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">236,830</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,830</td>
+<td class="tdr">235,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">84·39</td>
+<td class="tdr">3·73</td>
+<td class="tdr">80·66</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rhodesian Mahogany (<i>Afzelia Africana</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">603,054</td>
+<td class="tdr">157,454</td>
+<td class="tdr">445,600</td>
+<td class="tdr">189·29</td>
+<td class="tdr">104·48</td>
+<td class="tdr">104·48</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iroko (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">127,951</td>
+<td class="tdr">105,951</td>
+<td class="tdr">22,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">123·03</td>
+<td class="tdr">93·39</td>
+<td class="tdr">29·64</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ebony (<i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,735</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,735</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">18·32</td>
+<td class="tdr">18·32</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Oil Palm (<i>Elæis Guineensis</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">57,545</td>
+<td class="tdr">47,545</td>
+<td class="tdr">10,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">251·12</td>
+<td class="tdr">250·12</td>
+<td class="tdr">1·00</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kapok Tree (<i>Ceiba pentandra</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">77,401</td>
+<td class="tdr">32,401</td>
+<td class="tdr">45,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">113·00</td>
+<td class="tdr">68·54</td>
+<td class="tdr">44·46</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ireh Rubber (<i>Funtumia elastica</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">26,611</td>
+<td class="tdr">26,611</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">47·84</td>
+<td class="tdr">47·84</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rambong Rubber (<i>Ficus elastica</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">18,666</td>
+<td class="tdr">18,666</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">43·78</td>
+<td class="tdr">43·78</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ceara Rubber (<i>Manihot glaziovii</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">146,634</td>
+<td class="tdr">145,634</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">103·70</td>
+<td class="tdr">101·87</td>
+<td class="tdr">1·83</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad2 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">13,483,502</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">9,057,002</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">4,426,500</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">4,456·83</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">2,947·68</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">1,529·32</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_150">[150]</span><a id="c07app3"></a>APPENDIX III</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">TOGO—FOREST EXPORTS</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t150">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">Product.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1909.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1910.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1911.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1912.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1913.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kola nuts</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">166</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td class="tdr">767</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernels</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,013</td>
+<td class="tdr">81,750</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,216</td>
+<td class="tdr">101,700</td>
+<td class="tdr">13,073</td>
+<td class="tdr">178,932</td>
+<td class="tdr">11,452</td>
+<td class="tdr">168,978</td>
+<td class="tdr">7,025</td>
+<td class="tdr">127,905</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm oil</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,779</td>
+<td class="tdr">45,600</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,096</td>
+<td class="tdr">61,650</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,949</td>
+<td class="tdr">84,410</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,284</td>
+<td class="tdr">70,643</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,115</td>
+<td class="tdr">25,900</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Shea nuts</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">34</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,192</td>
+<td class="tdr">39</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,263</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Piassava and tisal</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+<td class="tdr">14</td>
+<td class="tdr">17</td>
+<td class="tdr">357</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kapok</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+<td class="tdr">311</td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdr">357</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+<td class="tdr">472</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Woods (all kinds)</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">170</td>
+<td class="tdr">350</td>
+<td class="tdr">137</td>
+<td class="tdr">126</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rubber</td>
+<td class="tdr">146</td>
+<td class="tdr">48,450</td>
+<td class="tdr">134</td>
+<td class="tdr">57,350</td>
+<td class="tdr">143</td>
+<td class="tdr">41,615</td>
+<td class="tdr">163</td>
+<td class="tdr">48,787</td>
+<td class="tdr">89</td>
+<td class="tdr">18,029</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ivory</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,797</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,085</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,806</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hides and skins</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdr">607</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+<td class="tdr">609</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad2 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">10,939</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">175,800</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">11,448</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">220,700</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">17,397</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">309,344</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">15,123</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">293,972</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">8,241</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">175,112</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i027" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig027.jpg"><img src='images/fig027.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 27.—<span class=
+"bold">Large Teak Tree, Tectona grandis, Ebuttemetta Gardens,
+sixteen years old.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i028" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig028.jpg"><img src='images/fig028.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 28.—<span class=
+"bold">Large Para (Hevea Braziliensis), Ebuttemetta Gardens, age
+about sixteen years.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 150.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span><a id=
+"c08"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">NIGERIA</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc space-above1"><a id="c08s1"></a>I. The Rivers, Ports
+and Forests of Nigeria.</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">Starting</span> from Lagos, the
+first port of call, the coast is flat, sandy, and low-lying as
+compared with the typical seaboard of Europe with its cliffs. Long
+sandy beaches with scattered coconut palms in the background are
+more prevalent in this part of Nigeria than the water-covered
+mangrove swamps, showing rather a stunted growth. Westwards from
+Lagos there are the scattered mangrove formations in the estuary of
+the Yewa River, near which is the trading station of Badagri.
+Following the line of the coast, somewhat better mangrove areas are
+found towards the mouth of the Benin, Escravos and Forcados Rivers.
+The estuary of the Niger, extending from the last-named river as
+far as the Sombreiro, shows varied development of the mangrove type
+of vegetation, as well as the first admixture of other hardwood
+trees at the edge of the mangrove zone. On the way one passes the
+Ramos, the Brass, Nun, St. Bartholomew and St. Barbara, each
+forming outlets for the forests further north. Beyond the Sombreiro
+the estuaries of the New Calabar, Cawthorne and Bonny Rivers
+contain further mangrove areas, usually in the form of large
+islands. Eastwards of the Bonny River the mangrove to some extent
+gives way to comparatively large areas known as rain forests, owing
+to the comparatively heavy rainfall in those localities. The
+Andoni, Opobo, Kwaiebo form the outlets for these forests.</p>
+
+<p>The Cross, Calabar, Kwa and Akwayefe are the most easterly
+rivers in Nigeria. In the estuary of each, more especially of the
+Cross River, the finest mangrove forests are to be seen. Next to
+these in point of height and straightness of bole are the forests
+on the banks of the St. Barbara and Forcados Rivers.</p>
+
+<p>The Lagos River, with its present bar-draught of 19 feet, is
+followed eastwards by the port of Forcados, showing 19 feet. As
+subsidiaries, and northwards from Forcados, are the inland ports of
+Warri and Koko, both, and especially the latter, being
+timber-shipping centres. Sapeli, another 40 miles up the Benin
+River beyond Koko, was and still remains a timber port of some
+importance, and from it the trade name of one kind of mahogany,
+namely Sapeli wood, is derived. Brass, considerably further
+eastward, is practically a seaside port, to which some
+produce<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span> of the
+Niger Delta is brought. Degema, Bugama, Bakana, Okrika and Port
+Harcourt are inland ports all reached from Bonny, situated at the
+mouth of the river of the same name. Opobo, on the Imo, is yet
+another inland port with a 14-foot bar at the river mouth. Eket is
+the small port for the Kwaiebo River, whence small steamers run to
+Calabar. Oron, on the western side of the estuary, is also a port
+worthy of mention. Though Calabar is some 15 miles above the
+junction of the Akwayefe, Kwa and Cross Rivers, it is the chief
+port of Eastern Nigeria. It is situated on the side of a hill some
+200 feet high on the bank of the Calabar River, which is half a
+mile wide at this point.</p>
+
+<p>Turning now to the next type of forest met with after leaving
+the mangrove zone, the thick, heavy, evergreen rain forest is seen.
+On the western side in the province of Abeokuta it has very largely
+been destroyed, only comparatively small isolated areas remaining.
+In the Ondo province, however, some of the most extensive and
+heaviest timber areas of this type are found. A good network of
+rivers, such as the Ogun, Ona, Oshun, Oni, Shasha and Owenna, when
+flooded, form the outlets for timber worked in these localities. In
+the northern part of the Warri province and the southern part of
+the Benin province large representative areas of the evergreen type
+are found, though there they tend to mingle with the tall, mixed
+deciduous forests. To a small extent in the Owerri, but to the
+largest extent in the Calabar province, the rain forests find their
+finest development, culminating in the Oban Hills on the eastern
+side of the latter provinces. The rainfall there is 175 inches per
+annum.</p>
+
+<p>The Sasswood is one of the first trees to appear when the
+mangrove swamp gives way to the evergreen forest. Other large trees
+are the mahoganies, found chiefly on the old banks; red ironwood,
+with its brilliant red fresh leaves in the late autumn. In fact,
+these leaves are often taken for flowers, owing to their very
+bright colour. They gradually, however, assume a dark green colour
+as the season advances. An unidentified species of gum-copal which
+grows to colossal dimensions is found scattered rather diffusely
+and curiously in these areas. Different kinds of ebony, with wood
+varying from brown to green black, are seen throughout the zone,
+though, as with other trees, a different species is found in the
+different provinces; on the whole, the blackest wood is found where
+the rainfall is heaviest.</p>
+
+<p>The mixed deciduous zone, which consists both of deciduous and
+evergreen trees, mingles and gradually develops at the northern
+edge of the evergreen rain forest; in many cases the one goes over
+into the other almost imperceptibly, and it is only perhaps after
+half a day’s march that one realizes that one has left the
+evergreen type behind and reached the forests where half the trees
+lose their leaves every year. A very large development of these
+forests is found in the Abeokuta, Oyo, Jebu-ode and Ondo provinces.
+Very heavy inroads have<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_153">[153]</span> been made in these forests, and it remains
+to be seen whether sufficient will be preserved to ensure the
+future fertility of the soil and the requisite rainfall. One of the
+most prominent species is the cotton-tree, with its great root
+buttresses and muscle-like protuberances from the stem. The Obechi,
+or Arere, is another magnificent timber tree, with soft white wood
+and maple-like leaves, which grows to huge dimensions. The African
+greenheart, which may grow 12 feet in diameter, is hard enough to
+break the blade of an axe. The Iroko, taking the place of oak in
+African economy, is another tree frequently met with, and it
+extends its area of distribution as the forests are opened up with
+clearings. East of the Niger this formation is only found to a
+small extent in the Onitsha province; a little larger in the
+northern part of the Owerri province, and still largest in the
+northern part of the Calabar and the southern part of the Ogoja
+province. In fact, the finest development of the mixed deciduous
+forests is found in the last-named province, just north of the
+Cross River, where it is really at the edge of the true deciduous
+forest. In this zone some three kinds of mahogany are found, in
+some places very diffusely scattered, in others up to a thousand
+mature trees in eight square miles, or in a third nearly every tree
+a mahogany on both sides of the road for over half a mile. The four
+species in this zone vary less from province to province than they
+do in the case of the evergreen forest zone, though the total
+number may be greater.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning again on the western side, the open deciduous forest
+or dry-zone formation shows itself over a very wide extent in Oyo,
+Northern Jebu-ode, and in the Northern Benin provinces. East of the
+Niger it is of wide extent in the Northern Onitsha and Northern
+Ogoja provinces, but it also occurs in the northern part of the
+Owerri province as an artificial product of man’s destruction of
+the original forest. In some places this formation, owing to the
+trees being close together, more nearly approaches the deciduous
+forest. In others, owing to the poor and stunted nature of the
+arboreal growth, it more nearly approaches the open grass savannah
+formation. Only north of the Oyo province near Shaki, or north of
+Ogoja in that province, could it be said that this kind of
+formation is seen.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most prominent kinds of trees found is the Shea
+Butter, the nut of which is used in the making of chocolate cream
+and margarine. This tree, varying in size from a large oak to a
+short, stunted, gnarled and burnt relic of better forest
+conditions, is found over very wide areas in the Oyo and northern
+part of the Abeokuta province. Strangely enough, this tree does not
+appear in the northern part of the Benin or Onitsha province, and
+only occurs again in the north-eastern corner of the Ogoja
+province. The locust-trees, with their open crown and feathery
+leaves and long pods similar to French beans, are conspicuous all
+through the zone, and near the villages are specially
+preserved.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span> Mahogany
+is represented in this zone as another species which does not
+attain a greater girth than 10 feet and which is often gnarled and
+crooked owing to the annual grass fires. A medium sized Cedrela, or
+hard cigar-box wood, is found in isolated patches in the northern
+part of the Abeokuta and southern part of the Oyo province. The
+balsam-copaiba-tree is also very common in this zone in the North
+Benin, Onitsha and Ogoja provinces.</p>
+
+<p>The forests of this zone are perhaps the least valuable from the
+financial point of view, chiefly owing to their geographical
+position and defective means of transport, but economically they
+are of great value to the agricultural community, both for their
+forest produce as well as their soil-preserving and
+rainfall-conserving properties. The chief timber areas are situated
+in the heavy rain forest and mixed deciduous forest areas, though a
+few have recently been taken up in the mangrove swamps.</p>
+
+<p>As a minor, though important, development to the main forests
+are the evergreen hill forests, which find wide development in the
+northern part of the Jebu-ode, Ondo, Benin, Ogoja and Calabar
+provinces. On the whole, the species do not vary so much as might
+be expected, and in many cases it simply means a further
+distribution of certain evergreen trees beyond their zone of
+natural development, owing to suitable climatic conditions in these
+hills. For instance, the red ironwood appears next the mangrove
+swamp on the bank of the St. Barbara River, again in the evergreen
+forests near Calabar, and reappears in the hill forests of Oban,
+much further north. Probably the most typical trees of the hill
+forests are an unidentified species of gum-copal, as well as
+several species of Guttiferæ.</p>
+
+<p>The fringing forests are found chiefly on the banks of the
+rivers in an area which is otherwise covered with the open
+deciduous or dry-zone formation. Two leguminous trees are most
+typical of this zone. Stray deciduous or evergreen trees from the
+other zones are also seen. Such forest is thick with a fair amount
+of undergrowth, and the trees form a close canopy. The fringes vary
+from a few yards to half a mile in width.</p>
+
+<p>A further subsidiary form is found on the summits of the highest
+mountains, such as the Boji Hills, with their stunted satinwood
+trees, shrubs and grass. In some places there is yet another minor
+formation, that of the freshwater swamps. Some typical examples of
+these are found on the banks of the Calabar, Osse and Owenna
+Rivers. In most cases only one, or any how only a few species of
+trees are found, whereas in the major formations several hundred
+different species appear. The growth in these swamp formations,
+both mangrove and freshwater, is on the whole not so large as that
+of the evergreen forest. Again, the evergreen forest does not show
+such fine development or such height of tree as the mixed deciduous
+forests, though occasionally the greatest girth of bole is found in
+the evergreen forests.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_155">[155]</span><a id="c08s2"></a>II. The Mahogany and
+Timber Industries.</h3>
+
+<p>According to Nigerian law, timber includes planks sawn for logs
+and trees hollowed out or shaped for any purpose whatever. The
+timber-working industry, then, is a wide one, covering really three
+distinct fields of activity, though one or more may be combined.
+First, there is the felling of mahogany chiefly, and other
+furniture-wood trees for export. In the second place, the native,
+and to a slight extent the European firms, cut timber for local
+use, mainly in the forest, such as planks, canoes and posts.
+Thirdly, there is the Government, which under the auspices of the
+Forestry Department chiefly, and to some extent under the Public
+Works Department, cuts timber of various kinds, chiefly Iroko, for
+railway buildings and road bridges.</p>
+
+<p>Turning now first of all to the export industry, which is most
+important at the present time, though the local demand for timber
+will soon dwarf that of the former, there is a definite sequence of
+action necessary in embarking on this form of economic
+development.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as a firm decides on timber-getting, an application
+(made out in triplicate) has to be sent in with good maps or plans
+of the area, which is applied for, to the Conservator of Forests of
+that circle. It is understood that the area in question has been
+thoroughly examined by the firm before the application is made. A
+fee of £3 in stamps as well as a banker’s guarantee of £400 for
+each area of 100 square miles is also necessary before the
+application can be considered. The species of tree to be cut should
+also be stated, as well as the names of the villages and chiefs
+occupying or living in or adjacent to the area. Owing to the time
+taken in making the fullest inquiries into the occupancy and other
+rights, as well as ascertaining the financial standing of the firm
+in question, it is usually several months before the applicant
+hears that the area has been granted.</p>
+
+<p>Before this the applicant should also forward a confidential
+statement, stating exactly what capital there is available to
+develop the timber areas. An additional banker’s reference to the
+Crown Agents will save unnecessary delay in the granting of the
+area.</p>
+
+<p>Before the notification of the grant of the area, the licence is
+made out in the Conservator’s office, for which a £5 stamp as well
+as three good maps are necessary. Roughly, an additional £2 10s. is
+required to satisfy the legal fees upon registration, which follows
+immediately after the execution of the licence by the licensee of
+the grantees. It should be especially noted that anyone acting on
+behalf of a firm should be in the possession of a registered power
+of attorney, enabling him to act in the fullest possible way for
+the applicant or company acquiring land rights. This power of
+attorney should be registered beforehand, otherwise another delay
+will ensue whilst this is being done.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the area is granted, the applicant should mark all
+boundaries<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span> with the
+necessary marks, which also appear in the licence. Within six
+months after the granting of the area, work has to be begun. The
+first proceeding is to send in a list of trees, numbered serially
+from one upwards, stating the species, size (girth at 10 feet above
+ground), where situated, name of nearest village and chief
+occupying land in the vicinity, together with the amount of fees
+and royalties payable on the trees. The trees have been marked and
+numbered previous to the duplicate lists being sent in. It is usual
+to pay a cheque or bill for the fees and cash for the royalties,
+then one of the two lists sent in is returned to the sender marked
+“Permission granted.” Felling can now begin. On the whole, the
+general practice is to cut the trees down in the earlier months of
+the year and have nearly all completed by March or April. Logging,
+with a cross-cut saw or axe, and squaring with an axe and adze,
+follows as soon as the trees are felled, and, as it takes longer,
+continues afterwards right into May or June. Hauling begins as soon
+as sufficient logs are ready to be drawn and the hauling roads have
+been cleared. Usually different gangs haul to those employed on the
+tree-felling and squaring. Eighty or a hundred boys are lined up
+and haul on two ropes attached to the end of the log. The log,
+having been shaped at the end to allow easy hauling over the
+rollers or ground, is “snaked” along to the nearest waterside,
+river bank or creek. Here two timber-dogs are driven in the end for
+attaching the cane or rope to hold several together. In the smaller
+streams or creeks, single logs, or two joined together, float down
+to another station, where a bigger raft of 40 to 100 logs is made
+up. In a good many rivers the rise of the water takes place in
+July, and it is then that the largest number of logs float out.
+Another lesser rise for the most part, except in the largest, such
+as the Cross or Niger Rivers, occurs in October, when all logs
+possible are got out for that season.</p>
+
+<p>Logs left by this last flood usually have to stay until the
+following year, when the river will rise again. Sometimes as many
+as three seasons elapse before it is possible to get out some logs.
+The higher reaches of the Owenna have an unenviable reputation in
+this respect. Several short rainy seasons following each other
+successively cause the same result. The Ijors are the chief
+“waterboys,” who contract to take logs down the creeks at 5s., 10s.
+or 15s. a log, according to distance and nature of the creek. The
+Ossiomo has also a bad name, owing to its swift current and the
+liability of losing the logs.</p>
+
+<p>Most labour is engaged direct, though handed over to a
+contractor who is paid 1½d. to 1¾d. per foot of timber squared or
+logged brought to the nearest waterside. The labour, however, is
+paid by the European firm, which is entirely responsible for the
+payment.</p>
+
+<p>The shipment of the logs is made at Koko, Warri or Forcados from
+Lagos and at Lagos itself, the first-named port taking the
+majority. Many firms have a branch store and office at this port,
+or another firm<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span>
+ships logs for others not represented at a fixed charge per log.
+Export entries showing numbers of logs, size and value are
+presented to the Customs Department before shipment. Koko, which
+used to be quite free from the Teredo borer, is now unsafe for logs
+after a fortnight’s floating in the water there.</p>
+
+<p>The shipping companies do not particularly desire logs as
+freight, owing to their weight and unwieldiness in handling. Space
+is left between them to some extent in the hold. The hatches have
+to be especially long to take the biggest logs. From Lagos,
+Forcados, Calabar, etc., a freight rate varying from 35s., 40s., to
+45s.<a id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class=
+"fnanchor">[2]</a> per ton for 2¾, 3 and over 5-ton logs. Koko, on
+the other hand, is only 25s., with 10s. extra for primage. This is
+the same with the other freight rates.</p>
+
+<p>During the voyage the logs gradually dry, and often by the time
+they are put into the timber yard of the brokers they are split or
+cracked. Only the best logs, 30 feet long and quite sound at the
+start, stand all the rough handling they get. Auction sales take
+place about once a fortnight in the busy season, though sales by
+private treaty take place occasionally. Logs can sometimes be sold
+ex quay too, though by far the most of the wood is sold by public
+auction. The inclusive charge of landing, stacking and selling at
+the dock is roughly 10 per cent. of the value of the log. In fact,
+it is quite a considerable item of expense, and often makes the
+difference between profit and loss on the smaller and lower-grade
+logs. All logs are sold by the superficial foot, i.e. one foot
+square, one inch thick “sale measure.” Sale measure obtains only in
+the mahogany trade for square logs, and is roughly 20 per cent.
+less than the actual cubical contents of the log. Round logs are
+measured and sold by extreme (full) measure. A wane of six inches
+or less is left on the squared logs, because it makes them less
+liable to crack and split at the corners, and also it saves a good
+deal of timber which would otherwise be wasted.</p>
+
+<p>Liverpool is the best mahogany market, though fair prices are
+obtainable for good logs in London. Hamburg used to be the market
+for Gaboon wood, and on the whole new woods were better received
+than in the English market. As a rule, figured mahogany always
+commands a good price, whereas plain wood, with the exception of
+roey or counter-top timber, only fetches a moderate or low price,
+unless the market is understocked at the time. The best wood is
+obtained from the Ivory Coast, and the next best is Benin or Lagos
+wood. Sapeli wood is very heavy, and found a market chiefly in
+Germany. Cross River wood has yet to be shipped and proved, though
+samples there looked very good and even showed some figure. So far,
+only the leased areas have been spoken of. Now we return to the
+Reserves, where, however, permits to cut trees can only be
+obtained. Here leases are usually not granted. The rules with
+regard to replanting do not apply<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_158">[158]</span> in the same way, as all planting is in the
+hands of the Department. On the whole, stricter supervision may be
+exercised in the Reserves than on leased areas. Although a firm has
+no lease, the security of tenure for cutting the trees would be at
+least as good as under a lease. No other firm would be in the same
+position to fell and extract timber as the first one to whom
+permission was granted. The Government would not allow any other
+amounts of trees to be felled that would injure the working of the
+forest by the first applicant.</p>
+
+<p>Local felling is conducted by one or two firms in their areas,
+which were in the first instance obtained for export timber. For
+the most part, however, the natives or native foreigners fell
+various kinds of trees such as Iroko, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>,
+Owussu, <i>Sarcocephalus esculentus</i>, Ume, <i>Pterocarpus
+soyauxii</i> and <i>Pterocarpus Osun</i>, Edat, <i>Saccoglottis
+Gabunensis</i>. Nearly half the permits issued are for Iroko, the
+main building timber of the Yoruba and Benin and Ibo countries. The
+Camwoods or Barwoods are felled next to obtain the brilliant red
+heartwood, chiefly from the roots, but also from the stem. A
+dyewood which produces a fast colour is obtained by rubbing a small
+pointed section on a flattish piece of the same wood. A yellow
+dyewood is obtained from Anyeran <i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The canoe-making industry absorbs a large number of trees. The
+native, chiefly Ijor, chooses the tree with great care as to
+straightness of stem and length of bole. It is felled near a river
+bank or otherwise reasonably accessible place. First of all two
+sides are flattened parallel to each other; at the same time the
+length of the canoe is chosen and the tree bole cut off at the
+required length. A narrow groove about half the depth of the
+diameter of the log is now made with small axes and an adzelike
+instrument. The log is then shaped externally like a canoe,
+especially both bow and stern. Next, more wood is cut away on the
+inside and some pieces of wood stuck across to keep the canoe open.
+A shelter is put over it during a hot day. As soon as the requisite
+amount has been cut out, dry palm branches are placed all round the
+canoe outside on the ground; longer cross pieces are fixed over the
+canoe of the required length for thwarts when the canoe is
+finished. Long stakes are driven into the ground opposite each of
+these on each side of the canoe, so that the natives can obtain a
+strong leverage over the canoe. Fire is now put to the palms,
+beginning with the bow of the canoe. The heat makes the wood expand
+and thus opens the canoe; at the same time the natives pull down
+the stakes at the side of the canoe and press the cross pieces into
+their places. This extends gradually the whole length of the canoe
+in the course of the day, which is the most strenuous of all, as
+upon the energy and care exercised on this day in making the canoe
+open out evenly in its entire length and the same amount each side
+depends its future success in the water. It may turn out lopsided,
+or, as is often<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span> the
+case, a hole may appear in the middle of the stern end, owing to
+the centre of the tree having been rather old and rotten. This can
+be covered over, and is often above the waterline.</p>
+
+<p>Canoes vary in size from the Oguta canoe, in which the paddler
+has to keep one foot in the water to balance the canoe, to the
+twelve-puncheon canoe of the big traders. This last will have a
+great hollow dug out fully 6 feet deep at the stern end and over 60
+feet long.</p>
+
+<p>The sawyers cut the tree all round, fell it, and then cut it
+into 12-feet length logs, as far as the bole allows. The huge
+branches are left untouched. A large pit is dug quite close to the
+logs, and one by one they are placed over and sawn, first two sides
+and then into three large planks; finally these are cut into
+12-inch planks one inch thick. Most of the work is done within four
+miles of the railway line or within twenty miles of a large town,
+such as Jebu-ode, Ife, Ibadan, Abeokuta. Truck loads of this timber
+may be seen at Ilugun or Ogunshileh, on the Nigerian Railway.</p>
+
+<p>Permits are also issued for the making of smaller articles, such
+as verandah posts, culled out of a guttiferous tree; sleepers, sawn
+from Iroko (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>); sword-sheaths, made from
+Ogohen (<i>Musanga Smithii</i>); mortars, cut from Apa (<i>Afzelia
+Africana</i>); pestles, fashioned out of Eba (<i>Lophira
+procera</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The dyewood industry in itself is chiefly developed on the banks
+of the Cross River. The trees are felled in the Oban forests,
+allowed to lie a year or two, then cut up into long 3- to 4-inch
+irregular-shaped scantling or poles. These are sold chiefly in the
+Oban market, after which they are cut into small sections. Women
+take these up and make lozenge-shaped bricks about a foot long in
+the greatest length. These are sold at 6d. each.</p>
+
+<p>Under Government auspices, one of the first enterprises was the
+sawmill at Etehetem. A very hard redwood, termed Apassa by the
+Efiks (<i>Mimusops lacera</i>), and also mahogany (<i>Ochrocarpus
+Africanus</i>) were cut. Owing to the difficulty of expansion and
+the increasing cost of the logs, the plant is to be moved
+elsewhere. The railway had a small plant at Han, where timber and
+sleepers were cut for the Baro Kano line. At Ebuttemetta the
+railway also have a small mill for cutting chiefly Iroko, Apa, and
+a little redwood.</p>
+
+<p>Of the various firms, Messrs. McIver had a small mill in Lagos,
+chiefly for sawing up mahogany logs not worth shipping to England.
+Later, in 1909, Messrs. Miller Brothers built a mill at Koko town;
+Agba (<i>Copaifera sp.?</i>) as well as mahogany logs have been
+cut; Ebbe and Obiache, and Obechi (<i>Triplochiton Nigericum</i>),
+the last-named being a good whitewood.</p>
+
+<p>The Anglo-French Company have started a plant near Oron Eastern
+Circle to cut sleepers out of mangrove wood, Lagenaria and
+Rhizophora.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span>Lastly, the
+Government have started a new mill at Apapa, near Lagos, for
+cutting logs obtained near Akilla, on the Oni River, in the
+Abeokuta province, and the planing, grooving and recutting is done
+in connection with the Public Works yards and furniture-making
+establishment in Lagos.</p>
+
+<p>The Akilla work is run entirely by the Forestry Department.
+Trees are felled, cut into logs and brought to the waterside; then,
+rafted with others, floated in kerosine tins on lighter wood to
+Apapa. A regular rate is charged per cubic foot. Work was started
+in August 1914, and already several thousand logs have been
+delivered at Apapa.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c08s3"></a>III. The Permanent Forests or
+Forest Reserves.</h3>
+
+<p>In the main, all Forest Reserves become the permanent forests of
+a country. So far as Nigeria, for instance, is concerned, certain
+definite and well-defined portions of the original forests have
+been set aside, by agreement with the natives, as Forest Reserves.
+If these areas had not been set aside, they would have been liable
+to destruction under the form of shifting cultivation which the
+local people practise. For instance, at Olokemeji there are several
+thousand acres in the middle of the Reserve which were cleared some
+years ago and have not yet grown up. This would have been the fate
+of the rest of the forest if it had not definitely been placed
+under the care and protection of the Forest Department. The same
+applies to other areas scattered over the country.</p>
+
+<p>It is somewhat hard to define the meaning of a Reserve.
+Essentially it is an area permanently set aside for the production
+of timber or other forest produce. In many cases, however, the
+trees or the forests have to be preserved in the interests of the
+climatic conditions of the locality. If it is found that by cutting
+down a forest the rainfall decreases every year, the springs dry
+up, and the land becomes covered with grass, where actual grass
+fires kill all young vegetation and even hinder farming operations,
+then the forest must be reserved. To take some examples: In the
+colony of Sierra Leone there is a Peninsular Mountain Forest, a
+large and valuable Reserve, 80 per cent. of which is covered with
+red ironwood, <i>Lophira procera</i>. Then in the Protectorate
+there are the Kambui Hills, Kennema, then Nimmini, and the Loma
+Mountain Reserve. In the colony and Protectorate of the Gold Coast
+there is the Dunkwah Reserve. Some of the most improved reserves in
+the southern province of Nigeria are in the Western Circle. There
+are Olokemeji, Mamu, Ilaro, Oshun, Owenna and Ondo Reserves. Again,
+in the Central Circle there are the Okumu, Obagie, Gilli-gilli, the
+Uhi, and the Ogba Forests.</p>
+
+<p>In the Eastern Circle there are the Oban, Ikrigon and Ajasso
+Reserves, in all aggregating about 2,000 square miles.</p>
+
+<p>Contrary to the usual idea, we have seen that a Forest Reserve
+is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span> in reality only
+a permanent forest, which is primarily maintained for the definite
+production of some forest or other product. It cannot be too much
+emphasized that it is definitely set aside to be used wisely; and
+for all the trees taken, suitable replanting operations are
+undertaken by the Forest Department. The name “Reserve” is in fact
+rather a misnomer. In the early stages of a forest administration
+it is convenient to talk about Forest Reserves as distinct from the
+rest of the country, which is usually covered with forest and
+termed “unreserved” forest. It may, later on, become agricultural
+land; it may also be reserved, in which case it becomes a Forest
+Reserve or one of the permanent forests of the country. The main
+point to be observed with a Reserve is that it is primarily for
+use, and not that the timber is to be reserved and not to be
+utilized by the general public. Even in those cases where the local
+demands of the people are great and have to be satisfied first,
+before any outside timber exporter is allowed to work the forest,
+it is utilized to the greatest extent compatible with its
+maintaining a yearly permanent output of timber or other forest
+product. Permanency of output is the watchword, and strict
+utilization of the increment-bearing capacity of the forest each
+year. The increment is of course the amount which each tree grows
+each year. This amount, added together over the whole area, makes
+up the quantity which may be felled, on the proportional area
+during the rotation, in any one year. Thus, to give a concrete
+example: If an area is 100 square miles in extent, and the rotation
+is 100 years, then one-hundredth of that area, or one square mile,
+may be cut over in one year; also, if the sum of the growth amounts
+to 40 cubic feet per acre per year, this means to say that an
+annual cut of 25,600 cubic feet can be made each year over one
+square mile of the area, in the case of a clear felling of all the
+trees, or spread over an area of 10 square miles in the form of a
+slight thinning of the trees. In the Temperate Zone, on moderate
+soil, 40 cubic feet of timber per annum is a good yield, so that in
+the Tropics we may expect a yield of quite double this amount;
+therefore it will be seen how readily the forest can grow and how
+much timber can be obtained permanently from the Permanent Forests
+or Reserves.</p>
+
+<p>Another great advantage of the Permanent Forest or Forest
+Reserve, compared with the ordinary leased areas, is the fact that
+the planting is done by the Forest Department and not by the
+leaseholder. In an ordinary leased area this planting is a
+considerable source of expenditure and worry to the leaseholder,
+and even then satisfactory results are hard to be obtained. He is
+continually being reminded of his planting duties by the Forest
+Department, and he is continually striving to keep up the
+proportionate amount of planting, i.e. 24 trees for every tree
+felled, and this is by no means easy to attain. Although the annual
+leaseholder working in a Forest Reserve may be under<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> greater supervision and more
+stringent forest regulations than in the ordinary leased areas, on
+the whole his prospects of getting out greater quantities of timber
+more expeditiously and cheaply are much greater than in the
+ordinary areas.</p>
+
+<p>Particularizing some of the great concrete objects for which
+reserve is made:</p>
+
+<p>Firstly, the permanent supplies of timber of all kinds, with a
+view to turning out approximately the same quantity year after year
+in perpetuity—in fact, if anything, gradually increasing the output
+year after year. This means to say that, although the forest is cut
+down, it is replaced at the same rate at which it is cut down.
+Putting it in another way, there must be as many blocks, or
+portions or actual “stands” in the forest as represent the number
+of years which elapse between the time a tree is planted and the
+time it is cut down. This period is known to foresters as “the
+rotation,” and in northern temperate countries, for Coniferous
+trees the time is usually reckoned at about 80 years. In the
+tropics, with mahogany, Iroko and other timbers, it may be only
+necessary to allow 60 years, or perhaps on very poor ground 100
+years. In the case of teak in Burma, a rotation between 80 and 100
+years is perhaps about sufficient to enable merchantable timber to
+be produced. Putting it in another way, in the forest, in order to
+have the permanent yield, there must be sufficient trees of each
+girth class, so that when the largest, say those over 12 feet in
+girth, are cut down, there must be sufficient of those between 10
+and 12 feet, which will grow during a 10-year period (in which they
+are cut) from 10 feet to 12 feet in girth. At the present time it
+has been found convenient to classify each class as “under 2 feet,
+2 to 4 feet, 4 to 6 feet, 6 to 8 feet, 8 to 10 feet, 10 to 12 feet,
+and over 12 feet.” The object of this is to clear away, or have
+cut, all those trees over 12 feet in girth. This makes room for
+younger, quicker-growing timber. Although, under the Nigerian
+Forest Law, the girth of mahogany has been reduced to 11 feet, and
+in some districts to 10 feet, eventually, as the older and more
+unremunerative slower-growing trees are cut down, it will be
+possible to reduce the girth still further. To put this question of
+the permanent yield in yet another way: All the trees from one year
+old, or from the smallest size to those over 12 feet in girth,
+represent what we may call the forest capital. Now, the object of
+the rotation is only to take the interest on this capital; that is
+to say, the amount which grows on all the trees over the whole area
+for one year. It would, however, not do to clip off little pieces
+from each tree over the whole area, as they would be quite useless
+as timber. Therefore this amount is calculated out as so many cubic
+feet per annum, or so many trees above a girth of 12 feet or 11
+feet, or whatever the girth limit may be, and this amount, either
+in cubic feet or in the number of trees, is allowed to be cut down
+each year. Then we know<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_163">[163]</span> that year after year this amount can be cut
+down again, and as the soil and other conditions improve and the
+rate of reproduction is hastened by proper cultural methods in
+improving the soil, by draining and other methods of amelioration,
+still larger results may be obtained.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i029" class="iw3"><a href="images/fig029.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig029.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 29.—<span class=
+"bold">The Chief Conservator of Forests’ House, with five-year-old
+Albizzia Lebbek standing beside it.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i030" class="iw3"><a href="images/fig030.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig030.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 30.—<span class=
+"bold">Three Capsules of Mahogany (Khaya grandis Ivoriensis and
+Punchii), from banks of Owena River.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i031" class="iw3"><a href="images/fig031.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig031.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 31.—<span class=
+"bold">Capsules of three Species of Entandrophragma: E.
+Macrophyllum, the largest; E. utilis, the next in size; and E.
+cylindricum, the smallest.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 162.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Secondly, the object of these Reserves is to produce firewood,
+more especially in the neighbourhood of large towns; in fact,
+already in several cases, firewood plantations or Reserves have
+been made, such as those at Ibadan and on the sandy flats near
+Lagos. In these cases, trees five, seven or ten years old are large
+enough for that purpose, more especially of the following species,
+<i>Cassia Siamia</i>, or <i>Albizzia Brownii</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly, to provide grazing land, more especially in the more
+northern part of Nigeria, where the object is to divide up the
+area, so that so many cattle may graze on each area in different
+years, or for different periods of the year, so as to give the
+pasture and small trees which may be growing a chance to revive and
+grow again. By this means the pasture is improved and made of
+permanent value. It is also possible under this system to undertake
+permanent improvements in these large pastures by a certain amount
+of drainage in the lower parts, and fire protection in the upper
+and higher parts. In this way the cattle obtain a better pasturage
+and reach maturity all the quicker. In times of bad season, too,
+some of the closed areas may be opened for pasturage, thus ensuring
+that the head of cattle may not be allowed to go down owing to
+death due to drought or lack of pasture. In this way the grazing
+reserve acts as a kind of insurance against loss of stock in bad
+seasons of no rainfall.</p>
+
+<p>Fourthly, the production of oil seeds and nuts, such as the Oil
+Bean, <i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>, or the African Wood Oil-nut,
+<i>Ricinodendron Africanus</i>. It may also be the production of
+Cola nuts, which thrive in the forests in the shade, or in the
+partial shade, of other forest trees, and the Cacao Bean, which
+also, in certain localities, should stand in the partial shade of
+forest trees, more especially in the dry season.</p>
+
+<p>Fifthly, the production of fibres, such as that from the tree
+known as Eso, <i>Firmiana Barteri</i>, the bark of which is used
+for making rope. Then there are the various creepers, such as
+Kakoba, <i>Entada scandens</i>, which is also used for making rope
+by the Hausa and Yoruba, more especially fly-switches by the Benin
+natives. Then there are the canes, such as Egbe, used for roofing
+amongst the Yorubas and Okakan, <i>Eremospatha sp.</i> (large Benin
+rattan), and Ikan, <i>Eremospatha macrocarpa</i> (small Benin
+rattan), also used for making rope, and a kind of string which both
+the Benin and Jekii natives use for tying lath pieces together in
+house-building and in making coverings for their canoes.</p>
+
+<p>Sixthly, the production of domestic articles, such as
+sponges,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span> <i>Luffa
+Soudanica</i>, or wrapping-leaves for food, termed Ewayon by the
+Yorubas, or thatching laths, Ebe by the Benin natives, and the
+roofing canes termed Itebe by the Yorubas.</p>
+
+<p>Seventhly, the production of medicinal plants, such as those for
+native Ju-ju; and some, such as <i>Cassia occidentalis</i>,
+<i>Cassia fistula</i>, also useful to Europeans.</p>
+
+<p class="space-above15">The main difference between the beautiful,
+untouched existing forests and a Forest Reserve is chiefly in the
+matter of management. In the unreserved forests a lease may be
+granted for five or seven years, and the leaseholder may fell a
+great number of trees, such as mahogany, Iroko, etc. At the same
+time there is nothing to hinder the natives or original occupier or
+user of the land from clearing the greater part of the forest,
+except the protected trees, and making farms throughout the area;
+thus, in fact, gradually hindering, or at least reducing, the
+possible output of timber from that area. No new seedlings come up
+in these areas which are farmed, and, in fact, the fires which are
+made in the course of clearing the land for farming operations kill
+the young growth of all kinds. In reality, in a Forest Reserve
+there is more permanency with regard to the output of timber than
+in the original forest; there is, in fact, absolute permanency.
+Although no actual lease may be granted for a period of several
+years in a Forest Reserve, yet, as a matter of fact and usual
+experience, after a year’s working it would be quite unlikely for a
+Forest Department to stop the timber merchant from working the
+forest again, or rather from allowing him much the same number of
+trees as he had in the former year, because not only would the
+revenue from the forest suffer, but timber experience would have to
+be gained with another firm, which means a loss of time as well as
+revenue. Thus, in the ordinary way it is more satisfactory to have
+the same firm working in that locality year after year, provided
+they pay an adequate price for all the timber trees which they
+have. They can then invest the proper amount of capital in plant
+and hauling appliances, and thus make a greater profit and exploit
+the forest to better advantage than if a fresh firm came in year
+after year.</p>
+
+<p>To give a more concrete idea of what these areas mean, we will
+take it that on the average there are only 50 trees per acre which
+are of some value or another, either for timber for local use or
+for export, and taking the average rate of fee at only 4s. per tree
+(it should be noted that mahogany and so on are rated at £2 16s.
+per tree), it will be seen that the value of these forests is in
+all £12,800,000. This sounds a great deal, but when it is
+considered what a very large number of trees can now be utilized,
+either locally, in the form of planks and scantlings, and joists
+for posts, not to speak of all the various kinds of mahogany,
+Iroko, walnut, ebony and other substitutes which can be used for
+export, it will be seen that this value is none too great; in
+fact,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span> to the timber
+leaseholder they would be worth at least ten times as much. Of
+course, in this calculation all sizes of trees above a girth of 4
+feet are considered, for the sake of making the valuation as
+complete as possible. Naturally, the smaller girth trees would not
+immediately be utilized, but when we are totalling up the amount of
+forest or wood capital involved in the valuation, it is necessary
+to include them and put a value on them. If the necessity arose,
+even they could also be utilized and would at least bring in the
+amount of the lowest valuation per tree.</p>
+
+<p>The Forest Reserves stand also in a special position to the
+local people, for, after all, these Reserves formed originally part
+of the forest from which were supplied all the major wants of the
+native, such as timber, firewood, oil nuts and seeds, fibres,
+domestic articles and medicinal plants; therefore, whatever the
+main lines of protection of a good forest, the needs of the people
+of that locality must have the first consideration. After these
+wants have been fully supplied, then any surplus in the way of
+timber or other commercial products can be sold or exported
+elsewhere. This leads us to consider the fact that a Permanent
+Forest or Forest Reserve leads to a permanent source of revenue
+from that particular forest. Owing to the fact that there is the
+permanent yield of timber established in that area, it means that
+permanent money is being obtained from those trees and being
+brought into the Treasury as part of the permanent revenue of the
+country. If there is any increase, owing to the increased value of
+the timber trees thus gained—and the more stability there is, the
+better for the country—better arrangements can be made with regard
+to the reproduction of the forests. If there is a greater revenue
+being obtained from the forests, even more money can be justly
+expended by the Forest Department for the buying of better
+implements for planting and the Forest Station generally, for the
+making of permanent improvements in the forests, such as draining,
+road-making and fire protection. If these forests are not protected
+and unreserved, then in the course of time they must completely
+disappear, owing to the fact that man is so constituted that if he
+sees land, which may or may not be suitable for agriculture,
+covered with trees, he naturally thinks it would be better to cut
+these down and see what agricultural crop will grow there,
+regardless of the fact that there may already exist, or he may have
+cleared, fifteen times as much land as he requires for farming
+operations each year.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to all the above, there are the indirect effects of
+forests, which have been considered in the section dealing with the
+relation between Agriculture and Forestry. On the whole, it is
+better for the Central Government or Federal Government to manage
+the Forest Reserves, as by that means there is greater impartiality
+in their management and more stability and continuity in the Forest
+policy adopted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span>
+towards them. In each case, however, it is essential to have either
+co-opted or elected representatives of the locality, either by the
+chiefs or by representatives of the people, so that the wishes and
+needs of the locality may be thoroughly considered.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, and by no means the least important feature of the
+Forest Reserve, is the æsthetic view. In the regions of Permanent
+Forests, healthier localities are afforded for the people, and they
+are also prettier and more pleasant. This applies not only to
+temperate-zone forests, but also to tropical forests. It is a
+well-known fact also that where there are permanent forests the
+value of the other land in that locality is always rated higher,
+and is worth more for leasing if adequately covered with a
+sufficient proportion of forest.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c08s4"></a>IV. Afforestation in Nigeria.</h3>
+
+<p>The Forest Department, not being content with obtaining a
+revenue out of the forests from the trees cut down for export or
+for local use, have spent and are spending several thousands of
+pounds each year in planting valuable forest trees. Going back
+historically before the time when the Forest Department had a
+sub-head in the estimates for “Labour for Plantations” or “Teak
+Plantations” or “Upkeep and Improvement of Forest Reserves,” we had
+the annual planting of many tens of thousands of mahogany-trees by
+the timber leaseholder. The whole of this was chiefly done in the
+Benin district of the Benin province. Although this transplanting
+of self-sown mahogany-trees into better situations near timber
+camps, or at the side of falling roads and into the spaces left by
+the fallen mahogany-trees, was by no means carried out very
+systematically or under very expert planters, the results are all
+the more creditable to those who so early started to reproduce the
+forests. It is most interesting to see in different parts on the
+banks of the Osse River young thrifty plantations now nearly twenty
+years old and nearly 30 feet high. In a similar way in the forest
+there are to be seen large numbers of somewhat smaller sized
+mahoganies growing singly or in groups, only needing a certain
+amount of clearing and tending to prevent their being overgrown by
+other forest trees. Scattered though they are throughout the
+forest, it is not too much to say that the prospective younger aged
+forest will be more valuable than that which originally stood in
+its place.</p>
+
+<p>Easier to find, though in some way less attractive to look at,
+are the regularly made mahogany plantations of the Forest
+Department. In addition to isolated specimen trees which are found
+in the forest Arboretums at Calabar, Degema, Benin City and
+Olokemeji, several thriving plantations are found near Benin City
+in the Ogba and Obagie Reserves, in the Ilaro, Mamu and Olokemeji
+Reserves. In the last-named are the most extensive areas of all,
+and also, despite<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span>
+many failures owing to experiments on bad soil and seasons of
+extreme drought, the growth of the trees gives the greatest promise
+of mature trees, or at any rate merchantable trees, being grown in
+a comparatively short period. Plantations have also been made at
+Awka, Udi, Okwoga and Ida.</p>
+
+<p>Already on the old town site of Ijaiye, mahoganies have been
+seen over 6 feet in girth which have grown up from self-sown
+seedlings within a period of about sixty years. The soil in this
+locality is none too good, and the rainfall on the average
+certainly does not exceed 50 inches per annum. Near 47 Benin
+villages small communal plantations of mahogany have been made.</p>
+
+<p>All the mahoganies apparently, especially when grown in “pure”
+plantations, are attacked by a leading-shoot borer, which so
+weakens the leading shoot as to make it fall off, and the tree
+subsequently grows with two leaders. Later on this forms a large
+fork in the tree, which, when the time comes for felling, is by no
+means to be despised, forming as it does usually a very good
+“curl.” In other respects it is disadvantageous in reducing the
+length of the single straight bole. In this manner it has the
+effect of reducing the number of logs of long length and even shape
+and large size that can be obtained in one tree. In many cases, a
+log can be cut above from each limb forming the fork; but of course
+these are both much smaller than those from the bole, and are
+usually not nearly so straight, and one or other of the limbs is
+liable to be broken when the tree is felled. In the original forest
+only isolated trees are attacked by this leading-shoot borer,
+whereas in a plantation nearly all the trees suffer by its
+depredations.</p>
+
+<p>Various species are being tried for admixture with the mahogany
+in order to hinder the spread of the attacks. At Olokemeji there is
+a mahogany plantation largely interplanted with two species of
+<i>Mimusops multinervis</i> and <i>Mimusops Elengi</i>. So far this
+appears most suitable, as the soil is kept thoroughly covered by
+the dense shade cast by the Mimusops, and there is a very
+considerable space between each mahogany-tree. However, the
+mahogany grows faster than the Mimusops, so that after the first
+few years it does not have so much effect. Even so, it tends to
+keep the bole of the mahogany clean and the state of the soil in
+mechanical and physical condition such as to be most conducive to
+the growth of mahogany.</p>
+
+<p>A mixture occasionally seen in nature has yet to be copied—that
+of mahogany and Chewstick (<i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>). To some
+extent it is seen at Olokemeji, where the self-sown seedlings have
+come up in a mahogany plantation, but of course they were rather
+too late to effect the result, i.e. protecting the mahogany from
+the leading-shoot borer. At Ilaro a most typical Mahogany Reserve,
+an isolated plantation made amongst secondary growth, has more than
+held its own with little or no tending after the first two years,
+and yet the trees<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span>
+overtop all the surrounding growth. In some cases, both at
+Olokemeji and Mamu, either self-sown or planted Iroko
+(<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>) is found growing amongst the mahogany.
+Owing to the attacks of the coccus on the Iroko hindering its
+height growth, it has not had as beneficial an effect as might have
+been expected. Transplanting self-sown trees from an overshaded
+locality in the forest, where they usually first appear in a more
+open locality, has proved on the whole most successful. Again,
+transplanting self-sown seedlings scarcely one year old from an
+overshaded locality into one with more light has accelerated the
+growth of the seedlings, preventing them being killed by the
+excessive shade, and at much less cost has thus established a small
+plantation in the Benin forests.</p>
+
+<p>With the collection and planting of the seeds from the
+teak-trees originally planted about 1889 in the Ebuttemetta garden,
+a new area opened in the afforestation of Nigeria. Seedlings
+developed rapidly, and were found to grow at least 10 if not 18
+feet in the first year. Although not always keeping up this promise
+of exceedingly rapid growth, more especially in height, the teak
+bids fair to become, as in Burma so in Nigeria, the most valuable
+of all trees. On the whole it has been by far the most extensively
+planted tree of any in Nigeria, excepting that in the case of
+mahogany many more have been planted in the Central Circle. Teak
+plantations are now found as widely apart as on the banks of the
+Cross River near Ikom, Inkum, Ndeh and Ikrigon amongst the historic
+stones, and in the Arboretum at Calabar. Near Ndeh, for over a
+quarter of a mile the river bank is quite enlivened by the large
+and showy leaves as well as the tall, thin stem of the teak. To a
+lesser extent, though appearing more picturesque, is the riverside
+plantation on the opposite bank just below Abragba. In a district
+with a rainfall of about 60 inches and a deep sand alluvial soil,
+the teak so far has proved quite at home in the Cross River
+districts of the Eastern Circle. Even amongst the thickly growing
+grass at Ikrigon they have survived after coming up from seeds sown
+at stake, and bid fair to become an established tree of that
+locality.</p>
+
+<p>Teak has also found a place in the plantation near Mpot and the
+Oban Reserve. Going over now to the Central Circle, we have Oria,
+situated near the right bank of the Niger in the Benin province,
+with its rapidly growing teak plantations. Again choosing a local
+climate similar to that where teak is found has so far proved it to
+be a most suitable tree for this locality. Many other trees do not
+thrive or attain much size near here, so that the teak is all the
+more valuable for that reason. Near Benin itself, with its heavier
+rainfall and comparatively approximate to the sea (about 45 miles),
+it is doubtful if teak will do so well. Even so, growing more
+slowly, it would prove an additional most valuable tree to those
+already found growing in the district from which timber has already
+been obtained.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span>Again, in the
+Western Circle the very largest teak plantations are found: even
+from the railway carriage window you get an impression of the
+extent of these just before reaching the Eruwa Road station, and
+again just after leaving Olokemeji station, between 85 and 90 miles
+from Lagos respectively. Despite one or two fires, trees at Eruwa
+Road show quite average growth for the Southern Provinces of
+Nigeria. In seven years the trees had reached a girth of over 12
+inches and a height of over 25 feet. Happily, they were not
+fruiting so profusely as at Olokemeji. This plantation is all the
+more interesting in that it was made primarily for the use of the
+Railway Administration to supply teak timber for sleepers and
+constructional work.</p>
+
+<p>On closer inspection it will be seen that the Olokemeji
+plantations nearest the railway comprise six “falls,” “stands,” or
+“compartments” of 25 acres each, adjoining each other. Although the
+trees everywhere have not grown as well as on the better soil,
+these are far and away the largest plantations of any in Nigeria.
+Each “stand” is separated from the next by a broad ride and top and
+bottom by a broad road. Near by these are another two compartments
+of 25 acres each, though neither of these is entirely filled with
+teak, as also the first one in the other series. Nearer the
+bungalows there are the first made plantations of 1908, thriving,
+yet growing on the poor laterite soil. These stretch away nearly
+half a mile into the open deciduous forests at the back. What a
+strange contrast is presented in the dense, close growth of the
+teak plantation, with its soil covering of decaying and large brown
+leaves of the teak, compared to the stunted growth of Red Ironwood,
+small Bauhinia, some Paradaniellas and a few gnarled oak-like Shea
+Butter Trees! Such teak plantations open up a long vista of future
+developments in the conversion of the poor dry-zone vegetation into
+forests of valuable trees, both with and without extensive
+permanent improvements of the soil and subsoil. Even the large
+raceme-like clusters of the flowers, almost covering the whole of
+the teak trees in April and May, are not to be despised for
+improving the looks of a grassy lawn near a bungalow. A glimpse
+through the tall Terminalias on both sides of the Ogun, just before
+the curve is reached at Olokemeji village, reveals yet another teak
+plantation on the lower slopes of the easternmost of the two hills.
+Olokemeji means the “man of, or owner of, two hills” (<em>oke</em>
+means a hill, and <em>meji</em> means two, in Yoruba). Again, still
+further along in the valley of the stream, near the station, are
+some other older teak plantations from the years 1910, 1911. Here
+there is yet a different contrast. The broad, wide masses of the
+teak plantation are still on one side rather overshadowed towards
+the hillside by the giants of the mixed deciduous forests, such as
+the cotton-tree (<i>Eriodendron Orientale</i>) and <i>Sterculia
+cordifolia</i> and ebony (<i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>). However,
+later on the teak, growing on better soil than is found
+in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span> many parts of
+the Olokemeji Reserve, will no doubt equal it, if not surpass
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Further to the south, in the Ilaro Reserve, teak has not proved
+to be so much at home; although growing well the first year or so,
+the rate of growth since then has been distinctly disappointing.
+The soil may have been too damp, and the rainfall of the locality
+may be a little high, and perhaps later on it may be proved that it
+can be grown on the higher land at a profit.</p>
+
+<p>Further eastward and further northward, in the Mamu Reserve, the
+teak has grown as well, if not better than up the Cross River.
+Trees five years old have reached a girth of 24 inches and a height
+of 35 feet; with its good soil and comparatively high rainfall,
+probably rather more than 60 inches, Mamu bids fair to be one of
+the homes of teak in Africa. The older plantations on the river
+bank, some three miles away from those on the side of the
+Ibadan-Jebu-ode Road, have done nearly as well as those standing on
+inferior soil. So far the only damage done to any of the trees
+anywhere is that caused by a mistletoe-like parasite termed Afoma
+by the Yorubas, and known botanically as <i>Polystachys
+odorata</i>. However, only isolated trees having been attacked both
+at Olokemeji and Mamu, it is not difficult to combat its presence
+by cutting the trees down and burning the parasite. Still further
+north, on the bank of the Ogun just above the bridge on the
+Oyo-Iseyin Road, is yet another teak plantation. This was mainly
+formed by many of the seedlings in the nursery not being
+transplanted in time and being allowed to grow up altogether
+unthinned. Teak, however, forms such very persistent side branches,
+and has such a tendency to flower and fruit early in its existence,
+that only helps it to form a clean straight bole and retards the
+period of flowering by being planted close together. Also, nearly 5
+per cent. of all the stems have a tendency to bend over and form
+stronger side branches than a leader, and have, in fact, rather a
+more shrub-like habit than that of a tree. Again, quite 1 per cent.
+grow very slowly right from the beginning and thus sooner or later
+get suppressed. For these reasons, then, more are required right
+from the beginning in order to form a full crop of clean-boled
+timber.</p>
+
+<p>In the Ondo Circle there are some teak at Awshun, where, owing
+to rather a high rainfall and somewhat low-lying ground, the trees
+have not grown so very fast after the first year.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to isolated specimens over twelve years old in the
+Olokemeji Arboretum region, the oldest trees of all are found in
+the Ebuttemetta gardens near Lagos. These trees are nearly thirty
+years of age, and show a girth of about 6 feet. By no means growing
+on good soil, or in a suitable locality either with regard to
+elevation or the close proximity to the lagoon and the sea, useful
+for the best growth of teak, they do not at all show the possible
+limits of growth of this tree. Already<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_171">[171]</span> sample sections have been cut from one or
+two of these trees and reported on most favourably by the Railway
+Administration. Similar samples have been sent to the Imperial
+Institute for exhibition purposes. In a short time the first
+thinnings of the plantations will take place, and it will be
+possible to see for what purpose they are most suitable. At any
+rate, it is a termite-proof wood, and despite the fact that the
+white ants often attack the growing tree, they usually eat only the
+outer bark, leaving the tree quite intact and alive.</p>
+
+<p>In all, about 300 acres have been planted with teak, and even at
+the low valuation of the cost of making them they are worth at
+least £45,000. In this case a nominal value of only 3s. per cubic
+foot is assumed. As has proved the case in Burma, probably on the
+best soils only a period of eighty years will have to elapse before
+the final filling of the trees is made on the better classes of
+soil, and one of a hundred on the poorer soils. At approximately
+regular intervals of every ten years after the first ten or fifteen
+have elapsed from the date of the making of the plantation,
+thinnings are made. With each succeeding period the trees cut out
+are of larger size, and thus of increasing value with each decade.
+These returns soon more than cover the cost of planting, and assume
+greater and greater proportion towards the end of the rotation.</p>
+
+<p>Another tree with which a considerable amount of work has been
+done is the Iroko (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>). Here, despite many
+disappointing results, care and attention show that this tree is
+capable of reproducing itself in a comparatively short period.
+Beyond many specimens in the Arboretum at Olokemeji, a whole
+plantation was made by the Railway between that place and Eruwa
+Road. Seedlings come up in large numbers from fresh seed sown in a
+nursery. In fact, sometimes, as at Olokemeji, they have appeared
+thicker than grass. Subsequently, when transplanted, many thousands
+died, the roots being apparently unable to quickly adjust
+themselves to new surroundings and grow again before the leaves
+have transpired nearly all the moisture from the plant, and thus
+quite withered and dried it up. However, those which have survived
+show fair growth, even on poor laterite soil. This soil, of course,
+is quite unsuited, and certainly one of the poorest mediums in
+which to plant Iroko.</p>
+
+<p>Natural regeneration or the sowing of seeds at stake seems to be
+the best method, as we have in nearly all the Reserves large
+numbers of young Iroko seedlings of all ages and sizes coming up.
+In that connection one of the most instructive Forest Reserves is
+that of Ikrigon, where the Iroko (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>) is
+the most prevalent tree. Here, where most of the land has been
+farmed at one time or another and where the rainfall on the whole
+is sufficient to induce a good forest growth, the Iroko has tended
+to increase in numbers all through this part of the country. It may
+also be said, of course, that<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_172">[172]</span> the natives have directly helped in this
+process, by leaving some of the less straight and more branched
+Iroko-trees standing. They have used the best for canoe-making. In
+this manner seed-bearing trees have been available, and with part
+of the ground having been cleared for farms, the conditions have
+been most suitable for the reproduction of the tree. Subsequently
+the farms have been abandoned and the young trees have grown up
+amongst the weeds, creepers, and other inferior tree species, such
+as Albizzia, just according sufficient shade and protection for the
+young Irokos, and yet not too dense or thick to prevent them from
+sooner or later emerging and overgrowing the rest of the trees.
+Although, of course, many trees growing up under these conditions
+branch somewhat low down, they do not suffer nearly to the same
+extent, and sometimes not at all, from the attacks of the leaf
+coccus. This has two effects: not only does it not hinder and
+retard the sapling’s growth, but also all the sooner it reaches the
+higher zone or greater distance from the ground (as far as its
+upper foliage is concerned), so that these attacks do not occur.
+Again, the competition of the various weeds, Albizzias, creepers,
+etc., has the effect of so stimulating the growth of the young
+Iroko that in such positions it reaches a much greater height in a
+quicker time than when planted in pure plantations. From numerous
+observations it appears that after the first year the height growth
+may exceed 6 feet in one season. Even later this is kept up, and if
+the rest of the forest growth remains comparatively thick, no side
+branches can be formed on the bole of the Iroko, so that
+clean-stemmed trees are the result. As it gets older the Iroko
+stands less shade, and thus any small branches which do form are
+soon killed by the surrounding trees. Thus it is seen how we find
+these very straight, long-boled Irokos in the forests. Again, too,
+it is not very expensive, and at least much cheaper, to undertake
+partial cleaning and pruning amongst the self-sown Iroko-trees,
+especially to eliminate forks low down in the stem. Various
+experiments undertaken in the Ikrigon, Olokemeji and Mamu Reserves
+showed how quickly the sapling Irokos respond to this treatment. In
+some cases, trees only 2 inches in diameter and forked have reached
+nearly 4 inches in diameter and nearly doubled in height in one
+year. Another advantageous feature of the Iroko is the rapid,
+satisfactory, and smooth way in which the occlusion of the wounds
+made by pruning takes place. Even in the case of a very crooked
+tree covered with several branches, in fact almost forming a crown,
+these may be marked but not all cut until the following year.
+Surfaces of less than 2 inches will be nearly occluded over, and a
+tendency of the tree towards a crown will be almost obliterated at
+that point and be forming much higher up the tree.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently, the more northward the tree is found the less liable
+it is to attack by the leaf coccus. Whilst it is found in the
+Olokemeji,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span> Ilaro
+and Mamu Reserve, it is less frequent in the Ikrigon Reserve. In
+the Sokode it was quite unknown. This last-named place is in Togo,
+and the plantation is situated in a latitude of over 9° North.</p>
+
+<p>In the Ilaro and to a lesser extent in the Mamu Reserve it has
+been remarkable how rapidly the Iroko increases in girth when given
+plenty of space after being freed from the surrounding forest
+trees. In these trees, when showing a girth of from 4 to 8 feet,
+the diameter increment is most rapid. In most cases it averages
+over 6 inches in girth, and in one case at Ilaro it was as much as
+11 inches in one year. This rapid growth in girth is all the more
+valuable as the trees of this size growing in the high forest have
+usually nearly completed their height growth. Thus the bole is
+comparatively long and clean, and the extra growth is put on evenly
+all the way up, tending to make it more cylindrical than
+before.</p>
+
+<p>With the protection of the forests alone as Forest Reserve both
+in the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zone, not only are many
+Iroko-trees preserved and allowed to grow to their full size, but
+also large numbers of self-sown seedlings come up in the abandoned
+ground and augment the value of the forests. This is an additional
+reason why the farming in a Reserve cannot be continued for any
+length of time. The old farms become more and more filled up with
+valuable young Iroko-trees, which would be at any rate damaged, if
+not killed, by the farming operations.</p>
+
+<p>Even without taking into consideration the number of planted
+trees, the Forest Department has practically guaranteed certain
+future quantities of Iroko timber in the number of small trees
+which have been preserved and the potential value of the little
+ones grown up since the Reserves were made. Only in one part of the
+country is this anything like the case, and that is in the Ahoada
+district, where the natives use the Iroko-tree as a boundary mark
+between the different village lands and also between many farms. To
+a minor extent this can be seen in the Onitsha district, where the
+Iroko-trees have been preserved inside the villages, thus giving
+them the appearance of being the woods of the country while the
+rest of the land is bare. It is, however, just the reverse. They
+form the towns and villages amongst the trees, which are thus
+preserved from the axe and fire of the local farmer. Despite the
+fact that a fair number of large oversized Irokos have been cut
+each year in the Olokemeji Reserve, there are many more of the
+smaller size now coming on than were in existence when the first
+fellings took place.</p>
+
+<p>Another tree which has received a considerable amount of
+attention is the Cigar-box Cedar (<i>Cedrela odorata</i>), and to a
+lesser extent the Toon (<i>Cedrela Toona</i>). Although both are
+exotic trees, the former especially shows very quick growth.
+Despite the unevenness with which it is liable to come up from
+seed, the rapid growth of the<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_174">[174]</span> tree soon compensates for this
+disadvantage. In three or four years it may be from 18 to 24 feet
+high and 8 to 16 inches in girth. Both the largest individual
+specimens as well as plantations are found in the Olokemeji forest
+as well.</p>
+
+<p>More in place in the firewood plantations near Lagos and Ibadan
+is the Casuarina (<i>Casuarina equisetifolia</i>). At Olokemeji
+this tree has only done comparatively well. Also an exotic, it is
+most useful for planting near the sea-side on sandy soil, and in
+places with a smaller rainfall. It will also stand a comparatively
+dry atmosphere. The wood of this tree is very hard, almost like
+Ironwood. It is sometimes known as the Australian Beef Tree. Its
+numerous small branches on the stem make the wood rather knotty and
+of less value for general construction work. However, its heating
+power as a firewood is very great. Amongst all the forest trees it
+is one which yields the greatest amount of acetic acid, which forms
+the basis of an explosive.</p>
+
+<p>Another Australian tree which has been used to a lesser extent
+for Afforestation purposes is the Blue Gum of various kinds.
+<i>Eucalyptus citriodora</i> and <i>E. amygdalina</i> have proved
+to grow the quickest of any planted in Nigeria. Many others have
+been tried, but most have not survived. Specimen trees and small
+groups are seen as far apart as Onitsha, on the banks of the Niger,
+Ikassa, near the mouth of the Nun branch of the Niger, the
+Botanical Gardens, Calabar, the Olokemeji Arboretum and Forest
+Plantations, not to forget the streets of Lagos. In a similar way
+Casuarinas are seen near Government House at Calabar and in Lagos,
+besides the forest Arboretums and plantations.</p>
+
+<p>Another exotic from India, Lagerstrœmia (<i>Lagerstrœmia flos
+Reginæ</i>), has grown well both on the banks of the Ogun and on
+poor laterite soil of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve. For the sake of
+the flowers alone it is worth planting to ornament a garden or the
+edge of a plantation. The masses of mauve flowers last a
+considerable time and blend most beautifully with the foliage and
+any green grass near by. Although of branching habit when planted
+10 feet apart, if planted closer it will grow straighter and with
+cleaner bole. The timber is hard and very durable. So far this tree
+has proved a valuable introduction, especially for planting poor
+soils and river banks liable to inundation.</p>
+
+<p>A later, though an exceedingly good introduction is that of the
+Satinwood (<i>Swietenia chloroxylon</i>), which gives promise in
+the Olokemeji Forest Reserve of making a valuable addition to the
+number of timber trees of indigenous and exotic origin. This tree
+yields the Ceylon satinwood, which is usually worth at least £12
+per ton. The almost silvery-white tufted formation of the leaves is
+reminiscent almost of the Eucalyptus, though the leaf is rather
+smoother<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span> and not
+quite so narrow in proportion to its length as most of the
+Eucalyptus family.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i032" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig032.jpg"><img src='images/fig032.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 32.—<span class=
+"bold">Cedrela odorata, seven years old, with Forest Office in
+background, Olokomeji.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i033" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig033.jpg"><img src='images/fig033.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 33.—<span class=
+"bold">Cedrela odorata, Cigar-box Cedar, girth 5 feet, twelve years
+old, Olokomeji Arboretum.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i034" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig034.jpg"><img src='images/fig034.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 34.—<span class=
+"bold">Teak (Tectona grandis), ten years old, Olokomeji
+Arboretum.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 174.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some years ago the seeds of <i>Pinus Mercusii</i> were planted
+in several places, including those of higher elevation. Although it
+many cases the seed germinated, the seedlings subsequently
+died.</p>
+
+<p>Another exotic, the Swamp Cypress or Bald Cypress, or, as it is
+known in England, the Deciduous Cypress (<i>Taxodium
+distichum</i>), was tried near Benin City some years ago for swamp
+planting. Here, as in the other case, the seeds germinated and the
+small trees reached the height of about a foot and then
+subsequently died. The swampy ground where they were planted may,
+however, have been rather too acid or sour for them. The climate,
+of course, was no doubt considerably hotter than that of the
+Southern States of the United States, in which country this tree is
+indigenous.</p>
+
+<p>The original Spanish Mahogany, or <i>Swietenia mahagoni</i>, was
+intended for Afforestation purposes with a view to its yielding on
+the average a more highly valued wood than that of the African
+Mahogany. However, in Africa generally, and in the Olokemeji
+Arboretum, it has proved a very slow growth and more liable to
+attack by the leading-shoot borer than even the indigenous
+mahogany-tree.</p>
+
+<p>For the comparatively dry laterite soil of the Olokemeji Forest
+Reserve, Indian Rosewood or Blackwood (<i>Dalbergia latifolia</i>)
+has proved a valuable introduction. Growing comparatively fast and
+of somewhat branching habit, it soon covers the ground. It is, of
+course, better in mixture with others in order to produce clean
+stems. Latterly the larger trees have been attacked by a borer and
+considerable damage has been done. Still, in spite of it the trees
+have gone on growing, and apparently are capable of outgrowing the
+damage without an enormous loss of increment. In all, several acres
+have been planted with this tree.</p>
+
+<p>Indian Walnut (<i>Albizzia Lebbek</i>) has found a foremost
+place in the firewood plantation at Ibadan and Ede, as well as in
+the forest plantations at Olokemeji. Its rapid growth and
+comparative indifference to soil make it a comparatively valuable
+tree for Afforestation purposes. Although it is usually only
+considered suitable for firewood, there is no doubt that its wood
+can be used as a substitute for walnut, as it is in India. Already,
+in fact, it is largely a forest escape in Africa, and is found in
+many of the old farms and cultivated places. Its greyer, almost
+silvery-grey, foliage easily distinguishes it from that of
+<i>Albizzia Brownii</i>, which has larger leaves.</p>
+
+<p>A South American exotic, the Lignum Vitæ (<i>Guaiacum
+officinale</i>), is found in isolated specimens in the Olokemeji
+Arboretum and forest plantations. With such a very slow-growing
+tree, which may show half an inch growth in a year, it is difficult
+to be patient and wait for the many years before it will attain
+even a size large enough from which<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_176">[176]</span> to cut the smallest bowl for a game of
+skittles or bowls. Its very yellow small foliage is most
+distinctive and not unlike box (<i>Buxus sempervirens</i>), but the
+leaf is flatter and does not curl like box.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most valuable introductions in the forest plantations
+at Olokemeji and in the firewood plantations at Ibadan is the
+Siamese Cassia or Bombay Blackwood (<i>Cassia Siamea</i>). Almost
+indifferent as to soil and not requiring a heavy rainfall, and
+casting a heavy shade, it soon grows on the laterite, covers the
+ground, killing weeds, and rapidly attaining the size of a tree. In
+the plantations at Olokemeji, the trees reached a height of over 20
+feet and a girth of about a foot in five years. It is one of the
+few trees that will thoroughly kill the Econ grass. The masses of
+yellow flowers which appear in the crown of the tree and also in
+the leader rather interrupt the height growth, but make a
+magnificent show at the end of the dry season. It continues to
+flower and fruit for the larger part of the year. Either as a
+firewood tree or as a timber tree, it should always be worthy of a
+place in all Afforestation areas where the rainfall is none too
+heavy. The hard, almost black wood is of value in India, so that it
+should prove of value in Nigeria when the trees are large enough
+for cutting into planks or boards. Amongst the exotic trees which
+have not yet found a place is the Trinkomali Wood (<i>Berrya
+Ammomilla</i>) and Indian Rose Chestnut or Ironwood (<i>Mesua
+ferrua</i>), seedlings which were obtained from seeds of the large
+trees in the Botanical Gardens at Victoria. If they grow well in
+Nigeria, the somewhat heavy and flexible Trinkomali Wood or Petwun
+and the Ironwood should both prove of value for local industrial
+work.</p>
+
+<p>Although found as specimen trees in the Olokemeji Arboretum,
+<i>Copaifera officinalis</i> has not been formed in plantations,
+though small groups of the West African Gum Copal (<i>Copaifera
+salikounda</i>) are seen in the Ogba plantation of the Central
+Circle. Both these trees are doing very well, more especially the
+latter, which have reached a height of over 12 feet in six years.
+The former had produced some tears of gum three-quarters of an inch
+in diameter in the tenth year of its growth. In addition to these
+two, there is the Cameroon Gum Copal (<i>Copaifera Demeusii</i>),
+seedlings of which were obtained from the Botanical Gardens at
+Victoria. Considering that the last-named tree is indigenous in a
+territory so much closer to Nigeria than either of the first-named
+Gum Copals, it is highly probable that this one will grow better
+than either of the others. Up to the present it is not known,
+however, how the yield of the Gum Copal compares with either of the
+former. As far as West Africa is concerned, the Sierra Leone Gum
+Copal has proved to be the most prolific in this respect.</p>
+
+<p>The Indian Almond (<i>Terminalia catappa</i>) is seen more as an
+avenue tree, mostly in towns such as Lagos, but also in the Mamu
+Forest Reserve. It is certainly one of the best shade trees for
+planting at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span> the
+side of roads. Its rather formal habit, with the almost even whorls
+of branches, fits in with the straightness and even width of a
+road. By many it is not realized that the nuts can be comparatively
+easily cracked and the kernel inside is good to eat.</p>
+
+<p><i>Michelia champaca</i> is another most suitable tree for
+avenues. The chestnut-like leaf and the large, almost magnolia-like
+flowers are of a white colour, giving it a “distinguished”
+appearance such as is necessary for a roadside tree. The flowers,
+too, are used for making scent.</p>
+
+<p>Both as a shade tree and for its gum the Balsam of Peru
+(<i>Toluifera Pereiræ</i>) is also worthy of a place both in
+avenues and in plantations. Some seedlings were obtained from the
+Botanical Gardens at Pretoria, where the tree has grown
+comparatively well. Not so suitable for plantations apparently at
+Olokemeji is the Sugar Palm (<i>Arenga saccharifera</i>). However,
+in isolated places small plantations have been made with the Sago
+Palm (<i>Corypha elata</i>), such as in the swamp opposite Calabar
+and the small grove of the Betel Nut Palm (<i>Areca catechu</i>)
+near Lagos. Both these give promise of being useful acquisitions to
+the palms of economic use in Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving the exotic trees, mention must be made of the
+Thuya (<i>Thuya occidentalis</i>), which were obtained from the
+Canary Islands by Major Cockburn and planted on the hill at Obubra.
+Although somewhat slow growing, they have thrived in that climate
+and do not suffer from disease. This is the only example of a
+Conifer which has been successfully introduced into Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the other indigenous trees of which plantations have
+been made there is the Cedar Mahogany (<i>Pseudocedrela
+Kotschyi</i>), Emi gbegiri, Yoruba, which apparently grows but
+slowly in Olokemeji. It is much the same with the self-sown
+seedlings and with root suckers, both of which have proved
+disappointingly slow in that locality.</p>
+
+<p>Then also at Olokemeji we have the dry-zone Mahogany, <i>Khaya
+Senegalensis</i>, Oganwo of the Yorubas and Ogwangu of the Benis,
+growing in a small plantation and raised from seed brought by H. N.
+Thompson, Esq., from the Shaki district in 1910. So far the growth
+has been comparatively rapid, though the tree is occasionally
+attacked by the leading-shoot borer, which makes it fork
+comparatively low down.</p>
+
+<p>Of the African Walnut and the Long-capsuled Mahogany, <i>Lovoa
+Klaineana</i> and <i>Entandrophragma Candollei</i>, most isolated
+specimens and groups appear to have been planted in the leased
+areas of Benin. In addition to these, some other specimens and
+small plantations are found in the Calabar, Degama, Benin and
+Olokemeji Arboretums, as well as in the plantations of the Ogba and
+Olokemeji. Thus far only the Long-capsuled Mahogany has been
+planted in these; the difficulty of obtaining seed of the African
+Walnut has precluded its wider distribution<span class="pagenum"
+id="Page_178">[178]</span> in the various plantations.
+Long-capsuled Mahogany grows very fast, usually with an undivided
+stem and a big tuft of long pinnate leaves near the top of the
+tree. Stump shoots form very readily and soon attain a large size,
+as is noticeable in the specimen in the Benin Arboretum.</p>
+
+<p>The plantations of Ebony (<i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>),
+Kanran of the Yorubas, have been made in the Olokemeji Forest
+Reserve. Although, of course, very slow growing, it demands further
+attention, as it yields a good black ebony.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the soft woods there are plantations of <i>Triplochiton
+Nigericum</i>, Arere of the Yorubas and Obechi of the Benis, in the
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve. At first growing rather slowly, they bid
+fair to prove one of the most rapid growing trees. A mixture where
+teak was introduced to fill up the blanks will be interesting to
+watch in its future development, as to whether the teak will
+eventually outgrow the forest maple.</p>
+
+<p>Although the firewood plantations at Ibadan and certain parts of
+the plantations of Olokemeji have been filled up with West African
+Walnut (<i>Albizzia Brownii</i>), Ayinre Bonabona of the Yorubas,
+they will prove probably of greater value for the production of
+timber than for firewood. However, as a firewood tree it has
+yielded several cords of wood from one tree after only seven years
+of growth. So far it has certainly proved to be the tree which
+produces the greatest amount of firewood in the shortest period of
+time. It sprouts well from the stump, so that for a time its
+reproduction is very easy and assured.</p>
+
+<p>The Oil Bean (<i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>), Apara of the
+Yorubas and Opaga of the Benis, is found chiefly reproduced
+artificially, either by being sown at stake or planted along the
+sides of the roads in the Owerri and Benin provinces. Considering
+the hardness of the wood, the tree grows not excessively slowly,
+though, of course, compared to a softwood it is slow.</p>
+
+<p>Camwood (<i>Pterocarpus Osun</i>), Osun by the Yorubas, Ume by
+the Benis, has found a place in the Mamu Forest Reserve, its
+congener <i>Pterocarpus Indicus</i> having been planted in the
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve. However, as far as the size and habit of
+growth is concerned, the African Redwood or Barwood appears to be
+much superior to the Indian Paduak. The latter usually soon
+develops a triple stem with many small side-branches, whereas the
+African species always shows an undivided stem. In rate of growth
+“Osun” seems to be rather slow compared to many other trees.
+Self-sown seedlings come up readily in suitable localities, such as
+the Ikrigon Reserve, and on the whole develop more quickly. Anyhow,
+the continual demand in increasing amounts of this red dye-wood
+necessitates the careful preservation of the tree in the forest, as
+well as its continual reproduction by natural regeneration or
+plantations in the Forest Reserve.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span>Amongst the Mamu
+Forest Plantations there is that of African Oak (<i>Afzelia
+Africana</i>), Apa (Yoruba), Aligna (Benin), one of the few
+survivals of the efforts made to reproduce this tree artificially.
+The many insect and rodent enemies give isolated plantation
+seedlings very little chance to develop.</p>
+
+<p>Although Shea Butter (<i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>), Emi Ori or
+Emigidi (Yoruba), has been tried as a plantation tree, the
+germination of the nuts is very poor, and the rodents attack them
+unmercifully. Apparently root-suckers form the chief means of
+reproduction for this tree. They are very prevalent and very
+persistent once they have sprouted. The forest fires destroy a
+great deal of the flower in the early part of the year, preventing
+formation of the fruit, and thus the means of reproduction by seed
+is very much reduced. The improvement in trees protected from fire
+at Olokemeji is most marked.</p>
+
+<p>At Degema there is a plantation of <i>Mimusops Djave (?)</i>, or
+Aganokwi of the Benis, which shows comparatively fast growth; in
+eleven years the trees had reached a height of about 25 feet and a
+girth of 2 feet 6 inches. Although it sprouts well from the stump,
+it is easier to raise from seed, but the seedlings require great
+care in transplanting.</p>
+
+<p>At Olokemeji, Shinglewood (<i>Terminalia Superba</i>), Afara, by
+the Yorubas and Egoyn Nufwa by the Benis, is being tried in a mixed
+plantation. The growth has been rapid, and would probably surpass
+that of teak after the first five years.</p>
+
+<p>Over considerable areas of the Olokemeji and the Ibadan
+plantations the Yoruba Chewstick, or Ayin of the Yorubas
+(<i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>), has been planted. Its growth has
+been moderately rapid, reaching a height of about 8 feet in four
+years. In addition to the value of its wood both as a chewstick and
+from the fact that a mordant for dyes can be made from its ashes,
+the young plant kills all the Econ grass growing round it with its
+leaf fall. This makes the tree one of the most advantageous for
+Afforestation purposes. Its light-green foliage and delicate,
+graceful build, and slender bole and branches, make it also
+valuable as an avenue tree in the dryer parts of the country. In
+its similarity to the European birch it might almost be called the
+birch of Africa.</p>
+
+<p>With the Dika Nut (<i>Irvingia Barteri</i>), Oro by the Yorubas
+and Okherli by the Benis, small sample plots have been made in the
+Mamu Reserve and isolated specimens planted near the Calabar
+Arboretum.</p>
+
+<p>Although not for Afforestation purposes but for the production
+of Palm Wine, <i>Raffia vinifera</i>, Ako by the Yoruba, Augor by
+the Benis, has been planted and seeds distributed amongst the
+villagers of the upper parts of the Cross River districts. When
+these are grown there will not be such a demand for cutting down
+the oil-palm-tree for making palm wine as there is at the present
+time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span>Allowing only a
+value of 3d. per tree on all the trees planted during the last
+fifteen years, all the mahoganies and plantations are worth
+£240,000.</p>
+
+<p>In two circles and parts of a third a great deal of work of an
+Afforestation nature was undertaken years before any actual forest
+plantation could be made. These are the communal rubber plantations
+of the Ireh Rubber (<i>Funtumia elastica</i>). In the Central
+Circle, near over 700 villages and towns, plantations varying from
+a hundred plants to ones covering several acres and containing many
+thousands, were made, aggregating in all the setting out of over a
+million trees in a period of about five years. In the Eastern
+Circle, in over a hundred villages, and in the Ondo and Western
+Circles over two hundred village plantations were made.
+Subsequently Para Rubber (<i>Hevea Braziliensis</i>) was added and
+substituted for the Funtumia wherever the climate was suitable for
+it. Now the communities concerned have a very valuable asset, which
+they can tap from year to year and augment at their leisure.
+Whatever happens to the forest or the immediate neighbourhood of
+the village, there will at any rate remain the rubber plantation,
+giving grateful shade to the roadsides and the ground near the
+villages. In one case a village planted over 1,200 Para
+rubber-trees, which even as a commercial asset are by no means to
+be despised.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to these efforts on the part of the natives, acting
+under the advice and guidance of the Forest Department, there are
+the numerous rubber plantations in all the Forest Reserves. In the
+earlier days these were planted with Funtumia, where, for instance,
+in the Mamu Forest Reserve nearly one square mile of land is
+planted with this tree.</p>
+
+<p>Then, again, there are the district plantations, more especially
+in the Eastern Circle, where in many cases Para Rubber was planted
+instead of Funtumia. These areas are for the most part smaller than
+those of the Forest Reserve or Communal Plantations. They served
+more as demonstration areas to show how rubber would grow in that
+locality.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, near almost each native court in the Eastern Circle
+rubber plantations, in many cases of Para and in others of
+Funtumia, were made.</p>
+
+<p>The general cost of the Communal District and Native Court
+Plantation was practically limited to the amount involved in
+payment of the native Forest staff. These men, however, had other
+duties to perform, and on the average certainly not more than
+one-third of their time was occupied in the making of these
+plantations. For the making of the other plantations of the Forest
+Reserve about £2,500, or sometimes £3,000, has been spent annually
+in making them and in the cost of their upkeep once they have been
+made. Owing to the long dry season in Nigeria the number of plants
+failing to survive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span>
+it is somewhat high, and this very considerably increases the cost
+of the final establishment of the plantation. For some years the
+cost in many cases amounted to £10 per acre for the first year and
+£1 or £2 for subsequent years, for the cost of “beating up” and
+keeping the plantations clean. With the greater experience gained
+both in regard to the habits of the different trees and in the
+methods of reproduction most suitable to various parts of Nigeria,
+the cost has been somewhat lessened. However, even so, the cost
+compared to European or English plantations is not abnormally high.
+In Africa there is no land to buy, and no wire-netting is needed
+for the plantations, and the land usually planted has not a
+“letting” or “sporting” value, as it has in England. The buying out
+or compensating of the native rights of the usufruct of the soil is
+not so very expensive, especially when it is spread over
+comparatively large areas, as it usually is in West Africa. Then,
+again, even with the cost of £10 per acre, the total value of a
+crop after fifty or sixty years would certainly not be less than
+3s. per cubic foot of the timber, which thus allows ample margin
+for 5 per cent. compound interest on the original outlay, and a
+profit besides. In many cases the timber would be worth a great
+deal more, and also the value of the intermediate thinnings is not
+inconsiderable. Both these factors have been left out of the
+account, in order not to in any way exaggerate or make too
+optimistic estimates of the value of a forest plantation. But
+beyond the financial side of the value of forest plantations, more
+especially in a tropical country like Nigeria, is the very valuable
+indirect effect they have on the whole welfare of the country.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, plantations in forest groves improve and beautify
+a locality, whether on the level or amongst hills.</p>
+
+<p>In the second place, the forest induces a greater rainfall in
+itself and its immediate vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>Then the rainfall which actually falls in the forest is partly
+re-evaporated to fall again, thus making extra rainfall, and also
+the rain which actually reaches the ground in the forest is only
+gradually absorbed, thus making the flow of springs and rivers
+regular.</p>
+
+<p>Both on the level and especially on slopes, a covering of trees,
+such as a forest, hinders the washing away of the surface soil or
+tilth of the land.</p>
+
+<p>Forest trees only require one-twelth of the mineral matter out
+of the soil that an agricultural crop does, covering the same
+area.</p>
+
+<p>In a forest plantation there is always greater humidity in the
+air, and thus many plants of economic value, such as cocoa, can
+grow in its vicinity, which would otherwise not be possible to be
+grown in that locality.</p>
+
+<p>A forest acts as a moderating influence on the temperature of
+the air, being lower inside the forest than outside, when the sun
+is very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span> hot.
+Conversely, when it is cold outside in the “harmattan” season it is
+warmer in the forest.</p>
+
+<p>Nearer the interior of the forest certain better grasses and
+pasture are found, which are of incalculable value, in a drought,
+to the cattle in that locality.</p>
+
+<p>During the long period of the rotation, usually at least 60 or
+80 years, in most forests there are large accumulations of leaf
+mould or litter, which on occasion can be used in reasonable
+quantities for manuring neighbouring agricultural lands. This is of
+incalculable benefit where the ground outside the forest is
+comparatively poor and dry.</p>
+
+<p>It has been proved also that in these long forest rotations the
+mineral rock and subsoil have time to weather, and add further
+mineral matter to the enrichment of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>The forest, too, provides grateful shelter and sanctuary for
+game animals and birds of all kinds, thus providing, especially in
+Africa, the largest source of meat which the native has.</p>
+
+<p>When all these indirect advantages and good effects of the
+forest are added together and a definite value put on them, and
+then considered in addition to all the timber and firewood the
+forest produces, it will be seen how wonderfully and providentially
+beneficial the forests really are, and also how absolutely
+essential they are in a country like Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Just as effective, and cheaper, except perhaps as regards time,
+than the artificially made forest plantation, are the protected
+forests; even in the worst case, starting with a poor country
+growth and small dry-zone shrubs and trees, after ten years there
+is a compact, close-growth, medium-sized tree with straightened
+stem and less branching habit, and the ground comparatively free
+from grass. During a further period this forest can be thinned out
+by removing the poorer shrubs and trees and allowing seedlings of
+more valuable species to come up. They will often do this in the
+shade of poorer and more hardy trees. Still later, as the
+soil-moisture conditions improve, the humidity increases as well as
+the rainfall; still other species come in or can be introduced
+artificially. Eventually, by the end of the first rotation there is
+probably quite a different forest to that in existence at the time
+of the annual grass-fires, and one which is more akin to the
+original forests before the advent of Man with his firestick.</p>
+
+<p>Quite apart from any money which has been spent on direct forest
+plantations, the indirect effect of the protection afforded to the
+trees in the various forest reserves is of almost incalculable
+value. If the figure should be calculated out even at a low rate of
+only £1 per acre, then the total value is £768,000 for the Reserves
+already made. Again, considering this result has only been attained
+after<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span> about fifteen
+years’ work, it will only go to show the vast potentialities and
+resources that may be eventually created, or preserved from
+destruction, in Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above15 space-below1">MEASUREMENTS OF
+PLANTED TREES IN THE OLOKEMEJI RESERVE</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t183">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Species.</th>
+<th rowspan="2">Original<br>
+Age in<br>
+1911.</th>
+<th>1911.</th>
+<th>1912.</th>
+<th class="thbd-right">1913.</th>
+<th>1911.</th>
+<th>1912.</th>
+<th class="thbd-right">1913.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Mean Average Growth<br>
+in One Year.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th>Height in<br>
+feet.</th>
+<th>Height in<br>
+feet.</th>
+<th class="thbd-right">Height in<br>
+feet.</th>
+<th>Girth in<br>
+inches.</th>
+<th>Girth in<br>
+inches.</th>
+<th class="thbd-right">Girth in<br>
+inches.</th>
+<th>Height in<br>
+feet.</th>
+<th>Girth in<br>
+inches.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1.</td>
+<td>Tectona grandis</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">27</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">30·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">34</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">18·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">21</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">5½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">32·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">37·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">38</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">24·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">28</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">32·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">3.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">26·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">32·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">34·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">14·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">19·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">23·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">4.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">25·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">28·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">12·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">16·0</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">18·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">5.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">25·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">29</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">13</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">18·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">6.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">27</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">32·35</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">18·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">21·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">7.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">11</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">17</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>8</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">10</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">12</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">8.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">24</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">24·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">10·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">13</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">15·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">9.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">21</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">21·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">12·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">19</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">10.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">24·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">26·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">13</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">16</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">18</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">11.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">21</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">26·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">14·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">19</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">22</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">12.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">22</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">28·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">12·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">27</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">13.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">23</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">29·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">13·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">18</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">14.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">32</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">37·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">19</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">22·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">15.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">21</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">10</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">16.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">12</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>4·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">17.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">32·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">12·25</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">18.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">22</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">56</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">10·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">45</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">19.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">8½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">51</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">42·75</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">48</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">20.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">8½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">47·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">51·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">37</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">39</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">42</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>7·62*</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>4·83*</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">21.</td>
+<td>Cedrela odorata</td>
+<td class="tdc">6½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">40</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">43·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">49</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">36·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">41</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">45</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>6·8</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>6·28</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">22.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced10 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">6½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">35·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">40·50</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">44</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">27·25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">30·50</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">34·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>6·15</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>4·74</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">23.</td>
+<td>Chlorophora excelsa</td>
+<td class="tdc">4½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">13</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">19·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">23·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">21</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">27·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>4·16</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>4·72</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">24.</td>
+<td>Triplochiton Nigericum</td>
+<td class="tdc">2½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">25</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">31·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">35·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">12</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">16</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">19·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">12·3</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">19·0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">25.</td>
+<td>Terminalia superba</td>
+<td class="tdc">8½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">65</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">73·0</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">74</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">48</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">51</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">53</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>8·31</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>6·0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">26.</td>
+<td>Eucalyptus sp.</td>
+<td class="tdc">8½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">95·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">90·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">94</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">34·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">37</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">37</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">10·98</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>4·26</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">27.</td>
+<td>Khaya sp.</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">22</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">33·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">39</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">10</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">19</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>9·0</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>4·23</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">28.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced6 pad1">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">3½</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">15</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">23·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">28</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">9·75</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">13</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">15</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>6·34</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1"><span class="padnum">0</span>3·59</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">29.</td>
+<td>Casuarina sp.</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">22·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">30</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">11</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">30.</td>
+<td class="word-spaced8 pad15">„ „</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1">22·5</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">30</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdl padl1 thbd-right">10·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p>* Average for twenty teak-trees.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c08s5"></a>V. The Forest Department.<a id=
+"FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class=
+"fnanchor">[3]</a></h3>
+
+<p>European Forest Officers are of two ranks, the
+<em>scientifically</em> trained Conservators of Forests and the
+<em>executively</em> trained Foresters.</p>
+
+<p>The scope of this paper will only cover the former, as very few
+of the latter are Europeans, and most of them Nigerians.</p>
+
+<p>From Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh, graduates in Forestry can
+usually be procured. The training at these centres covers roughly a
+year or a year and a half’s work on the elementary subjects, such
+as Botany, Mathematics, Geology, Mensuration, Surveying, and
+Political Economy. In addition, a year or two years’ work on the
+professional subjects, Silviculture or the growing of Forests,
+Forest Protection, Forest Utilization, Forest Botany, Forest
+Entomology, Forest History and Forest Policy is required. At the
+end of the course, six months’ practical work in Scottish or
+English forests follows, during which period working plans and
+market conditions are especially studied.</p>
+
+<p>After being accepted for appointment in Nigeria, a further three
+months’ course is taken at the Royal Gardens, Kew; and six months’
+practical work on the Continent was (before the war) usually
+required. At Kew, the object is to acquire a working knowledge of
+the most important Botanical Orders which contain the African
+trees. The continental course shows the student forests which have
+been under a definite scheme of management for over a hundred
+years. It takes one, in fact, right through the life-history of a
+tree from a seedling in the nursery-bed to the well-grown
+financially mature tree, marked ready for the axe, a period of
+about eighty years.</p>
+
+<p>The initial appointment is for three years on probation, after
+which it may be confirmed. The initial salary of an Assistant
+Conservator of Forests is £300 per annum, rising by increments of
+£15 to £400 per annum. The first appointment dates from the day of
+sailing, the passage being paid by the Nigerian Government, and
+salary on half-pay begins from the date of departure until the
+arrival in Nigeria, when full salary begins to accrue. Intending
+candidates should bear in mind that an early selection for
+appointment entitles them to seniority over other candidates who,
+owing to their being fully qualified, are appointed immediately,
+and thus reach the Colony before them. Locally, a commuted
+travelling allowance of £42 per annum is drawn to compensate for
+the extra cost entailed in inspecting the forests. A limited number
+of carriers, or other means of transport,<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_185">[185]</span> are provided by the Government. For the
+purpose of more rapidly getting about, a bicycle, motor, or horse
+may be kept, and an allowance is given for maintenance. The cost of
+living is high, even when furnished quarters or a bungalow are
+provided.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i035" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig035.jpg"><img src='images/fig035.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 35.—<span class=
+"bold">Teak, six years old, Olokomeji Arboretum.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i036" class="iw11"><a href=
+"images/fig036.jpg"><img src='images/fig036.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 36.—<span class=
+"bold">Khaya Senegalensis, five years old, from seed obtained by H.
+N. Thompson, Esq., in Shaki District.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i037" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig037.jpg"><img src='images/fig037.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 37.—<span class=
+"bold">Mature Iroko Tree (Chlorophora excelsa), over 12 feet in
+girth in 1911, since cut down and used for building the Chief
+Conservator of Forests’ House.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 184.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lagos is the first port of call in Nigeria, and there is a
+railway journey of 123 miles before reaching Ibadan, the temporary
+headquarters of the Forest Department. Olokomeji, 90 miles from
+Lagos, is the old headquarters, and from here the forestry work of
+the Southern Provinces is directed. Zaria, situated some 450 miles
+from Lagos, is the headquarters of the Forestry Department in the
+Northern Provinces.</p>
+
+<p>A newly appointed officer would be liable to be sent to either
+of these last-named places; but owing to the larger number of men
+being stationed in the Southern Provinces, the majority are sent to
+that centre. Olokomeji is in the middle of a Forest Reserve 26
+square miles in extent, and is also the headquarters both of the
+Western Circle and of its northern division. In each circle there
+is a Conservator of Forests in charge, and he has an assistant to
+manage each division. In the event of a shortage of staff it may
+happen that a new man is put in charge of a division and thus has
+an opportunity of learning all about the work much more quickly
+than would otherwise be the case. In the ordinary way he only
+corresponds with his Conservator and the timber interests of his
+division on purely local matters.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1901, a moderately large Arboretum has been planted at
+Olokomeji, containing quite a number of indigenous trees growing
+under natural conditions, according to the type of climate found in
+that locality, and also some exotic trees which grow in similar
+climates in Asia or South America. In a comparatively short time
+the new Forest Officer can get a very fair idea of the most
+important timber trees found locally, as well as elsewhere. In
+connection with the work of renewing the labels on specimen trees,
+ocular demonstration of all these trees is obtainable. The local
+Ranger can usually supply the vernacular names, and here is a wide
+field for linguistic qualifications. Yoruba is the local language,
+Benin is spoken by a large number of people in the Central Circle,
+and Hausa by nearly all itinerant traders throughout the country.
+Ibo, another language, is spoken by nearly 3,000,000 inhabitants,
+while many of the Cross River people (Eastern Circle) speak Efik;
+some, however, speak New Calabar or Ibibio, while again, in a large
+part of the Niger Delta, Brass or Ijor is spoken. Sooner or later
+the language of the locality should be acquired, and in fact this
+is prescribed by Government order as a necessary preliminary to the
+granting of the first increment.</p>
+
+<p>The routine office work includes simple book-keeping, analysis
+of records, appointments of staff, the engagement of native
+labour<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span> and all
+payments. The executive work outside is carried out by the Forest
+Guards, Foresters, and Rangers, who require constant supervision.
+Owing to the distance, only some of them can report at Forest
+Headquarters each month, and the rest must be seen when the Forest
+Executive Officer makes his tour of inspection. If possible,
+travelling should take the place of indoor work for at least ten
+days a month.</p>
+
+<p>At first sight, on examining the tropical forest, it appears
+like a very mixed collection of different kinds of trees; on closer
+inspection, however, similarities and contrasts are apparent, such
+as Ebony, <i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>, with its thin, black
+scaly bark, and that of the somewhat regularly, deeply fissured
+bullet-wood tree, <i>Mimusops multinervis</i>, and its white latex,
+which the former does not exude.</p>
+
+<p>In walking through a forest, it is normally best to make the
+carriers precede. Owing to their tendency to lag, and their desire
+to sit down at inconvenient times, it is an advantage to have them
+in front. Frequently one may have to stop and examine a flower or
+leaf, and it only adds to the carriers’ labour if the whole column
+has to stop whilst seeds and specimens are being collected. A march
+of about 15 miles is sufficient, and takes up the better part of
+the day, if an examination of the forests is being made on the way.
+In most parts villages are eight to ten miles apart, sometimes
+nearer; so the carriers can stop and purchase food. In the larger
+forests, however, a distance of over 20 miles is sometimes covered
+without sight of a house; in that case the people of the last
+village are asked to bring food for the carriers, and the carriers
+themselves are given a day’s food as well, which has to be cooked
+on reaching camp. In some places the chiefs provide food (yams,
+etc.), which is distributed to the carriers, or in some places 3d.
+a day per head is allowed them for purchasing food. So long as the
+carrier gets food and his load is not excessively heavy, he is
+quite cheerful and walks well. He will pick his way in mud, over
+roots, and up the steepest rocks in the hill forests.</p>
+
+<p>Current wages vary from 9d. to 1s. a day, the head-man getting
+from 1s. to 2s. a day. Local felling-permits being issued both by
+the District and Forest Officers to natives for felling timber for
+local use, at District Stations a call is paid the District Officer
+to discuss current forest questions and examine the permit books.
+At the same time there is an opportunity of seeing what further
+development of forest work is possible in the district. The local
+Forest Guards, Foresters, or Forest Rangers report themselves,
+usually giving a very good account of the local forest conditions.
+Since the demand for local timber has been growing, a stop may have
+to be made to supervise the marking or girdling of suitable trees
+for bridge-building under the auspices of the Public Works
+Department. On a journey<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_187">[187]</span> through the mahogany forest, the different
+camps of the timber firms have to be visited. These firms have
+hundreds of square miles for the purpose of exploiting mahogany and
+furniture woods. At the same time the checking and inspecting of
+the stumps of all the trees felled has to be gone through. The
+young mahogany seedlings are also seen, and from the number of
+these it is known whether sufficient have been planted to take the
+place of those cut down. The very rapid growth of these trees can
+here be studied to advantage; trees now 40 feet high have only been
+planted a few years. The relative value of the direct planting of
+seedling trees as compared with the natural regeneration of the
+forest by self-sown seedlings can be observed with ocular
+clearness. In one part of the forest one sees natives standing on a
+platform hacking away with an axe into a huge 50-feet mahogany; in
+another place a similar tree, fallen, its 90-feet bole already sawn
+into three round logs: while in a third locality may be seen a
+native, axe or adze in hand, squaring mahogany logs with a 4-feet
+side. Later in the season eighty or more natives are engaged in
+dragging one of these logs on round billets of wood (for rollers)
+along a track, roughly cleared to the height of a man, to the
+nearest natural water-way; still later (that is, in July or
+August), when the rivers rise, the logs may be seen floating singly
+down to the rafting-place on the main creek, where rafts are made
+with logs four or eight abreast, each fastened to the next, from a
+timber-dog at either end, with cane. From here, riverine natives
+such as the Ijors take the logs to the nearest river or ocean-going
+steamer port.</p>
+
+<p>The administrative work of the Department is in the hands of the
+Senior Conservators of Forests, under whom the Conservators manage
+their circles. The Chief Conservator of Forests, the head of the
+Department, initiates and controls the whole policy of the
+Department, being relieved of all details of administration. In
+order to ensure continuity of policy and action, a Working-plans
+Division has been formed. A working plan for the forests is a
+scheme of management laid down for a number of years; no change can
+be made in such a plan without special reference both to the head
+of that division and to the head of the Department. With only one
+year’s service, followed by leave of absence, continuity of action
+would be broken if it were not for a definitely approved plan.</p>
+
+<p>The Forest Department has supplied the Railway, Marine, and
+Public Works Department with timber of various kinds. In some cases
+the timber is obtained by departmental working, and in others is
+cut by native contractors under the supervision of the Department.
+In the first instance, the conditions under which timber is to be
+supplied to other departments are put before the Secretariat,
+and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span> when once the
+work has been begun, the local Forest Officer deals direct with the
+department concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Forestry progress in Nigeria has been less tardy than in several
+other Colonies, though many forests have been destroyed owing to
+lapse of time before the formation of a department. In 1904 there
+were eight, and there are now twenty-four administrative
+appointments. The amalgamation of Northern and Southern Nigeria
+into one administration should accelerate the development of
+Forestry. It is as yet only in its initial stages, and scarcely
+more than a thousand square miles of forests, out of nearly a
+hundred thousand which exist in some form or another, have been
+permanently set aside for further timber production. The
+revenue-earning capacity of the Forest Department has been somewhat
+diminished by the war; but with recent legislation more local
+revenue should be obtained, which should more than off-set any loss
+already sustained. Provided the financial position of Nigeria
+remains strong, the prospects of the Forest Department are quite
+bright.</p>
+
+<p>Although Nigeria has by far the largest Forest Department, very
+similar conditions of service obtain in the other West African
+Colonies of the Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; but there are no
+Forest Officers in the Gambia.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c08s6"></a>VI. A Review of the Botanical
+Features of Northern Nigeria.</h3>
+
+<p class="sch2">By Dr. J. M. Dalziel.</p>
+
+<p>The Northern Provinces of Nigeria exhibit in an interesting
+manner the transition, now familiar in West Africa, of physical
+characteristics from the tropical forest to the border region “that
+just divides the desert from the sown.”</p>
+
+<p>So far as the progressive stages may be stated in terms of
+geographical latitude, we may place the northern limit of the
+forest belt at about 8° North latitude. A convenient natural
+boundary in a portion of the area under consideration may be
+accepted in the lower course of the Benué River from its tributary,
+the Katsina River, or even as far up as Ibi, to the Niger at
+Lokoja. On the other hand, the southern limit of the desert is
+taken at about 17° North latitude, or higher, and thus falls some
+three or more degrees beyond the northern boundary.</p>
+
+<p>Between these arbitrary limits lies the greater part of Northern
+Nigeria and practically the whole of Hausaland, presenting physical
+features which vary through grassy plains and rolling downs,
+orchard-bush and thin-crowned forest, laterite plateaux and hilly
+woodlands, to the mountains of the Bauchi Highlands. The vegetative
+covering over a very large area can be classed as one or other type
+of savannah, tree and bush savannah, or open orchard and treeless
+savannah, with intermediate grades. Local topography alters the
+type here and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span>
+there, galleries of evergreen vegetation occupying the intersecting
+belts of permanent streams or fringing a marsh, wide meadows
+bordered by low forest, but occupied entirely by grasses of few
+species, with scattered islets of foliage, or, again, outcrops of
+bare laterite and isolated domes and turtle-backs of crystalline
+rock, “inselbergs” and “kopjes,” introducing features of their
+own.</p>
+
+<p>The Niger Delta displays admirably the high evergreen or moist
+tropical forest. This probably connects itself through the Kameruns
+with the great Central African forest of French and Belgian Congo,
+which is again said to be continuous through the gap between
+Ruwenzori and Lake Albert with that of British East Africa.</p>
+
+<p>West of the Niger Delta the coast, including Lagos, Dahomey and
+Togo, is sandy, and bush rather than high forest commences almost
+on the shore. Ascending the Niger, one finds that the true “rain
+forest” ends, but not abruptly, in the neighbourhood of Asaba; a
+gradual transition occurs, first to an intermediate type, partly
+evergreen with many large trees, but mingled with those that lose
+their leaves in the months of little rainfall. This change is
+apparent even on the river-bank, and below Lokoja a more open but
+still semi-evergreen forest clothes the valleys, but shows already
+more of the deciduous element on the hills. Farther north the
+voyage from the mouth of the Kaduna River to the Zungeru light
+railway terminus at Barijuko, as often experienced in previous
+years, reveals again the progressively deciduous character of the
+foliage, resulting in a still more open forest.</p>
+
+<p>The river-bank, however, possessing permanent moisture and its
+own local climate, is an inadequate index of the general features
+over the country at large. To travel by land from Baro to Zungeru,
+and thence either through Kontagora to Sokoto, or by Zaria to Kano
+and Gummel, is to have the complete vision of the West African
+savannah in its various degrees, and, except for local
+interruptions associated with considerations of altitude or
+geological outcrop, etc., or with the lines of perennial streams,
+to have it in its regular sequence.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving out of account for the present the region south of
+Lokoja and of the south bank of the Benué, which in part represents
+the “Zone Guinéenne” of Chevalier, we find that the two routes
+suggested above will take one through country almost entirely of
+the types included by the same writer within the “Zone
+Soudanienne,” with an approach at places along the Anglo-French
+boundary to the conditions occurring in his “Zone Sahélienne.” It
+would be difficult and misleading to express these zones definitely
+in terms of latitude, but one might hazard the statement that the
+Guinea Zone passes to the Soudan Zone somewhere between 8° and 10°
+North, and the latter extends either to the northern boundary or
+verges on a drier belt beyond the latitude of 12° or 13° North. If
+a complete botanical<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_190">[190]</span> survey were possible, one could then
+subdivide each belt into its different areas and provinces, with
+their special floral characteristics, but at present one must be
+content to indicate broadly the general composition.</p>
+
+<p>The Soudan Zone, indeed, includes the greater part of Hausaland
+and is representative of the typical West African savannah and
+savannah forest. It merges into the drier sandy “steppe” conditions
+in the north and into the mixed deciduous and semi-evergreen
+forests farther south. The only giants in height are the
+silk-cotton-trees (<i>Eriodendron orientale</i>), but baobabs of
+enormous girth are common, and the largest timber trees are
+probably the Maje (<i>Paradaniellia Oliveri</i>) and the Kawo
+(<i>Afzelia Africana</i>), fair specimens of the dry-zone mahogany,
+Madachi (<i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>), occurring also in favourable
+situations.</p>
+
+<p>Across the central part of Northern Nigeria, let us say from
+Kontagora and South Sokoto through the whole of Zaria and South
+Kano to South Bornu (but excluding the Bauchi plateau, of which I
+cannot speak from personal knowledge), the plants named in the list
+here given might be regarded as the average association of species,
+trees, shrubs and herbaceous, the chief Natural Orders being
+represented as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Anonaceæ</span> by the common wild custard
+apple, Gwandar daji, <i>Anona Senegalensis</i>, a shrub.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Capparidaceæ</span> by the Ingidido, <i>Cratæva
+Adansonii</i>, by shrubs or woody undershrubs of genera
+<i>Boscia</i> and <i>Mærua</i>, some thorny scramblers of the genus
+<i>Capparis</i>, and the familiar weed Gasaya, <i>Gynandropsis
+pentaphylla</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Bixineæ</span> by the Rawaya, <i>Cochlospermum
+tinctorium</i>, a shrub.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Hypericineæ</span> by the shrub Kaskawami,
+<i>Psorospermum Senegalense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ochnaceæ</span> by the Namijin kade, <i>Lophira
+alata</i>, a tree very typical of the region, two or three species
+of <i>Gomphia</i>, and a new species of <i>Ochna</i>, a small shrub
+with crenulate leaves.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Malvaceæ</span> by numerous species of
+<i>Hibiscus</i>, including the cultivated Rama (chiefly <i>K.
+cannabinus</i>) and Cotton, with the Ramaniya, <i>Urena lobata</i>,
+and various undershrubs and suffrutescent weeds, mostly of the
+genus <i>Sida</i>. The Kuka or baobab, <i>Adansonia digitata</i>,
+and the Rimi or Silk-cotton Tree, <i>Eriodendron orientale</i>,
+marking the sites of human habitations, past or present, are
+typical species of this area, as is also the red-flowered Gurjiya,
+<i>Bombax buonopozense</i> (Bombacaceæ).</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Sterculiaceæ</span> by the Kukuki, <i>Sterculia
+tomentosa</i>, a tree, with which we may place the common
+undershrub Hankufa, <i>Waltheria Americana</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Tiliaceæ</span> by several species of
+<i>Grewia</i>, the most familiar being the Dargaza, <i>G.
+mollis</i>, by two or three species of
+<i>Corchorus</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span>
+edible herbs allied to jute, and by shrubby weeds of the genus
+<i>Triumfetta</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Simarubaceæ</span> by <i>Hannoa undulata</i>, a
+small-sized tree characteristic of the region, and by <i>Irvingia
+Smithii</i>, a tree more abundant in the South.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Burseraceæ</span> by two species of
+frankincense-tree—<i>Boswellia Dalzielii</i> and <i>B.
+odorata</i>—and by <i>Commiphora Kerstingii</i>, a green-barked
+tree familiar as an enclosure fence in towns.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Meliaceæ</span> by <i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>,
+the mahogany of the Soudan Zone, by <i>Trichilia emetica</i>, and
+by <i>Pseudocedrela Kotschyii</i>; also by the naturalized Kurnan
+nasara, <i>Melia Azedarach</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Olacaceæ</span> by the Tsada, <i>Ximenia
+Americana</i>, a shrub with small yellow, acid plums, and by the
+evergreen climbing shrub, <i>Opilia celtidifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Celastraceæ</span> typically by the shrub
+<i>Gymnosporia Senegalensis</i>, and less by two or more species of
+woody twining <i>Hippocrates</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Sapindaceæ</span> by the woody twiner
+<i>Paullinia pinnata</i>, the 3-foliate shrub <i>Schmidelia
+Africana</i>, and the world-wide twining weed <i>Cardiospermum
+Halicacabum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Anacardiaceæ</span> by the tree <i>Odina
+Barteri</i>, by other species of <i>Odina</i> of more local
+distribution, and by two species of <i>Anaphrenium</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Connaraceæ</span> by the abundant little shrub
+<i>Byrsocarpus coccineus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Proteaceæ</span> by a single species of
+<i>Protea</i>, a shrub with large capitate flowers, of local
+distribution in the Central areas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Polygalaceæ</span> by <i>Securidaca
+longipedunculata</i> and the field weed <i>Polygala
+arenaria</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Leguminosæ</span> by—</p>
+
+<p>Larger trees: the Maji or Kadaura, <i>Paradaniellia Oliveri</i>,
+and the Kawo, <i>Afzelia Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Medium-sized and smaller trees: <i>Parkia filicoidea</i>,
+<i>Prosopis oblonga</i>, <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>,
+<i>Isoberlinia doka</i>, <i>Berlinia acuminata</i> in ravines,
+<i>Tamarindus Indica</i>; several Acacias, e.g. <i>A.
+Sieberiana</i>, <i>A. campylacantha</i>, <i>A. Arabica</i>;
+<i>Albizzia Chevalieri</i>, <i>Entada Sudanica</i>; <i>Afrormosia
+laxiflora</i> and <i>Burkea Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Small trees and shrubs: <i>Detarium Senegalense</i>, <i>Bauhinia
+reticulata</i> and <i>B. rufescens</i>, <i>Erythrina
+Senegalensis</i>, <i>Lonchocarpus laxiflorus</i>, <i>Dichrostachys
+nutans</i>, <i>Mimosa asperata</i> on stream-banks, <i>Cassia
+Sieberiana</i>, <i>C. Kotschyana</i> and others, along with several
+shrubby species of <i>Cassia</i> and the dwarf <i>C.
+mimosoides</i>, <i>Swartzia Madagascariensis</i>, <i>Ormocarpum
+bibracteatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To these must be added the Zamarke, <i>Sesbania punctata</i>,
+and other <i>spp.</i>, and a host of herbaceous plants or half
+woody undershrubs, chiefly belonging to the genera
+<i>Crotalaria</i>, <i>Indigofera</i>, and <i>Tephrosia</i>, others
+of <i>Desmodium</i>, <i>Eriosema</i>, etc., and twiners of
+<i>Vigna</i> and <i>Rhynchosia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span>The chief
+cultivated Leguminosæ of the region are: Indigo, <i>Indigofera
+arrecta</i> and other <i>spp.</i>, <i>Arachis hypogæa</i>, <i>Vigna
+sinensis</i> in numerous varieties, and <i>Voandzeia
+subterranea</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rosaceæ</span> mainly by <i>Parinarium
+curatellæfolium</i>, to which may be added <i>P. polyandrum</i> in
+the South and <i>P. macrophyllum</i> in the North.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Combretaceæ</span> by several species of
+<i>Terminalia</i>, of which the commonest are the Baushe (of more
+than one species) and the Kandari, <i>T. macroptera</i>; more fully
+by a number of species of <i>Combretum</i>, which are trees often
+gum-yielding, and very typically by the Marike, <i>Anogeissus
+leiocarpus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Myrtaceæ</span> by <i>Eugenia Owariensis</i>, a
+tree, and <i>E. coronata</i>, a shrub.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Lythraceæ</span> by the “henna” shrub,
+<i>Lawsonia alba</i>, and the weed of damp places, <i>Ammannia
+Senegalensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Araliaceæ</span> by an interesting species,
+<i>Cussonia Nigerica</i>, a small tree of peculiar habit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rubiaceæ</span> by <i>Adina microcephala</i>, a
+fair-sized tree by bush streams; by very numerous small trees and
+shrubs, e.g. <i>Crossopteryx Kotschyana</i>, <i>Sarcocephalus
+Russegeri</i>, <i>Pavetta Barteri</i>, <i>Feretia canthioides</i>,
+the <i>Gardenia erubescens</i> and the Gauden kura, <i>G.
+ternifolia</i>, the Giyaiya, <i>Mitragyne Africana</i>, typical of
+the islets of foliage clothing the grassy swamps, <i>Morelia
+Senegalensis</i> on stream-banks, and by more humble but abundant
+species of <i>Oldenlandia</i>, <i>Spermacoce</i>, <i>Octodon</i>,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Sapotaceæ</span> by the Shea Butter Tree,
+<i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>, probably the most characteristic
+member of the association.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ebenaceæ</span> by the African Ebony,
+<i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Apocynaceæ</span> typically by the arrow-poison
+woody climber <i>Strophanthus sarmentosus</i>, which is always
+wild, and <i>S. hispidus</i>, which is generally planted near
+villages—both species called Kwankwanni; also by the more common
+and inferior rubber vine, <i>Landolphia florida</i>, and shrubs
+<i>Carissa edulis</i> and <i>Cryptolepis Nigritiana</i>, the woody
+twiners <i>Tacazzea Barteri</i> and other <i>spp.</i>, with
+numerous others.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Asclepiadaceæ</span> by the very typical giant
+milkweed Tumfafiya, <i>Calotropis procera</i>, probably always in
+association with man, the smaller undershrub <i>Asclepias
+lineolata</i>, and several suffrutescent herbs with tuberous and
+sometimes edible rootstocks of the genera <i>Xysmalobium</i> and
+<i>Schizoglossum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Loganiaceæ</span> by <i>Strychnos spinosa</i>,
+<i>S. alnifolia</i>, and <i>S. triclisioides</i>, all shrubs or
+small trees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Boraginaceæ</span> by <i>Cordia Abyssinica</i>,
+a small tree, the undershrub <i>Trichodesma Africanum</i>, three or
+four weeds of the genus <i>Heliotropium</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Bignoniaceæ</span> by <i>Stereospermum
+Kunthianum</i>, a small tree, and the Aduruku, <i>Newbouldia
+lævis</i>, confined to towns and rarely more than a tall, slender
+shrub; the Rahaina or Rawuya, <i>Kigelia Æthiopica</i>, occurs, but
+in an interrupted distribution.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span><span class=
+"sc">Verbenaceæ</span> by <i>Vitex Cienkowskii</i>, a fair-sized
+tree, <i>V. diversifolia</i>, a small tree or shrub, and
+undershrubs such as <i>Lantana salvifolia</i>, <i>Lippia
+Ukambensis</i>, and a few species of <i>Clerodendron</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Euphorbiaceæ</span> by <i>Uapaca Guineense</i>,
+usually only a rather small tree in the deciduous forest,
+<i>Bridelia ferruginea</i> and <i>B. scleroneura</i>, both shrubs,
+<i>Phyllanthus floribundus</i>, forming sometimes thicket-like
+clumps, <i>P. reticulatus</i>, a shrub, <i>Flueggea microcarpa</i>,
+a white-berried shrub, <i>Antidesma venosum</i>, and very typically
+by the Jan yaro, <i>Hymenocardia acida</i>, a shrub which in these
+open regions has nearly always an ochre-red bark. Numerous herbs
+and half-woody weeds are common, belonging to the genus
+<i>Euphorbia</i> (<i>E. pilulifera</i>, <i>E. Ægyptiaca</i>, and
+congeners), <i>Acalypha</i>, <i>Phyllanthus</i>, etc., the Castor
+Oil shrub (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) and the Physic Nut (<i>Jatropha
+curcas</i>) are cultivated, while thoroughly representative through
+the whole area are the familiar cactus-like Tinya, <i>Euphorbia
+unispina</i> and <i>E. Poissoni</i>, and the Kerana, <i>E.
+Barteri</i>, the latter at least never away from habitations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Moraceæ</span> by a host of species of the
+genus <i>Ficus</i> (or <i>Urostigma</i>) not yet fully elaborated
+botanically, e.g. Baure, Chediya, Durumi, Kauriri, Wa, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ulmaceæ</span>. A representative variety is
+<i>Celtis integrifolia</i>, a fairly large tree.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Salicaceæ</span> by one species of
+<i>Salix</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Loranthaceæ</span> by seven or eight species of
+the parasite <i>Loranthus</i>, called Kauchi, clothing deciduous
+trees with epiphytic foliage.</p>
+
+<p>Orders represented mainly by flowering herbs, undershrubs, etc.,
+are:</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Menispermaceæ</span> by the popular medicinal
+twiner Jibda kassa, <i>Cissampelos Pareira</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Nympheaceæ</span> by at least four species of
+Bada or water-lily, <i>Nymphæa</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Papaveraceæ</span> by the Yellow Poppy,
+<i>Argemone Mexicana</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Caryophyllaceæ</span> by species of
+<i>Polycarpæa</i> characteristic of the dry zone.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Geraniaceæ</span> by the familiar weed
+<i>Biophytum sensitivum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Droseraceæ</span> by the widely distributed
+Sun-dew, <i>Drosera indica</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ampelideæ</span> by numerous vines of the
+genera <i>Vitis</i>, <i>Cissus</i>, and <i>Ampelocissus</i>, of
+which perhaps the most striking are Dodoriya, <i>Vitis
+quadrangularis</i>, and Dafara, <i>Vitis pallida</i>, while wild
+vines with edible berries called Tsiberi kinkini are generally of
+one or other species of <i>Ampelocissus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Cucurbitaceæ</span> by the familiar cultivated
+Kabeova or pumpkin, <i>Cucurbita Pepo</i>, and Duma, the
+bottle-gourd, <i>Lagenaria vulgaris</i>, with its endless
+varieties, the Guna or water-melon, <i>Citrullus vulgaris</i>, and
+by many wild and half-wild species, e.g. the Balsam
+Apple,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> <i>Momordica
+balsamina</i>, the Loofah gourd, <i>Luffa Ægyptiaca</i> and <i>L.
+acutangula</i>, <i>Cucumis prophetarum</i>, and one or more species
+of tuberous-rooted <i>Trochomeria</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ficoideæ</span> by common succulent weeds, e.g.
+<i>Trianthema monogyna</i>, <i>T. pentandra</i>, and <i>Gisekia
+pharnaceoides</i>, and by species of <i>Mollugo</i> in river-beds,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Compositæ</span> by some weeds of cosmopolitan
+distribution, e.g. <i>Ageratum conyzoides</i>, <i>Eclipta alba</i>,
+etc., and by very numerous herbs and suffrutescent plants, amongst
+which the genus <i>Vernonia</i> is the most abundantly represented,
+including one typical of the region, viz. <i>V. nigritiana</i>,
+with several species of <i>Aspillia</i>, <i>Coreopsis</i>, etc.,
+and the chewstick shrub, <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Melastomaceæ</span> by a few species of
+<i>Dissotis</i> and <i>Osbeckia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Campanulaceæ</span> by a common little
+blue-flowered weed, <i>Cephalostigma Perrottetii</i>, and a water
+herb, <i>Sphenoclea Zeylanica</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Hydrophyllaceæ</span> by three or more species
+of <i>Hydrolea</i>, e.g. <i>H. Guineensis</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Lentibulaceæ</span> by ten or more species of
+<i>Utricularia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Convolvulaceæ</span>, a conspicuous order, well
+represented by numerous species of <i>Ipomæa</i>, a few of
+<i>Merremia</i>, and a few erect undershrubs of the genus
+<i>Astrochlæna</i>, to which one may add the little blue-flowered
+weed <i>Evolvulus alsinoides</i>, of wide distribution in the
+world.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Solanaceæ</span> by the “Thorn Apple,”
+<i>Datura Metel</i>, by numerous species of <i>Solanum</i>, some
+edible, e.g. the several cultivated varieties of the native bitter
+tomato, Gauta, varieties of <i>S. Melongena</i>; others poisonous,
+e.g. Gautan kura, <i>Solanum incanum</i>, and others; also by two
+common weeds of the genus <i>Physalis</i>, and the popular herb
+simple, Dandana, <i>Schwenkia Americana</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Scrophulariaceæ</span> by <i>Scoparia
+dulcis</i>, of world-wide distribution, and by several parasitic
+species of <i>Striga</i>, of which the most familiar is the Makasar
+adwa, <i>S. Senegalensis</i>. Besides numerous humble weeds of
+cosmopolitan genera, e.g. <i>Moniera</i>, <i>Ilysanthes</i>, etc.,
+mostly occurring in damp places, two or three species of
+<i>Sopubia</i> may be taken as characteristic of the
+bush-lands.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Acanthaceæ</span> by a variety of weeds, etc.,
+of the genera <i>Blepharis</i>, <i>Monechma</i>, <i>Justicia</i>,
+etc., to which the following may be added as characteristic of the
+Order in Hausaland: <i>Nelsonia campestris</i>, a soft herb of
+slightly acid taste, <i>Peristrophe bicalyculata</i>, an occasional
+fodder plant, and <i>Dyschoriste Perrottetii</i>, the mucilaginous
+seeds of which are used to remove spicules from the eye.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Pedaliaceæ</span> by the locally cultivated
+Ridi, <i>Sesamum Indicum</i>, and other wild species of
+<i>Sesamum</i>, by the weed <i>Ceratotheca sesamoides</i>, and by
+the half-shrubby <i>Rogeria adenophylla</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Labiatæ</span> by several cultivated tubers,
+such as the Tumuku and<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_195">[195]</span> Risga, by odorous species of <i>Ocimum</i>
+and <i>Æolanthus</i>, e.g. the Dodoya, <i>Ocimum Americanum</i>,
+the weed <i>Acrocephalus polytrichus</i>, and by many common herbs
+of various other genera.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Amaranthaceæ</span> by the native spinage,
+Alayafu, <i>Amaranthus caudatus</i>, the Zaki banza, <i>A.
+viridis</i>, a wild species sometimes cultivated, and by several of
+the common weeds found in other countries—<i>Celosia argentea</i>,
+<i>Pupalia lappacea</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Thymelæaceæ</span> by the poisonous Tururibi,
+<i>Lasiosyphon Kraussii</i>, a yellow-flowered, low, suffruticose
+plant with a woody rootstock, and by two of three species of
+<i>Gnidia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Aristolochiaceæ</span> by the twiner
+<i>Aristolochia albida</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Lauraceæ</span> by the leafless twiner
+<i>Cassytha Guineensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Monocotyledonous Orders may be said to be represented as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Hydrocharitaceæ</span> by the yellow-flowered
+aquatic herbs <i>Ottelia lancifolia</i> and <i>Boottia
+Abyssinica</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Orchidaceæ</span> by a fair number of tuberous
+terrestrial orchids, of which <i>Lissochilus arenarius</i> is the
+most typical, several <i>Habenarias</i> and <i>Eulophias</i>, and a
+very few epiphytes, e.g. <i>Ansellia Congoensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Scitamineæ</span> abundantly by <i>Kœmpferia
+Æthiopica</i> in open woods, <i>Costus afer</i> in shady ravines,
+and Fitta, the food-wrapper leaf, <i>Clinogyne filipes</i>, in
+streams, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Iridaceæ</span> by several species of
+<i>Gladiolus</i>, e.g. <i>G. quartinianus</i>, and of
+<i>Tritonia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Amaryllidaceæ</span> by <i>Crinum
+yuccæflorum</i>, the red-flowered <i>Hæmanthus rupestris</i>,
+<i>Pancratium trianthum</i>, and <i>Curculigo
+Gallabatensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Taccaceæ</span> by the tuberous <i>Tacca
+involucrata</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Dioscoreaceæ</span> by <i>Dioscorea
+prehensilis</i> and other cultivated yams, chiefly in the South or
+on pagan hills, and by some species which are either wild or
+escapes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Liliaceæ</span> by several species of
+<i>Urginea</i>, e.g. <i>U. Nigritiana</i>, <i>U. Indica</i>, etc.,
+by other bulbous species of the genera <i>Anthericum</i>,
+<i>Dipcadi</i>, etc., by the climbing lily, <i>Gloriosa
+superba</i>, several species of <i>Chlorophytum</i>, <i>Aloe
+Barteri</i>, and by prickly scramblers such as <i>Asparagus
+Pauli-Guilelmi</i>, <i>Smilax Kraussiana</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Alismataceæ</span> by some flowering
+water-plants, e.g. <i>Burnatia enneandra</i>, <i>Lophotocarpus
+Guyanensis</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Commelinaceæ</span> by various species of
+<i>Aneilema</i>—<i>A. lanceolatum</i>, <i>A. Sinicum</i>, etc., of
+<i>Commelyna</i>—<i>C. nudiflora</i>, <i>C. umbellata</i>, etc.,
+and of <i>Floscopa</i> and <i>Cyanotis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Palmæ</span> by the Giginya, <i>Borassus
+flabellifer</i>, var. <i>Æthiopum</i>, the Goriba, <i>Hyphæne
+Thebaica</i>, chiefly in the North, and the Tukuruwa or Bamboo
+Palm, <i>Raphia vinifera</i>, in ravines only.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Aroideæ</span> by <i>Culcasia scandens</i>, by
+the Kinchia with yellow rhizome,<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_196">[196]</span> <i>Stylochiton Dalzielii</i>,
+<i>Amorphophallus Barteri</i> and <i>A. dracontioides</i>,
+<i>Anchomanes Dalzielii</i>, and other species.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Cyperaceæ</span> by very numerous species of
+<i>Cyperus</i>, e.g. the edible Aya, <i>C. esculentus</i>, and the
+uncultivated Aya aya, <i>C. rotundus</i>, <i>C. Fenzelianus</i>,
+etc., and several of <i>Pycreus</i>, <i>Fimbristylis</i>,
+<i>Kyllingia</i>, <i>Bulbostylis</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Gramineæ</span> by the predominant tribe,
+<i>Andropogoneæ</i>, with numerous other genera—<i>Eragrostis</i>,
+<i>Aristida</i>, <i>Digitaria</i>, <i>Pennisetum</i>,
+<i>Chloris</i>, etc., and by a single locally distributed bamboo,
+<i>Oxytenanthera Abyssinica</i>. The chief cereal is Guinea Corn,
+Dawa, <i>Sorghum vulgare</i>; both species of sugar-cane, Rake,
+<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>, and Takanda, <i>Sorghum vulgare</i>,
+var. <i>saccharatum</i>, are cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="sc">Filices</span> are poorly represented by
+the widely distributed Adder’s Tongue, <i>Ophioglossum
+vulgatum</i>, the water-fern, <i>Cratopteris Thalictroides</i>, by
+<i>Adiantum lunulatum</i>, <i>A. Schweinfurthii</i>, and a few
+species of <i>Nephrodium asplenium</i>, etc., by no means typical
+of the region.</p>
+
+<p class="space-above15">Having thus given a bird’s-eye view of the
+floral composition in the central region of Hausaland, one may
+proceed to examine the variations revealed in passing south to the
+semi-evergreen forests and north to the drier open savannahs.</p>
+
+<p>Southwards the transition is gradual, and nowhere abrupt, from
+forest savannah with annual bush-fires and consequent tendency to
+revert to grass, to forests in which the number of species is
+greater and the deciduous element is more mingled with evergreens,
+either by the persistence of species which in a drier region are
+deciduous, but retain their foliage where the increased rainfall
+allows of this variation, or by the appearance of species which
+always possess the evergreen habit. <i>Bombax buonopozense</i> is
+an example of the former and probably also <i>Afzelia Africana</i>
+and several others.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the added constituents either absent from or more rare
+in the area of lesser rainfall are:</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Anonaceæ</span>: <i>Xylopia parviflora</i>,
+<i>Hexalobus Senegalensis</i>, <i>Popowia Mannii</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Capparidaceæ</span>: <i>Ritchiea sp.</i>,
+<i>Capparis viminea</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Bixineæ</span>: <i>Oncoba spinosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Sterculiaceæ</span>: <i>Cola
+laurifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rutaceæ</span>: the Fasa kwari, <i>Zanthoxylum
+Senegalense</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Meliaceæ</span>: <i>Trichilia retusa</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Anacardiaceæ</span>: <i>Spondias lutea</i>,
+<i>Hæmatostaphis Barteri</i>, and the cultivated mango.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Sapindaceæ</span>: <i>Blighia sapida</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Connaraceæ</span>: scrambling shrubs, e.g.
+species of <i>Agelæa</i> and <i>Cnestis</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i038" class="iw6"><a href="images/fig038.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig038.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 38.—<span class=
+"bold">Marsh or “Fadama,” with islets of foliage, Benué overflow,
+near Yola.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i039" class="iw8"><a href="images/fig039.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig039.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 39.—<span class=
+"bold">The Lower Niger in flood.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i040" class="iw6"><a href="images/fig040.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig040.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 40.—<span class=
+"bold">Fringing Forest on River Benué in the rainy
+season.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 196.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span><span class=
+"sc">Leguminosæ</span>: <i>Tetrapleura Thonningii</i>,
+<i>Piptadenia Africana</i>, <i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>,
+<i>Cynometra Vogelii</i>, <i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i>, <i>Dialium
+Guineense</i>, <i>Millettia sp.</i> near <i>M. Sanagana</i> and
+other species of <i>Millettia</i>, <i>Cordyla Africana</i>,
+<i>Berlinia Heudelotii</i>, <i>Cæsalpinia Bonducella</i>,
+<i>Lonchocarpus cyanescens</i>, <i>Baphia pubescens</i> and <i>B.
+nitida</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rosaceæ</span>: <i>Parinarium
+subcordatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Combretaceæ</span>: several species of
+scarlet-flowered <i>Combretum</i> of climbing habit—<i>C.
+racemosum</i>, <i>C. constrictum</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Myrtaceæ</span>: <i>Napoleona Vogelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rubiaceæ</span>: <i>Morinda citrifolia</i>,
+<i>Cuviera acutiflora</i>, <i>Canthium Vanguerioides</i>, <i>Ixora
+radiata</i>, <i>Uncaria Africana</i>, <i>Oxyanthus
+unilocularis</i>, some species of <i>Mussænda</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rhizophoraceæ</span>: <i>Weihea
+Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Sapotaceæ</span>: <i>Mimusops sp.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Apocynaceæ</span>: <i>Voacanga obtusa</i> and
+<i>V. Africana</i>, <i>Landolphia Owariensis</i> and other
+<i>spp.</i>, <i>Carpodinus hirsuta</i>, <i>Pleioceras Barteri</i>,
+and the tree Wadda, <i>Rauwolfia sp.</i> near <i>R.
+Welwitschii</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Loganiaceæ</span>: <i>Anthocleista
+Vogelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Convolvulaceæ</span>: <i>Calonyction
+speciosum</i>, <i>Merremia umbellata</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Bignoniaceæ</span>: <i>Spathodea
+campanulata</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Acanthaceæ</span>: <i>Acanthus montanus</i>,
+<i>Asystasia Coromandeliana</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Verbenaceæ</span>: <i>Vitex chrysocarpa</i> and
+<i>V. Angolensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Piperaceæ</span>: <i>Piper umbellatum</i> and
+<i>Piperomia pellucida</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Gesneraceæ</span>: <i>Streptocarpus
+nobilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Euphorbiaceæ</span>: <i>Alchornea cordata</i>,
+<i>Mallotus oppositifolius</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Moraceæ</span>: <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>,
+<i>Ficus Vogelii</i> and other <i>spp.</i>, <i>Myrianthus
+serratus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ulmaceæ</span>: <i>Trema Guineensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Ampelideæ</span>: <i>Leea Guineensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Polygalaceæ</span>: the cultivated <i>Polygala
+butyracea</i> and the dwarf species, <i>P. Clarkeana</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Balanophoraceæ</span>: the root-parasite
+<i>Thonningia sanguinea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="space-above15">Amongst Monocotyledonous Orders the
+<i>Scitamineæ</i> are more in evidence, <i>Palisota thyrsiflora</i>
+(<i>Commelinaceæ</i>) appears (along with a <i>Begonia</i> on moist
+rocks—<i>B. rostrata</i>), and the water-loving Aroid,
+<i>Cyrtosperma Senegalense</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Oil Palm, <i>Elæis Guineensis</i>, becomes locally common,
+ferns become epiphytic, and the Elk’s-horn fern, <i>Platycerium
+Æthiopicum</i>, appears.</p>
+
+<p class="space-above15">Northwards the savannah forests, with
+plenty of broad-leaved trees and shrubs, or the open park-like
+formations with surface well covered with grasses and herbs, give
+way in some places to still drier Acacia forests, and in others to
+open areas of scrub, nearly treeless, the soil<span class="pagenum"
+id="Page_198">[198]</span> possessed by grasses and low, scattered
+shrubs, often thorny. Nevertheless, good pastures are often to be
+found, frequented by the Fulani in the comparatively short rainy
+season, and only at some points towards the French boundary do the
+conditions approach those described by Barth in the latitude of
+Zinder and Timbuctoo. For example, part of North Bornu, with a
+rainfall sometimes not exceeding 10 inches, may exhibit features
+entitling it to rank with the upper region of Chevalier’s “Zone
+Sahélienne.” A typical association in these scrub regions is
+familiar to the Hausas in three of the plants mentioned below, viz.
+the Sabarra, <i>Guiera Senegalensis</i>, the Magariya, <i>Zizyphus
+jujuba</i>, and the Dashi, <i>Balsamodendron Africanum</i>. Sokoto,
+with an average rainfall of 25 or more inches, still possesses
+thinly treed savannahs and bush-lands, with a vegetation composed
+of grasses, small sedges, low shrubs and the commoner leguminous
+and other weeds.</p>
+
+<p>Nor does the transition occur evenly across the whole region. In
+the eastern part between Kano and North Bornu the Acacia type
+prevails, and whole areas may occur occupied largely by <i>Acacia
+Seyal</i>, with yellow or rusty ochrey bark. On the western side
+Acacias, though present, do not appear to prevail, and between Kano
+and Sokoto there exists a stretch of broad-leaved forest in which
+most of the species found in Central Hausaland reappear, but after
+all these differences may be found to hold only over limited
+areas.</p>
+
+<p>The wide and well populated circle around large northern towns,
+highly cultivated and more or less stripped of trees to supply fuel
+does not quite display the natural conditions of the bush, where
+uncontrolled fires prevent natural regeneration of forest on
+cleared land, and where open grassy formations with stunted
+vegetation tend to encroach on the higher types of tree
+savannah.</p>
+
+<p>The species more characteristic of the northern drier belt
+within the Soudan Zone—if an arbitrary limit is allowed we may
+place it about 12° North latitude—may now be briefly indicated,
+though it will be understood that many of them are already present
+farther south.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Capparidaceæ</span>: most of the species of
+<i>Capparis</i>, <i>Boscia</i> and <i>Mærua</i> existing farther
+south here prevail; the low shrub <i>Boscia Senegalensis</i> is
+common, while <i>Cadaba farinosa</i> is a characteristic shrub.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Simarubeæ</span>: the Aduwa, <i>Balanites
+Ægyptiaca</i>, is a typical species of this region.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Burseraceæ</span>: the Dashi, <i>Balsamodendron
+Africanum</i>, a shrub yielding African Myrrh, is familiar, with
+its congener <i>B. pedunculatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rhamnaceæ</span>: the Kurna, <i>Zizyphus
+Spina-Christi</i>, usually planted in towns, the Magariya, <i>Z.
+jujuba</i>, and the Magariyar kura, <i>Z. mucronata</i>, the last
+two being very characteristic of the open savannah.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Anacardiaceæ</span>: the Danya, <i>Spondias
+sp.</i>, a fair-sized tree with yellow, plum-like fruit having a
+leathery rind, is abundant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span><span class=
+"sc">Leguminosæ</span>: Acacias are the most typical, but are not
+as a rule markedly flat-topped, e.g. <i>A. Seyal</i>, <i>A.
+Senegal</i>, <i>A. albida</i> var. <i>saccharata</i>,
+<i>Dichrostachys platycarpa</i>, forming thorny thickets, while
+<i>Entada Sudanica</i>, <i>Acacia Sieberiana</i>, <i>A.
+campylacantha</i>, <i>Albizzia Chevalieri</i> and others are also
+evident. <i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i> is found in towns; the Tripoli
+or Senegal Senna, Filasko, <i>Cassia obovata</i>, is common, and
+the Tsamiya, <i>Tamarindus Indica</i>, becomes a predominant
+tree.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rosaceæ</span>: the Ginger-bread Plum, Gawasa,
+<i>Parinarium macrophyllum</i>, is more familiar.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Combretaceæ</span>: the Geza, <i>Combretum
+sp.</i> near <i>C. altum</i>, a shrub or small tree, with several
+gum-yielding trees of the same genus; the low shrub Sabarra,
+<i>Guiera Senegalensis</i>, is perhaps the most typical plant of
+the nearly treeless savannah.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Cucurbitaceæ</span>: the half-wild Gurji,
+<i>Cucumis Melo</i>, var. <i>agrestis</i>, is common, and the
+Bambus, a variety of water-melon, is known in the North.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Rubiaceæ</span>: a characteristic species is
+<i>Randia Nilotica</i>, a thorny shrub; <i>Gardenia Sokotensis</i>
+is a new species found on low rocky hills.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Apocynaceæ</span>: the Kariya, <i>Adenium
+Honghel</i>, an unarmed cactus-like shrub, deciduous, with
+rose-coloured flowers, planted in towns, is characteristic.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Asclepiadaceæ</span>: the small milk-weed,
+<i>Glossonema Nubicum</i>, and the twiners <i>Oxystelma
+Bornuense</i>, <i>Pergularia tomentosa</i> and <i>Leptadenia
+lancifolia</i>, are all abundant, while the Karan masallachi,
+<i>Caralluma Dalzielii</i>, generally planted farther south, is
+found wild on bare rocky places.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Euphorbiaceæ</span>: very typical are the two
+milk hedge Euphorbias, Aguwa, <i>E. sepium</i>, and Fidda sartsi,
+<i>E. lateriflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Moraceæ</span>: species of <i>Ficus</i> planted
+for shade grow to a large size, especially the Chediya, <i>F.
+Thonningii</i>, and the Durumi, <i>F. syringifolia</i>; other
+species generally start as epiphytes.</p>
+
+<p class="space-above15">The <span class="sc">Gramineæ</span> is
+the prevailing Natural Order of Monocotyledons, and includes all
+types—little annuals, perennial-rooted <i>Andropogons</i>, etc.,
+and the Burugu, <i>Panicum stagninum</i>, which blocks the streams.
+The fragrant Nobe, <i>Cymbopogon Sennariensis</i>, is a
+characteristic tufted species, whilst the bur-grass Karangia,
+<i>Cenchrus catharticus</i>, has long since spread far
+southward.</p>
+
+<p>Rice and wheat are cultivated; the Bulrush Millet, Gero,
+<i>Pennisetum typhoideum</i>, tends to displace <i>Sorghum</i>, and
+a wild rice, <i>Oryza silvestris</i>, is found. The cultivated
+sugar-cane is the Takanda, <i>Sorghum vulgare</i>, var.
+<i>saccharatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Of <span class="sc">Liliaceæ</span> the onion and garlic are
+features of cultivation. Several bulbous herbs not peculiar to the
+North are common, e.g. <i>Dipcadi occidentale</i>, <i>Urginea
+spp.</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span>The Goriba or
+Dum Palm, <i>Hyphæne Thebaica</i>, is predominant, accompanied also
+by the Giginya or Deleb Palm, while the Date begins to appear.</p>
+
+<p class="space-above15">Within the limits of the Soudan Zone of
+vegetation many different types of savannah may be found, besides
+the expected alterations in botanical groupings resulting from the
+presence of perennial moisture or due to elevation and rocky
+outcrop. Leaving the latter out of account, a few notes may be made
+of some of the varieties familiar to travellers in the Northern
+Provinces.</p>
+
+<h4>1. <em>Tree Savannah or Savannah Forest</em>.</h4>
+
+<p>Across a considerable area of Central Hausaland, e.g. occupying
+a large part of the Zaria plateau west of the Bauchi Highlands, the
+country, where not cleared for farming, is covered with an open
+deciduous forest of fair height. This is a fairly closely wooded
+type, and although it contains few truly evergreen elements apart
+from those lining the streams, there is, perhaps owing to differing
+vegetative periods for different species and to the double
+flowering season noted for many trees in West Africa, practically
+always a fair amount of foliage present. A proportion of the trees
+have well developed stems and fairly high crowns, with a leafy
+canopy which filters but never excludes direct sunlight, and the
+average height of the larger trees is from 30 to 40 feet. In the
+best developed portions of such forest the grasses do not
+predominate, but frequent clearings or patches of stony outcrop
+lead to the open conditions in which hardy perennial grasses take
+root, and annual burning results in the encroachment and
+multiplication of areas of the lower bush savannah referred to
+below.</p>
+
+<p>This variety of forest is typically seen in Zaria province, e.g.
+between the village of Ruka and the Koriga stream, near which point
+a sudden drop in elevation occurs, and is familiar in parts of
+South Sokoto, Kontagora and Nassarawa, etc. <i>Lophira alata</i>
+has its chief habitat here, but perhaps the prevailing and most
+characteristic tree is one called Doka, which has been identified
+as <i>Isoberlinia doka</i>, Craib, et Stapf. It has broad, shining
+leaves, and large, flat 5-6 seeded pods which dehisce with curling
+valves. It seeds abundantly, and young seedlings spring up quickly
+in the forest or by wayside clearings, etc. Along with it will be
+found its congener, the Fara doka, <i>Isoberlinia Dalzielii</i>,
+Craib, et Stapf., less abundant, and differing as to its more
+obvious features in having leaves not shining, a paler grey bark
+and a general slight degree of pubescence of all parts. Both
+species exude a coarse red resin, which does not appear to be of
+value.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the arborescent species mentioned in the list of the
+average association detailed above are to be found, sometimes
+harbouring<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span>
+epiphytic <i>Ansellias</i> and a few woody climbers but no typical
+lianes, and an undergrowth composed of Leguminous and Composite
+herbs and undershrubs with some grasses. This type of forest
+probably at one time covered a much wider area and had a greater
+extension northward than at present. As mentioned above, a large
+proportion of its constituents may again be found in the Duru
+forest between Sokoto and Kano, while within the memory of
+officials of the present administration areas of woodland
+previously visible from Sokoto have been denuded for firewood. It
+tends progressively to give place to the following more open
+variety of savannah.</p>
+
+<h4>2. <em>Bush Savannah</em>.</h4>
+
+<p>This is probably the form of “bush” with which travelling
+officials, hunters, and others are most familiar in every province,
+and is, when not overloaded with tall grass, deserving of the term
+“open orchard savannah.” It is composed of scattered shrubs and
+small trees of short growth and of a considerable sameness, the
+whole picture being practically filled in with grasses, which may
+grow to a height of 6 to 8 feet in the rains, but which are swept
+off by bush-fires in the dry period, leaving bare the intervening
+spaces, soon to be reoccupied by suffrutescent plants with
+persistent rootstocks, and later by weeds and the same grasses as
+before. This resurrection is not due to seeding, which is itself
+abundant, but mainly to the fact that the majority of bush grasses
+have perennial underground stems, which, once given occupation, are
+difficult to dislodge, and, assisted by the recurrent fires, which
+kill off the seeds and the seedlings of broad-leaved trees, have
+everything in favour of their natural progress to predominance.</p>
+
+<p>The commoner bush grasses of this habit found here are:
+<i>Andropogon Gayanus</i>, <i>Cymbopogon Ruprechtii</i>, <i>C.
+diplandrus</i>, <i>C. giganteum</i>, <i>C. hirtus</i>, <i>C.
+rufus</i>, <i>Andropogon tectorum</i>, <i>A. apricus</i>,
+<i>Rottbœllia exaltata</i>, <i>Pennisetum pedicellatum</i>, etc. In
+clumps, generally found in special situations, e.g. near river
+banks, etc., are <i>Vetiveria zizanoides</i>, <i>Saccharum
+spontaneum</i>, <i>Arundo donax</i>, etc. It is possible that some
+of these species which now cumber the soil might be put to use in
+supplying the raw material for paper.</p>
+
+<p>The prevailing shrubs and small trees of this formation are
+generally somewhat as follows: <i>Bauhinia reticulata</i> and <i>B.
+rufescens</i>, <i>Detarium Senegalense</i>, several species of
+<i>Combretum</i> with the dwarf <i>C. herbaceum</i>; also
+<i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i> and occasional <i>Acacias</i>, e.g.
+<i>A. Sieberiana</i>, <i>Entada Sudanica</i>, <i>Dichrostachys
+nutans</i>; bright flowering species, such as <i>Cochlospermum
+tinctorium</i>; several shrubby species of <i>Hibiscus</i>;
+<i>Cassia Arereh</i>, <i>C. Goratensis</i> and other species,
+<i>Lonchocarpus laxiflorus</i>, <i>Securidaca longipedunculata</i>,
+<i>Grewia mollis</i>, <i>Feretia canthioides</i>; the
+<i>Gardenias</i>—<i>G. ternifolia</i>, <i>G. erubescens</i>, etc.;
+<i>Stereospermum Kunthianum</i>, <i>Sarcocephalus Russegeri</i>,
+<i>Parinarium curatellæfolium</i>, <i>Psorospermum<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span> Senegalense</i>, <i>Ximenia
+Americana</i>, <i>Anona Senegalensis</i>, <i>Pseudocedrela
+Kotschyi</i>, <i>Strychnos spinosa</i> and other <i>spp.</i>,
+<i>Bridelia ferruginea</i>, <i>Hymenocardia acida</i>,
+<i>Gymnosporia Senegalensis</i>. Occasional larger trees will often
+be species of <i>Terminalia</i>, <i>Prosopis oblonga</i>,
+<i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>, <i>Lophira alata</i>, <i>Vitex
+Cienkowskii</i>, <i>Sterculia tomentosa</i>, <i>Pterocarpus
+erinaceus</i>, or even <i>Afzelia Africana</i> and <i>Paradaniellia
+Oliveri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the above association remark must be made of the Taura,
+<i>Detarium Senegalense</i>, which is here rarely of dimensions
+meriting the designation of tree, and therefore very different from
+the large timber known in the southern forests and found also on
+the forested slopes of Patti at Lokoja; of the Makarfo, a tree of
+twisted habit, not often over 30 feet high, with flaking bark,
+apparently much inferior to the <i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i>, if it
+is this species, in the greater mixed deciduous forests farther
+south; and of the Tsada, <i>Ximenia Americana</i>, which is here
+unarmed, has rather thin, glabrous leaves, sometimes almost
+shining, and thus differs in habit from the coastal variety, if the
+identity is certain, which is spiny, has dull leaves sometimes
+half-succulent, and is appropriately called by the French “Citron
+de la mer.”</p>
+
+<h4>3. <em>Park Savannah.</em></h4>
+
+<p>The open park-like formation is another which is typical of this
+region. It is, perhaps, best seen where the population is not quite
+sparse, as in the latter case the previous type tends to take
+possession. The Shea Butter Tree is the one which more than any
+other gives the tone to this type, but <i>Parkia filicoidea</i>
+and, especially in the North, the Tamarind are perhaps equally
+representative. The two first-named, though not necessarily
+indicating the proximity of a village, have probably in most cases
+owners, and the intervening spaces may or may not be more or less
+cultivated. Open park-like country may, however, occur apart from
+any contemporary interference by man, and wide stretches of it
+appear alternating with scattered orchard bush or with open
+grass-land. The grasses are of the previously mentioned types, with
+many species of <i>Eragrostis</i>, <i>Aristida</i>, small annual
+tufted grasses and sedges, along with <i>Cassia mimosoides</i>,
+<i>Oldenlandia grandiflora</i>, <i>O. Senegalensis</i> and other
+Leguminous and Rubiaceous weeds. Other trees which well maintain
+the park-like appearance are <i>Terminalia macroptera</i>,
+occasional species of <i>Ficus</i>, <i>Vitex Cienkowskii</i>,
+<i>Acacia Arabica</i> and <i>A. Sieberiana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In flat, wide-stretching meadows which are often marshy in the
+rains, this formation also maintains its character, single trees or
+island-like clusters of tree and shrub dotting the expanse of heavy
+grass which is burnt to desolation by the yearly fires. These
+islets are generally found to be composed of Giyaiya, <i>Mitragyne
+Africana</i>, with shrubs such as <i>Feretia canthioides</i>,
+<i>Sarcocephalus Russegeri</i>, and<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_203">[203]</span> scrambling undershrubs added thereto, while
+the edge of such a meadow or “fadama” is in some cases fringed with
+deciduous high woods, in which occasionally timbers like <i>Khaya
+Senegalensis</i> and <i>Paradaniellia Oliveri</i> may appear along
+with the vegetation characteristic of Type 1.</p>
+
+<h4>4. <em>Evergreen Fringing Belts.</em></h4>
+
+<p>Along the water-courses which intersect the savannah lands will
+be found dark evergreen strips of foliage, which, when extending
+beyond the stream-banks and forming a fairly dense canopy, whatever
+the nature of the underwood, are generally implied in the Hausa
+word “kurumi.” The streams may not be always truly perennial, but
+the verdure remains because the moisture in the soil persists long
+enough to maintain the non-deciduous type, although bush-fires may
+reach their very margins. Where a perennial stream of any magnitude
+occurs, species will be found whose distribution in the Soudan Zone
+is confined to such localities, but which are widely represented in
+the South.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of enumerating the constituents of these strips of
+fringing forest, we may briefly refer to the vegetation of the
+River Benué, which has been already indicated as in some degree
+marking the boundary between the semi-evergreen or mixed deciduous
+forests and the drier tree savannah and open bush lands. The
+evergreen galleries along the streams or fringing the swampy glades
+may be taken as on the whole botanically similar to the bank
+foliage of the Benué and its backwaters, creeks and tributaries.
+One feature of this type is the abundance of woody climbers, often
+concealing the foliage of their supports, and conspicuous to the
+eye in the flowering season are the <i>Combretaceæ</i>, which are
+here scrambling and climbing shrubs instead of erect trees, e.g.
+the flame-flowered <i>Combretum racemosum</i>, <i>C.
+constrictum</i>, etc., <i>Quisqualis Indica</i> and others; also
+two or three species of <i>Landolphia</i> with other rubber vines,
+and of <i>Mussænda</i>, scarlet-fruited <i>Connaraceæ</i>,
+<i>Uncaria Africana</i>, climbing by its old flower-stalks becoming
+woody hooks, and <i>Alchornea cordata</i>, the most typical liane
+of these formations. Other twiners are the showy moon-convolvulus,
+<i>Calonyction speciosum</i> (<i>Ipomæa bona-nox</i>), the Cowhage,
+<i>Mucuna pruriensis</i>, <i>Dioclea reflexa</i>, <i>Entada
+scandens</i> and numerous <i>Ampelideæ</i>. These tend to form a
+dense and sometimes impenetrable tangle, but where trees of timber
+size occur the undergrowth is more scanty and a variety of forest
+weeds appear, in which the <i>Scitamineæ</i> may be prominent.</p>
+
+<p>The Benué region is rich in trees, of which the following
+species may be mentioned: Goron ruwa, <i>Irvingia Smithii</i>, and
+Gedar kurumi, <i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i>, <i>Trichilia
+retusa</i>, the large timber tree called Kiriyar kurumi
+(undetermined), <i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>, <i>Millettia
+sp.</i>, <i>Sanagana</i> and <i>M. sericeus</i>, <i>Cynometra
+Vogelii</i>, <i>Anthocleista<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_204">[204]</span> nobilis</i>, <i>Berlinia Heudelotii</i>,
+<i>Baphia nitida</i>, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>, <i>Cola
+laurifolia</i>, <i>Parinarium subcordatum</i>, <i>Kigelia
+Æthiopica</i>, <i>Uapaca Guineensis</i> (here a large tree and
+sometimes prop-rooted), <i>Ficus spp.</i> Smaller trees and shrubs
+are: <i>Spathodea campanulata</i>, <i>Voacanga obtusa</i> and <i>V.
+Africana</i>, <i>Morinda citrifolia</i>, <i>Xylopia parviflora</i>,
+<i>Zanthoxylum Senegalense</i>, <i>Oncoba spinosa</i>, <i>Vangueria
+euonymoides</i>, <i>Ixora radiata</i>, <i>Polysphæria
+macrostyla</i>, <i>Garcinia ovalifolia</i>, <i>Myrianthus
+serratus</i>, <i>Elæis Guineensis</i> and <i>Raphia vinifera</i>.
+Not all of these extend far beyond the Benué, but the majority of
+them will be found in one or other fringing belt far into the
+deciduous region, and perhaps the two which best represent this
+extension of the semi-evergreen to the savannah are the woody
+climber <i>Alchornea cordata</i> and the tree <i>Irvingia
+Smithii</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In a general view, Northern Nigeria, thus lying beyond the
+equatorial belt, possesses plant features which, apart from river
+and stream fringes, range between the mixed deciduous and
+xerophilous habit, and in the dry season the prevailing character
+of the open savannah forests is a monotonous drab or grey,
+intersected by the dark lines of greenery following the streams or
+encircling the swamps. The climate is largely of the continental
+type, with a temperature ranging from 120° F. to 40° or less
+(exclusive of thermometer readings on the Bauchi plateau), and a
+rainfall which throughout will usually fall between 30 and 50 or 60
+inches, with diminution to 20 or even 10 inches in the most
+northerly provinces. Such a climate, with the concomitant
+regularity of two, not four, well marked seasons, the dry and the
+wet, is entirely that associated with the occurrence of savannah
+formations, scattered bush with prevailing grasses, suffrutescent
+herbs and small trees, much open grass or thinly timbered
+park-land, with stretches of thick woods which are generally not
+heavily grassed and never cumbered with impenetrable
+undergrowth.</p>
+
+<p>Trees which are valuable timber species in the moist southern
+forests often scarcely attain reputable dimensions in the deciduous
+zone.</p>
+
+<p>These conditions also, which are doubtless partly the result of
+ill-considered human operations, put certain definite restrictions
+on cultivated species and determine the character of the natural
+products of the wild. The staple cereal is Dawa or <i>Sorghum</i>,
+instead of maize, with Gero or <i>Pennisetum typhoideum</i> in the
+North. Possibly the limit of Guinea Corn as a staple of native
+cultivation is also the limit of the savannah forests, i.e. of the
+region of trees of secondary size, short of the region of Acacias,
+of Geza, <i>Combretum altum</i>, and of scrub, where Bulrush Millet
+is the commoner. Both species are generally cultivated along with
+beans, <i>Vigna Sinensis</i>. The sweet potato displaces the yam
+and cassava; industrial cultivation is represented by cotton and
+indigo. Of forest products, the most representative are Shea nuts
+and gum arabic, rather than rubber and large timber; and lastly,
+both<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span> cattle-grazing
+and horse-breeding are important industries proper to the
+region.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc"><a id="c08s7"></a>VII. Some Trees of Hausaland.</h3>
+
+<p class="sch2">By Dr. J. M. Dalziel.</p>
+
+<p>A few notes on some of the better known trees of Northern
+Nigeria are here given, the Hausa name being appended in most
+cases.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i>, Harms (Leguminosæ).
+Makarfo.</p>
+
+<p>In the mixed deciduous forests towards the coast this appears as
+a large timber tree, in certain regions dominant both in abundance
+and size, and is also a constituent of the moist evergreen forests.
+In Northern Nigeria it never forms a straight stem, never attains
+the dimensions of a timber tree, and has generally a twisted stem
+and main branches. Its habit, therefore, rather than its mere
+presence, affords a striking instance of the changes accompanying
+the limited rainfall of the savannah forests, and its distribution
+probably does not extend beyond the northern boundary. The trunk
+has a somewhat pale piebald appearance, resulting from the flaking
+of large pieces of the bark exposing lighter portions below. The
+centre wood is so dark in colour as to have led European foremen of
+works to report it as lignum vitæ, and the wood is hard enough to
+earn for it in some districts, along with other trees, the
+designation “break axe.” It has shining leaves, whitish flowers and
+thin, flat pods.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Afzelia Africana</i>, Sm. Kawo; “African” or
+“Rhodesian” Mahogany, “Mahogany Bean,” etc.</p>
+
+<p>A large tree, common to nearly all types of forest in West
+Africa, tropical high forest, mixed deciduous and savannah. In
+Northern Nigeria large specimens may still be found, though these
+do not generally have tall, straight stems, but show the
+wide-spreading umbrella crown common in drier regions.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Paradaniellia Oliveri</i>, Rolfe. Kadaura or
+Maje.</p>
+
+<p>This has previously been classed with <i>Daniellia
+thurifera</i>, Bennett, the so-called West African Copaiba Balsam
+Tree.</p>
+
+<p>In the Northern Provinces of Nigeria it is one of the largest
+trees, 50 to 80 feet, with strong, straight stems and affording
+good timber for local use. The chief native use of the oleo resin
+is to fumigate garments. Its distribution probably stops short of
+the northern boundary.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Isoberlinia doka</i>, Craib, et Stapf.
+Doka.</p>
+
+<p>A tree which is the prevailing type in the savannah forests of
+Central Hausaland, generally 30 to 40 feet high, with broad,
+shining<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span> leaves,
+rather small white flowers and large flat pods containing five or
+six discoid seeds. The valves of the pods curl up after dehiscence,
+and young seedlings spring up vigorously where not choked by grass,
+farm clearings in Zaria province being often quickly occupied by
+them.</p>
+
+<p>A coarse red resin exudes from injuries or punctures of the
+bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Isoberlinia Dalzielii</i>, Craib et Stapf. Fara
+doka.</p>
+
+<p>Another new species of similar occurrence and habit, differing
+in having a more grey appearance associated with a slight
+pubescence, leaves not shining and pods less smooth. A species of
+the wild silkworm, <i>Anaphe Moloneyi</i>, and perhaps others, are
+found on them.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>, Poir. Madobia;
+“Senegal Rosewood,” “African Kino,” etc.</p>
+
+<p>A tree generally of 30 to 40 feet or more in open savannah
+forests, easily recognized by its bright yellow flowers, the
+regular venation of the leaves, and the bristly, flat, one-seeded
+pods. The blood-red resin is a variety of Kino, and in districts
+where the Camwood is not found, the bark of Madobia is sometimes
+sold as a substitute. The wood is hard and fine-grained.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Cassia Sieberiana</i>, DC. and C.;
+<i>Kotschyana</i>, Oliv. Marga or Gamafada.</p>
+
+<p>These are small trees with conspicuous yellow flower racemes,
+having a superficial resemblance to laburnum. They are abundant in
+the dry savannah regions as well as in savannah forest, and flower
+freely in the dry season. The pods are long and cylindrical and do
+not dehisce. <i>Cassia Arereh</i>, Del., is similar, but the leaves
+are more acuminated and the pods split up longitudinally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Detarium Senegalense</i>, Gmel. Taura.</p>
+
+<p>A good timber tree in the mixed deciduous and higher savannah
+forests, as also in the mountainous peninsula of Sierra Leone.
+Fairly large specimens of timber dimensions occur in the rocky
+forest overlooking Lokoja, but the Hausa Taura, hitherto identified
+as botanically the same, is of a very different habit, abundantly
+represented in the open bush savannah as a shrub or small tree
+having somewhat flattened fruits, oval, less succulent than, and
+one-half or one-third the size of, those shed by the forest
+specimens.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Tamarindus Indica</i>, Zinn. Tsamiya; “Tamarind
+Tree.”</p>
+
+<p>A very familiar tree in the northern Hausa States and Bornu, as
+well as in French territory to the north, but much less common on
+parts of the border-line between Southern and Northern Nigeria, so
+that probably its actual distribution is local and interrupted.
+Barth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span> places its
+limit at Tagalel, in Damerghu, or about 15° North latitude.</p>
+
+<p>In Hausaland it is a conspicuous tree, less from its dimensions
+than from the beauty of its foliage, sometimes umbrella-spreading
+and at others compact, and giving a good deal of shade when in full
+leaf. The ground becomes littered with the small leaflets in the
+dry months, and as a rule little undergrowth is to be found beneath
+it.</p>
+
+<p>In Sokoto and Kano provinces, and elsewhere in the North,
+specimens with a dense, compact and symmetrical crown are common,
+the branches often reaching to within 3 or 4 feet of the ground.
+The fruit has familiar medicinal and culinary uses, but rarely
+develops the soft rich pulp of the Indian specimens. One of the
+wild silkworms, <i>Anaphe sp.</i>, feeds on the leaf, the silken
+nest being called “Tsamiyar Tsamiya.” A familiar association which
+did not escape the notice of Dr. Barth is that of tamarind and
+baobab, in which case the former is often without a proper bole and
+spreads itself half scandent amongst the stout branches of the
+baobab.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Parkia filicoidea</i>, Welw. Dorowa; “West
+African Locust Bean.”</p>
+
+<p>A characteristic tree of the savannah forests, and one of the
+most typical members of the open park-like formations. It appears
+to be scarce in Bornu, but abundant from Zaria to Katsina, and its
+northern limit is probably about 14° North latitude.</p>
+
+<p>The pods afford both food and fodder, the fermented cakes called
+Daudawa, made from the seeds, being an article of local commerce.
+In the bush, far from villages, Dorowa trees are ownerless, but
+elsewhere they are generally private property.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Burkea Africana</i>, Hook. Farin makarfo.</p>
+
+<p>A tree of 30 to 40 feet, of irregular distribution in open
+savannah forests, fairly common between Yola and Bornu as well as
+in Southern Sokoto. It has light, silky foliage, flowers in
+pendulous, creamy spikes, and dark, almost black, bark. The hard
+wood is used for handles of axes and hoes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Prosopis oblonga</i>, Benth. Kiriya.</p>
+
+<p>A common tree of the savannah region, extending beyond the
+Anglo-French boundary, but better developed in the Benué region,
+where fair timber specimens occur. The wood is hard, with red
+centre wood, and takes a beautiful polish. It is recognized by its
+acacia-like foliage, spikes of creamy flowers and stout brown pods,
+with seeds sometimes used like those of Dorowa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Bauhinia reticulata</i>, DC. Kargo.</p>
+
+<p>A shrub or small tree, one of the commonest constituents of the
+bush savannahs; readily recognized by the cleft leaves, rusty
+bark<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span> and flat,
+twisted pods. The tough bark forms an emergency tie-tie, and its
+long vast fibres furnish strong cordage, which is its chief use in
+Northern Nigeria. The bark and leaves, containing tannin, have
+astringent uses.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Acacia Sieberiana</i>, DC. Fara kaya, or “White
+Thorn Acacia.”</p>
+
+<p>A very widely distributed species in the deciduous zone, not
+usually gregarious and occasionally flat-topped. It is easily
+recognized by its generally dark foliage and pale bark, the flowers
+not yellow, but in small, creamy-white balls, and by the long white
+thorns. It yields a soluble gum, which is perhaps not of the best
+quality.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Acacia Arabica</i>, Willd. Bagaruwa; Indian
+“Babool.”</p>
+
+<p>One of the commonest species, especially in the northern Hausa
+States and Bornu, and a source of gum arabic. The flowers are in
+bright yellow balls and the foliage is a good camel food. The
+jointed pods are “Sant” or “Gambia” pods, used all over the Soudan
+for tanning.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Acacia Senegalensis</i>, Willd. Dakwora.</p>
+
+<p>Usually only a shrub, not often over 10 feet, sometimes
+gregarious, and characteristic of the thin bush savannahs; it has
+grey bark, flowers in white spikes, and three sharp recurved
+stipular hooks at the base of each leaf.</p>
+
+<p>This species yields probably the best gum from Senegal to
+Somali, and the root-bark affords a very tough fibre.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Acacia albida</i>, Del., var.
+<i>saccharata</i>, Benth. Gawo.</p>
+
+<p>A fair-sized tree, confined to the open dry country in the
+North, extending into French territory, and an important camel
+food, but not a gum yielder. The flowers are in creamy-white spikes
+and the pods are yellow and twisted. It is peculiarly deciduous in
+the wet season, and bursts into foliage just at the cessation of
+the rains.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Acacia Seyal</i>, Del. Dussa; “Talh of the
+Soudan.”</p>
+
+<p>A rather small tree, not often over 20 feet, but gregarious and
+very abundant in North-east Hausaland and Bornu, less common, but
+local, in Sokoto, etc. It has a yellow or ochrey bark, white thorns
+and brilliant yellow balls of flowers, and the pods are narrow,
+sickle-curved and constricted between the seeds. The gum is of good
+quality, but not equal to that of <i>A. Senegal</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Acacia campylacantha</i>, Hochst. “Farichin
+shafu” (= Falcon’s claw).</p>
+
+<p>A fairly tall tree with white flower-spikes and strongly curved
+spines suggesting the native name. It is sometimes gregarious in
+limited forest patches, and the gum is said to be good in colour,
+cleanliness, etc.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i041" class="iw5"><a href="images/fig041.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig041.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 41.—<span class=
+"bold">A Baobab (Adansonia digitata).</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i042" class="iw5"><a href="images/fig042.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig042.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 42.—<span class=
+"bold">Giginya or “Fan Palm” (Borassus flabellifer, var. Æthiopum),
+with Water-lilies (Nymphæaceæ).</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 208.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_209">[209]</span><i>Albizzia Chevalieri</i>, G. et P.
+Katsari.</p>
+
+<p>A tree of 30 to 40 feet, common in the more open savannah
+formations, especially in the northern districts. It has whitish
+flower-balls, with long, pinkish stamens and thin, flat pods. The
+bark is sometimes used for tanning.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Entada Sudanica</i>, Schweinf. Tawatsa.</p>
+
+<p>A small tree of the savannah forests and open plains, easily
+distinguished by the peculiar jointed pods, each embossed seed
+section falling out and leaving the empty marginal frame. The
+flowers are in yellowish axillary spikes, generally two or three
+together.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Mimosa asperata</i>, Linn. Kaidaji.</p>
+
+<p>Forms dense thorny thickets fringing the open bush streams. The
+flowers are in pinkish balls, and the leaves possess the sensitive
+quality in a mild degree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Lophira alata</i>, Banks (Ochnaceæ). Mijin
+kade.</p>
+
+<p>An “African Oak” and one of the most familiar trees of the
+savannah forests and open country. It is apparently very similar to
+<i>Lophira procera</i>, the “Red Ironwood” timber tree of the
+southern forests; frequently stunted by forest fires. The seeds
+yield an oil and the bark is medicinal. The flowers are in handsome
+white panicles, appearing about November or December, and the leaf
+and habit often give it an appearance resembling the Shea Butter
+Tree, but the leaf is beautiful and finely veined. An extraordinary
+fact is the widespread belief of pagan tribes in the efficiency of
+the leaf as a charm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Eriodendron orientale</i>, Steud. (Malvaceæ).
+Rimi; “Silk-cotton Tree.”</p>
+
+<p>A giant in the evergreen forests, and still a comparative giant
+in the dry zone. In Northern Hausa towns the only very tall trees
+are Rimi; the wood is light and the stems are sometimes hollowed
+out for canoes: the floss of the seeds is Kapok, and has the usual
+local uses. Barth says its distribution eastwards stops at 11° East
+longitude, and that it is therefore absent from Bornu proper.</p>
+
+<p>Northwards it apparently scarcely extends beyond the
+Anglo-French boundary.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Bombax buonopozense</i>, Beauv. Gurjiya;
+“Red-flowered Silk-cotton Tree.”</p>
+
+<p>A member of the evergreen forests, but quite a common tree of
+the open country and savannah forests, sometimes more or less
+gregarious, and extending at least beyond the Anglo-French border.
+It reaches about 40 feet or more in height, with crowded spines on
+the bark and tulip-like red flowers appearing during the deciduous
+period, generally after the middle of December and in January.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_210">[210]</span><i>Adansonia digitata</i>, B. Juss. Kuka;
+“Baobab.”</p>
+
+<p>A characteristic tree of the dry savannah regions, often grouped
+in inhabited areas, with enormously stout stems, but in height
+limited to 40 to 60 feet. Specimens of 30 to 40 feet girth are not
+quite uncommon, the swollen stem, with soft, spongy wood, being an
+adaptation to a dry climate, by storing water to meet excessive
+transpiration by the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>The bark is smooth and often has a shiny purplish tinge. Apart
+from fibre from both bark and wood, the dry fruit pulp and the
+seeds are prepared in various ways as food and drink. Large
+specimens are still found at Maradi, north of the Sokoto boundary,
+but chiefly stunted trees are met with at Zinder.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Sterculia tomentosa</i>, G. et P.
+(Sterculiaceæ). Kukuki.</p>
+
+<p>A member of the semi-evergreen forests and common also in the
+dry zone as a medium-sized tree with soft, palmate-shaped leaves
+and pods four or five together, splitting to expose the black seeds
+with yellow arils. A watery juice from the bark refreshes thirsty
+travellers and a kind of gum tragacanth exudes from the trunk.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Hannoa undulata</i>, Planch. (Simarubeæ).
+Namijin gwabsa or Takandar giwa. (One of two species called by the
+latter name, <em>vide</em> <i>Cussonia</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>A common tree of no great size in the savannah forest. The
+leaves are pinnate, with five to seven leaflets on long stalks, the
+flowers, in creamy, fragrant panicles, appearing in October or
+November, and the fruit is a black plum with unpleasant taste.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Irvingia Smithii</i>, Hook. fil.</p>
+
+<p>A tree of evergreen and mixed deciduous forests which invades
+the ravines and fringing belts in the savannah region as far at
+least as Kontagora. In the Benué region it is a fairly large tree
+of 40 feet or more, often gregarious, as in a patch of moist forest
+opposite Katsina Allah, along with <i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i>.
+The scarlet fruits are known as Goron ruwa or Goron biri (i.e.
+Water or Monkey Kola), and are eaten by monkeys.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Balanites Ægyptiaca</i>, Del. Aduwa; “Desert
+Date.”</p>
+
+<p>Typical of the Soudan and of the northern drier provinces of
+Nigeria and extending into French territory; characterized by its
+bifoliate deciduous leaves, spiny habit in dry soil and evergreen
+bark. The yellow oval fruit has a thin layer of sugary,
+bitter-sweet pulp, and the kernel yields Betu oil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Boswellia odorata</i>, Hutch., and <i>B.
+Dalzielii</i>, Hutch. (Burseraceæ). Hano or Ararabi.</p>
+
+<p>Two new species of “Frankincense Tree,” yielding a
+fragrant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span> gum resin.
+They reach 30 feet or so in height, have white bark which peels off
+in thin sheets, racemes of white flowers and pinnate leaves with
+serrate leaflets.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Commiphora Kerstingii</i>, Engl. Dali or
+Bazana.</p>
+
+<p>A small tree, commonly used as a fence support around native
+compounds. The bark is smooth and green, and the soft wood can be
+hollowed out for quivers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Balsamodendron Africanum</i>, A. Rich.
+Dashi.</p>
+
+<p>A shrub commoner in the northern regions, extending beyond the
+Anglo-French boundary. In arid regions it forms a good hedge, with
+some resemblance to the blackthorn. The leaves and bark are
+fragrant, and it yields a gum resin which is a variety of African
+myrrh.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>, A. Juss. (Meliaceæ).
+Madachi; “West African Mahogany” of the dry zone.</p>
+
+<p>A large tree for the dry savannah region, but one of the smaller
+of the mahoganies. In the North, where dry conditions prevail, it
+tends to favour the banks of streams or the edges of marshy
+meadows, and is never buttressed, but often acquires a good
+spreading crown. Good timber specimens have been found on the
+Gurara River, but apart from this, and perhaps some other favoured
+localities, it does not as a rule exceed about 4 feet to 4½ feet in
+girth. It occurs from Gambia to Nigeria and Kamerun, and is again
+found as a West African element in the flora of Uganda and
+Mozambique. Northwards it reaches North Sokoto, but apparently does
+not extend to Zinder. The bark is a reputed bitter tonic in native
+medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Pseudocedrela Kotschyi</i>, Harms. Toman or
+Tonas; “Dry-zone Cedar.”</p>
+
+<p>In Northern Nigeria this is rarely more than a small to
+medium-sized tree of 20 to 30 feet, and not usually of good
+straight growth, probably from the effect of annual fires, but
+yielding a fine wood. The leaflets are undulate-margined, the
+flowers are in graceful panicles, appearing about February and
+March, and the dry, erect capsules, full of winged seeds, split
+from above downwards in five valves. Occasionally little copses of
+the species occur, as it seeds freely and numerous seedlings
+arise—most of them, however, doomed to perish in the next
+bush-fire. In protected localities it might be fostered into a
+useful timber tree. Natives find various medicinal uses for the
+bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Trichilia emetica</i>, Vahl. Jan sayi.</p>
+
+<p>A fairly common tree across Central Hausaland, not often much
+over 20 feet in height. It has medicinal properties; the white
+flowers are fragrant and used to rub the teeth, and the seeds yield
+a less important oil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_212">[212]</span><i>Trichilia retusa</i>, Oliv.</p>
+
+<p>A large timber tree with tall, straight stems, found in the
+Benué region. The flowers are white, appearing about January, in
+axillary racemes or below the leaves; the leaflets are generally
+five or three, with wide, shallow indentation at the tip.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Odina Barteri</i> (Anacardiaceæ). Faru.</p>
+
+<p>A fair-sized deciduous tree of the savannah forests, with
+pinnate pubescent leaves and inconspicuous flowers in pendulous,
+clustered racemes. It yields a sort of resin, and the small fruits,
+tipped with four sharp points, are eaten by birds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>? Spondias sp.</i> Danya.</p>
+
+<p>A very common tree of the drier savannah forests, very abundant
+in the North; it has light foliage of pinnate leaves with small
+leaflets and a yellow, very pleasantly flavoured fruit, with a
+tough rind like that of the mango. The fruits litter the ground in
+the months of May and June. The wood is very hard and used for
+making a heavy kind of basin known as <em>akushi</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>, G. et P.
+(Combretaceæ). Marike.</p>
+
+<p>This is one of the “Chew-sticks” of Yoruba, and while occurring
+in fringing forests and evergreen patches, it is very common in the
+open savannah regions, but probably does not extend beyond the
+northern boundary. It may be 50 feet in height, and possesses
+light, graceful foliage, pale bark and small yellowish flowers in
+globose heads, forming tiny dry two-winged fruits. It affords an
+inferior gum and is much used medicinally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Terminalia sp.</i>, near <i>T. macroptera</i>,
+G. et P. Baushe.</p>
+
+<p>A fairly large tree, 40 feet or more in height, with the oval
+winged and embossed fruits of the genus, along with its congeners,
+e.g. <i>T. Elliotii</i>, Engl. and Diels, <i>T. Baumanii</i>, Engl.
+and Diels, etc., very abundant and typical of the savannahs of
+Northern Nigeria. Bows and sticks are made from the roots.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Terminalia macroptera</i>, G. et P.
+Kandari.</p>
+
+<p>A smaller tree with much broader leaves, typical of open
+park-like formations.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Combretum spp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>Several arborescent species of <i>Combretum</i> are truly
+characteristic of the open and bush savannahs, and are well
+represented even in the northern parts, where, however, in some
+districts, they are replaced by Acacias. They are practically all
+gum-bearing; the flowers are small and yellowish in axillary
+spikes, but the genus is generally<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_213">[213]</span> easily recognized by the fruits having four
+papery wings and the usually whorled arrangement of the leaves. The
+Northern Nigerian species have not all been fully determined, and
+the native names are at present somewhat confused and may include
+more than one species. Most of them in this region are shrubs or
+small trees, occasionally reaching 30 feet or so, with smooth or
+hoary foliage. The Taramniya is generally <i>C. leonense</i>, Engl.
+and Diels; the Chiriri of Sogoto includes probably <i>C.
+Hartmannianum</i>, Schweinf., and other species; the Dalo is <i>C.
+glutinosum</i>, Perr., or near it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Parinarium curatellæfolium</i>, Planch
+(Rosaceæ). Rura.</p>
+
+<p>A small tree, very common in the bush and forest savannah,
+usually only about 10 to 15 feet high, with pale leaves and a dry,
+pear-like fruit. Of its congeners, <i>P. macrophyllum</i>, Sabine,
+the Gawasa or Gingerbread Plum, is its representative in most
+northerly provinces, and <i>P. polyandrum</i>, Benth., with
+grape-like bunches of purple not edible fruit, is common in the
+southern parts of the deciduous region.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Eugenia Owariensis</i>, Beauv. (Myrtaceæ).
+Malmo.</p>
+
+<p>A small tree, generally about 20 to 30 feet in height and always
+found in moist places, by streams, etc. It has shining, odorous
+foliage, white, fragrant flower-clusters, and a small black-purple,
+succulent fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Cussonia Nigerica</i>, Hutch. (Araliaceæ).
+Gwabsa or Takandar giwa.</p>
+
+<p>A new species, occurring in the open and bush savannahs as a
+small tree from 10 to 15 feet in height, with peculiar bare, raking
+branches, producing at their ends clusters of digitate leaves or of
+long catkin-like spikes of inconspicuous flowers. Incisions in the
+rough, fissured bark yield a clear gum. (For the native name
+compare <i>Hannoa undulata</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Cratæva Adansonii</i>, G. et P. (Capparideæ).
+Ingidido.</p>
+
+<p>A small tree, occasionally 20 feet high, fairly abundant in the
+North, of local distribution and common in towns. The leaves are
+trifoliate and can be used as a vegetable; the flowers are white
+and the fruit yellow, spherical, and about the size of a small
+orange.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Zizyphus spina-Christi</i>, Willd. (Rhamnaceæ).
+Kurna.</p>
+
+<p>A small tree characteristic of the dry open regions and commonly
+planted in northern towns. It is generally about 10 to 20 feet
+high, spiny, with leaves three-nerved, and a rather dry, edible
+berry of pleasant taste.</p>
+
+<p><i>Z. jujuba</i>, Lam., is the Magariya, and is similar, but in
+these regions generally has less of a stem and is more shrubby and
+thorny, and is not, as a rule, planted, though the fruit is even
+pleasanter.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_214">[214]</span><i>Sarcocephalus Russegeri</i> (Rubiaceæ).
+Tafashia.</p>
+
+<p>A shrub, or occasionally a small tree, common in moist meadows,
+but found also in the open dry bush. The flowers are in rather
+large creamy balls, and the coarse red, succulent fruit is the
+analogue of the Sierra Leone peach, <i>S. esculentus</i>, Afzel,
+which grows to a large tree in the evergreen forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Mitragyne Africana</i>, Korth. Giyaiya.</p>
+
+<p>This is a characteristic tree of swampy areas in the deciduous
+regions, found by streams and marshes or forming island-clumps with
+a few lesser shrubs and weeds in the grassy meadows, which dry up
+in the rainless months. It is generally from 20 to 30 feet in
+height and has close, spherical heads of whitish flowers and
+smooth, but not shining, leaves with regular venation.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Crossopteryx Kotschyana</i>, Fenzl.
+Kasfiya.</p>
+
+<p>A small tree of 15 to 20 feet, with foliage resembling that of
+Giyaiya, bunches of whitish flowers, and abundant small black,
+pill-like fruits, which remain attached long after they are
+ripe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Adina microcephala</i>, Hiern. Kadanyar
+rafi.</p>
+
+<p>A fairly tall tree of 30 to 40 feet, found in stream-banks in
+the savannah region. It has whitish balls of flowers and tapering
+smooth leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Morelia Senegalensis</i>, A. Rich. Innuwar
+bauna.</p>
+
+<p>An evergreen shrub 10 to 20 feet high, common on stream-banks,
+and found both in the semi-evergreen forests and in the fringing
+belts of the deciduous region. The flowers are white and somewhat
+fragrant, and the fruit is spherical, tipped by the tubular remains
+of the calyx.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>, Kotschii.
+(Sapotaceæ). Kadanya; “Shea Butter Tree.”</p>
+
+<p>A typical tree of the savannah hinterlands, and one which gives
+the park-like character to many parts of Northern Nigeria, it
+barely extends to the northern boundary, and is rarer on the Bornu
+side. It is generally 25 to 30 feet high or more, with a dense
+crown and a curiously corrugated bark. Flowers, in white, head-like
+clusters generally appear about December. The brown, chestnut-like
+kernels are ripe about July. The milky juice and the coarser
+venation of the leaves readily distinguish this tree from
+<i>Lophira alata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>, Hochst.
+(Ebenaceæ). Kanya or Kaiwa; “African Ebony.”</p>
+
+<p>A fairly large tree, up to about 40 feet in height, in the
+savannah forests and open country, extending north to beyond the
+Anglo-French<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span>
+boundary, larger in the mixed deciduous forests farther south and
+in fringing evergreen belts. The foliage is dark and the bark
+blackish; the inconspicuous whitish flowers, of separate sexes on
+different trees, are attractive to bees. The wood is white, with a
+black heartwood, and the spherical yellow fruits (“Monkey Guava”)
+have a crisp rind and sweet edible pulp, with four or five
+seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Strychnos spinosa</i>, Lam. (Loganiaceæ).
+Kokiya.</p>
+
+<p>A small thorny tree with opposite three- to five-nerved leaves,
+conspicuous by its round yellow fruit, which is orange-like, but
+has a hard rind and flat seeds embedded in a pleasant acid edible
+pulp.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Cordia Abyssinica</i>, R. Br. (Boragineæ).
+Aliliba.</p>
+
+<p>A shrub or small tree with broad leaves and white flowers,
+valued for the sweet yellow berries, which are used in making
+sweetmeats.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Kigelia Æthiopica</i>, Decne.; var.
+<i>Bornuensis</i>, Sprague (Bignoniaceæ). Rahaina or Rawuya.</p>
+
+<p>A species of “Sausage Tree,” of irregular distribution in
+Northern Nigeria, known in Sokoto, etc., but commoner in the Benué
+region and in Bornu (possibly more than one species occurring). It
+grows to a fairly large size, with dense foliage and pendulous
+racemes of lurid purple and spotted flowers and large, yam-like
+fruits.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Stereospermum Kunthianum</i>, Cham. Jiri or
+Sansami.</p>
+
+<p>A small tree of the savannah forests, with smooth pale bark,
+beautiful pink caducous blossoms and long slender pods.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Vitex Cienkowskii</i>, Kotschii et Peyr.
+(Verbenaceæ). Dinya.</p>
+
+<p>A fairly large tree, chiefly of open forest country and
+extending at least as far as the Anglo-French border. The bark is
+somewhat smooth, the crown of digitate leaves fairly dense, and the
+black, damson-like fruits are used in making molasses and
+sweetmeats. The natives value the wood as strong and suitable for
+local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Uapaca Guineensis</i>, Muell. Arg.
+(Euphorbiaceæ). Ka Jafogo.</p>
+
+<p>In the open country a rather small tree, with the habit of a
+Ficus, but becoming a large tree, sometimes prop-rooted, in the
+Benué region and in some ravines.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>, Benth. and Hook.
+(Moraceæ). The “Iroko” or “Odum.”</p>
+
+<p>Some of the splendid Nupé canoes are made of this, but the tree
+really belongs to the southern forests, though it occurs in the
+Benué region and perhaps in some northward extensions in river
+valleys.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_216">[216]</span><i>Celtis integrifolia</i>, Lam. Zuwo or
+Dukki.</p>
+
+<p>This is a fairly large tree of the savannah forest region, found
+as far north at least as Sokoto. The leaves are edible and are used
+as fodder.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Ficus</i> or <i>Urostigma spp.</i></p>
+
+<p>This genus has not yet been fully elaborated, and the native
+names cannot in all cases be definitely applied to distinct
+botanical species. The following appear tp be fairly established:
+Chediya, <i>Ficus Thonningii</i>, Bl., one of the commonest shade
+trees, planted in towns and abundant far North in French territory;
+Durumi, <i>F. syringifolia</i>, Warb., perhaps equally common, with
+shining heart-shaped and pointed leaves; Baure, <i>F.
+gnaphalocarpa</i>, A. Rich. (the rough-leaved species with soft
+figs which are sometimes considered edible); Uwar yara, <i>F.
+Capensis</i>, Thunb. (<em>sensu lato</em>), recognized by the wavy
+or indented-margined leaves, and especially by the figs being borne
+in dense clusters on the trunk; Gamji, <i>F. platyphylla</i>, Del.
+(the source of “Red Kano Rubber” and the host of one of the wild
+silkworms, <i>Anaphe sp.</i>). Kawuri probably includes <i>F.
+kawuri</i>, Hutch., and <i>F. glumosa</i>, Del. Wa is a species
+with broadly cordate leaves, strongly veined, and Shirinya is a
+narrow-leaved species. <i>F. Vogelii</i>, Mig., is a glossy-leaved
+rubber-tree, more abundant in ravines and in the moister forests
+farther South.</p>
+
+<p>The Gamji and Shirinya, and perhaps some of the others, almost
+invariably begin life as epiphytes.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the species have abundant aerial rootlets, and the latex
+of <i>F. Vogelii</i>, of Gamji, and perhaps of Kawuri and Shirinya,
+yields rubber of varying quality.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Raphia vinifera</i>, P. Beauv. (Palmeæ).
+Tukuruwa; “Bamboo Palm,” “Wine Palm.”</p>
+
+<p>This well-known palm is found in ravines in the savannah region
+as far as Zaria province, but is a proper member of swampy patches
+and moist forests of the South. Roofing poles and palm-wine are its
+products most used in the North.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Borassus flabellifer</i>, var. <i>Æthiopum</i>,
+Warb. Giginya; “Deleb,” “Palmyra” or “Fan Palm.”</p>
+
+<p>The most characteristic palm of Hausaland, with tall, straight
+and often beaded stems. The germinating shoots from the planted
+nuts are a vegetable called <em>muruchi</em>, and the wood and
+leaves have the familiar uses in house-building, mat and basket
+weaving, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Hyphæne Thebaica</i>, Mart. Goriba; “Dum” or
+“Gingerbread Palm.”</p>
+
+<p>The typical palm of the more northerly Hausa provinces,
+characterized by its forked stems and obliquely fan-shaped leaves.
+The kernel<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span> and the
+rind of the nut are used in certain food preparations, and the
+fronds have the usual applications for plaited utensils, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2b"><i>Phœnix dactylifera</i>, Linn. Dabino; “Date
+Palm.”</p>
+
+<p>Introduced by Arabs and confined (with a few exceptions, e.g. at
+Yola Mosque) to the Northern towns.</p>
+
+<p>In Kano it may be possible to see the three palms, Deleb, Dum
+and Date, together, but the last is in no sense a tree of
+Hausaland.</p>
+
+<p class="right pad-right2">J. M. <span class=
+"sc">Dalziel</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i043" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig043.jpg"><img src='images/fig043.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 43.—<span class=
+"bold">Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 6½ years old, showing bent leader,
+owing to previous one being eaten out by the leading-shoot
+borer.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i044" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig044.jpg"><img src='images/fig044.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 44.—<span class=
+"bold">1909 Mahogany (Khaya grandis and K. Punchii). Plantation
+after six years’ growth, near road to Chief Conservator’s House,
+Olokemeji Arboretum.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i045" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig045.jpg"><img src='images/fig045.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 45.—<span class=
+"bold">The largest Mahogany (Khaya Punchii), seven years old,
+Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 216.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_218">[218]</span><a id="c08app1"></a>APPENDIX I</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">NIGERIAN TREES.—A LIST OF TREES FOR THE NORTHERN
+PROVINCES</p>
+
+<p class="sch3">(Hausa names obtained from <em>Hausa Botanical
+Vocabulary</em>, by J. M. Dalziel.)</p>
+
+<table id="t218">
+<tr>
+<th><em>Botanical Name.</em>
+</th>
+<th><em>English Name.</em>
+</th>
+<th><em>Hausa.</em>
+</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Gramineæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Oxytenanthera Abyssinica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gora.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Palmæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Raphia vinifera</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Bamboo Palm, Tukuruwa Palm or Wine
+Palm</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gongola or Gwongola gwangwala (Nupe),
+Tukuruwa; also Murli, Gangame.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Hyphæne Thebaica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dum Palm or Gingerbread Palm</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Goriba, Kaba or Kodago and Kwalo
+(nut).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Elæis Guineensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Oil Palm</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kwakwa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Cocos nucifera</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Coconut Palm</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kwakwar, Attagura.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Borassus flabellifer, var. Æthiopum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Deleb Palm, Fan or Palmyra Palm</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Giginya.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Salicaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Salix</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Willow</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ba ruwana, syn. Rimni (Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Ulmaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Celtis integrifolia</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Nettle Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dukki or Dunki, syn. Zuwo (Kano, Zaria,
+etc.); also Dinkin.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Moraceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Artocarpus incisa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Breadfruit</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Barabutu (corruption of Breadfruit).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus gnaphalocarpa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Baure, Bauren fadama, Bauren rafi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Bijaje.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus populifolia</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Bishiyapl bishiyoyi, generic.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus Thonningii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Chediya, Gazari or Gizeri (Hadeija).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Danko maiwari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Large Fig</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dulu.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus syringifolia</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Small Fig</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Durumi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus platyphylla</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Guttapercha Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gamji or Ganji (Kano).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus Capensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Garicha (Zanfara), Haguguwa (Kano and
+Bauchi), Uwar yara (Kano and Katagum).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_219">[219]</span>Ficus Kawuri and Ficus glumosa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kawuri.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Chlorophora excelsa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Loko.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Non gwanki.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Narrow-leaved Fig Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Shisinya, syn. Shiriya (Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus Vogelii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Taba ni ka samu, cf. Kurnan nasara and
+Zogalagandi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Wa or Ya (Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Wan kurumi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ficus Capensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Uwar yara (Kano, Katagum), syn. Haguguwa
+(Kano, Bauchi).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Anonaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Anona Senegalensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Custard Apple</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gwandar daji.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Xylopia Æthiopica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">African, Guinea or Negro Pepper</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kimba.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Capparidaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Mærua Angolensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Chichiwa (Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Cratæva Adansonii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ingidido.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Moringaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Moringa pterygosperma</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Horse-radish Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Samarin danga or Zogalagundi, syn.
+Bagarumar makka (Sok.), Barambo (Gobir); also Taba ni ka saniu (cf.
+Kurnan nasara).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Rosaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Parinarium macrophyllum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gingerbread Plum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gawasa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Parinarium polyandrum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kaikai.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Parinarium curatellæfolium</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Rura; also Gwanja kusa and Kaikai.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Leguminosæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Sesbania leptocarpa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Alambo.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Sesbania aculeata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Sesbania Ægyptiaca</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Sasabani and Zamarke.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Lonchocarpus cyanescens</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Yoruba Wild Indigo</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Bahar tahki.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Acacia Arabica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Egyptian Mimosa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Bagaruwa, Gabaruwa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Afrormosia sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ba-jini, syn. Jina-jina (Sok. and
+Zanf.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Acacia Sieberiana</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Bauji (E. Hausa), syn. Fara kaya.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_220">[220]</span>Swartsia Madagascariensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Cassia Tribe</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Bogo zage (Zanfare), Bayama (Kontagora),
+syn. Gwazkiya, Gamma fada.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Cassia Occidentalis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ba-Zanfare (Katagum), syn. Rai dore,
+Sanga-sanga (Sok. and West).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Tetrapleura Thonningii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dawo (Hausa?), Ai-da (Yoruba), cf.
+Kalangon daji and Sandan mayu.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Isoberlinia doka</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Doka.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Isoberlinia Dalzielii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Fara doka.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Parkia filicoidea</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">African Locust Bean Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dorowa, Dorawa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Acacia Seyal</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">“Tall” Gum Acacia</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dushe (Kano), Dussa (E. Hausa), syn.
+Jimshi (Sok.), and (?) Ishishiya (Zanfara).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Acacia Sieberiana</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Acacia</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Fara kaya, syn. Bauji (E. Hausa).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Acacia campylacantha</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Acacia Catechu</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Farachin shafo or Kumbarshafo. Karkara
+(Kano), Karki (Sok., Kats., and Zanf.), Kayar rakumi; also Karo
+(Kano, Sok., and Kats.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Acacia macrostachys</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gardayi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Acacia albida</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gawo.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Lonchocarpus laxiflorus</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Farin sansami, syn. Shunin Biri Zanfara
+halshen sa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Afzelia Africana</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">African Mahogany or Mahogany Bean</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Fasa-daga, Kawo.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Cassia Kotschyana</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gamma fada hada fuda (Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Pterocarpus esculentus</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gedar, Kurumi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Erythrophlœum Guineense</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Sasswood or Ordeal Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gwaska or Itchen gwaska.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Bauhinia rufescens</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Jirga (Sok. and Kats.), syn. Tsatsagi
+(Sok. Zaria, Kano, etc.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Paradaniellia Oliveri</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">West African or Ilorin Copaiba Balsam
+Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kadaura (Kano, Zaria, etc.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Mimosa asperata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kaidaji, Kardaji (Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Tetrapleura</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kalangen daji.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Ambygonocarpus Schweinfurthii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kashi Kashi (Kontagora Kols).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Albizzia Chevalieri</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Katsari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Prosopis oblonga</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kiriya, Akiye or Akwiye (seeds),
+Kokara.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Burkea Africana</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Break-axe Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kurdi, Bakin makarfo, Kariye gatari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Acacia Caffra?</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Thorny Acacia</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kwandariya.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_221">[221]</span>Pterocarpus erinaceus</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Africa Rosewood or “Bloodwood”</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Madobia.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Paradaniellia Oliveri</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Balsam Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Maje (Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Syn. Daniellia Thurifera</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">West African Copaiba Balsam Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Syn. Kadaura (Kano, Zaria, etc.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Baphia pubescens</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Camwood</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Majigi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Erythrina Senegalensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Coral Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Majiriya (Sok. and Kats.), Minjiriya
+(Kano).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Afrormosia laxiflora</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Break-axe Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Makarfo, also called Kariye gatari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Indigofera secundiflora</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dan marike.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Cassia goratensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Runhu or Rumfu.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Parkinsonia aculeata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Jerusalem Thorn</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and Kats.),
+Sasabani (Hadeija, etc.), Sharan lobbi (Sokoto), cf. Alambo.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Lonchocarpus laxiflorus</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Shunim biri, syn. Farin sansami (Sok. and
+Kats.), Halshen sa Zanfar.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Lonchocarpus cyanescens</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">West African Indigo or Yoruba Wild
+Indigo</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Talaki or Talakin Yarubawa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Detarium Senegalense</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Taura.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Entada Sudanica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Tawatsa or Tawassa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Tamarindus Indica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Tamarind Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Tsamiya.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Rutaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Zanthoxylum Senegalense</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Fasa-kwari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Limonia</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kokuwa (Sok. and West).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Simarubaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Irvingia Smithii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Goron biri or Goron ruwa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Hannoa undulata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Takandar giwa (Kats., Sok. and Zanf.),
+syn. Namijin gwabsa (Kontagora, etc.); also Raken giwa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Burseraceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Canarium Schweinfurthii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">“African Elemi Tree”</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Atillis.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Boswellia odorata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Frankincense Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Basamu (Sok. and Zanf.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Boswellia Dalzielii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Frankincense Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Syn. Hano (Sok. and Kats.), and Ararabi
+(Kats.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Commiphora Kerstingii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dali and Dalu (Kano and Katsina), syn.
+Bazano (Kano and Zaria), Gurzundali (Katagum), Hana gobard
+(Zanfara), Ka Ki ganin bula (Zanfara); also Bar nagada.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Balsamodendron myrrha</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Myrrh</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Jawul.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_222">[222]</span>Meliaceæ</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Melia Azedarach</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Pride of India, Persian or African Lilac,
+or Bead Head</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Itchen kurdi, syn. Kurnan nasara, E.
+Hausa Kontagora.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Trichilia emetica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Jan saye (Sok., Zanf., Kontaga).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Khaya Senegalensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Species of African Mahogany</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Madachi or Madwachi (Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Pseudocedrela Kotschyi</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Tuna (often pronounced Tunam or
+Tunas).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Euphorbiaceæ</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Hymenocardia acida</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Jan yaro or Jan itache.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Uapaca Guineensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ka fafogo.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Euphorbia Barteri</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kerana.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Euphorbia Abyssinica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Phyllanthus floribundus</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Majiriyar kurumi (Kano); also called
+Kumchi (Sok. and Zanf.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Anacardiaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Spondias sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Yellow Plum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Danya (fruit called Nunu), C. Tsadar
+Masar.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Odina Barterii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Faru, syn. Tudi (Zanfara), Farum biri
+(Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Anacardium Occidentale</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Cashew</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kanju.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Mangifera Indica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mango</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Mangoro.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Spondias lutea</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Hog Plum, Yellow Spanish or Jamaica
+Plum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Tsadar Lamarudu or Tsadar Masar.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Hæmatostaphis Barteri</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Blood Plum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Tursuje.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Sapindaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Blighia sapida</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Akee Apple</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Alale, usually called Gwanje kusa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Rhamnaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Zizyphus Spina-Christi</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kwina, cf. Magariya.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Zizyphus jujuba</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Jujube Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Magariya.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Zizyphus mucronata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Buffalo Horn</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Magariyar kura.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_223">[223]</span>Vitaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Vitis quadrangularis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dodoriya or Dadori.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Bombacaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Bombax buonopozense</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gurjiya, syn. Kuriya (Sok. and
+Zanf.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Bombax buonopozense</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Red-flowered Silk-cotton Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kuriya (Sok. and Zanf.), syn.
+Guriya.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Adansonia digitata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Baobab, Monkey-bread Tree, or Sour
+Gourd.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kuka.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Eriodendron Orientale</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">White Silk-cotton Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Rimi (Kano) or Rini (Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Sterculiaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Cola acuminata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kola Nut</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Goro or Labuje goriya (largest
+nuts).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Sterculia tomentosa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kukudi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Flacourtiaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Oncoba spinosa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kokochiko.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Combretaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Terminalia sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Baushe.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Nr. Terminalia macroptera</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kandari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Terminalia Elliotti</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Terminalia Baumanii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Terminalia Avicennioides</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Combretum Kerstingii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Chiriri (Sok. and Zanf.), syn. Dagera and
+probably also Zindi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Combretum glutinosum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dalo.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Combretum sp., probably Combretum
+altum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Geza.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Combretum sp. (?) Combretum leonense</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Goga jiki.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Anogeissus leiocarpus</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Chew-stick Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Marike.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Combretum verticillatum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Taramniya.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Combretum geitonophyllum and others</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Combretum leonense</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Wuyan damo.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Combretum sp. near</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Zindi (Katagum, Kanuri).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_224">[224]</span>Combretum Hartmannianum, probably same as C.
+Kerstingii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Chiriri.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Myrtaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Eugenia caryophyllata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Clove</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kanumfari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Eugenia Owariensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Malmo.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Araliaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Cussonia Nigerica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gwabsa (Sok., Kats. and Zanf.), Raken
+giwa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Sapotaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Butyrospermum Parkii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Shea Butter Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kadanya or Kadai.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Ebenaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Diospyros mespiliformis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kaiwa (Sok.) or Kanya (Kano).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Loganiaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Anthocleista nobilis (G. Don)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Cabbage Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kwari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Anthocleista Vogelii (Planch)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kwari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Anthocleista parviflora (Baker)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kwari.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Apocynaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Voacanga obtusa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kokiyar biri (Kontagora)</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Rauwolfia Welwitschii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Wadda.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Borraginaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Cordia Abyssinica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Aliliba</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Verbenaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Vitex Cienkowskii</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dinya (Kano), Dumya (Sok.)</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Vitex diversifolia</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_225">[225]</span>Solanaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Solanum sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Jaudari (E. Hausa), syn. Gorgo.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Bignoniaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Newbouldia lævis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Aduruku, syn. Ba reshe (?).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Stereospermum Kunthianum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Jiri or Sansami or Sasami, syn. Jiri dan
+sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and Kats.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Kigelia Æthiopica, var. Bornuensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Sausage Tree</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Rahaina, syn. Rawuya (Sok.) and Nonon
+giwa.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Rubiaceæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Randia malleifera</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Gardenia sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Katambiri.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Randia Nilotica</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Barbaji, syn. Tsibra or Tsura
+(Sok.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Mitragyne Africana</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Giyeya or Giyaiya.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Crossopteryx Kotschyana</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kasfiya (Sok., Kats. and Zanf.).</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Sarcocephalus Russegeri</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">A common Chew-stick</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Tafashia.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Adina microcephala</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kadanyar rafi or Kadanyar kurumi.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="sect1top sc">Compositæ.</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Vernonia amygdalina</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Fate fate.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang2">Vernonia sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top pad2">—</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Shiwaka.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_226">[226]</span><a id="c08app2"></a>APPENDIX II</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">NIGERIA—FOREST EXPORTS</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t226">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">Products.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1909.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1910.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1911.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1912.</th>
+<th colspan="3">1913.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th colspan="2"><span title="Quantity">Qty.</span>
+</th>
+<th>£</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernels</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">158,849</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,815,967</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">172,998</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,450,814</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">176,389</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,574,405</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">184,624</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,797,411</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">174,720</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,109,820</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernel shells</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">853</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,512</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,168</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,070</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">943</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">973</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,472</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,140</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">649</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,313</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernel oil</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">499</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">16,341</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">3,857</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">129,443</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm oil</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">6,335</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,447,163</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">76,850</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,742,234</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">79,336</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,696,876</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">76,994</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,654,933</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">83,085</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,854,384</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kernel cake</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">31,484</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rubber</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">619</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">109,076</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1,175</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">311,691</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">961</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">179,355</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">705</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">25,022</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">510</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">89,995</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gum arabic</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">373</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,559</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">307</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,785</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">710</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,133</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gum copal</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">10</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">362</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">72</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,686</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">19</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">322</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gutta-percha</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">104</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,787</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">106</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">5,419</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">74</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,424</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Shea butter</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">309</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">5,230</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">340</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,804</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">248</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,978</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">179</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,798</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">120</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,044</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Shea nuts</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">9,728</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">78,029</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">4,464</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">43,510</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">3,629</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">35,518</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">7,756</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">46,609</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">9,420</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">70,427</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kola nuts</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">79</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,377</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">72</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,136</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">48</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,459</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Coconuts</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2,240</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">71,916</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">20,500</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="nuts">nt</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">nuts</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">82</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">15,550</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="nuts">nt</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">nuts</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">51</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">147,745</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="nuts">nt</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">nuts</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">496</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kapok</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">2</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">152</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">1</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="ton">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">ton</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">69</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">19</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,097</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Copra</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">21</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">259</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">96</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,672</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">94</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,628</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">96</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,890</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Timber, mahogany</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">46,372</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">60,191</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">13,675</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="logs">lg</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">logs</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">55,575</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">15,565</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="logs">lg</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">logs</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">78,006</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">19,152</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="logs">lg</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">logs</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">105,440</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><span class="word-spaced6">&nbsp;„&nbsp;</span> ebony</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">74</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">266</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">37</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">102</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">119</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">608</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class=
+"word-spaced6">&nbsp;„&nbsp;</span> other than furniture</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">3</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">5</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">10</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Camwood</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">13</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">46</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">67</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">314</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Mangrove bark</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">504</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">671</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">213</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">448</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">48</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">200</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rafters</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">280</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">28</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">95</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">40</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Beeswax</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">256</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">11</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">566</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">4</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">247</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">5</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="tons">tn</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">388</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">178,955</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">3,574,524</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">257,252</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">4,617,314</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">262,767</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">4,569,211</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">273,158</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">4,639,892</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right bt">273,583</td>
+<td class="bt"><span class="althead" title=
+"tons">tn</span><span class="x-ebookmaker-drop">tons</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">5,410,695</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">20,500</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="nuts">nt</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">nuts</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">15,550</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="nuts">nt</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">nuts</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">147,745</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="nuts">nt</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">nuts</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">13,675</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="logs">lg</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">logs</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">15,565</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="logs">lg</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">logs</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">19,152</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="logs">lg</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">logs</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="bdless-right">
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">280</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">95</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bdless-right">40</td>
+<td><span class="althead" title="pkgs.">pk</span><span class=
+"x-ebookmaker-drop">pkgs.</span>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_227">[227]</span><a id="c08app3"></a>APPENDIX III</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">IMPORTS OF TIMBER INTO NIGERIA</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t227">
+<tr>
+<th class="width8">Wood and Timber, Rough Hewn, Sawn and
+Split.</th>
+<th>Superficial Feet.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1910</td>
+<td class="tdc">5,754,135</td>
+<td class="tdr">34,166</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1911</td>
+<td class="tdc">3,246,924</td>
+<td class="tdr">35,920</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1912</td>
+<td class="tdc">3,915,004</td>
+<td class="tdr">37,904</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1913</td>
+<td class="tdc">4,531,262</td>
+<td class="tdr">43,157</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1914</td>
+<td class="tdc">6,094,126</td>
+<td class="tdr">54,673</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1915</td>
+<td class="tdc">4,194,935</td>
+<td class="tdr">45,027</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1916</td>
+<td class="tdc">Information not yet available</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdc bt">27,736,386</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">£250,847</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_228">[228]</span><a id="c08app4"></a>APPENDIX IV</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">NIGERIAN TREES PROTECTED UNDER THE FORESTRY
+ORDINANCE</p>
+
+<p>With the gracious permission of the Nigerian Forest Department
+and the Nigerian Government a copy of the schedule of protected
+trees under the Nigerian Forestry Ordinance has been inserted
+here.</p>
+
+<h4>SCHEDULE A</h4>
+
+<p class="sch1">PROTECTED TREES</p>
+
+<h5>1st Class Trees.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fee</em>, 46<em>s.</em>; <em>Royalty</em>,
+10<em>s.</em>; <em>Total</em>, 56<em>s.</em> <em>per tree</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>a</em>) 11 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Khaya</i>. All species except <i>K. Senegalensis</i>.
+Mahoganies. Ogangwo (Yoruba); Gedu (Benin); Digiten (Brass);
+Dirinshi and Odala (Ibo); Efriyo-moniba (Efik).</p>
+
+<p><i>Entandrophragma</i>. All species, scented Mahoganies. Ijebo
+(Yoruba); Onomokyukyu and Ikwapobo (Benin); Eden (Efik); Etori
+(Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>. Iroko (Yoruba); Iroko (Benin); Odji
+(Ibo); Nsan (Ekoi); Efriyo (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>b</em>) 10 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gaurea Thompsonii</i>. Walnuts. Obobonikwi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Gaurea</i>. All other species.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lovoa Klaineana</i>. Anamomila (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>c</em>) 8 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sarcocephalus esculentus</i>. Moist forest form. Opepe
+(Yoruba); Obiache (Benin); Owessu (Brass); Awesu (Jekri).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>d</em>) 6 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Funtumia elastica</i>. Rubber trees.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ficus Vogelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>f</em>) No minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Elæis Guineensis</i>. Oil Palm.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i046" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig046.jpg"><img src='images/fig046.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 46.—<span class=
+"bold">Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation, Olokemeji Arboretum,
+showing it at the end of the dry season, March 1915; Captain
+Owens.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i047" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig047.jpg"><img src='images/fig047.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 47.—<span class=
+"bold">Cedrela odorata (Cigar-box Cedar), three years old (seen
+close); R. E. Dennett, Esq.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i048" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig048.jpg"><img src='images/fig048.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 48.—<span class=
+"bold">Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation, with H. N.
+Thompson, Esq., 1911.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 228.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h5><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span>2nd Class
+Trees.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fee</em>, 28<em>s.</em>; <em>Royalty</em>,
+8<em>s.</em>; <em>Total</em>, 36<em>s.</em> <em>per tree</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>b</em>) 10 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mimusops Djave</i>. Efam (Efik); Mfam (Ekoi); Ungu (Ibo).</p>
+
+<p><i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>. Eben-etridon (Efik); Njasun
+(Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p><i>Detarium Guineensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Piptadenia Africana</i>. Agboin (Yoruba); Chen (Ibo); Ekhimi
+(Benin); Sanga (Ijaw).</p>
+
+<p><i>Cylicodiscus Gabunensis</i>. Anyan (Efik); Okan (Benin);
+Aja-igi or Olosan (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><em>Agba</em> of the Benis. Mobonran (Ijaw).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>d</em>) 7 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Afzelia Africana</i>.<a id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Apa (Yoruba); Kanwo (Hausa);
+Adja (Ibo); Ayin-bukbo (Efik); Aligna or Adya (Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Blighia sapida</i>. Ishin (Yoruba); Alale or Gwanja-kusa
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Lophira procera</i>. Eki (Yoruba); Eba (Benin); Kuru (Ijaw);
+Umowenek (Efik).</p>
+
+<p><i>Tamarindus Indicus</i>.<a id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Tsamia (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>e</em>) 6 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mimusops multinervis</i>. Emido (Yoruba); Apassa (Efik).</p>
+
+<h5>3rd Class Trees.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fee</em>, 18<em>s.</em>; <em>Royalty</em>,
+6<em>s.</em>; <em>Total</em>, 24<em>s.</em> <em>per tree</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>b</em>) 10 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Santiriopsis Klaineana</i>. Incense Tree. Odonomo-kyu-kyu
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Poga oleosa</i>. Inoi (Efik); Inyere (Ekoi); Imonor
+(Ibo).</p>
+
+<p><i>Brachystegia spicæformis</i>. Ako or Eku (Yoruba); Akpakpa
+(Ibo); Ukung (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>c</em>) 6 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Carapa</i>. All species. Ibegogo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Albizzia fastigiata</i>. Ayinre-eta (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Albizzia Brownii</i>. Ayinre-bonabona (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pterocarpus tinctorius</i>. Camwood. Ukpa (Efik); Nkohen
+(Ekoi); Uhie (Ibo); Auchi (Brass).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pterocarpus Osun</i>. Barwood. Osun (Yoruba); Ukpa
+(Efik).</p>
+
+<p><i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>. Dry-zone Mahogany. Ogangwo (Yoruba);
+Madachi (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>. Sasswood. Erun (Yoruba); Ifwan
+(Efik); Inyi (Ibo); Gwaska (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Erythrophlœum micranthum</i>. Ihi (Ekoi); Iringi (Ibo).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span><i>Schrebera
+Golungensis</i>. Opele (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i>. Yellow Satin Wood. Ainyesan
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Parkia biglobosa</i>.<a id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Parkia filicoidea</i>.<a id="FNanchor_6b"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Darowa (Hausa); Irugba
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pseudocedrela Kotschyi</i>.<a id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Tuna (Hausa); Emigbegi
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Irvingia Barterii</i>. Oro (Yoruba); Okherli (Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Mammea sp.</i> Bolo (Ijaw); Bolo (Brass).</p>
+
+<p><i>Casearia sp.</i> Ebo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><em>Otutu</em> of the Yorubas. Aiye (Ondo).</p>
+
+<p><i>Klaineodoxa Gabonensis</i>. Alukon-raba (Yoruba); Ifainaki
+(Egba); Odudu (Ondo).</p>
+
+<p><i>Diospyros</i>.<a id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8"
+class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Ebonies. Kainya (Hausa).</p>
+
+<h5>4th Class Trees.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fee</em>, 9<em>s.</em>; <em>Royalty</em>,
+3<em>s.</em>; <em>Total</em>, 12<em>s.</em> <em>per tree</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>c</em>) 8 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Terminalia</i>. All species except <i>T. Togoensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Terminalia Superba</i>. Afara (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><em>Uputtu</em> of the Benis.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diospyros dendo</i>. Obiletu (Efik).</p>
+
+<p><i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>. Kanran (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Diospyros Mombuttensis</i>. Ogan-pupa (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Diospyros atropurpurea</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diospyros crassiflora</i>. Aborpor (Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Cordia Millenii</i>. Omo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Triplochiton Johnsonii</i>. Arere (Yoruba); Obeche
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Triplochiton Nigericum</i>. Arere (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Mitragyne macrophylla</i>. Uwen (Efik); Ebar (Brass); Ebar
+(Ibo); Abura (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Daniellia Ogea</i>. Ojia (Yoruba); Udeni (Ibo); Ozia
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p><em>Yinrin-yinrin</em> of Ijaws and Ikales.</p>
+
+<p><em>Jebere</em> of the Ondos. Alofin (Jebu).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>e</em>) 6 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Berlinia acuminata</i>. Apado (Yoruba); Ekpogoi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Berlinia auriculata</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cordia</i>. All species except <i>C. Millenii</i>. Aliliba
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pausinystalia sp.</i> Idagbon (Ondo); Wenren-wenren
+(Jebu).</p>
+
+<p><i>Microdesmis sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p><em>Ohiomo</em> of the Benis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span><em>Ewai</em> of
+the Benis.</p>
+
+<p><i>Spondias sp.</i> Ekika-aja, Opon (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Saxoglottis Gabunensis</i>. Ndat (Efik); Tala (Ibo); Tala
+(Brass); Edat (Ekoi); Atala (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sarcocephalus sp.</i> Opepe-ira (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i>. Akomu (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Ormosia monophylla</i>. Akoriko (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><em>Ashasha</em> of the Yoruba.</p>
+
+<p><i>Alstonia Congensis</i>. Awun, Ahon (Yoruba); Dubu (Brass);
+Eba (Ibo).</p>
+
+<p><i>Parkia filicoidea</i>.<a id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Danowa (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Parkia biglobosa</i>.<a id="FNanchor_9b"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Acacia</i>.<a id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10"
+class="fnanchor">[10]</a> All species. Gabarua (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>. Shea Butter. Emi-emi (Yoruba);
+Kadanya (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>. Apepe, Ara (Yoruba); Madobia
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<h5>5th Class Trees.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fee</em>, 4<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em>;
+<em>Royalty</em>, 1<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em>; <em>Total</em>,
+6<em>s.</em> <em>per tree</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>b</em>) 10 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eriodendron</i>. All species. Silk Cotton Tree. Araba
+(Yoruba); Ukum (Efik); Shakka (Brass); Okha (Benin); Akpe (Ibo);
+Rimi (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Bombax</i>. All species.</p>
+
+<p><i>Antiaris toxicaria</i>. Oro (Yoruba); Nuwo (Ekoi); Odjiwawa
+(Ibo).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>c</em>) 8 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><em>Iya-Igbo</em> of the Yorubas.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>e</em>) 6 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tetrapleura Thonningii</i>. Aridan (Yoruba); Dawo
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Erythrina</i>. All species except <i>E. Senegalensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Paradaniellia Oliveri</i>. Balsam Copaiba Tree. Iya
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>. Apara (Yoruba); Ukana (Efik);
+Ukpakara (Brass).</p>
+
+<p><i>Lonchocarpus Zenkeri</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Daniellia</i>. All species except <i>D. Ogea</i>. Gum Copal
+Trees. Iya (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Cynometra</i>. All species.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ricinodendron Africana</i>. Erimmado (Yoruba); Okwen
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Uapaca Guineensis</i>. Ile (Ibo).</p>
+
+<p><i>Uapaca Staudtii</i>. Akun (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span><i>Garcinia
+sp.</i> Agberibede (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Scottelia Kamerunensis</i>. Okilolo (Ijaw).</p>
+
+<p><em>Oropa</em> of the Yorubas. Odoko (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><em>Erohun</em> of the Ikales.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>f</em>) 4 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Xylia Evansii</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trichilia Heudelotii</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pseudocedrela Kotschyi</i>.<a id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Emigbegi (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><em>Ukpi-nikwi</em> of the Benis. Enyin Mbukpo (Efik).</p>
+
+<h5>6th Class Trees.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fee</em>, 2<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em>;
+<em>Royalty</em>, 6<em>d.</em>; <em>Total</em>, 3<em>s.</em>
+<em>per tree</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>c</em>) 8 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sterculia cordata</i>. Ogugu (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>e</em>) 6 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sterculia oblonga</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pentadesma butyracea</i>. Candle Tree. Udia Ebiong
+(Efik).</p>
+
+<p><i>Adina microcephala</i>.<a id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Kadanyar rafi (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>. Ayin (Yoruba); Marike (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Isoberlinia</i>.<a id="FNanchor_12b"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Both species. Doka
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>f</em>) 4 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chrysophyllum</i>. All species. Osan (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Polyadoa umbellata</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Baphia nitida</i>. Irosun (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Baphia pubescens</i>. Ubara (Efik).</p>
+
+<p><i>Baphia polygalacea</i>. Mbomo-nkuku (Efik).</p>
+
+<p><i>Parinarium macrophyllum</i>. Gawasa (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Parinarium mobola</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Funtumia Africana</i>. Ako-ire (Yoruba); Bassa-bassa
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Tamarindus Indicus</i>.<a id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> Tsamia (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Eugenia Owariensis</i>. Malmo (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Vitex</i>. All species.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sterculia Barterii</i>. Eso (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Lophira alata</i>. Ipawhaw (Yoruba); Namijin-kadai
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Zanthoxylon Senegalensis</i>. Ata (Yoruba); Fasa-kwari
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Spondias lutea</i>. Hog Plum. Iyeye (Yoruba); Tsada-Masar
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Cola</i>. All species.</p>
+
+<p><em>Ita</em> of the Yorubas.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hannoa Klaineana</i>. Igbo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Macrolobium</i>. All species.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span><i>Ormosia
+laxiflora</i>.<a id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class=
+"fnanchor">[14]</a> Ba-fini, Makarfo (Hausa); Shedun (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Prosopis oblonga</i>. Kirya (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Lonchocarpus sericeus</i>. Ipapo (Yoruba); Njassi (Ibo);
+Obong (Efik).</p>
+
+<p><i>Dialium Guineense</i>. Awin (Yoruba); Ohiorme (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>f</em>) 3 feet minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Adina microcephala</i>.<a id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Kadanyar Rafi (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Isoberlinia</i>.<a id="FNanchor_15b"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> All species. Doka
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Ormosia laxiflora</i>.<a id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Makarfo (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>g</em>) No minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Borassus Æthiopica</i>. The Fan Palm. Giginya (Hausa).</p>
+
+<h5>7th Class Trees.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fees, Nil, except when taken under a Fuel
+Permit.</em>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">(<em>g</em>) No minimum girth
+limit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Acacia</i>. All species, when in Southern Provinces.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anona</i>. All species. Afe (Yoruba); Gwandar-daji
+(Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Conopharyngia</i>. All species.</p>
+
+<p><i>Deinbollia insignis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Erythrina Senegalensis</i>. Majiriya (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Garcinia conrauana</i>. Efiari (Efik); Odji (Brass).</p>
+
+<p><i>Hannoa undulata</i>. Ikwepokin (Benin).</p>
+
+<p><i>Holarrhena Wulfsbergii</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Kigelia pinnata</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Millettia Thonningii</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Musanga Smithii</i>. Umbrella Tree. Aga (Yoruba); Uno (Efik);
+Oro (Brass).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pachylobus edulis</i>. Eben (Efik).</p>
+
+<p><i>Parinarium</i>. All species except those detailed in 6th
+class.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i>. Gedar-kurumi (Hausa); Gbingbin
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Ochna multiflora</i>. Toi-tsi (Ibo).</p>
+
+<p><i>Rauwolfia vomitoria</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Spathodea</i>. All species.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sterculia</i>. All other species except those detailed in
+other classes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Terminalia Togoensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Treculia Africana</i>. Afon (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Xylopia Æthiopica</i>. Eru (Yoruba); Kimba (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p><i>Chrysobalanus Icaco</i>. Ikate (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<h5><span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span>8th Class
+Trees.</h5>
+
+<p class="center">Minimum girth limit, 12 inches.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3"><em>Fees</em>—<em>On trees over</em> 24 <em>inches
+in girth</em>, 6<em>d.</em> <em>per tree</em>.<br>
+<em>On trees</em> 12 <em>to</em> 24 <em>inches in girth</em>,
+3<em>d.</em> <em>per tree</em>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rhizophora racemosa</i>. Red Mangrove. Egba (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p><i>Rhizophora mangle</i>. Red Mangrove.</p>
+
+<p><i>Avicennia Africana</i>. White Mangrove. Ofun (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p>For the purposes of this schedule, the girths must be measured
+at a vertical distance of 4 feet 6 inches from the ground at the
+foot of the tree, or in the case of buttressed trees at the place
+where the highest buttress merges into the stem.</p>
+
+<h4>SCHEDULE B</h4>
+
+<p class="sch1">PROTECTED MINOR FOREST PRODUCE</p>
+
+<h5>1st Class.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fee</em>, 15<em>s.</em>; <em>Royalty</em>,
+<em>5s.</em>; <em>Total</em>, 20<em>s.</em> <em>per
+permit</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rubber</em>—taken from wild rubber-yielding trees and
+vines.</p>
+
+<h5>2nd Class.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fee</em>, 7<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em>;
+<em>Royalty</em>, 2<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em>; <em>Total</em>,
+10<em>s.</em> <em>per permit</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Bamboo poles</em>—taken from the midribs of the Tombo palm
+(<i>Raphia vinifera</i>) or other species of Raphia. <em>Piassava
+fibre</em> from the stem and midribs (leaf stalks) of the Raphia
+and other species of palms.</p>
+
+<p>And in the Northern Provinces:</p>
+
+<p>Poles, gofas, etc., not to exceed 6 inches in diameter, taken
+from <i>Isoberlinia sp.</i>, <i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>,
+<i>Ormosia laxiflora</i>, <i>Lophira alata</i> or <i>Pterocarpus
+erinaceus</i>.</p>
+
+<h5>3rd Class.</h5>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Fee</em>, 4<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em>;
+<em>Royalty</em>, 1<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em>; <em>Total</em>,
+6<em>s.</em> <em>per permit</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Chew-sticks</em>—or native tooth-brushes taken from the
+roots of the Iyin tree (<i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i>).</p>
+
+<p><em>Native sponges</em>—made from the bast fibres of various
+species of vines and lianes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pandanus</i> fibre (from the screw pine) and the leaf stalk
+of all species of Phrynium, taken for the manufacture of mats.</p>
+
+<p><em>Gum copal</em>.</p>
+
+<p><em>Gum arabic</em>—and other gums procured from
+<i>Acacias</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i049" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig049.jpg"><img src='images/fig049.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 49.—<span class=
+"bold">Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii) standing near the
+Conservator of Forests’ House, June 1915, after being protected
+from fire eight years.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i050" class="iw10"><a href=
+"images/fig050.jpg"><img src='images/fig050.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 50.—<span class=
+"bold">Teak (Tectona grandis), three years old, Compartment 2,
+Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i051" class="iw10"><a href=
+"images/fig051.jpg"><img src='images/fig051.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 51.—<span class=
+"bold">Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii) in fruit, April
+1911, standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House. This tree
+has been protected from fire nearly four years.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i052" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig052.jpg"><img src='images/fig052.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 52.—<span class=
+"bold">Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii) standing near the
+Conservator of Forests’ House. The same tree of which the fruit was
+photographed, April 1911.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 234.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span><a id=
+"c09"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE NIGERIAN TIMBER TREES</p>
+
+<p class="sch3">INDIGENOUS TREES OF NIGERIA</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1">B. <span class="sc">Southern
+Provinces</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Palmæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia Hookeriana</i>. Hooker’s Palm or the
+Piassava Palm. Aiko (Yoruba); Iya (Efik); Angor (Benin); Ori (Oban,
+Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found chiefly in the Calabar, Warri, and Ondo
+provinces of Nigeria, mixed with <i>R. vinifera</i> at the edges of
+estuaries and rivers in the evergreen forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">One of the main differences between this palm and
+<i>R. vinifera</i> is that the fruit is much shorter (at the most
+1½ inches long and ¾ inch in diameter) and more stumpy in shape,
+coming abruptly to a point at the tip. <i>R. vinifera</i>, on the
+other hand, is much longer, reaching 2½ to 3 inches in length and ¾
+inch to an inch in diameter, and it is very elliptical in shape.
+The bunches of fruit of this palm, <i>R. Hookeriana</i>, are much
+smaller, rarely exceeding more than a foot in length, and
+containing 50 to 75 nuts, whereas <i>R. vinifera</i> may have
+bunches 3 feet long, each containing 500 nuts or more. In the stem,
+too, this palm is smaller, often not reaching more than 6 to 9
+inches in diameter, with a total height of 20 feet, whereas <i>R.
+vinifera</i> will reach over a foot in diameter and a total height
+of over 60 feet. The natural cleaning of the stem begins much later
+in this palm, and does not reach anything like the height of that
+of <i>R. vinifera</i>. In many specimens, in fact, the stem remains
+always more or less covered with the very upward tending branches.
+In this respect it reminds one a little of <i>R. Ruffia</i>. The
+leaves, however, are more similar to <i>R. vinifera</i>, but only
+about half the size, especially in length; they are not quite so
+wide, nor are the leaf stalks quite so large.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is very similar, but more fibrous and of
+a looser texture than that of <i>R. vinifera</i>. It is a little
+easier to cut. In the older specimens the foliage still retains its
+dark green colour compared with the dry, yellowish hue which <i>R.
+vinifera</i> takes on as it gets older. It is a somewhat
+slow-growing,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span>
+shade-bearing tree. It likes a somewhat rich soil, but can,
+however, stand in water, and apparently withstands floods. Natural
+regeneration appears to be good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been cut for export nor for
+local use. The fronds are occasionally used for a similar purpose
+as that of <i>R. vinifera</i>, and sometimes the leaves also.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><i>Native Use</i>.—The fronds and leaves are used
+in a similar way to those of <i>R. vinifera</i>. The base of the
+leaf stalk is cut off into lengths up to 6 feet (it almost
+encircles the tree and extends much further up than in the case of
+<i>R. vinifera</i>) and laid in stagnant water. After the
+intervening substance between the fibres has got more or less soft
+and partly rotted away, the whole is taken out and the fibres
+cleaned with a kind of comb. These are then dried, and packed
+together in bundles of 20 pounds upwards, and sold to the European
+factory as Piassava. This industry is more widespread in the Eket
+district of the Calabar province, but it has taken a great number
+of years of thought and careful attention to bring it up to its
+present dimensions. The cutting of the leaves is undertaken mostly
+by the men and the rotting and cleaning of the fibre mostly by the
+women. Before the war Piassava fibre was rarely worth more than £28
+per ton. It is now worth over £70. Unless, however, a price of at
+least £20 per ton is offered in Liverpool market for this fibre, it
+is doubtful if the industry can be made profitable for everyone
+concerned, producers included.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia vinifera</i>. The Palm Wine Tree, or
+Tombo Palm, or Bamboo, the last named being the name used by the
+English-speaking Jekris. Ako (Yoruba); Emmaha Augor (Benin); Oukot
+(Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri,
+Owerri and Calabar provinces and the Colony of Nigeria, at the
+edges of the streams and rivers in the evergreen forest zone, where
+it grows in large groups and pure forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized palm, growing separately with
+one stem, which clears itself of the leaf fronds for about half its
+height between the twelfth and fifteenth year. The trunk then is
+comparatively smooth, except for the very large scars of the leaf
+stalk. The fronds are the longest of any of the African palms,
+reaching sometimes a length of 40 feet, roughly sickle shaped; in
+section they reach about 2 inches diameter at the broadest part,
+and are a yellow-brown colour. The leaves come out from the stalk
+almost at a right angle, thus making them much wider and, owing to
+their greater length, much finer and heavier foliage than that of
+the Oil Palm, or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span>
+even the Coconut Palm. In fact, an isolated specimen growing well
+could be not unfavourably compared to the Royal Palm in the
+grandeur of its spread of leaf and the beauty of the
+outward-spreading, fan-shaped bold crown. Both the male and the
+female flowers are very conspicuous. The bunches of fruit, up to 3
+feet in length, hang down like enormous elongated bunches of yellow
+grapes. The nuts are covered with a smooth yellow hard skin, set in
+scales very similar to those of a cone, except that each scale is
+tightly joined to the next. When the fruit decays, or is boiled,
+the scales come off as well as the yellow, fibrous matter, which
+gives a yellowish tinge to the water. The main difference between
+the base of the Oil Palm and that of the leaf of this tree is the
+extension of it more than half round the bole in the case of <i>R.
+vinifera</i>, and also flatly and smoothly down the stem. On the
+other hand, in the Oil Palm the leaf grows more abruptly out of and
+away from the stem. Owing to the Tombo Palm stem being smaller (on
+the average only 9 inches in diameter), the base of the frond
+extends nearly all round the tree, the lower one overlapping the
+higher one, and each placed in revolving fashion round the trunk,
+one above the other. The leaf scars of the Oil Palm are much
+smaller. Owing to the greater length of the leaf of this palm, the
+crown does not appear to be such a tuft of leaves at the top of the
+tree as in the case of the Oil Palm. In old age it appears more as
+a cylindrical mass of leaves occupying the upper half or third of
+the tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is more fibrous and soft than that of
+the Oil Palm. The fibres, however, are dark brown, almost black
+when very wet or after they have lain in water for any length of
+time.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">On the whole the tree is slow-growing, even slower
+than the Oil Palm. It stands a good deal of shade in the earlier
+stages, but later on is apparently a light-demanding tree. It grows
+in freshwater swamps and at the edges of such places. Although it
+thrives best in certain localities, it can be planted and does grow
+on solid and comparatively dry land near Calabar. In the Calabar
+province they are often planted as an avenue leading up from the
+main road through the farm to the house. It will stand floods.
+Natural regeneration is good, and with the spread of propagation it
+tends to be more widely distributed. In the Calabar and Ogoja
+provinces seeds were distributed to the natives for planting for
+the production of palm wine to take the place of that obtained from
+the Oil Palm. The timber has not been used for export, nor has it
+been cut for local use. The leaf stalks, however, have
+been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span> used for
+building labourers’ lines and in some European houses. In a similar
+way the leaves themselves have been used as a roofing material
+after being made up into small mats.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The tree is tapped near the
+base of the leading leaves, or at the base of the male
+inflorescence, for the production of the sap, which is collected in
+calabashes. These are placed in position every evening and emptied
+every morning, and replaced in position. Occasionally the
+chimpanzees climb up the palms, drink the wine in the calabash and
+replace it. A native once shot a chimpanzee, finding it was the
+thief of his palm wine and not a human being. The wine is of a
+white, sometimes almost creamy colour, and when fresh is quite thin
+and foamy. It has a rather pleasant, sweet, and almost sharp taste.
+After being kept a few days it begins to ferment, and even moderate
+quantities are intoxicating. Either fresh or fermented, it is sold
+in bottles or calabashes in the local markets. The supply scarcely,
+if ever, exceeds the demand. The natives often put pieces of the
+bark of Tala, <i>Saccoglottis Gabunensis</i>, in the wine to give
+it a more bitter taste. Occasionally also the bark of mahogany and
+other trees is used. Tala, however, is the correct bark to use, and
+it forms an article of local commerce for this purpose. Owing to
+the comparative inaccessibility of some of the “stands” of this
+tree away in the swampy regions near the estuaries of some of the
+larger rivers, such as the Benin and the Siluko, there are still
+vast areas where neither the leaves are cut nor the palms tapped
+for wine. The seeds are boiled and placed in the bottom of a canoe,
+and when sufficient canoes have been got together, each with its
+quota of boiled nuts, these are trodden with the feet of those in
+the canoe, and both the nuts and the scaly shell as well as the
+small amount of yellow flesh are thrown in the water of a
+half-stagnant river. This yellow substance partly blinds and
+stupefies the fish, the smaller ones of which come half floating
+and swimming to the surface, the larger ones being washed along
+near the bed of the river. These are caught in convenient places
+where the river has been staked all across its width and bamboo
+netting put down, except for an opening where a flexible net is
+used. Some of the people go about in small canoes, netting the fish
+that come to the surface. One of the most famous spots to see this
+is in the Osse River, in the reach just below Noami, where the
+combined fishery forces of the Jekris and, to a lesser extent,
+Sobos and Ijors, for a day or two in succession in April each year,
+carry on this work. The catch of fish obtained is enormous. Unless,
+however, it can be soon<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_239">[239]</span> smoked and dried, much of it goes bad. This
+method of getting fish is also used by individual natives in
+stagnant backwaters of rivers and in isolated pools. The poison
+apparently does not spoil the taste or other quality of the fish.
+Occasionally this palm is also used for getting out the Piassava
+fibre, but it appears to be more difficult, and it is doubtful if
+it is as valuable as the fibre obtained from <i>R. Hookeriana</i>.
+Owing, however, to the fact that both species grow in the same
+locality and often quite mixed together, it is highly probable that
+part of the Piassava obtained is taken from this palm. In order to
+stimulate the flow of sap, a fire is often made at the base of the
+tree, which burns all the lower leaves and even part of the top,
+and thus induces an extra flow of sap, but of course to the
+detriment of a continual yield, as the tree subsequently dies.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In many parts of the country there is a regular
+local industry in the making of roofing mats from the leaves of
+this palm. The small ones, about 3 feet long, are, however, sold 25
+for 3d. and the big ones, over 6 feet long, 25 for 6d. In some
+places they are cheaper. As a roofing material they are very
+durable, and will last at least seven years. If, however, they are
+put on very thickly, overlapping more than two-thirds of their
+width, and the roof is thoroughly smoked from the inside, it
+becomes nearly black, and will last fifteen years. For native
+houses it is one of the most used roofing materials, except in the
+Benin country, where the large Ewayon leaves are used. Roofing mats
+are, of course, being superseded by galvanized iron in the more
+civilized places. The leaf stalk is used both as a pole for pushing
+lighters or heavily laden canoes through comparatively shallow
+water, or as a boat-hook, or pushing and guiding pole for the
+smaller canoes in getting up swift, winding and comparatively
+narrow rivers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia Ruffia</i>. Roofing Palm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It does not form a
+proper stem, like other raphias; the long, thin leaves sprout out
+from the ground, and only when the tree is some years old is there
+any trace of a stem, which is quite short. The petioles are thin,
+compared to the length, and the leaflets are thin and narrow.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Calabar
+and Ogoja Provinces of Nigeria. It is often planted near
+watercourses in damp valleys to provide roofing material for the
+natives, who make mats from the leaves (Ikom, Obubra
+districts).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phœnix reclinata</i>. Swamp Date Palm. Elekikobi
+(Yoruba); Ukukon (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A common tree of the Warri province of Nigeria. It
+is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span> usually found in
+or at the edge of the mangrove swamp, where it appears to thrive.
+It is often rather bent in shape, and does not exceed 10 feet in
+height. It is usually partially gregarious, though the groups of
+this species are much smaller than those of <i>P. spinosa</i>. The
+natives in this locality scarcely use it at all. The fruit is
+rather smaller, and it bears in a less prolific manner than <i>P.
+spinosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phœnix spinosa</i>. Wild Date Palm. Okun
+(Yoruba); Ukukon (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Ogoja, Benin, Ondo and
+Ibadan provinces of Nigeria. In appearance more like a very thin
+stemmed Oil Palm, on nearer approach the bluish-green, almost
+silvery, more open, shorter and rather sharply pointed fronds
+readily distinguish it from the Oil Palm group. The fruit is the
+shape of a very small date, many of which are borne on thin fibrous
+twigs of a very stout stalk. It is usually found in the open
+deciduous or savannah forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives use the stems for rafters and
+house-posts; the fruit and bark are used medicinally; and the
+leaves are used for making sieves, hats, mats and bags.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Calamus deerratus</i>. Benin Cane or Rattan.
+Erogbo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+one of the rarer canes of the forest, has a yellow flower, and is
+found near Okenuhen. The canes are used for fences and
+house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eremospatha macrocarpa</i> (Mann and Wenal).
+Small Benin Rattan. Ukan (Yoruba); Ikan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin, Calabar, Ondo and
+Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common ½-inch thick cane, which attains a
+length of nearly 200 feet. It grows in clumps and climbs up over
+the surrounding trees. The fruit is yellow and rather like a small
+larch cone which has not opened. It is used for making rope and
+baskets, tying timber rafts, house-building, etc.; in fact, it is
+the best cane in West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eremospatha sp.</i> Large Benin Rattan. Okakan
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in Ondo, Abeokuta, Benin, Warri, Brass,
+Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large creeper, nearly an inch in diameter
+and attaining a length of nearly 200 feet. It is usually found
+partly growing on other trees in more or less open places at the
+edge of the forest, near river banks, in the evergreen forest zone;
+it is also found at the edges of swamps in the same region. It
+often forms dense cane brakes. One of the most typical features of
+this cane is the reddish-orange cone-like<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_241">[241]</span> fruit, which is borne in large clusters on
+the terminal shoot of the creeper.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The light-yellow, long spikes of the male flowers
+are most conspicuous early in the season, especially when seen from
+a canoe when passing down a river like the Osse.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives strip off the bark and long shoots of
+fish-hooklike spines, and use the comparatively smooth canes as
+supports for the canoe mats and for making tying material for
+house-building; it is also used for making rope. When whole, it is
+used in making bridges as well as for joining logs together for
+rafting purposes. When cut into short lengths and bent at one end,
+it can be used for walking-sticks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is rather a slow-growing creeper, and usually
+ten or twelve grow out of one root stock. In 1904 this cane was
+examined in England as a substitute for rattan, but it was found to
+be more brittle, and the internodes were found to be too close
+together to be attractive as walking-sticks. Still later, in 1908,
+it was tried for basket work, but was found to be too coarse both
+in structure and texture of grain.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis Guineensis</i>. The Oil Palm, the West
+African Palm. Ope, Ipa ukoro (Yoruba); Udin (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in all the Southern Provinces of
+Nigeria and as far North as Zungeru, in the Northern Provinces. It
+belongs to the evergreen forest zone, though it will spread with
+cultivation into the mixed deciduous and dry zones.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is the common palm of all the farms and forests
+of the moist and mixed zone of Nigeria. It bears a bunch of fruit
+containing as many as two thousand individual fruits in one drupe.
+In the drier parts there may be only as many as one hundred seeds.
+There is one forked palm on the right-hand side of the line about
+seven miles from Ibadan, just beyond Moor Plantation. This is a
+very rare occurrence, and I have only seen one in twelve years’
+travelling in Nigeria. The male inflorescence is not unlike a very
+close horse’s tail, turned up on end. The orange-brown-coloured
+female flowers are very small, and do not last long (a few days).
+The male flowers always appear first, and above the female in each
+case. The natives say some trees only bear male flowers, but it is
+doubtful if this is ever true, except in very isolated cases. It
+bears fruit in the fifth year, and will go on for about a hundred
+years. There is a most marked difference in the height of a tree
+which has grown up in the “high forest” and one which has come up
+in an old farm, the former being fully 100 or even 150 feet high
+and the latter only 20 to 30 feet in height. In a similar way the
+bole of the forest-grown palm is only about 3 feet in<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span> girth, whereas the farm-grown
+palm may be over 6 feet in girth. It goes without saying that the
+latter bears larger bunches of fruit and the individual nuts are
+larger and also more numerous.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Between the twelfth and fifteenth year the tree
+begins to clear itself of the lower leaves, thus forming a clean
+bole up to the tuft of fronds at the top.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Owing to the fact that the bunches of fruit form in
+the axis of the leaf stalk, they are compressed very tightly, and
+thus ripen comparatively slowly. By cutting off the leaf
+immediately below the fruit, the ripening period is shortened by
+three weeks. This is, of course, partly due to the increased amount
+of light. Cutting leaves, however, above the fruit, or at all
+excessively in number, leads to a deceleration in growth, so that
+pruning should only be moderate. Both in the forest and in the
+open, epiphytic ferns, figs, and other plants grow amongst the
+leaves on the stem, and more especially later at the top of the
+tree. The trees are rarely, if ever, cleaned of these hindrances to
+healthy growth, but naturally they retard the flowering and
+ripening of the fruit. The leaves are also used for making brushes
+for sweeping the ground.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Oil is made from the pericarp
+of the fruit, and from the kernels, for rubbing on the skin. The
+leaf stalk is used for roof-poles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Natural regeneration is good, although the Oil Palm
+thrives best in a deep, moist soil with considerable mineral
+content. It is, however, found growing amongst rocks on laterite
+and poor sandy land, and that in such case the rainfall is
+deficient, i.e. below 40 inches. A few small plantations have been
+made. It is noticeable that self-grown seedlings grow much slower
+than those transplanted. In the first year the self-sown seedlings
+grow only one pair of leaves, whereas those transplanted grow five
+or six in the same period. Apparently the Oil Palm does not thrive
+unless the soil is kept well covered and a good surface tilth
+maintained. With a planting distance of 20 to 24 feet there is
+considerable scope for the planting of other crops between. The
+chief difficulty appears to be to grow these at a profit without
+impoverishing the soil or hindering the quick development of the
+Oil Palm. On suitable soil the most profitable crops appear to be
+the following: ground-nuts, beans (three or four kinds), Egusi
+Bara, <i>Citrullus vulgaris</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fuller consideration of this subject, and the Oil
+Palm generally, will be found in the separate section about it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis Guineensis</i>, var. <i>Thompsonii</i>.
+The Palm of Everlasting<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_243">[243]</span> Life or King Palm. Eviromilla (Benin). This
+is the meaning according to the Benin name.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Colony of Lagos, and Abeokuta
+and Benin provinces of Nigeria. On the whole, it is an uncommon
+tree, but there is no doubt of its being an indigenous tree to this
+part of Africa. The leaves are long and very compressed, being set
+at an acute angle to the leaf stalk and of smaller size than in any
+other species. It gives the palm almost the appearance of a Cycad.
+It also looks as if the leaves had closed up with the cold or were
+not fully developed. The leaves also are of a much darker green
+(almost olive-green) than the ordinary palm. Amongst the Benis it
+is considered the Sacred Oil Palm Tree, the nut obtained from it
+being especially revered. From the Resident’s office is seen one of
+these trees which was planted in the Benin City Arboretum some nine
+years ago. It is a very slow-growing palm, having scarcely one
+quarter of the rate of growth of the ordinary oil palm. The stem is
+much thinner in proportion to the height than the ordinary oil
+palm; and it does not attain more than half the height of an oil
+palm. When growing in a group, it gives quite a funereal
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The nuts are used by the natives as “Ju-ju” of
+divination to see into the future. It is said that “the nuts talk,”
+in the Benin country, where the tree is held to be that of
+everlasting life.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis sp.</i> Ope trumfo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Abeokuta province, Yoruba country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis sp.</i> Small Oil Palm. Ope Ifu No. I
+(Yoruba); Ogiedi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Abeokuta province, Yoruba country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis Guineensis</i>, var. <i>Lisombe</i>. Palm,
+or Lisombe Palm, or Soft-shelled Palm. Ogeddin (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The main difference of this species is in the small
+oblong, pointed fruit on a much smaller drupe, and the larger
+quantity of oil obtained from the pericarp and the very small
+kernel in the nut. It is also much softer to crack. The foliage
+looks a fresher green than the ordinary variety; also the leaflets
+are placed at an acuter angle to the leaf stalk than the other.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is not very prevalent in the Benin, Abeokuta,
+Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silviculture.</em>—The nuts, when sown, do not
+germinate true to species, except for a few per cent. It is planted
+in the Indem country of the Ogoja province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The oil is collected in a
+similar way to the other, but is liked more by the natives of
+Benin. The kernels are used for making oil as well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_244">[244]</span><i>Hyphæne</i>. Dum Palm or Forked Palm.
+Kaba, Kodago, Kwalo (nut), Goriba (Dr. Dalziel’s Hausa list).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Zaria and Niger provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The only branched palm in West Africa. It attains a
+height of 30 feet. It is more or less gregarious in habit, though
+the individual groups of palms are not very large. It is apparently
+somewhat fire-resisting, though this may be due to its being found
+amongst the dry-zone vegetation. The stem is short and the two
+forks often crooked, so that little or no use is made of the wood
+by the natives. The seeds are turned into buttons, and so have
+recently obtained a value for this purpose. They were first sent to
+England from the Soudan, where apparently the tree is much more
+common than in West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Borassus flabelliformis</i>, var.
+<i>Æthiopica</i>. Palmyra or Black Run Palm, Fan Palm, Bottle Palm,
+Arac Palm. Agbon, Olodu, Igoti (Yoruba); Oluwa (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the dry-zone forest regions
+of Ibadan, Benin, Onitsha, and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. This
+palm, with the swollen upper part of the bole making it appear more
+like a large inverted bottle, is thus not to be mistaken for any
+other. The huge fan-shaped leaves distinguish it from either the
+Coconut Palm or the Oil Palm. In the distance, too, the leaves
+appear more silvery-green, and not the yellow-green of the Coconut,
+or the bright, fresh green of the Oil Palm, or the sombre dark
+green of the Wine Palm. A large mass of coconut-shaped nuts, but
+with a smoother, more yellow surface, and more cylindrical in
+shape, without the ridges of the coconut, are another feature of
+this tree. At the base of each nut the old sepals of the flower
+remain, appearing like large dark-brown leaf scars. The young
+seedlings are easily seen amongst the grass, sticking up as they do
+like little silvery-green fans of varying size, in detail showing
+the folds of a fan most distinctly, the leaf opening out in a
+similar way to a fan. The bole is dark brown and practically
+smooth, showing no leaf scars, and only faintly lined vertically
+down the stem. The base is only slightly swollen, and the roots do
+not form a large mound round it, as is the case with the Oil Palm,
+and to some extent with the Tombo Palm. Inside the fruit there are
+two or three large, flattish nuts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is fibrous, hard, but very durable and
+quite termite proof. Although the upper part of the stem is hollow,
+long sectional pieces, four by two, and even thicker, can be cut
+out. It planes up with a smooth surface, and the grain looks very
+pretty with the thick fibres. It nails fairly well and splits
+longitudinally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span>It
+is a light-loving tree, moderately fast growing for a palm. It is
+usually found growing gregariously in groups of a few acres up to
+hundreds of acres in extent. However, it is rarely thick enough to
+thoroughly shade the ground. Natural regeneration is good, even
+though in most areas annual grass-fires run through the trees and
+to some extent char the fruit. No plantations have been made of
+these species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, but locally it
+has been used for house-building, as well as for fences near the
+railway. The natives occasionally use it for house-building, but
+they do not know how to tap it for the wine. The leaves are
+sometimes used for making temporary shelters. The fruit is
+sometimes eaten, and has a pleasant taste. The nuts might be
+exported for making into buttons.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Cyanastraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cyanastrum cordifolium</i>. Ikoto.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has an edible fruit. Found in the Benin province
+of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Liliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna sp.</i> Dragon’s Blood. Ewanenimi
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has a very long, thin leaf of the usual
+monocotyledonous type and with a somewhat branched stem, with thin
+papery bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is fairly common in the Benin country. It is one
+of the few monocotyledonous trees of the forest, and thus easily
+distinguishable from other trees. The parallel veins of the leaf
+are very long and laid fairly close together. The stem is very
+porous and not woody, being more fibrous in type. It reaches a
+girth of about 4 feet and a height of 40 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The leaves are used by the
+natives medicinally; and occasionally the sap is used to blind
+people.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna surculosa</i>. Dragon’s Blood. Ope,
+Igbo.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Is found in Olokemeji.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna cylindrica</i>. Boundary tree. Peregun
+(Yoruba); Ukpogun, Ogihu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna cylindrica</i>. Boundary tree. Peregun
+(Yoruba); Ukpogun, Ogihu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has a wider and shorter leaf than the Ewanenimi
+tree, but again with the parallel veins, which are, of course,
+typical of the monocotyledon. It does not really form proper
+timber, but the stem is of a spongy, fibrous nature. It reaches a
+girth of about 5 feet and a height of about 50 feet. It usually has
+one stem, which is unbranched for a very considerable length, but
+sometimes a whole group will grow up in one place.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_246">[246]</span>Both this and the former species are
+propagated very easily by cuttings. In fact, it is possible to take
+the end of a branch complete with the leaves and put it in the
+ground, when it will grow. It likes a comparatively deep moist
+soil, though it will stand any amount of drought without actually
+dying. It stands pruning well and grows moderately rapidly.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is useful for making live fences.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Both Yorubas and Benis use the
+tree for boundaries, simply sticking cuttings in wherever it is
+wished to mark a place. “Ju-ju” places are also marked in this way.
+The leaves are used medicinally in Benin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna Perrottetii</i>. Boundary tree. Ope,
+Kanakan (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Mamu Forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dracæna sp.</i> Boundary tree. Oro Igbo
+(Yoruba); Uruaro (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A common Dracæna found in the Benin and Abeokuta
+provinces of Nigeria. It is often used for making fences to farms
+and boundaries for village or farm land, and for marking special
+“Ju-ju” places. The Benin people state that it has more latex than
+the other species of this genus.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Marantaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clinogyne</i>, syn. <i>Donax cuspidata</i>.
+Yoruba Soft Cane. Toto (Y.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It
+is a small soft cane which grows gregariously in groups from a
+quarter to half an acre in extent in the Olokemeji Reserve, to a
+height of about 5 feet, and has large, alternating, very fine
+parallel-veined leaves. Inflorescence, raceme or panicle-like
+bracts, deciduous. Some species yield starch or fibre. Toto is
+found quite abundantly in the middle of the Olokemeji Reserve. It
+is used for mat-making, and considered most valuable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Orchidaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Polystachya sp.</i> (Lindl.). Eme-ela
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve in the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Polystachya odorata</i>. Afoma (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a parasitic plant, very similar to
+mistletoe, which attacks many kinds of trees and has recently been
+found on the six-year-old teak at Mamu and Olokemeji, in the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ulmaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Celtis solenostigma</i>. Hard Celtis (large).
+Ita (Yoruba); Ita, Uta (Ikale); Ohianamemme, Ohia (Benin); Omoin,
+Itako, Ita gangan (Egba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span>It
+is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, and Ogoja
+provinces of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it
+is usually very prevalent. In many places it is almost
+gregarious.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree 10 feet in girth, with smooth
+stem and large, long, thin buttresses. It has a bigger leaf (6
+inches) than the other Ita, with a very prominent mid vein on the
+leaf.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is dark coloured. The root buttresses are
+very long and thin, extending sometimes 15 feet up the trunk of the
+tree. They are, however, shallower and thinner than in the case of
+mahogany and cotton trees. They merge gradually at an angle of
+about 15 degrees into the stem. The bole may reach a length of
+about 90 feet, and is usually very straight. The crown is
+compressedly spherical, rather shallow in proportion to the size of
+the tree, but fairly wide-spreading. Occasionally, if the bark has
+a yellow tinge, especially in smaller specimens, the tree may be
+mistaken for Opele, <i>Schrebera Golungensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Timber is white and very hard, and splits well when
+it is dry. When dry it is inclined to be brittle, though it shows
+considerable lateral strength. The texture of the grain is fine,
+and it planes up with a smooth surface. It is liable to split with
+nails, but it saws well. Under cover it is durable; in the open,
+unless very carefully dried, it is liable to decay. When thoroughly
+dry it hardens very considerably, and is not attacked by white
+ants, especially when used in a suitable place. When dry it will
+float, but the wood is liable to become discoloured by contact with
+water.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">As firewood it burns slowly, gently and steadily,
+giving out much heat. It is a fairly rapid-growing tree, at first
+shade-bearing and later somewhat light-demanding; in the older
+stages it scarcely protects the soil. Up to the pole stage it is a
+soil-improving tree, the leaves making a rich humus. Natural
+regeneration appears to be good. It does not sprout from the stump.
+Considering its size it is fairly wind-firm. No plantations have
+been made of this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, not has it been
+sawn up for local use. Considering its prevalence, it deserves a
+trial.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is considered the best
+firewood in Benin, and also used as firewood among the Yorubas.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Celtis sp.?</i> Soft Celtis (small). Ita ita
+(Yoruba); Ohia (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin,
+and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone,
+where it is very prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span>It
+is a medium-sized tree up to 4 feet in girth, with medium sized,
+thin leaves and white-coloured twigs. The stem is slightly scaly
+and yellowish-green in colour, especially in the upper parts. A
+very common tree in the deciduous forest. With its yellowish-green
+bark in the upper part of the bole it is very similar to Opele,
+<i>Schrebera Golungensis</i>, and can often be mistaken for it. The
+trunk, however, is not slightly pitted, as is the case with
+Schrebera. On the whole, this tree is shorter, reaching a height of
+about 40 feet. The root buttresses are much slighter than in the
+case of <i>C. solenostigma</i>, though they are of a similar shape,
+being very thin and merging gradually into the trunk to a height of
+about 5 feet from the ground.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Timber is white and fairly hard, but not durable.
+It hardens somewhat on exposure to the air. The texture of the
+grain is fine, but occasionally cross-grained. It planes moderately
+well, and takes nails moderately well also, more so than <i>C.
+solenostigma</i>. It saws easily and splits well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">As a firewood it burns steadily and slowly, giving
+out great heat. It does not crackle nor cause sparks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately fast growing, at first
+shade-bearing, and subsequently a light-demanding tree. During most
+of its life it is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.
+Natural regeneration is good. It sprouts a little from the stump,
+but not strong enough for purposes of reproduction.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, nor has it been
+sawn up for planks for local use. Being smaller than <i>C.
+solenostigma</i>, after trial it may not be found so useful, but it
+could be used for similar purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Firewood of the best kind, and
+occasionally used as side house-posts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trema Africana</i>. African Elm. Ehunogo,
+Ehrunbogo (Benin); Affi (Ibadan and Oyo); Afoforo (Egba); Offun
+(Lagos).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin
+provinces of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forests, where it is
+moderately prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree with nettle-like leaves,
+which wither rapidly. It has a very thin, smooth bark. The fruit is
+small, thin and long, and is eaten by pigeons. It grows up where
+old trees fall in the forest, and is also a common tree in old
+farms. Medium-sized specimens are in general appearance, from a
+little distance, very similar to Iroko, and it can be mistaken for
+this tree. The crown, however, is narrower, and the foliage is
+somewhat thicker, and the leaves and branches are placed rather
+closer together than those of Iroko. The bark<span class="pagenum"
+id="Page_249">[249]</span> is slightly fissured, and does not show
+lenticels like the Iroko, especially not on the roots. In
+proportion to the size of the tree, the root spurns are larger than
+in the case of Iroko. It it usually found growing singly, whereas
+groups of Iroko are often common, or anyhow several are found in
+one locality.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white and of medium hardness, but
+very durable indeed. It is termite proof. It planes well, but does
+not split easily. It saws well and takes nails fairly easily.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is of fairly rapid growth, at first
+shade-bearing, and later a somewhat light-demanding tree, with
+soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration
+only appears to be moderate. It sprouts from the stump.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, not has it been
+sawn up for local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The timber is used amongst the
+Benis as rafters and ceilings for house-building, as it is uncut or
+squared.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trema affinis</i> or <i>T. Africana</i>. African
+Elm. Afofero (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Moraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris toxiaria</i>. False Oroko. Oro Aiyo,
+(Egba) (Yoruba); Ogiovu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri,
+Warri, Benin, Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, reaching a girth of 15 feet and
+a bole length of 70 feet, of very cylindrical shape. There are
+large surface roots, which stick up out of the ground on roadsides,
+but form only low root spurns. The bark is grey, smooth and almost
+shiny in the sun. The crown is heavier and less open than Iroko,
+but otherwise in habit it is similar. The leaves on the whole are
+smaller and the foliage generally is of a lighter green than the
+Iroko, except when the latter puts on new leaves in February or
+March. The fruit is a little spherically shaped nut with a papery
+covering easily removed, disclosing a round nut with small markings
+all round it. Two kernels are found inside on cracking it. The
+slash is yellowish white, and gradually a little thin white latex
+exudes. The tree usually appears after a few years on abandoned
+farms. The leaf is rough to the hand, almost as bad as <i>Ficus
+asperata</i>, but there are no hairs on the under surface. On the
+whole the branches are much flatter than Oroko, though the top of
+the crown is round. The timber is soft and white all through.
+Termites attack it. It is very light and might almost pass as a
+substitute for cork. It has large and wide medullary<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span> rays, more especially in the
+root. In cross section the root looks almost porous.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Amongst the Yorubas the bark
+is used medicinally and the wood for doors, benches and matchet
+handles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows very fast and likes light. Scale insects
+like to make their nests in a junction of a branch with the stem,
+where there is quite a hollow. In youth the firm and almost
+horizontal branches are quite a contrast to the long, up-shooting
+or drooping branches of Oroko. It has not been cut either for local
+use or for export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The roots are used for making corks in the Calabar
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is used often as a “Ju-ju” tree, like the Iroko,
+chiefly in the Calabar Division. The hunters sit near the tree,
+when in fruit, because the Maxwell’s Duika, Yellow-backed Duika,
+Red-headed Duika, etc., eat the fruit. The bark is used in sections
+for making bags by sewing the two ends together, as well as one
+side.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris sp.</i> Ovu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Benin and Ondo provinces
+of Nigeria. It is medium-sized, reaching a girth of 9 feet and a
+bole length of about 50 feet. The leaf is larger, but the crown
+appears thicker and heavier than <i>Antiaris toxiaria</i>. The seed
+is the same size as <i>Antiaris T.</i>, but the root spurns are
+very slight, even less than <i>Antiaris T.</i> The branches spread
+out from the stem, thus making the crown longer and narrower than
+<i>Antiaris T.</i> In this respect the <i>Antiaris sp.</i> is more
+like the Oroko than the <i>Antiaris T.</i></p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white and soft. No proper heartwood.
+It splits well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearer and is often found in the
+thick forest. It grows much slower than <i>Antiaris T.</i></p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been cut for local use or exported to
+Europe. Perhaps it could be tried for wood pulp.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In Benin the branches of this tree are used for
+making figures of their ancestors, which are placed outside the
+house. The bark is used for making bags in a similar way to that of
+<i>Antiaris T.</i> It is also used for making rope or string for
+tying bags.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris sp.</i> Cedar-like Lauro. Oregbon I
+(Yoruba); Opputtu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree found in the Benin and Abeokuta
+provinces of Nigeria. It is very similar in habit and shape to the
+<i>Antiaris toxiaria</i>, but it does not attain nearly such a
+large size. The tree exudes very fine, white latex in a very small
+quantity. The timber is soft and white and not durable.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i053" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig053.jpg"><img src='images/fig053.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 53.—<span class=
+"bold">Mature Opepe (Sarcocephalus esculentus), in middle of
+picture, across Ogun River, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i054" class="iw16"><a href=
+"images/fig054.jpg"><img src='images/fig054.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 54.—<span class=
+"bold">Mature Oganwo (Khaya Punchii), near Dajopa, Olokemeji
+Reserve, showing base of stem for nearly 12 feet stripped of
+bark.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i055" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig055.jpg"><img src='images/fig055.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 55.—<span class=
+"bold">Large Emido (Mimusops multinervis), 10 feet in girth,
+Dajopa, Olokemeji Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 250.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span>It
+is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree, and stands a good
+deal of shade. The tree has not been cut for local use, nor has it
+been tried as a timber for export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus sp.</i> Common Fig. Obobo (Yoruba); Ohau
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri,
+Warri, Benin, Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. One
+of the most typical features of this tree is its free growth, open
+crown, and green, yellow and orange-coloured bark from the base
+upwards. It is a medium-sized tree, attaining a girth of 10 feet.
+The small red-coloured figs attract pigeons especially, as well as
+other birds, to the trees in the fruiting season. The leaf is small
+for a Ficus and oval in shape. The wood is white and soft. The
+white latex which exudes from the trunk when cut distinguishes this
+tree from the satinwood, <i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i>, with which it
+might be confused owing to the similar shades of green, yellow and
+orange-colour of the bark. It is chiefly found in the secondary
+forest, also near villages in the evergreen forest zone. Owing to
+the parrots and pigeons carrying the seed, reproduction from this
+source, both in epiphytic and tree form, is very good, but it is
+most usually found growing alone in an open place, without any
+support from other trees. It is very fast growing and impatient of
+shade.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood has not been used locally nor for export,
+nor does the native apparently have any use for it, as it soon rots
+when cut down.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The native occasionally eats the ripe fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus exasperata</i>. Emido, Oboba (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Abeokuta province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Thonningii</i>. Opoto (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is one of the smaller fig-trees of the mixed
+deciduous zone. As with the others, it is not used as a timber
+tree, but occasionally for fences.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus triangularis</i>. Abadan (Yoruba);
+Obadan-nikwi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Benin, Ibadan and
+Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. It is chiefly found in the mixed
+deciduous forests. It is of no use as a timber tree, but is used
+occasionally for fences by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Vogelii</i>. Lagos, Abba or Abbo Rubber.
+Abadon (Yoruba); Obadan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is the common tree of the Calabar, Ogoja,
+Onitsha, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. This is the
+most common fig-tree, and is usually found along the sides of roads
+in the native villages. The very large, shiny leaf (not quite as
+glossy as <i>Ficus Indica</i>) is one of the most typical
+features<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span> of this
+tree. In Benin it is usually deciduous for about thirty-six hours,
+and the pinkish tips of the fresh leaves and the great rapidity of
+their development are remarkable. The bark is dark brown and
+rougher than the other species. In the Benin Forestry Compound
+there is a large specimen. On the whole, it is less common in the
+evergreen forest than near villages or roads. In the forest it is
+most often found as an epiphyte growing on oil palms, Sasswood, and
+oil-bean trees. The timber is white and soft; it has not been used
+for local purposes nor for exports. The “Balata rubber” of the
+Upper Niger district is obtained by roughly coagulating the latex
+of this tree in the air, with or without reagents, such as the
+latex of <i>Bauhinia reticulata</i>, or salt. The natives use the
+tree for making fences by sticking in pieces of the stem of
+suitable length, and in a similar manner it is used as a shade tree
+on the sides of roads in the villages. This is more especially the
+case in the villages in the dry zone, where other shade trees are
+scarce. Pigeons and parrots spread the seed, and thus its
+reproduction is assured.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus platyphylla</i>. Gambia Rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is also found in the upper reaches of the Ogan
+River, in the Ogo province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus asperata</i>. Sandpaper Leaf. Ekpin
+(Yoruba); Ameme (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Ogoja, Owerri, Benin,
+Onitsha, Ibadan, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is often found as a small, scrubby tree, though
+when fully grown it reaches a girth of 8 feet, especially in the
+Benin province. The rough leaves are harsh to the touch.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The pigeons are very fond of eating the fruit and
+seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is white and soft.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The leaf is of the usual Ficus style, with a short
+stalk and deeply dentated, making almost a five-lobed leaf.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The leaves might be useful as a substitute for
+sandpaper. It has not so far been cut for export or local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The leaves are used for
+cleaning calabashes by the Yorubas and Benin people.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus sp.</i> Ograw (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Abeokuta province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Musanga Smithii</i>. Cork-wood or Umbrella Tree.
+Agbawo or Aga (Yoruba); Ogohen (Benin); Oro (Brass).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very common tree, found growing in new
+clearings amongst the evergreen and mixed forests of the Calabar,
+Ogoja, Owerri, Onitsha (?), Warri, Benin, Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span>It
+is a medium-sized tree with an umbrella-shaped crown. It is the
+most distinctly gregarious tree of any in the forest, often alone
+covering many acres of land, supported on a series of aerial roots,
+the centre one of which is really the tap-root. The tree looks
+altogether top-heavy when mature (it is short-lived). It reaches a
+girth of nearly 5 feet. The bark is thin and of a light brown
+colour, spotted here and there with large yellow lenticels. The
+large pink sheath containing the immature staminate flower is often
+found lying on the forest pathway after the storm. The leaf is
+reminiscent of the horse chestnut, but with about eight digits. The
+young leaflet is of an orange-red colour. It is doubtful if it
+passes an age of thirty years.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white and soft, with no
+distinguishing heartwood, but with brown pith half an inch in
+diameter. When properly dried it has a fine, smooth grain and is
+usually free of knots. It dries much harder than when freshly cut.
+It splits well, but it is rather brittle.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is the quickest growing of all the African
+forest trees, and certainly reaches timber size before any other.
+Regeneration by seed is prolific, seeds often germinating after
+lying dormant for over a hundred years, when a heavy forest is cut
+down. It is a light-lover, protecting the soil with its heavy
+foliage, and enriching it by making a good mould when it falls to
+the ground. It will stand a little shade as a young seedling. Very
+few trees will grow under it, though it is a useful “nurse.”</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is used for floating other wood heavier
+than water, but it has not been exported or cut for local use. The
+roots are used medicinally, and hunters tap the tree for water in
+the dry season.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—As the Yoruba name implies, a
+group of the aerial roots is used for a native chair. Young 6-inch
+stems, split in half, cut about 4 feet long and dried, are used
+upright to form the walls of temporary farm-buildings. The wood is
+also used in place of cork, and for making matchets and knife
+scabbards in the Benin and Ibo countries respectively.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>. African Oak, African
+Teak. Iroko (male), Iroko (female), Oba’s Tree, Rock Elm. Iroko
+(Yoruba); Uloko, Oroko Ulokoodigpe, Uloko-nushinogbon (Benin); Odji
+(Ibo, Asaba); Ofryio (Efik); Nsan (Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very large forest tree, reaching a girth of
+30 feet and a bole length of 90 feet under favourable conditions.
+The male tree is usually thinner and of more compressed build,
+whereas the female shows more spreading growth and
+larger<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span> size; it is
+also quicker growing than the male. The female has stout,
+finger-thick, solid catkins, whereas the male has thin, long, open
+catkins up to 6 inches long. The timber of the male is darker brown
+and closer grained than that of the female, and also harder. The
+sapwood is wider in the female tree, but there is also a very wide
+difference between trees of both genders when they are grown in the
+open, old farms, or in dense, high forest, the latter yielding the
+hardest and closest-grained timber. The crown is almost
+umbrella-shaped and open, so that the leaves appear large in
+proportion, and it is usually possible to see through it. Three or
+four large limbs form the mainstay of it (see plate <a href=
+"#i037">No. 37</a>). The yellow lenticels on the stem, especially
+in younger specimens, and also on the red roots, are typical of the
+tree. The slash is yellowish, with little red spots in it. A little
+white latex flows out too.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In proportion to the size of the tree the root
+spurns are not very large, reaching 3 or 4 feet up the tree, and
+being well rounded, do not spoil the shape of the base of the bole.
+In older specimens the bark becomes brown, and finally almost grey
+in colour, and scales off to a slight extent. Although it forms
+very large side roots, it has a tap-root going to considerable
+depth. The loose seeds are small and flat, being not unlike those
+of alder, but rather larger and thinner.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in all the Southern Provinces of
+Nigeria, both in the evergreen and mixed forest zones, where it is
+none too prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—Sapwood is yellowish white, and
+the heartwood of a yellow brown to dark brown (oak to teak brown).
+It is moderately hard, very durable and termite-proof. It does not
+plane very well, being sometimes cross-grained; it can, however, be
+worked up to a smooth finish. The grain is rather open and the
+pores very long. It has, however, an oily feel, and a certain
+amount of sheen. It takes nails with difficulty, splits moderately
+well and saws easily. It soon darkens on exposure to the air and
+light, becoming in this respect much darker than oak in a similar
+period. When seasoned properly it does not warp excessively. If
+taken green from the forest zone into a drier climate it will
+split. In the past a good deal of timber has been used in this
+state.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately fast-growing, at first
+shade-bearing and subsequently a light-demanding tree, with
+soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. It is deciduous for a
+few weeks in the year, generally in February or March, but
+specimens vary a great deal in this respect. Natural regeneration
+is very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span> good, and
+in suitable localities it tends to spread more and more with the
+advance of the native farms into the forest. It stands
+transplanting very badly. Nursery sowings, however, show an
+enormous percentage of germination, the seedlings often coming up
+more thickly than grass. The ground pig eats the roots of
+transplanted seedlings, especially in localities where there are
+less desirable trees. It will grow as much as 6 feet in one year,
+and wherever it has much light in the forest, self-sown seedlings
+will grow 3 or 4 feet each year. The leaves are attacked by a
+minute coccus which causes them to swell up into an irregular
+shape, including the bud, thus stopping the growth for that season.
+Inside each of these swellings there are several of the young
+insects. Only the younger trees are attacked, and from the pole
+stage onwards trees do not appear to suffer nearly so much. In
+localities, too, where the trees grow very rapidly they appear to
+be less attacked, if at all. It is not very susceptible to fire,
+though in the mixed deciduous the base of the stem is often burnt.
+It is one of the most storm-firm of all the African trees. The bole
+is very cylindrical, especially if the tree which has been growing
+in the forest is given plenty of space to grow. The increment put
+on the bole is very great, being as much as 11 inches in
+circumference in one year.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as Iroko at 5d. per superficial foot, sale
+measure. Since that date it has been sold as African Oak and
+African Teak at a similar price, and appears now to be fairly well
+established in the market. As there are large supplies in many
+districts, such as the Yoruba country, Onitsha, Ahoada and Ogoja
+districts, there should be no difficulty in keeping the market
+supplied with moderate quantities year by year, at perhaps, though,
+slightly increasing costs. Locally the tree has been felled and
+sawn up for planks, scantlings, rafters, beams and general
+constructional work. By the Railway Administration it has thus far
+been considered the best wood for sleepers. Amongst the natives it
+is often worth more than it is to the European, the price varying
+from half a crown to 4s. 6d. per cubic foot for sawn boards 12 feet
+long, 12 inches wide and 1 inch thick.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The most valued of all woods
+for wall-plates and door lintels, treasure-boxes, washing-basins
+for chiefs. Doors, too, are made of it in Benin. Women place little
+pieces of chalk, yams, plantains, cowries, coco yams at the base of
+the tree, and it is said they will be blessed with children. Chiefs
+sacrifice a goat with a mat and a fine white cloth to
+propitiate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span> the
+witches, who are supposed to hold their court in the Iroko tree and
+try to catch one of the sons of the chief.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Treculia Africana</i> (Decne). African
+Breadfruit. Afon (Yoruba); Ije (Benin); Ijeni (fruit).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is usually found near the edge of the
+villages of the Calabar, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows to a large size, with a bole length of 20
+feet and a girth of 9 feet, but it is usually a rather
+open-crowned, spreading tree. For its size the foliage is not
+over-dense. The leaves are single and roughly lanceolate, with a
+dark-green and rather shiny upper surface. The most conspicuous
+feature of this tree is the huge green, perfectly spherical-shaped
+fruit. Immature fruits of all sizes, from a cricket-ball upwards to
+a size of 18 inches in diameter, are seen growing close against the
+stem of the trunk and bigger branches of the tree. Some years ago,
+one of these ripe fruits fell off a tree at the edge of the Benin
+market and struck a woman on the shoulder with such force that she
+died a few days later. The natives subsequently cut the tree
+down.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The chief use of the tree is the fruit, which is
+placed in water to rot so that the seeds can be more easily
+extracted from the concentrically arranged fibres growing from the
+centre of the fruit outwards to the periphery. These are
+subsequently cooked and eaten, often being beaten up in a soup.
+From the outside the fruit looks as if it were made up of thousands
+of little green fibres closely packed together from the centre of
+the fruit, with the ends sticking out on the surface, thus giving
+it a rough feeling to the touch and making it appear as if it were
+full of holes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The junction of a branch with the stem shows a
+large swelling all round the base of the branch, which thins out to
+its regular size about 6 to 9 inches away from the trunk.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is comparatively slow-growing, but of a
+soil-protecting and light-loving nature. In the dry season, great
+quantities of dew condense on this tree, so that underneath the
+soil is kept moist. Probably more dew falls on this tree than
+<i>Myrianthus arboreus</i>, which shows a similar feature.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Thus far the wood has not been used for any
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Treculia sp.</i> Small-fruited African
+Breadfruit. Izenagan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morus sp.</i> Aye (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province in Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus arboreus</i>. Shapo Obibere (Yoruba);
+Ihege (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small to medium-sized tree, with short stem
+rarely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span> exceeding 8
+feet in height, and a much-branched, heavy crown, with very large
+leaf, cut up in the form of a large digit, much more pronounced
+than the horse chestnut. The leaves, on falling, rot and form a
+heavy layer of black humus. In the dry season the dew condenses to
+such an extent on the leaves that the tree drips in the morning,
+and the neighbourhood of such trees is always moist when the rest
+of the forest is dry.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The large, rough, elongated, pear-shaped fruit,
+like an overgrown sweetsop, is quite characteristic of this
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Warri,
+Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is scarcely big enough for timber, but would
+make a good undergrowth for a light-loving species such as mahogany
+or teak, and would kill all weeds on good soil. Usually found on
+good soil. The timber is white and soft.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><em>No botanical name</em>. Iragbo-Amuje (Yoruba);
+Igogo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree with almost hard white wood,
+more the texture of Triplochiton. The fruit is a drupe, with a
+small nut inside. Termites do not attack the wood. It is a
+quick-growing tree, which comes up very frequently in old
+farms.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Benin country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearer.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—In the Benin country it is
+used for door lintels and cross-pieces in house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Urticaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Urera</i>. Ela (Yoruba); Akinrankiri
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Yoruba and Benin countries.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Proteaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Faurea speciosa</i>. Red-brown timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Calabar province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Olacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heisteria parvifolia</i>. White Nut (?).
+Ikereoha (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It rarely exceeds the height of about 8 feet and a
+girth of about 1 foot.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small shrub with red flowers of four
+petals at right angles to each other, in the middle of which a
+white-coloured fruit forms. On peeling off the white skin, a black
+nut is disclosed, which is edible. It tastes more like a hazel-nut.
+The red flower is the most distinguishing feature, and makes this
+plant show up amongst the evergreen zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ondo, Benin, and Calabar
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span>It
+is a shade-bearing and slow-growing shrub, with soil-protecting and
+soil-improving qualities. It serves a very useful purpose amongst
+the undergrowth in the forest. Natural regeneration appears to be
+fair, but no plantations have been made with this species. The nuts
+have not been tested in the export market. Amongst the natives the
+nuts are very popular, and it is the only use which they have for
+this shrub. This chiefly refers to the Benin district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heisteria sp.?</i>. Benin Nut, Edible Nut.
+Evialegbi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found chiefly in the Benin province of
+Nigeria, though probably its area of distribution extends to the
+Ondo and Ogoja provinces as well. It is a tall, comparatively
+thin-boled tree in proportion to its height. Attaining a girth of
+about 8 feet, the bole is 40 feet in length. The bark is dull green
+and not very thick, being more in the nature of cortex than real
+bark. The most typical feature of the tree is the fruit, which is a
+spherically-shaped nut with a pointed tip. When dry, it is marked
+with shallow groves about half a millimetre apart, all converging
+to the tip. When cracked, the kernel obtained is rather pleasant to
+the taste, with plenty of oil. The timber is a yellowish colour and
+moderately hard. It is fairly durable, though it is attacked by a
+small wood-borer when it is left lying in the forest. It is a
+moderately fast-growing tree, but is a shade-bearing, soil
+protecting and improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be
+poor. No plantations have yet been made with it, but its yield of
+nuts should be tested. The timber has not yet been exported, nor
+has it been cut for local use. So far, the chief use of the tree is
+the nut, but even here proper tests have not yet been made, and it
+is only the natives who really know the tree. The exact oil content
+has yet to be tested.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Coula edulis</i>. Nkula in the Gaboon, Gaboon
+Nut. Omumu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">An edible nut containing oil. It is nearly round in
+shape, but slightly depressed at the top, with a soft shell.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The tree is of
+medium size, with narrow crown and small leaves, the fruit being
+borne on the upper side of the branches. It is moderately common
+near Ugo and also on the Siluko road (both in Benin). This is
+apparently a rare tree in reality, and it may be mistaken for
+Ivialegbi.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is brown with a red tinge, almost
+hard.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The nut decorticated is sold
+in the native markets and eaten as a delicacy.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Value.</em>—According to report made some years
+ago, it was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span> valued
+at £7 per ton in Liverpool. It was difficult to get sufficient for
+a sample.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Loranthaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Loranthus leptolobus</i>. African Mistletoe, or
+Red-flowering Loranthus.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Yoruba and Benin country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Menispermaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cissampelos Owariensis</i>. Ebewaki (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medicinal plant.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cissampelos Pareira</i> (L.). Jokoye
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anonaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Enantia polycarpa</i> (Kew). Abeokuta Bark,
+Kanda or Canta Bark. Ghido (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Egba province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Enantia chlorantha</i>. African Yellow Wood.
+Yaru (Yoruba); Ehranbabogo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the Ondo, Benin, Owerri,
+Ogoja and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, attaining a girth of 5
+feet and a bole length of 25 feet. The most peculiar feature of the
+tree is the fruit, a bundle of reddish clubs all coming out of the
+twig at one point. The stem is dull green, with scattered lenticels
+here and there. The bole is uneven near the base and almost divided
+by large spurns, which makes it difficult to cut out a square log.
+Standing in dense shade usually, and often with a piece of the bark
+removed, showing the yellow cambium layer or wood, it is easily
+distinguished from other trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The yellow wood is similar both in the sap and in
+the heartwood. It splits well, even into tiny thin, lath-like
+pieces. It is soft, but planes up into a smooth surface. The
+medullary rays are often prominent, and make the wood look very
+pretty. The sheen of the wood also adds to its appearance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is a shade-bearer and rather slow-growing;
+perhaps in more open localities it would grow faster. Natural
+regeneration does not appear to be good, though more extensive
+observations on this point may reveal more. Small quantities of
+seed are borne each year. It sprouts a little from the stump, but
+this method of reproduction cannot be relied upon. Cuttings have
+not yet been tried. It likes a good moist soil of<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span> the evergreen forest and lower
+parts of the mixed deciduous forest. It has not yet received a
+place in the forest plantations.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Samples of the timber have been tried in England
+and used with good effect as a substitute for American “Whitewood,”
+to which it is similar in texture. Its small size rather hinders
+its more extensive use. In the Benin district it is used as
+cross-pieces and rafters in building; wooden shovels are also made
+from it. It is occasionally used to make a yellow dye, especially
+the bark. Native caps are made from the bark, which is fibrous. It
+is also used for verandah-posts and door-frames.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dennettia tripetala</i>. Igberi (Yoruba); Ako
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Benin, Ondo (?) and
+Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a maximum girth
+of 6 feet, with a short bole and a much-branched crown. Most
+commonly seen as a shrub-like tree in the mixed deciduous forest.
+The flower has three petals, with red colour inside and brown
+outside. The flowers grow on the stem or the twigs with little or
+no stalk, usually two or three in one place.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber, which is white and soft, is eaten by
+termites. There is no proper heartwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearer, and rather slow-growing tree.
+It likes good soil, and is rather an indication of a loose, good
+and deep soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been exported or used locally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The fruit, which has a peppery
+taste, is eaten. The chiefs only eat the fruit after it has become
+red and really ripe. The small boys use the new young leaves
+uncooked to make the mouth warm when the rain falls.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dennettia sp.</i> Agedegbo, Ako (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree was determined from specimens obtained in
+the early part of 1917 from Olokemeji, where it is somewhat common.
+Owing to the fact that only immature and mature fruiting specimens
+were sent, it may be identical with <i>Dennettia tripetala</i>. It
+is, however, a much smaller tree, and the fruit is not nearly so
+large and is a more oblong shape than <i>D. tripetala</i>. It is a
+small, much-branched tree and yields a hard, whitish-yellow wood
+which might be used as substitute for lancewood. The Benis eat the
+fruit, but the Yorubas have no use for the tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia Æthiopica</i>. Negro Pepper. Eru
+(Yoruba); Unie (Benin); Atta (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Is a medium-sized tree with silvery smooth, grey
+trunk,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span> and found
+growing near the banks of rivers in all the southernmost provinces
+of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i056" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig056.jpg"><img src='images/fig056.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 56.—<span class=
+"bold">Large-leaved Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 14 feet in girth,
+with smaller Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) standing at the side,
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i057" class="iw15"><a href=
+"images/fig057.jpg"><img src='images/fig057.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 57.—<span class=
+"bold">Arere (Triplochiton Nigericum), 120 feet high, thirty years
+old.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i058" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig058.jpg"><img src='images/fig058.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 58.—<span class=
+"bold">Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis), 7 feet 6 inches in girth,
+on Dajopa Road, Olokemeji Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 260.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is stated to be useful for oars and masts for
+small boats, according to the report on the Exhibition of 1867.
+Since that date, however, it has not been used for this purpose.
+The bole reaches a girth of about 5 feet and a length of about 45
+feet. The crown is narrow and comparatively long, but rather
+compressed and compact. The foliage is dense and comparatively
+close together. The root spurns are slight and narrow, not
+extending very far up the bole. In proportion to its height the
+trunk is thin and very cylindrical in shape, though occasionally
+near the base it may not be absolutely round and tends to bulge out
+rather more on one surface than the other. The fruit, when ripe, is
+like a bunch of black keys, or little short, round-ended pieces of
+wood, all projecting out of one central stalk or fork, which is the
+most typical feature of the tree. The cortex is comparatively thin,
+and remains smooth even in the mature trees. The bole tapers only
+very slightly, and does not divide or send out any branches until
+the crown is reached.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white, as also the heartwood, except
+that the latter tends to have a very light yellowish-brown tinge,
+especially as it seasons. It is moderately hard, showing great
+elasticity, planing with a smooth surface, splitting moderately
+well, taking nails and not warping or shrinking to any great
+extent. Even fresh it is comparatively a dry wood. It saws well and
+shows considerable textile strength, as also strength in
+compression, is moderately heavy and termite-proof. The texture of
+the grain is very fine and even, and the grain is very
+straight.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting, and soil-improving. Natural regeneration is
+moderate. It does not sprout from the stump. It stands a certain
+amount of flooding, but it seems to demand a good soil with plenty
+of moisture, including a very moist atmosphere. No plantations have
+been made of this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been felled for export, nor has
+it been cut for local use, but it appears to deserve a trial as a
+substitute for lancewood, or other woods which show considerable
+elasticity. It should be noted that it belongs to the same family
+as that of the lancewood. Owing to the straightness and comparative
+evenness of the bole for a very considerable length, it might be
+suitable for shafts or even telegraph poles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is used as a kind of comestible amongst
+most of the natives, as it has a peppery taste which is not
+unpleasant.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span>It
+is usually dried and sold in the native markets, several bunches
+for a penny. By some it is almost looked upon as a medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia parviflora</i> (Eng. and Diels).
+Small-flowering Negro Pepper. Sesedo, Issa oku (Yoruba); Aghako or
+Oziza (?) (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Abeokuta and Benin
+provinces of Nigeria, where it is none too prevalent. It is a
+medium-sized tree with a very straight, thin and tall bole. Except
+for its size it is very much like <i>X. Æthiopica</i>; the fruit is
+much smaller and scarcely to be seen from the ground. The timber is
+grey-white, and the heartwood, though occasionally a light brown,
+is scarcely to be distinguished from the sapwood. It is hard,
+durable, and said to be termite-proof. It does not take nails
+easily, nor does it split well, but it saws comparatively easily.
+Natural reproduction by seeds appears to be poor. It scarcely
+sprouts from the stump. It is a shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+soil-improving tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported. The bark and
+roots are used medicinally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is used locally for house-building, as
+verandah-posts or supports for the roof. It has considerable
+tensile strength and stands compression better still.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anona Senegalensis</i> (Pers.). Wild Custard
+Apple. Abo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is found in the Oyo and Ogoja provinces of
+Nigeria. It is a small, shrub-like tree, with a short stem of about
+4 or 5 feet, and has a very oval leaf, almost ovate in shape. It
+bears a yellow fruit which divides up into the typical segments
+common to this family. It resembles the Sugar Apple, has a
+delicious taste, and the fruit is most refreshing on a hot day at
+the end of the dry season. The tree is fire-resisting. Being
+deciduous, it is not a soil-improving tree. It is soil-exacting,
+but is also found in rocky localities. The tree is not very
+prolific, but sprouts very strongly from the stump and to a less
+extent with root suckers. The small timber is occasionally used for
+house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anona palustris</i> (Foster). Alligator Apple.
+Afe (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is supposed to be soft, and to have been
+introduced into the country some years ago.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+The fruit is edible, the foliage dense and heavy. In the dry season
+the dew condenses on the leaves and towards morning drips off on to
+the ground, thus keeping the immediate vicinity of the tree quite
+moist. The leaves, when decayed, make a rich humus. It is one of
+the most valuable soil-improving trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_263">[263]</span><i>Anona Mannii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows in the forest region of the Central and
+South Provinces of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized tree bearing large
+green fruit close to the stem.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Popowia Mannii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A specimen of this Popowia has been found in
+Alasko, near the Oha River in the Ibadan province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anona Afzelii</i>. Probably the same as
+<i>Dennettia sp.</i> Ako, Aggedegbo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Benin and Warri
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree of the more swampy parts
+or moister regions of the evergreen forest zone. The leaves are a
+very large size, often reaching a length of 1 foot. The wood is
+yellowish-white and soft and not very durable. Owing to the very
+dense foliage, quite a thick layer of humus is formed in the shade
+of the tree, so that its soil-improving properties are very great.
+It would be a valuable tree for underplanting mahogany or any
+deciduous tree, both with a view to providing soil cover and
+improving the soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives do not use this wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hexalobus grandiflorus</i> (Benth.) Afara
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Abeokuta province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria Afzelii</i>. Gbogbonshe (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. A
+small tree with hard wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria Busgenii</i>. Paddlewood. Umaja or Umazza
+(Benin); Uruiju Arogu (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja (?), Benin, Ondo
+and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, and reaches a girth of about 10
+feet with a good bole and limbs. The crown is narrowish, being
+formed by many small branches. The bark is light green, scaling off
+and leaving yellow patches with a red edge to each; otherwise it is
+smooth and almost shining. It is a common tree of the evergreen
+forest. With the exception of slight hollows near the base of the
+stem the bole is quite round.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is a faint orange-colour with a reddish
+tint. There is very little difference between the heart and sap
+wood, except that the former is a lighter colour. It splits well
+and planes into a smooth surface. At the corner of a square block
+pieces are liable to split off. The grain is a little open and the
+pores are rather long.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Termites (white ants) make no impression on it.
+The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span> timber is hard,
+with a certain amount of rigidity, and yet has no resilience.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a slow-growing tree and shade-bearer. Judging
+by the number of small trees found, reproduction from seed must be
+good. It does not sprout from the stool, and root suckers are
+thrown up after the trees have been felled. It likes moist and deep
+soil, which must be moderately good, e.g. the red soil of Benin and
+sandy loam of Badagry district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of the wood were sold in the
+Liverpool market as Sabicu and realized 1s. to 2s. per superficial
+foot. It has also been used for European house-building in the
+Calabar province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is chiefly used for making
+paddles. It is also used for joists and posts by the Benin
+people.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria Chamæ</i> (Kew). Eruju (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large shrub with sweet-scented flowers.
+Lagos Island.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Artabotrys sp.</i> Ako gbogbonshe (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Monodora tenuifolia</i>. African Nutmeg. Lakosin
+(?) (Yoruba); Unyenghen (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In younger trees there are a few narrow white
+streaks in the dull green bark, which gives it quite a distinctive
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a
+medium-sized tree with yellow flowers tinged with white, most
+conspicuous after they have fallen to the ground. The flower has
+three petals with wavy edges, and reminds most people of an orchid.
+In fact, many have asked whether it is not an orchid. The leaves
+are light green, especially on the under-side, though darker as the
+rainy season advances. The fruit is a spherical drupe, containing
+several small nuts or seeds. The tree flowers before the leaves
+come fully out, so that it looks very handsome indeed. It is, in
+fact, one of the prettiest of all the flowering trees. It flowers
+at the end of February or at the beginning of March. It reaches a
+girth of about 2 feet and a bole length of about 10 feet, though it
+is often much branched from about 4 feet from the ground.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is quite common in the Abeokuta province of
+Nigeria, especially in the Olokemeji Reserve and on the road
+between that place and Mamu, in the Benin province, as well as
+being found in the mixed deciduous forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is hard and white and fairly durable. It
+is tough and does not split well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although it stands a little shade it is a somewhat
+slow-growing,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span>
+light-loving tree, but does not protect the soil. Natural
+regeneration appears to be fair. It sprouts well from the stump,
+often in this way forming quite a clump. On these stool shoots it
+bears flowers and fruit early. It transplants badly, more
+especially when placed in the open. It is somewhat exacting as to
+soil, demanding a certain amount of moisture as well as depth. It
+is somewhat fire-resisting, sprouting out again after such
+injury.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">As it does not really reach timber size, it is not
+of much use for local constructional purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The smaller trees are used as
+walking-sticks and the larger ones are sometimes used for hoe and
+axe handles. In clearing the land for farms, stool shoots are left
+standing, to act as supports for the tendrils of the yams after
+they have been planted.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Monodora myristica</i>, var. <i>grandifolia</i>.
+Calabash Nutmeg. Lakoshe or Abo Lakoshe, Ilakosin, Igbo (Yoruba);
+Ukposa, Eddo Binoyoba (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the mixed deciduous forests of the
+Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, where
+it is somewhat prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a large tree,
+up to 7 feet in girth, with open crown and thin foliage. The
+flowers are very conspicuous when they fall, having three very
+large pointed red petals streaked with white, almost reminiscent of
+an orchid. The edge of the petal is wavy, too. On the tree, the
+flowers hang from the under-side of twigs with very short petioles.
+It is the most handsome and largest flowering tree amongst the
+Monodoras. It is, however, never quite so much covered with flowers
+as the <i>M. tenuifolia</i>. The flowers are considerably larger,
+being quite half to one inch longer. The bole reaches a length of
+about 15 feet, but is often branched lower down. The fruit is a
+large drupe, containing a number of small nuts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is whitish, hard and somewhat tough, and
+does not split well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately fast-growing, light-demanding
+tree. With the exception of the period when it loses leaves, it is
+a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although it scarcely reaches timber size, it might
+be tried for smaller constructional purposes, such as handles,
+posts, or rails. The quantities, however, are not very large.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The nut is ground up and used
+in soup.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Monodora brevipes</i>. Yellow-flowering Nutmeg.
+Ause, Lakosin (Yoruba); Iyoha (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_266">[266]</span>Grows abundantly throughout the Tropics. The
+seeds are useful as condiments or as medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myristicaceæ sp.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i>. White Cedar. Akomu
+(Yoruba); Omocham (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Benin,
+Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very common tree, especially at the edges
+of roads and in old farms. It is not so common in the original
+forest. It grows up to 15 feet in girth. It has a very cylindrical
+bole, with long, straight, outstanding branches growing close
+together, more or less forming a flat crown. The leaves are large
+and pinnate, and the small fruit, which grows in clusters, half
+opens, disclosing a bright red interior with one round seed covered
+with pink, mace-like fibre. The slash is pinkish-white, and heavy,
+sticky white latex streaked with red exudes very freely after it
+has been cut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is soft and white and not durable. It
+has not so far been used either for export or locally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Lauraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ocotea</i> cf. Egg-shaped fruit tree. Agkwokhau
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Capparidaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cratæva Adansonii</i> (Guill. et Perr.). Egun
+oran (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Tree 30 feet high with yellow flowers. Found
+growing at Fiditi, Oyo province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Capparis Thonningii</i>. Ekkana, Awoa
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rosaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium sp.</i> Babu (Yoruba); Oria (Benin);
+Oko (Ibo, Owerri); Oguru (Brass); Edat (Efik); Ukpoi, Edat, Mpuri
+(Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria, and Asaba district, Benin
+province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree with irregular surface to the
+bole, muscular-like protrusions being seen here and there, as well
+as similar shaped depressions. The crown is wide and flattish, and
+of light foliage. The fruit is a large, nasty-smelling,
+apple-shaped drupe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white, with apparently little
+difference between<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span>
+sap and heart wood, and it is hard and tough, not splitting at all
+easily.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree, said to be termite-proof.
+It has considerable resiliency, and stands a certain amount of
+bending strain.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been used for export, nor has it
+been sawn up for planks for local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The Yorubas use the timber for
+making mortars for food.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium sp.</i> Red Mahogany. Abue (Egbado,
+Yoruba); Dabadogun (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is plentiful in the Benin and the Abeokuta
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It grows into a
+large tree, but is often seen as a small tree, suppressed by other
+quicker-growing trees. The dense, somewhat spreading crown is a
+typical feature of the tree. Its large leaves attract attention,
+especially compared to the size of the tree. The bole is often
+crooked and covered with dark green cortex, with only a limited
+amount of fine bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has a hard, red wood, not unlike mahogany, but
+with a more fibrous grain. It is durable, especially when left in a
+wet place. It works up with a good surface and very pleasing
+colour, making it thoroughly worthy of being a substitute for
+mahogany. Being a shade-bearer, soil-protecting and soil-improving
+tree, it should eventually find a place in the forest plantations.
+Despite its slow growth, its other silvicultural qualities are
+worthy of attention.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not yet been exported, not has it been
+felled for local use. For the former it appears to deserve a
+trial.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is used for firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium robustum</i>. Sometimes called
+Mahogany Nuts, Nikko Nuts; Benin Mahogany. Ugibisaro (Benin);
+Aiyeni (Egbado); Aiye, Aghaghe, Aiyeni (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of
+Nigeria, in the evergreen forest zone, where it is not very
+prevalent. It is a large forest tree, reaching a girth of over 12
+feet and a bole length of about 70 feet. In the dry season, in the
+distance, the leaves show the typical dried-up yellow appearance of
+the Parinariums, especially being somewhat shiny in appearance. The
+fruit is not unlike a very large, very dark green plum, but rather
+more flattened and not so round. The inside nut is compressedly
+spherical, showing five large eyes or holes out of which seeds
+germinate.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span>The
+sapwood is yellowish-white and somewhat broad in proportion to the
+size of the tree, and the hard wood is mahogany-red coloured, but
+with more fibrous grain. It planes up with a smooth surface and
+splits fairly easily, especially when nailed. It is moderately hard
+and quite durable, and is not supposed to be attacked by white ants
+(termites). Like most of the Parinariums, the fresh wood smells
+something like honey, and the timber tends to darken on exposure to
+the air, thus improving in colour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">On the whole it is a shade-bearing tree and not
+very fast-growing. It has soil-protecting and soil-improving
+qualities. Natural regeneration only appears to be very moderate.
+Like most of the Parinariums, the kernels of the fruit are pecked
+out by various birds. No plantations have been made of this
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Quite by accident, in 1906 some logs obtained from
+this tree were cut and exported, and sold in the Liverpool market
+as Benin mahogany at 4d. per superficial foot. Since then, however,
+none has been cut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Amongst the Benin natives the timber is
+occasionally used for house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium excelsum</i>. Essago (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ondo, Benin, Owerri and Calabar
+provinces of Nigeria, in the evergreen forest zone, where in
+certain localities it is very prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In appearance it is like the rough-skin plum of
+Sierra Leone, but a larger and taller tree. The leaf usually looks
+dry and grey, especially underneath. The crown is oval and very
+dense, with a mass of large limbs. The bark is covered with white
+lenticels, which make it look grey. It usually bears a large crop
+of fruit each year.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It reaches a girth of over 12 feet and a bole
+length of about 50. In proportion to the height, the bole is not so
+long as in the cases of many other forest trees. The fruit is more
+uneven in surface than that of <i>P. robustum</i>, and the surface
+is also more or less speckled with little white raised lumps,
+giving it a roughness to the touch. The fruit inside is
+yellowish-white, rather hard and not unpleasant to taste. Where it
+is found, especially in the more swampy parts, it is often almost
+gregarious in habit. It is an evergreen tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood when freshly cut smells like honey. The
+sapwood is yellowish-white and the heartwood is brown. On the whole
+it is much harder than <i>P. robustum</i>. Occasionally it appears
+cross-grained, and does not plane up with such a smooth finish. It
+saws less easily, and it is hard to drive nails<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span> into it. It does not split
+well. It is rather a heavy wood and does not float.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing tree,
+which thoroughly protects the soil and improves it with its leaf
+fall. Natural regeneration appears to be none too good. No
+plantations have been made of this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been felled for local use, but
+occasionally it has been used for firewood, which is of somewhat
+high calorific power. The fruit is occasionally useful to
+temporarily assuage hunger in the forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It was sold as African greenheart at 1s. 6d. to 1s.
+9d. a cubic foot in the Liverpool market in 1906.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—None, and the fruit is not
+eaten. Elephants eat the fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium polyandrum</i> (Benth.) (?). Plum.
+Ako Idofun (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Smaller fruit than <i>P. curatellæfolium</i> and
+very hard; similar flowers, the leaves rough and only slightly
+grey-green on the under-surface. Stem reddish-brown with long
+lenticels, leaves larger and longer.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The tree is used by the
+natives for building farmhouses.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium curatellæfolium</i> (Planch.).
+Abo-Idofun (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree 10 feet in height and 1 foot in
+diameter, with large umbelliferous flowers of a white colour. The
+leaves are rough and shiny on the upper surface, and with more
+white underneath than the <i>P. polyandrum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The fruit is edible, though
+not usually eaten. No use as firewood. The wood is used for
+building farm-sheds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium Gabunense</i>. Mahogany Nut. Abere
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Ondo province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysobalanus sp.</i> Niko Nut. Igata
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found at Ebuttemetta.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Leguminosæ (Cæsalpineæ).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia Sieberiana</i>. Cassia. Aridan-toro
+(Yoruba); Ezzi, Apagban (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is commonly found in Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta
+provinces of Nigeria, more especially in the latter. It is a small
+tree bearing large and long racemes of yellow flowers in February,
+making it very reminiscent of the laburnum. The tree is leafless at
+the time, so that the flowers are all the more conspicuous. The
+almost rectangular branching habit of this tree, combined with the
+rather thin twigs, is very typical. It yields a hard, red wood, but
+the sapwood is yellowish-white.<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_270">[270]</span> The natives use the fruit medicinally and
+the timber for house-building. The pods are usually about a foot
+long and half an inch in diameter.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia tora</i>. Cassia. Ako Kere (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found at Olokemeji, in the Abeokuta province
+of Nigeria. Its medicinal use as a remedy for ringworm is not known
+to the natives of that locality.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia fistula</i>. Cassia. Bembedo
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province
+of Nigeria, one specimen being found in the Idah district; the
+longer (1 to 2 feet) and stouter (¾ to 1 inch) pod is most typical
+of this tree. It is otherwise much the same size as <i>Cassia
+Sieberiana</i>. The natives use the fruit medicinally, but look
+upon the tree as a “great medicine.”</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia podocarpa</i> (G. and P.). Cassia.
+Asunwon (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Shrub with yellow flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cassia occidentalis</i>. Blackwater Plant. Rere
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small shrub-like herb with large upright
+flowers, which is usually found growing in waste places at the edge
+of villages in the Yoruba country, in the mixed deciduous forest
+zone. A medicine to cure blackwater fever is made from this plant,
+though doctors now say it is not an infallible cure.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ormosia laxiflora</i> (Benth.). False Dalbergia.
+Shedun (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Onitsha and
+Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, chiefly at the edge of the dry-zone
+forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, 12 feet high and 18 inches in
+girth, with almost brick-red or orange-coloured bark, which is thin
+and often scarred by natives. It has a long, thin pod with thin,
+flat seeds. It reminds one very much of a small Dalbergia. It
+stands the annual fires well, though it gets singed each year. The
+base of the bole is often somewhat enlarged with the constant
+cutting of the bark both of the stem and the uppermost roots.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is yellowish-red and not very hard, but
+rough to work up, being more in the nature of a turner’s than a
+joiner’s wood. The grain is often by no means straight, and the
+wood shows a little figure.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Withstanding the fires so well, it serves, or
+should serve, as a nurse for the introduction of more valuable
+species amongst the dry-zone trees, especially on the laterite
+soils. Natural regeneration is good and it sprouts well from the
+stump. Root suckers do not appear to be so prevalent as in many
+dry-zone species. It is a light-loving species, which does not
+protect<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span> the soil
+properly, though the foliage is comparatively dense for that type
+of tree. It is slow-growing. No plantations have been made.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It does not attain sufficient size for export, but
+it might be tried for local turnery work. It is useful for local
+hut-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—House-building, and the roots
+when boiled are used in medicine as a tonic.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afrormosia elata</i>. African Satinwood, Yellow
+Satinwood. Ayin (Yoruba); Anyeran, Anyesan, Ehranobapotineddo
+(Benin); Egbi (Ibadan); Elo Uta (Ibo, Owerri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very conspicuous tree, with its orange-red trunk
+near the base, gradually shading off to yellow higher up, and
+towards the branches a light-green colour. Large, irregular-shaped
+pieces of bark fall off from time to time, in a similar way to the
+plane-tree of Europe, though with its reddish trunk it is not so
+much like the plane as <i>Afzelia Africana</i>. The root flanges or
+spurns are very thin and do not extend beyond about three feet up
+the stem of the tree. In plate <a href="#i082">No. 82</a> one of
+these trees, growing near Benin, shows the open, rather narrow
+crown with its few main limbs supporting it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is commonest in the Benin, but also found in the
+Ondo, Owerri and Calabar provinces in the moist evergreen forests.
+It is also seen in secondary forests of the same zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber planes well, but does not split. It saws
+easily, but takes nails with difficulty. It is sometimes figured,
+especially logs from the base of the tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is pretty easily killed by fire at the roots,
+though otherwise it tends to spread with cultivation. The sapwood
+is almost white and the heartwood a yellowish-green, when fresh,
+but a dull yellow when dry. It is very hard and withstands the
+attacks of white ants (termites). Even the sapwood of a young tree
+had not rotted after six years near the bank of the Ogba, Benin
+province. It grows moderately quickly.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The flower is inconspicuous and small, and the pod
+is also small, being about 2½ inches long and ½ inch broad,
+containing two or three flat seeds. The tree does not bear very
+heavily, and in consequence natural regeneration is not very good,
+though such seeds as actually form properly seem to germinate well.
+In youth it bears some shade, but in middle age seems to be almost
+a light-demander.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although when freshly cut the wood does not float,
+when thoroughly dry it would not be difficult to float it with a
+lighter species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[272]</span>The
+timber was reported as satinwood and worth 3d. to 1s. per
+superficial foot in the Liverpool market in 1906, and that moderate
+quantities (of fair length and squares) would be taken.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus esculentus</i> (Schum. and Thon.).
+Edible-fruited Padouk. Gbingbindo (Yoruba); Akpanagya, Uruhe
+(Benin); Nja (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is one of the most common waterside trees of all
+the Southern Provinces of Nigeria; some of the rivers on the banks
+of which it is found are the Ovia, Ogun and Cross River. Belonging
+to the mixed deciduous forest zone, it is in the middle reaches of
+these rivers where it is most prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A typical feature of this small tree is the bright,
+yellow-coloured flower, which quite brightens up the banks of the
+rivers at the end of February or March. Another most peculiar
+feature is the odd, somewhat kidney-shaped fruit with its rough
+surface corrugations, containing inside a hardish nut about 1 inch
+in diameter. Either the nuts or the fruit are often seen floating
+down the rivers, especially where they are tidal. The leaves are
+more typical of the Pterocarps, otherwise the fruit is most unlike
+either those of the genus or even of the family. The bole of the
+tree is short, smooth and almost silver-grey in colour, though it
+is often discoloured with the mud from the perennial floods of the
+river. It is usually seen with more than one stem.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white and not over-hard. It is not
+very durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is not very fast-growing, but is an
+evergreen, with a short period in which nearly all the leaves fall.
+It serves a most useful purpose in holding the banks of the streams
+wherever it is found, and it is noticeable that its roots appear to
+extend a long way back and that it is one of the last trees to be
+washed out by floods. It sprouts fairly well from the stump when
+cut, unless it is almost at once submerged by the floods, which
+points to the fact that it should be cut only at the beginning or
+towards the end of the dry season. Natural regeneration appears to
+be fair, but no plantations have been tried with this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The nuts have not been examined to see what they
+contain, though they are of nutritive value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">For export it does not yield large timber, and for
+local use it is rather small, but for local huts it might
+occasionally be used where other timber is scarce, as in the dry
+zone. It makes a fair firewood in those places. Although the fruit
+is supposed to be edible, very few natives have tried it, and
+apparently it is only used in times of great scarcity.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i059" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig059.jpg"><img src='images/fig059.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 59.—<span class=
+"bold">Large Ayin (Anogeissus leiocarpus), 10 feet in girth,
+Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i060" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig060.jpg"><img src='images/fig060.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 60.—<span class=
+"bold">Oil Palm in bearing, two bunches of fruit in view, Olokemeji
+Forest Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 272.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_273">[273]</span><i>Pterocarpus Osun</i>. African Padouk or
+Barwood. Osun, Osun dudu (Yoruba); Ume, Ureben (Benin); Opepe
+(Ikala, Ijor).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ogoja and Calabar provinces of
+Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is none too
+prevalent. A specimen was found near Ibami, in the Obubra district.
+It is a small tree with small yellow flowers and rather small
+leaves. The branches are placed close together and the crown is
+very dark and thick. The bole is short, rarely exceeding 15 feet in
+length, and the bark a dark brown colour. The bole reaches a girth
+of about 5 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood of a
+dull-red colour, but in proportion the sapwood is rather wide. It
+is moderately hard, fairly durable, but not termite-proof. It
+planes well, saws easily, takes nails; it does not split very
+well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration does
+not appear to be very good. It is doubtful if it sprouts from the
+stump. It has not been cut for export, nor has it been felled for
+local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">On the Cross River the Camwood was sold to the
+European merchants, at the rate of 409 billets per ton, for £4
+10s., so that with the added cost of river and ocean freight and
+sale charges, there was no profit when it was being sold at £6 10s.
+per ton in the Liverpool market. Better prices are always secured
+if it is shipped in squared logs, 24 inches square and 24 to 30
+feet in length.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Apparently it is not the Camwood used by the
+natives, because plenty of trees are seen scattered about in the
+neighbourhood of Obubra untouched.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>. African Rosewood.
+Apepe, Ara (Yoruba); Oyo, Upeka (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows in the dry-zone savannah forests of
+the Ogoja province of Nigeria. It is of small size; the flowers,
+which are yellow, appear in March. The timber is of little value,
+the tree not being large enough to yield a useful timber, but it
+has been sold as African Rosewood. It has a beautiful rose-red
+colour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus sp.</i> So-called Camwood. Osun pupa
+(Yoruba); Akume (Benin); also spineless fruited Camwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Benin and Ondo
+provinces of Nigeria. On the bank of the Cross River, near the
+Ossizza factory, there is a large specimen, standing about 20 feet
+away from the water’s edge.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is not very common, and chiefly found near river
+banks in the evergreen forest towards their northern limit. It is a
+medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of 9 feet at the
+most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span> and a height
+of 70 feet. The bole length does not exceed 40 feet. The bark is
+light-brown, almost yellow-brown, with rough fissures and fibrous
+surface, more like an elm, though thinner. The branches are thin
+and light-coloured. In flower the tree is a mass of little yellow
+peaflowers, and numerous bees swarm round the crown of the tree,
+indicating its presence. Again, when the fruit ripens the crown is
+a mass of yellow-brown winged fruits all fluttering in the wind.
+They are always in bunches near the ends of the twigs. The fruit is
+round and flat, with no hairs on it, with a thin papery wing
+completely surrounding and joined to it, which makes it rather
+thicker and stiffer than the other species. It is not at all
+typical of the Pterocarpus genus. The seed in the centre has a
+rough surface. The trunk usually is not quite straight, having a
+slight bend or two in its length. In habit, more like a Combretum
+or young elm to look at. The crown is round, almost spherical, and
+does not usually occupy more than one-third of the height of the
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white; the heartwood is of a dull
+purply colour, which is inclined to stain into the sapwood after
+the tree is cut down and exposed to rain. On the whole the colour
+of the wood is deeper than that of the other Pterocarpus, but it is
+said to yield a less fast and poorer coloured red dye than that of
+the other species, <i>P. Osun</i>. It is moderately hard. It planes
+well, and is sometimes cross-grained. It takes nails easily, but
+does not split very well, though it saws with comparative ease.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although it stands a good deal of shade in its
+youth, it is apparently a light-demanding tree with soil-protecting
+and soil-improving qualities. It is not very fast-growing. Natural
+regeneration appears to be poor, chiefly, perhaps, owing to the
+fact that the seeds are quickly eaten by small boring insects soon
+after they fall to the ground. It is rather exacting as to soil,
+and prefers the deep, moist, sandy loam. Only isolated specimens
+are seen.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported yet, and despite
+the fact that it does not reach such a large size as <i>P.
+Osun</i>, it deserves a trial. For local use it should find a place
+for house construction in a similar position to which the Osun and
+others are used by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been cut or used as a dye root, chiefly
+owing to its poorer colour. It is, however, used in
+house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus</i>. Cross River Camwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Obubra district of the Calabar
+province of Nigeria. In habit it is very similar to the other
+Camwoods.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_275">[275]</span><i>Pterocarpus Soyauxii</i>. Large Fruited
+Camwood. Arakpa, Ume (Benin); Ukpa (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ogoja, Benin, Warri (?), Ondo,
+Ibadan (?) and Abeokuta (?) provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the mixed deciduous forests,
+reaching a height of 80 to 100 feet, with a bole length of 50 feet
+and a girth of 10 feet. The bark is a darker colour than <i>P.
+Osun</i>, but a little rougher. The leaf is smaller than <i>P.
+Osun</i>, but is unarmed. The most typical difference in this tree
+is the fruit, which is the largest of all, 2½ to 3 inches in
+diameter, with plenty of prickly thorns in the centre of each
+surface. The wood is a much darker red, quite a dull, almost purple
+red. The root spurns on the whole extend higher up the trunk than
+<i>P. Osun</i> (up to 4 feet). The slash is white, but thin red
+latex soon exudes out of it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is hardish, but the sapwood is very white
+and soft. The wood does not make the same kind of stain as <i>P.
+Osun</i>, though apparently it keeps its colour much better than
+<i>P. Osun</i>. When exposed to light, <i>P. Osun</i> loses it very
+quickly and becomes a dull-brown colour. The grain is open and
+varies a little in colour, giving it a pleasing effect. Termites do
+not attack it. It splits well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It sprouts from the stump slightly, but such shoots
+do not attain any size. Seedlings come up readily from fallen
+seeds. The seeds are liable to be eaten by the “ground pig” almost
+at once. It grows moderately quickly, but is a light-lover. It has
+an undivided stem.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Samples were sent to Liverpool in 1916 and sold as
+African Padauk, and it was reported that “small quantities sell”
+satisfactorily. It has been cut for local use for buildings.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is used for making wooden
+shovels, all out of one piece. Also in house-building as
+wall-plates at the top of the mud walls, also in the Oba’s house
+for uprights.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum sp.</i> Sasswood. Inyi
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree was determined from material from the
+Central Circle.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i>. Sasswood, or Sassy
+Bark, or Ordeal Bark. Erun obo (Yoruba); Oginyi (Benin); Akpa
+Etuidiwi (Efik); Arachi (Ibo, Asaba); Inyi, Ibo (Onitsha, Ibo,
+Owerri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin,
+Onitsha and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria in the mixed deciduous
+forest zone, where it is often very prevalent, more especially
+north of Ifon and Alabeta in the Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span>It
+is a large tree, reaching a girth of over 10 feet and a bole length
+of over 30 feet. The crown, however, is large and wide-spreading,
+but generally spherical in shape. Comparatively low down, the bole
+divides up into three or four main limbs. The trunk is seldom very
+straight, usually having a twist in one direction or another. The
+root spurns are moderately large, but are rounded in shape. The
+bark is dark-brown and thick, scaling off to a slight extent in old
+age. The fruit is a pod about 3 inches long and an inch wide,
+containing six or eight flattish black beans, black to brown. These
+burst when ripe, but the seeds only gradually fall to the ground.
+The fine pinnate leaves are close together and open out into dense
+foliage most typical of the Leguminoseæ. The upper part of the
+limbs and trunk is light-brown. The flowers are minute and not
+often seen.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is dull yellow and the heartwood a dull
+red-brown. It is very heavy and hard, but not as hard as red
+ironwood or the Yoruba ironwood. It is very durable and quite
+termite-proof; although sometimes a little cross-grained, with good
+tools it can be worked up to a smooth finish by planing. Holes have
+to be made in it for nails. It saws well, but splits only
+moderately easily. In the saw mill it was found that the hardness
+of the wood blunted the saws, which needed constantly
+sharpening.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting, soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears
+to be good, and it is moderately resistant to fire. Tends to
+condense dew in the dry season. It suppresses most other trees by
+shade. Amongst the dry-zone vegetation it clings to the banks of
+rivers, and is common on the upper banks of the upper reaches of
+the Ogun. No plantations have been made with this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 sample logs of the sister tree, <i>E.
+micranthum</i>, were exported and sold in the Liverpool market as a
+species of oak, so that this timber deserves a trial as a
+substitute for teak or oak.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It was cut for the Public Works Department at
+Onitsha and found very suitable for decking of bridges. The small
+bridge over the Nkissi, near Onitsha, was built entirely with this
+timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum micranthum</i>. Sasswood or Ordeal
+Bark. Ovinni (Benin); Erinji (Ijor); Ihi (Ibo, Owerri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Warri, Benin and Calabar
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">As a small tree, one of the first to appear when
+the mangrove swamp gives way to the evergreen rain forest near the
+coast.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[277]</span> On solid
+land it attains a large size, even larger than that of <i>E.
+Guineense</i>. The pod is a little larger than that of <i>E.
+Guineense</i>, and the bark smoother. The crown is dense and very
+large, almost spherical in shape, and reaching more than one-third
+down the length of the tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is very similar in its qualities to
+<i>E. Guineense</i>, but has a straighter grain in the larger
+specimens. It is very durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing tree, with
+soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration
+does not appear to be very good, though numerous pods are borne on
+the tree almost every year. No plantations have yet been made with
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">For local use, it has not been cut in a similar way
+to <i>E. Guineense</i>. The natives occasionally use this tree for
+making canoes. In the 1906 timber report from the Liverpool market
+it was valued as a species of oak at 1s. 9d. per cubic foot, and
+was not considered so good as either red oak, <i>Lophira
+procera</i>, or white oak, <i>Ostryoderris impressa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The bark is boiled in water
+and a beautiful red-coloured liquid is produced. It is administered
+as an ordeal trial for witchcraft, and is not poisonous if given in
+large doses.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Brachystegia spicæformis</i>. Agberigeddi, Ako
+(Yoruba); Okkwan (Benin); Etare (Oban, Ekoi); Ungu (Ibo, Owerri);
+Mpanju, Akpanya, Ikpanya (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan (?),
+Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a rough, scaly-barked tree of huge size (see
+<a href="#i104">illustration</a>), reaching a girth of 30 feet and
+a height of 150 feet. The crown is flattish, formed by a few
+wide-spreading limbs and numerous small branches. The foliage is
+moderate for a Leguminous tree. The yellowish flowers are almost
+unseen, being placed underneath the leaves. The dark-brown woody
+pods burst with a bang not unlike a gunshot, and release four or
+five flat black, shiny beans about ½ inch across. The foliage goes
+almost black on reaching the ground, killing all the small plants.
+A brownish gum exudes from the tree when cut, and this hardens into
+a reddish, opaque mass similar to Almeidina, and in fact is the
+source of this gutta percha-like substance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—It is a rather hard, light-brown
+wood with pretty, almost evenly distributed streaks of darker brown
+shade in it. It is very durable. The white sapwood soon rots on
+exposure to the weather. It is suitable as a furniture wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_278">[278]</span><em>Silvicultural Characteristics.</em>—It
+bears a good deal of shade. It reproduces almost every year
+plentiful mature seed; grows fast, but not so rapidly as the
+cotton-tree, Ricinodendron and others. It is sometimes distinctly
+gregarious, as, for instance, south-west of Benin City.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>European Use.</em>—It has not been exported,
+but the P.W.D. have used it for verandah-posts and planks. It has
+been much admired for the good colour of the wood and the streaky
+grain.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—By the Benin people it is not
+considered a good wood, but the gum is sometimes used.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Daniellia ogea</i>. Gum Copal. Ogea (Yoruba);
+Ogea (Benin); Udeni (Ibo, Owerri); Mpanju, Ikpanya, Akpanya (Efik).
+Also known as <i>D. oblonga</i> and <i>Cyanothyrsus ogea</i>, but
+now called <i>D. ogea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found growing in the heavy-rain
+intermediary forest of Benin, Ondo country and Mamu Reserve. It is
+a very fine tree with straight rounded bole, often reaching a
+height of 120 feet before the first branch. The bark is light grey
+and slightly ringed. The flowers blue and not very noticeable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—Of no commercial value, as it is
+soft and rots quickly.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—A good gum copal is obtained from
+it, the best in the ground, after the tree has rotted. It is used
+for varnish making; worth 30s. to 60s. a hundredweight.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Daniellia Fosteri</i>. Gum Copal. Oguja or Ogea
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found near Olokemeji and Ijebu-Ode. It yields a
+third-quality resin according to Holland in <em>The Useful Plants
+of Nigeria</em>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Daniellia Punchii</i> (Kew). Gum Copal. Ajia
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Daniellia caudata</i>. Benin Gum Copal. Mogbara,
+Ashuwole (Yoruba); Ogea (Benin); Agbara (Ikale.)</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Ogoja provinces
+of Nigeria. The bole is the straightest and most cylindrical of any
+of the African forest trees. It often attains a height of over 100
+feet before the first branches are reached. The cylindrical shape
+is further enhanced by the few quite concentric rings on the bark,
+horizontally arranged round the trunk of the tree. The bark is
+otherwise quite smooth and of a silvery-green or light-green
+colour; for the size of the tree it is very thin, and the tree may
+reach a girth of 25 feet, and the bark then is usually only ½ to ¾
+inch thick. The slash is yellowish-white; the sapwood is white and
+scarcely distinguishable from the heartwood, which gradually takes
+a pinkish tinge when it is dry. The flowers are blue and not unlike
+those of the fuchsia, and the tree is easily seen at the end of the
+dry season<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[279]</span> by the
+bare crown with its blue flowers. The path later on is covered with
+these. There are practically no root spurns, the stem emerging
+straight away from the ground. The crown is very flat, and does not
+usually occupy more than one-fifth of the total height of the tree.
+The branches are few and of slight and almost feathery build. The
+timber is soft, not durable nor termite-proof. It saws easily, does
+not split very well, and considering its softness it does not plane
+at all well nor with a very smooth surface. Natural reproduction by
+seed appears to be poor, although plenty of seeds seem to ripen;
+there is one seed in each pod. It is a light-loving, deciduous
+tree, but for eleven months of the year it is certainly a
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. It demands a deep, moist
+and somewhat rich soil, though judging by the various localities in
+which it is found it is doubtful if it is really exacting as to
+soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sent to the
+Liverpool market and considered to be a species of mahogany, but of
+no value. Natives have not used it to any extent for local
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia Africana</i>. Light African
+Greenheart. Agboin (Yoruba); Sanga (New Calabar); Iteruku (Efik);
+Ebbome (Oban, Ekoi); Ekhimi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a common tree in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin,
+Warri, Owerri, Onitsha, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It
+is one of the most prevalent trees in the evergreen forests, but is
+also found in the mixed deciduous forests, especially, in both
+cases, near the edges of the waterways. It is a very large tree,
+attaining a height of over 120 feet and a girth of over 12 feet.
+The bole is often 80 or 90 feet in length and perfectly straight.
+The crown is thin, ovally flat, but wide-spreading. The thick,
+heavily foliaged and drooping appearance at the ends of the
+branches makes the tree a most handsome ornament to a station. At
+the root, flanges are comparatively long and widespreading,
+reaching often over 6 feet up the stem, having root spurns quite 12
+or 15 feet away from the tree. The stem divides up into a few large
+branches which form the crown; the bark is yellow-brown and smooth,
+but when the tree is growing in the sunlight it becomes a much
+lighter colour and sometimes almost grey. The slash is yellow, with
+a light-brown tinge; the flowers are quite inconspicuous when they
+appear in January or February, being formed of little narrow
+spikes. One of the most conspicuous features of this tree is the
+thin, flat pod, which may grow as much as 1 foot long and nearly 1
+inch broad. Six to eight seeds<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_280">[280]</span> are contained in each pod, and these,
+including the wing, are 2 inches in length. The flat seed, which is
+found in the centre, is brown and shiny, and is only about
+one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch in thickness. It has a tiny
+string-like attachment to the centre, which distinguishes it from
+Newtonia on the one hand and Cylicodiscus on the other. The young
+green foliage is also most distinctive and attractive in its
+freshly salmon-pink colour, also the greenish tips of the older
+leaves. The leaves themselves are bipinnate; there are often twenty
+to twenty-four pairs of pinnæ, each of which is about half an inch
+long.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and comparatively wide; the
+heartwood is a pretty light-brown colour, a little darker when
+fresh, but still retaining a good light-brown colour when it is
+dry. Although at first rather heavy and hard, it seasons as a
+comparatively light and scarcely hard wood; it planes well and saws
+fairly easily; takes nails moderately well, but does not split at
+all easily, especially when fresh; has an open grain and the pores
+are comparatively long. It is a durable wood and is almost
+termite-proof, especially when it is quite dry. When moderately dry
+the logs float in water. It weighs 53 pounds per cubic foot.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a light-loving species which does not protect
+or improve the soil, except in so far as it is a leguminous tree
+and its roots thus improve the ground. It is a moderately rapidly
+growing tree which stands a little shade in its youth. Natural
+regeneration appears to be only moderate. It sprouts well from the
+stump, and stump shoots appear to be very persistent. It is rather
+sensitive to fire and is easily killed by placing rubbish near its
+roots and then burning the heap. No plantations have yet been
+formed for this tree. In the forest the seeds fall to the ground
+and are soon eaten by a small boring insect. It likes a
+comparatively good soil, but is found on sandy soil which has great
+moisture; it does not like flooding, but will stand a little.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Locally, it is occasionally used as a
+house-building timber. The bark is occasionally chipped off for use
+medicinally. Europeans have cut it up and used it as
+verandah-posts, joists and verandah handrails. However, in an
+unseasoned state the sapwood was attacked by termites, and thus it
+was not entirely satisfactory. The heartwood when quite dry does
+not warp and appears to be very durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as “Greenheart” at 2s. 9d. per cubic foot. Since
+that date no regular supplies have been sent to the
+market,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[281]</span> so that it
+has not been thoroughly tested as to its value as an export
+timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Isoberlinia Doka</i> (Kew).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ogoja, Abeokuta and Owerri
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree with rather large,
+widespreading pinnate leaves. It is one of the few trees that are
+gregarious in habit, groups from half an acre to an acre in extent
+being found. The tree is used for house-building and withstands a
+certain amount of fire, as it grows at the edge of the dry-zone
+forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia acuminata</i>. Red Oak. Apado
+(Abeokuta), Ewon Pala (Ikale), Adugbin (Ibadan) (Yoruba); Ekpagoi
+(Benin); Ajia (Ibo, Asaba); Obuba (New Calabar); Hanabali (Oban,
+Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a common tree in all the Southern Provinces
+of Nigeria. Although it is found most frequently in the evergreen
+forest zone, a small, bush-like variety is also found in the open
+deciduous forest. The most conspicuous features of this tree are
+the large foot-shaped unripe pods; these stick out, isolated, at
+right angles to the general direction of the surface of the
+ground—this makes them appear all the more prominent and most odd
+in appearance. When the pods burst, the large flat beans are
+released, and each side of the pod curls up, but appears speckled
+white with round dull spots along the middle. The flowers are
+white, nearly 2 inches across, with one red streak in the centre.
+In the evergreen forest zone these flowers do not seem so
+conspicuous, but in the dry zone the tree is covered with blossom,
+making it one of the most beautiful. In the heavy forest zone the
+bole reaches the length of nearly 80 feet and the girth of over 20.
+With its smooth, shiny grey bark, at the first glance it is not
+unlike a beech-tree. The root spurns are usually quite small, and
+do not extend beyond 2 feet up the stem. The slash is white and of
+a yellow colour on the inner edge. The leaves are pinnate, with one
+odd leaf at the end, being usually nearly 3 inches long; the total
+length of the leaf is often over 1 foot. The freshly ripened beans
+are almost square in shape, flat, and nearly a quarter of an inch
+thick. Each side of the pod is usually the size of an average man’s
+foot, and sometimes larger; it is also not unlike it in shape, but
+the curve where the instep should be is very slight. The crown is
+spherical and very large, often occupying one-third of the total
+height of the tree. The foliage is comparatively dense, and it is
+not possible to see through the top of it. The tree loses its
+leaves for a very short time each year. In the dry zone<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span> it is often not much more than
+a shrub, or at most a small tree 35 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and wide. The heartwood is of
+a deep-red colour, especially when freshly cut; when dry it still
+retains a good red colour, and from this feature it has been termed
+“red” oak. The timber saws fairly well, but splits badly; it is
+somewhat hard to plane it up to a smooth surface, as it is
+sometimes cross-grained. The heartwood is termite-proof; it takes
+nails only moderately well. It is a moderately hard and durable
+wood; it does not warp very much. When the logs are dry they will
+float in water. The weight of the timber is 55 pounds per cubic
+foot.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Considering the prevalence of the tree, natural
+regeneration is poor—rodents may account, of course, for many of
+the beans; it sprouts well from the stump. In the dry-zone forest
+region root suckers appear too. It is a shade-bearing and
+soil-improving tree; it does not grow very fast. No plantations
+have yet been made with this tree, though it deserves a place in
+experimental plantations. It demands a good soil, and the roots go
+down to a greater depth than many of the other trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Locally it is used as a house-building timber, and
+occasionally the dried pods are used as firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 sample logs of this tree were sold in the
+Liverpool market as red oak at 2s. per cubic foot. It was not
+considered as good as Aligna or as Erumacie. Since that date no
+further shipments of this timber have been made. A further testing
+of the market by small trial shipments of logs would thoroughly
+reveal its value as an export timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia auriculata</i> (Benth.). Red Oak.
+Ekpagoize (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found near the Okwo River in the Siluko
+sub-district of the Benin province. It is not quite such a large
+species as the <i>B. acuminata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia biglobosa</i>. African Locust. Aridan
+Abatta, Irugbo Abatta Iru (Yoruba); Ubgori, Lakobemi, Enymi
+(Benin); Inya (New Calabar); Ekok (Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very common tree in the Calabar, Owerri,
+Warri, Benin, Ondo (?) and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, with wide spreading fruit
+flanges. It has darker and heavier foliage and a wider crown than
+<i>Parkia filicoidea</i>. It often shows up on river banks with its
+light-red young leaves. It should be easily distinguished from
+other similar trees of this family by its cluster of beans, similar
+to French beans, when ripe. These are yellow, and the spice-like
+scent and the round balls of staminate flowers of a
+crushed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span> strawberry
+colour are not easily forgotten. Often only the yellow pistil is
+found lying on the path. It likes a damp to wet soil, and is
+usually found growing at the edge of, or actually in, freshwater
+swamps.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The wood is hardish, but is said
+to rot easily, though it appears to be rather doubtful, and
+probably only applies to unseasoned wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Natural regeneration by seed is good. The tree
+stands a good deal of shade in its younger stages of growth. No
+other trees will grow under it, and few can stand any or much of
+its shade.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>European Use.</em>—It has not so far been used
+by Europeans for export or local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The seeds are cooked and eaten
+to some extent by the Yorubas and Benin people.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia filicoidea</i>. African Locust. Irugba
+(Yoruba name for fruit); Igba the tree (Yoruba); Gumui (Mendi);
+Olibracha (Egba) (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a common tree in Abeokuta, Oyo, Benin, and
+Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is found in the deciduous forests.
+It reaches a height of over 60 feet, with a girth of 5 feet. One of
+the most distinguishing features of this tree are the very feathery
+leaves, which appear after the flowers. The large spherical balls
+of the red staminate flowers enliven the tree in the early part of
+the year; later in the year masses of pods, each about 9 inches
+long, hang down from the ends of the twigs. The base of the bole is
+often gnarled, partly with the slight root flanges and by the
+almost continual cutting of the bark by the natives. Normally the
+bark is brown and comparatively smooth. The bole is short, dividing
+about 20 feet from the ground into a large number of small
+branches. On the whole, as the tree advances in age the branches
+tend to become pendulous. The crown, spherical in shape, is
+inclined to be irregularly broken up—partly by the different length
+of the branches.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood a dull-brown
+colour; for the size of the tree the sapwood is wide. It saws
+indifferently well, splits badly; it is hard to plane; it is said
+to be termite-proof. The wood is hard and tough.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is a light-loving but not soil-improving
+species, except in so far as the root globules take up nitrogen and
+free it for the use of other plants. Naturally, generation is none
+too good. Root suckers appear to some extent; it sprouts most
+readily from the stump. Perhaps the lack of young self-sown
+seedlings is due to the fact that the seeds are largely<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span> used by the natives. In a few
+places small plantations have been made with this tree. It is very
+fire-resisting, and apparently the fruit-bearing capacity of the
+tree is not reduced to any extent by the prevalence of the annual
+grass-fires in the localities where it is found. During the whole
+of its life it is a slow-growing tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The yellow pulp in the pods is eaten by the
+natives. The bark at the base of the tree is chipped off and used
+for making a tonic when infused with water. The tree is
+occasionally used locally as a house-building timber; for this
+purpose it is used chiefly as uprights in the main buildings.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been tried for export, and it is
+doubtful whether its size warrants its use for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tetrapleura Thonningii</i>. Angular Pod. Aridan
+(Yoruba); Igmikkia (fruit), Ikhememi (tree) (Benin); Osshosha (Ibo,
+Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The dark-green feathery foliage on its oval crown
+is very typical of this tree, especially when it is found near a
+roadside in the mixed forests. It is also often found on river
+banks at the edge of the dry zone or in other parts of the mixed
+forests. The indehiscent pods with four edges, leaving practically
+no centre, are most typical of the tree; they are shiny and have a
+peculiar medicinal smell. The fruit is known as Igmikkia, by which
+name the tree is most usually called by Europeans, in the Benin
+country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is prevalent in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Oyo,
+Benin, Onitsha, Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearer and thoroughly protects the
+ground all the year round, except for about two weeks when the
+leaves fall. Natural regeneration does not appear to be good,
+seedlings being rarely found, and no plantations have been made
+with it, though if of more value it might be mixed with teak. The
+seeds always command a ready sale at a low price.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is hard, brown, and splits badly. No use
+has yet been found for it. It is sometimes cross-grained, the
+sapwood white.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives use the timber for making doors,
+window-frames and benches. The seeds are sold in the Yoruba, Benin
+and Ibo markets; they are cooked for soup, which acts as a slight
+aperient or is of other medicinal value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Millettia Thonningii</i> (Baker). Ito (Yoruba);
+Ebakwe (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of
+Nigeria. It is a small tree really, reaching a girth of only 4
+feet, with a short bole and a few somewhat slender and drooping
+branches. The twigs and new leaves are distinctly of weeping habit.
+In February, in the mixed forest, the bare tree shows up
+with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span> its beautiful
+clusters of lilac-coloured, pea-shaped flowers, and later in
+delicate contrast to the fresh, light-green leaves. The trunk is
+usually not quite straight, being bent about 8 or 10 feet from the
+ground. The bark is smooth, thin, and almost of a silvery-grey
+colour. The branches are very whippy and difficult to break.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The wide sapwood is white and the
+narrow heartwood green-brown when freshly cut. It is very hard, of
+fine grain and texture, and planes with a smooth surface. It does
+not split; is very rough and flexible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearer and grows slowly. The fruit is
+a small black and pointed pod which opens when ripe, having about
+three or four beans inside. It is easily killed by fire, but
+sprouts freely from the stool. It does not crack nor warp.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been exported nor cut for local use, but
+it should be a good wood for turnery.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is used for knives and
+axe-handles.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i061" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig061.jpg"><img src='images/fig061.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 61.—<span class=
+"bold">Base of Bilinga (Afzelia Africana), 14 feet in girth, Dajopa
+Forest Reserve Olokemeji Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i062" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig062.jpg"><img src='images/fig062.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 62.—<span class=
+"bold">Shea Butter (Butyrospermum Parkii), 7 feet in girth, near
+Oniloku Road, Olokemeji Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="clear">
+</p>
+
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i063" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig063.jpg"><img src='images/fig063.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 63.—<span class=
+"bold">Afara (Terminalia superba), base of mature tree over 12 feet
+in girth, Olokemeji Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i064" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig064.jpg"><img src='images/fig064.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 64.—<span class=
+"bold">Afzelia Africana, 14 feet in girth, showing bole and usual
+fork, Ijaiye Range, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 284.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra Afzelii</i>. Waterside Cynometra.
+Akushunmajadin, Alade (Ikale); Iku (seeds), Aka, Eggi (Yoruba);
+Ogabezzi, Ogikiomi Upakeka (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Benin province of
+Nigeria. On the whole it is smaller than <i>C. Mannii</i>, though
+it has a similar habit. It grows, too, in similar localities,
+though for the most part it is confined to the evergreen forest
+zone. It also grows more or less in gregarious groups. The shade of
+this species is just as dense, if not denser than that of the
+foregoing. The leaf of the Cynometra is distinguishable from most
+other leaves because the mid-rib of it is placed towards the inner
+or almost straight-sided edge of the leaf. In fact, if two leaves
+are held closely together, they almost look as if they were one
+which had been cut in half. Benin natives have no use for this tree
+except as firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra Mannii</i>. Waterside Cynometra. Ekkun
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree on the banks of streams in the
+Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. One of the most
+characteristic features of this tree is the pinkish-red colour of
+the fresh leaves, hanging at the ends of the drooping branches. In
+November each year the large, corrugated, single bean in each
+almost indehiscent pod is another curious feature of this tree. The
+trunk is usually short—in fact, often divided into three or four
+separate stems, almost at the base. Narrow fringes consisting
+almost entirely of this species are found on river banks. The dense
+shade cast by this tree prevents any other species from growing
+underneath. The timber is hard and difficult to split, and
+apparently it is not attacked<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_286">[286]</span> by white ants. The tree is a shade-bearer.
+Natural reproduction from the seed is good, it being distributed
+often by water. It also sprouts from the stump. A few root shoots
+also appear. The tree has not been cut for local use nor has it
+been used for export. The natives use the wood for making posts and
+doors.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cylicodiscus Gabunensis</i>. African Greenheart.
+Osho, Aja, Iji (Il.), Ajaigi (Yoruba); Okan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—In the Abeokuta, Ondo,
+Benin, Warri, Owerri, Calabar provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a very large
+tree of the evergreen forest zone, attaining a height of 200 feet
+and a girth of 30 feet. It is armed in its earlier growth up to the
+pole stage, when all the brown thorns disappear. Its long, brown
+pods, up to 3 feet long and 1½ inches wide, opening from one side
+only, with their long, thin, papery seeds, are most typical of the
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Compared to its size the bark is thin, and in old
+age it is inclined to scale off in small pieces. In the distance it
+looks practically smooth. This is one of the most gigantic and
+impressive trees of the forest, with its enormous bole stretching
+cylindrically up amongst and over the other trees, with a large,
+widespreading, somewhat flatly shaped spherical crown. The leaves
+are pinnate, with three of four pairs of little ovate pinnæ, with
+one odd one at the end. The flowers are minute, forming little,
+thin, knitting-needle-thick spikes of yellow bloom. These last only
+a few days, and only once in thirteen years have I seen the flower.
+The tree and pod are unmistakable, even when it is a large one. The
+numerous brown pods hang down amongst the foliage and appear to be
+much longer than those of any other Leguminous tree. This feature
+alone distinguishes it from any similar species. The bole divides
+up into a few large limbs and many small branches, making the
+foliage lighter and thinner than many other Leguminous trees, but
+not so thin as that of <i>Piptadenia Africana</i>. The root spurns
+are very slight and rounded, merging into the bole of the tree 1
+foot to 3 feet above the surface of the ground. At the base of the
+bole the bark is sometimes cut off by the natives for “Ju-ju”
+purposes, and then an additional swelling appears there.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and narrow, the heartwood
+greenish-brown when fresh, and yellowish-brown after it has lain in
+the forest for a few years. It is very hard—in fact, one of the
+very hardest of African timbers. Under cover it is very durable. In
+the open it does not last so long. It is termite-proof.
+The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span> sapwood,
+however, rots in the open, and the heartwood softens very
+considerably. It is somewhat fibrous, but it planes up well, with a
+smooth surface. It does not take nails, saws well, and splits
+moderately well. It has considerable elasticity. It makes a very
+hot-burning firewood, but is inclined to crackle and make
+sparks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration
+appears to be fair, but the seeds are often eaten by little boring
+insects, soon after they fall to the ground. It appears to be
+rather exacting as to soil, liking a deep, moist loam sand with
+good drainage. It is scarcely a fire-resisting tree, but very storm
+firm—in fact, one of the safest trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 sample logs of this tree were sold in the
+Liverpool market as African Greenheart at 1s. 8d. per cubic foot,
+and were stated to be good greenheart. Since then none has been cut
+or shipped to England. With the exception of its use for
+verandah-posts for a public building in Benin city, it has not been
+cut or sawn up in planks for local use. Considering the
+comparatively large quantity available, it deserves a fair trial
+both for export and local use, more especially for heavy
+constructional work, such as bridges, piles, uprights.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Amongst the Benis it is sometimes a “Ju-ju” tree,
+and is said to impart strength.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Leptoderris</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Owerri province of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized
+tree found growing near the Imo River, but not very common. It has
+a hard wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia nitida</i> (Afz.). Awenu or Irosun. Borri
+Borri (Yoruba); Otwa (Benin); Ubara (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Is a small tree, which is usually found near
+villages, being left by the natives when land is cleared. The white
+flowers are almost of pea shape. It has a small leaf, and does not
+usually get any larger than about four inches in diameter.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ondo, Abeokuta, Benin and
+Calabar provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The real Camwood of commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is very slow-growing, and is not a hard wood,
+with dark-red heartwood of small size in proportion to the size of
+tree. It forms late, too. If the stem is wounded, even the sapwood
+becomes a rich red colour like the heartwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The probable origin of the word “Camwood” is taken
+from the Timani name, Cam, of the <i>Baphia nitida</i> tree in
+Sierra Leone. From another point of view this is all the more
+interesting, as the original exports of Camwood were made from
+Sierra<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span> Leone in the
+early part of the nineteenth century, and this name “Cam” brings
+together the tree from which the Camwood is obtained and the tree
+botanically known as <i>Baphia nitida</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—A piece of the wood and a leaf
+are placed on the ground where a woman has borne a child, whether
+it be on a road or in the house. Not used in Benin as a
+dyewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia polygalacea</i>. Walking-stick Camwood.
+Asana, Ossusu (Yoruba); Aswen (Benin); Mbomokuku (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree of typical Baphia habit, which is
+common in parts of the Benin district of the same named province.
+It has considerable elasticity, though it dries rather hard and
+does not give much in that state. It is a rather slow-growing tree,
+which lights the shade of the forest, and is also a soil-protecting
+and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be good in
+several places. It sprouts slightly from the stump, when felled. No
+plantations have yet been made with this tree. The walking-sticks
+have not been exported to England for trial in the market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The curiously shaped single root, sticking out
+almost at right angles to the stem, makes a good walking-stick; it
+is curved as well slightly, too. When the bark is peeled off and
+the stem partially charred, it looks very effective.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia pubescens</i>. Benin Camwood. Awewi
+(Lagos) (Yoruba); Ositwa (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, 30 feet high and 3 feet in
+girth, with usually half the bole sapwood white, and dark-red
+heartwood, which is hard and close-grained. The flowers are white,
+with yellow tips to the two petals. It is often seen just outside
+villages, or where two paths meet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is not used for dye, though
+apparently the wood is just as suitable as <i>B. nitida</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia sp.</i> Camwood. Mogbara (Yoruba, Ikale);
+Owe, Aswen (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has also been determined as <i>Carpolobia
+lutea</i>, and as one of the Oleaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shrub with a stem of about 4 feet in
+height. The fruit is a small nut containing three small kernels.
+The wood is very hard.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The seeds are eaten.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium palisoti</i>. Ogaba (Benin); Nya
+(Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo,
+Warri, Benin, Owarri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It only
+reaches a girth of about 2 feet and a height of 20 feet.
+The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[289]</span> leaf has two
+pairs of pinnæ, with one end leaflet. The small pod containing two
+or three flat seeds is most typical of this tree; the seeds are ¾
+inch in diameter and of a dark-brown colour; the flowers are white;
+the timber is cross-grained and rather hard; the sapwood is white
+and the heartwood of a dark brown. The tree is a shade-bearer,
+soil-protecting and improving. It is usually found amongst the
+undergrowth in the thicker parts of the evergreen forest zone.
+Natural regeneration is usually good. The wood is used locally in
+the Yoruba and Benin country for posts; it has not been sawn up for
+planks, nor has it been exported to England.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium stipulaceæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It was stated it was found in the Calabar
+province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Nr. Macrolobium sp.</i> Ogabeszi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+a small tree of the evergreen forest zone. The foliage is very
+dense. The tree has a short bole of about 15 feet, and the crown is
+much branched; the pod is rather larger than <i>Macrolobium
+palisoti</i>. According to the natives, this is the “Ogaba” of the
+waterside. The timber has not been exported to Europe, nor do the
+natives use this somewhat hard wood to any extent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Guineense</i>. Pulley Wood, Velvet
+Tamarind. Awin (Ib.) (Yoruba); Ohiorme (Benin); Amoyin (Egba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin, Calabar
+and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. In the mixed deciduous forests it
+is very prevalent in certain localities. Of medium size, it rarely
+exceeds a girth of 5 feet. Where found, it often comprises over 10
+per cent. of the standing stock of the forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is used for small boats in Senegal. It
+exudes a red-coloured sap in small quantities.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit, with its flat and round, velvety little
+pods, is most typical of this tree. These are of a very dark
+chocolate colour, and in the distance appear almost black. The bole
+is usually silver-grey. The slash is light-red, and the reddish,
+latex-like substance exudes when the bark is cut. The crown is
+dense and compressed, being mainly made up of a number of small
+branches. In proportion the leaves are small and make a very dense
+foliage. The rusty-red slashing marks, or other marks caused by
+damage to the trunk of the tree, show up most distinctively,
+especially against the grey surface of the cortex, are one of the
+most distinguishing features of this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white, the heartwood is dull-red,
+rather larger in proportion than we should suspect, compared with
+the size of the tree. It is hard and tough, and does not split
+well.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span> It planes up,
+however, with a smooth surface, is very durable and termite-proof.
+It does not take nails well, but saws fairly easily.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration
+appears to be good. It appears to be a little exacting in regard to
+soil. It is slightly fire-resisting, chiefly, perhaps, owing to the
+fact that few weeds or grass grow in its shade. No plantations have
+been made of this tree. It bears a good crop of fruit almost every
+year.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been felled for export, nor has the
+timber been sawn up for local use. It was formerly used in the
+Congo for pulley-blocks, for which purpose it is said to be
+admirably suited. Amongst the natives it is sometimes used for
+house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Nr. Newtonia</i>. Boji Albizzia or Giant
+Pod.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is rather an uncommon tree of the Boji Hills
+forest; the enormous flat, papery pod makes it easily
+distinguishable from any other tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The pod is about 15 inches long and 9 inches wide,
+with a slight depression in the middle of one side.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pithycolobium altissimum</i>. Bent Pod or Gambia
+Pod.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, found at the edge of
+swamps near the sea coast in the evergreen forest zone. It appears
+to stand a waterlogged soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The pods are used for tanning hides and making ink
+(Moloney). It has curious semicircular pods, which are typical of
+the tree, containing eight to ten seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia sp.</i> Waterside Ekpagoize. Ekpagoize
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of 7 feet and a bole length
+of 40 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree has often been confused botanically with
+<i>Berlinia acuminata</i>, but it is undoubtedly an Afzelia. The
+flowers are of a reddish colour and very pretty; the foliage is not
+quite so heavy as that of the other Afzelias; the pod is rather
+smaller than that of either <i>Afzelia Africana</i> or <i>Afzelia
+cuanzensis</i>. The wood is a reddish-brown colour, a little
+cross-grained, but more durable than the other Afzelias. It does
+not split well, and can only be planed with difficulty; the grain
+is very coarse and fibrous. Samples of this timber have been
+shipped to England and sold as red oak. The natives scarcely ever
+use the wood, partly because the tree is not very prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia cuanzensis</i>. Bilinga, Red-arilled
+Afzelia. Aiyo (Yoruba); Aligna (Benin); Igbin (Brass); Onuru,
+Oshoshi (Ibo, Owerri); Mbarakun (Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[291]</span>It
+is found in the Benin, Ondo, Abeokuta, Calabar, Owerri and Ogoja
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, with a pod, which is
+usually slightly crumpled or bent, containing about six or eight
+black nuts, with a red aril at the base, and each nut is pointed
+more, and less rounded, than in <i>A. Africana</i>. On the whole it
+is found more in the deciduous mixed forest than on the edge or in
+the dry-zone forest region, where <i>A. Africana</i> abounds. The
+bark does not scale oft so much as that of <i>A. Africana</i>. It
+stands more shade than <i>A. Africana</i>. It does not reach such
+large dimensions, though logs up to 18 inches square and 24 feet in
+length could be obtained.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Up to the present the tree has not been cut to the
+same extent as <i>A. Africana</i>, though the wood is very similar
+and apparently just as durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">No separate report has been made on the timber as
+to its value in the European markets.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><i>Afzelia bella</i>. Calabar Afzelia. Aligna
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Calabar province of Nigeria. It
+is more common in the Cameroons.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, with large white flowers with a
+pretty, reddish streak in each petal. The pod is of usual Afzelia
+size and appears rather large for the size of the tree. The type
+specimen stands on the Calabar Golf Course, between the seventh and
+eighth holes. It is apparently uncommon, though more may be found
+on closer study of the forests. The fruits appear to have the same
+qualities as those of other Afzelias. In Nigeria it has so far not
+been utilized. The bark is not so scaly as that of <i>A.
+Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia pachyloba</i> (<em>nov. sp.</em>).
+Forest Afzelia or Yellow Aril. Apa (Yoruba); Orodo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, with long, pointed nuts
+with a bright sulphur-coloured aril instead of the orange-colour of
+Africana or red of Cuanzensis. It does not appear to be such a
+common tree as <i>A. Africana</i>, but much the same number of
+trees as that of <i>A. cuanzensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the evergreen forests of Ondo, Benin
+and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood is brown. It
+is very hard, almost as hard as Lophira, according to the natives.
+Self-sown seedlings do not appear in large numbers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is used for similar purposes as <i>A.
+Africana</i>. It is a shade-bearing and soil-improving tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">No separate report has been made on the timber, and
+so far it has not been exported to the English markets.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_292">[292]</span>This may be the tree which yielded the
+so-called teak in the Benin forests some years ago, and fetched a
+price of 5d. per foot superficial.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The bark scales off in a similar way to <i>Afzelia
+Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia bracteata</i> (T. Vogel). Benin Bilinga.
+Ekpagoize (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has a red flower, is found in the Benin
+province, but is apparently rather rare.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Benin name indicates that it is the Ekpagoi or
+Berlinia of the waterside. It is usually found near or on the bank
+of a stream. It is a large tree, which is otherwise similar to the
+other Afzelias.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives have apparently not tried it for
+building purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia Africana</i>. Yoruba Bilinga. Apa
+(Yoruba); Olokokima, Aligna (Benin); Ayibukpo (Efik); Adja, Arachi
+(Asaba Ibo).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Trade Name.</em>—Bilinga, similar wood from the
+French Congo, so named for some years.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin,
+Owerri, Onitsha and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The round, orange-coloured aril at the base of the
+black nut is typical of this tree. It sometimes has a reddish
+tinge, but it is always round and completely surrounds the base of
+the nut, in contradistinction to <i>A. cuanzensis</i>, in which the
+aril is red and pointed and much thinner in build.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The spherically-shaped crown with its flattish top
+is most typical of this tree. The largish leaves and the paucity of
+their number make the foliage open, so that daylight can be seen
+through it. In the distance it appears dense.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white, and the heartwood a rich
+oak-brown colour. It is one of the most durable West African
+timbers. It planes well and can be worked up with a good finish. It
+does not split well. It is obtainable in logs up to 30 inches
+square and 30 feet in length.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Though slow in growth it would average that of many
+European trees. It stands a good deal of shade in its youth, but it
+is really more of a light lover than a shade-bearer. Self-sown
+seedlings are few; apparently rodents eat them. In a similar way it
+is difficult to make a plantation, many being eaten or dying in the
+transplanting. One of the most successful methods evolved is that
+of sowing seeds in lines about 4 feet apart; a large number then
+come up and provide ample for a crop on the same land. They are not
+transplanted. When of middle age it will stand fire and the shade
+of the tree keeps the ground moist.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree;
+good crops<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[293]</span> of seeds
+are borne almost every year. The flowers are reddish, with white
+edges to the petals. The reddish tinge is quite distinctive in this
+genus, the white being that of Berlinia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The bark drops off in large scales in places on the
+trunk towards middle and old age, in a similar fashion to the
+European plane. However, they do not leave the stem as smooth,
+though the lighter patches where the bark falls off brighten the
+bole up and make it quite distinctive amongst the other trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has been constantly used by the P.W.D.
+at Onitsha. In the Liverpool market it was stated that it might be
+marketable as oak, at a low figure, in 1906. A similar species was
+being shipped from Gaboon in 1914 and fetched a fair price.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia fastigiata</i> (Oliv.). East Indian
+Walnut. Ayinre langara, Ayinre ogo (Eg.) (Yoruba); Uwowe Lugu,
+Uwowelabafun (Benin); Uyat (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, up to 7 feet in girth and of
+corresponding height. Fruit narrower than <i>A. sp.</i>; only half
+an inch, with four or five seeds in each. This species has the most
+durable wood of all the Albizzias, but is not termite-proof, and
+has heartwood of a brown colour and white sapwood. The smallest
+leaf of all the Albizzias is met with in this tree, having very
+fine pinnæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although not indigenous to Africa, it is now found
+almost everywhere in all the mixed deciduous forests of the
+Southern Provinces of Nigeria. The bark is rather rougher than that
+of <i>A. Brownii</i>. The basal root spurns are narrower, though
+they do not project more than 2 feet up the stem. On the whole the
+foliage is thicker, and the crown gives the appearance of being a
+little denser and not so feathery as that of <i>A. Brownii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood planes well, splits fairly easily, takes
+nails and saws well. It is what the carpenters would call a wood
+easy to work. The grain is of fine texture and has a certain amount
+of lustre.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a fast-growing, light-loving tree, which does
+not protect the soil. The leaves, however, form a rich humus, which
+enriches the soil. Natural regeneration appears to be good, and
+with the spread of farms this tree tends to increase its area of
+distribution. It will stand a little shade in its youth. A few
+plantations have been made with this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Up to the present the timber has not been exported,
+but deserves a trial as an African Walnut, though it is difficult
+to obtain large-sized logs. It has occasionally been cut for local
+use. It is used by the natives for firewood, and occasionally, when
+split, for temporary house-building in the farms.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_294">[294]</span><i>Albizzia Brownii</i>. African Walnut.
+Ayinre, Ayinre Bona Bona (Yoruba); Owewe nolemare, Ikpawudu
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, up to 7 feet in girth, with
+wide fruit 2 inches across, containing four or five seeds. There
+are three or four pairs of pinnæ to each leaf, which is the largest
+of all the Albizzia leaves. The heartwood is more like walnut in
+colour, though of course softer and with more open grain. It could
+no doubt, however, be used as a substitute for walnut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the mixed deciduous forests
+of the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin, Owerri, and Ogoja provinces, where
+it is tending to widen its area of distribution with the spread of
+cultivation.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is very papery and almost transparent. It
+is rather larger than <i>Albizzia sp.</i>, Shemusholoshi, but of
+about the same length. Its smooth, almost orange-coloured bark in
+the earlier stages is almost typical of the tree. As it gets older,
+a somewhat more corky bark forms in large scales which can be
+stripped off. The lop-sided shape of the pinnæ is very typical of
+the tree, making the leaves look almost like those of a true Gum
+Copal. The main vein is near the straighter side of the leaf.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood a mahogany
+brown. It has rather an open grain, but a good deal of lustre, and
+is easily worked. It planes well and takes nails easily. It splits
+fairly well and saws quite easily. It is not quite so durable as
+<i>A. fastigiata</i>, but it is more durable than the other
+Albizzias, except <i>A. sp.</i>, Shemusholoshi. It is not
+termite-proof. It has considerable tensile strength compared to the
+other species, and a certain amount of elasticity.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is the fastest growing of all the Albizzias and
+a light-loving tree. It scarcely protects the soil, but the leaf
+fall makes a good humus. It stands a little shade in its youth.
+Natural regeneration is very prolific. No plantations have been
+made with this tree. It appears to be a little more exacting as to
+soil than the other Albizzias, but will grow on almost any
+soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, but deserves a
+trial as a substitute for walnut. Owing to the fact that there are
+considerable supplies, and that it reaches a size to produce logs
+of the requisite dimensions, it appears to offer some possibilities
+as an export wood. Locally it has often been used for cutting up
+into planks, and is liked among the Yorubas for this purpose. In
+other places it has been used as a house-building wood, as well as
+for firewood. It has also been used for making beams, planks and
+doors. The roots, leaves and<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_295">[295]</span> bark have been used amongst the Yorubas for
+medicinal purposes.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i065" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig065.jpg"><img src='images/fig065.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 65.—<span class=
+"bold">Khaya Ivoriensis, 14 feet 8 inches in girth, Ilaro Forest
+Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i066" class="iw12"><a href=
+"images/fig066.jpg"><img src='images/fig066.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 66.—<span class=
+"bold">Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), 8 feet in girth, standing in
+Ilaro Forest Reserve after forest was cleared.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 294.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia sp.</i> Walnut. Owewe nolemare (Benin);
+Ayinre (Yoruba); Semusholoshi (Jebu); Akkihien, also Owewe lagebon
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">According to Mr. H. N. Thompson, Chief Conservator
+of Forests in Nigeria, who has seen the fruit of this tree, it is
+most certainly an Albizzia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It has been
+described by a German as not unlike a solitary-standing pine, with
+its dark foliage of small pinnate leaves, which are larger than
+<i>Piptadenia Africana</i> and yet smaller than <i>Cylicodiscus
+Gabunensis</i>. In the above description it is very similar in
+habit to <i>Piptadenia Kerstingii</i>. The dark brown bark, which
+is roughish, is light-brown on the upper part of the stem. The
+crown is flat, consisting of two or three wide, outspreading
+branches. It has the usual flat, papery pod. The leaves are used by
+the Benin people for soup.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Abeokuta
+province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—It is fairly close-grained, though
+not nearly so hard as either <i>Piptadenia Africana</i> or
+<i>Cylicodiscus Gabunensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Use.</em>—The Yorubas use the bark medicinally
+as a stomachic, and the trunk is usually swollen at the base owing
+to the cortex being removed so often.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia rhombifolia</i>. Walnut. Ayinre, Ayinre
+langara, Ayinre ogo (Yoruba); Owowe (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ibadan and Benin provinces of
+Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forests, where it is quite
+prevalent. It is a medium-sized tree, attaining a girth of about 6
+feet and a bole length of 30 feet. It is commonly seen in old
+farms, and usually more than one is found in the same locality. The
+thin, yellow, spiky flowers are rather pretty. The fruit is rather
+smaller than that of the other species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white, and the heartwood is a light
+yellow-green. It is soft and not very durable; it is attacked by
+white ants (termites). However, it saws well, planes well, takes
+nails easily and splits moderately well. It can be cut into
+good-sized planks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Timber, yellowish-green, and yields large
+planks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a fast-growing, light-loving tree, which
+scarcely protects the soil, and only slightly improves it with its
+leaf fall. Natural regeneration is good, the seedlings growing up
+rapidly in any open place in the mixed deciduous forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been tried for export, nor has
+it been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[296]</span> used to any
+extent for local use. It deserves a further trial both as an export
+wood and as a wood for local floor-boards. Its qualities are far
+from properly known.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Among the natives it is used as firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia sp.</i> Walnut. Ayinre Ayinre,
+Ayinretta (Yoruba); Ikpawudu, Owawelugu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, up to 6 feet in girth. It has
+rather narrower pinnæ, but of similar round shape to <i>A.
+Brownii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the mixed deciduous forests
+in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Onitsha, Owerri and Ogoja
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The root spurns are very small. The bark gets
+rougher than that of <i>A. Brownii</i> in old age, the crown is
+longer and more feathery, and the leaves appear to be more of a
+silvery green.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood is of a
+yellowish-brown colour, tending to become a light brown when
+exposed to the air. It is comparatively soft; is not termite-proof.
+It is easy to work, planing and sawing well, and taking nails
+easily and splitting fairly well. It is, however, less durable than
+<i>A. Brownii</i> or <i>fastigiata</i>. When split and dried it is
+more durable than when cut up in the ordinary way. The wood hardens
+very considerably on exposure to the sun.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a light-loving, fast-growing tree. It
+scarcely protects the soil, but the leaf fall enriches it. Natural
+regeneration appears to be good. It tends to spread with the
+increase of farms, more especially on the poorer laterite soils. A
+few plantations have been made with this tree. The volume of
+produce per acre is less than in the case of <i>A. Brownii</i>, but
+apparently greater than any of the others. It is less rapidly
+growing than <i>A. Brownii</i>, but faster than the others.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been used for export, and it is
+doubtful if it would repay the cost. Locally it has been used for
+planks, but it is not liked so much as that of <i>A. Brownii</i> or
+<i>fastigiata</i>. By the local people it is used for firewood, and
+occasionally for building temporary houses.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anglocalyx ramiflorus</i> (Taub). Ekiyawa
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, attaining a girth of 8 feet,
+but the trunk is not over-long in proportion. It is a
+shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. The bark is
+a dark olive-green and smooth. It is found in the Benin province of
+Nigeria. Natural regeneration appears to be poor. The wood is
+yellowish-brown and floats when quite dry. The timber was valued at
+nothing in 1906 and stated to be a whitewood in the Liverpool
+market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—None.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_297">[297]</span><i>Ostryoderris impressa</i>. White Oak.
+Awaw or Erumacie (Yoruba); Ori, Ehrurumesi, Erurunuesi, Awaw,
+(Usshin) (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Benin,
+Owerri and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. To be seen along the
+Benin-Siluku Road, as also in the Badagry district on the
+Ayobo-Osuke Road.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a straight-boled, tall tree, with flattish
+crown made up of few straight branches with large pinnate leaves,
+making it appear flatter than it really is. The bark is slightly
+scaly with fine fissures. The slash is red, exuding a red latex. It
+reaches a height of 150 feet with a girth of 12 feet. The white,
+papery, pointed, flat, lozenge-shaped fruit, with a small
+kidney-shaped seed attached to the centre of the surface of one
+side, is most typical of the tree. The spurns are almost
+non-existent, so that the tree can be felled near the ground
+without trouble.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white in the sap and brown-white in
+the heartwood, but not over-hard, very tough and not splitting
+easily. It is hard to fell, being very flexible. It planes
+moderately well. The colour darkens with age.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a light-loving tree after the first few
+years. It grows moderately rapidly. It is a soil-improving and
+covering tree. Natural regeneration appears poor, though many seeds
+are usually seen on the ground. Insects appear to eat them rapidly.
+No plantations have been made with this tree, but experiments would
+show whether it grows well from seed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 a sample log was exported and sold in the
+Liverpool market as white oak at 2s. per cubic foot, and it was
+recommended for shipment by the brokers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is used as posts for frames
+on which yams are tied in the Benin farms. In temporary houses,
+small trees are trimmed and squared for the forming of the walls,
+instead of dried mud.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dalbergia saxatilis</i>. West African Blackwood
+(?). Awow (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree of the mixed deciduous forest of
+Benin; it is occasionally used by the natives for hoe and axe
+handles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dalbergia sp.</i> West African Blackwood.
+Emosobegan, Paran (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dalbergia sp.</i> North Benin Blackwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is found near Aroko, in the Onitsha province,
+and near Ishoka, in the Benin province. It is a small tree with
+very hard wood. In habit very similar to <i>Ormosia laxiflora</i>,
+with its orange-coloured bark, which is rougher than <i>O.
+laxiflora</i> and not so scaly. The wood is used for axe and hoe
+handles by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_298">[298]</span><i>Dalbergia hostilis</i> (Benth.). Yoruba
+Blackwood. Ogan Oga (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This Dalbergia is fairly common in the Olokemeji
+Reserve, in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Copaifera sp.</i> True Benin Gum Copal.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found near the Uhi, close to the
+source of the Ossiomo River, Benin province. This apparently is
+rather an uncommon tree. The Benin natives do not know how to tap
+the tree for gum, nor how to use the gum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cf. Copaifera</i>. Enyenewu. Enyenewu
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Yoruba country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Copaifera sp.</i> Boji Hills Copaifera.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">So far it has not been tapped for the gum, the
+local people apparently not knowing its value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bauhinia rufescens</i> (Kew).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Oyo province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bauhinia reticulata</i> (D.C.). Dry-zone
+Bauhinia. Abafe (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This Bauhinia grows in dry, open country. It is a
+small, spreading tree bearing white flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—The fibrous bark is used for tying,
+and an infusion from the leaves is used in coagulating rubber
+latex. The stem is occasionally used for making house-posts. It is
+a fire-resisting tree and shades the soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bauhinia Thonningii</i> (Schum.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small shrub-like tree of the upper part
+of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is found near Agbede. It has
+red flowers. The sap of this tree has sometimes been used for
+coagulating rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Physostigma venosum</i>. Calabar Bean or Ordeal
+Bean. Eseri (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found growing in the Calabar district. The
+seed is poisonous; used in ordeals and medicinally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The most noticeable feature is the furrow (about ⅛
+inch wide and deep) in the upper side of the bean. None of the
+closely allied Mimosa species show this peculiarity.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entada scandens</i>. Sword Bean, Match-box Bean,
+Mackay Bean. Kakoba, Akhuro (seed) (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This large creeper is found in the Benin and
+Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is not very prevalent. The most
+remarkable features about it are the stoutness of the stem, which
+attains a diameter of nearly 1 foot and the total length of over
+100 feet, and its immense pod, which is often over 3 feet in
+length. The pod is divided into segments, each nearly 2 inches
+square, and each containing one large bean, almost a square in
+shape, 1½ inches and nearly ¾ inch thick. These beans have
+occasionally been used for making match-boxes, for which
+they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span> are admirably
+suited. The outer part of the stem of the creeper is very rough and
+almost corrugated, especially near its base; the leaves are very
+small, considering the size of the whole creeper. It is
+comparatively slow-growing. It grows in the dense evergreen forest,
+and when drawn taut over the first branches of one of the large
+trees it is not unlike the bole of a small tree itself. When cut,
+the two ends part with a bang, like the breaking of a ship’s
+hawser. The natives use the smaller parts of the stem for
+fly-switches, for which they are very good and durable. The creeper
+is, however, not cultivated.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entada Soudanica</i>. Ogurohe (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Ibadan province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entada Abyssinica</i>. Unwanwanis (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the upper part of the Benin province
+near Ishoka. It is a large creeper with rather smaller bean than
+<i>E. scandens</i>. The beans have been used for making small
+match-boxes in Europe. The natives consider the bean a “Ju-ju.”</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dioclea reflexa</i>. Ishe, Agbarin (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A climber, found in the Ibadan province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mucuna urens</i>. Ox-eye Bean. Awipu
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mucuna sp. Preussii</i>. Yerepe (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji Reserve and Benin
+province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia pennata</i> (Willd.). Acacia. Okwekwe
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the upper part of the Benin, Ibadan,
+Ogoja and Abeokuta provinces. It is a small, scandent shrub with
+very sharp thorns, but which yields one of the strongest fibres for
+making fishing lines or native rope. It forms almost impenetrable
+masses which are very unpleasant to go through without a
+matchet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia Sieberiana</i>. African Rosewood. Sie
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a somewhat uncommon Acacia of the Oyo
+province of Nigeria. Being of medium size, its very handsome
+racemes of yellow flowers show up to great advantage. The bark is
+rough, the bole short, and usually divided 8 or 10 feet from the
+ground. The sapwood is white and the heartwood a rose-pink colour,
+which makes it not unlike the typical rosewood of commerce. The
+heartwood is comparatively wide, and it is very hard, durable and
+termite-proof. It saws well and splits moderately easily, but does
+not take nails at all well. Reproduction by seed is apparently
+poor; it sprouts fairly well from the stump. It is a light-loving
+species, but being of the leguminous family it is a soil-improving
+tree. The wood has not yet been exported, but locally it has
+occasionally<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span> been
+used for house-building, the forked stem being much appreciated by
+the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia Farnesiana</i> (Willd.). Farnesian
+Acacia. Bonni (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It
+is a small tree growing up to 6 feet in girth. It has a small pod
+containing eight seeds inside. The inside of the pod is white and
+the seed is brown. The flower is yellow, and is used by girls in
+decorating their ears. Usually found in towns, where it is planted.
+The seeds are sold in the market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is dark-red, surrounded by a narrow
+white sapwood. It is hard, like ebony. The bark is very much
+fissured and peels off in large scales.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The seeds of this tree and Jagiri are used with
+water for scraping the leather for making the fells smooth. Sold at
+Itaku and Shapon markets.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia campylacantha</i>. Confectioner’s Gum or
+African Catechu. Ede (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Oyo, Borgu, Niger, and
+Nassarawa provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very common tree, growing almost everywhere
+in groups. The stem is of a whitish to slight yellow colour, almost
+reminding one of the larch, but the whole tree is armed with short,
+sharp thorns. It reaches a girth of nearly 4 feet and a height of
+over 50 feet. The slash is light-brown, and a pale, yellowish-pink
+gum exudes from it. The tree usually forks about 20 or 30 feet from
+the ground, the other branches being rather crooked in shape. In
+February or March a mass of small yellow flowers appear, and in the
+autumn small pods cover the tree. The sapwood is white, and the
+heartwood varies from a dull red-brown to a rich, almost rosy red.
+In the latter case it is exceedingly pretty wood. The wood is
+moderately hard; it splits and planes badly, saws fairly well, and
+only takes nails indifferently. The wood dries rather harder and is
+more durable than when freshly cut and than would be expected. It
+is said to be termite-proof. A reddish colouring matter exudes from
+the heartwood, but this feature is typical of the cutch which is
+obtained from a similar tree in India.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Natural regeneration by seed appears to be good,
+hosts of young trees being found near the older ones. In fact, in
+localities of low rainfall it is tending to spread and fill up all
+vacant spaces after the annual grass-fires have burnt all the
+vegetation. It is a light-loving tree which does not protect the
+soil. The leaves are not unlike conifer needles, and enrich the
+soil to a certain extent, more especially as the tree is
+deciduous.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">As a timber it has not been cut for export, but
+certainly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[301]</span> the
+better-coloured wood, and that which has been more slowly grown,
+deserve a trial.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">So far, the greatest use of this tree has been the
+production of the pink-coloured transparent gum which is one of the
+best of the confectioner’s gums in Great Britain. Very large
+quantities are exported every year from the Northern Provinces.
+Large round tears or lumps form on the stem of the tree when it is
+cut. Locally the tree is used for house-building, but it is not
+considered a durable wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Leguminosæ (Mimoseæ).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Acacia ataxacantha</i>. Benin Rope Acacia. Ewon
+(Yoruba); Okwenkwen (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A common creeper of the mixed deciduous zone. It is
+found in the Abeokuta, Oyo, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Onitsha,
+Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is usually found growing in large impenetrable
+masses 3 to 4 feet high. It is armed throughout with short but very
+sharp, bent prickles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It often grows up in waste places where the bush
+has been cleared in the mixed deciduous forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Both the Yorubas and Benis use the inside fibres of
+this creeper for making a very strong kind of rope—in fact, it is
+the strongest of all native-made ropes. It does not get so stiff or
+harsh as that made of Eso from the <i>Firmania Barteri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Distemonanthus Benthamianus</i> (?) (Baill.).
+Alinyan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrina suberifera</i> (Kew). Attagbo
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately common tree of the Abeokuta
+province of Nigeria. Its most distinguishing feature is the size of
+the leaf, which is similar to the tulip-tree. It reaches a much
+larger size than <i>E. Senegalensis</i> and has a girth of over 6
+feet. The bark is a dark duck-egg-green colour, with a few white,
+shallow longitudinal fissures. The prickles on the stem are more
+scattered and much larger than those of <i>E. Senegalensis</i>. The
+slash is white and the bark thin when compared to the size of the
+tree. The wood is white and soft, and not durable. It cuts and saws
+easily, but does not plane well. It is a light-loving tree which
+does not protect the soil. It has not been cut for local use, nor
+for export. As a soft whitewood for interior use it ought to find a
+local market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Leguminosæ (Papilionaceæ).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrina Senegalensis</i> (D.C.). Coral-flower.
+Ologun she-she (Yoruba); Esanigbakhehe, Ohehe (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the upper part of the
+Onitsha, Benin,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span>
+Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. One of the most
+typical features of this small tree are the small, pink, coral-like
+flowers which appear in February. The tree is armed with a few thin
+but very sharp thorns; the foliage is slight and open. On suckers
+or stool-shoots the leaf is much larger and almost lyre-shaped. It
+is usually found in waste places or in open clearings in the mixed
+deciduous forest. It yields a soft wood which is not durable. It is
+sometimes used for making fences.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tephrosia Ansellii</i> (Hook). Boro
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tephrosia Vogelii</i> (H. K. F.). Fish-poison.
+Were, Igun, Laye Igu (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This small shrub is apparently indigenous to
+Africa, but is usually seen planted in the fields of the Abeokuta,
+Oyo, Benin, Owerri and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is not unlike
+a large upright vetch, but with a strong, green stem, almost woody
+in growth. It reaches a height of about 3 feet and flowers very
+profusely, and bears a large number of pods, not unlike those of
+the runner bean. The plant is cut down and placed in the water
+where it is desired to catch all the fish, chiefly in stagnant
+pools of rivers or ponds. The effect of the poison from it blinds
+and stupefies the fish so that they are easily caught. Under the
+Game Preservation Ordinance, its use has been prohibited, but with
+its widespread cultivation and general utility it has been found
+very difficult to eradicate the custom or the plant. Incidentally
+it is a very good green manuring crop for agricultural land.
+However, most natives are unaware of this fact, and it is usually
+only planted for the purpose of using it as a fish-poison.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Burkea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A species of Burkea was found near the Oyan River
+in the Oyo province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus sericeus</i>. African Wisteria.
+Ipapo, Apapo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Olokemeji, Ibadan, Ilesha
+and Calabar districts. It is a medium-sized tree, which bears
+lilac-coloured flowers. As the flowers appear before the leaves in
+the dry season, it is then very ornamental, and is in fact one of
+the prettiest flowering trees. The wood is very hard and the
+heartwood green when freshly cut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—This is not of much service.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—Hoe-handles are made from the
+branches, and the bark is used in medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_303">[303]</span><i>Lonchocarpus sp.</i> Mamu
+Lonchocarpus.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Mamu Forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus cyanescens</i>. Yoruba Indigo. Elu
+or Ela (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is one of the intermediate forest climbing
+shrubs, but has been cultivated throughout the country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—The well-known Yoruba blue dye is
+made from the leaves. The stem is sometimes used for house-building
+posts. It is a shade-bearing, soil-improving tree. Natural
+regeneration appears to be poor.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cæsalpina Bonducella</i>. Shayo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The bean of this creeper is used in games amongst
+the Yoruba boys.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mundulia suberosa</i> (Benth.). Lakuta (Yoruba);
+Ugbehen (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is rather an uncommon tree, found in the
+Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a
+small tree, a part of which is used for killing fish.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Indigofera hirsuta</i>. Indigo. Epa ile
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Mamu Reserve of the Ibadan
+province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Indigofera stenophylla</i>. Indigo. Aro Boro
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>. The Oil Bean.
+Apara (Yoruba); Opagga, Ukpagga (Benin); Ataka (Ibo, Asaba);
+Opochala (Ibo, Niger).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large-sized tree, reaching a girth of about
+12 feet and a bole length of 40 feet. The root spurns are very
+extensive and often reach 4 or 5 feet up the stem, thus quite
+breaking up the base of the bole. The bark at first is a light
+yellow-brown, darkening in old age to a deep brown, and scaling off
+somewhat.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It has dense
+foliage and a heavy, branched crown, and very flat pods about 1
+foot long and up to 2½ inches broad, containing seven or eight
+large, flat brown beans about 1 inch in diameter and ¼ inch thick.
+The pods open with a loud report not unlike the sound of a 12-bore
+gun.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Lower
+Province of Nigeria, near the watercourses outside Abeokuta, Jebu,
+Ode, Benin, Onitsha, Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—The tree grows
+readily from self-sown or artificially sown beans, as is seen in
+the Avenue at Benin City, which was sown at stake in 1904. It bears
+pods in the twelfth year in the open, but later in the forest. It
+is usually very prolific, bearing at least some pods every year.
+The bole is not always very straight, and it has a distinct
+tendency to form strong side branches, and the crown is
+therefore<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span> a large
+oval one. The flowers are little yellow spike, which are very
+inconspicuous; they are borne on the old wood rather on the
+underside of the twig, in November or December and later. The tree
+stands dense shade, and it thoroughly covers the ground and
+prevents the growth of weeds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has a tendency to branch comparatively low down,
+when growing as an avenue tree, and thus does not grow so tall.
+This, however, has an advantage that the large pods have not so far
+to fall to the ground, and thus are not so dangerous to passers-by.
+The oil-beans have been collected and sold in England in small
+quantities.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is of a dirty white colour and the
+heartwood of a dark brown, forming comparatively early in the life
+of a tree. The wood is very hard, but sometimes rather
+soft-grained, rather fibrous in texture, and the pores are somewhat
+wide and deep. It does not plane well, splits with difficulty;
+holes have to be made before nails can be put into it, and it saws
+none too easily. It is very durable and termite-proof. Considering
+its hard wood and comparatively early production of seed, and the
+huge pods, it is by no means a slow-growing tree. It reaches a
+height of 9 to 12 feet in twelve years. The pod is the stoutest and
+largest, but not the longest, of all African timber trees. The
+beans are collected in boxes and sold to the factories at 6d. to
+9d. each. To be made quite safe for eating they have to be boiled
+nearly twelve hours, the outer husk of the bean being rather hard,
+though not very thick. The future will alone show whether this tree
+will prove of greater value for timber or oil production.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—The timber has been shipped to
+Europe and sold as greenheart at 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d. per cubic foot.
+Locally, in the Benin City district and elsewhere, it is used for
+making mortars for beating yams and other food. The beans are eaten
+by the natives in most parts, though they are not considered a
+delicacy. The empty pods are used where firewood is scarce, as they
+burn well. It is, and has been, very extensively used as a
+shade-tree for public roads in the Owerri district, as well as in
+Afikpo and Benin. Some people object to the falling pods, but it is
+an excellent shade-tree, especially in the dry season, as it is an
+evergreen tree. It is a soil-protector, and would do for
+underplanting or interplanting teak.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterogopodium</i>. Agba, Pink Mahogany. Asokale,
+Asu Kole (Ikale); Asre (Yoruba) (Egbado); Agba (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The scattering of the white flowers on the path or
+roadway is an indication of the presence of the tree, quite
+apart<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span> from the
+wonderful bole, exceeding nearly all others in cylindrical
+shape.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a very large
+forest tree, with clear bole of 90 feet and open crown formed with
+two or three large, upspreading limbs, flatly oval on the top. It
+is quite reminiscent of an old elm in the shape of the crown. The
+single-seeded winged fruit is most typical, no other species of
+Leguminoseæ having a similar seed except the nearly related
+<i>Pterolobium</i> (?). The bark is comparatively thin,
+silvery-grey in colour, with a few more or less well-defined ridges
+running horizontally round the trunk here and there. These are most
+typical, and it is the only tree which shows them. In some places
+they amount to small nodules of bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found commonly in the Benin and Ondo
+provinces of Nigeria, where it is prevalent, and in the northern
+part of the Benin province, and seen in almost gregarious patches
+in the secondary forest. The slash is yellowish-white, and in the
+younger trees a dirty pinkish sap exudes, but later on, especially
+from deep cuts, the gum copal forms and gradually hardens into
+solid lumps of various size.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Peculiarities.</em>—It loves a
+deep soil with plenty of moisture, which may even be flooded or
+partially waterlogged during the rainy season. A chalky or limy
+soil seems to suit it best. It is a fast-growing, light-loving
+tree, though it stands a little shade in its youth. The light,
+feathery foliage does not shade the ground, though when in falls it
+enriches it. The root spurns are most slight, extending only from a
+few inches to 1 foot above the surface of the ground; in fact,
+sometimes the trunk appears to come straight out of the ground,
+like a round log on end. Natural regeneration is none too good, but
+this is chiefly due to lack of light in the mixed forests. No
+plantations have yet been made with this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been exported, but it deserves a trial
+as a furniture-wood for drawing tables and office equipment
+generally. It is sawn up into planks and boards at Koko Town, and
+contains a gum which makes the saws stick a little. It makes a
+good, soft wood for table tops, of a pinkish colour and clear,
+close grain. The gum is sold.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It has been used for canoe
+making in the Ondo province. The gum is used for an illuminant, and
+was at one time used entirely for this purpose. In 1906 logs of
+this timber were sold in Liverpool market as a kind of mahogany of
+light colour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Prosopis oblonga</i>. Yoruba Charcoal Wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ibadan and Ogoja provinces of
+Nigeria,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span> and may
+yet be found in the Onitsha and northern part of the Benin
+provinces. On the whole, it is not common, and is seen singly. Two
+typical specimens of this tree stand in the Olokemeji Reserve
+Arboretum. It has small, pinnate leaves, very much like tamarind,
+but they are almost silvery-grey and hang down, instead of being
+green and rigid, as the tamarind. The twigs and branches are very
+slight, compared to the thick ones of the tamarind. The bark of the
+trunk is grey, too, with thin cortex, which becomes slightly
+fissured in old age. The trunk is straight and tall, compared to
+tamarind. The crown is longish and thin, with a few small branches.
+It is somewhat feathery in habit and is delicate in build compared
+to most dry-zone trees. It is one of the most typical of dry-zone
+trees. The seed is small, about the size of apple-pips, contained
+in a papery pod, from 1 inch to 1½ inches long. It stands the
+annual grass-fires comparatively well, despite the fact that the
+bark is none too thick.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—Hard, white wood, termite-proof
+and very durable. The bark is thin but rough, and small pieces can
+be pulled off with the fingers. It is a deciduous tree, though it
+does not lose its leaves for a long period. It is a light-loving
+tree, which does not protect the soil, though the leaves (few as
+they are) make a good leaf-mould. It is slow-growing, and does not
+reach a girth exceeding 5 feet. Natural regeneration appears to be
+poor, but further observations on this point may disclose more. No
+plantations have been made with this tree, though, with its
+desirable qualities, some experiments seem to be indicated. It does
+not sprout well from the stump, nor do any root shoots appear
+before or after it is cut down.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been exported, and has only been used
+occasionally locally.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Use.</em>—The timber has been used for sleepers
+in Togo, where it has proved the most durable of all timbers for
+that purpose. In the Yoruba country it has been used for making
+charcoal of the best kind for iron-smelting.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium Senegalense</i>. Hard Mahogany. Ogwega
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is none too prevalent a tree of the Benin and
+Ogoja provinces, where it is found in the mixed forests. It reaches
+a girth of over 12 feet and a bole length of over 40 feet, but in
+proportion to its height, the crown usually occupies more than half
+of it. The crown is usually widespreading and spherical in shape.
+The fruit is like a mango in form, but after the surface begins to
+decay, the fibres, instead of being fine and all coming out from
+the central nut, as in the mango, spread out vein-shaped all round
+the nut, starting more or<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_307">[307]</span> less as thick veins at the base, and then
+subdividing into thinner ones, spreading round the nut in an
+irregular manner. The decaying fruit has a most unpleasant, not to
+say distinguishing, smell. However, this is more than compensated
+for by the pleasant taste of it when served as stewed fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is whitish-yellow, and the heartwood
+brown-red. It is hard, with somewhat fibrous grain, yet planes up
+with a good surface. Takes nails, but does not split well. It is
+durable, and supposed to be termite-proof, except for the sapwood,
+which the white ants often destroy. It saws moderately easily. In
+older trees the wood sometimes shows a little figure.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing tree and a
+shade-bearer, with soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. In
+fact, in most cases it is only found on comparatively rich soil,
+and in this respect appears to be more exacting than many other
+trees. Natural regeneration does not appear to be very good, but
+this may be due to the fact that animals eat the seeds. No
+plantations have been made of this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as mahogany at 2¾d. per superficial foot, 3s. per
+cubic foot. It was reported to be of very hard texture, a dirty
+brown colour, and only one log sold. Since that date, however, none
+has been exported. It has not been felled for local use. The fruit
+can be stewed, and makes a nice addition to the other African
+fruits.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The shell of the nut is used
+for making prayer-beads and strung on a wire.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ormosia laxiflora</i>. Shedun (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji Reserve and Ibadan
+province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Paradaniellia Oliveri</i>. Ilorin Balsam,
+African Balsam of Copaivi, Balsam. Iya (Yoruba); Osia (Benin); Ozia
+(Ishan); Ozaba (Ibo Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the dry zone of the Southern Provinces of
+Nigeria. A common tree, growing to a height of 40 or 50 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Use.</em>—Balsam of Copaiba.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylia Evansii</i>. Bentpod.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ogoja province of Nigeria in the
+mixed deciduous forest zone, but it is by no means a very common
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree, with the curious bent-shaped
+pod typical of the Xylia, found in the Obubra and Ikom districts of
+Nigeria, on the left bank of the Cross River. It has a hard, red
+wood, which splits well. The sapwood is white, but not very wide in
+an average-sized tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing tree, which
+thoroughly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span> protects
+the soil and improves it with its leaves decaying year after
+year.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives have not used the tree, nor has it been
+felled for local use by Europeans. It has also not been tried for
+export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Pandanaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pandanus candelabrum</i>. Screw Pine. Ebbo
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In some rivers of the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri,
+Onitsha, Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria it is a common
+watershrub or small tree. Often it is seen only a tangled mass of
+long prickly leaves, armed with spikes all down each side and half
+floating in and above the surface of the water. Sometimes, again,
+it is seen as a tree with two or three more or less complete whorls
+of branches on the uppermost part of the stem and a mass of
+drooping leaves from the crown. The white stem is supported by
+several soft, corky-looking aerial roots. It seldom exceeds 2 feet
+in girth and 30 feet in height. The white flower is very
+conspicuous, with its cone-like shape, which becomes more
+pronounced as the fruit begins to ripen and turns green. The scent
+is very pungent and overpowering. The trees form almost
+impenetrable thickets at the edge of the more sluggishly flowing
+rivers. These often impede navigation and have to be cut away.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The stem is very porous when dry, and cannot be
+said to yield timber, though the cork-like material might serve for
+a light substitute for it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Natural regeneration appears to be very good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fibre has not been exported in any quantity,
+but it is very tough, and apparently very durable and of moderate
+length (average 3 feet).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—When dried the leaves are used
+for making mats for wrapping goods as well as for sleeping-mats. In
+the Benin and Jekri country, long (2 feet) thin receptacles are
+made which are used for salt, which is sold in these bags in the
+market. The bag keeps the salt dry. It is sometimes planted near
+villages in damp places for the purpose of obtaining the mat
+material locally, where it is not found naturally in the
+swamps.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Humeriaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Aubrya Gabunensis</i>. Brass Mahogany-bark
+Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a very large forest tree of the Brass
+district, with a bark very similar to that of mahogany, but to
+which it bears no relationship.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i067" class="iw6"><a href="images/fig067.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig067.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 67.—<span class=
+"bold">Khaya Senegalensis, 1910, on bank of Ogun River, near
+Iporin, Oyo Province.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i068" class="iw6"><a href="images/fig068.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig068.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 68.—<span class=
+"bold">Locust Tree (Parkia filicoidea), in bearing, Oyo District,
+1910.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 308.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[309]</span>The
+trees are sometimes cut down by the natives and used for large
+dug-out canoes. The timber is termite-proof, and the natives say
+that canoes made from this timber are very durable, though rather
+heavy, and liable to become waterlogged when filled with water. It
+is of a dull reddish-brown colour and has rather a coarse
+grain.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rutaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum Senegalense</i>. Dry-zone African
+Satinwood. Ata, Odan (Yoruba); Ughahan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin, Onitsha
+and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, at the edge of the mixed deciduous
+zone and the lower part of the dry-zone forest region. It is only a
+medium-sized tree, attaining a girth of about 4 feet and a height
+of about 50 feet. The bole always remains armed with short, woody
+protrusions, each having a black thorn at the apex. In the upper
+part of the bole and the branches there are only thorns. The
+pinnate leaf has usually three pairs of pinnæ and one end-leaf. All
+the leaves are broader and about only half as long as those of
+<i>Z. macrophyllum</i>. On the whole, this makes the foliage appear
+thicker, and, in fact, gives greater shade than <i>Z.
+macrophyllum</i>. In proportion the bole is shorter and the crown
+larger and more spread out than in the case of <i>Z.
+macrophyllum</i>. The bole has a greater tendency to divide lower
+down into three subsidiary stems, thus spoiling the length of it
+for timber. The bunches of small, black seeds are smaller than
+those of <i>Z. macrophyllum</i>, and if anything the seeds are also
+smaller too.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is very similar to that of <i>Z.
+macrophyllum</i>, the sapwood and heartwood being the same colour,
+except that the heartwood is often of a little darker shade, and
+bears a greater proportion to the diameter of the tree than in the
+case of <i>Z. macrophyllum</i>. On the whole it is harder, and more
+often shows a little figure. Although it does not reach such a
+large size, in many ways it is superior, the grain being rather
+finer, and showing more sheen, and if anything it works up to a
+finer texture when planed. It is just as durable and termite-proof.
+It is a light-loving tree, but will stand a certain amount of
+lateral shade. Owing to the prevalence of grass-fires, it is
+slower-growing than <i>Z. macrophyllum</i>, but if anything it
+shades the ground better, and considering where it usually stands,
+it is a slight soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is fair.
+No plantations have been made with this tree. Samples of this
+timber have not yet been exported, though, as it is a sister tree
+to the West<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span> Indian
+Satinwood, it ought to command a similar price. It has not been
+felled for local use. The natives occasionally cut it for
+house-building timber, but it is not at all popular, owing to its
+being armed with spikes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum macrophyllum</i> (Oliver). True
+Benin Satinwood. Atagbo (Yoruba); Ughahan, Okor (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin and
+Calabar provinces of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone,
+where it is very prevalent, especially in old farms.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It has a very large
+leaf, up to 6 feet long, with forty pairs of leaflets, each rather
+smaller than those of <i>Z. Senegalense</i>. There are no thorns on
+the branches, but many on the stem, which is thoroughly armed until
+old age, when most of the woody spikes drop off. It bears a large
+bunch of small, black, spherical-shaped seeds. It is a common tree
+in abandoned farms of the mixed deciduous forest zone. The thorns
+are more sharply pointed than <i>Z. Senegalense</i> and not so
+woody at first, but later form a thorn at the top of each wooden
+protrusion. One specimen found in the Olokemeji Reserve had very
+few wooden protrusions, each armed with a thorn, but there were
+larger leaves than <i>Z. macrophyllum</i>, though in all not quite
+so long. In old age the stem is almost smooth, and may reach a
+girth of nearly 6 feet and a length of over 30 feet. The crown is
+slender and broken up with three or four main branches. The base of
+the bole in old age is spotted with yellow lenticels.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a light-loving, quick-growing tree, which
+does not protect the ground, and only to a certain extent acts with
+its leaves as a soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is very
+good, and on the whole, at the edge of the evergreen and mixed
+deciduous forest zone, with the increase of farms it is tending to
+spread in greater numbers than before, and in some places groups of
+them are found, whereas in the original forest only isolated
+specimens are obtained. No plantations have been made with this
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is light-yellow and the heartwood of a
+darker yellow shade. In quickly grown trees it is not very large,
+but in the older trees comprises more than two-thirds of the
+diameter of the tree. The timber is hard, fine-grained, planing up
+smooth in texture. It does not take nails well, nor split well,
+saws, however, cleanly, and occasionally shows a little figure.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as Sabicu at 2s. to 2s. 6d. per foot, and reported
+of a very hard nature. Since then, however, none has been
+cut<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span> or exported.
+Locally it has not been used in any form. It should be noted,
+however, that this is a sister tree of the West Indian Satinwood,
+and considering that it grows to a larger size than that one, the
+timber should demand a still higher price.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Use.</em>—In the Benin country the timber is
+used for making door-plates before putting dried clay on the top,
+and also used for doors.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum sp. n.</i> Dwarf Satinwood.
+Boji.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The fruit is a mass
+of red berries very similar to the Mountain Ash of Europe, but a
+small tree armed with a few scattered spines of short length, but
+not very woody, more in the nature of thorns. It attains a girth of
+10 inches and a height of 15 to 20 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It was only found on the
+summit of the Boji Hills from an elevation of 4,500 to 5,000 feet,
+where other vegetation gave out and only grass grew otherwise.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has a very hard, yellow wood of the usual satiny
+nature. It made very good firewood on the mountain top.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum sp.</i> (Kew). <i>Pterocarpus
+sp.</i> African Satinwood. Urueben (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin and Ondo provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree near the banks of rivers in the
+evergreen forest. It is of medium-size, reaching a girth of about 7
+feet; the bole is long (40 feet); the root buttresses reach up the
+bole about 3 feet. The stalk has a few prickles, especially when it
+is small, but they disappear in old age. The leaf is smaller than
+<i>P. osun</i>, but much the same as Akume, <i>Pterocarpus sp.</i>
+The habit is typical of a Pterocarpus and not of Zanthoxylum. The
+bark is quite smooth and always unarmed. The fruit is ovoid and
+flat, with the seed at one end, rather different in this respect to
+Pterocarpus, and without the prickles on it. The slash is white,
+and soon red drops of latex-like fluid exude from the tree. The
+branches are upspreading and the crown is large, though narrow, the
+bole being about two-thirds of the total height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood is yellow
+when young and dark-red, like <i>P. osun</i>, when old. It is hard,
+but splits well. Termites attack it. It is cross-grained and stands
+a little bending; otherwise it is brittle, when bent far.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is slow-growing and a light-lover. It likes a
+good soil which is moist and has depth. It does not sprout from the
+stool. Seed reproduction is good, and the seedlings are found in
+the neighbourhood of old trees. It is a deciduous tree for three
+months in the year (dry season).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[312]</span>It
+has not been cut for local use or exported to Europe. It is used
+for making shovels for mud-puddling in the building of Benin
+houses; also for pegs in the walls of a chief’s house.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Toddalia sp.</i> Oie (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A climbing shrub common in Tropical West Africa.
+The fertile stamens are equal in number to the petals. Leaves
+digitate.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—Condiments and medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ægle Barteri</i>. Calabash Orange. Shange, Bale
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small tree growing near the villages,
+cultivated for its shade and for medicinal purposes. The fruit
+looks like an orange, but the shell is hard and it is not
+edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clausena Anisata</i> (Oliv.). Alapari, Obuko
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Simarubaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Irvingia Barteri</i>. Dika Nut, Wild Mango. Oro,
+Auro (Yoruba); Ogwi (tree), Okherli (seed) (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri,
+Onitsha, Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">With its smooth, shining, small dark-green leaves
+it is quite distinguishable from other forest trees. The very
+spherical shape of the crown and the short bole are also most
+typical of the tree. It is often found near river banks or in damp
+localities. Wherever found, it is usually preserved by the natives,
+though not actually cultivated or tended.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The flower is inconspicuous, but the fruit is like
+a small mango, becoming quite yellow when ripe, though much harder
+and of a much sharper flavour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is hard and durable; the sapwood is
+yellowish-white and the heartwood yellow. It is impervious to white
+ants.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is a shade-bearer, especially in youth,
+but grows very slowly. Those planted near Leopardstown, Calabar,
+were only 6 to 8 feet high after ten years’ growth. It is true they
+received little or no attention and occasionally the grass was
+burnt near them.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">No regular plantations have been made, though one
+plot was planted in the Mamu Reserve in 1910. Further experiments
+in cultivation, and especially pruning and tending to see how early
+the tree will bear fruit, are worth undertaking. A method to
+increase the size of the fruit, and with it the size of the kernel,
+might be discovered and thus make it a profitable tree to grow in
+plantations.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_313">[313]</span>Reported on by the Imperial Institute in
+1904, and kernels worth £14 a ton then in London.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—House-building. The fruit is
+eaten, and then the nut is cracked and the kernel beaten up and
+served as soup. Fruit or nuts or both are sold in the markets of
+Benin and Yorubaland.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Irvingia Smithii</i>. Benin Dika Nut (?).
+Akwekwe (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found occasionally in the Benin province of
+Nigeria. It is a tree with similar growth to <i>Irvingia
+Barteri</i>, but reaches a larger size, up to 12 feet. The bole
+length is also greater, 40 feet. The fruit is larger than
+<i>Irvingia Barteri</i>, but of the same shape. It is rather
+uncommon in the evergreen forest. The crown is smaller and occupies
+only the upper third of the stem. The branches are larger, too, and
+of lesser number in proportion than <i>Irvingia Barteri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is yellow in the sapwood and brown in the
+heartwood, and hard. It is hard to split. The heartwood is very
+small, being only about 1 foot out of a diameter of 4 feet.
+Termites do not attack the wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearer and grows slowly. It does not
+sprout from the stool, but reproduction by seed is good. The duikas
+eat the fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been cut for local use nor exported to
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is used, by tying four seeds together like
+Ogwega, for a game. The fruit is not eaten because it is not
+sweet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Irvingia sp.</i> Pwekupweku (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Benin province of
+Nigeria. It is a large tree, reaching a girth of 15 feet and very
+tall. The fruit is yellow, and large as an African mango, but with
+a very much sweeter smell and sweet taste. The branches are
+flattish, and so the crown is wide, with a long bole and shallow
+crown. It has a long, lanceolate leaf with insignificant veins. The
+wood is hard, with white sapwood and brown heartwood. It grows on
+good soil, which is moist and deep in the evergreen forests. It is
+a shade-bearer and grows moderately fast.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The fruit is used for killing
+rats after it has been cooked and mixed with palm oil chop. It is
+then given to them, and they at once fall down dead.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1nb"><span class="bold">Simarubaceæ</span>
+(Planch).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hannoa undulata</i>. Whitewood. Igigun (Egba);
+Igbo (Lagos); Orisi (Igbado, Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Calabar, Owerri, Benin, Warri,
+Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span>It
+is a very large tree, reaching a girth of 12 feet and a bole length
+of about 50 feet, which grows up very readily in old farms or
+clearings in the evergreen forest and lower parts of the mixed
+forests. It has a large, broad leaf, which is deciduous for about a
+month in the year. The flower, which is white in colour, is in the
+form of racemes (?). The bark is green, with grey streaks up and
+down, and the slash is white with yellow markings; it smells sweet,
+too. The fruit is oblong and black, more like a plum. The spurns
+are very slight.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is very soft and white all through. It
+dries without warping, but if not cut properly is liable to be
+attacked by small borers of the furniture kind. It planes with a
+smooth surface. It is very light, more so even than Musanga wood.
+The grain is fine, though such pores as there are, are long. It
+splits well and adzes well too. It shrinks considerably in drying,
+but this might be obviated by girdling and drying very gradually in
+shade when cut green.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very quick-growing tree, almost as fast as
+Ricinodendron. It is a light-lover, and is rather intolerant of
+shade, except in its youth. It grows best from seed reproduction,
+as the power from the stool is very slight and soon dies back.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It was sampled in 1912 at Degema, but has not been
+exported to Europe. A trial as a wood for making pulpwood seems
+indicated. It is split up into flat pieces for doors and
+mantelpieces, also for making the walls of temporary houses, each
+piece being set upright to the other, with any round edge on the
+outside.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Burseraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pachylobus edulis</i>. Native Pear (Ohan),
+Incense Tree, Elemi Gum. Ibagho (Yoruba); Onumu (Benin); Eben
+(Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in all the Southern Provinces of
+Nigeria, chiefly as a planted tree in the neighbourhood of
+villages, and on the sides of the roads leading to them, being more
+prevalent in the Benin and Oban than the other districts. It is a
+medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of about 7 feet and a height of
+about 70 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The gum, which exudes when the tree is cut with a
+matchet, smells very much like incense when burnt, and is of a
+white colour. It is always planted in the villages, partly for
+shade, chiefly for food, especially in the Oban country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is first of all a grey, and then a purple
+colour, and a very cylindrical plum shape, in all about 2½ inches
+long and rather more than 1 inch in diameter. It is very much like
+turpentine to taste, especially when not quite ripe, and
+in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span> the centre of
+the fruit there is an oblong nut rather more than 1 inch in length,
+more or less round, with four ribbed edges, all culminating at the
+apex. The leaves are large, consisting of four to six pairs of
+pinnæ, which are shiny and dark-green on the upper surface, and
+almost silver-grey underneath. The trunk is often very much cut
+about and chipped, and little pieces of the white gum are often
+seen in the old scars. It usually bears fruit heavily every
+year.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood is of a
+faint pink colour. It is not very hard, but more like mahogany in
+texture and character. Owing to its irregular growth and branching
+habit, it is often rather knotty and cross-grained.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearing, somewhat slow-growing tree,
+which only partially protects the soil, but on the whole improves
+it with its fall of leaves. Natural regeneration appears to be
+rare, chiefly perhaps owing to the fact that the natives pick the
+fruit even before it is quite ripe, and take it away to eat in
+their houses. It is usually planted by the natives as a
+transplanted seedling, about 3 feet high. Considering the poor
+flavour of the fruit, it is rather surprising that it is so widely
+planted and comparatively speaking so much tended by the natives in
+certain districts. It is moderately fire-resisting and
+dew-collecting, especially in the dry seasons, the ground in the
+vicinity of the trees often being quite damp with the condensed dew
+falling off the leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been felled for export or for local use.
+The tree, however, provides grateful shade in the more open parts
+of the country, in the neighbourhood of villages.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The gum has not been collected for export, but is
+considered of value. However, no tapping experiments have been
+tried.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The fruit is called a pear,
+and is liked by most natives, who eat it raw. It is sometimes sold
+in the markets at five for one penny.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>. Pink Mahogany,
+Bastard Mahogany. (Sometimes sold as Gaboon Mahogany or African
+Elemi. Anikantuhu, Ako, Ibagbo (Yoruba); Onumukyukyu (Benin); also
+known as Ikwapbo. (The Benin name means Kyukyu or bird, Onumu or
+Incense-tree.)</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—Evenly striated
+bark of orange to light-yellow colour, turning grey on exposure to
+full rays of the sun. The seed is small and similar to that of
+<i>Pachylobus edulis</i>, but much smaller.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—A few in the Western, more
+in the Central west and south of Benin, and most common in the
+Eastern<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[316]</span> Circle,
+especially north of Calabar, in the mixed deciduous forest zone,
+and to lesser extent in the evergreen forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large forest tree, with a girth of over 12
+feet and a bole length of about 90 feet. Being more or less
+preserved by the natives when found in the forests, in clearing for
+their farms, it is often now seen on the roadsides. The slash is
+white, and as the roots beside the road are often cut by the
+natives, the yellowish-white gum exudes, forming a small white
+layer on the surface of the root. This has a most pleasant smell,
+and is not unpleasant to taste. It is closely allied to, if not
+much the same character as, the “Balsam of Tolu.” The leaf is
+comparatively small, with three or four pairs of pinnæ, and growing
+more or less in tufts, this being reminiscent of the Mahogany
+family. The root spurns are very slight, and in this respect it is
+more like the European Ash, and usually there are one or two main
+roots which spread out, down the slightly enlarged bole at the
+base. Otherwise the tree is one of the most cylindrical in shape,
+falling away with the increasing height less than almost any other.
+It is a deciduous tree. The pores are very fine and rather longer
+than in the ordinary mahogany, and the wood is not so sheeny.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white, and in fast-grown trees often
+6 inches through. The heartwood is of a delicately pink mahogany
+colour, darkening to a light-brown mahogany on exposure to the air
+and sunlight. It is not very hard, and splits fairly well. It
+planes up with a smooth surface. It saws well and also takes nails
+fairly well. It has very considerable elasticity. It is lighter
+than most kinds of mahogany. The logs will float as soon as at all
+dry.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In youth it stands a good deal of shade, but later
+on it is on the whole a light-demanding tree. It is a fairly
+quick-growing tree, but tends to become very slow when left alone
+in the open. It needs a rich soil, but is also found on poorer
+land. It needs more moisture than many others. Although not a
+soil-protecting tree, the leaves yield a fair amount of humus in
+their annual fall. Natural regeneration is fair, but it is rather
+susceptible to fire, and much of it is thus killed. No plantations
+have been made of this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 a sample was sold in the Liverpool market
+as Gaboon Mahogany at 1s. 6d. per cubic foot full measure, and in
+1907 sample logs of this tree were exported to the Liverpool
+market, where they were sold as light Benin Mahogany at 2d. per
+superficial foot. Since then none has been felled.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives occasionally cut the tree for planks,
+and use<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[317]</span> the wood
+for making canoes, chiefly owing to its lightness and
+elasticity.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium sp.</i> Rough-barked Canarium. Ekugbi,
+Ekugbo (Yoruba); Onumukyukyu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—A large tree, with
+larger fissures than <i>C. Schweinfurthii</i>, about 6 inches
+apart; the bark is inclined to scale off in between. The leaves are
+a little larger, but the gum is very similar and used for similar
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It was found in the
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is deciduous for about three weeks in the year,
+chiefly November, but otherwise it is a soil-protecting and
+soil-improving tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree has not been felled for export or for
+local use. Nor do the natives appear to have used it for any
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium Mansfeldii</i>. Gaboon Mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species is found on the banks of the Upper
+Cross River.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium sp.</i> Oyife (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Yoruba country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium sp.</i>, syn. <i>Schweinfurthii</i>.
+Incense Tree. Anikantuku (Yoruba); Onumukyukyu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Ilaro district and Benin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Meliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carapa procera</i>. Scented Mahogany Cedar, Crab
+Wood, Touloucouna Oil. Efu Iya, Abo-oganwo (Yoruba); Ibbegogo
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree, found in the Calabar, Ogoja,
+Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, growing to a girth of about 6
+feet. The pinnæ and the whole leaf are both much larger than the
+mahogany leaf, even including that of <i>grandifolia</i>. It often
+grows with a divided bole, two small stems shooting upwards from
+about 3 feet from the ground. The leaves grow in very distinct
+tufts on the edge of the branches. The bark is smooth and a
+light-green colour, with a few vertical uprights when the tree is
+old. The fruit is a large, roughly round, woody drupe. The covering
+shell dehisces into eight parts, releasing about twenty hard,
+brown, round-cornered, almost square nuts. The seeds are eaten by
+porcupines. It is found in the freshwater swamps in the evergreen
+forest and in damp places of the mixed deciduous forest. The timber
+is pink when freshly cut, and the heartwood has the red-brown
+typical of the Mahogany family. The small size of the timber rather
+militates against its reaching the high value of mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is a shade-bearer in its younger stages of
+growth, and even when older it still stands a considerable amount
+of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[318]</span> shade. Self-sown
+seedlings are not often seen. Perhaps this is due to so many of the
+seeds being eaten by animals. The stump scarcely sprouts after it
+has been freshly cut. Considering the size of the tree, a very fair
+number of nuts ripen each year.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">No use has been made of the seeds, though they
+yield a similar oil to that of the Crab Oil Tree of South
+America.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 a sample of the timber was sold in the
+Liverpool market as Mahogany Cedar, scented, at 2½d. and 3½d. per
+superficial foot.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The bark is used by pregnant
+Yoruba women and for sores and as a cough mixture. It is used
+underneath palm leaves as a roofing material in the Benin
+country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya grandifolia</i>, later <i>grandis</i>
+(Stapf.). Big-leaf Mahogany, Benin Mahogany. Akor, Oganwo (Yoruba);
+Gadeau, Ogwangu (Benin); Odala (Ibo Asaba); Digiten (Brass);
+Dirinshi, Diki (Ibo Owerri); Asamogo (Ibibio); Upono (Efik); Obon
+(?) (Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Ogoja provinces
+of Nigeria, at the edge of the mixed deciduous forest zone, where
+it is very prevalent in some places, such as at the edge of the
+Ifon Owo-Akure Road.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a large tree
+of the mixed forests. It attains a girth of 14 feet and a
+corresponding height. It is, however, taller in proportion than
+<i>K. Punchii</i>. It has long, upward-tending root flanges, though
+not so large as those of <i>K. Ivoriensis</i> or the Coast
+Mahogany. The crown is open compared to the other Khayas, except
+<i>K. Senegalensis</i>. It has conspicuously large pinnate leaves,
+with three or four pairs of leaflets quite 10 inches in length,
+each leaflet being 4 inches long. The stem is smoother than <i>K.
+Punchii</i>, and in that respect more like <i>K. anthoteka</i>. The
+leaves of this species are the most shiny of all; in fact, the
+others appear dull beside them. The bole, on the whole, is cleaner
+than <i>K. Punchii</i> and longer, though it forks or divides into
+a head in the characteristic Mahogany way. The shininess of the
+leaves is one of the greatest characteristics of this tree. The
+capsule is somewhat larger than <i>K. Punchii</i>. It is also a
+little thicker, and the tip is not so long or sharp. It opens out
+into five segments, as a rule, but sometimes there may be only
+four. The seeds themselves are a little oblong in shape and not
+quite so square as in <i>K. Punchii</i>, although they are just as
+thin and flat.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is the typical Benin Mahogany, with
+somewhat long pores, first of all rather pink, then a rich
+mahogany-brown colour. Occasionally the sapwood is very wide in
+proportion<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[319]</span> to the
+size of the tree, but this is more in the case of very quickly
+grown trees. It sometimes shows very rich figure of a “roey” nature
+as well as “fiddleback,” more especially in the root buttresses.
+Here, owing to the storms to which the tree is exposed, the fibres
+of these buttresses become fractured and compressed, thus giving a
+broken and mottled appearance to the grain after it has been cut up
+lengthways. In this species the wood of the “curls” often shows a
+rather bolder roe than in the case of those obtained from <i>K.
+Punchii</i> or <i>Ivoriensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">On the whole this is the most quickly growing of
+all the Khayas. In its youth it stands a certain amount of shade,
+and, in fact, always, but it would appear to demand a good deal of
+light for its full and quick development. It is a thoroughly
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. The leaves make a rich
+humus. Natural regeneration is good, and, in fact, appears to be
+much better than in the case of the other Khayas. It sprouts from
+the stump a little. It appears to be somewhat exacting as to soil,
+preferring somewhat deep, rich and moist sites. In plantations it
+has already found a place. It has also been planted, mixed with
+other species of Khaya, in the small nurseries, plantations and
+lines of trees made by the timber-lease holders. It does not seem
+to be attacked so severely by the leading-shoot borer as in the
+case of <i>K. Punchii</i>. Owing to the fact that the seeds usually
+fall on more open ground, it is not eaten so quickly by the little
+boring insects.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is being constantly exported and mixed
+up with the other species of Khaya. Being lighter, it floats higher
+on the water than the other species, more especially
+Entandrophragma. It has occasionally been used by the natives for
+making canoes, as also for sawing up into planks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Punchii</i>. Uhi Mahogany, Benin Mahogany.
+Oganwo (Yoruba); Ogwangu (Benin); Eggi (Ibo Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree does not attain such a large size as
+either <i>K. grandis</i> or <i>K. Ivoriensis</i>, but it often
+exceeds a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of 70 feet. The bottom
+log of a tree is often found to show figured wood. This is perhaps
+owing to the bark being constantly removed, and to the succeeding
+occlusion of the wounds following at different times, according to
+when the bark is removed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chief Characteristics.</i>—It has a
+comparatively small leaf, with five or six pairs of leaflets. It
+has slight root spurns, or protuberances, or even in some cases
+none at all. It is generally particularly rough at the base, owing
+to the bark having been continually removed by the local people.
+Higher<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[320]</span> up, the stem
+is covered with brown-coloured bark, which is slightly pitted. The
+leaves are in tufts, though to a lesser extent than either <i>K.
+grandis</i> or <i>Ivoriensis</i>. The large masses of small white
+flowers remind one of lilac. It is of the same white colour. It
+flowers in February, when it is also in new leaf. Compared with
+<i>K. grandis</i> it usually has a shorter and somewhat more curved
+bole.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Abeokuta,
+Ibadan and Benin provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The capsule is of medium size, splitting open into
+five segments which remain attached at the base. On the whole it is
+rather thinner than <i>K. grandis</i> or <i>Ivoriensis</i>, but
+does not come to such a sharp point as either of those two.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is very similar in grain and texture to
+the other Khayas, but if anything it is a little heavier and a
+little closer texture then either <i>grandis</i> or
+<i>Ivoriensis</i>, especially in those districts where it grows in
+the mixed deciduous forests, and where the base of the trunk is
+burnt with an occasional grass-fire.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although not quite so fast-growing as the other
+Khayas, it is a fast-growing tree with soil-protecting and
+soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration is fair, though the
+little thin, flat seeds are very soon attacked by a little boring
+insect when they fall to the ground. However, when rapidly gathered
+after having fallen, they retain their germinative capacity for a
+greater length of time than in the case of the Entandrophragmas. On
+the whole, if the locality is not too dry or fires too prevalent,
+this tree tends to widen its area of distribution with the spread
+of farms. The leading-shoot borer attacks this tree in its younger
+stages perhaps even more than the other Khayas, more especially
+when it is planted pure. In this connection it should be noted that
+this Khaya, as well as the others, is not gregarious in habit,
+being always found singly, though varying much in number per square
+mile. This factor rather indicates that pure plantations should not
+be made, or at any rate that it should only be planted in small
+groups mixed with other species, also in small groups, from a
+quarter to one acre in extent. In leased timber areas it has been
+planted mixed with other species. On the whole, it has not been
+exported so much as the other Khayas. It has been sold as Niger
+Mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Value.</em>—3d. to 6d. per superficial foot
+from Sapoba, in the Benin province. The natives occasionally cut it
+for sawing into planks.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i069" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig069.jpg"><img src='images/fig069.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 69.—<span class=
+"bold">Mature Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) and Teak, one year old,
+Mamu Forest Reserve, Ibadan Forest, in 1915.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i070" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig070.jpg"><img src='images/fig070.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 70.—<span class=
+"bold">Large full-grown Iroko Tree (Chlorophora excelsa) standing
+near Ibadan, Jebu Ode Road, Mamu Forest Reserve, in May 1910. Same
+tree as Fig. 69.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i071" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig071.jpg"><img src='images/fig071.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 71.—<span class=
+"bold">Untouched Forest on Summit of Ado Rock, Oyo Province,
+1910.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 320.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya anthotheca?</i>. White-barked Mahogany or
+White Mahogany,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[321]</span>
+King of the Timber. Funfun (Yoruba); Ogwangu Nufwa, Ogigedu
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Many specimens of this tree are found in the mixed
+forests on the banks of the Ovia River in the Ifon district of the
+Benin province, and also isolated trees near the banks of the Owena
+River in the Ondo province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The chief characteristic of this tree is the
+speckled white bark, which gives the stem generally a light, almost
+white or grey colour. The white patches in the bark occur
+irregularly scattered all round the bole, being chiefly confined to
+the lower half of it. In young trees the four very strong lateral
+roots show up prominently above the ground, leading away from the
+tree more or less at right angles and remaining above the surface
+of the ground for two or three feet. This feature to some extent
+persists even in old age, but then it is not so pronounced, as
+these roots tend to form more or less stout buttresses similar to
+the others, but coming out more abruptly and forming a more
+shelf-like protuberance from the stem.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is supposed to be lighter, and of a
+lighter colour than that of the other Khayas. However, it appears
+to be only rather more of a pinkish-brown when freshly cut, taking
+on the typical mahogany-brown once it is exposed to the air. So
+far, it has always been sold mixed up with the other species cut in
+the same area, and realizes similar prices. It may perhaps have
+even helped towards the scoring of the higher average price of 6d.
+per superficial foot which was obtained from one area where this
+species is found.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya n. sp.</i> Mahogany. Ogwangu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This was found in the Benin province of Nigeria. In
+the wood, it shows a considerable difference to the other Khayas,
+being a much lighter red-brown colour and of more open texture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Ivoriensis</i>. Coast Mahogany. Obi,
+Oganwo, Akpakor (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species is supposed to be that from which most
+of the coastal mahogany is obtained, more especially in the more
+low-lying regions. The wood is of a richer and darker colour and
+somewhat heavier than that of the other species. The most typical
+feature, though, is the very sheeny nature of the wood and the very
+considerable size of the medullary rays, which, however, are not
+conspicuous, as in the wood from Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>. Dry-zone Mahogany.
+Oganwo (Yoruba); Ogwangu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The tree has an
+open crown with a few upspreading branches, and apparently much
+less foliage<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[322]</span> than
+its “confrères.” The leaves are small, very grey, specially on the
+under-surface, giving them almost the character of Eucalyptus
+leaves. The bole is shorter than the other Khayas, with a slightly
+scaly bark and only a small thickening of the base and no root
+buttresses at all. The bark is darker than <i>Khaya Punchii</i>,
+though the scales are often grey. The capsule is almost frequently
+four-sectioned, though this is not an absolute rule, as other
+Khayas have been found bearing capsules dividing into three, four
+and five sections. It does not exude gum so readily as <i>Khaya
+Punchii</i>, and the gum is of a redder colour. Illustration
+<a href="#i067">No. 67</a> shows the lower part of the bole of a
+tree 10 feet in girth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It grows on the banks of the
+Ogun River above the Iseyin-Oyo Road, Ibadan province, Akure, Benin
+and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is found as one of the most
+prevalent trees near Obudu and in the Onitsha province north of
+Ogrugu.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—It is of redder brown colour than
+either <i>Khaya Punchii</i> or grandis, and has a greater sheen.
+The texture of wood is a little closer, and, owing to the annual
+grass-fires burning the stem, is slightly figured. Logs could not
+be cut much more than 20 feet in length, owing to the bole not
+always being straight, though the large branches would make small
+ones and curls.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It stands a great
+deal of drought, though in its drier area of distribution it is
+usually to be found near river banks. The seed keeps a high
+percentage of germination for some months after being picked. It
+demands more light than either of the other Khayas, and grows
+freely from the beginning. It has also a greater tendency to branch
+than the other Khayas, but this may be due to its being attacked
+more by the leading-shoot borer than the other species, as more of
+these insects are found in the open than in the mixed forests. It
+is almost gregarious, as groups of trees are usually found
+together.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya sp.</i> Orro (Yoruba); Geduloha
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Ilaro district of the
+Abeokuta province. There appears to be some doubt as to whether
+this is really a distinct species, but the fact remains that the
+wood is very much darker and of rather a duller colour than most of
+the other Khayas. It shows also a very rich, wide roe, and in this
+respect the wood is more valuable than that of many other species.
+It is somewhat similar to the best counter-top wood obtained from
+the Entandrophragmas. It does not appear to be a very common tree,
+but it attains a girth<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_323">[323]</span> of over 12 feet, and the bole is straighter
+and considerably taller than most of the Khayas.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudocedrela Kotschyii</i>. Dry-zone Cedar.
+Hard Cedar Mahogany. Emi gbegeri (Yoruba, Ibadan).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in groups and isolated specimens in the
+Ibadan province of Nigeria, in the dry-zone forest and at the edge
+of the mixed deciduous areas, more especially in the Olokemeji
+Forest. With its somewhat regularly fissured bark, showing a
+criss-cross pattern, it is distinguishable from the other dry-zone
+trees. The silvery pinnate leaves in tufts and the charred base of
+the stem, combined with the grey trunk, all help to identify it.
+The little mahogany-like capsule, covered with silvery hairs when
+unripe, is another feature. When these burst open, leaving the
+empty capsule on the tree for a time, there is no doubt about its
+being of the Mahogany family. In the distance the grey, almost
+silvery-coloured bark makes it stand out as compared to others such
+as Dwarf Ironwood or the Shea Butter Tree. Reaching a girth of
+about 6 feet and a bole length of 25 feet, it is one of the largest
+dry-zone trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is pinkish-red, when fresh, and the
+heartwood a rich red-brown, darkening slightly on exposure to the
+light. It is harder than mahogany and heavier. The grain is closer
+and on the whole finer, but with a similar sheen. It often shows a
+little figure. It saws well, planes smoothly, takes nails, and has
+a good appearance in the plank. It is said to be termite-proof. It
+is considerably stronger than mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Somewhat slow-growing, even from naturally growing
+root suckers, it is a light-loving tree, giving scarcely enough
+shade to protect the soil. In its youth it is a soil-improving
+tree. Natural regeneration is poor, root suckers being the
+strongest form of reproduction. It sprouts slightly from the stump,
+but not sufficiently for reproduction of a crop. A fair crop of
+seeds is found each year, but usually, owing to grass-fires, much
+of this is destroyed. Plantations are being made, but natural
+growth has been encouraged in places, and gives further promise of
+better growth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been exported, but it is occasionally
+felled for local use. It is one of the most valuable trees of the
+dry zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma utilis</i>. Short-capsuled
+Mahogany, Sapeli or Heavy Mahogany. Ijebbo, Jebu, Ashuwole, Papala
+(Yoruba); Ogipogo, Ubilesan Onamakyuku, Plekkogo (Benin); Eplekgo
+(Jekri); Edem (Efik); Atori (Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the evergreen and mixed
+forests of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[324]</span> the
+Ondo, Benin, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is one of
+the most common mahoganies of the forest, and reaches the largest
+girth of any of the African trees. The biggest of all showed a
+girth of 56 feet, measured above the top of the buttresses, and one
+which showed 437 rings of growth had a girth of 52 feet, measured
+at 20 feet above the ground. This one, too, yielded 15 logs of
+various sizes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The leaves are rather smaller and show the ribs
+rather more prominently than in <i>E. cylindrica</i>, but the
+growth, which is in tufts, is similar. It is deciduous for about
+three weeks in the year, in November, when inconspicuous flowers
+first appear and then the leaves. The capsule is about 3 inches
+long and nearly 1 inch in diameter. It is of the usual pentagonal
+shape, and there are five seeds, placed one over the other on each
+side of the central pentagonal core. The seeds are nearly square in
+shape, with a rounded back about an eighth of an inch thick. The
+wings are four times the length of the seed, making each about 2½
+inches long. The seeds lose their germinative power in about three
+weeks, and are always attacked by a small boring insect.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The bole has comparatively slight root spurns,
+which terminate at about a maximum height of 20 feet from the
+ground. It is very straight, and may attain a height of 90 feet.
+The stem is, however, much more pitted than that of <i>E.
+cylindrica</i>. The bark is of a green to grey colour, very
+reminiscent at times of a beech-tree, especially at a distance. The
+crown is flatly spherical, being composed of a few very large
+limbs. The slash is white and brown; the sapwood is white and the
+heartwood of a red-brown colour, with a very strong cedar-wood
+scent when freshly cut. Even when the wood is seasoned and freshly
+planed, this scent is very noticeable. It saws and splits easily,
+planes up moderately, and takes nails fairly easily. It is not
+termite-proof, but the most common attack is by a lymexylon, if the
+logs are left lying unsquared in the forests. Many figured logs
+have been obtained from this species of tree. In the younger
+stages, the sapwood is comparatively wide. Natural regeneration is
+very good in some places. The tree grows very rapidly indeed. In
+its youth it stands a certain amount of shade, but later on it is a
+light-loving tree. It is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.
+Isolated trees have been planted and small plantations made in
+various parts of the country. Planted under proper conditions and
+with favourable seasons, an average growth of 6 feet in height may
+be expected. The young trees are occasionally<span class="pagenum"
+id="Page_325">[325]</span> attacked by the leading-shoot borer, but
+this is not very serious, particularly if a suitable mixture with
+other trees has been formed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This timber has been one of the main export
+products of the Sapeli and South Benin forests. The chief market
+for this wood was, previous to the war, in Hamburg. However, from
+Hamburg, the markets of Copenhagen, Sweden, Finland, Russia and
+Austria were also supplied. Being almost half as heavy again as
+Khaya Mahogany, it costs more in proportion to bring over to
+Europe. Owing to the better and larger size of the logs which can
+be obtained from these huge trees, there was in these markets a
+greater demand for this timber for counter-tops than for Khaya
+timber. This to some extent counterbalanced the disadvantage of the
+extra weight. This timber was also considered of a duller colour
+and more liable to split than the Khaya wood. However, as many of
+the trees from which the largest logs have been obtained are
+mature, and over-mature, it is natural that the wood cannot be in a
+prime condition.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is very popular amongst the local people
+for the making of canoes and for house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma cylindrica</i>. Heavy Mahogany
+or Cedar Mahogany. Jebu, Oro, Issisi, Alepo, Alopa (Yoruba);
+Ikwabobo, Agiekpogo (Benin); Atore (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Oyo, Ondo, Benin,
+Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the common
+mahogany-trees of the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zone. It
+is the tallest of all African trees, the bole alone often attaining
+a height exceeding 100 feet. It is also one of the straightest and
+most cylindrical trees in Africa. The root spurns are very slight
+compared to the size of the tree, and do not extend usually more
+than 10 feet up the stem. The bark is smooth and not unlike the
+beech; in old age, however, it becomes slightly pitted and the bark
+scales off in places. The crown is deeper and more spherical than
+in the case of <i>Entandrophragma utilis</i>. The ends of the
+branches are most conspicuous, with their most pronounced tufts of
+leaves. The leaf is often about 4 inches long, but in young shoots
+may attain a length of nearly 3 feet, with over thirty pairs of
+pinnæ. The slash is white, with small, yellow, stone-like granules
+in it. The bark is thick.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The capsule is nearly 6 inches long and an inch in
+diameter. It is similar in shape to that of <i>Entandrophragma
+utilis</i>, and opens in a similar way. The seeds are rather larger
+and the wings considerably longer. It is deciduous for about a
+week<span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[326]</span> in November,
+when the flowers, which are of a light-greenish colour, appear, and
+then the leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and comparatively wide, except
+in very old trees. The wood, when freshly cut, smells slightly like
+a red herring, and in colour is not unlike the flesh of kippered
+herring.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The heartwood is of a red-brown colour, rather
+dulling on exposure to the air and becoming a dark-brown colour.
+The pores are very long, much more so than either in the <i>E.
+utilis</i> or the Khaya genus. The timber splits well, saws easily,
+and takes nails moderately well. It is not always easy to plane it
+down to a smooth surface. It has a distinct tendency to warp unless
+properly seasoned. It is not termite-proof, but the attacks of the
+white ants are slow. The sapwood is more commonly attacked by a
+lymexylon. For interior work it is very durable; sometimes it has a
+very pretty, dull-brown wavy sheen.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Natural regeneration is good in many places.
+Isolated trees have been planted and small plantations made in
+different parts of the country. The growth on the whole is even
+more rapid than in the case of <i>E. utilis</i>. In favourable
+localities it will exceed an annual height growth of 7 feet.
+Although it will stand a considerable amount of shade in its youth,
+it is more of a light-loving tree in old age. It is a
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is one of the chief mahoganies exported from
+the Benin and Sapeli forests, but it does not attain such an
+average high price as that of the Khaya genus. However, from all
+accounts it appears that the majority of figured logs have been
+obtained from this species; this compensates to some extent the
+disadvantage of this being the heaviest wood of all the mahoganies.
+It often floats just level with the water, and has sometimes been
+known to sink. In pre-war days it used to fetch 4d. per superficial
+foot, and the best market for it was in Hamburg; but, as also in
+the case of <i>E. utilis</i>, the wood was supplied to the markets
+in Austria, Russia, etc. It is common to make three logs each 30
+feet long from the bole. Both this tree and <i>E. utilis</i> yield
+some of the best curls which are obtained from the mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The local people used to be very fond of using this
+tree for making canoes, and I have seen a canoe over 80 feet long
+and having a draught of over 6 feet. It has also been largely used
+in house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lovoa Klaineana</i>. African Walnut. Abuwe
+(Yoruba); Ikwahobo, or usually known amongst the timber men and
+forest officers as Anamomilla in Benin, Apobo (Jekri, Ijor).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[327]</span>It
+is one of the most prevalent trees on the banks of the Ogba stream
+in the Benin province, and it is also found in the Ondo, Abeokuta,
+Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows to a large size, reaching a girth
+of over 12 feet and a bole length of over 60 feet. The root spurns
+are slight compared to Mahogany, extending only from 4 to 6 feet up
+the stem.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The small, almost
+quadrangular-shaped capsule, which splits open with four sides and
+centre square in section with only eight seeds, two placed on each
+face, is about the size of a little finger. At its base the bole is
+not entirely circular in shape, but tends to form four distinct
+narrow small buttresses, giving it almost a quadrangular shape. The
+bark is a dark brown colour, which gets rougher with old age and
+scales off to a small extent. Compared to the size of the tree it
+is not very thick. In the younger trees it is quite smooth and more
+of a yellow-brown colour. The leaves are pinnate, with three or
+four pairs of pinnæ. The four-sided capsule is a most typical
+feature of this tree, and distinguishes it from Entandrophragma.
+The leaves are of a dark colour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood is a good
+walnut-brown, sometimes with very striking dark-brown or black
+streaks in it. The sapwood is comparatively narrow and the
+heartwood forms comparatively early in the life of the tree. The
+wood is only moderately hard; it planes well, and takes nails; it
+saws easily, and splits moderately well. It is, however, attacked
+by termites, but not when used for interior work. It shrinks but
+little and does not warp very much. The grain is rather finer than
+that of the ordinary mahogany, but the pores are often much longer.
+It has a pleasant lustre, but tends to darken a little with age,
+especially when not exposed to the brightest light. The tree is a
+moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing species, with
+soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration
+appears to be moderate. It sprouts slightly from the stump. Seed
+years are none too frequent. The seeds themselves are soon eaten by
+boring insects when they lie on the ground; even when picked up
+they soon lose their germinative capacity, and should be planted
+within a month of being gathered, as they are so liable to get dry.
+The tree is a little exacting in regard to soil, apparently
+demanding plenty of moisture, depth and a good deal of humus. No
+plantations have been made with this tree, but a great number of
+isolated trees have been planted by timber-lease holders in their
+areas.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[328]</span> market as
+African Walnut at 1d. per superficial foot. Since then, however,
+the qualities of this timber have become better known, and it now
+finds a ready sale at rates varying from 2d. to 5d. per superficial
+foot. Although it is a mahogany by family, it is usual to sell it
+as African Walnut, as the colour and texture of the wood are very
+similar to walnut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—In the Benin province it has
+been used for canoe-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Guarea Thompsonii</i>. Cedar Mahogany, Cedar or
+Close-grained Mahogany. Sidu (Yoruba); Obobonikwi (Benin); Akpaku
+(Ibo Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large forest tree of the evergreen forest
+zone, attaining a girth of 12 feet, which is most commonly found in
+the Benin district of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The trunk is
+dark-brown with smoothish bark, which has a tendency to scale off a
+little. The pinnate leaves are shiny and form very distinctive
+tufts at the ends of the branches, though not quite so much as in
+Entandrophragma.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit, which is quite soft, is a dehiscent
+capsule, of a dark brown colour; when ripe, three black seeds
+covered with red pulp are released. The seeds are ellipsoid in
+shape and smaller than those of <i>G. sp.</i>, Obobonufwa. The seed
+is nearly half an inch long and covered with white streaks
+following round its narrowest circumference. The crown is very
+thick and dense compared with <i>G. sp.</i>, Obobonufwa. The bole
+length is shorter, and the shape of it is not so regular nor so
+round as that of <i>G. sp.</i>, Obobonufwa. The crown is flatly
+spherical in shape, reaching fully a third of the total height of
+the tree. The flowers are yellow and borne in long spikes about 1
+foot in length.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heart of a
+mahogany-brown colour, with a slightish red tinge when freshly cut,
+which rapidly goes a light brown colour, though not such a light
+brown as in the case of <i>G. sp.</i>, Obobonufwa. It has a strong
+cedar scent when freshly cut, and even the old wood retains this
+scent when planed up afresh. The grain is fine, though a little
+fibrous. The pores are long and open. It has, however, a nice
+sheen, giving a better appearance than that of <i>G. sp.</i>,
+Obobonufwa. It planes easily, but does not split very well. It
+takes nails fairly easily and saws without difficulty. It is not
+termite-proof. It has considerable tensile strength and elasticity.
+In proportion the heartwood is very large and forms comparatively
+early in the life of the tree. It has a closer grain than any of
+the mahogany of the Benin district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[329]</span>The
+tree is a fast-growing one, at first shade-bearing, and later a
+more light-demanding species, with soil-improving and
+soil-protecting qualities. Natural regeneration appears to be fair,
+though the seeds are eaten by insects, and they do not appear to
+keep their generative capacity for a great length of time. It
+appears to be rather exacting as to soil, liking one with a fair
+degree of moisture, mineral content and of considerable depth. No
+plantations have yet been made of this tree, but isolated specimens
+have been planted by the timber-lease holders. It bears good crops
+of seed every few years.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Owing to the comparative shortage of mahogany trees
+on some areas, this tree is now felled as a timber for export, and
+is sold as Scented Mahogany at 3d. to 6d. per superficial foot.
+Locally it has been cut for planks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Guarea sp.</i> Cedar Mahogany, Scented Mahogany.
+Sida, Sendar, Odogbo, Akokogbo (Yoruba); Obobonufwa (Benin); Akpaku
+(Ibo Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large forest tree of the evergreen zone,
+attaining a girth of over 12 feet, which is most commonly met with
+in the Benin district of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The bole is covered
+with smooth grey bark, which peels off very gradually in large
+pieces more like a plane; it is sometimes relieved by patches of
+yellow or red lichens. It has tufts of pinnate leaves at the end of
+the branches.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is a greyish-brown coloured, dehiscent
+capsule, which contains three large seeds covered with
+orange-coloured flesh. The seed is black, and wider and thicker
+than the <i>G. Thompsonii</i>, though the length is about the same;
+this makes it flatly ovate. The seed is covered with white streaks
+in the same way as <i>Guarea Thompsonii</i>. The root spurns are
+narrow and extend further up the stem than in the case of <i>G.
+Thompsonii</i>, though in the younger trees the stem is very
+cylindrical. The silvery-coloured bark is most typical of this
+tree, thus distinguishing it most clearly from <i>G.
+Thompsonii</i>. It is very similar in appearance to <i>Sideroxylon
+Aylmeri</i> of Sierra Leone, so that indeed it may be a species of
+Sideroxylon, or even the same.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ondo, Abeokuta and Benin
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and narrow and the heartwood
+light-brown, rapidly darkening to a more mahogany brown. When
+freshly cut it has a strong cedar scent, which goes off to a
+certain extent when it is dry, but on planing the wood up again
+there is always a slight cedar scent. It is closer
+grained<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[330]</span> than <i>G.
+Thompsonii</i>, but it has not so much sheen. On the whole the
+colour is poorer. It is not considered quite so durable as <i>G.
+Thompsonii</i>, nor is it termite-proof. It planes well and saws
+easily, splits moderately well, and takes nails without difficulty.
+It is of a very light colour for mahogany. It has a good, mellow
+texture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is at first slightly shade-bearing, but later a
+light-demanding tree. It grows comparatively rapidly. It thoroughly
+protects the soil and enriches it with its leaf fall. Natural
+regeneration appears to be only moderate, perhaps owing to the fact
+that the seeds soon lose their germinative capacity or are eaten by
+animals. It appears to be somewhat exacting as to soil, liking one
+with considerable depth, mineral content and a fair degree of
+moisture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 sample logs of this timber were considered
+of a lower value than mahogany, and were sold as Scented Mahogany
+at 3½d. to 3¾d. per superficial foot. Since that date the timber
+has been regularly shipped from the Benin district and sold as
+Scented Mahogany, and it is usually worth from 2½d. to 6d. per
+superficial foot. Owing to the comparative scarcity of large girth
+mahoganies (<i>Khaya sp.</i>) in some localities, it is being
+felled in increasingly large quantities.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia Heudelottii</i>. Rere, Ako Irere,
+Asana (Yoruba); Ovallo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has a smaller leaf than <i>Trichilia sp.</i>,
+and is rather a smaller tree than <i>T. Prieuriana</i>. The
+heartwood is brown-red and very hard; the sapwood is white.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree of the mixed forest
+zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Occasionally it is used as a house-building timber,
+when there is nothing else available.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia sp.</i> Iseko (Yoruba); Ogiovalo
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has a larger leaf than <i>T. Heudelotii</i>. It
+is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo and Benin provinces of Nigeria. The
+heartwood is brownish-red and the sapwood is white. It reaches
+rather a larger size than <i>T. Heudelotii</i>, attaining a bole
+length of about 15 feet and a girth of 5 feet. The seeds are very
+similar to those of <i>P. Prieuriana</i>. It is termite-proof.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration
+appears to be slight. It apparently demands a good soil, and is
+found in the mixed deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not yet been tried as an export timber, but
+it might be useful as a hard mahogany, both for export and for
+local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_331">[331]</span>Amongst the natives it is occasionally used
+as a house-building timber, the tree having a fork at a convenient
+distance from the ground.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia Prieuriana</i>. Awe, Eriagbo (Yoruba);
+Igogo (Benin); Somabari (Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a
+dark-foliaged tree, usually found dominated in the mixed forest,
+with thin, scaly bark and thin, long leaves, with four or five
+pairs of pinnæ. The seeds are reminiscent of Guarea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the mixed
+deciduous forests of the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—It has a hard, red heartwood of
+close grain and white sapwood; it does not shrink nor warp to any
+extent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration
+appears to be poor, perhaps owing to the fact that the seeds decay
+very rapidly when lying in the ground.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In the dry season the dew condenses very readily on
+this tree, and thus makes the ground very moist underneath.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It does not reach really export timber size. It has
+not been used either for export or locally. However, for smaller
+constructional work it deserves a trial.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Turræa Vogelii</i>. Asha omode (Yoruba); Ovioza
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province
+of Nigeria. It is quite small, only attaining a girth of about 2
+feet. It usually stands in the shade as part of the undergrowth of
+the evergreen forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives have no particular use for it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Turræa heterophylla</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Abeokuta province of
+Nigeria. It is a small tree which has been specially noticed in the
+Ilaro Forest Reserve. The Yorubas do not have any special use for
+this species of Meliaceæ. It is considerably harder than either
+mahogany or cedar mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ekebergia Senegalensis</i> (Juss.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree found in the Abeokuta
+province of Nigeria. It is distinguished by its white flowers, and
+is found growing in the Olokemeji Arboretum. The leaves are large
+for Meliaceæ, but the position of the flower-stalk and the bark are
+typical of this family. The natives have not used the wood thus
+far. It would make rather an ornamental shrub-like tree in a
+garden.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Melia Azedarach</i>. Bead Tree or Persian Lilac.
+Eke Oyinbo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[332]</span>A
+tree found growing plentifully. It is of medium size, bearing a
+very ornamental flower. It yields timber, gum, oil and medicaments,
+and is also used in the preparation of liquors. The fruit is
+poisonous.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><em>? Mahogany</em>. Onyemo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is somewhat uncommon in the Benin
+province of Nigeria. It is closely allied to the African Walnut. It
+is apparently a mahogany, so far as the texture of the timber is
+concerned, and the grain is very similar too. It is a medium-sized
+tree with a bark less pitted than that of the Entandrophragmas and
+with a more greenish tinge. The slash is white, the sapwood
+whitish-yellow and the heartwood light-brown, becoming darker on
+exposure to the air. It has occasionally been cut in Benin and used
+as mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Polygalaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carpolobia lutea</i> (Don). Oshunshun
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of
+Nigeria. A shrub-like tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Polygala arenaria</i>. Okuturupu (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Dichapetalaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chailletia floribunda</i> (Planch). Kukumarugbo
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small tree of the mixed deciduous forest
+zone. It is a shade-bearing and soil-protecting tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is hard and durable. Locally it has not
+been used to any extent, though it might find a place in temporary
+buildings as verandah-posts or window-frames. The timber is said to
+be termite-proof. The flowers are very conspicuous and quite
+enliven the forest with their bright colours.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Euphorbiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron Africanus</i>. African Wood Oil
+Nut. Erimado, Ekku (Ib.); Funfun Puttuputtu (Yoruba); Okkwen,
+Okwen-seva (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large or more often medium-sized tree with
+smooth grey bark, rather thin branches in more or less whorls, and
+open crown. The fruit has two lobes, with one seed in each lobe.
+The leaf is digitate, with a varying number of digits, from three
+to five. The leaves are rather smaller and much thinner and finer
+in texture than those of <i>R. Rautenii</i>. The root spurns are
+smaller, and do not appear much more than 1 foot to 2 feet above
+the ground, nor do the roots themselves usually extend above the
+ground. It reaches a girth of about 8 feet.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i072" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig072.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig072.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 72.—<span class=
+"bold">Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking downstream, Oshun
+Forest Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i073" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig073.jpg"><img src='images/fig073.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 73.—<span class=
+"bold">Large Arere Tree (Triplochiton Nigericum), already girdled
+and dead.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i074" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig074.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig074.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 74.—<span class=
+"bold">Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking upstream, Oshun
+Forest Reserve, Jebu Ode District.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i075" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig075.jpg"><img src='images/fig075.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 75.—<span class=
+"bold">Ride between Compartments C and D, Mamu Forest Reserve,
+Funtumia seedlings on either side, six to eight years
+old.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 332.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[333]</span>The
+timber is a little more closely grained than that of <i>R.
+Rautenii</i>, but otherwise very similar. On the whole the bole has
+a less good shape, tapering rather more in proportion to its
+height. The timber length of the tree does not usually exceed 25
+feet. Natural regeneration is very good, though this tree does not
+bear seed so heavily as the sister species. It sprouts well from
+the stump, but the stump does not last. In its youth it will stand
+a little shade, but is really a light-loving tree, with
+soil-protecting, soil-improving qualities. It is not quite so rapid
+a growing tree as <i>R. Rautenii</i>, even though it is one of the
+quickest growing trees. It appears to like a moist, comparatively
+rich soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as a species of mahogany. It is, however, probable
+that these were logs from a different kind of tree, as the wood is
+too dull a brown colour to be really like mahogany. Locally it has
+not been sawn up for planks, but deserves a trial as a box-making
+and pattern-making wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is felled indiscriminately
+with <i>R. Rautenii</i> and used for a similar purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron Rautenii</i>. Yoruba Coffin Wood.
+Ekku, Puttuputtu (Yoruba); Okwen-seva, Okkwen nebo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A large tree, up to 12 feet in girth, with stout
+branches and roughly fissured bark reminding one of oak. The fruit
+is slightly three-lobed, containing three seeds. The leaf is
+digitate, with the number of digits varying from five to seven. The
+leaves are larger and thicker and with a rougher surface than those
+of <i>R. Africanus</i>. The crown is thicker, more widespread, and
+roughly spherical in shape. The roots usually come out of the
+ground near the base of the tree and form rough root spurns,
+extending 3 or 4 feet up the bole of the tree. The bole reaches a
+length of 30 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is one of the commonest trees in the moist
+secondary forests and at the edge of the mixed deciduous forests in
+Benin, Abeokuta, Calabar.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber of this tree was described as a “species
+of mahogany” and suitable for the Liverpool market in 1906.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—By the Yorubas it is cut down
+and sawn up into planks for making coffins. Mostly medium-sized
+trees are used for this purpose. None of the natives apparently
+know how to use the nuts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron sp.</i> Species of Mahogany. Okwen
+seni (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The African oil-nut, with four nuts in each fruit,
+appears to be the same, but this larger number of nuts is the
+specially distinguishing feature, and has been given a distinct
+name<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[334]</span> by the Benin
+people. It is, however, rather doubtful if it is really a different
+species from <i>R. Rautenii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is used in much the same
+way as the other two species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Heudelotii</i>. Mahogany. Yeye (Yoruba);
+Oyen (Benin); Ile (Bonny and New Calabar).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Owerri and Yoruba provinces of
+Nigeria. With its slightly curved trunk and large mass of
+widespreading aerial roots, extending almost to a quarter up the
+height of the tree, it is distinguishable from other trees of this
+zone. Usually found growing near water, or in regions that are
+flooded periodically. It sends out fresh red-coloured aerial roots.
+The leaves are somewhat shiny and give a greyish appearance in the
+distance. The bark is finely fissured and dark brown. Often covered
+with moss at the base. It attains a girth of about 10 feet and a
+bole length of about 25 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing tree.
+It protects the soil and enriches it with the fall of its leaves.
+Its mass of aerial roots tends to moderate the speed of the flooded
+river and holds the banks up, preventing corrosion, and in many
+cases tends to help the formation of higher and more solid banks,
+owing to the deposit of sand between and near the network of aerial
+roots.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is very similar to mahogany in grain,
+though a little harder. It has considerable elasticity. It is
+finely fibrous, and does not plane up with such a smooth finish,
+nor does it split well. It is termite-resisting and moderately
+tough. It saws with difficulty. The sapwood is stained with reddish
+colouring matter, and the heartwood is a dull red-brown. The pores
+in the timber are longer, and resemble mahogany in this respect;
+though, being fibrous to the touch, the difference is shown.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, nor has it been
+sawn up for local use. Occasionally it is used by the natives for
+house-building, and some of the crooked roots and branches are used
+as ribs for boats and building up canoes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Guineensis</i> (Muell. Arg.). False
+Mahogany. Abo Emido, also known as Yeye and Yere (Yoruba); Onye
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—Large aerial roots
+supporting the bole at a height of 8 to 10 feet from the ground.
+When cut, the slash is red; the sapwood is whitish, tinged with the
+red colouring matter of the heartwood, which is a dull red.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—Banks of the Ogun, Olokemeji
+Forest Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In most respects the timber is similar to that of
+Heudelottii.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[335]</span> On the
+whole, however, this species is a little harder than the other.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is somewhat slow-growing and stands less
+shade than the Heudelotii. It is of the greatest value, with its
+aerial roots, in protecting and increasing the height and stability
+of the river banks at the edge of the dry forest zone. It is one of
+the few trees that are not washed out of the banks in the flood
+season, and even when they do fall over into the river they remain
+attached to the bank and lessen the force of the current. Natural
+regeneration is none too good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, nor has it been
+felled locally for conversion into planks. Occasionally the natives
+use the smaller trees for house-building. They also consider the
+places in the rivers immediately near or overhung by one of these
+trees as the best localities for fishing.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia micrantha</i>. Yoruba Ironwood. Ira
+Odan, Asa Gidi (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree or shrub up to 8 feet high, with
+a large alternate leaf. The bark tends to be fibrous and can be
+stripped off in a similar way to the other Bridelias.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is very hard, moderately durable, and
+said to be termite-proof. Its small size and somewhat crooked
+nature hinders its more extensive use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is occasionally of use for house-poles in
+temporary buildings, and makes good firewood, giving intense heat.
+The leaves yield a rich humus and improve the soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The bark is mixed with Hausa
+salts and then drunk with lime and water as an aperient.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia Zenkeri</i>, syn. <i>atroviridis</i>.
+Yoruba Ironwood. Asha, Asha ragha (Yoruba); Oviaruza, Assivi,
+Ogangan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a comparatively common tree of the Abeokuta,
+Oyo, Benin and Owerri provinces of Nigeria. The roughly fissured
+bark, scaling off in criss-cross fashion, in papery or fibrous
+layers, is most typical of the tree. The bole is short, seldom
+reaching a greater length than 15 feet. It is usually forked about
+this height and then spreads out, rather reminiscently of the elm.
+It yields the hardest wood of all the African trees, except perhaps
+Okuta (the stone).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is occasionally used for house-building by the
+natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia stenocarpa</i>. Benin Ironwood. Arasha,
+Asha, Aroro Ashasha (Ondo), Aiveygbo (Eg.) (Yoruba); Assivi
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Benin and Calabar
+provinces of Nigeria, where it is somewhat prevalent, but found
+always singly in the forest. In habit it is not at all unlike the
+wych<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[336]</span> elm. The leaf
+is of similar size and shape, the bark peels off in fibrous layers,
+but is otherwise fissured in lattice-work fashion. For the size of
+the tree the bark is comparatively thin; the slash is light-brown,
+sometimes a whitish-grey. The sapwood is white and the heartwood is
+dark-brown and very hard. It saws well, but is almost impossible to
+split, and it will not take nails. It has a short bole of about 20
+feet, is deciduous for a few days in the year, but is otherwise a
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Samples were at one time
+on the way to be exported, but were sunk by accident, the wood, of
+course, being much heavier than water.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives occasionally use it for
+house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Excœcaria sp.</i> Orupa (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, up to 18 inches in girth, with
+smooth, yellowish-red bark, and has maple-like seeds in pairs
+joined at the base. The stem gives a greyer impression than that of
+<i>Ormosia laxiflora</i>, and it is also much smoother.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the dry-zone
+forest of the Ibadan, Abeokuta and Onitsha provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—Not very hard and of a yellowish
+colour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The bark and roots are used
+medicinally. It is sold in the Lagos medicine market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antidesma venosum</i>. Aroro (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, about 9 feet high. Found in the
+Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antidesma sp.</i> Ogbamaton (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tragia Manniana</i>. Esisi (Yoruba); Ogangan
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Ondo and Benin provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Microdesmis puberula</i> (Hook.). The Benin
+Apata Wood. Apata (Yoruba); Ehranpata, Esanpata, Omomeran
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree with hard wood of a brown
+colour. It reaches about 15 feet high with a girth of about 12
+inches.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">On the whole this is a slow-growing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving shrub. It serves a useful
+purpose in the undergrowth and is of local value as well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The wood is used for making
+the musical instrument known to the Benin as Apata, a kind of
+harp-shaped frame made of wire, but much smaller.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Microdesmis sp.</i> Essunsun, Ubelluname,
+Ubellunowe (Benin); Njorgora (Oban, Ekoi); Akiti (Ibo Owerri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the Benin, Ondo, Ogoja and
+Calabar provinces of Nigeria. A medium-sized tree of about 6
+feet<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[337]</span> in girth,
+attaining a bole length of about 40 feet. Its small, pretty
+five-petalled flowers fall off the tree and cover the path or
+neighbouring bushes; their scent is very pleasant and is
+reminiscent of honey and flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood light red
+brown, rather hard, of close grain and close texture; it planes
+moderately well, but it is rather hard to saw and does not split.
+It is durable under cover, but does not last when exposed to the
+weather. It hardens very considerably when exposed to the air. The
+timber was used for verandah-posts in the Calabar district, but did
+not prove very suitable, as a large borer often attacked it. The
+timber is not absolutely termite-proof. The natives occasionally
+use the wood for house-posts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phyllanthus reticulatus</i>. Iranje
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phyllanthus sp.</i> Awe, Erigaba (Yoruba);
+Eghogho (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cyclostemon</i>. Oyen (Benin). This may be the
+same as <i>Uapaca Heudelotii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree of the Abeokuta and Benin
+provinces of Nigeria. It has aerial roots and likes a damp, moist
+soil. It has red flowers which come out in February. It yields a
+hard, reddish wood, which is rather fibrous.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Manniophyton Africanum</i>. Ebumen (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small creeper similar to that known as
+Okwe by the Benis.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Manniophyton sp.</i> Okwe (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a long creeper found in the Benin and Ogoja
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The nut of this creeper is most commonly seen in
+the cooked state in the markets, when it appears like a
+dark-coloured marble. The soft shell can be cracked between the
+fingers, and the hardish white nut is seen inside, being about 1
+inch in diameter and very meaty. A few of these almost take the
+place of a meal. Thus far the plant has not been cultivated, the
+natives only picking the fruit as they find it in the forest. The
+fruit is four-cornered and contains one nut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Palissya <span class="msg" title=
+"sic">cordata</span></i>. Ipa (Yoruba); Unwonwen (Benin); Abo Asha
+(Ibadan).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin forest. A medium-sized
+tree, which might be examined with a view to being a source of
+dyeing material.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga Barteri</i>. Arasa (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree or shrub found in Tropical West
+Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Claoxylon Barteri</i> (Hook.). Itakun, Okare
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has small flowers. Found near Ipetu.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_338">[338]</span>Anacardiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spondias lutea</i>. Non-indigenous Hog Plum or
+Yellow Plum. Iyeye, Akika Aka (Yoruba); Ogikan or Ogege (Benin);
+Nsukakara (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although indigenous to India, it has become very
+widespread in its area of distribution in Africa, where it is
+found, partly planted or as a “garden escape,” in all the Southern
+Provinces of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth
+of about 5 feet and a height of about 50 feet. The very evenly and
+comparatively deeply fissured bark, in comparison to the size of
+the tree, is the most typical feature of it. A very open crown, and
+few straight upward- and outward-tending branches, with very slight
+side branches and twigs also distinguish this tree from many of the
+forest trees. The little yellow fruit, about 1 inch long and ¾ inch
+in diameter, is very much like an elongated Mirabel plum. It is
+between an eighth and a quarter of an inch of yellow flesh when the
+nut or stone is reached inside. The leaves are thin and pinnate,
+with ten to twelve pairs of pinnæ on each leaf. Sometimes the bark
+is rough and almost prickly. The branches and cortex in smaller
+trees are more or less covered with little nodules which sometimes
+develop into small thorns. The fruit is sweet, but rather sharp to
+the taste, almost tart. It is, however, refreshing in the hot
+weather whilst on the march.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is whitish-yellow, not very hard,
+although it is scarcely attacked by white ants, chiefly perhaps
+owing to the fact that any green piece of wood with some bark on it
+will grow when lying on the ground. It planes well, splits easily,
+and takes nails.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a rapid-growing, light-loving tree which does
+not thoroughly protect the soil nor enrich it very much with its
+foliage. Natural regeneration is poor. It is most readily
+propagated by means of cuttings, which may even be about 6 inches
+in diameter and quite as long as posts. With the spread of farms
+and other buildings it tends to become more widely distributed over
+the country. It demands a moist soil with a fair amount of
+depth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber does not show such qualities as to
+justify its export, but occasionally the larger trees might be sawn
+up for planks for local use. It is very useful for making live
+fences, which grow fast and do not cast much shade. In fruit the
+tree also looks very pretty.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The tree is used for live
+fences for gardens and farms. The fruit is eaten, but not to an
+enormous extent,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[339]</span> as
+it is said to form tartar on the teeth. Amongst the Yorubas, parts
+of the roots and branches are used for axe and hoe handles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spondias sp.</i> Ekika Aja (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree may be the same as <i>Pseudospondias
+microcarpa</i>, but it has only been determined from a specimen
+obtained from the Oshun Reserve. This is somewhat further south and
+in a moister region than the <i>Pseudospondias microcarpa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudospondias microcarpa</i>. Okika
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat rare tree in the Abeokuta and
+Ibadan provinces of Nigeria. Apparently there is a small-fruited
+tree of this species in the Olokemeji Reserve. The tree itself
+attains a larger size than <i>S. lutea</i>, reaching a girth of 8
+feet and a bole of 20 feet. The growth is less free and the bark is
+much darker and more fissured than <i>S. lutea</i>. It has not been
+felled for export; the natives have no particular use either for
+the wood or the fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anacardium Occidentale</i>. Non-indigenous
+Cashew Nut. Kaju (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree has become a garden escape on the Ekoi
+plains near Lagos, where it forms dense thickets. It is not
+indigenous to West Africa. The tree bears well, and the Brazilians
+resident in Lagos make a jam out of the fruit. The nuts are roasted
+and regularly sold in the market, to Europeans chiefly. The
+branches of the tree are sometimes lopped off and cut into short
+pieces for firewood. It is usually of very sprawling habit, with a
+short bole only 3 or 4 feet long. It is not found in the forest
+proper.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><em>Botanical name unknown</em>. Blacksmith’s
+Charcoal Wood. Akkun (Yoruba); Azimommon, Onyenu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of
+Nigeria, Obagie Reserve and Oyon River.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, with large leaves and compact
+crown. It has a very small, berry-like fruit; found growing on
+moist soil in the evergreen forest, sometimes found in the fringing
+forest of river banks of a dry zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The timber is very hard, grey in
+colour and perhaps flexible. The bark is rough and finely fissured.
+It is inclined to peel off. The slash is pink. The wood is very
+fibrous, and in the cross-cut section the pieces between the fibres
+look like very small pinholes. The wood when freshly cut has a
+sweet, rather pleasant smell.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>European Use.</em>—It has not, so far, been
+sold for export or local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The stems of the small trees
+are used for axe-handles,<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_340">[340]</span> and this tree is esteemed by the blacksmith
+for making charcoal. It is also cut into planks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anacardia sp.</i> Rat Poison Mango. Akkum
+(Yoruba); Pweku Pweku, Azemome (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Benin native name means literally “Rat-kill,
+rat-kill,” but I have never been able to discover exactly how the
+poison is used. It is rather a rare tree of the Benin forest of the
+Benin province. It reaches a height of about 80 feet and a girth of
+9 feet. It bears a large fruit about the size and shape of a good
+mango. This is certainly one of the best fruits of the native
+trees. It has a much sweeter scent than that of the mango, and the
+taste is also much sweeter. From experiments made it is not
+poisonous to chickens, goats nor sheep, but none of them, except
+the chickens, took it at all willingly. The fruit is said to be
+very poisonous to man, but its delicious flavour tempts the tasting
+of it. Certainly, in very small quantities it is not poisonous, and
+it would be interesting to know in what quantities it is so. The
+slash is yellowish-white. The sapwood is white and the heartwood of
+a dull brown colour. It is a hard and heavy wood. It saws with
+difficulty. It is a shade-bearing and soil-protecting tree. The
+natural reproduction appears to be poor.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been used locally, nor has it
+been sampled for export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Celastraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gymnosporia Senegalensis</i>. Shepolo-hun
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Icacinaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pyrenacantha sp. nov.</i> Abara (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Epe Colony of Lagos,
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapindaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lecaniodiscus cupanoides</i>. Akika. Aka-Ishin
+(Yoruba); Utan-tan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Warri,
+Ogoja and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is a small, shrub-like
+tree, reaching a girth of about 1 foot and a height of 15 feet. The
+leaves are very small, the timber extremely hard and cross-grained.
+The wood is used by the natives for rafters, hoe-handles and
+sometimes mortar-pestles; the root is said to have medicinal
+properties.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_341">[341]</span><i>Blighia sapida</i>. Akee or Akee Apple.
+Ishin Ishin-oka (Yoruba); Ukpi nufwa (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria.
+It has an edible aril, which is yellow in colour. It is cooked
+before being consumed. It is a very ornamental tree, and bears
+fruit when quite young, which, being orange-coloured, looks very
+pretty amongst the green foliage.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is more or less triangular in shape, and
+when ripe splits open up to the base, releasing three black nuts
+with a yellow aril. The fruit is orange-coloured with a pink flush.
+It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of about 6 feet and a
+height of about 60 feet. The bark is smooth and grey in colour and
+comparatively thin. The crown is oval in shape and much more open
+than is the case with <i>Phialodiscus sp.</i> It has a moderately
+large pinnate leaf with two pairs of pinnæ. The flowers are small
+and comparatively inconspicuous. It is found chiefly in the mixed
+deciduous forest zone. It is most frequently seen in the
+neighbourhood of villages, where it has probably been planted.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood brown,
+moderately hard, durable and termite-proof. It planes well, though
+occasionally it is cross-grained. The wood is of fine texture and
+has a certain amount of sheen. It saws well, but does not split
+easily. It takes nails only moderately well. It tends to darken a
+little on exposure to the air.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is moderately fast-growing, at first
+shade-bearing and subsequently light-demanding. It is also a
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. It appears to like
+comparatively rich soil, though it may also be seen on poor ground,
+where it does not thrive. Natural regeneration is not good, chiefly
+owing to the fact that many animals eat the seeds, besides human
+beings. It will bear fruit in the fifth year, more especially from
+stump shoots. It sprouts well from the stump and stands a great
+deal of pruning.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been cut for export, and only
+occasionally has it been sawn up for local use. It is, however,
+worthy of further attention as a local building timber. As an
+ornamental tree it is worthy of a place in a large garden. With its
+open crown it is a comparatively clean tree, and does not harbour
+flies and insects.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—In places of timber scarcity
+it is occasionally used for house-poles. The aril of the fruit is
+eaten after being cooked, but apparently this custom is much more
+prevalent in the West Indies amongst the descendants of the African
+slaves. In many parts of Nigeria it is quite unknown as an edible
+fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_342">[342]</span><i>Phialodiscus sp.?</i>. Bush Akee. Awewe,
+Ishin Oko, Isinko (Yoruba); Ukpi nikwi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Identified from a specimen in the Forestry
+Arboretum, Calabar.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The capsule splits
+into three and allows three black seeds to escape, with small
+yellow aril round the base. The whole fruit and the individual
+seeds are much smaller than <i>Blighia sapida</i>, though, as the
+Benin name indicates, this is so similar that it is called the
+black variety of Ukpi. The fruit is triangular in shape, otherwise
+very much the same size as African Oak, <i>Oldfieldia
+Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Calabar, Owerri, Benin, Ondo and
+Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Blighia sp.</i> Ishin Oko, Oko Ishin (Yoruba);
+Ukpi nikwi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—Ibadan, Abeokuta, Jebu Ode,
+Benin, Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. Probably same as
+<i>Phialodiscus sp.</i></p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The very
+insignificant white flower-spikes, hidden away amongst the leaves,
+but attracting numerous bees in February and March, characterize
+this variety. It is a medium-sized tree, with light-green foliage,
+thin, lanceolate leaves, a thin grey bark, smooth and close and
+oval-shaped crown, through which one cannot see. The capsule is
+dehiscent, with three black seeds with yellow arils, smaller than
+<i>Blighia sapida</i>, but otherwise quite similar in shape, except
+that the capsule is more triangular than that of <i>B. sapida</i>,
+and shorter also and of a dark brown colour. It is not unlike the
+fruit of the real African Oak, <i>Oldfieldia Africana</i>, except
+that this is quite spherical in shape.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—White sapwood and light-brown
+heartwood, which is moderately hard. It does not plane well, and is
+sometimes cross-grained; the texture of the wood is fine, but is a
+little fibrous. It saws easily, but does not split well. The bole
+being very cylindrical in shape, comparatively long, even-widthed
+planks can be cut out of it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration does
+not appear to be good. It is somewhat exacting as to soil, and does
+not thrive in a moist sand. It is somewhat fire-resisting. In the
+dry season a good deal of dew is condensed on the leaves, but not
+so much as in other genera, such as Anona.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been cut for export, nor has it
+been sawn up for local use. It deserves, however, further trial as
+a local building timber. A specimen, from which the tree was
+determined, stands in the forest region of Calabar.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Use.</em>—Native implements of various
+kinds.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i076" class="iw11"><a href=
+"images/fig076.jpg"><img src='images/fig076.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 76.—<span class=
+"bold">Path in Iwoye Forest, Western Circle, showing parts of four
+Mahogany Trees in the picture.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i077" class="iw11"><a href=
+"images/fig077.jpg"><img src='images/fig077.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 77.—<span class=
+"bold">Mature Cocoanut Grove near stream in the middle of Idanre
+Town, 1910.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 342.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_343">[343]</span><i>Deinbollia pinnata</i>. Oju Agbigbo
+(Yoruba); Ebegogogbo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small, shrub-like tree found in the
+Abeokuta and Benin provinces. The small orange-brown-coloured seeds
+are of similar shape to, though smaller than, <i>Blighia
+sapida</i>; they are, however, more elliptical. The stem of the
+tree, if found with the proper crook in it, is used for making
+hoe-handles. The leaf is pinnate. This tree only attains a small
+size, and is found as undergrowth in the mixed deciduous forest
+zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cupania akeesia</i>. Small Ukpi nufwa.
+Ishin-jeje, Ishin-gege (Yoruba); Ukpi nufwa (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small, shrub-like tree, common in the
+Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rhamnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zizyphus mucronata</i> (Willd.). Walking-stick
+Wood. Ekanesie adie (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a shrub-like tree of the dry-zone forest,
+but does not bear such a nice fruit as that of <i>Z.
+jujuba</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Tiliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Glyphea Grewioides</i> (Hook.). Atori (Yoruba);
+Uwenyriotan, Uwemriotan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, not much more than a large
+shrub, with small leaves, and very common in the undergrowth of the
+evergreen forest. It is not a hard wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin, Calabar, Abeokuta, Ondo
+and Ibadan provinces of Nigeria. It is usually found as one of the
+smaller trees forming the undergrowth in the evergreen forest. It
+yields a strong, hard wood near the junction of the roots with the
+stem, though otherwise it is soft.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearer, and usually grows in a moist
+place. Reproduction by seed, judging by the amount of self-grown
+seedlings found, must be good. It thoroughly protects the soil and
+enriches it. It thus serves a useful purpose in the undergrowth of
+evergreen forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is used as a “Ju-ju” whip
+in Benin and for walking-sticks. Small stump shoots can also be
+used for yam supports and for making hoe-handles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cistanthera sp.</i> False Hill Mahogany. Oro,
+Apata (?) (Yoruba); Abolo (?) (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin (?) provinces
+of Nigeria. It is a very common tree on the hill-sides of the
+Olokemeji Reserve, and to a lesser extent in the Ilaro Reserve. It
+is a medium-sized tree, reaching a growth of 8 feet and the bole
+length of about 40 feet. The bark is very curious, with<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_344">[344]</span> occasional very small, long
+and narrow fissures and tiny pits scattered more or less a foot
+apart up and down the stem. It is almost gregarious in habit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is a red-brown colour with a white
+sapwood. It is very similar to mahogany and could probably be sold
+as such. It is moderately durable. A tree which fell down in the
+Olokemeji Reserve during 1910 was not absolutely unsound in
+1915.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is apparently a slight shade-bearer and rather
+slow grower. Reproduction by seed is evidently rather doubtful, as
+few or no self-sown seedlings are found in the neighbouring forest.
+It has not been cut for local use, nor for export, though sample
+logs should be tried on the Liverpool market to test its value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives use the roots for medicinal purposes,
+but they do not use the timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Grewia carpinifolia</i>. Itakum Okere
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Olokemeji.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Grewia tetragastris</i>. Ora-Igho (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shrub, reaching a height of about 5 feet,
+of the mixed deciduous forest in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria
+(Olokemeji Reserve).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triumfetta rhomboidea</i>. Boko pupa,
+Akobolobolo, Ilasa omodo (Yoruba); Nesuwa (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triumfetta cordifolia</i>. Esura (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triumfetta sp.</i> Apiko (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Corchorus acutangulus</i>. Abo-jaga
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Corchorus olitorius</i>. Eyo, Ganbe
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">These are common plants in the Ogoja and Abeokuta
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">They yield long-stapled fibre worth about £27 a
+ton. Owing to the fact that they grow wild and are not cultivated
+by the natives, the difficulty is to be able to collect sufficient
+quantities in one locality to pay for the cost of retting, baling,
+etc., to make the fibre production a paying proposition.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Malvaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hibiscus esculentus</i> (F.). Okra or Achro
+(fruit).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In most provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hibiscus Grewioides</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Yoruba country (?).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hibiscus quinquilobus</i> (G. Don). Onegozi
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Benin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sida carpinifolia</i> (Linn.). Oshopotu Dudu
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in Abeokuta province of Nigeria, and is
+used by the local people for making fibre.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_345">[345]</span><i>Urena lobata</i>. Bolobolo Fibre.
+Bolobolo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a comparatively well-known fibre-plant, but
+has not, however, been cultivated, the natives having many other
+profitable crops to grow.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bombacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriodendron Orientale</i>. White Silk-Cotton
+Tree, Blind Wood or Kapok, Cotton Tree. Araba, Eggun (Yoruba); Okha
+(Benin); Ukum (Efik); Akbo (Ibo, Asaba); Shakka (Brass).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in all the Southern Provinces
+of Nigeria, though it is not found in the most northerly part of
+the drier ones. With the exception of a few scented mahoganies,
+this is the largest African forest tree. Its huge root buttresses
+reach up over 20 feet from the ground. Its giant limbs, as thick as
+an ordinary tree-trunk, stretch out almost 100 feet from, and are
+supported on, the great column of the bole, often itself over 100
+feet high. Large muscular-like protrusions join up the limbs with
+the trunk and the latter with the root buttresses, giving the tree
+a peculiar look. The flowers are white, with yellow stamens. The
+fruit is a soft, oblong, dehiscent capsule, opening when ripe and
+releasing black seeds about twice the size of B.B. shot. Attached
+to this seed is a ball of white fluff. This last is known
+commercially as Kapok. At the time of the bursting of the capsule
+of this tree the whole air near by appears filled with white
+flakes, and the ground later is white as if after a fall of snow.
+It is almost the quickest growing of all the African forest trees.
+It grows in the evergreen forest as well as in the mixed deciduous
+forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white and soft and inclined to have
+little yellow streaks. When dry it is brittle, though very fibrous
+to cut when fresh by either axe or saw. It soon rots when exposed
+to the weather. Natural regeneration by seed is good, especially on
+the banks of rivers. It tends to extend its area of distribution
+with the clearing of the heavy forest area in making farms. It is a
+light-demanding tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In Germany, before the war, African Kapok found a
+ready sale at about 9d. per pound. Samples of Kapok were sent to
+England and were valued at less than those of the East Indian
+variety.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has been used as a “blind” wood for
+furniture, and had a regular market at Hamburg before the war. It
+has been tested in England for pulp-making, but the fibre is stated
+to be too short, and so it is of no use for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_346">[346]</span><em>Native Use.</em>—The Kapok is used for
+stuffing pillows, for which 1s. apiece is charged. Large oblong
+pieces of the root buttresses are used as native doors and as
+drying slabs for fresh dyed clothes. Whenever timber fails it is
+used for fishing canoes (the cheapest kind).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriodendron anfractuosum</i>. Cotton Tree,
+similar to Orientale. Araba Eggun (Yoruba); Okha (Benin); Shakka
+(Brass).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Was determined from Western Province material, but
+it is doubtful whether it is a different species from that found in
+other parts of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax reflexum</i>. Red-flowering Cotton Tree.
+Ponpola, Lauro (Ibadan, Yoruba); Obokha (Benin); Onihokha, Benin
+(when in flower); Titiro (Egbado).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Owerri
+and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, where it is often seen in the mixed
+forests and in clearings in the evergreen forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It has a larger
+leaf and thorns than the other Buonopozense (?) (Onikokha of
+Benin). The most typical feature is the very thick, tulip-like red
+flower of this tree. This falls to the ground, and is seen on
+roadways and pathways, indicating the presence of this tree. In
+February or March, when the flowers appear, the tree is bare, so
+that the bright-red flowers make it all the more striking. The tree
+is smaller than the <i>Eriodendron Orientale</i>, attaining a girth
+of about 12 feet and a bole length of 50 feet. The root spurns are
+much slighter, in most cases scarcely amounting to small
+buttresses. The cortex is more soft and spongy than <i>E.
+Orientale</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white, very soft, not quite so tough
+nor fibrous as <i>E. Orientale</i>, but rather more porous. It
+planes more easily, dries rather better, splits with less
+difficulty than <i>E. Orientale</i>, and saws with less
+trouble.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very fast-growing, light-loving tree, which
+does not protect or enrich the soil very much with its leaf fall.
+Natural regeneration appears to be fair, though, considering the
+enormous number of flowers almost each year, it is surprising that
+the tree does not spread more rapidly in new clearings in the
+forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been tried for export nor for
+local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The bark, roots and leaves are used amongst the
+Yorubas for medicinal purposes. The bush deer eat the flowers, when
+they fall: the Benin native says if he does not call the tree
+Onihokha, the deer will not come and eat it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax sp.?</i>, <i>Bombax buonopozense?</i>.
+Ponponla (Ibadan, Yoruba); Obokha, Onihokha (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[347]</span>It
+is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ogoja and Benin provinces of
+Nigeria, in the mixed forests, where it is not very common.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—Compared to
+<i>Bombax reflexum</i> it has a smaller leaf, smaller thorns, but
+not so many on the stem. It has a similar red flower, opening,
+however, much more widely. It reaches about the same size as the
+Bombax.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber appears to be very similar in most ways
+to <i>B. reflexum</i>. It has not been felled for export, nor has
+it been used for planks for local use. Occasionally the leaves are
+used for medicinal purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">There appears to be some doubt as to whether this
+is really a separate species from that of <i>B. reflexum</i>. It
+is, however, sufficiently different to be considered quite a
+distinct variety, though perhaps not actually a different
+species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Adansonia digitata</i>. Monkey Bread, Baobab.
+Ose (Yoruba); Usi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately common tree in the Onitsha and
+Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. Isolated specimens are also found
+elsewhere. The most typical feature of this tree is the huge thick
+trunk, tapering up into the branches, out of all proportion to the
+length of these and the twigs. These are much thicker than the
+branches and twigs of other trees. The green, elongated
+spherical-shaped fruits hang by a stalk, giving the tree the
+appearance of one decorated for a Christmas festival. The leaves
+are truly digitate and not unlike those of the cotton-tree, though
+they are thicker and darker in colour. The bark is very thick,
+spongy and fibrous, and of a light-grey colour. The bark, seeds and
+roots are used medicinally. The fruit is eaten in time of
+scarcity.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fibre is used in England for paper-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sterculiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia Rhinopetala</i>. False Chestnut. Ekko
+Okpon, Orodu or Orodo (Yoruba); Enwiwan (Benin); Otutu (Jebu);
+Awraw (Egbado).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has a smooth, light-green bark, which remains
+soft, but is whitish with age. The wood is white and soft, and
+apparently there is no difference in the heartwood. It has a small
+seed with a wing on each side of it. For external work it is not
+durable, but when seasoned for internal fittings, such as doors or
+ceilings, it is more useful.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is common in the Oyo, Benin, Calabar and
+Abeokuta provinces. It is found in the mixed deciduous forests,
+especially in the Mamu and Ilaro Forest Reserves. Also,
+wherever<span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[348]</span> it is
+found there is a comparatively large number, though it is not
+gregarious in habit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It was stated to be of no commercial value in the
+Liverpool market in 1906, but in a subsequent report it was said to
+be worth 1s. to 1s. 6d. a cubic foot, as walnut, though there must
+have been some mistake in the name.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The mushrooms which grow on
+its stem after it is cut down are used for soup. These are known as
+Epweperu.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia tomentosa</i>. Okagbo (Yoruba);
+Ukpiwenwan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Abeokuta and Benin
+provinces. It reaches a height of from 40 to 50 feet. The fruit is
+ripe in December and January; it is kidney-shaped and covered with
+a dense collection of very fine reddish hairs. It grows in
+clusters.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia sp.</i> Iwu (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria and
+is a medium-sized tree which yields a white wood which is none too
+hard nor soft.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia tragacantha</i>. African Tragacanth.
+Owun, Omunu, Omar, Ogidu (?) (Yoruba); Oporipor, Iporipor, Okoko
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It shows a brown
+slash when cut. The bark is very fibrous and the white sapwood is
+full of large open pits, which gives the wood the appearance of
+being entirely fibrous. It yields a pink-coloured gum, which
+hardens after a few days. It bears large oval-shaped leaves, which
+tend to be bunched at the end of the twigs. The pods are less than
+half the size of <i>Sterculia cordifolia</i> and are covered with
+light-brown velvety hairs on the outside. These pods open, making
+each appear coracle-shaped, with eight to ten small brown seeds
+attached to the bottom rib of the pod. The foliage looks almost
+grey-white from underneath. The bole of the younger trees is
+greyish-white and usually for 30 to 40 feet free of branches. It
+reaches a girth of about 8 feet. The wood is white and softish,
+planes easily and works up to a neat finish. Silviculturally, the
+tree stands between the light-lovers on one hand and the
+shade-bearers on the other, although it is usually seen growing
+comparatively free from other than natural shade. It does, in fact,
+stand a considerable amount of shade in the younger stages of
+growth as well as later, when it may be overgrown by larger growing
+trees. It is usually found in groups at the edge of the forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It sprouts again from the stump, but almost each
+year large crops of seeds are borne on the tree, and this would
+seem to be the chief method of reproduction.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree has not been cut for local use, nor has it
+been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[349]</span> exported. The
+Yorubas and Benis use the smaller trees as poles for
+house-building, but it is not considered a good wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia cordifolia</i>. Heart-shaped-leaved
+Sterculia. Okporoporo, (Akure); Ogugu, Ogungun or Ogrugru,
+Oburuburu (Yoruba); Idogoho, Okoko, Okokwo (Benin); Dikir (Efik);
+Ibitoto (Bembi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Jebu Ode,
+Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin, Onitsha, Owerri, and Calabar provinces of
+Nigeria. It is one of the most common trees in the mixed deciduous
+forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The large
+heart-shaped leaves and the curious twist to the lower part of the
+stem, which makes the root protuberances quite angular. It is never
+quite straight and forms a heavy oval crown.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The very large, oval, soft, almost fleshy,
+dehiscent pod, with its large winged seeds, is most typical of this
+tree. The crown is supported by three or four large limbs with
+comparatively few side branches. The foliage is very dense, though
+even in a tall tree the individual heart-shaped leaves show up
+quite distinctly. It is almost gregarious in habit, usually groups
+of four or five being found in one place. It is nearly always found
+on the banks of small streams which may dry up in the dry season.
+It is a shade-bearer, though moderately quick in growth. The wood
+is cross-grained, and emits rather an unpleasant smell when cut.
+The sapwood and the heartwood are both white, with a reddish tinge
+through it. It is soft, but becomes much harder when dry. It
+sprouts from the stump when cut down. Reproduction by seed is
+moderate. It has not been used locally, nor has it been exported.
+The natives in the Benin and Yoruba countries use the butt of
+medium-sized trees, especially those with a fork, for
+house-building. It is not attacked by white ants.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia</i> nr. <i>oblonga</i>. Opepe (?)
+(Yoruba); Orodo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the Benin province of
+Nigeria, found in the evergreen forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a question whether this species is the one
+with a very hard, leathery, half-dehiscent pod, showing about ten
+orange-coloured oblong seeds inside it. These seeds have sometimes
+been termed Okoko by the Benis, but they are, no doubt, not
+obtained from the fruit of <i>Sterculia cordifolia</i>. These seeds
+also are not winged, and are comparatively fleshy and soft compared
+to the dry, rather hard, large winged seeds of <i>Sterculia
+cordifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia cinerea</i>. Tartar Tree. Lakole
+(Yoruba); Ururata (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[350]</span>It
+is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+found at the edge of the mixed deciduous forest with the dry-zone
+area of vegetation.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Firmania Barteri</i>. Rope Tree. Eso or Esho
+(Yoruba); Akoko, Nihau (?) (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree with duck-egg-green bark and an
+uneven buttressed base, with a bole length of 30 or 40 feet and a
+girth up to 12 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is one of the most
+prevalent trees in the Olokemeji Reserve in the Abeokuta province
+of Nigeria, and found all through the mixed forests of the Western
+Circle and also in the Obubra division of the Calabar province, but
+it has so far not been found in the Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Use.</em>—A fibre, worth £14 to £20 a ton, is
+made from the bark of young trees attaining 3 inches in
+diameter.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A most conspicuous tree in October and November, as
+it is covered with small red flowers and is leafless at the time.
+It has a papery fruit with a small round seed attached to the base.
+These fruits are also most conspicuous in February and March,
+making the tree look as it were covered with red flowers for a
+second time. The large, poplar-shaped leaves with comparatively
+long stalks often tremble in the slightest breeze in a similar way
+to the aspen. The wood is soft, white and fibrous, with no
+distinguishing colour between sapwood and heartwood. It splits
+comparatively easily, though, once it is dry, with difficulty. It
+is easy to plane, though difficult to obtain a smooth surface owing
+to the grain often being twisted. The light seeds almost float in
+the air, the result being that they are spread everywhere, and thus
+come up chiefly in the open spaces and at the edges of rides and
+roads, almost to the detriment of any other species. It is one of
+the fastest growing of all the African trees, and being a
+light-lover as well, rapidly covers all the available ground. In
+fact, in the mixed deciduous forests it tends to gain in its area
+of distribution year by year. In an enumeration in the Olokemeji
+Reserve, instead of finding a few thousand trees, as in the case of
+most species, hundreds of thousands of this one were found.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The branches of the young tree grow more or less in
+whorls at right angles to the trunk, and, combined with the
+comparatively large leaves, thoroughly cover the ground near by.
+Stump sprouts grow after a tree has been felled, though natural
+reproduction by seed is by far the most prevalent method. It has
+not been felled for local use nor has it been exported. The Hausas
+living in Nigeria cut down the small trees (saplings 1 to 2 inches
+in diameter), peel off the bark, dry it, and spin<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_351">[351]</span> it into rope, which is used
+for tying loads of Cola or other produce. When freshly made it is
+soft and pliable, but when it is dry the fibre becomes very harsh
+and rather difficult to tie.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is used for floats for fishing on the
+Niger.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heritiera sp?</i>. Oviegikwe (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin and Ondo (?) provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is large, reaching a girth of about 12
+feet. The seed is papery and full of air, so that when trodden upon
+it collapses. The leaf is of medium size, more or less pinnate. The
+timber is white and soft; termites attack it. It has not been
+exported or used for local buildings.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The leaf is used medicinally,
+and the timber is used for making drums (the frame) by hollowing
+out the trunk of a tree. It is also used as walls for a temporary
+house (when dried or not); for this purpose it is split in
+pieces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heritiera sp.?</i>. Igoso (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is an uncommon tree of the Benin province of
+Nigeria. It is found in the evergreen and mixed deciduous forests.
+The fruit is considerably smaller than Oviegikwe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives apparently have no use for this tree.
+However, timber obtained from trees of this genus has proved so
+useful and durable that a trial of the wood of this species seems
+advisable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triplochiton Johnsonii</i> (Ch. Wright). African
+Maple, Bush Maple. Arere (Yoruba); Obechi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is one of the common trees of the Abeokuta,
+Ondo and Benin provinces of Nigeria; it is found in the mixed
+deciduous forest zone, more especially in the moister regions of
+these forests. Like <i>T. Nigericum</i>, it is one of the largest
+of all the forest trees, reaching a height of over 120 feet and a
+girth of 25 feet. The leaf has five lobes, and is thus
+distinguishable from <i>T. Nigericum</i>, which has seven. The bole
+is long and clean and most cylindrical in shape; the buttresses, as
+a rule, do not reach such a great height as in the case of <i>T.
+Nigericum</i>. On the whole the bark is smoother and, especially in
+the younger specimens, almost shiny. The flowers and fruit are very
+similar to <i>T. Nigericum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white, both heartwood and sapwood,
+and shows a considerable amount of elasticity; rather liable to
+warp when seasoned. It works up well and takes a satiny sheen. The
+grain is comparatively fine—in fact, a little finer than that of
+<i>T. Nigericum</i>; the pores are long and very narrow; it works
+up well with a plane, takes nails easily, does not split well; it
+saws with great ease; it is not termite-proof. If
+freshly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[352]</span> cut and
+placed under cover, it suffers most severely from the attacks of a
+very small weevil which reduces the wood to a fine powder; it is
+noticeable that when the timber is entirely dry the surface hardens
+very considerably and it is less liable and almost immune from
+attack. When thoroughly dry the wood weighs 35 pounds per cubic
+foot.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very rapid-growing, at first slightly
+shade-bearing and of recent years an eminently light-loving tree.
+It has soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural
+regeneration appears to be very good. Self-sown seedlings show a
+height-growth of over 6 feet per year. It likes a moist soil, which
+need not be very rich, but it must have considerable depth. It is
+rather liable to be blown by the wind or sometimes broken, if in an
+exposed locality.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Locally it has been used for boxes and other
+articles, which have proved quite durable; it has been used as
+inside planking and other interior work, and so long as it is
+carefully seasoned it does not warp very badly; it is probable that
+it is one of those timbers that would yield better results by kiln
+drying. In the Central Circle it has been sawn up as planks for a
+considerable time, but they have been attacked to a great extent by
+a small weevil. The local people use the bark for making roofs and
+the wood for doors for their houses.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as Satinwood, but were not considered equal to
+Anyeran (<i>Afrormosia elata</i>). Since that date no more trial
+shipments have been made, so it remains to be seen whether under
+the altered conditions and the pressing demands for timber in
+Europe a market cannot now be found for the vast quantities of this
+timber from Nigeria and other West African countries.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triplochiton Nigericum</i>. Soft Satinwood.
+Arere (Yoruba); Kpa (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Owerri and
+Calabar provinces of Nigeria; it is a common tree of the mixed
+deciduous forests. One of the distinguishing features of this tree
+are the maple-like leaves. This species has seven lobes to the
+leaf; the leaf itself is softer and almost velvety compared to the
+true maple leaf. The lobes themselves are not quite so sharply
+pointed and the leaf stalk is considerably thicker. The fruit also
+is very much like that of the maple, but is a quadruple samara
+instead of being only a double one. The tree is one of the largest
+of the whole forest, reaching a height under favourable conditions
+of nearly 150 feet; the bole alone may reach a height of 90 feet
+with a girth of over 20 feet. The<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_353">[353]</span> trunk is very cylindrical in shape, showing
+a well formed figure, but not so good as either that of Agba or Gum
+Copal. It is only broken up by the root buttresses, which often
+reach 10 to 12 feet from the ground before they merge into the
+stem; the bark is grey, sometimes almost white and almost smooth;
+in old age, shallow fissures sometimes form. The slash is
+greenish-white, and a little watery sap moistens the cut after a
+short interval. The crown is ovally spherical and occupies over
+one-third of the height of the tree. The flowers are mottled pink
+and white.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood is the same
+colour, with no great distinction between them except the greater
+dryness of the heartwood. The timber is soft and not durable, and
+is not termite-proof; it does not split very well, saws easily, and
+planes fairly well and takes nails comparatively well; does not
+plane up to a very smooth surface.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very rapid-growing, at first shade-bearing,
+and during the last few years a light-loving tree; it has
+soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. It is deciduous for a
+short time each year; flowers in February or March, and the seeds
+are borne towards the end of the rainy season. Natural regeneration
+is very good; it sprouts very strongly from the stump. It is really
+somewhat exacting as to soil, liking a moist soil of good depth and
+with plenty of drainage; it will not stand in waterlogged ground,
+though an occasional flood does not hurt it. Plantations have been
+made with this tree, and the growth thus far has been very rapid;
+self-sown seedlings, however, show greater development in the same
+period of time.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Locally, the root flanges are used for making doors
+and occasionally the tree has been cut for planks; it is said that
+the timber is not supposed to be quite so durable as that of <i>T.
+Johnsonii</i>, but in reality there is very little difference
+between them.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triplochiton n. sp.</i> Bush Maple. Obechi
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree was found in 1906 in the forest near the
+Anwai, not far from Onitsha Olona, in the Asaba district of the
+Benin province, and is very similar in habit and growth to the
+other two species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Buettneria</i>. Obechi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Benin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterygota</i>. Poroporo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It
+is not very prevalent in the mixed forests of the
+Olokemeji<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[354]</span> Reserve,
+and is a large tree, 8 to 10 feet in girth. The wood is said by the
+natives to be durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola cauliflora</i> (F.). Cola Mahogany. Isienwe
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is common in the Benin province of Nigeria, in
+the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is not very prevalent. It
+is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of 6 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The seed is a small nut. The leaves are very dark
+and are comparatively large. The bole reaches a length of about 20
+feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is whitish and the heartwood of a
+red-brown, similar to mahogany. The texture is, however, not quite
+so fine and a little more fibrous. It planes fairly well and takes
+nails fairly easily, but it does not split well. It is durable and
+is said to be termite-proof. It is a somewhat slow-growing,
+shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural
+regeneration is only moderate, and it sprouts slightly from the
+stump. It is somewhat exacting as to soil, and is usually found in
+a loamy sand, with plenty of moisture and depth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It was valued at 2d. to 2½d. a superficial foot as
+mahogany of fair character in the Liverpool market in 1906. But
+since then no more has been felled or exported.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives use it as firewood in the Benin
+country. It has not been felled for local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola laurifolia</i>. Laurel-leaved Cola. Foma
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is an uncommon tree, found in the Olokemeji
+Reserve of the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. A small tree with
+small flowers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola acuminata</i> (Beauv.). Common Cola. Obi
+Abata (Yoruba); Eve (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the Calabar, Ogoge, Owerri,
+Warri, Benin, Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is the ordinary Cola of the Benin villages, but
+it is also found in the forest. In other parts of the country it
+has been planted along the sides of the roads leading into Egbado,
+Jebu, Ode, Ondo, Ikale and Ilesha villages.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Always standing in the shade and with a heavy
+evergreen foliage, the cream-coloured flowers with a pink streak on
+each petal show up very clearly when the tree comes into bloom in
+February or March. According to the native ideas, the tree must
+never be pruned, nor, in fact, should it be cut either partially or
+wholly under any circumstances. However, in passing to and from
+their farms, boys and young men often chip the trunk of the tree
+with a matchet. This, they say, has the effect of making it produce
+more fruit; otherwise the tree always looks very dirty, and often
+the trunk and the branches<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_355">[355]</span> are covered with epiphytic ferns or
+orchids. Occasionally, once a year or once in two or three years,
+the branches of the trees standing nearest to a Cola are cut away
+and the ground immediately surrounding a Cola tree is cleared of
+undergrowth. The crop of fruit borne varies very much from year to
+year. One year a native may make a pound or so from his Cola tree,
+whereas in another he perhaps makes very little.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i078" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig078.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig078.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 78.—<span class=
+"bold">Osse River, looking downstream, edge of the Pool, Ifon
+District.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i079" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig079.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig079.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 79.—<span class=
+"bold">Mixed Forest near Osse, looking upstream, Ifon
+District.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 354.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood a dull
+whitish-yellow. It is moderately hard, very close grained and of
+fine texture, with a dull lustre; is moderately durable, but is
+liable to be attacked by a very small furniture borer. It is
+termite-proof. It planes well, does not split easily, takes nails
+and saws well. It is apparently an excellent wood for carving. It
+does not shrink nor warp very much. It is more durable for interior
+work than for outside, where it is liable to get soft and to
+crumble away. It is sometimes brittle; it does not burn well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The fruit is eaten and is used
+as an article of export both to the Northern Provinces and also to
+the Continent. The wood is used for making “Ju-jus” (Esu—the Devil)
+(Images of the King); otherwise it is not cut in the Benin
+country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola Afzelii</i>. Monkey Cola Tree. Obidu,
+Obiedun, Ebidun (Yoruba); Awohebitan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The brilliant red fruits, about twelve joined
+together in a spherical bunch, are usually quite a feature of the
+small tree. The leaves are digitate, but joined at the base, so in
+reality only a single leaf. It is a much-branched tree with
+yellowish-grey bark. The crown is much divided, and sometimes the
+branches almost appear as if in large whorls.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Oyo, Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin,
+Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is white and softish and not durable. It
+is most common at the edge of the evergreen forest. It attains a
+girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of about 15 feet. It is a
+light-lover, though it stands a considerable amount of shade in its
+youth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The wood is used for the stock
+of a cross-bow in the Benin country, and the seeds are eaten at any
+time.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola sp.</i> Obiedum (Yoruba); Ewoha
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a comparatively common tree of the Benin,
+Abeokuta and Ondo provinces of Nigeria. It is the original Cola of
+the forest; a medium-sized tree with the typical Cola foliage,
+found growing singly. It does not appear to bear very heavily, and
+apparently in some places the local people<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_356">[356]</span> utilize the fruit, while in others they say
+it is of no value. It appears to be a whiter and softer Cola than
+that of the other species, and it does not seem to have such a
+strong flavour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is hard and white; it is a shade-bearing
+and soil-protecting tree. Natural regeneration appears to be
+poor.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is occasionally used by the local
+fetish-maker for certain types of fetish in the Benin country. It
+is considered the most suitable and, in fact, the only wood for
+this purpose. Although the ordinary Cola which is planted may not
+be cut, this species is not immune, but it is certainly considered
+most proper if only the image-maker cuts it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dombeya Buettneri</i>. Ewe ofo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria,
+especially in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve. It is a small,
+shrub-like tree, varying from 7 to 15 feet in height. The bark is
+fibrous. In 1908 samples of the fibre were submitted to the
+Imperial Institute for valuation. Owing to its being rather harsh,
+woody and weak, it was stated to be worth from £7 to £8 a ton.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ochnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ochna multiflora</i>. Canoe Tree. Uruk (Efik);
+Tei tei (Ijor); Tei tei (Brass); Elili (Ibo Owerri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Owerri, Warri and Ondo (?)
+provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the prevalent trees in the
+evergreen and brackish swamp forest zone. The tree reaches a girth
+of 15 feet and a bole length of about 60 feet. It has a large
+digitate leaf, making the foliage of the tree very heavy and dense.
+The bark is thick and fissured longitudinally. The crown is long
+and egg-shaped. The fruit is large, roughly spherical in shape, but
+ribbed in five places on the surface. It is a shade-bearer, and
+reproduction is chiefly by seed. The wood is reddish-brown and
+moderately hard. This is one of the most favourite trees for
+canoe-making amongst the Brass people. Having a straight grain, the
+log opens out well into a canoe once it has been hollowed out in
+the centre.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ochna sp.</i> Sama (?), Duma name.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found near Obudu, in the Ogoja province of
+Nigeria. It is a small tree of the open deciduous forest, growing
+at an altitude of about 1,500 feet. The flowers are umbellate and
+of a pretty red colour. It is a light-lover and grows at the edge
+of the forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives apparently have no use for either the
+wood or other parts of the tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira procera</i>. Red Ironwood, African Oak,
+Red Oak. Ela, Ekki (Yoruba); Eba, Ebba (Benin); Eleba (Jekri);
+Kuru<span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[357]</span> (Brass);
+Okikopom (Ibibio); Enwan, Umpenek (Efik); Okut Okot (Oban, Ekoi);
+Kuru (Ibo Owerri); Okut (Kwa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a very large
+tree, up to 6 feet in diameter, with orange-coloured bark, when in
+the shade of the evergreen forest where it is found, but this soon
+becomes quite grey when exposed to the sun. The flowers are white,
+with five petals, and are very fragrant, smelling like musk,
+covering the ground and scenting the forest in November and
+December. In October and November the tree is very conspicuous with
+its brilliant new red foliage, which almost appears like flowers in
+the distance. On the banks of the Calabar River, above the town of
+the same name, this is seen to advantage. The fruit is winged, but
+with one wing twice as long as the other and also broader; the seed
+is sharply pointed and almost conical in section, and not so meaty
+as that of <i>L. alata</i>. The crown is spherical, but open; the
+branches are very twisted and reminiscent of oak. The trunk reaches
+a length of 90 feet and is almost perfectly cylindrical in shape,
+with only the slightest indication of spurns at the base.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Abeokuta,
+Jebu, Ode, Benin, Owerri, Ogoja (?) and Calabar provinces of
+Nigeria. It is one of the commonest trees in the very moist parts
+of the evergreen forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The sapwood is whitish red, but
+the heartwood is of a dull red colour with large, long, open pores,
+partially filled with siliceous salts. This often gives the wood an
+almost speckled appearance. In a tree of 12 feet girth, the sapwood
+is usually only 3 or 4 inches thick, making it a very full-wooded
+tree and thus reducing the amount of wood wasted in squaring the
+logs. It planes well, with a smooth, shiny surface. Strong shoots
+often come up from the stump, though owing to the natural seed
+distribution being good, this latter is the chief means of
+reproduction. It is a light-lover, with a natural tendency to grow
+straight up. It is a slow-growing tree, and the leaves, nearly a
+foot long and almost tongue-shaped, are very large for such a
+hard-wooded tree. Even when planted 16 feet apart it grows up
+straight, with only three or four perpendicular branches or even
+only a fork in the stem. It resists white ants, and the teredo worm
+does not bore into logs when lying in the water. It is almost
+gregarious in habit, usually groups being found in one locality,
+or, as in the moister regions, it is next to mahogany the commonest
+tree found in the forest. It will withstand floods—in fact, there
+is an island several square miles in extent in the Oshun River
+covered with only this species of tree. It is also<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_358">[358]</span> found again on the upper edge
+of the mangrove forest where the first solid land begins.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The seeds have not been tested as to the proportion
+of oil contained in them, but no doubt they contain a similar
+quantity, in proportion to the size, as those of <i>L.
+alata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber in the round were
+sent to the Liverpool market, where it was valued as red oak at 2s.
+to 3s. per cubic foot. It was also stated to be worth shipping in
+good lengths. Owing to its weight and the hardness of the wood, and
+thus the extra cost of squaring logs, little or none has been
+shipped to Liverpool since this report was made. Locally it has
+been used for piles for wharves and bridges, decking for bridges,
+wall-plates for bungalows, and occasionally as verandah-posts. It
+can be floated with Musanga logs or those of <i>Hannoa
+undulata</i>. Canoes made of this wood are of the most durable
+kind, so that perhaps it might be tried for boat-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The people of Benin use the wood for making pestles
+for their Fufu mortars, and occasionally it is used as wall-plates.
+Amongst the Brass people it is sometimes used for making canoes,
+and amongst many tribes for making food-mortars. Near Lagos it is
+used for house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira alata</i>. Niam Fat, Small Red Ironwood,
+Meni Oil, African Oak. Ipawhaw, Ponhon, Ipahan (Yoruba); Awigbi,
+Ugbeberi, Ishan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small or dry-zone Red Ironwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ogoja, Owerri, Onitsha, Benin,
+Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very common tree in the open deciduous
+forest of the dry-zone form of vegetation. Often found in groups,
+but it anyhow is the most prevalent tree wherever found. It does
+not usually grow straight, but the stem is gnarled and crooked,
+reaching a girth of about 5 feet. The tree itself only grows to a
+height of about 30 feet. In appearance it looks like a small oak,
+but the Shea Butter Tree, <i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>, is still
+more like it. However, with its reddish-green tongue-like leaves
+with wavy edges, it is in reality quite different. The branches
+spring out of the stem in a more upward direction than <i>B.
+Parkii</i>, and are more irregular in growth. The bark is
+orange-coloured and almost scaly on the younger trees, though it
+goes a grey or black colour when exposed to the light or the annual
+grass-fires. The flowers are white, sweet-smelling and much more
+conspicuous than on <i>L. procera</i>. The seed is placed between
+two wings, one nearly three times the width of the other. The
+smaller wing is more pointed<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_359">[359]</span> than the larger; the seed, while being
+pointed, is stoutly cone-shaped and rather more than a quarter of
+an inch in diameter at the base, and of a light brown colour.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The sapwood is narrow and white in
+colour and the heartwood is a dull red. It is very hard and tough,
+but not so heavy as <i>L. procera</i>. It planes only with a rough
+surface.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Characteristics.</em>—This is one
+of the few trees which successfully resist the annual grass-fires.
+Its otherwise prolific seed-bearing capacity is, however, often
+very much diminished, if not completely spoilt, by the flowers
+being burnt in January and February, the usual time of the
+grass-fires. It is a light-lover, but for the reasons already given
+is a very slow-growing tree. On the whole, although the seeds
+germinate well, stool and root shoots are probably the chief means
+of reproduction. The soil under these trees is only partially
+protected during the growing, and quite exposed to sun and wind
+during the dry season.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Commercial Value.</em>—Samples of these seeds
+were sent in 1909 to the Imperial Institute for valuation, when
+they were found to be worth about £10 a ton; 43 per cent. of oil
+can be obtained from the kernels, and this is said to be suitable
+for soap-making and to be worth £25 per ton. Commercial quantities,
+however, have not yet been exported.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Meni oil was formerly obtained from the seed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Amongst the Yorubas the tree
+is used for house-posts, especially when the stem is forked about
+10 feet above the ground. The leaves, bark and roots are all sold
+in the native markets for medicinal purposes. An infusion of the
+bark of the roots is supposed to be a cure for jaundice (yellow
+fever, according to the natives). Strangely enough, the seeds are
+not used as a source of oil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="msg" title=
+"cf. Ouratea insculpta"><i>Gomphia insculpta</i>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found at Olokemeji.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gomphia glaberrima</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shrub found at Olokemeji.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Gomphia</i> nr. <i>affinis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found at Ilugbro.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Guttiferæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia conrauana</i>. False Cola, Bitter Cola.
+Orugbo (Yoruba); Edun (Benin); Odji (?) (Brass); Efiori Efrie
+(Efik); Efrie (Kwa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Calabar, Benin, Ogoja and
+Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[360]</span>It
+is a medium-sized tree with close, spherical-shaped crown. The
+branches and leaves are comparatively small. The bole is short and
+the branches very persistent. The most typical feature of the tree
+is the large apricot-like fruit, of an orange-yellow colour. The
+bark is smooth and brown in colour. It is found in the evergreen
+forest. The nut is oblong, of a very dark brown colour with small
+white streaks all over it. It grows in moist soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is very hard and close-grained, with
+yellow-sapwood and light-brown heartwood. It is said to be durable
+and planes with a smooth surface. It is often found at a
+considerable elevation—up to 3,000 feet towards the northern part
+of Calabar province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearer, though it is often found
+growing alone, having been left isolated when the original forest
+was cleared to make a farm. The tree grows very slowly but bears
+comparatively early, and trees are often seen quite laden with the
+yellow fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, but has been cut
+for local use. It was used by the Public Works Department, Calabar,
+and proved useful for wall-plates. The nuts have occasionally been
+exported, but they are comparatively valueless compared to the real
+Cola.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The nuts are sold in the
+Yoruba and Calabar markets and 100 to 200 for 3d. in the Benin
+market. The fruit is also eaten. The roots are used for
+chewing-sticks (the best in Benin), and taste like quinine. The
+nuts are ground and used medicinally for headache.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia Kola</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A little known species, found in the Eastern
+Provinces, Uwet. It was subsequently determined as <i>Garcinia
+conrauana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia Mannii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Western Provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—Chew-stick is made from the
+root.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia</i>, var. nov.
+<i>brevipedicellata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows in the Eastern Circle.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma sp.?</i>. Hardwood, Duika’s Chop
+Fruit. Ogbia (Yoruba); Ekuso or Ikujo, Efiari (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the mixed forests of the
+Benin province of Nigeria. One of its chief characteristics is that
+it has little or no bark, but the cortex is comparatively thin, and
+remains of a duck-egg-green colour even in trees of comparatively
+large size. It reaches a girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of
+about 20 feet. However, it is usually very much forked
+comparatively low down, and often the stem is by no means
+straight.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">[361]</span> The root
+spurns are not very large, but spoil the shape of the bole at the
+base.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is
+poor, chiefly perhaps because the Duika eat the fruit; in fact, the
+Benin name means the chop or food of Uso or Duika.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as a hardwood, which was considered hard and
+heavy. Since then none has been shipped, nor has it been felled for
+local use. Perhaps with the changed conditions in the demand for
+timber, both hard and soft, a further trial would now show whether
+it was of any value as an export timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma grandifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Oban
+Reserve of the Calabar province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Characteristics.</em>—It is a medium-sized
+tree, with large oblong leaves having numerous glands and lateral
+nerves which are about a tenth of an inch apart. The leaves are
+larger and the exterior sepal shorter than in <i>P.
+butyraceæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It grows in the
+evergreen forest, is a shade-bearer, and comparatively slow-growing
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Utility.</em>—Although the fruit has not yet
+been collected, it is probable that the nuts would contain a
+similar oil to those of <i>P. butyraceæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma butyraceæ</i>. Butter or Tallow Tree.
+Okarora, Ossa (Ondo); Ekuso (Yoruba) (Ikale); Ijeni Udegbu, Agba
+(west side), Udegbi (Benin); Orugbo erin (Ondo); Amu Ne (New
+Calabar); Ikakama Udia Ebian (Efik); Ikakama Udia Ebian, Igbofia
+(Ibibio); Ntini Nyok (Kwa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the evergreen
+forests of the Jebu, Ode, Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar
+provinces of Nigeria. It is quite prevalent in its typical locality
+and very damp, almost swampy, regions of the forest near small
+waterways, even comparatively near the sea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a thin, tall
+tree, with dark bark and flatly compressed crown consisting of four
+or five tiers of branches, very close together in almost true
+whorls. The foliage is very thick and the leaves thick and
+leathery. It exudes a mass of gamboge-like latex as soon as
+slashed, and the slash is orange-red. The latex solidifies on
+exposure to the air. The large pear-shaped fruit has a soft rind,
+which usually is pierced by the fall to the ground, and the
+Cola-shaped seeds are embedded in a soft, yellowish-white pulp. The
+large sepals at the base of the flower are quite typical, in their
+persistency often being found at the base of unripe fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_362">[362]</span><em>Timber.</em>—It has yellowish-white
+sapwood and light-red heartwood of firm texture, with a certain
+amount of waviness in it, especially if the tree has been barked in
+its earlier years. It is not hard, and is easy to work; it does not
+appear to warp or shrink.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It is a
+shade-bearer with very persistent evergreen leaves. It will stand
+in waterlogged land and grow almost to perfection. The branches are
+also very persistent, and it is only when growing in close
+proximity to other heavy foliaged trees that the bole clears itself
+of branches for two-thirds of its length. The stump shoots sprout
+up when the tree is cut down. The more prevalent form of
+reproduction is by seed. The mature tree bears quite prolifically
+almost every year. The timber has not been felled for export, but
+the seeds are worth £8 a ton on account of the oil that they
+contain, which is considered suitable for soap-making.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma Nigritana</i>. Odgebu (west side)
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Oban
+Reserve of the Calabar province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Characteristics.</em>—It is a medium-sized tree
+with black bark on the branches. The leaves are glabrous
+coriaceous, 3½ to 4½ inches long and 1 to 1½ inches broad.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It grows in the
+evergreen forests, is a shade-bearer and comparatively slow-growing
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Utility.</em>—The fruit has not yet been
+collected, but, judging by the locality in which this tree is
+found, the seeds would contain similar quantities of oil to those
+of <i>P. butyraceæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Haronga Madagascariensis</i> (Kew). Benin
+Roof-pole. Itue (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a non-indigenous tree (exotic) which is now
+found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri, Ogoja
+and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is commonly seen growing up in old farms in the
+heavier soils of the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zones.
+The slash, which is brick-red and exudes a yellowish-red latex, is
+most typical of this tree. The tree is almost gregarious, forming
+groups nearly half an acre in extent; the bark peels very easily,
+leaving a clean white stem which hardens very much on exposure to
+the air. It is a small tree, attaining a girth of about 2 feet and
+a height of about 40 feet. The wood is quite white, with a small
+pink pith about a quarter of an inch in diameter; it is a very
+light wood and most durable when under cover.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The leaves are of a medium size and rough to the
+touch. When 2 to 4 inches in diameter the natives cut the trees,
+clean<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[363]</span> and strip off
+the bark, and use them for rafters in house-building, especially in
+the Benin and Yoruba countries.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Symphonia globulifera</i> (Kew). Hog Gum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It was reported from the Calabar province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Allanblackia floribunda</i>. Orogbo erin
+(Yoruba); Izeni or Iyockan (Benin); Atta (Efik); Egba (Ibo,
+Owerri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the evergreen
+forests of the Jebu Ode, Benin, Owerri (?) and Calabar (?)
+provinces of Nigeria. This tree usually grows on less moist soil
+and further away from water than <i>P. butyraceæ</i>, though it
+likes a moist and deep soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—The long, hard,
+brown, enlarged sausage-shaped fruit hanging on a stalk shows, when
+cut, large seeds scattered in white pulp, and is thus different in
+this respect to Pentadesma, which has dark-brown seeds embedded in
+a soft, yellowish pulp. The slash is yellow, but only exudes a
+little yellow latex at first. The branches are not so verticillate
+in form as Pentadesma, but are more pendulous, especially when the
+tree is in fruit. They also are further apart and give the crown a
+more open appearance. The fruit is three times the length and the
+diameter rather more than that of <i>P. butyraceæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The sapwood is whitish-yellow and
+the heartwood yellowish-red and moderately hard. It is not attacked
+by white ants; it does not split easily, but planes with a smooth
+surface. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a height of about 80
+feet, with a bole length of 20 feet and a girth of 8 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It is a
+shade-bearer and grows comparatively slowly. Natural reproduction
+is chiefly by seed, though fine and succulent stump shoots appear
+when a tree is cut down.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported nor has it been
+used locally; the natives occasionally cut the bark for medicinal
+purposes, but otherwise apparently have no use for the tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ochrocarpus Africanus?</i> sp. of Allanblackia.
+African Mammee Apple, Mahogany (Calabar). Igoda (Benin); Ereruku,
+Edeng Edem (Calabar); Baulan Bolo (Degema, New Calabar); Okut and
+Otun (Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Calabar,
+Owerri and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, occurring sparsely in the
+evergreen forests in several localities, where it takes the place
+of Khaya, which is not prevalent in such places.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a large tree,
+with orange-coloured bark, especially in young specimens, and a
+little scaly. In habit otherwise rather like Mahogany, after which
+the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[364]</span> timber has been
+named. It is much harder and has little resin canals typical of the
+order. It is not attacked by white ants. It reaches a height of 100
+feet, with a bole length of about 40 feet and a girth of 12 feet.
+The root spurns are only slight. The large, elongated,
+spherical-shaped fruit, with rough, pale orange-coloured rind,
+speckled brown in several places, is most typical of this tree.
+Generally speaking, it could easily be mistaken for Mahogany
+Entandrophragma by anyone not very familiar with both species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The sapwood is white, with a
+pinkish tint, and the heartwood a dark red, with small medullary
+rays as well as very prominent resin-like canals which, when dry,
+are filled with a yellow substance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It is a
+shade-bearer, but likes a certain amount of overhead light in
+middle age. On the whole it is slow-growing, except for a short
+period when the chief height-growth is put on. A few stump shoots
+sprout when the tree is cut down, but the more common form of
+reproduction is by seed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Utility.</em>—It has not been felled for
+export, but the Public Works Department felled and converted a good
+deal at the Etehetem sawmill, and it was favourably reported on as
+a hard mahogany. It has occasionally been used by the natives for
+making canoes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><em>No botanical name</em>. Oshusi (Ibo,
+Owerri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Owerri
+province of Nigeria. It is a comparatively common tree in the
+evergreen swamp forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Characteristics.</em>—The timber is not over
+hard, but it reaches a height of 100 feet and a girth of 8 feet.
+The bark is smooth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It is a
+shade-bearer and a comparatively slow-growing tree. The most
+prevalent form of reproduction is by seed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Utility.</em>—It has not been felled for
+export, but was used in the construction of the Imo railway bridge
+as piles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><em>Buronona</em> (New Calabar).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a medium-sized tree of the Owerri province,
+and is found near the Imo, not far from the railway bridge. Several
+piles of the temporary bridge were made from the timber of this
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ochrocarpus sp.?</i>. Ebattan, Ehranezi (Benin);
+Buronona (New Calabar).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Owerri,
+Benin (?) and Ondo (?) provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a very
+straight, thin-stemmed<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_365">[365]</span> tree, with several whorls of branches near
+the top of the tree, very much compressed together. The flowers are
+red sprays, which look very pretty at the beginning of the dry
+season. It occurs near the freshwater swamps, comparatively close
+to the sea. In many places it is almost gregarious in habit, more
+especially near Degema. It reaches a height of 100 feet, and a
+girth of 6 feet, often with a bole length of 50 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The sapwood is white and the
+heartwood is light brown; both appear to be equally durable. It is
+termite-resisting. It planes with a smooth surface; the grain is
+very fine. A red latex exudes when it is cut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Utility.</em>—It is chiefly used for door and
+window frames, and does not warp nor crack, even when put in green.
+It attains a large enough size to be used as piles, some of which
+were used in the construction of the temporary railway bridge at
+Imo. The natives do not use the wood, and it has not been felled
+for export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It is a
+shade-bearer and a comparatively slow-growing tree, though on less
+wet soils it seems to grow faster. The more prevalent form of
+reproduction is by seed. Weak stool shoots also come up after the
+tree is cut down. The foliage is dense and persists for several
+years.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i080" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig080.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig080.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 80.—<span class=
+"bold">Heavy Sapeli Mahogany (Entandrophragma utilis) standing near
+the road between Uyeri and Benin City, Benin Province.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i081" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig081.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig081.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 81.—<span class=
+"bold">Agba (Benin), (Pterogopodium), standing near Ifon Road,
+South of Uyeri, Benin Province.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 364.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bixaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bixa orellana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows well in the Olokemeji Arboretum. It
+is found up to a height of 10 feet, and is cultivated for the sake
+of its seeds, which yield the orange dye called “annatto.” The tree
+bears pods very freely. Samples were sent to the Imperial Institute
+in 1906 and were valued at about 5d. a pound.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Flacourtiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Smeathmannia pubescens</i>. Moyida (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized shrub found in the Western
+Provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Soyauxia sp.</i> Ogohomeh, Oyohomeh (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree was found on the mountain slope above
+Ogabi in the Obudu district. The fruit is edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Soyauxia sp.</i> Aye (Yoruba); Owowe, Owawe
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Ogoja provinces
+of Nigeria, growing at the edge of the evergreen forest. It is a
+medium-sized tree, with a bole length of about 30 feet and a girth
+of 6 feet; on the whole, it is of more slender build and habit than
+the Terminalia, to which it is apparently closely allied. The
+flower is very small, white and spherical, being<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_366">[366]</span> only a quarter of an inch in
+size; it is most frequently seen lying scattered about in patches
+on the path or roadway, giving out a very sweet scent. The seeds
+are double winged, like Bougainvillea. The leaf is smaller than
+that of the Terminalia and the foliage generally less dense; the
+sapwood is white and somewhat wide, the heartwood of a light-brown
+colour, and on the border-line of being a hardwood. The wood is not
+very durable unless under cover; it is not very common, though
+where it is found there are a fair number of trees which would form
+a good supply of timber for local purposes. The natives do not use
+this wood, as they say it is liable to attacks by white ants.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oncoba dentata</i> (Oliv.). Parisha
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It
+is a small, shrub-like tree, armed with moderately long thorns. It
+belongs to the evergreen forest zone. The flowers are large, white
+and conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oncoba glauca</i> (Foster). Kakandika
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji and Abeokuta provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oncoba spinosa</i> (Rich). Kakandika
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small, shrub-like tree found in the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is moderately common, and several
+hedges have been made with it in the Olokemeji Arboretum. The most
+distinguishing feature of this plant is the large, spherical-shaped
+white flowers. The petals are large and conspicuous, with a mass of
+yellow stamens in the centre. In habit it is not unlike the thorn;
+the ends of the twigs are armed with a short spike.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It stands trimming pretty well. Each year it
+flowers fairly regularly, so that it makes quite an ornamental
+plant. It bears green fruits with a conspicuous bunch of the old
+sepals at the top. This fruit is rather smaller than a tangerine
+orange, but quite spherical in shape, with a hard, woody rind.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Flacourtia Ramontchii</i>. Abeokuta Plum. Oshere
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Flacourtia flavescens</i> (Kew). Niger Plum.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Western Provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—Edible plums, medicine and hedge
+plants.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Homalium</i>, cf. <i>H. Africanum</i> (Benth.).
+Atu or Abo Ako (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a hard-wooded tree of the Yoruba country,
+which is used to some extent locally. It is also found in
+Benin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Being a shade-bearing and soil-protecting tree, it
+is of value in the forest, apart from the production of timber. It
+is a slow-growing tree apparently.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_367">[367]</span>Lecythidaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Napoleona Whitfieldii</i>. Ito (? Yoruba); Uruhe
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is doubtful if these are the correct native
+names for this species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Napoleona imperialis</i>. Speckle-fruited
+Napoleona. Boi Boi (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found near Ode district, Oban and Igbeshe, in
+the Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a deciduous shrub with pretty white flowers,
+very shiny leaves, which are alternate, and bears a spherical,
+orange-coloured fruit (with a russet-like surface having white
+lenticels scattered nearly all over it), which ripens in March at
+the Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This shrub protects and enriches the soil with its
+fall of leaves. Considering the attractiveness of the flower and
+the fruit, it is surprising that it has not more frequently been
+planted in gardens, where it should be placed in a shady corner. It
+is slow-growing, and does not need much light. It likes a moist,
+fairly deep good soil, especially near a river bank.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The stem is occasionally used
+for making hoe or axe handles, for which it is suitable, as the
+wood is comparatively tough, close-grained and hard. The knottiness
+of it is an advantage either for the handle or for fixing the hoe
+or axe head.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Napoleona Vogelii</i> (Hook). Orokwa, Ogemme
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Calabar, Benin, Ibadan
+and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a
+medium-sized shrub-like tree, with orange-shaped fruit, though not
+quite spherical, having small white lenticels on the surface and
+roughness like a russet apple. It does not attain a girth of more
+than 3 or 4 feet. It is usually found in the mixed deciduous
+forests, though more often in clearings in the forests; however, it
+stands a good deal of shade. The wood is comparatively hard, but it
+does not reach much size. The tree protects and enriches the soil
+with its fall of leaves, and serves a very useful purpose as a
+shrub amongst the undergrowth of the forest. It might be planted in
+gardens, where both the flower, which is large and white, and the
+fruit would be admired. It usually bears a large number of both. It
+is rather a slow-growing tree. The natives use the wood for making
+matchet handles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Napoleona Owariensis</i>. Adere, Isiurem
+(Lagos).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_368">[368]</span>Rhizophoraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Weihea sp.</i> (Spreng). Odu (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in tropical West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The flowers have an involucre of two bracteoles.
+The fruit is fleshy; seeds with an aril.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Weihea sp.</i>, cf. <i>Africana</i>. Odu
+(Yoruba); Itobo (Ibibio); Munon (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows near Lagos.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rhizophora racemosa</i>. Red Mangrove or Salt
+Mangrove. Egba Ibadudu (Jeb. Yoruba); Ehrodo, Ibadudu (Benin); Odo
+(Jekri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Poga oleosa</i>. Inoi Nut, African Brazil Nut.
+Iku (Yoruba); Inoi (Benin); Inoye (Efik); Ikoi (Oban); Inoi (Ekoi);
+Ekom (Ibo Owerri); Imonon (New Calabar).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin (?), Owerri, Calabar and
+Ogoja (?) provinces of Nigeria, in the evergreen zone, both of the
+level and hill country. On the whole, it is more prevalent as the
+eastward side of the country is approached. In the forest its
+presence is usually indicated by the heaps of broken shells left
+lying near the roots of neighbouring trees, on the path or
+roadside. The reddish-brown interior and cross-section of the inner
+covering of the shell is a most typical feature. The nut itself is
+roughly spherical in shape, with a surface almost evenly covered
+with little nodules, giving the nut very considerable resiliency
+against cracking. It is nearly half an inch thick, and inside there
+are two or three kernels. Each of these is a chocolate-brown colour
+with thick (almost three thirty-seconds to one-eighth of an inch)
+red-brown shell. Each is about ½ inch long and rather more than ¼
+inch thick. This thick shell quite spoils the flavour of the nut,
+which is sweeter and contains more oil than the Brazil nut. It can,
+however, be removed with a pen-knife. The trunk of the tree is
+light-grey, with comparatively thin cortex. It reaches a girth of
+about 12 feet and a bole length of about 60 feet. It usually forks
+at about 50 or 60 feet from the ground, and this is one of the
+typical features of the tree. The crown is rather open, with
+several main limbs and comparatively few branches. Another place
+where it is commonly seen, both in the Degema and Calabar
+districts, is in the old farms, standing as isolated specimens, or
+standards overshadowing all the secondary growth. It is one of the
+few trees that are preserved when a fresh clearing is made for a
+farm. The fruit is the shape of a large greengage, the fleshy part
+of which soon breaks away, leaving the hard nut inside. The fleshy
+pericarp is about a quarter of an inch in thickness.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[369]</span>The
+sapwood is white, tinged with pinkish stripes, and the heartwood
+pinkish-red, with very wide and numerous medullary rays, which are
+most numerous, and in fact more so than in any other tree, and are
+very typical of this timber. The wood is soft, splits well, is of
+somewhat open texture and rather fibrous grain. It planes up well
+with a smooth surface, takes nails well, and saws well. It is
+liable to be attacked by white ants. The sapwood is fairly
+narrow.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration only
+appears to be slight, chiefly owing to the fact, perhaps, that most
+of the nuts are gathered and eaten by the natives. It is somewhat
+exacting with regard to soil. It appears to like one that is
+somewhat rich, deep, moist and with good drainage. In waterlogged
+areas it becomes stag-headed. No plantations have been made of this
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, not has it been
+cut for local use. It appears, however, to be worthy of a trial as
+a substitute for light cedar or mahogany, especially from wind
+falls, which are not infrequent owing to the way it is left
+standing in the forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The nuts are used by the
+natives, and are considered very valuable, in the most
+out-of-the-way parts of the forest, as a source of food. They used
+to be sold in the Calabar market 250 for 3d. Further notes as to
+the oil-bearing properties of this nut will be found in the
+<a href="#c11">section</a> dealing with the oil seeds and nuts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Combretaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia sp.</i> Yellow Terminalia, Black-bark
+Terminalia. Idigbo, Opepe, Epepe (Yoruba); Egoyn nebbi, Egoyn
+nikwi, Egoyn lukan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">According to the Yorubas this is the Idi of the
+forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Ondo and
+Benin provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It has a slightly
+fissured bark, increasing in age, light-brown in colour in youth,
+but darkening with age, almost appearing black in the distance,
+rather forming a criss-cross pattern. It flowers in May with small
+spikes or thin, stiff racemes, each with little yellow balls of
+staminate flowers. It has a compressed crown of two or three whorls
+of branches, but not so typical as that of <i>T. scutifera</i>. It
+is, however, much more widespreading, chiefly due to the fact that
+the tree on the whole is shorter and stouter than <i>T.
+scutifera</i>. The trunk is much more cylindrical, and the
+root<span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[370]</span> spurns are
+very slight, and not buttress-shaped as in <i>T. scutifera</i>. The
+contrast between the light-green foliage and the dark-coloured bole
+is so great that the tree is quite unmistakable in this respect.
+The only one at all similar in this is False Shea Butter,
+<i>Mimusops Djave</i>, but even the trunk of this one appears
+lighter than the former. The slash is dark-brown, almost black, on
+the outer edge and yellow on the inside. The fruit is not unlike a
+large hazelnut, but the shuck is of looser build, and the interior
+seed can be more easily seen than in the case of the nut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is a faint yellow colour and the
+heartwood a good yellow. It is of the hardness of an ordinary
+softwood, with a straight, even grain and somewhat open pores. It
+planes well, takes nails, splits very easily and saws well. For
+outside work it is not durable unless very thoroughly dried. For
+interior fittings it is very durable. It is liable to attacks by
+termites outside. It seasons well, with only a small amount of
+shrinkage and slight liability to warping.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a fast-growing, slightly shade-bearing tree,
+with strong soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural
+regeneration appears to be fair. It sprouts from the stump, but is
+not very strong. It likes a good soil, with fair drainage but a
+good deal of moisture. It will stand a certain amount of flooding.
+It is occasionally almost gregarious. No plantations have been made
+with this tree. It reaches a girth of over 14 feet and a bole
+length of about 70 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been cut for export, but
+occasionally it has been sawn up for planks for local use. It
+deserves, however, a further trial for export as a floor-board and
+for local use for a similar purpose. There are comparatively large
+supplies, and the dimensions of the tree are such that large planks
+and boards could be cut out of it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The tree is occasionally
+felled for making canoes, but it is not taken unless there is a
+shortage of other harder kinds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia sp.</i> Orange-barked Terminalia.
+Ayo, Aiyo (Yoruba); Ayo, Ulazo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—Ibadan and Abeokuta
+provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the typical trees of the mixed
+deciduous forest zone, though it appears to be confined to certain
+localities, such as the Olokemeji Forest Reserve and other
+places.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—Moderately thick
+bark, rather reminding one of Triplochiton, but with a certain
+amount of roughness and slight fissures. The crown is very
+pointedly oval and long, the leaves appearing only slightly
+terminal and not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[371]</span>
+typically so. The branches tend to flatten out in old age, though
+they are slightly pendulous at the tips. The bole reaches a girth
+of about 10 feet and a height of 50 feet. The light patchy,
+orange-coloured bark is a most typical feature of this tree.
+Satinwood is the only one at all similar in this respect, but it is
+much smoother.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—White, with a faint yellow tint;
+the pores are much shorter than those of the other Terminalias,
+such as <i>T. scutifera</i> and <i>Togoensis</i>. The grain on the
+whole is finer and of closer texture. The timber is somewhat harder
+than either <i>T. scutifera</i> or <i>T. sp.</i>, but not so hard
+as that of <i>T. Togoensis</i>. It planes well, takes nails, saws
+easily, but does not split so well. It is attacked by termites, but
+is durable for interior work. It is somewhat more brittle than
+<i>T. sp.</i></p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately rapid growing, light-demanding
+tree, with soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural
+regeneration does not appear to be good. It sprouts, but poorly
+from the stump, and if at all shaded dies away. It likes a
+moderately good soil, with a fair amount of moisture and depth.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been cut for export, and only
+occasionally has it been felled for cutting into planks for local
+use. It deserves, however, a trial as a local flooring board. The
+available quantities so far discovered are not large enough to
+justify its trial as an export wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Utility.</em>—The wood is used for planks and
+for canoes. It is likely to furnish timber for the home
+markets.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Local Use.</em>—It has been used for making
+canoes, and also for sawing up into planks for house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia scutifera</i>. Shingle Wood. Afara
+(Yoruba); Oaha Egoyn, Egoyn nufwa (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri,
+Warri, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The chief characteristics of this tree are the thin
+and far up-reaching root flanges and its thin, grey-coloured bark.
+It attains a height of about 200 feet and a girth of about 16 feet.
+The bole length often exceeds 100 feet. The crown is compressed and
+flat, with few main branches. It is usually found near water.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is light-brown to almost
+yellowish-white, with darker streaks. The sapwood is almost white,
+but when dry is barely distinguishable from the heartwood, though
+when freshly cut the heartwood appears drier, and thus shows up
+against the damper sapwood. The wood is soft and planes easily,
+though not always giving a smooth surface. It is also<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_372">[372]</span> easy to saw or cut with a
+chisel and splits well. It is attacked by termites.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">On the whole the tree is a light-lover, and even
+the young self-sown seedlings only grow in comparatively open
+places near rivers, where there is no shade directly over them,
+though there may be trees to one side or the other. It is one of
+the typical trees of the evergreen and mixed deciduous zone,
+growing always on damp and deep soil. Natural reproduction by seed
+is good. Stool shoots grow, but do not persist for a great length
+of time. It often forms small pure groups in the secondary forest,
+and in suitable localities tends to be more prevalent in the
+secondary than in the primeval forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In Nigeria it has been used as planks, but is not
+considered very good. On the Gold Coast it has been used for
+shingles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives occasionally use the tree for making
+canoes, also for bowls, plates, and native doors in the Benin
+country, but owing to its softness it is not considered of much
+account.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In figure <a href="#i108">No. 108</a> there is a
+picture of a very large specimen found in the Ikrigon Forest
+Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia Togoensis</i>. Dry-zone Terminalia.
+Idi, Idi Odan (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Oyo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of
+Nigeria. It is a very common tree, with slight foliage and small
+stem, which is usually forked about 10 feet from the ground. The
+slash is yellow and almost dry, which is most typical of the
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is soft, though harder than most of the
+other Terminalias. It works easily, but does not split well. The
+sapwood is white and the heartwood of a pale yellow colour. The
+bark is rough and widely fissured. Natural regeneration by seed
+does not appear to be good, though stump shoots appear when the
+tree is cut down. It stands a considerable amount of fire, but it
+is a light-loving tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The local people find the stem useful for
+house-building posts, as it is comparatively durable and forked in
+shape.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia avicennioides</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It was stated it was found in the Calabar
+province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia Brownii</i>. Inya joko (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Abeokuta province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum racemosum</i>. Ogan pupa (Yoruba);
+Akoso, Orsorsor (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in Olokemeji and Benin. Climbing shrub with
+red flowers and white bracts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum Lawsonianum</i>. Ome (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has red flowers and is found at Agege.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_373">[373]</span><i>Combretum mucronatum</i>. Okan pupa
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Mamu Forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum Zenkeri</i>. Ogan (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Yoruba country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum micranthum</i>. Okan (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Yoruba country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum glutinosum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum paucinervium</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum Hartmannium</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">These are climbing Combretums found in the Yoruba
+country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i> (G. and P.). Yoruba
+Chew-stick. Ayin (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Oyo and
+Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—This tree reaches a
+height of about 70 feet in favourable localities and a girth of 9
+feet. With its birch-like foliage and the drooping and sweeping of
+the pendulous branches in old age, it is certainly the “Lady” of
+the African “open woods.” The little spherical fruits cover the
+ground in the early part of the dry season. The comparatively
+smooth bole, giving way to small scales of light-brown bark as the
+tree gets older, is a typical feature. It is often forked,
+especially low down. The bole is thin and slender in build, with
+upward tending branches, also very slender in build, but dark in
+colour. A blackish gum exudes when it is cut. The slash is yellow
+before the gum runs out.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The sapwood is yellowish-white and
+the heartwood dark-brown to almost black in some specimens. It is
+hard, durable and termite-proof. It does not plane nor split well,
+takes nails with difficulty, but saws fairly easily.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It is a
+light-loving species, though in its youth it will stand a little
+shade. It is one of the first trees to appear on disused land, so
+long as the soil is good. Its foliage is a little acid, as it kills
+all grass, even Ekon, and for this purpose is invaluable as a tree
+for admixture with more valuable species. It is somewhat exacting
+as to soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Once it gets started after being planted, or as a
+self-sown seedling on good soil, it is a rapid-growing tree, which
+is only hindered in its growth by the annually recurring
+grass-fires. Wherever it is protected it develops into a
+straight-boled, large tree. The branches are very persistent, so
+that close planting is most necessary. Several plantations have
+been made with this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Utility.</em>—The tree is burnt for its ashes
+for fixing native<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[374]</span>
+dyes; the roots are used for chewing-sticks, and the bark is used
+medicinally by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It yields a good firewood which gives great heat.
+The smaller poles make very useful hut-building timber, as it is so
+often forked.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It should find a place as an avenue tree, owing to
+the delicate green, the drooping nature of its foliage, and the
+moderate amount of shade cast on the road.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been tried for export, but with
+its dark black and sometimes streaky coloration it is worthy of a
+trial. Locally it has occasionally been cut for planks and for
+house-building. It is not liked because it is so hard. The sapwood
+is rather wide. The timber is sometimes rather knotty, especially
+containing dry knots. It is sometimes attacked by a large borer,
+making large holes in it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Laguncularia racemosa</i>. White Mangrove or
+White Button.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species is found growing in the swamp regions,
+also on the coast. It yields timber, tanning, dyeing materials and
+medicaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myrtaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eugenia Owariensis</i> (Beauv.). West African
+Allspice. Adere (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the Olokemeji Reserve and
+the Abeokuta and Oyo provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">With its comparatively short bole (about 8 feet)
+and wide, almost spherically-shaped crown, it is one of the largest
+and most conspicuous of the dry-zone trees. The tree attracts the
+pigeons, but not so much as the wild fig. The flowers are very
+minute and insignificant. The fruit is very small and poor.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Reaching only a girth of about 4 feet, it does not
+yield very large timber. Although moderately hard and durable, it
+has not yet found a place in the local market. It is doubtful if it
+is termite-proof. It might be used for making boxes or for small
+articles of furniture in localities where wood is scarce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a comparatively slow-growing tree, almost
+soil-improving, and of a light-loving nature.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Owing to its comparatively dense foliage partially
+shading the ground and thus killing the grass, it is a distinctly
+helpful species in the protection from fire of a dry-zone
+forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Natural reproduction by seed is only moderate, but
+stump shoots are strong, and it appears that root suckers also come
+up in certain places.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_375">[375]</span><i>Eugenia Owariensis</i>. Isinren
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the dry-zone forests—a
+spreading tree which flowers in February.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It yields timber, edible fruits and
+medicaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Melastomaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Memecylon sp.</i>, nr. <i>Barterii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve in the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Araliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cussonia Nigerica</i> (Hutch.). Elephant
+Sugar-cane. Sigo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is an evenly and rather deeply fissured small
+tree of the dry-zone forest, which has in the main only a great
+tuft of large digitate leaves at the top of the stem. It is
+occasionally branched, when it gives an appearance of bearing all
+the leaves at the end of the stem. It is fairly common in the
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve of the Abeokuta province. This tree is one
+of the few digitate-leaved trees of the dry zone, and is certainly
+one with the largest; it is a fire-resisting tree. The natives
+occasionally use the stem for house and verandah posts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Umbelliferæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Heptapleura Mannii</i>. Found in the Oban
+Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapotaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops multinervis</i>. Emido or Sleeper Wood.
+Ako Emido (Yoruba); Aganokwi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species is found in the Abeokuta and Oyo
+provinces of Nigeria; it is most common, and, in fact, forms almost
+half the crop in the belt of forest just on the south side of the
+railway four to six miles east and west of Olokemeji Station. The
+most distinguishing feature of this tree is the grey, thick,
+deeply-fissured bark. With its comparatively short bole and stout,
+crooked branches, it is not unlike an oak. It reaches a height of
+about 80 feet and a girth of about 15 feet. The root spurns are
+practically non-existent. The trunk tapers off quite abruptly after
+each series of branches. The crown is rather long and sometimes
+almost pear-shaped. The foliage is dense, and, for the size of the
+tree, the leaves are small. The flowers are small and white and
+conspicuous. The fruit is a small round nut, about half an inch in
+diameter. The leaves are a very dark green colour, but on the upper
+surface are often shiny.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">[376]</span>The
+sapwood is white and, for the size of the tree, comparatively
+narrow. The heartwood is a deep red colour, which it retains even
+after the wood is dry. In sections from older trees it exhibits
+isolated white streaks, scattered here and there through the
+heartwood. This is made of a small mineral deposit which is closely
+allied to apatite. It is one of the hardest of the African woods
+and also the most durable; it splits most satisfactorily; it saws
+very cleanly, planes well, but owing to its extreme hardness takes
+nails with difficulty. It is termite-proof. It is just as durable
+in, as out of the ground. It burns with a fierce heat and, in fact,
+makes the hottest fire of any of the West African woods. The grain
+is very close, though sometimes it shows some figure. The knots in
+the wood produce some pretty “curl” effects.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is a shade-bearing, soil-improving species
+of the mixed deciduous forest. It is very slow-growing, often not
+showing a greater height-growth than 6 inches per year. In its
+youth the branches grow more or less in whorls of three or four
+branches; these branches are very persistent. Natural generation
+good; it demands a good soil, but will stand a great deal of
+moisture, not to say flooding of the area for several months of the
+year. It flowers in February; the roots are comparatively
+deep-growing and there is a distinct tap-root. Some plantations
+have been made with this tree. It has been tried as a species to
+mix with ebony, and for this it seems suitable. In similar
+localities this species and ebony are often found.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Locally it is used as a house-building wood and
+occasionally for firewood. The timber has been cut up into sleepers
+and found to be most durable. When it was used in an unseasoned
+state, and in very dry territory, it was found to split—but this
+was scarcely a fair test of the wood. It has also been used as
+joists and for the framework of buildings, for which purposes it
+has proved very useful. Local carpenters have complained about its
+hardness, but usually the tools used have not been of such high
+quality necessary to give the best results when working on this
+wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been used for export, but it
+deserves a trial, especially for railway sleepers.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i082" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig082.jpg"><img src='images/fig082.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 82.—<span class=
+"bold">Benin Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora) standing in the Ogba
+Plantation, Benin District.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i083" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig083.jpg"><img src='images/fig083.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 83.—<span class=
+"bold">Mixed Mahogany Plantation, Khaya grandis on left, Khaya
+Punchii in centre and Entandrophragma in the right foreground, six
+years old, near Ogba, Benin Province.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i084" class="iw13"><a href=
+"images/fig084.jpg"><img src='images/fig084.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 84.—<span class=
+"bold">Ogea, Gum Copal (Daniellia caudata), standing in the Ogba
+Plantation, Benin Province.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 376.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops Djave</i>. African Pearwood, False Shea
+Butter Nut, Cross River Nut. Aganokwi No. I. (Benin), Nyam
+(Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin, Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja
+provinces of Nigeria. It is also known as Cherry Mahogany. It is a
+moderately common tree in the evergreen forest zone, up to the end
+of the mixed deciduous forest zone. It is<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_377">[377]</span> one of the giant forest trees, attaining a
+girth of over 30 feet and a height of over 200 feet; its bole is
+one of the straightest of African trees, the trunk often reaching
+over 100 feet without a branch. The crown is flattish and almost
+symmetrical in its roundness; it is formed with three or four main
+limbs spreading out at almost right angles to the trunk. The
+foliage is heavy and the sword-shaped leaves almost appear as
+though they were digitate, looking at them from the base of the
+tree. From a short distance the trunk looks almost black, but on
+closer inspection the bark is seen to be deeply fissured in a
+comparatively even lattice-work fashion. The slash is white and a
+thick white latex exudes. The root spurns are only slight, except
+in old age; otherwise the bole is one of the most cylindrical of
+African trees. (In illustration <a href="#i100">No. 100</a> a tree
+of about 8 feet in girth shows the very straight and even thickness
+of the bole.) The fruit falls to the ground about the beginning of
+November, and crushes on contact with the ground, showing the
+yellow floury pulp inside. The pulp has an extremely dry, sweet,
+almost nauseating taste and is inclined to stick in the throat.
+This huge fruit, the size of a man’s fist, is almost like a huge
+plum, with rough opaque surface and almost spherical in shape;
+inside, embedded in the pulp, are two, three or four lobed nuts,
+smooth and shiny on the more rounded face and rough on the other;
+in some respects they are roughly kidney-shaped when looked at
+sideways. The flowers are white and small; the tree loses its
+leaves for three or four days, when fresh ones come out again.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood of a rich
+red colour, often showing figured rosy grain; it is very hard,
+heavy and very durable, and is sometimes cross-grained, though
+usually the texture is fine and planes up with a smooth surface; it
+saws well, but is too hard to take nails, except in very thin wood.
+The sapwood is usually only two or three inches wide; the heartwood
+forms comparatively early in the life of the tree. On the whole,
+this tree has a more open grain than the other Mimusops.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although the tree can stand a little shade in its
+youth, it is really a light-loving species: after the first year
+the height-growth rapidly increases when trees standing in a
+plantation have plenty of light. In illustration <a href=
+"#i093">No. 93</a> some trees only twelve years old show how
+rapidly they develop under suitable conditions. None of these trees
+have yet come into the nut-bearing stage, but it appears that in
+favourable localities the trees will bear fruit between the
+fifteenth and twentieth year.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a soil protecting and improving tree—in fact,
+the thick<span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">[378]</span> leaves
+form some of the finest soil found in the forest. Natural
+regeneration is not usually very good, because the seedlings have
+little or no light, growing as they do from seeds which have fallen
+under the parent tree. Duika and various other animals spread the
+seeds in old farms where the trees have a chance of growing up. The
+timber has occasionally been shipped to Europe and has been sold at
+Hamburg as pearwood at 6d. per superficial foot, but the more rosy
+and figured wood has also found a sale in Liverpool, as it
+sometimes looks almost like a pinkish mahogany; it is, however, by
+no means well known, and further trials with the wood should
+certainly be made. Small consignments of the nuts have been
+exported from the Cross River and sold in Liverpool as a substitute
+for Shea nuts; they are found to be of a similar nature and of
+similar value for making an edible oil. The original cost was
+rather high, so that the nuts did not yield a profit on the
+transaction; however, with greater quantities being brought the
+cost should not be so high, and also, since this first experiment
+was made, the price of all oil nuts has risen enormously, so that
+at the present time there is an ample margin between the cost of
+production and the selling price. In the Cameroons the Balong
+natives dry the nuts, which they split open in two pieces, pick off
+the thin shell and boil out the thick buttery-like substance, which
+is used for cooking.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">On our tour through their country we also tried it
+in place of lard, and found it quite suitable and quite pleasant to
+the taste and only about half the cost. In Nigeria, only the Oban
+people apparently know anything about making this butter from the
+nuts; in other parts it is quite unknown. The tree is not felled,
+but, on account of its size and all-inspiring form, is considered
+“Ju-ju”; pieces of the bark are chipped off and used as medicine to
+increase a person’s strength.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">By the way, the constant cutting away of the bark
+at the base of the tree and the continual struggle of the tree to
+overgrow these wounds causes the grain to grow quite unevenly and
+wavering, thus forming figured wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops lacera</i>. Benin Pearwood. Aganokwi
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as mahogany of a good, rich colour. It is found in
+the swamps near the Osse and Cross Rivers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dumoria Heckeli</i> (A. Chev.). Oban
+Mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in Tropical West Africa. It yields a
+fair timber. An immense tree of the Oban Reserve, similar to
+<i>Mimusops Djave</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_379">[379]</span><i>Omphalocarpum procerum</i>. Ikassa
+(Benin), Apassa, Ukpassa (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Calabar, Benin and Ondo
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the evergreen forest. It
+reaches a height of 60 feet with a girth of 28 feet. The bole is
+short and the crown long, but narrow. The huge, flatly
+spherically-shaped fruits, quite 9 inches in diameter and 6 inches
+thick, are most characteristic of the tree. These protrude just
+from the trunk or heavy branches with little or no stalk. The
+depression in them, top and bottom, is quite an inch deep. There
+are about sixty seeds inside, more like nuts. The leaf is
+large.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and heartwood is brown-red. It
+is very hard.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows slowly and stands the shade. The seeds
+germinate well. It does not sprout from the stump nor do root
+shoots appear. Elephants and other animals, porcupines especially,
+eat the fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The seeds are used in playing Ikbo, a Benin game.
+The seeds also are used, tied in front of Apata sticks, for making
+a musical instrument, or tied to the ankles of small boys to make a
+noise like a rattle when they start to walk.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>. Shea Butter Tree,
+Dry-zone Oak. Emi-emi or Emi-gidi (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is one of the most prevalent trees of the Oyo
+province of the Southern Provinces of Nigeria and of the Borgu,
+Niger and Nassarawa provinces of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria.
+In places it is almost gregarious, but it is most commonly found in
+mixture with the Dwarf Red Ironwood, <i>Lophira alata</i>. In
+appearance it is most like a gnarled old oak, except that the base
+is often burnt and partially hollow. It is a large tree, reaching a
+height of about 40 feet and a girth of over 10 feet. The root
+spurns are comparatively short and rounded; the bole is short,
+attaining a length of up to 25 feet; the crown is almost spherical,
+but rather inclined to be broken up by three or four main branches;
+these are very thick in comparison to the size of the tree, but not
+so much in proportion as in the case of the Baobab. The bark is
+grey and very deeply fissured, more or less in criss-cross fashion,
+and even with deeper and wider fissures than that of the oak. The
+slash is white, and a small amount of thick white latex exudes very
+slowly from the cut. In the case of the Dwarf Ironwood scarcely any
+ordinary sap exudes and no latex. The leaves are about 10 inches
+long, a very dark green and shiny, and not unlike the hart’s-tongue
+fern, but somewhat broader at the end; the greenness of the leaves,
+their shininess, and the greater thickness distinguish<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_380">[380]</span> them from those of the Dwarf
+Red Ironwood. The under surface of the leaf is whitish, sometimes
+almost grey; the flowers are white and come out in December; the
+fruit is like a small green plum and ripens in May. The leaves
+persist over one season. The green pericarp covering the nut can be
+eaten and is not unpleasant to the taste. The nut itself is not
+unlike a chestnut in its being brown and shiny; the shape, however,
+is more oval, with one comparatively sharp ridge.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and comparatively wide; the
+heartwood is a rich dark-red colour; it is very hard and durable;
+it is termite-proof; it splits very badly, does not take nails
+well; it is hard to plane and is sawn none too easily. It does not
+warp or crack to any extent while it is seasoning under proper
+conditions; it burns with great heat, but rather less than in the
+case of Emido.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a rather slow-growing tree, with
+soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities; as a light-loving
+species takes up a good deal of space. Natural regeneration appears
+to be poor, and may be due to the fact that the flowers appear, or
+before the young fruit has only just set, as the annual grass-fires
+run through the open deciduous forests where this tree is found. On
+the other hand, root suckers grow in great profusion. It also
+sprouts well from the stump. It is one of the most fire-resisting
+trees, and the thick bark no doubt protects it from its worst
+ravages. It may be considered one of the most typical trees of the
+drier parts of the open deciduous forests. A few sample plots have
+been tried with this tree, but it does not stand transplanting at
+all well. Rodents such as the cut-grass (ground pig) are very fond
+of the nuts, and no doubt destroy a great number whilst they are
+germinating. Fire-protecting root suckers and other young trees
+have thus far proved the most effective method of increasing the
+number of mature trees. It does not appear to be very exacting as
+to soil, but no doubt the growth is best on moist alluvial flats so
+long as they are well drained.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Locally the most valuable part of the tree is the
+nut, from which the Shea butter is boiled out after three days; it
+is a general article of diet instead of palm oil, in those
+districts where the latter is hard to obtain. Locally, also, the
+largest trees are cut down and made into mortars for beating food;
+these fetch a price of 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. apiece; they are
+considered not only the most suitable, but also the most durable,
+except those made of the wood of the Oil Bean (<i>Pentaclethra
+macrophylla</i>). In other places it is used as a house-building
+timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[381]</span>As
+far as Europeans are concerned, the chief value of the tree lies in
+its nuts, which are either exported quite unprepared or in the form
+of the butter as the natives make it, in large elliptical-shaped
+sausages about 2 feet long and 9 inches in diameter. For these
+purposes it has become a regular article of commerce, and only lack
+of suitable means of transport prevents much greater quantities
+being collected and exported to the European markets. In Europe its
+most suitable use is said to be as a medium or inside substance of
+chocolate creams. The butter itself has a most peculiar and rather
+nauseating flavour, which is removed on its being refined and
+purified. The timber has not been tried for export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum sp.?</i>. Round Star Apple. A
+species of Star Apple. Agoma (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is quite spherical and supposed to be
+larger than <i>C. Africanum</i>. It is somewhat similar to <i>C.
+Kainato</i>. The natives squeeze the fruit in order to eat it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum Africanum</i>. African Star Apple
+or Edible Star Apple. Osangbalumo (Yoruba); Otien (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri,
+Owerri, and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized
+tree, often found growing at the roadside at the edge of the
+villages or as an avenue leading up to them.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The most characteristic feature of this tree is the
+silvery underside of the leaf, which is formed by minute white
+hairs. In the fruiting season, another characteristic is the
+golden-coloured, pointedly pear-shaped fruit, which bursts on
+falling to the ground. A white latex exudes from the fruit; this
+latex is sucked out and is tartly sweet to the taste. Inside the
+fruit are five thin, elliptic-shaped seeds; these are brown and
+very shiny. Their position inside the fruit probably gave rise to
+the English name.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is white and soft; it cuts easily and
+planes well, but does not split well. The grain of the timber is
+fine and the texture smooth. It is a moderately fast growing tree
+and the wood is not durable. The slash is white, and the tree
+exudes a white latex when cut; the foliage is very dense, and the
+dark upper surface of the leaves is a great contrast to the
+underside. It is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. The
+timber has not been exported to Europe. It is occasionally used by
+the natives for making “Ju-jus” such as the devil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum sp.</i> Monkey Star Apple or
+Monkey Otien. Osang Palambi, Osang Edan (Yoruba); Ekuso (?),
+Ekpuro, Otiemmie (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_382">[382]</span>This is a moderately prevalent tree in the
+Calabar, Ogoja, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree with a small leaf. It
+attains a girth of about 8 feet. The golden-brown of the underside
+of the leaves is most typical of this tree and makes it easily
+distinguished from <i>Chrysophyllum Africanum</i>; in fact, in
+passing through the forest this is one of the few trees having
+brown tomentose hairs on the underside of the leaf. The crown is
+broad and flat and heavy. The bole is not too long and is covered
+with a smooth light-brown-coloured bark.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The Benin native name means that it is the Monkey
+Otien, that is to say, not the one that men may eat. It is usually
+found in the evergreen forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white, light and soft, and is
+attacked by termites. It has not so far been cut for export or
+local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The fruit is sometimes eaten
+by the Benins.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum albidum</i> (Don.). White Star
+Apple. Osum Agbalumo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is one of the Star Apples of the Yoruba
+Forest, where it is found chiefly in the Abeokuta province. It is
+not very prevalent. The fruit is not so esteemed by the natives as
+that of Osangbalumo. The bole is somewhat straighter and less
+branched than that of <i>C. Africanum</i>. The wood is white and
+soft; the stem is not absolutely round, being somewhat fluted at
+the base, with narrow and thin spurs which extend 4 to 6 feet up
+the stem. The natives occasionally use the wood for household
+utensils. It has not been cut for export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum Welwitchii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This so-called Forcados Star Apple was found in the
+forest just behind the station of Forcados. It is not a very common
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Malacantha sp. nov.</i> Akala (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve and
+neighbouring parts of the Abeokuta and Ibadan provinces. In many
+places it is very prevalent, though it does not grow actually
+gregariously. It reaches up to a medium size. The bole does not
+exceed a length of much over 15 feet and a girth of 5 feet. With
+its four narrow, somewhat long (up to 4 feet) buttress root spurns,
+the base of the stem forms a rather irregular shape. The bark is
+roughish and scales off to a slight extent as the tree becomes
+older.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The leaves are inclined to be placed at the
+terminals of the shoots and twigs, and the main veins are very
+prominent, giving the impression that the leaf has only
+comparatively recently opened. The leaf is a little rough to the
+touch, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_383">[383]</span> rather
+dry and thickish. It is a distinctly yellowish-green colour. The
+foliage is very sparse.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">With its none too straight stem and comparatively
+slight amount of foliage it presents a poor appearance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is of a pleasant light-yellow colour and
+comparatively hard. It planes up with a smooth surface and saws
+easily. It does not take nails well, nor does it split easily. It
+is termite-proof.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Natural regeneration appears to be slight, but
+stool and root shoot reproduction seem to be strong. The seeds are
+very small and appear like little round, spherical nuts. Although
+it will bear a slight amount of shade in its youth, it is a
+light-loving species later on.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Occurring as it does in the mixed deciduous
+forests, near the lower edge of the dry-zone vegetation it should
+prove a useful tree, especially as it is comparatively
+fire-resisting.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although comparatively slow-growing it attains
+sufficient size to be cut up into verandah-posts and banister rails
+and uprights.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">On the whole, quite a respectable quantity of
+timber could be obtained in the aggregate from the large number of
+trees found growing in the forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pachystela cinereum</i> (Pierre). Osan odo,
+Orban igba (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Abeokuta province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ebenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros Mombuttensis</i>, syn.
+<i>Sinensis</i>. Walking-stick Ebony or Yoruba Ebony. Ogan pupa,
+Aggan Egbo (Egba) (Yoruba); Ungungmekkan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree with reddish-coloured stem and
+very thin, scaly bark, often branching near the base and usually
+forming several stems up to 18 inches in girth instead of one main
+stem. It has a large, alternate leaf, with large leaf scars,
+amounting to projections from the twigs. The fruit is like an
+acorn, but of reddish colour, with a very small, low-rimmed cup.
+The twigs are reddish colour too, which is most typical of the
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is common in the Benin, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo
+and Ondo provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—Very hard, whitish-brown wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>E. Use.</em>—Walking-sticks, as it often grows
+forming a natural handle.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Walking-sticks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros sp.</i> Benin Ebony. Owegbo
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized tree, yielding a black ebony, which
+is prevalent in the Benin forests. The bark scales off like <i>D.
+atropurpurea</i>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">[384]</span>
+It is a larger tree, though, than the last named. It likes the
+dense forest with a deep, damp soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In proportion the sapwood is white and very
+wide.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is slow-growing, shade-bearing, with
+soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration
+is weak.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, nor has it been
+sawn up for local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>. Monkey Guava or
+Yoruba Ebony, Kanran, Etini (Yoruba); Igedudu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">From the similarity of its fruit to a medlar it
+obtains its botanical name.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta and Ibadan provinces of
+Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone. In places such as the
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve and neighbourhood it is very prevalent and
+almost gregarious in habit. As regards height, and almost always as
+regards girth, it is the largest of almost all the ebony-trees,
+with the exception of one species found near the Niger, reaching a
+girth of over 14 feet and a bole length of 70 feet. At the pole
+stage, and as it gets older, the bark is evenly fissured,
+vertically and horizontally, breaking up into small black-edged
+sections of about 2 inches long and ½ inch wide. Until it is much
+over 2 feet in girth the cortex is smooth, dark-green or black.
+After this it becomes rather rough, with small fissures. Although
+often very cylindrical in shape, the bole sometimes has very
+considerable taper—in fact, more so than many other trees. The
+branches come out almost at right angles to the stem and are very
+persistent, still remaining as short snags for many years after
+they have been broken off by storms or other agencies. The leaves
+are smallish and lanceolate in shape, and almost appear to be
+silvery on the under surface and very dark green on the upper
+surface. The thinner branches appear silvery-grey, though they are
+very similar, but thinner in comparison to <i>M. multinervis</i>,
+which are found in the same locality growing side by side. The leaf
+has a few fine veins. The fruit is flatly spherical, and is like a
+little medlar with its russet-brown rough surface and the dried-up
+sepals of the flower on it. It is, however, larger than than of
+Multinervis.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and narrow and the heartwood
+dark-brown to black, sometimes even green-black. It is very hard—in
+fact, almost the hardest of all African woods, with perhaps the
+exception of Yoruba Ironwood, Red Ironwood, and African Greenheart.
+It splits fairly well. It is inclined to be brittle, especially in
+timber from larger specimens, planes well and saws well, but is
+difficult to nail. It is termite-proof. Occasionally<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_385">[385]</span> a large boring beetle burrows
+into the wood when it is lying on the ground. However, the grubs
+which do this damage are considered a delicacy by the natives, so
+that wherever found they are soon collected and eaten. The younger
+tree grows with branches more or less in whorls, but not so regular
+as those of <i>M. multinervis</i>. When fresh it is liable to warp.
+It keeps its colour better than most of the ebonies. It
+occasionally shows a little figure. In proportion it has the
+largest heartwood of any of them, and for this reason is a most
+valuable tree.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i085" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig085.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig085.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 85.—<span class=
+"bold">Khaya anthoteca, 16 feet in girth, Obagie Forest Reserve,
+Benin Province.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i086" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig086.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig086.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 86.—<span class=
+"bold">Okan (Cylicodiscus Gabunensis), African Greenheart, 24 feet
+in girth, standing in Obagie Forest Reserve, Benin
+Province.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 384.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros Kamerunensis</i>. Cameroon Ebony.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree has been found in the Boji Hills Forest
+as well as in the Cameroons. Although not of great size, it yields
+a comparatively large and black-hearted ebony. The fruit is much
+larger than that of most other species. It is comparatively
+prevalent at an elevation of about 1,000 feet in the Boji Hills. Up
+to the present it is doubtful if it has been worked at all. The
+natives have no use for the tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros Barteri</i>. Ebony Nut or Yam Stick.
+Ivioha (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Small ebony-shrub of the Benin province of Nigeria,
+found near Okomo in rather moist ground. The natives have no use
+for the wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros bipendensis</i>. South Cameroon
+Ebony.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is supposed to be found in the Oban Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros crassiflora</i>. Benin Ebony. Aborkpor
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It yields the black ebony of the Benin country and
+is somewhat prevalent. Found in the Benin, Abeokuta and Onitsha
+provinces of Nigeria. A tree with a small leaf.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It forms almost pure groups or even small stands,
+of half a mile and less in extent, near the banks of the Niger. It
+can stand swampy ground. It used to be cut in the Onitsha
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros sp.</i> Benin Ebony. Isanhianme or
+Ehrenyegbo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A common tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It
+is supposed to yield a good ebony. It does not reach a very large
+size. It is a soil protecting and improving tree. Locally it is
+used for house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as mahogany at 1s. 6d. per cubic foot. Since that
+time it has not been exported.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros atropurpurea</i> (Gurke). Brown Ebony.
+Igedudu (Yoruba); Igedudu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, attaining a girth of about 4
+feet. The heartwood is usually brown with black streaks, giving it
+a curious and diverse streakiness, not unlike black marble
+or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_386">[386]</span> Indian
+Blackwood. The flower is reddish-purple coloured and quite
+conspicuous, growing out of the upper surface of the twig without a
+stalk of any kind. The bark is almost black and peels off in very
+thin, oblong-shaped flakes; the cortex underneath is green. In old
+age it is hollow at the first branch joint.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of
+Nigeria. About one-third of the diameter of a mature tree is
+heartwood. Apparently a slow-growing tree, though none have been
+planted. It is a shade-bearer in the evergreen and mixed forest;
+natural regeneration is not good. A large cerambix or other borer
+makes finger-thick holes in the sap and heartwood of old trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It should be an export timber of value, but it was
+only valued at £5 to £10 a ton in 1906. It has been used for mirror
+frames.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—For firewood in the Benin
+country, where it is considered very good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros suaveolens</i>. Benin Ebony. Oohoo
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small-sized tree, with very small heartwood
+and a small, oblong, almost lanceolate leaf. The bark, which is
+quite black, has slight fissures and is much harder than that of
+<i>D. atropurpurea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is prevalent in the Benin country, Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It likes to grow near water, but not in a swampy
+place. It is a slow-grower and shade-bearer, being found as an
+undergrowth in the high forest. It is not attacked by white ants.
+The wood is hard and durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is used for house-building
+as rafters, as well as for axe-handles of any kind. Small trees are
+used for making bows (long) for shooting birds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros verrucosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree, although named from the Cameroons, is
+found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria. The twigs are
+very rough compared to the other species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros dendo?</i>. Cross River Ebony. Ebubri
+etu, Obiliteto (Efik); Itiuyang (Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree with dark-green, smooth
+bark, with large lanceolate leaves and strong upward-spreading
+branches, which makes the bole shorter than it would otherwise be.
+The fruit is almost pear-shaped, containing four long, thin,
+wedge-shaped seeds, brown outside and white inside.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Calabar and Ogoja provinces of
+Nigeria, in the evergreen forest zone of the hill forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The crown is rather irregular in shape, being
+supported<span class="pagenum" id="Page_387">[387]</span> with two
+or three main limbs from the bole. It reaches a girth of about 6
+feet and a bole length of 12 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is wide and white and the heartwood
+black. The tree is occasionally attacked by a large borer, which
+makes large holes nearly ¾ inch in diameter. The timber is very
+hard, but if the tree is killed by fire it becomes a little more
+brittle than is usually the case. In old trees which may be left
+lying in the forest, the middle of the heartwood often decays away
+with ground-rot. It planes well and saws well. Nails often split
+it. It splits moderately well, especially when free of knots.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. On the whole, it is more
+exacting as to soil than most other trees, being usually found on a
+good loam rich in humus, which is moist and with fair drainage.
+Natural regeneration is none too good. Stump shoots are very weak,
+and often do not occur. It has not yet been planted. It is very
+susceptible to fire—in fact, more so than perhaps any other tree.
+The timber has been exported for many years from Calabar, but of
+late in decreasing quantities, owing to the exhaustion of the
+nearer sources of supply, and to the fact that only small billets
+under 3 feet in length, not square, and only 3 or 4 inches in
+cross-section were cut. The usual native method of procedure is
+very curious. On making a clearing for a farm, any ebony standing
+there gets killed with the fire, and having comparatively few roots
+and being very heavy, the tree falls down. Before abandoning the
+farm the native may put a mark on this tree, or at any rate make a
+mental note of its existence. After a year or two, if he is in need
+of money to buy clothes, or wishes to purchase anything, he goes
+back to this old farm, finds this tree, perhaps externally somewhat
+charred, and perhaps the centre of the heartwood rotted away; he
+proceeds to cut it into lengths of about 10 or 12 feet. These he
+then splits lengthways into segments with a rounded side of about 5
+inches, the two split sides about 4 inches, and the inner surface
+about 3 inches. In order to get these long pieces of suitable
+dimension to carry to the nearest factory or trading station, he
+cuts them into three or four billets; two or three of these,
+according to weight, are tied together and carried to the factory.
+It is sold by weight, and sometimes 200 billets go to the ton,
+though a smaller quantity of a larger size would be better and
+secure a better price. This method should be compared with the
+superior one adopted by the natives of the Cameroons. Compared to
+the usual price of £6 or £7 per ton for Calabar ebony, Cameroon
+wood usually fetches £10 to £12.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_388">[388]</span><i>Diospyros xanthochlamys</i>. Okahimi
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is one of the Benin ebonies and is not very
+prevalent. It is said to yield a good ebony.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Maba Mannii</i>. Benin Maba.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Benin and Ondo provinces
+of Nigeria. It only reaches a girth of 4 feet and a short bole of
+about 10 feet. It is much branched, even low down, the branches
+being persistent and crooked. The leaves are small, rather less
+than ebony itself. The leaf is really a long, pinnate one, with
+thirty pairs of pinnæ. The fruit is white, soft and oblong, with
+small seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree has a white sapwood with a black
+heartwood, rather small in proportion to the size of the stem. It
+does not split well. Termites do not attack it, but occasionally
+the gigas borers make holes in it. It grows slowly and stands a
+good deal of shade. It sprouts well from the stool and the seed
+also grows fairly well. It grows in the damp, deep soil and does
+not stand fire at all. It belongs to the evergreen forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree has not been cut for local use or
+exported to Europe. It is used as firewood, and is considered
+better than most other woods, even <i>Ohia</i>, <i>Celtis
+sp.</i></p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Oleaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Schrebera Golungensis</i>. Hard Yellow Wood.
+Opele (Yoruba); Udegwoga (?) (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria,
+Olokemeji and Ilaro Reserves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, reaching a girth of about 10
+feet. The smooth, light-green bark with yellow patches differs from
+the Celtis species, which is rougher, and the Afrormosia species,
+which is orange-red and peels off. The leaves are small for the
+size of the tree. The crown is narrow and long and the branches
+forming it slender. The curious small pear-shaped dehiscent fruit,
+showing four oblong niches for seeds, is most typical of the tree.
+In other respects the habit and build of the tree is similar to the
+Celtis species, especially with the root spurns slightly
+corrugating the base of the bole. It is not a common tree, but
+usually a fair number of specimens are seen in any locality where
+it has been found. The bole is very straight and free from branches
+for quite a height of the tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is a dull-yellow colour, fine grain, of
+smooth texture and moderately hard. It planes to a smooth, almost
+shining surface. It scarcely shrinks or warps when drying.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_389">[389]</span>It
+sprouts slightly from the stump, though the shoots do not seem to
+have much strength.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not yet been exported, though its
+valuable quality should assure it of a market. Sample planks used
+at Olokemeji proved most durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The fruit is used by the
+Yorubas for divining the future.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Loganiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strychnos densiflora</i> (Baill.). African
+Strychnos Tree. Attako (Yoruba); Egbeda (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the dry-zone forest of the Ibadan
+and Benin provinces of Nigeria, where it seems to be very
+prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a small tree
+or shrub, up to 12 feet high, with small leaves and very hard
+wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is of slow growth, but on the whole is a
+shade-bearer and soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural
+regeneration appears to be poor.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been planted.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Apparently the seeds have not yet been examined as
+to their value. The timber is too small for export or local use,
+except for hut-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Use.</em>—The Benin natives use the stem for
+making snares for Duika and the branches for making brooms, as they
+are very tough.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthocleista nobilis</i>. Ogugu, Sapho, Apa Oro
+(Yoruba); Orrimogungun, Oriweni (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin and
+Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has huge soft leaves, and is one of the first
+plants to appear on a clearing in the dry-zone or mixed forests. In
+old age the leaf is much smaller, and the mass of white flowers
+along the uppermost branches is most typical of the tree. It is
+often almost gregarious, and in most places more than one tree is
+found in the immediate neighbourhood. Reaching a girth of about 3
+feet, its stem does not exceed 20 feet in height. There are usually
+two or three main branches into which it divides. The wood is soft
+and white.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a light-loving, rapid-growing tree, which is
+soil-protecting and soil-improving in youth, but is too open in
+crown after a few years. It should, however, prove a useful nurse
+for superior species in the dry zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Firewood in places where wood
+is scarce.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_390">[390]</span>Apocynaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alstonia Congensis</i> (Eng.). Pattern Wood,
+Stool Wood. Ahun, Awun, Ogudugbu (Yoruba); Ukhu (Benin); Ekuri Ebu
+(Ibo Owerri); Abo, Idu (Efik); Ofemm (Bembi); Etiap, Oguk (Oban,
+Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, growing up to a height of 100
+feet and 10 feet girth. The white lenticels on the bark are very
+typical of the tree, and give it the appearance of having a rust
+disease. The crown is formed of two or three whorls of branches and
+is very flat in old age. The tree grows always in whorls, though it
+may have more than one stem. In the distance the leaves appear to
+be digitate, but in reality three to seven are found to be growing
+out of the end of one stalk, all being much the same size. The
+crown is flatly umbrella-shaped. It has comparatively few branches.
+The root flanges are slight, soon merging into the trunk. At the
+base of the bole, however, they are not absolutely round in shape,
+but have two or three large ridges, sometimes almost subdividing
+it. The slash is white, with yellow spots. A chalky white latex
+exudes when it is cut, rapidly running down the stem like a streak
+of whitewash.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin,
+Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria in the evergreen and
+mixed deciduous forest zone. It is a very common tree throughout
+this region and is usually found growing singly.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white, there being little or no
+difference between sapwood and heartwood. When dry, it is very
+light and soft. It splits and planes easily, saws well, and takes
+nails easily. The grain is close and fine and very even in texture.
+Although dull, it works up to a smooth finish. It is attacked by
+termites. It is not durable in the open, but under cover it lasts
+quite well. In drying it is liable to shrink and warp a little, but
+with care this can be avoided. It seasons comparatively quickly. It
+cuts easily with a knife or chisel and might take the place of lime
+as a carving-wood. From its texture it should take stains very
+well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very fast-growing, at first slightly
+shade-bearing and latterly a light-loving tree, which thoroughly
+protects the soil and enriches it with its leaf fall. Natural
+regeneration appears to be good, as it sprouts well from the stump.
+It seems to like a good soil with plenty of moisture, and will even
+withstand floods. It is not fire-resisting. The crown and branches
+are liable to be broken with a high wind.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as a whitewood, but it was considered to be of no
+value.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_391">[391]</span> It deserves
+a further trial as a pattern-wood, comparatively large quantities
+being available. Locally it has not been sawn up for planks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In Calabar the timber is used for stools, which are
+carved out of large solid blocks of this wood in one piece, without
+a joint.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—In the Benin country the
+timber is used for doors and the roots for medicine.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The box of the musical instrument Asologun, a kind
+of zither, is made of this wood in the Yoruba country. The latex is
+used for mixing with real rubber latex of the Anyo or <i>Funtumia
+elastica</i> tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Voacanga Africana</i> (Stapf.). Cloth Shrub.
+Dodo, Giwini (Yoruba); Igbo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common shrub-like tree in the Ogoja,
+Onitsha, Benin, Warri, Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of
+Nigeria. The tree is usually noticeable from its white wax-like,
+trumpet-shaped flowers, which have a very fragrant scent, and which
+very rapidly wither when cut. The bark is thin and extremely
+fibrous and hard to break, so much so that the natives of the Asaba
+district make grass-like fibre out of it and mix it with a silk
+fibre to make a very durable kind of cloth, which the natives wear.
+It grows in waste places and requires light. It sprouts well from
+the stump.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Conopharyngia durissima</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Western Provinces. It is
+of a similar size to <i>C. pachysiphon</i>, and the timber is just
+as durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Conopharyngia pachysiphon</i>. False Boxwood.
+Dodo? (Yoruba); Ibbu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Calabar, Warri, Benin
+and Ondo provinces of Nigeria. A small tree, attaining a girth of
+only 4 feet, with a large leaf, bearing large spherical-shaped
+fruits in pairs. The large creamy-white, strongly scented flowers
+are conspicuous to both sight and scent. The bark, even in its
+younger stages, is covered with small yellow lenticels. The wood is
+hard and yellow in colour, and there is no difference between
+sapwood and heartwood. The latex has sometimes been used as an
+adulterant for rubber. It is a shade-bearer, and is found at the
+border of the evergreen and mixed deciduous forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The natives of the Benin country use the roots for
+medicinal purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Farquharia elliptica</i>. Onanisankianmon
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a member of the new genus of Farquharia
+found by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">[392]</span> Mr.
+Farquhar in the Benin province of Nigeria, near Ugumu. It is not
+stated whether the natives use this as a source of rubber or
+not.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia florida</i> (Benth.). Rubber Vine.
+Ibugidi, Ibo-akitipa (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A vine found throughout Southern Nigeria, though
+most abundant in the dry-zone fringing forests and in the
+intermediate forests, and at Ottoa, Benin province. It bears white
+flowers having yellow centres.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—Milky juice is obtained from this
+vine, but it is not good rubber, and has no market value.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia scandens</i>. Ibo (Yoruba); Ubamiogon
+(Benin); Otopoi, Otanta (Ibo Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Ilaro.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Owariensis</i>, var.
+<i>rubiginosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found Anwai River, Asaba district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Owariensis</i>. White Vine Rubber.
+Ibo tabong (Yoruba); Ubamiogon, Ubgo (Benin); Otta farfridi (Ibo
+Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found Benin City and Mamu.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Senegalense</i>. Ibo akitipa
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Oyo province of Nigeria, and it
+is supposed to be one of the sources of vine rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Thompsonii</i> (Chev.).
+Corrugated-fruited Rubber. Ibogidi (Yoruba); Ugbamiogun
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A vine growing abundantly throughout the rain and
+fringing forests. It has white flowers with yellow centres and a
+bright-yellow edible fruit. No rubber is obtained from it, but only
+a pasty mass from the latex.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Petersiana</i>. Large-fruited
+Landolphia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Oban Reserve and Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia bracteata</i>. Autopoi (Ibo
+Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found at Idanre, Anwai, Asaba district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carpodinus hirsuta</i> (Stapf.), var.
+<i>djenge</i>. Flake or Paste Rubber, Root Rubber, Brown Cluster,
+or Brown Medium. Ibo Ilecki (Yoruba); Uboto, Obo, Ubanakwi, Ake,
+Abache (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Onitsha, Benin and Warri
+provinces of Nigeria. It has a mauve-coloured flower with a
+musk-like scent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The rubber was bought near the Niger until the
+vines from which it was taken were destroyed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carpodinus Barteri</i>, syn. <i>Clitandra
+Barteri</i>. Mauve-flowered Vine Rubber. Ibo (Yoruba); Akhe
+(Benin); Akwarri, Offonkwari (Ibo Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Anwai River.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_393">[393]</span><i>Carpodinus fulva</i>. Pear-shape-fruited
+Rubber. Ikwian (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Asaba district, Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clitandra elastica</i>. Brown Medium Rubber.
+Ubabikpan (Benin); Beckindanko (Hausa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A vine of the dry zone, found in the Okwoga
+district and at Adani in Awka district. It also yields root
+rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It yields a good rubber, sold on the Niger for 1s.
+3d. to 1s. 6d. per pound (1911). Extracted by tapping and
+coagulated by boiling, also with salt.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clitandra visciflua</i> (Hall. Fil.). Ubake
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clitandra Togolana</i> (Hall). Ibo, Agba
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, up to 60 feet high (?).
+Olokemeji.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clitandra cirrhosa</i>. Oban Rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is one of the commoner vines of the Oban
+Forest Reserve. In recent years, owing to the low price of rubber,
+it has not been tapped to any extent. The cost of collection to the
+natives is rather high, with the extended preparations and amount
+of food they must take with them in this forest. Added to this
+there is the cost of the licence and the cost of taking it over the
+long distance to the market, so that they do not think it pays to
+collect this rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rauwolfia vomitoria</i> (Afzel). Swizzle-stick.
+Iraigbo, Asofeyeje (Yoruba); Akata (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin,
+Warri, Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria, in the evergreen
+and mixed deciduous zone, where it is very prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree of 12 feet in height and 18
+inches in girth, with almost always four branchlets to each branch,
+forming regular whorls in this manner. It has a soft, thin leaf and
+a round, small green fruit. The stem is usually forked near the
+ground, and each side branch is forked again and the uppermost
+branches divided into four separate twigs, making thus a most
+convenient shape for a swizzle-stick. The stem is more or less
+dotted with a few white lenticels. The bark peels off very readily
+and cleanly with a knife, leaving the bare white stem, especially
+in the smaller branches.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood of the smaller branches is soft, showing a
+small pith in the centre, but that of the stem in the larger
+specimens is comparatively hard, and more like an inferior type of
+boxwood. The sapwood is usually a little softer than the
+heartwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is
+good. It<span class="pagenum" id="Page_394">[394]</span> sprouts
+well from the stump, and a certain number of root suckers appear.
+It stands pruning well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree does not really reach a large enough size
+to yield export timber, or to be of much value for local use. It
+is, however, commonly used as a swizzle-stick.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In places where building timber is scarce, it is
+occasionally used in house-building. It could be, and sometimes is,
+used as a live fence.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Polyadoa umbellata</i> (Stapf.). Oak or Boxwood.
+Aini (Egba); Erm (Yoruba); Osu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree which grows to a girth of
+4 feet. The young stem is easily recognized by the longitudinal
+strips of lenticels, joined together with the dark-green cortex,
+showing between each strip. When older, lenticels appear on the
+stem and it may be quite grey or white.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is a dirty yellow colour and very hard,
+resembling box in the fineness and the hardness of its grain. It is
+used by the natives for making combs for the hair; these combs have
+six prongs about 6 inches long and are sold at 6d. to 1s. apiece.
+It is used for house-building, and is considered the most durable
+timber for this purpose; it is forked about 15 to 20 feet from the
+ground. The bark is used medicinally by the natives (Yorubas).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The leaves are a yellowish-green, gradually turning
+a rich dark-green. The small greengage-sized fruits appear in pairs
+at the ends of the shoots, and occasionally in threes, but this is
+rare.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It likes moist ground, though it will stand a long
+dry season, so long as it has the shade of other trees. It is a
+distinct shade-bearer, though it grows a fair height when it has a
+chance. The flowers are white and have a very pleasant smell.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Only a very small quantity of latex exudes when the
+tree is cut, and so does not give the impression of belonging to
+the rubber family of Apocynaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is a similar colour to the heartwood.
+It is not always straight, but this is owing to its slow growth
+causing it to be amongst the dominated trees. In older trees the
+stem is usually quite white, except where the bark has been
+removed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A sample was sent to England in 1914 and was said
+to be valueless as a substitute for boxwood. In 1906 samples were
+shipped to Liverpool, where it was sold as a species of oak at 1s.
+9d. per cubic foot, but it was not considered as good as that
+obtained from Awaw, Eba, <i>Lophira procera</i> or <i>Ostryoderris
+impressa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_395">[395]</span><em>Native Use.</em>—The chief tree for all
+tool-handles and house-posts. The most durable kinds are in Egba,
+and they are not attacked by white ants.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alafia Landolphioides</i>. Ubamiagon (Benin);
+Ata frifridi (Ibo Asaba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found at Illushi, Asaba district, Oke Igbo, Ilesha
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carissa edulis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria. The fruit is edible.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Motandra Guineensis</i> (A. D.C.). Bodekadun
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been used for making rubber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strophanthus Preussii</i>. Elephant Poison. Isha
+gere, Isha kekere (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Shagamu, Lagos and Calabar
+districts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A climbing shrub, attaining the height of 12 feet.
+The flowers are creamy in colour, deepening to orange, with purple
+spots and streaks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strophanthus hispidus</i> (A. D.C.). Isha fere
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Ilesha district, Oyo province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Holarrhena Wulfsbergii</i> (Stapf.). The Male
+Rubber Tree or False Rubber Tree, according to the Yorubas, or
+sometimes known as the False Ireh Tree. Ireh-ibeji, Ireh-ako,
+Ako-ireh (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree being found in the Abeokuta and Oyo
+provinces of Nigeria, it is not very prevalent, nor does it grow in
+large numbers in any one place. With its smooth, dark-green bark,
+speckled irregularly all over with white spots and lenticels, it is
+easily distinguishable from the almost silver-white or grey
+beech-like stem of the true West African Rubber Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">At a height varying from 10 to 15 feet the bole
+sometimes divides and forms two very straight stems, one much
+smaller than the other. In the African Rubber Tree (<i>Funtumia
+elastica</i>) usually only one stem is formed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Again, in its sparse and rather drooping foliage it
+is very different from the real rubber-tree. The leaves are much
+longer, more sharply pointed, and in fact more lanceolate than
+those of <i>F. elastica</i>. The foliage often gives the appearance
+of being withered or that the tree is drying up.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Large raceme-like masses of small flowers appear in
+February or March, which are much more prominent than those of
+<i>F. elastica</i>, these being more hidden among the leaves,
+although individually having larger blossoms. Later on, a thin
+round pod, nearly 2 feet in length, forms in pairs, which hang down
+and make the tree look most grotesque. On the other hand, <i>F.
+elastica</i> pods are stout and short and almost hidden by the
+foliage.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">[396]</span>The
+tree reaches a girth of 36 inches and a total height of about 50
+feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The slash is greenish-white, and a very little
+white, rather watery latex exudes from the cut. The wood is white,
+soft, planes easily, and splits comparatively easily. It saws
+fairly well and takes nails with comparative ease. It is not
+termite-proof.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately fast-growing tree of a
+light-loving nature. Natural reproduction by seed appears to be
+fair. It sprouts slightly from the stump.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Being found in odd and poor places in the mixed
+deciduous forests at the edge of dry-zone vegetation, it should
+prove useful for temporary house-building purposes and for cutting
+up as cratewood for bananas, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pleiocerus Barteri</i> (Baill.). Irena, kekere
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is very much like a Cola and fairly
+common in the forest. It is very sticky to the taste.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, in habit similar to the
+Cola-tree, and most people would classify it from its external
+appearance as a species of Cola.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Picralima Klaineana?</i>. Agege (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found at Agege, Yoruba country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oncinotis gracilis</i>. Ornamental Rubber Vine.
+Allerle (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in Ogodo Dry-zone Forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><em>Name unknown</em>. Ikwian (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">An uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria.
+It attains a medium-size and bears large fruits. The wood is used
+as firewood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Borraginaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ehretia cymosa</i> (S. and H.). Ija oke
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cordia sp.</i>, <i>? Platythyrsa</i>. Drum-wood
+Cordia. Ako Ledo (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cordia Irvingii</i>. Acorn-like-fruited
+Cordia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, similar to <i>Cordia
+Millenii</i>. It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cordia Millenii</i>. Omon or Omo (Yoruba); Omah
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo,
+Benin, Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is an irregularly shaped tree, often with more
+than one stem. The light-coloured bark, especially when it is
+scaly, often gives the impression that the tree is luminous at
+night.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_397">[397]</span> The leaf is
+large. It is a common tree in the Benin district, of
+medium-size.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It yields a softwood, which has a certain amount of
+resonance. The sapwood is white and the heartwood a mid-brown
+colour. It is not very durable, except under cover.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It stands a good deal of shade. It sprouts well
+from the stump. It bears fruit irregularly, and seedlings are
+scarce in the forest. The wood has not been exported, and none of
+its qualities so far assure it of finding a good market in
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The natives use the wood for
+making drums.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i087" class="iw5"><a href="images/fig087.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig087.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 87.—<span class=
+"bold">Koko Town, with raft of mahogany logs moored near the
+bank.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i088" class="iw5"><a href="images/fig088.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig088.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 88.—<span class=
+"bold">Mahogany logs floating in the river above Koko
+Town.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 396.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax1">Verbenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Avicennia Africana</i>. White Mangrove. Ogbun
+(Lagos); Ede, Eyhrodo (Benin); Odonumon (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Colony, Ondo, Warri, Owerri and
+Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is seen partly in pure groups, and
+also mixed more or less in groups with the other areas of Red
+Mangrove and <i>Laguncularia sp.</i></p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, growing up to 2 feet girth and
+about 40 feet high.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The bole appears silvery grey and the branches very
+slender. The leaves are of a lighter green than those of the Red
+Mangrove. The aerial roots are smaller and not so extended as in
+the case of Racemosa. On the whole, it occurs in the quieter and
+less exposed localities, away from the sea, and it seems to appear
+only secondary to <i>R. racemosa</i>, which is the first tree to
+appear in the mangrove formation. The slash is white; the cortex is
+thin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood a light
+brown when freshly cut. Is moderately hard, and durable when dry
+and used away from water. It is termite-proof. In structure it is
+similar to teak, being a member of the same family, but the grain
+is more open and the pores are considerably larger and longer,
+giving the wood a more open texture. It planes up with a smooth
+surface, splits well, takes nails moderately well and saws
+easily.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing, at first
+shade-bearing, and later on a light-demanding tree. Natural
+regeneration is good, but it does not appear to be extending as
+fast as <i>R. racemosa</i>. It sprouts from the stump; root suckers
+and aerial root shoots grow in considerable numbers. On the whole,
+it tends to die out sooner when the ground becomes dryer than <i>R.
+racemosa</i>, and its area of distribution from the coast inland is
+much less wide.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, nor has it been
+sawn<span class="pagenum" id="Page_398">[398]</span> up for local
+use. For the natives this tree forms what is considered the best
+“salt bush” in the Jekri country. It is still used for the
+manufacture of salt, which is considered much stronger than and
+superior to imported salt. It is also used for poles,
+house-building, boat and canoe houses and wharves.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex grandifolia</i>. Ori (Yoruba);
+Owenkundignon, Oriri Ogikiomi (?) (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin, Onitsha, Owerri and Ogoja
+provinces, in the open deciduous forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The digitate leaf is much larger than that of <i>V.
+Cienkowski</i>, and on the whole the tree is larger too, reaching a
+girth of 10 feet and a bole length of 30 feet. The fruit is rather
+larger, but similar in shape and taste to the former. The branches
+are very persistent, and coming out more or less in whorls from the
+bole, give the tree a most distinct appearance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and the heartwood at first
+light-brown, and then darker brown. It is rather more open-grained
+than the teak. It does not split very well, but can take nails;
+neither does it plane easily, but can be worked up to a smooth
+finish. It is very durable and termite-proof.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">At first fast growing and later rather slower, it
+is on the whole a little faster growing than <i>V. Cienkowski</i>.
+It withstands the fires in an extraordinary manner, and only
+occasionally does the bole get so deeply burnt that the tree
+becomes hollow. It bears a large crop of fruit almost every
+year.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, nor has it been
+sawn up for local use. It deserves further attention than it has
+received up to the present, more especially as it is of the same
+family as the teak.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The fruit is eaten, and
+occasionally the smaller trees are used for house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex Cienkowskii</i>. Ori, nla (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, attaining a girth of
+about 8 feet and a bole length of about 25 feet. The bark is rough,
+divided up with long, narrow vertical fissures, which are more or
+less regular in their distribution. The crown is spherical,
+somewhat widespreading, and usually occupies about half the height
+of the tree. The large, shiny, dark-green digitate leaf is most
+characteristic of the tree. The fruit, not unlike a large acorn
+without the cup, is edible and has a slight honey taste. It
+attracts the bees from far and near.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Oyo and Abeokuta
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—Hard, brown wood, very similar to
+teak. It is often rather knotty and sometimes cross-grained.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_399">[399]</span>At
+first fairly fast-growing, later on it is rather slow. It is very
+fire-resisting, but does not thoroughly protect the soil. It has
+not been felled for export, nor has it been sawn up for local use.
+It serves a useful purpose amongst the dry-zone vegetation, and is
+one of the larger trees of that zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex Fosteri</i>. Ori-eta (Yoruba); Obuban,
+Ibang (Benin); Ogi (Calabar).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Chief Characteristics.</em>—It is a
+medium-sized tree with thin, white bark and voluted stem, which is
+not overstraight beyond 15 or 20 feet, soft and fibrous; one of the
+common trees in the mixed forest, though also found in the
+evergreen forest. It has a thin, digitate leaf. It usually stands
+as one of the dominated trees in either forest. The leaves often
+look silvery, but this is an optical illusion, owing to their being
+so thin and white on the underside.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Distribution.</em>—It is found in the Abeokuta,
+Ibadan, Jebu, Ode, Benin and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—It is a hard, white wood of even
+texture and smooth grain, which is apparently durable for interior
+work. It is somewhat like hornbeam, though not quite so hard. It
+works up with a smooth surface.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Silvicultural Qualities.</em>—It is a
+shade-bearer, though, if planted pure, it is doubtful whether its
+foliage would thoroughly protect the ground, owing to its being so
+thin. Natural regeneration by seed is apparently good.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Use.</em>—It would probably make good
+verandah-posts, door-frames and window-frames, but so far has not
+been tried. As there is plenty of it, proper supplies could be
+obtained in the provinces named.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Value.</em>—At present doubtful, as it is an
+untried wood; however, belonging to the same family as teak, it
+should find a place amongst the valuable small timbers for local
+use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex diversifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has been noted from the Oban Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clerodendron Thonningii</i>. Egwa, Oriakuku
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is an ornamental shrub of the Benin province of
+Nigeria, found near the Osse River.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clerodendron Thompsonii</i>. Egwa oviakuku
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized shrub with woody stem found in the
+Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clerodendron scandens</i> (Beauv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large shrub with hard wood of the Benin
+province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clerodendron volubile</i>. Ebenote (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_400">[400]</span><i>Clerodendron splendens</i> (Kew). Adabi
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A medium-sized shrub found in the Abeokuta
+province. The stem yields small wood for farm implements.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Labiatæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ocimum viride</i> (Willd.). Efinrin (Yoruba);
+Aramoho (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Yoruba and Benin country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Scrophulariaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cycinium camporum</i> (Engl.). Arojoku
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Flowers white. Found at Obba on the Hill, Ondo
+province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bignoniaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spathoidea campanulata</i>. Red Tulip Tree.
+Oruru (Yoruba); Okokwi Okwekwe (Benin); Essenim (Efik); Osukaregigi
+(Bembi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree grows in the fringing and intermediate
+forests. It is of medium size and has large trumpet-shaped flowers,
+not unlike those of the tulip.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Uses.</em>—This tree is often used for
+ornamental purposes. Timber, edible seeds and medicaments are
+obtained from it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Stereospermum acuminatissimum</i>. Osualong
+(seed), Okwekwe, Aguana (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a somewhat common tree of the Benin
+province of Nigeria, and certainly with its red flowers it is one
+of the most handsome. It is not unlike the so-called African Tulip
+Tree, <i>Spathoidea campanulata</i>. On the whole, it is a smaller
+tree, with a round, almost spherical crown; the wood is soft and
+white and not durable. It bears a large number of seeds, but few
+appear to germinate. It sprouts feebly from the stump, is a
+light-loving tree, and also a soil-protecting and soil-improving
+species. It deserves greater attention for planting in gardens and
+at the edges of recreation grounds of all sorts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Stereospermum Kunthianum</i> (Cham.). Ayagdo
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the Abeokuta province and
+Erin, Ilesha. It is very similar to the tulip-tree, but has a more
+orange-coloured flower.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Kigelia Africana</i>. Sausage Tree. Orora,
+Pandoro (Yoruba); Ogiahimi, Esiskwi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree of the Ogoja, Owerri, Onitsha,
+Benin, Ondu, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. The most
+typical feature of this tree is the long sausage-shaped fruit,
+which hangs by a stalk about 10 inches long; the flowers are red,
+the leaves large and open. It is a small tree, often very much
+branched. It is usually found in old clearings at the edge of the
+mixed deciduous forest. The wood is not<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_401">[401]</span> durable. The natives use it for fences, and
+the roots are mashed and used by Benis for cuts in the fingers. The
+bark and fruit are also used medicinally by the Yorubas.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Markhamia tomentosa</i>. Iru, Aya, Iwe
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, in
+the mixed deciduous forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a tree 4 to 6 feet in girth, with a large
+leaf having five pairs of pinnæ, the lowest being very small, like
+stipules. A deciduous tree bearing small fruit. A very common
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is a soft, white wood, which is not
+used. It is attacked by white ants, and is not durable except under
+cover.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The tree is a light-lover, quick-growing, and
+non-soil-improving. Natural regeneration is moderate, so that it
+does not spread too much. The tree has not been felled for export
+timber, nor has it been cut for local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Newbouldia lævis</i>. Benin Ju-ju Tree. Akkoko
+(Yoruba); Ikhimi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri,
+Onitsha, Ondo, Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, scarcely exceeding 4 feet in
+girth. It has a large, oblong, dark leaf. It is most commonly seen
+in the middle of a compound with a pot at the base of it. The
+flowers are trumpet-shaped, white-coloured at the base and rose-red
+at the mouth. The fruit is a long, thin black pod, which opens
+releasing many flat, winged seeds. The seed is yellow and in the
+middle of the wing.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is white and soft.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been exported or cut for local use.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The tree is used to mark
+boundaries. It is a “Ju-ju” tree, both in and outside the compound.
+It is sometimes used for fences. It is used by the Yorubas for
+rafters.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Acanthaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Thunbergia Vogeliana</i> (Benth.). Blue Benin
+Thunbergia. Ohwohiro (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a shrub with handsome blue flowers; it is
+moderately common in the Central Circle.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rubiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus eu-esculentus</i>. Sierra Leone
+Peach. Egbesi (Yoruba); Aragbaihi (Benin); Amellaky or Egbessye of
+Sierra Leone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin,
+Onitsha, Owerri and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, where it is common
+in the open deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">[402]</span>In
+habit it usually takes more of the shape and form of a shrub rather
+than a tree, though where it is protected a longish main leader
+grows up, but even this droops. It rarely attains a height of more
+than 15 feet and a girth at the base of about 18 inches. The leaf
+is large and oval, opposite, and rather leathery to the touch. The
+fruit is not unlike a peach, except that its surface is not smooth,
+but is pitted in small depressions, giving it a more special peach
+colour. The flesh is very woody and tough, interspersed with small
+seeds not unlike those of the strawberry. When ripe the birds eat
+them. The roots are of a yellowish-brown, especially when the
+cortex is rubbed. The slash is yellow. The leaf is very shiny.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It does not really reach timber size, but the
+sapwood is a light yellow and the heartwood a darker yellow.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a moderately quick growing, light-demanding,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is
+poor, but reproduction by root suckers and stool shoots is very
+strong. It is very fire-resisting, and recovers easily from any
+effects of fire.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—In cases of scarcity of
+building-timber, occasionally short sections are obtained from it
+for hut-building. It is, however, usually too short. The roots are
+used medicinally in the following way: roots about a ¼ inch in
+diameter and upwards to ¾ inch are thoroughly washed in water and
+cut up into sections of about 4 inches long and boiled in water.
+The solution thus made is strained off, and is drunk either hot or
+cold in fairly large doses for the relief of venereal disease (G.)
+in its earlier stages. Most of the natives affirm that it gives
+great relief, though they acknowledge that it does not prove a cure
+for it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus esculentus</i>. Weatherboard Wood.
+Opepe (Yoruba); Obiache (Benin); Awessu (Jekri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin and
+Calabar provinces of Nigeria, where in certain localities it is
+very prevalent.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree of the evergreen forest zone,
+which attains a girth of 12 feet and a corresponding bole length.
+The bark is slightly rough and scaly, but in an even manner. It
+bears a large edible fruit 2 inches in diameter. The fruit is not
+unlike a peach in shape and colour, but with a rougher and softer
+skin. It is very closely and finely pitted with tiny holes in its
+surface. Inside, the flesh is pinkish-white. It is commonly seen at
+the edge of freshwater swamps in the Benin, Ifon and Ondo
+districts. It likes soil with good drainage, but it may be very
+moist.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_403">[403]</span>The
+bole is very straight, and not unlike that of real African Oak in
+appearance. The leaves are rounded and moderately large, and
+inclined to be leathery in texture, with two stipules at the base.
+In the young seedlings the stem is more quadrangular in shape than
+round, and there are a few almost straighter furrows running
+vertically up it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It tends to spread with the opening up of the
+evergreen forest. The root spurns are very slight and round,
+merging into the stem a foot or so above the ground. The slash is
+yellowish-white, and a rather dirty colour. Mucilage-like latex
+gradually exudes from the cut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Timber.</em>—The wood is very durable indeed,
+both for exposed places and for interior work. It is moderately
+hard, a little open and fibrous in grain, of a yellow to orange
+colour, with slight variations in its distribution through the
+wood. It planes well and saws easily; splits fairly well, takes
+nails, and does not warp or shrink very much. There is only a
+slight difference in colour between the sapwood and heartwood, but
+the sapwood is not quite so durable. It is termite-proof. It is
+usually very straight-grained, free of knots and other internal
+defects—in fact, it is one of the cleanest of all the African
+timbers.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very fast-growing, at first slightly
+shade-bearing and later light-loving tree, which thoroughly
+protects and enriches the soil with its leaf fall. In fact, after
+the first two years it is very impatient of shade, and grows very
+slowly, if it is at all under large trees. In suitable places
+natural regeneration is very good. Fair crops of seeds are borne
+almost every year. In some places, notably north of the Ikoha in
+the Benin province, it is almost gregarious in habit. It sprouts
+well from the stump. Here again, unless there is sufficient light,
+it does not grow rapidly, and even tends to die down. In the
+nursery, seeds generate readily, but often fall a prey to the
+Duika, which eat the young seedlings. The tree does not stand
+transplanting very well, as it throws back its development very
+considerably. Small plantations have been made in one or two
+places. Close planting appears to be the correct method, as the
+branches are rather persistent and liable to form knots or places
+of decay in the stem, if they do not drop off when they are quite
+small.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold as a
+hardwood in Liverpool market, where it was considered to show
+little or no merit. However, since that date there have been
+increased demands for all good timbers, so that it seems worthy of
+a further trial. Locally it has been used for making canoes,
+or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_404">[404]</span> has been cut up
+for planks. It has also been used for bridge-building and other
+constructional work, and being one of the most durable, ever wider
+use is being found for it, quite apart from any likely demands for
+export.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is felled for sawing up
+into planks and making canoes, and is considered one of the best of
+all local timbers, except Iroko.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus sambucinus</i> (?). Yellow Wood.
+Opepe (Yoruba); Ebengiku, Obiache (Benin); Eben (Jekri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Warri provinces
+of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree of the swamps, both near
+rivers and near the sea coast—in fact, it will grow in waterlogged
+places—whereas the <i>Sarcocephalus esculentus</i>, to attain large
+dimensions, likes drained soil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is only an inch in diameter, but of the
+same colour as the former. The pitting of the surface is more
+widely distributed and the pits are shallower. The bark is less
+scaly, with a very slight roughness or fissured surface. The wood
+is not so durable as the former, especially in exposed places. On
+the whole, the leaves are larger than <i>S. esculentus</i> and a
+little thinner.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is whitish-yellow and the heartwood of
+a deep yellow colour. It is more fibrous and rather more
+open-grained than that of <i>S. esculentus</i>. The pores, too, are
+longer. On the whole, it is easier to work, a little softer, planes
+well, takes nails, splits well and saws easily. It is doubtful if
+it is termite-proof.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Although really a light-loving tree, it can stand
+more lateral shade than <i>S. esculentus</i>. It is a thoroughly
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree, the foliage making a very
+rich humus. It is much more slow-growing than <i>S. esculentus</i>,
+though on the whole it will stand closer together, and yet grow
+well. It sprouts well from the stump. Natural regeneration appears
+to be good. It is sometimes almost gregarious in habit, and in some
+places one of the few valuable trees in the swamp region. It is
+also often one of the few of merchantable size. No plantations have
+been made with this tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as cedar, but it was only considered of poor
+quality. It deserves, however, further trial now. Locally it is
+occasionally sawn up for planks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is sometimes used for
+making canoes, but it is not liked by the natives, because they say
+it is not so durable as <i>S. esculentus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_405">[405]</span><i>Sarcocephalus sp.</i> Swamp Opepe.
+Oppepera (Yoruba); Eben Obiache (Benin). Perhaps the same as the
+foregoing species.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morinda sp.</i> Brimstone Wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Ekiti district, Ondo province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morinda lucida</i>. Brimstone Wood. Oruwo
+(Yoruba); Obiache (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Yoruba and Benin country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morinda longiflora</i>. Ekiti Morinda.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Ekiti district, Mamu Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pausinystalia sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Eastern Calabar province of
+Nigeria. It is a medium-sized tree found growing in old farms. It
+has globular-shaped flowers with yellowish-red anthers, making it
+very pretty and conspicuous. It has a hard, yellowish-white
+wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Saccoglottis Gabunensis</i>. Mahogany, Tala. Ugu
+(Benin); Attalla (Jekri); Edat (Efik); Tala (Brass); Tala (New
+Calabar); Edat (Oban, Ekoi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, attaining a girth of 15 feet
+and a height of 150 feet. Nearly always found on swampy ground, or
+anyhow where the rainfall is high, as, for instance, in the Oban
+district. One of the first trees to be seen in the forest
+immediately behind the mangrove swamps. The bark is roughly
+fissured like elm, but more regularly, and the slash is red. The
+fruit is an indehiscent nut with small nodules on it, about the
+size of a walnut, which exudes a liquid not unlike honey. Bees
+often frequent the tree for that reason. A reddish sap exudes when
+the tree is cut.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is hard and dark-red, with a fairly close
+grain, though easy to work. The sapwood is usually very narrow and
+yellowish-red.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is evidently a shade-bearer, and stands a good
+deal of shade in its youth. Natural regeneration is fairly good
+where the rainfall is high. It seems a moderately fast grower,
+though no actual measurements have yet been taken. It is almost
+gregarious, especially in Oban. In 1906 it was valued in the
+Liverpool market at 3d. to 6d. a superficial foot as a mahogany of
+mild texture and fairly good colour. It has, however, not been used
+by the Public Works Department.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—In the Benin, Warri and
+Calabar provinces the bark is stripped off in rolls about 3 feet
+long and sold for making gin bitter, by placing it in the liquid. A
+bundle of bark is sold for 5s. at Calabar. In the Degema and Brass
+districts it is one of the common canoe trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_406">[406]</span><i>Mitragyne macrophyllum</i>. False Opepe.
+Burokossa, Bulokossa, Ugbodokossa (Benin); Ebar (Brass); Ebar (New
+Calabar); Ubuen (Efik).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri,
+Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a large tree, attaining a girth of over 12
+feet and a height of over 100 feet. It has a very large leaf. The
+tree is often more or less gregarious, more especially in the
+moister or almost swampy parts of the evergreen forest zone. The
+bark is of a dull-green colour, comparatively thin, and only
+slightly fissured in a large tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is yellowish-white and the heartwood of
+a pale yellow colour. It is almost a hardwood, does not split well,
+planes up smoothly and saws comparatively easily. It hardens
+considerably on seasoning and is very durable under cover, but not
+so much on exposure to the air. The dense foliage makes a thick
+layer of humus under the trees, as a few of the leaves fall off
+each year. It is thus a soil-improving and soil-protecting tree. It
+would probably be found to make a good mixture, in groups of about
+half an acre in extent, with mahogany in the evergreen forest zone.
+In the Brass district it is one of the commonest trees which is
+used for making canoes; it has also occasionally been sawn up for
+planks. It has not yet been exported to England, but at any rate
+locally it should command a wider use in house-building of all
+kinds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mitragyne Africanum</i>. Akpakossa (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin, Ondo, Warri and Calabar
+provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat common tree on the borderland of
+the mixed deciduous forest and the dry-zone vegetation. The tree is
+of small size, attaining a girth of about 6 feet and a bole length
+of 25 feet; the leaf is very large, but does not reach the size of
+<i>M. macrophyllum</i>. It is most frequently found in the swampy
+places at the edge of the deciduous forest; like the sister tree,
+it is more or less gregarious, though the groups are usually not
+very large.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is of a dull yellowish-white colour, and
+planes well; it does not split very easily and is very durable.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This species is a shade-bearing tree of
+soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities, owing to the dense
+bed of leaves, which in turn makes a bed of humus at the base of
+the tree, and thus grass-fires are very much hindered in spreading.
+The timber has not been exported to Europe and the natives scarcely
+ever use this wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_407">[407]</span><i>Randia malleifera</i>. Buje nla
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia octomera</i> (Hook.). Buje (Yoruba);
+Assun (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin province. It is a shrub
+with spherical-shaped fruit like an apple, with the sepals
+projecting from the top. The fruits yield a black dye which is used
+by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia cladantha</i> (K. Sch.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+a woody shrub having a hard wood, and rather pretty red flowers in
+the autumn, which brighten the evergreen forest very much.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia maculata</i> (Kew). Buje, Buji dudu
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A shrub having large, trumpet-shaped flowers. It is
+very ornamental.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia caudata</i>. Blue Dye. Buje (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, 15 to 20 feet high. Found in
+the Olokemeji Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Randia macrantha</i>. Kan Kan (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Ondo province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Nr. Randia</i>. Ukape (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Benin province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mussænda erythrophylla</i> (Sch. and Thonn.).
+Kamatete (Ibo, Owerri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in Obudu, Ogoja province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mussænda tenuiflora</i> (Benth.). Mamu
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Mamu Reserve.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mussænda Isertiana</i>. Igi Ira (Lagos)
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Lagos.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pavetta Baconia</i> (Hiern). Idofun, Igbo
+(Yoruba); Akapano Iyokheze (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Calabar, Warri, Benin,
+Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. A small, shrub-like tree,
+reaching about 3 inches in diameter, most common as an undergrowth
+plant in the evergreen forest zone. Many specimens are found in the
+Obagie Forest Reserve. It stands the shade well, is moderately
+hard, and sprouts well from the stump. The natives of the Benin
+country cut young specimens very largely for use as yam-sticks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hymenodictyon bracteatum</i>. Obadon
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Benin province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Corynanthe paniculata</i> (Welw.). Olikiba
+Anikiba (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">So far it has been found in the Benin province of
+Nigeria, but either this species or Johimbe should be found in the
+Calabar and Ogoja provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_408">[408]</span>It
+is a medium-sized tree of the mixed forest zone, which is
+moderately prevalent in certain localities.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is brown, hard and durable. It planes
+well and splits moderately well. It takes nails and saws moderately
+easily for hard wood. It is considered termite-proof by the
+natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing tree, a shade-bearer,
+a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration
+only appears to be slight. It does not sprout very prolifically
+from the stump. No experimental plantations have yet been made.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a sister species to <i>C. Johimbe</i>,
+which yields the bark containing the very useful alkaloid Johimbin,
+but as yet the bark of this tree has not been tested for a similar
+substance.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In the timber report of 1906 it is valued at 2½d.
+to 3½d. a foot as a species of gummy mahogany, and in another case
+as fancy wood at 1d. per superficial foot or 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d. a
+cubic foot.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Amongst the Benin natives it is used for
+wall-plates, for which purpose it is highly esteemed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Crossopteryx Kotschyana</i>. Ayeye (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A small tree found in the dry-zone forests, of no
+special value. The fruit is leathery; the flowers grow in
+panicles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Parts of the tree are used in
+medicine by the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sabicea calycina</i> (Benth.). Agan Aparo
+(Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in Iro.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canthium glabriflorum</i> (Hiern). Attan
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Warri,
+Benin and Ondo provinces of Nigeria, also in the Cameroons.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of 9
+feet, but with a bole length of about 60 feet, rather longer in
+proportion to the girth. The flat, wide crown is typical of this
+tree, as are also the large tripinnate leaves and the brown,
+stringy bark with slight fissures. The branches spread out almost
+in two or three whorls near the top of the tree. The light can be
+seen through the crown. The flower is white, in large, umbel-like
+masses of small flowers, borne on the upper side of the branches.
+It flowers in November.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is white and fairly broad and the
+heartwood is brown, like cedar. Termites attack in the open.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a light-lover and grows quickly, in old farms
+especially. It sprouts well from the stump, but there are no root
+shoots. Seed production is good, and seedlings appear in near open
+spaces.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been cut for local use or exported to
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_409">[409]</span>The
+branch is used. It has to be placed on a boy’s head and is said to
+make him grow. The boys do it themselves in the Benin country. The
+wood is also a firewood in Benin.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i089" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig089.jpg"><img src='images/fig089.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 89.—<span class=
+"bold">Funtumia Rubber Plantation on both sides of the road,
+Igwoshudi, Benin.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i090" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig090.jpg"><img src='images/fig090.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 90.—<span class=
+"bold">Mahogany Plantation (Khaya Punchii), twelve years old, near
+Noami, on the banks of the Osse River, Benin Province.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i091" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig091.jpg"><img src='images/fig091.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 91.—<span class=
+"bold">Entandrophragma log with three sides already squared and
+fourth partially cut ready for squaring.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i092" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig092.jpg"><img src='images/fig092.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 92.—<span class=
+"bold">Stump of Khaya Punchii with log at base, left in the Benin
+Forest.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 408.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax1">Compositæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vernonia conferta</i>. Big-leaf African Cabbage
+Tree. Onimagugun, Shapo (Yoruba); Orimagugu, Oriweni, Onamagungun
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin, Onitsha
+and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, in clearings at the edge of the
+mixed deciduous and dry-zone forests. It is a very common small
+tree or large shrub, springing up in all old farms. The very large
+bright-green leaves, set opposite to each other on a small,
+comparatively, stout, green, succulent stem, are most typical of
+this plant. The fresh leaf, especially on the smaller plants, is
+not unlike a very open cabbage leaf, but of a lighter green hue. As
+the plant gets older the leaves do not attain such a size. The
+flowers are small, but grow on large, open and much-branched
+spikes. The stem is comparatively soft and pithy, scarcely forming
+a real woody tissue. When dried they can be used for firewood and
+kindle easily. Occasionally it is used for making live fences.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vernonia Nigritana</i> (O. and H.). Bitter Leaf.
+Ewuru or Oko (Yoruba); Ihagobo (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is found in the upper part of the Benin
+province of Nigeria, near Sabongida, in the deciduous zone. A small
+shrub-like tree, the leaves of which are used for soup. The dried
+stem is used for kindling wood. The roots are sometimes used as
+chew-sticks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vernonia amygdalina</i>. (Del.). The Bitter
+Leaf. Ewuru (Yoruba), Oriwu (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Yoruba Chew-stick, also known as the Chew-stick of
+Ewuro, thereby clearly showing the Yoruba origin of some of the
+inhabitants of Sierra Leone, as Ewuro is also the name of it in the
+Sierra Leone country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin
+provinces, where it grows in openings in the mixed forests.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small shrub, reaching a height of about 5
+feet, having soft leaves, with rather a greyish tint, which are
+covered with very fine silvery hairs. It is commonly found in old
+farms and by the side of the roads, usually in small bushes or
+clumps.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It sprouts up when cut down, and thoroughly shades
+the ground. However, it is sometimes so thick that it rather
+hinders plantation operations, though once the other plants are
+established it acts as a useful little “nurse.” The leaves are
+picked off by the natives and cooked in water for
+making<span class="pagenum" id="Page_410">[410]</span> soup. They
+have a distinctly bitter flavour, but make a very healthy vegetable
+soup. The leaves are often sold in the local markets. This shrub is
+occasionally left more or less in line as a small living fence.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vernonia cinerea</i> (Les.). Ash-coloured
+Fleabane. Elegbe Oju (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+Abeokuta province of Nigeria. A large, woody shrub, one of the
+chewstick family, the leaves of which are sometimes used for making
+soup.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Lycopodaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lycopodium phlegmaria</i> (Linn.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small Lycopodium found in the Benin
+province of Nigeria. It was obtained from the uppermost branches of
+a very tall tree, growing at the edge of a deep valley about 8
+miles north of Benin City.</p>
+
+<h3>NON-INDIGENOUS TREES OF NIGERIA</h3>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myrtaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eucalyptus amygdalina</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A specimen of this tree stands on the old beach at
+Akassa, Warri province.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eucalyptus tereticornis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Lagos Island.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eucalyptus rudis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Lagos Island.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eucalyptus tesselaris</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Lagos Island.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eucalyptus citriodora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A specimen of this tree stands in the Botanical
+Gardens at Calabar.</p>
+
+<h3>NOTES ON NIGERIAN TREES OF WHICH THE BOTANICAL NAMES ARE NOT
+KNOWN</h3>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Itufiak</em> or <em>Etufiak</em>
+(Efik). Essunwoi (Yoruba); Ilako (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a medium-sized tree of the freshwater swamps,
+with heavy dark-green foliage; it grows quite gregariously in
+stands of one to ten acres in extent. The trunk reaches a girth of
+about 7 feet and a bole length of about 30 feet. The roots spurns
+are comparatively slight, and do not extend much over a foot up the
+bole. The foliage is very heavy and it casts a most dense shade,
+making patches of this forest the darkest of almost any in
+Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_411">[411]</span>It
+is common on the banks of the Itunkpe Creek, a tributary of the Kwa
+River, near Calabar, in the same named province, and also in the
+Owerri province of Nigeria. It belongs to the evergreen forest
+zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is a reddish-brown hardwood of close
+grain, which would saw into sizeable planks. It is a somewhat
+slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-improving
+tree. The leaves yield a thick bed of humus. It appears to be one
+of the most valuable trees in this respect. It is moderately hard,
+with even, close-textured grain. It planes well, saws fairly
+easily, takes nails, but does not split well. Natural regeneration
+appears to be good. It also sprouts from the stump.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber has not been exported, nor has it been
+cut for planks for local use. It appears to deserve a trial as a
+local timber for floor-boards or for the making of boxes.
+Considering that so often many trees are found in the same place,
+it should not be difficult to obtain adequate supplies.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Building, but it is attacked
+by the insect called Efiak.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Musk Tree</em>. Owi (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria, in
+the evergreen forests. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth
+of about 8 feet with a short bole of about 10 feet. The crown is
+large but rather elongated, and reaches down two-thirds of the
+height of the tree. The fruit is large and more like an avocado
+pear in shape and colour. The leaf is very large and wide, more
+like a teak leaf, but of stronger texture, the midrib especially
+being very thick.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The timber is hard, with white sapwood and green
+heartwood. It splits well and takes nails fairly well. It is a
+little fibrous in texture, but can be planed; it saws fairly
+easily.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. The leaves make a rich
+humus. Natural regeneration is none too good. Stump sprouts do not
+appear to be very strong.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It has not been exported or cut for local use, but
+would be worth trying for house-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The fruit is kept for four
+days and then the inside large kernel is eaten. The young leaves
+are used for curing boils, as an external plaster to draw the
+poison.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Ekkiowa</em> (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small shrub which is found in the Benin
+district of the same named province. It is not very common.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—The seed is used medicinally
+for the hands in case of sores which are red or raw.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_412">[412]</span><em>Satinwood</em>. Okwaba (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the mixed forests of the
+Benin province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as satinwood, but were not considered worth
+shipping. Since then, however, none has been cut for export or for
+local use. Perhaps owing to the increased demands for all kinds of
+timber a further trial should be made with this one for satinwood.
+Natural regeneration is poor. It is a somewhat slow-growing,
+shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. It reaches
+a large size.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Ubellu</em>, genus? Annamamilla
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Benin province, Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, the name often confused with
+the mahogany-walnut, <i>Lovoa Klaineana</i>, which is also
+sometimes known as Annamamilla in the Benin country. The leaves are
+imparipinnate. It is a softwood with light-brown heartwood and
+little black, spherically-shaped fruit, unarmed.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—Firewood of good quality. Not
+used otherwise.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Big Hardwood</em>. Arugbo
+(Yoruba); Eto (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a very large tree with a wide crown. The
+timber is of a brown colour, but the sapwood is white. It is
+extremely hard and durable; even when felled in the farms it will
+be six years before it has rotted away. The bark is a dark-green
+with white lenticels scattered over it.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is rather a rare tree in the Benin province of
+Nigeria. Standing a good deal of shade, it is a soil improver and
+protector. Natural regeneration does not appear to be very
+plentiful.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It does not sprout up when coppiced.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—None.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Ifon</em> (Yoruba). Owehe
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Is a small tree which has scented wood. It reaches
+a girth of 20 inches only. Before going to market, according to the
+natives, the feet, hands and body should be washed with a solution
+prepared from the bark of this tree mixed with soap. The object of
+this operation is to effect quick sales at the market.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Ewayron</em> (Yoruba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A leaf for wrapping up food, found in the Yoruba
+country, also used in Benin for roofing houses.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_413">[413]</span><em>Mahogany</em>. Alode (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree is found in the mixed deciduous forests
+of the Benin province of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the
+Liverpool market as a species of mahogany of a soft nature. Since
+that date none has been felled. Perhaps with the changed conditions
+with regard to the demand for all timbers similar to mahogany a
+further trial with the timber of this tree should be made. Natural
+regeneration is not very good. It is a rather slow-growing,
+soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Spiny Tree</em>. Oaha
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree found in the Benin, Ondo and
+Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. The small, rather thin and longish
+spines on the stem are the most typical feature of this tree. It
+usually grows with aerial roots. It reaches about 3 feet in girth,
+and on the whole is more common in the secondary forest than in the
+primeval. The wood is moderately durable, especially when used for
+inside work, such as verandah-posts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3"><em>Native Use.</em>—It is sometimes used for small
+poles for hut-building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>House Post</em>. Ewai
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A common tree in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces
+of Nigeria. It is a slow-growing tree which has a very hard brown
+wood; it is a shade-bearer. The seed is a small nut. The wood is
+used by the natives of Benin for building-posts, rafters and small
+planks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the moist evergreen forest zone and
+is somewhat common in the Obagie Reserve of the Benin district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Ussehin Chew-stick</em>. Okuta
+(Yoruba); Okuta, Opahan (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is rather a rare tree of the Benin, Ondo and
+Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. The name means “a stone,” and has
+apparently been given because of the hardness of the wood. It is a
+medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of about 5 feet. The wood is
+almost white, and there is little difference between sapwood and
+heartwood. In the Ussehin country of Benin it is used as a
+chew-stick. The Yoruba states that it is the hardest of all native
+woods.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Akpo</em> (Benin). Hardwood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province
+of Nigeria, also a very hard wood, a medium-sized tree. The
+brown<span class="pagenum" id="Page_414">[414]</span> heartwood is
+used by the natives for planks. It is thought rather highly of by
+the Benin natives, especially for wall-plates and joists. In the
+past it has been only hewn by them, but not sawn.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Ukpaigwi, Okpaigwi</em>
+(Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of
+Nigeria. It grows to 10 feet in girth and yields a soft wood which
+is attacked by white ants. It is a shade-bearer and soil-protecting
+tree. The roots are used by the natives for medicinal purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2 space-above15"><em>Oruru</em> (Benin).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a tree found in the Benin province of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a small tree, reaching a girth of 2 feet.
+After three years it comes up in an old farm. The slash is red and
+a little red sap exudes slowly. It is usual to find thirty small
+ones in one place, from root suckers, but also from stool shoots if
+a tree has been cut down before. It is similar to Eranpata in this
+respect. The fruit is round and small and like peas, only a little
+larger. The flower, which is white and quite small, grows in small
+clusters.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is not hard and white all through. It is
+attacked by termites, except when placed in the house, where it is
+more or less protected.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Reproduction by stool shoot is the best method.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a shade-bearer and grows slowly. It grows in
+good soil of some depth and also in the evergreen forests. When it
+appears in old farms, it stands the fires well.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is a soil-improving and soil-protecting tree,
+and tends to spread with the extension of cultivation, especially
+in the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zone.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">As it does not reach timber size, it is not worth
+trying as a building timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The fruit is edible; after eating it the tongue
+becomes almost of a blue colour. The root is used medicinally. The
+branches are used as pegs in the top of the walls of the houses in
+Benin, partly for fixing the roof.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i093" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig093.jpg"><img src='images/fig093.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 93.—<span class=
+"bold">Mimusops Djave, about twelve years old, standing near
+Prison, Degema Station, Eastern Circle.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i094" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig094.jpg"><img src='images/fig094.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 94.—<span class=
+"bold">Mature Light African Greenheart (Piptadenia Africana)
+standing in the middle of Degema Station.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="clear">
+</p>
+
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i095" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig095.jpg"><img src='images/fig095.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 95.—<span class=
+"bold">Young Oil Bean Tree in bearing (Pentaclethra macrophylla),
+Degema Station.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i096" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig096.jpg"><img src='images/fig096.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 96.—<span class=
+"bold">Red Oak (Berlinia acuminata), 20 feet in Girth, standing
+near the Sombreiro River, Degema Station.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 414.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_415">[415]</span><a id=
+"c10"></a>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE FORESTS AND TIMBER PRODUCTION OF THE BRITISH
+SPHERE OF THE CAMEROONS</p>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">Running</span> parallel with the
+Nigerian boundary, a strip averaging 75 to 90 miles in width, and
+running back from the coast about 300 miles, we have the British
+sphere of the Cameroons, in all, an area of about 31,000 square
+miles. From the forest-zone point of view this land area can be
+divided into really three different zones. First of all, nearest
+the coast, there is Victoria, the Cameroon Mountains, followed by
+the bank of the Mungo. Past the crest of Kuppe and the Manengube
+Mountains and onwards along the Mbo, Foto and Bambuto Ranges round
+to the headquarters of the Cross River and to the Nigerian
+boundary, we have about 7,000 square miles of an almost unbroken
+evergreen forest zone.</p>
+
+<p>The second area comprises a beautiful open grassland with only
+scattered trees, covering largely the Chang, Bamenda, Kontsha and
+more northern districts of the British sphere, in all about 17,000
+square miles.</p>
+
+<p>The third section comprises the heavy evergreen and deciduous
+forests on the banks of the more northern rivers, such as the Mo,
+the Cam, and covers approximately an area of 7,000 square
+miles.</p>
+
+<p>From the forestry point of view, the most accessible, and
+therefore the most valuable, of these areas are situated in the
+first-named zone, therefore we will consider this area more in
+detail.</p>
+
+<p>To begin with, it can be subdivided into three almost distinct
+forest divisions; following the watersheds or basins of (1) the
+Mungo River, (2) the Cross River, (3) the Akwayefe, Ndian, Moko,
+Meme Rivers and the Rio del Rey district. Taking the third area
+first, we have comparatively large areas of forest covering both
+level and hilly country up to an elevation of about 3,000 feet, but
+with the sides of the valleys less timbered than in the Mungo River
+forest zone. Amongst the species of trees which have been felled
+and exported from this area are the following: Mahogany
+Sarcocephalus, Bitter Bark, <i>Saccoglottis Gabunensis</i>, Light
+Mahogany, <i>Khaya Euryphylla</i>, Ebony, <i>Diospyros
+Kamerunensis</i>, Red Ironwood or Bongossi, <i>Lophira procera</i>,
+Long-capsuled Mahogany, <i>Entandrophragma Rederi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the more prevalent trees of the lower lying land,
+including<span class="pagenum" id="Page_416">[416]</span> the Tiko
+plain, are the following: Mahogany, <i>Khaya Klainei</i>,
+Long-capsuled Unscented Mahogany, <i>Entandrophragma Candollei</i>,
+Scented Mahogany, <i>Entandrophragma utilis</i>, Cedar, <i>Guarea
+sp.</i>, Red Ironwood, <i>Lophira procera</i>, <i>Canarium
+Schweinfurthii</i>, Brown Ebony, <i>Diospyros sp.</i>,
+<i>Terminalia scutifera</i>, <i>Afzelia pachyloba</i>, <i>Berlinia
+sp.</i>, two kinds of Camwood, Walnut, <i>Lovoa Klaineana</i>,
+<i>Pterocarpus tinctorius</i>, as well as the valuable
+orange-coloured wood of <i>Sarcocephalus sambucinus</i> and
+Mahogany-like species of Guttiferæ and <i>Uapaca Staudtii</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the “stands” of this timber, and especially on the hill
+slopes of the Cameroon Mountains, are very thick and dense, more
+especially near Debundscha, with its annual rainfall of 423
+inches.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most interesting and unique stands on the
+mountainside is that of tree-fern, about 30 feet high, as an
+undergrowth, and heavy mahogany, <i>Entandrophragma Rederi</i>, and
+<i>Ongekea Kamerunensis</i>, chiefly at an altitude of 3,500 to
+4,000 feet, also quite untouched except in the neighbourhood of
+Buea.</p>
+
+<p>Only the smallest part of all this area, and in fact only that
+on the bank of the Meme, had been at all operated upon before the
+war, and the forests on the banks of the Akwayefe were quite
+untouched. All the higher slopes and the northern sides of the
+Cameroon Mountains, and beyond as far as Mount Gonistan, were also
+quite unused. All through this part the villages are comparatively
+few and far between, and even in those parts where they are closer
+together, the population in each is very small, and the forest
+growth is so thick that they make little impression upon it. Added
+to that, the chief crop grown by the natives is the cacao-yam, for
+which only comparatively small areas are necessary, and in many
+cases this is grown in small spaces in the shade of giant forest
+trees. Also, all through this area only comparatively small
+patches, compared to the whole, have been cleared and planted with
+cacao. Again, the area occupied by the European-owned cacao and
+rubber plantations is very small, and chiefly found near Victoria
+and a little both westward and eastward at the base of the Cameroon
+Mountain (Mount Fako).</p>
+
+<p>Turning now to the Mungo River region, we have in some ways an
+even more valuable forest area. Here, indeed, one German firm had
+actually made a felling over an area of nearly one square mile and
+had sold nearly all the timber in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the more prevalent species found are the following: Bush
+Oak, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>, Black Ebony, <i>Diospyros
+Gilgiana</i>, Pearwood, <i>Mimusops Djave</i> (which is found in
+immense specimens on the edge of the Kumba road), Inoi Nut, <i>Poga
+oleosa</i>, with its light-reddish wood with wide medullary rays;
+African Greenheart, <i>Cylicodiscus Gabunensis</i>, a magnificent
+tree; Shinglewood, Scented Mahogany, <i>Guarea glomerulata</i>,
+Brown Teak, <i>Brachystegia cynometroides</i>, Long-capsuled
+Mahogany, <i>Entandrophragma Candollei</i>, the Oil Bean,
+<i>Pentaclethra<span class="pagenum" id="Page_417">[417]</span>
+macrophylla</i>, Red Ironwood, not quite so prevalent; <i>Lophira
+procera</i>, Paddle Wood, <i>Uvaria Busgenii</i>, Gum Copal,
+<i>Pterogopodium sp.</i>, Wild Mango, <i>Irvingia Barteri</i>,
+Light African Greenheart, <i>Piptadenia Africana</i>, Camwood or
+Barwood, <i>Pterocarpus santalinoides</i>, Wood Oil Nut,
+<i>Ricinodendron Africanum</i>, Hard Yellow Wood, <i>Coula
+edulis</i>, and Ironwood, <i>Bridelia stenocarpa</i>. Although the
+Bakundu and Balong natives are more active in their farming
+operations near the banks of the Mungo, there are still very large
+areas of comparatively untouched forests, and more especially in
+the upper regions of the river. In four separate places beyond the
+crossing of the Bakossi Road there are four different rapids or
+waterfalls on the river, which would provide water-power for
+saw-mills, or other wood-using industries. On the left bank of the
+river, beyond the Bakossi crossing, there is an area almost without
+population in which there are large numbers of Oil Palms, as well
+as other forest trees. On this road, too, is seen the very
+picturesque waterfall and narrow gorge of a tributary of the Mungo,
+which is also suitable for generating power for one kind of mill or
+another.</p>
+
+<p>Turning now to the Bakossi forests, which culminate in the more
+or less isolated peak of Mount Kuppe (altitude 6,300 feet), the
+land is all covered with forest with the exception of some rocky
+points on the eastern side. A small amount of land has been cleared
+at an altitude of about 3,000 feet, for the making of tobacco
+plantations, but the rest, with the exception of the taking of a
+few trees for local felling, remains intact. The Bakossis have made
+large farms in the valleys, and are very industrious, but still the
+forests situated higher up are largely untouched. It is interesting
+to notice that the walls of the round and conically roofed houses
+are made with about five circular rows of tree-fern stems, cut to
+the length of the height of the wall and placed one behind the
+other. These are most durable and are a most unique example of the
+utilization of the produce of these forests, although many of the
+tree-fern “stands” have been cut down and have quite disappeared; a
+few remain in isolated places.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the more common species found in this forest are the
+following: Bush Maple, <i>Triplochiton scleroxylon</i>, Ebony,
+Diospyros, Mahogany, <i>Khaya Euryphylla</i>, Bush Teak,
+<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>, Gum Copal (<i>Copaifera Demeusii</i>),
+Bilinga (<i>Afzelia Zenkeri</i>), Hardwood (<i>Millettia sp.</i>),
+Scented Mahogany (<i>Entandrophragma Candollei</i>), Light Mahogany
+(<i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>), Hardwood (<i>Dialium Staudtii</i>
+and <i>Newtonia Zenkeri</i>), Yellow Hardwood (<i>Ongokea
+Kamerunensis</i>), African Whitewood (<i>Enantia chlorantha</i>),
+Camwood (<i>Pterocarpus Soyauxii</i>).</p>
+
+<p>There is less forest near the Manenguba Mountains, most of it
+being situated on the banks of the Mo and Mbu Rivers (tributaries
+of the Cross River). Continuing along the boundary line between the
+grass country and the tree-fern forest, we have the Mbo and Foto
+Ranges,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_418">[418]</span> with their
+dense evergreen forests up to an altitude of 5,000 feet. Amongst
+the more valuable trees are the Cola (<i>Cola laterita</i>),
+Camwood (<i>Pterocarpus Soyauxii</i>), Albizzia species, Ibadan,
+<i>Ficus Vogelii</i>. Below this point, at about 4,000 feet, Iroko,
+<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>, Corkwood, <i>Musanga Smithii</i>, and
+tree-ferns reappear, as well as <i>Acacia Farnesiana</i>. The Wild
+Date, <i>Phœnix sp.</i>, occurs again about this altitude. The Oil
+Palm occurs again in the valleys. On the lower slopes there are
+Ricinodendron, Bombax, Sarcocephalus, and Trema.</p>
+
+<p>Continuing farther northwards we have the Bambuto Ranges, with
+their fringing forests on the banks of the streams, and the bamboo
+groves at an elevation of about 8,000 feet. Willows and small
+Abyssinian plants are found, and with the flowering of Delphiniums
+in the grass we might almost be in Europe. Toward the Cross River
+side, the mountains are very steep, and isolated peaks, such as
+that of Monkwa Rock, stand out in solitary grandeur amongst the
+lower forested mountains of the Cross River. In the Cross River
+basin we have mainly six large rivers, all joining the Cross River.
+On the right or northern bank these are the Manyu, Mo, Manya, and
+Oyi, above Mamfe, and on the left or southern bank the Mbu and
+Manja, as well as the Awa, joining below Mamfe. All except one of
+these rise amongst the forests, and it is on the banks of these
+that the finest forests are situated, although in some parts, such
+as near Tinto, the natives have been more active in farming and
+have cleared large areas of them. This is more the case nearer the
+villages, and nearer the roads, even where the forest has been cut
+down, there are almost continuous groves of Oil Palms, less than a
+quarter of its produce having as yet been collected or sold.
+Amongst the most valuable timber trees of these forests are the
+Ebony (<i>Diospyros</i>), Bush Teak (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>),
+African Whitewood (<i>Enantia chlorantha</i>), Camwood
+(<i>Pterocarpus Soyauxia</i>), Bilinga (<i>Afzelia Africana</i>),
+Hardwood (<i>Millettia sp.</i>), Sapeli Mahogany
+(<i>Entandrophragma Candollei</i>), Light Mahogany (<i>Canarium
+Mansfeldii</i>), Hardwood (<i>Newtonia Zenkeri</i>), Wild Mango
+(<i>Irvingia Barteri</i>), Mukonja (<i>Terminalia superba
+combretaceæ</i>), White Cedar (<i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i>), Red Oak
+(<i>Berlinia acuminata</i>), Berlinia species with very large pod,
+three species of Walnut, Albizzias, Red Ironwood (<i>Lophira
+procera</i>), African Wood Oil Nut Tree (<i>Ricinodendron
+Africana</i>), <i>Parinarium sp.</i> (<i>Dialium</i>).</p>
+
+<p>The range of hills Nda Ali is also forest-covered and is
+situated in the Cross River basin.</p>
+
+<p>More or less adjacent to these areas, and partly between these
+and the Meme River forest, are those of Gonistan and the Rumpi
+Mountains. These again are quite untouched, although, lying some
+distance away from navigable rivers, they may subsequently prove of
+greater value when eventually opened up with the forest tramway or
+other means of transport. The species of trees found here are
+very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_419">[419]</span> similar to
+those found in other parts. On the whole, Red Ironwood (<i>Lophira
+procera</i>) is most prevalent in Ogu and Mbu, as also both
+Mahoganies, Camwood (<i>Pterocarpus sp.</i>), African Greenheart
+(<i>Piptadenia Africana</i>), Corkwood (<i>Musanga Smithii</i>),
+False Iroko (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>), Hog Plum (<i>Spondias
+lutea</i>), Wild Mango (<i>Irvingia Gabonensis</i>), Hard Mahogany
+(<i>Detarium Guineense</i>). Numerous small Oil Palms occur in
+places. On the banks of the Fi, Cedar (<i>Carapa procera</i>), Hard
+Mahogany, Trichilia, an anacardiaceous tree; the hard whitewood
+Akboro (Benin), the brown hardwood, Microdesmis, African Greenheart
+(<i>Piptadenia Africana</i>), <i>Heritiera sp.</i>, Scented
+Mahogany, <i>Guarea Thompsonii</i>, <i>Chrysophyllum Africanum</i>,
+and a very hard wood known as Alikongeba by the Yorubas are found.
+Near the Rumpi Mountains the following are more prevalent; the
+<i>Sarcocephalus sp.</i>, Berlinia, <i>Piptadenia Africana</i>,
+<i>Cylicodiscus Gabonensis</i>, Oroko, <i>Lophira procera</i>,
+Satinwood, <i>Zanthoxylum macrophyllum</i>, Pattern-wood,
+<i>Alstonia Congensis</i>, Shingle-wood, <i>Terminalia
+scutifera</i>, Pear-wood, <i>Mimusops Djave</i>, Corkwood,
+<i>Musanga Smithii</i>, Scented Mahogany, <i>Guarea sp.</i>, White
+Cedar, <i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i>, Camwood, <i>Pterocarpus sp.</i>,
+brown hardwood, Microdesmis, Wild Mango (<i>Irvingia
+Gabunensis</i>), Gaboon Mahogany, <i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>,
+Bilinga (<i>Afzelia pachyloba</i>), and Walnut.</p>
+
+<p>Out of the total of 14,000 square miles of forest, 6,000 must be
+deducted as being inaccessible for many years to come. Again, out
+of this 8,000 square miles, 4,500 square miles will be made
+accessible as soon as those areas lying nearest the rivers have
+been opened up for timber extraction. Therefore only these last
+areas will be taken into consideration at the present time.</p>
+
+<p>The chief timber forests comprised in this area are those
+situated between the Mfu and Fi, the Fi and Mbu, and the Manja and
+Mak Rivers.</p>
+
+<p>On the whole, in the Cross River basin there is an area of fully
+2,000 square miles of exploitable forests, within reach of streams
+or rivers deep enough to float logs in the rainy season. In the
+Akwayefe, Ndian, Moko, and Meme River valleys there is another 700
+square miles. Again, on the banks of the Mungo and its tributaries
+there is an area of about 800 square miles suitable for the
+extraction of timber. In all, then, there is an area of 3,500
+square miles of forest which could be utilized at the present time.
+Assuming that only one tree on every four acres is of value for
+export, and that each tree is worth a nominal amount of £1,
+therefore the whole forest is worth £575,000. In addition to these
+there are many other trees which would become valuable either for
+export or for local use as soon as the forests were opened up and
+utilized, and this would at least double the value of the forest.
+This, also, is one of the last remaining large tracts of forest
+where the population is smaller and the requirements<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_420">[420]</span> for forest products less than
+those to be had in the forest. There is thus a surplus for export.
+Up to the outbreak of war, out of all this area only 47,000 acres,
+or 73½ square miles, had been, or was being, leased as timber
+areas. Outside these areas some 285,000 acres, or 445 square miles,
+had been alienated, chiefly on the lower slopes of the Cameroon
+Mountains and in the neighbourhood of Mount Kupe. Under the old
+German law, ten marks per ton was charged on Ebony, Mahogany, Bush
+Oak, and one or two other species, and five marks on all soft
+woods, except certain trees which had proved unprofitable to
+export. Compared with those in force in Nigeria, these fees were
+very low, and despite the fact that on the average the Cameroon
+forest would be more difficult to exploit than the average one in
+Nigeria, there should still be more profit in the former; also,
+with the considerable number of water-power sites available, timber
+conversion could be undertaken, and thus the cost of transport
+cheapened in comparison with the value of the product to be
+transported. Well-squared logs, large flitches or planks of timber
+could be cut and transported. Under the German Colonial land law,
+with the exception of 15 acres per head allowed to each native, all
+the land could be declared Crown land, so that no difficulty would
+be involved in leasing land to timber companies; that is to say, it
+was first declared to be Crown land and then subsequently leased to
+timber companies. The natives, however, then received no royalties
+on the trees which were felled. Thus those in the immediate
+neighbourhood had no incentive to work in the forests as they do in
+Nigeria. Sufficient emphasis was not laid on the fact that a timber
+company should possess ample capital.</p>
+
+<p>In afforestation a great deal had been planned, but only a small
+amount had been executed. In the north, at Fontwans, in the Dschang
+district, a 40-acre teak plantation had been made. At each of the
+stations themselves, Dschang, Mbo, Djutisha, various experimental
+plots of trees had been planted. Nearer the coast, at Kumba,
+valuable test plantations, aggregating some 400 acres, had been
+planted with Ebony, <i>Diospyros suaveolens</i>, Umbrella Tree,
+<i>Musanga Smithii</i>, Casuarina, <i>Casuarina equisitifolia</i>,
+Cigar-box Cedar, Cedrela, Iroko (<i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>), Djave
+Nut (<i>Mimusops Djave</i>), Teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i>), Para
+Rubber (<i>Hevea Braziliensis</i>), Cacao (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>),
+and Oil Palms (<i>Elæis Guineensis</i>), Red Ironwood (<i>Lophira
+procera</i>), Mahogany (<i>Khaya euryphylla</i>), and Heavy
+Mahogany (<i>Entandrophragma sp.</i>).</p>
+
+<p>At Mussake at an elevation of 6,000 feet on the side of the
+Cameroon Mountains, there was a quinine plantation. At an elevation
+of 3,000 feet at Buea there were small experimental plantations of
+tea, Ceylon and ordinary, quinine and Casuarina. Several of the
+roads had been planted with avenues of cypress and Biota trees. On
+the coast at Victoria, small Casuarina plantations had been
+made.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_421">[421]</span> For the
+furtherance of all agricultural and forestal interests, the very
+extensive Botanical Gardens had been made. Not only is it the
+largest, but it contains the most extensive collections of plants
+of economic value and for ornament of any place on the West Coast
+of Africa. The very numerous test plots of most of the tropical
+commercially known plants, such as Nutmeg, Rubber, Cocoa, Cola,
+Cocoanut Palms, Oil Palms, Vegetable Ivory Palms, demonstrated how
+these grew in the Cameroons.</p>
+
+<p>Then the agricultural areas of Cacao-yams, Casada, Sugar-cane,
+Rice, one and all were destined to demonstrate the value and
+possibilities of growing these products in the Cameroons. Then
+again the forest tree plots of Teak, Casuarina, Mahogany
+(<i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>), Trinkomalee Wood (<i>Berrya
+ammomilla</i>), Gum Copal (<i>Copaifera Demeusii</i>), Candle Nut
+(<i>Aleurites Moluccana</i>), Balsam of Peru (<i>Toluifera
+Pereiræ</i>), <i>Terminalia sp.</i>, <i>Dillenia Indica</i>, show
+how these trees will thrive in this locality. In growth, an avenue
+of Indian Almond, <i>Terminalia Catappa</i>, could not be compared
+with those at Lome.</p>
+
+<p>Again, all showed what forest products and forest trees were
+most suitable to that climate.</p>
+
+<p>In the garden Museum, there were collections of timbers, fibres,
+rubber, gums, resins, as well as mineral products; also very full
+collections of the seeds, nuts and fruits of the trees and plants.
+Finally, there was the large and well-equipped building of the
+Experimental and Agronomical Institute, where chemical analyses of
+the soil and other processes could be undertaken and tested. Here
+also all the very full meteorological results were tabulated, as
+well as other observations on the spot. This served also as a
+centre to which planters or Government officers could send
+specimens or material to be named or to be examined as to their
+value. Allied with this, but having a separate building, was the
+Agricultural School, where pupils were trained in the elements of
+agriculture and forestry, so that they might subsequently act as
+instructors at the different Government stations and also serve as
+assistants on the plantations.</p>
+
+<p>Although economically much more backward than Nigeria, and with
+a smaller population in a proportionate area than that in the
+Southern Provinces, the possibilities in the development of the
+forest products are even greater, especially in regard to that of
+palm kernels and all the various kinds of timber for which West
+Africa is gradually becoming well known. The main difference in
+working would appear to be that owing to the lack of population,
+much greater use of animal and mechanical means of transport, and
+especially mechanical appliances, as well as machinery, are
+necessary to make the labour most productive, as well as to
+economize without upsetting the present agricultural system and the
+very necessary production of food-stuffs for the local population,
+as well as for sending to the larger towns.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum" id="Page_422">[422]</span><a id=
+"c10s1b"></a>THE CONGO FRANÇAISE, OR THE FRENCH GABOON</h3>
+
+<p>To English-speaking mahogany producers and users the latter name
+conveys more, and reminds them of one of the chief products, Gaboon
+Mahogany, <i>Oukoumea Klaineana</i>, which had but a poor name in
+the London market. This rich French colony, however, should mean a
+great deal more to us with its huge extent, upwards of 300,000
+square miles, and its comparatively large open waterways all
+flowing into the giant Congo. Its comparatively thin population per
+unit of area, and its almost impenetrable forests make it one of
+the largest of the last remaining primeval forests of Africa.
+Already before the war it was the largest timber exporting country
+of the West Coast of Africa. However, its somewhat ill-regulated
+timber trade had one or two drawbacks and laboured under several
+disadvantages. Most of the timber was shipped in the round—i.e.
+round logs. This means, of course, that in stowing these logs in
+the ship space is lost between them, and that space is charged for
+by the shipping company, despite the fact that it is often filled
+with “dunnage” in the shape of Ebony billets or even Camwood. In
+the round log, too, there is all the sapwood, and for this the
+merchant does not expect to pay much, if anything, and there is no
+doubt that it tends to depress the value of the timber, whatever it
+may be. The mere fact that the log is in the round is sufficient.
+Quite apart from that factor, too, a round log, even when it is a
+beautiful bit of redwood, never looks so well nor so workmanlike as
+a hewn squared log with clean-cut sawn ends. The sapwood, being
+softer than the heartwood, is more easily damaged than the
+heartwood in the squared log, so this is an additional reason why
+the round log often does not look as well as a squared one.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the most important timbers exported from the French
+Gaboon which are known and have been found suitable to the English
+market are the following:</p>
+
+<p>1. Okoume or Angouma. Gaboon Mahogany. <i>Oukoumea
+Klaineana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. Zaminguila or Ombega. Mahogany. <i>Canarium?</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. Duika. Mahogany. <i>Irvingia Barteri?</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. Kambala. Oak. <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. Mandji or Bilinga. <i>Afzelia Africana</i>, or sometimes said
+to be <i>Sarcocephalus Pobeguinii</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The first named has always sold at a cheaper rate in the London
+market than the timber obtained from the other genii of West
+African Mahogany, such as Khaya, Entandrophragma, Pseudocedrela and
+Lovoa. First of all, as with other timbers, the Gaboon Mahogany is
+shipped in round logs, which are cut none too straight at the ends,
+owing to the rough usage they get in the long transport by water;
+before and when reaching the port of shipment they are often
+much<span class="pagenum" id="Page_423">[423]</span> damaged
+externally, which gives them a bad appearance. The wood is not only
+lighter in weight but also lighter in colour than the other West
+African Mahoganies, and both these qualities detract from its
+value. The grain is more open; it rarely if ever shows any figure,
+in comparison to the highly figured logs from Benin and Bassam.
+Having been tested very thoroughly as to tensile, torsion and
+compression strengths since the beginning of the war, it has not
+proved to be nearly as strong as the other West African Mahogany.
+These tests having been conducted with scientific accuracy and
+impartiality, they are to be trusted. Thus, for some purposes, such
+as aeroplane propellor construction, Gaboon Mahogany has proved
+unsuitable. However, it is only the very best, very strongest and
+most durable kinds of mahogany that will stand the most severe
+strains, such as wood is subject to when used in this work.
+However, that does not preclude the wood from being used for
+similar purposes as the other kinds of West African Mahogany, where
+the strains and stresses are not so great and where the lighter
+colour is no advantage. In fact, in many positions a greater
+lightness in the weight of the wood would be a distinct advantage,
+which should be pressed for all it is worth.</p>
+
+<p>Zaminguila is becoming better known, though previous to the war
+it could not be said that it had an established place in the
+market.</p>
+
+<p>Duika Mahogany is scarcely known, and may be the wood of
+<i>Irvingia Barteri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Kambala or Oak, which is also known as African Teak, is much
+better known now, and in fact there is a steady demand for it,
+chiefly under the Nigerian name Iroko, which has been exported from
+Benin and Lagos in Nigeria in the form of “squared” logs.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far very few forest regulations have been issued in the
+Congo Française and very little replanting has been done. However,
+for the present, the supplies appear to be very large, but they
+will no doubt get more costly as the timber has to be cut and
+obtained from the much more distant and inaccessible forests.
+Apparently there is little or no Khaya Mahogany in those regions,
+so that there is little fear of real competition between the main
+species of Mahogany found in the different West African countries.
+The natives work the timber chiefly, cutting and bringing it to the
+ports themselves.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="c10s1c"></a>THE BELGIAN CONGO</h3>
+
+<p>This, the greatest and largest river system in Africa, gives its
+name also to the largest compact forest area of that country. Of
+the 800,000 square miles, probably 700,000 are covered with forests
+of one type or another. From the mangrove swamps on the islands at
+the mouth of the Congo, through the dense evergreen forests of the
+Upper Congo to the dry-zone open deciduous or almost treeless areas
+of Katanga,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_424">[424]</span> an
+almost illimitable amount of unused sylvan wealth is to be found.
+Despite the obvious advantage of the Congo River, with its 3,000
+miles suitable for timber transport and its hundreds of tributaries
+with many more thousand miles of streams, capable of floating logs,
+only the smallest quantities of mahogany are exported from the
+Belgian Congo.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt the large size of the river and the great distance of
+some of the forests from the sea have hindered a more rapid and
+intensive exploitation of the forests. In fact, Mahogany (<i>Khaya
+sp.</i>) as an export timber is not really so well known as Redwood
+(<i>Pterocarpus sp.</i>), though the former has been shipped in the
+round. In the past a better known Belgian wood was blockwood or
+boxwood, known as <i>Polyadoa umbellata</i> or <i>Dialium
+Guineense</i>. Other forest products, however, such as Gum Copal
+(<i>Daniellia sp.</i>), are found in huge quantities, in large
+blocks weighing over a hundredweight, and have been exported for
+many years.</p>
+
+<p>Large quantities of rubber, too, have been exported, and Oil
+Palm products, such as kernels and oil, are of increasing export
+importance, especially since Les Huileries de Congo have started
+working up the Oil Palm forests with modern means of transport and
+machinery on three different tracts of 10,000 hectares each.</p>
+
+<p>The railways of the Congo, supplementing as they do the
+waterways, have also not been used to any extent for the shipment
+of timber, though vast quantities of firewood have been burnt on
+them as well as conveyed to the various stations both near and on
+the River Congo. To some extent the paucity and low density of
+population per unit of area has tended to hinder the working of
+heavy produce such as timber, which is difficult to transport
+compared to rubber, with its higher value per unit of weight. Owing
+to this fact, too, near the mouth of the Congo there is an almost
+savannah forest on the banks of the river, which has given the
+country the appearance of not being an afforested one. In the past
+the system of huge, exclusive trading concessions over specific
+areas being granted only to one firm also hindered any free
+development of the more lower-priced forest produce such as
+timber.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="c10s1d"></a>SPANISH GUINEA</h3>
+
+<p>From Eloby, a little-known port situated in the middle of the
+coast of the Spanish possession south of the Cameroons, a great
+deal of Gaboon Mahogany (<i>Oukoumea Klaineana</i>), Redwood
+(<i>Pterocarpus Soyauxia</i>), and several other timbers have been
+exported. Despite the fact that the forests are not extensive, but
+almost untouched, and very rich in mahogany, a comparatively small
+number of firms have been working these areas. Apparently there are
+no forest laws,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_425">[425]</span> and
+there is little or no security for any forest rights one may
+acquire from the natives. It would be perhaps advisable to work
+areas here in conjunction with those in the Southern Cameroons. It
+is supposed to be more unhealthy in this part than in others,
+though probably this is due to the local conditions. Khaya is less
+common than elsewhere, while Redwood (<i>Pterocarpus Soyauxii</i>),
+Gaboon Mahogany (<i>Oukoumea Klaineana</i>) and Bilinga (<i>Afzelia
+sp.</i>) are common woods. Again, <i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i>
+and other species are also very prevalent.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="c10s2"></a>NOTES ON THE CAMEROON TREES</h3>
+
+<p class="tax1">Palmæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Raphia vinifera</i> (Raph.). Wine Palm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the district of Victoria. The leaves
+are 60 feet long. Palm wine (called Mimbo) is obtained from this
+tree, also piassava fibre.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Elæis Guineensis</i> (Jag.). The Oil Palm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the Buea and Victoria districts
+chiefly, but is one of the most widely spread trees of the
+Cameroons. Oil, kernels and cake are obtained from it, also palm
+cabbage from the growing shoots at the top. The oil is collected by
+the primitive efforts of the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phœnix reclinata</i>. Swamp Palm.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is largely used in the Dschang and Ossidinge
+districts for making palm wine, by tapping near the root.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Commelinaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Palisota hirsuta</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Victoria district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Iridaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antholyza Zenkeri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Dschang.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ulmaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trema Africana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Moraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>. Bush Oak. Vai (Bali);
+Abwang (Bare); Ntong (Fontem and Bangwa); Emang (Bakossi); Obang
+(Bafo); Bobang (Balong); Mokongo or Momangi (Bakundu); Momangi
+(Bakwiri); Bang (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">One or two found on an area of 2½ acres in the
+districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Mbo. Height, 97½ to 162
+feet. Time of flowering, December to February.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_426">[426]</span><i>Musanga Smithii</i> (R. Br.). Umbrella
+Tree. Ikomba (Bare); Ekombo (Bakossi); Ekomba (Bago); Bokombo
+(Bakundu); Lisengi (Bakwiri); Bosenge (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The wood is soft and like cork in texture. Found in
+the district of Dschang and along the coast. Height, 97½ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus arboreus</i>. Bokukulende (Bakossi);
+Wokeku (Bakwiri); Bokeku (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Undu districts of Buea and
+Dschang.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Treculia mollis</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Treculia Africana</i>. Boembe (Bakundu); Bwembi
+(Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Buea and Dschang.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Myrianthus arboreus</i>. Wokaka (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Fako, Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus populifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Capensis</i>. Ekol (Bakossi); Ekolo
+(Bakundu); Monja (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Buea and Dschang.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus courania</i>. Wotenge (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ficus Schimperia</i>. Njondji (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Dschang and Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antiaris toxicaria</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Olacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ongokea Kamerunensis</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows to the height of 97½ feet and has a
+yellowish heartwood. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts
+Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strombosiopsis tetrandra</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 32½ feet to 97½ feet. Found in the district
+of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Coula edulis</i>. Bokumia (Bakundu); Bonwula or
+Woula (Duala); Wokomea (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 97½ feet. Found in the district of
+Johann Albrechts Höhe. Time of flowering, October. This is a good
+building wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strombosia grandifolia</i> (Hook.). Ifondo or
+Wofondo (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Grows in the Dschang district chiefly, but spreads
+over the Cameroons.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strombosia glaucescens</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 32½ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_427">[427]</span>Anonaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Enantia chlorantha</i> (Oliv.). The Yellow-wood
+Tree. Bopalo or Bololo (Bakundu); Woyoyo (Bakwiri); Nje or Banuke
+(Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. The wood is a beautiful
+yellow and is used in furniture-making and carpentering, and the
+bark for building native houses. Found in the district of Johann
+Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria Busgenii</i>. Bopanda (Bafo); Bopande
+(Bakundu); Wofe (Bakwiri); Bope (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uvaria microtricha</i> (Diels).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 97½ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Monodora myristica</i> (Dun.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Fako, Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hexabolus megalophyllus</i> (Engl. and
+Diels).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hexabolus salicifolius</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">About 65 feet high. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hexabolus grandiflorus</i> (Benth.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">65 to 81¼ feet high, widely spread over the
+Cameroon country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xylopia parviflora</i> (Guill. and Perr.),
+(Engl. and Diels).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">65 to 81¼ feet in height. Found in Bipindi and
+Johann Albrechts Höhe districts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Isolona pleurocarpa</i> (Diels).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myristicaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i> (Warb.). Nutmeg. Ngitsa
+(Fontem or Bangwa); Pitchong (Ossidinge); Ngosame (Bakossi);
+Bosambe (Bakundu); Esamba (Bakwiri); Bokondo (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. It
+is a tall tree. Used for building purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Staudtii stipitata</i> (Warb.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 97½ to 123½ feet. Found in the district of
+Johann Albrechts Höhe. The wood is hard.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Staudtii Kamerunensis</i> (Warb.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 97½ to 113¾ feet. Found in West Africa.
+This tree has a hard reddish wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Lauraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Tylostemon crassifolius</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. This
+tree has a very hard yellowish-brown wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_428">[428]</span>Rosaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium chrysophyllum</i> (Oliv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in the Bipindi and
+Johann Albrechts Höhe districts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parinarium</i> (small). Ndikombo (Fontem or
+Bangwa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Ossidinge district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Leguminosæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia Africana</i> (Hook.). Redwood. Erundu
+or Wunga (Bakundu); Edundu (Balong); Jondo (Bakwiri); Bolondo
+(Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. It
+flowers in October and changes leaf December to January. Height,
+97½ to 195 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Piptadenia Winkleri</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">9¾ to 39 feet in height. Found in the Duala
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Millettia sp.</i> Bongongi (Bakundu); Bongongi
+(Duala); Bongongi (Sanaga River).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hylodendron Gabunense</i> (Taub.). Bokata
+(Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe,
+Bipindi, Minifia and Gabun. Height, 65 to 97½ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Platysepalum</i>. Djengu (Bakwiri); Tada
+(Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lonchocarpus Zenkeri</i>. Sosong (Bakossi);
+Epuepue (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium Preussii</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">65 feet in height.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium Mannii</i>. Mokowa (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macrolobium Zenkerii</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">65 feet in height. It grows in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oxystigma Mannii</i> (Baill.), (Harms.).
+Softwood. Bosipi (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 130 feet. Found in the district of
+Victoria. The wood is used in building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterocarpus Soyauxii</i> (Taub.). Bo (Balong);
+Boa (Bakundu); Muenge (Duala); Hiol or Mbia (Bakoko).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+Height, 81¼ feet to 97½ feet. The wood is mediumly heavy, blood-red
+in the heartwood, difficult to plane; used in making heavy
+furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Copaifera Demeusii</i>. Bobanja (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+Height, 97½ feet.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i097" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig097.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig097.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 97.—<span class=
+"bold">Base of Red Oak (Berlinia acuminata), showing smooth bark
+with comparatively few large scales, Degema Station.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i098" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig098.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig098.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 98.—<span class=
+"bold">Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) Nursery Bed, with seedlings two
+years old, at the side of Forest House, Degema.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 428.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_429">[429]</span><i>Tetrapleura Thonningii</i> (Benth.).
+Kombolo (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+Height, 48¾ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i> (Benth.). Combolo
+(Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A huge tree, over 65 feet in height, with tough,
+fibrous, reddish wood. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts
+Höhe, Bipindi and Jaunde. It yields Owala oil.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia Welwitschii</i> (Welw.). Goo (Bali);
+Esang (Bakossi); Elund (Balong); Isaka (Bakundu); Esakasaka
+(Bakwiri); Bobai (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia Brownii</i> (Walp.), (Oliv.). Isaka
+(Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 97½ feet. The wood is hard and much
+used in building. It grows in the districts of Bipindi, Mimifia and
+Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Albizzia fastigiata</i> (E. Mey.), (Oliv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 97½ feet. Found in the district of Johann
+Albrechts Höhe. The wood is moderately hard.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia auriculata</i> (Sol.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 32½ to 65 feet. Found in the Batanga and
+Bipindi districts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Berlinia acuminata</i> (Sol.). Mbava
+(Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Teko (Buea). Height, 48¾
+to 81¼ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum micranthum</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">65 to 130 feet in height. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i> (Don).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 97½ feet. Widely found through West Africa.
+The wood is much used for house, bridge and ship building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ostryoderris impressa</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra Mannii</i> (Oliv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A high tree found in Victoria and Bimbi and on the
+coast.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cynometra multynge</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Over 65 feet in height. Found in the districts of
+Johann Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Scorodophlœus Zenkerii</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe,
+Bipindi and Urwald. Height, 48¾ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Parkia Zenkerii</i> (Mim. Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+Bipindi. Height, 48¾ to 65 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_430">[430]</span><span class="msg" title=
+"cf. Baphia acuminata"><i>Wacuminata</i>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Rio del Rey.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Baphia Barombiensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterogopodium sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia Africana</i> (Smith).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 32½ to 65 feet. Found in the Batanga,
+Lokundje, and Bipindi districts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afzelia Zenkeri</i>. Lom (Bakoko); Bobolo
+(Malimba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. A
+giant tree with edible seeds.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Brachystegia cynometroides</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 113¾ feet. Found in the districts of Johann
+Albrechts Höhe and Mimifia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythrina excelsa</i>. Mokamu (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea. Height, 65 feet.
+Time of flowering is December and January.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Staudtii</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Guineense</i> (Willd.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 81¼ to 97½ feet. Widely spread through the
+Cameroon country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Dialium Zenkeri</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">About 32½ feet high. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Distemonanthus Benthamianus</i> (Baill.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 97½ to 130 feet. Found in the districts of
+Johann Albrechts Höhe and Mimifia.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Distemonanthus sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Calpocalyx Dinklagei</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+Bipindi. Height, 32 to 48¾ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Newtonia Zenkeri</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+Bipindi. Height, 97½ to 113¾ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Adenocarpus Mannii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Fako, Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Detarium macrocarpum</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 81¼ to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Indigofera Atriceps</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Fako, Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="msg" title=
+"cf. Rhektophyllum mirabile"><i>Phutophyllum mirabile</i>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Rio del Rey.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_431">[431]</span><i>Galium aparine</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Victoria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Daniellia caudata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Afrormosia laxiflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cylicodiscus Gabunensis</i> (Harms.). Edum
+(Bafo); Emang (Bakossi).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe. A tree with
+enormous trunk and bark resembling the pine; the wood is reddish.
+Height, 97½ to 130 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trachylobium sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Fillæopsis discophora</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+Called by the Kameroon Holz Syndicate “Milletia.” A big tree with
+huge paper-like pods.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Stemonocoleus micranthus</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 81¼ to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pithecolobium altissimum</i> (Oliv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in Bipindi.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Stachyothyrsus Staudtii</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 81¼ feet. Found in the Mimifia and Bipindi
+districts.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Linaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phyllocosmus sessiliflorus</i> (Oliv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Erythroxylaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Erythroxylon Mannii</i> (Oliv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ feet. Found in the districts of Johann
+Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rutaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Fagara Rederi</i> (Oliv.). Wongo (Bakundu);
+Woongo (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Fagara altissima</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Bipindi district. Height, 48½ to 81¼
+feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Zanthoxylum Senegalense</i>. Nitone (Fontem or
+Bangwa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Simarubaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Irvingia Barteri</i> (Hook.). The so-called Wild
+Mango. Bope (Bafo); Bopek (Balong); Weke (Bakundu); Bwiwa
+(Bakwiri); Bwiba ba mbale (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district
+specially, but widely spread through West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_432">[432]</span><i>Irvingia Gabunensis</i>. Etue or Etu
+(Bakossi); Botuba (Bafo); Bopala (Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Odyendea Gabunensis</i> (Pierre).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+Height, 65 to 97½ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Klainedoxa Gabunensis</i> (Pierre).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+Height, 65 to 97½ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Klainedoxa grandifolia</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pierreodendron grandifolium</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Rio del Rey district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Burseraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pachylobus Zenkeri</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pachylobus edulis</i> (G. Don). Bosao (Bakundu);
+Sao or Bosao (Duala); Bokuka (Etam).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. A
+fruit tree of about 65 to 97½ feet in height, having dark-green,
+alternating, bipinnate leaves, smooth bark and reddish to
+grey-yellow wood. The wood is used to make axe-handles; the tree
+also yields resin.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pachylobus var.</i> (Mbafo according to Engler).
+Bosao (Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A fair-sized tree with reddish and greyish-yellow
+wood. It has a good heartwood, used for the axles of wheels; also
+for calabashes. Found throughout West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium auriculatum</i>. Bweii (Bali); Wotua
+(Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Victoria district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium Schweinfurthii</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 113 to 130 feet. Found in the Johann
+Albrechts Höhe district principally, but is fairly common
+throughout West Africa. The wood is white and is used for
+building.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canarium Mansfeldianum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Ossidinge district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Meliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma Rederi</i>. Njokubwele
+(Bakundu); Won (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma utilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Entandrophragma Candollei</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 97½ to 130 feet. Found in the Johann
+Albrechts Höhe district. The wood is similar to mahogany.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_433">[433]</span><i>Guarea glomerulata</i>. Bobe ba ndiko
+(Bakundu); Lilualamombe (Bakwiri); Timba or timba nundi
+(Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. This
+wood is, like mahogany, used for furniture, also window-wood. This
+tree is frequently attacked by boring insects.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia rubesilus</i> (Oliv.). Ifassoa
+(Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Buea district. Height, 17½ to 32½
+feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichilia Prieureana</i> (Juss.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+Height, 32½ to 39 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Klainii</i> (Pierre).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The most valuable mahogany is obtained from this
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is abundantly found in West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya euryphylla</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">From 97½ to 130 feet in height. Found in the
+districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Khaya Senegalensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Victoria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Turraeanthus Zenkeri</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Jaunde and Buea districts. Height, 65
+feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carapa procera</i> (D.C.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height about 65 feet. Found in the Johann Albrechts
+Höhe district. It yields a wood very like mahogany, useful in
+building and carpentry.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Euphorbiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ricinodendron Africanum</i> (Mull. Arg.). Esango
+(Bakossi); Wonjasanga (Bakundu); Wonjangasanga (Bakwiri); Njangsang
+(Duala); Ehan (Bakoko).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in the Johann
+Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lepidoturus occidentalis</i>. Longoso (Bakundu);
+Longoso (Bakwiri); Joloso (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Mbo.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Macaranga rosea</i>. Boka (Bakundu); Njon bwele
+(Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+Time of flowering, November.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bridelia stenocarpa</i> (Mull. Arg.). Esenge
+(Bakundu); Mosenge (Bakwiri); Tata (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe. It flowers in
+February and changes leaf in December and January. The wood is
+light yellow with large, open pores.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_434">[434]</span><i>Bridelia macrocarpa</i>. Esenge
+(Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alchornea floribunda</i> (Mull. Arg.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Sometimes found over 81¼ feet in height. It is
+widely spread over the Cameroons.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alchornea cordifolia</i>. Dibobonga (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Antidesma laciniatum</i>. Liwoma (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows in the Buea district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Claoxylon Preussii</i> (Pax.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Croton pyrifolius</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phyllanthus discoideus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Uapaca Staudtii</i> (Pax.). Bosambi
+(Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Hevea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A rubber-tree which needs less soil than the
+Funtumia. Its extension has been hampered by lack of seed. It
+suffers much from root diseases. The tree is found in the Buea
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sapium Mannianum</i> (Mull. Arg.), (Bth.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 97½ feet. Widely spread over the
+Cameroon country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Grossera paniculata</i> (Pax.). Nama tubave
+(Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows in the Bipindi district. Height, 48¾ to 65
+feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Anacardiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sorindeia trimera</i> (Oliv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ feet. Very plentiful throughout the
+Cameroons.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pseudospondias microcarpa</i> (A. Rich.,
+Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. Found in the Buea district
+and throughout the Cameroons.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Trichoscypha Bipindensis</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 97½ feet. It is found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapindaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Phialodiscus Zambesiacus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Deinbollia pycnophylla</i> (Gilg.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 feet. It is found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Tiliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Desplatzia Dewewrei</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the (Boanda) Buea district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_435">[435]</span><i>Grewiopsis globosa</i>. Ebonga evodi
+(Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This is a small tree having yellow fruit, the size
+of a man’s fist, used as food for elephants.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, N.W. Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Grewiopsis discophora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, N.W. Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Malvaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pavonia Schimperiana</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Dschang and Buea district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bombacaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ceiba pentandra</i>. Silk-cotton Tree. Monga
+(Balong); Mungongo (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for
+stuffing, oil, etc.; fruit woody.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Adansonia digitata</i>. Baobab. Sometimes called
+“Asses Bread.”</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It yields timber, fibre, tanning materials, etc.
+The pulp of the fruit and the seeds are edible. Found in the
+savannah forests and also near villages.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Eriodendron</i>. Silk-cotton.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Bombax buonopozense</i>. Silk-cotton.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, West Africa. The tree yields timber, wool
+for stuffing, fibre, oil, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sterculiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia oblonga</i> (Mast.). Engele or Ongele
+(Balong); Bongele (Bakundu); Ekonge (Bakwiri); Bongele or Bopum ba
+nji (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+A large tree having opposite leaves and smooth bark, which rapidly
+turns red when exposed to the air. The wood is much used for
+planks.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia tragacantha</i>. Poose (Bakundu);
+Ndototo (Bakwiri); Pio (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. It
+flowers in November.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia grandifolia</i>. Kamdjok
+(Ossidinge).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+Ossidinge.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia cordifolia</i>. Lom (Bakoko).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+Ossidinge.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_436">[436]</span><i>Sterculia acuminata</i>, syn. <i>Cola
+acuminata</i> (?).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Much cultivated in the Johann Albrechts Höhe
+district and on the mountain slopes. The nut of this tree is very
+much used in chocolate-making and is very refreshing.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sterculia rhinopetala</i> (K. Schum.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 81¼ to 113¾ feet. This tree yields an
+excellent building wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of (Muea) Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola sulcata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It is found in the district of (Boanda) Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola altissima</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cola marsupium</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of (Boanda) Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pterygota Kamerunensis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Mungo River.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Xeropetalum Dombeya</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Dschang district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Triplochiton scleroxylon</i> (K. Schum.). Nkom
+(Bakossi); Ejuong (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">This tree yields a good timber and furniture wood.
+The leaves are very similar to those of the maple. Found very
+plentifully in the Cameroon country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Theobroma cacao</i>. Cocoa Tree.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">There are about twenty species of this tree. The
+Cameroon country is the richest in the world for cocoa. It grows
+chiefly in the low-lying country of the Mungo, Wari and Sanaga
+Rivers, in the Duala and Yabassi districts and Edea; also on the
+slopes of the Cameroon mountains. It is much attacked by cockchafer
+grubs (brown rot) and bark bugs. The world’s supply from <i>T.
+cacao</i> has been going on for five hundred years, and
+consequently has developed varieties showing a marked difference
+from the original type.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Scytopetalaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oubanguia Klainei</i> (Teigh.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Buea. Height, 48¾ to 65 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ochnaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lophira alata</i> (Banks). Ironwood. Boko
+(Bakundu); Ndonge (Bakwiri); Bongossi (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+Mbo. Diameter, 7½ to 10½ feet. Height, 162½ feet. The time for
+flowering is December and January and February for ripe fruit. A
+good, very hard wood, used for stair treads.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_437">[437]</span><i>Ouratea monticola</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Buea district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Guttiferæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Endodesmia calophylloides</i> (Bth.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 81¼ to 130 feet. It grows abundantly
+throughout the Cameroon country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Garcinia punctata</i> (Oliv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 81¼ feet. Plentiful in Cameroon,
+specially in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Pentadesma butyraceum</i> (Dom.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very high tree. Common throughout Cameroon.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Haronga paniculata</i>. Konkwa (Bali); Worolongo
+(Bakwiri); Tolongo (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Dschang and Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Symphonia globulifera</i> (L. fil.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found throughout the whole
+of West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Flacourtiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Flacourtia Ramontchii</i>. Wondo (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Dschang district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Barteria aromatica</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Barteria fistulosa</i>. Ant-trees (Musimba).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Buea district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lindackeria dentata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Buea district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Scottellia Mimfiensis</i> (Gilg.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 97½ feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Caricaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Carica papaya</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Victoria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Thymelaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Lasiosiphon glaucus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Victoria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rhizophoraceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Poga oleosa</i>. Njove or Njole (Rio del
+Rey).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Poga conophora</i> (named after Muller). Njove
+or Njole (Rio del Rey).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_438">[438]</span><i>Rhizophora mangle</i> (Roxb.). Mangrove.
+Tanda (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows freely on the coast of West Africa. The
+bark is much used in tanning.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Alangiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alangium begonifolium</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Combretaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Combretum cinerea</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">It grows in the Dschang district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Terminalia superba</i> (Engl. and Diels). Nkom
+(Bakossi); Bokome (Bafo); Bokome (Bakundu); Djombe (Bakwiri);
+Mukonja (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 97½ feet. It grows abundantly
+throughout the Cameroon country, but especially at Johann Albrechts
+Höhe. The wood is hard, light yellow and close grained; much used
+for making windows and shutters.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Melastomaceæ</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="msg" title=
+"cf. Memecylon polyneuron"><i>Amphiblemma
+polyneuron</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Memecylon macrodendron</i> (Gilg.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Araliaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Schefflera Hookeriana</i> (Harms.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Buea district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Myrsinaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mæsa lanceolata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Dschang district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Sapotaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops sp.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Mimusops Djave</i> (Laness), (Engl.). Nsab
+(Bare); Bonjabi (Bakundu); Njabi (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+Mbo. Height, 178¾ feet. Diameter, 6½ feet. There is frequently a
+clear bole of 97½ feet, containing 6,380¼ cubic feet of wood (181
+cubic metres). The nuts are much valued locally as food.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum Africanum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Chrysophyllum macrophyllum</i>. Wonjanja
+(Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe and Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_439">[439]</span><i>Omphalocarpum Radlkoferi</i>
+(Pierre).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 feet. Found throughout West Africa. This
+tree yields timber and a sort of gutta-percha.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i> (Kotschy.). Shea
+Butter.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, N. West Africa. This tree yields a
+gutta-percha-like resin, edible fruits, and from the seeds a fat
+(Shea butter).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Omphalocarpum Pierreanum</i> (Engl.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 81¼ feet. Found in the district of
+Bipindi.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Ebenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros suaveolens</i> (Gurke). Ebony.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. Found in the district of
+Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros atropurpurea</i> (Gurke). Ebony.
+Efindofindo (Bafo); Findefinde (Balong); Epindepinde (Bakundu);
+Findefinde (Bakwiri); Epindepinde (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Johann Albrechts Höhe, Bipindi and Buea,
+and Muyuke. The tree flowers in April and May; the fruit is ripe in
+October. It yields timber, tanning and dyeing materials, mucilage,
+edible fruit (date-plums), fish-poison and medicaments. The wood is
+very hard and of a yellowish colour, the bark black. It is
+principally used for furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros megaphylla</i> (Gurke).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. It grows near Bipindi.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros Bipindensis</i> (Gurke).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ feet. It is found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros Kamerunensis</i> (Gurke).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros Dendo</i> (Welw.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. It is found throughout the
+Cameroon country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros Gilgiana</i> (Gurke).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros nsambensis</i> (Gurke).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros mamiacensis</i> (Gurke).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 65 feet.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros aggregata</i> (Gurke).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Over 65 feet in height. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros incarnata</i> (Gurke).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 32½ to 39 feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i> (Hochst.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">The sapwood is yellowish-white and close-grained.
+It is very useful in turnery. The tree is found widely spread over
+West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_440">[440]</span>Loganiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Nuxia Mannii</i> (Oliv.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, (Fako) Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Anthocleista Zenkerii</i>, also known as
+Bopolo-polo.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Strychnos gnetifolia</i> (Gilg.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Apocynaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Kicksia elastica</i>. Dinjongo (Bafo); Dinjongo
+(Bakundu); Manjongo (Bakwiri); Ebonga manyongo (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rauwolfia macrophylla</i> or <i>gonioclada</i>.
+Enonge (Bakundu); Kanja (Bakwiri); Bandonge (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. The
+time of flowering is October and March.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Rauwolfia vomitoria</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Alstonia Congensis</i>. Kuge (Bakossi); Bokuk
+(Balong); Kanja (Bakundu); Wokuka (Bakwiri); Bokuka ba mhale
+(Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. The
+wood is used for making stools in the Kamerun country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Polyadoa umbellata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Funtumia elastica</i>. Ireh Tree. (Lagos
+rubber.)</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found widely throughout West Africa. The chief
+rubber-yielding tree. The tree suffers from the attacks of
+stag-beetles.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Landolphia Dawei</i>. (Savannah rubber.)</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the primeval forests of West Africa.
+Several species yield rubber, dyes and edible fruits (from which
+drinks are made).</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Convolvulaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Ipomæa involucrata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Rio del Rey.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Borraginaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cordia Irvingia</i>. Bola (Bakundu); Womba
+(Bakwiri); Bomba (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Cordia yombomba</i>. Jom (Ossidinge); Yombomba
+(Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Verbenaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Avicennia tomentosa</i> (Jacqu.). White
+Mangrove. Bunja (Duala). Found in the district of Johann Albrechts
+Höhe and very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_441">[441]</span>
+frequently among coast vegetation. Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. The
+wood is very beautiful.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex cuneata</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vitex Bipindensis</i> (Gurke).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. Found in the Bipindi
+district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Clerodendron</i>. Mumbambe (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Scrophulariaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Selaginella Vogelii</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Victoria.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Bignoniaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Spathoidea campanulata</i>. Jon (Bali); Etutu
+(Bakundu); Mbako (Bakwiri); Bwele ba Mbongo (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Dschang district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Kigelia acutifolia</i>. Sosong (Bakossi); Wulule
+(Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Dschang district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Markhamia lutea</i>. Abbe (Bakossi); Mawelu
+(Bakwiri); Mabanga (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the Dschang district.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Acanthaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Thomandersia laurifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Rio del Rey.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Rubiaceæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Adina macrophylla</i> (Lepr. and Guill.), (K.
+Schum.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Victoria. Height of tree,
+48¾ to 81¼ feet. A yellowish wood, used in building and very good
+for furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Sarcocephalus sambucinus</i> (Wint.). Tabu
+(Bali).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">A very common tree in West Africa. It is a good
+building wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Plectronia glabriflora</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Dschang and Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Oxyanthus speciosus</i>. Wyfongo (Bakwiri).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, Dschang and Buea.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Canthium glabriflorum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">District, N.W. Africa. This tree has grey bark and
+is like a palm in appearance. It yields resin, and calabashes are
+made from the fruit.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Morinda citrifolia</i> (L.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. It has a yellowish wood. A
+very common tree in West Africa.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_442">[442]</span><i>Randia cladantha</i> (<i>K.
+cladantha</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Height, 65 to 81¼ feet. Very common throughout the
+Cameroon country.</p>
+
+<p class="tax1">Compositæ.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vernonia frondosa</i> (Oliv.). Bopolopolo
+(Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Rio del Rey.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Vernonia conferta</i>. Bopolopolo (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the district of Rio del Rey.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><i>Helichrysum fœtidum</i> (Cass.).</p>
+
+<p class="tax3">Found in the districts of Victoria and Buea.</p>
+
+<h4>SOME CAMEROON TREES ONLY KNOWN BY NATIVE NAMES</h4>
+
+<p class="tax2">Abange (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Adom (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Akaka (Jaunde); Ikaka (Bakundu). The wood is soft
+and nut-brown; it smells like pencil-wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Akondog (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Ase (Jaunde); Njokubore (Bakundu). The fruit is
+similar to the Entandrophragma (Meliaceæ), the root buttressed, and
+the leaves with rosettes on the branches.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Awong (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Bosambai (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Dibanga (Jaunde). A mediumly hard, greyish-brown
+wood with brown medullary rays; it is used for making
+furniture.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Ebe (Jaunde); Borimba (Bakundu). A giant tree with
+oval leaves, smooth on the top and having brownish hairs
+underneath.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Ehemba (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Ejan (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Ekoah (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Enjog (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Esang (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Lawonong (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Lobog (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Otungue (Jaunde).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Ebunja (Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Ekambamba (Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Enjenju (Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Esok (Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Idjnake (Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Mbonda pondo (Bakundu). A very close-grained, hard
+wood.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Mondoa (Bakundu).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Bowasa (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_443">[443]</span>Bwiba ba njon (Duala). A hard wood used for
+stair treads. At the Basel Mission the timber worked at was £2 per
+35 cubic feet—Steyer and Pingel, at the rate of 10 shillings per 35
+cubic feet—the latter firm working all kinds of wood of medium
+size.</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Ebon (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Etotum (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Palambanja (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Tabako (Duala).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Eselebaka (Bakoko).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Ewnon (Bakoko).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Mpang (Bakoko and Basa).</p>
+
+<p class="tax2">Sibugang (Basa).</p>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_444">[444]</span><a id="c10app1"></a>APPENDIX I</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">CAMEROONS—FOREST EXPORTS</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t444">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">Products.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1908.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1909.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1910.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1911.</th>
+<th colspan="2">1912.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm kernels</td>
+<td class="tdr">11,198</td>
+<td class="tdr">107,776</td>
+<td class="tdr">13,244</td>
+<td class="tdr">130,550</td>
+<td class="tdr">13,689</td>
+<td class="tdr">177,678</td>
+<td class="tdr">14,937</td>
+<td class="tdr">208,393</td>
+<td class="tdr">15,742</td>
+<td class="tdr">220,307</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palm oil</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,983</td>
+<td class="tdr">48,388</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,305</td>
+<td class="tdr">548,500</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,140</td>
+<td class="tdr">62,996</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,333</td>
+<td class="tdr">71,215</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,537</td>
+<td class="tdr">81,119</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Rubber</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,214</td>
+<td class="tdr">238,987</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,517</td>
+<td class="tdr">377,096</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,961</td>
+<td class="tdr">553,534</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,664</td>
+<td class="tdr">551,513</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,766</td>
+<td class="tdr">573,611</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Cocoa</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">475</td>
+<td class="tdr">152,769</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,525</td>
+<td class="tdr">165,368</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,479</td>
+<td class="tdr">212,114</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gum Arabic</td>
+<td class="tdr">261</td>
+<td class="tdr">7,049</td>
+<td class="tdr">272</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,827</td>
+<td class="tdr">329</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,866</td>
+<td class="tdr">259</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,135</td>
+<td class="tdr">221</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,218</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Timber (buildings, etc.)</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,442</td>
+<td class="tdr">7,953</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,912</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,855</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,632</td>
+<td class="tdr">7,193</td>
+<td class="tdr">7,089</td>
+<td class="tdr">19,409</td>
+<td class="tdr">11,109</td>
+<td class="tdr">34,793</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Bark</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">19</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">31</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+<td class="tdr">127</td>
+<td class="tdr">32</td>
+<td class="tdr">29</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Dyewood</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdr">21</td>
+<td class="tdr">11</td>
+<td class="tdr">36</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdr">11</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ivory</td>
+<td class="tdr">53</td>
+<td class="tdr">45,018</td>
+<td class="tdr">53</td>
+<td class="tdr">43,941</td>
+<td class="tdr">37</td>
+<td class="tdr">31,269</td>
+<td class="tdr">40</td>
+<td class="tdr">29,038</td>
+<td class="tdr">34</td>
+<td class="tdr">31,809</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Horns</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">48</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">238</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">94</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">138</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">204</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Honey and beeswax</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Shea nuts and Shea butter</td>
+<td class="tdr">123</td>
+<td class="tdr">430</td>
+<td class="tdr">198</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,144</td>
+<td class="tdr">186</td>
+<td class="tdr">710</td>
+<td class="tdr">65</td>
+<td class="tdr">232</td>
+<td class="tdr">105</td>
+<td class="tdr">645</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kola nuts</td>
+<td class="tdr">83</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,213</td>
+<td class="tdr">42</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,391</td>
+<td class="tdr">54</td>
+<td class="tdr">900</td>
+<td class="tdr">87</td>
+<td class="tdr">953</td>
+<td class="tdr">235</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,348</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Djave nuts</td>
+<td class="tdr">182</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,023</td>
+<td class="tdr">30</td>
+<td class="tdr">160</td>
+<td class="tdr">343</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,628</td>
+<td class="tdr">45</td>
+<td class="tdr">254</td>
+<td class="tdr">189</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,258</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Copal</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+<td class="tdr">179</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">100</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">114</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">97</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">63</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad2 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">17,547</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">458,082</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">20,580</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">1,116,833</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">21,861</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">991,827</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">32,065</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">1,048,905</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">38,457</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">1,166,539</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_445">[445]</span><a id="c10app2"></a>APPENDIX II</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE CAMEROONS—EXPORTS OF BUILDING AND OTHER USEFUL
+TIMBERS ACCORDING TO PORT OF SHIPMENT</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t445">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Kind of Timber.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Rio del Rey.*</th>
+<th colspan="2">Victoria.*</th>
+<th colspan="2">Nsanakang.*</th>
+<th colspan="2">Duala.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Kampo.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Koibi.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Uroko.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Total.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span><br>
+Tons.</th>
+<th>Value,<br>
+£.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span><br>
+Tons.</th>
+<th>Value,<br>
+£.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span><br>
+Tons.</th>
+<th>Value,<br>
+£.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value,<br>
+£.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span><br>
+Tons.</th>
+<th>Value,<br>
+£.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span><br>
+Tons.</th>
+<th>Value,<br>
+£.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value,<br>
+£.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value,<br>
+£.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Abochia</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">40</td>
+<td class="tdr">17</td>
+<td class="tdr">40</td>
+<td class="tdr">17</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Arajon, Mahogany, Entandrophragma</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">100</td>
+<td class="tdr">500</td>
+<td class="tdr">100</td>
+<td class="tdr">500</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Afzelia, <i>Afzelia Africana</i></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdr">32</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdr">32</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" class="tdl hang1 bdless-right">Pear-tree (Orella),
+Adja-tree, Njabi, <i>Mimusops Djave</i></td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="tdc width-brace1"><span class=
+"br-large">}</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">62</td>
+<td class="tdr">54</td>
+<td class="tdr">62</td>
+<td class="tdr">54</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">24</td>
+<td class="tdr">74</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">240</td>
+<td class="tdr">137</td>
+<td class="tdr">264</td>
+<td class="tdr">212</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Cotton-tree, <i>Bombax ceiba</i></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdr">14</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Bilinga</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">53</td>
+<td class="tdr">149</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">53</td>
+<td class="tdr">149</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Bongossi, <i>Lophira alata</i></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">700</td>
+<td class="tdr">18,144</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">700</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,814</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Bimbwa, <i>Irvingia Barteri</i></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><i>Chlorophora excelsa</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">16</td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">16</td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Ebony, <i>Diospyros sp.</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">14</td>
+<td class="tdr">41</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">205</td>
+<td class="tdr">530</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,503</td>
+<td class="tdr">13,308</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">29</td>
+<td class="tdr">110</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,753</td>
+<td class="tdr">13,994</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Mahogany, Meliaceæ</td>
+<td class="tdr">11</td>
+<td class="tdr">44</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,672</td>
+<td class="tdr">18,485</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">90</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">156</td>
+<td class="tdr">275</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,845</td>
+<td class="tdr">18,900</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Mbang, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,426</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,114</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,431</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,116</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Momangi, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">27</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">27</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">African Walnut, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">897</td>
+<td class="tdr">684</td>
+<td class="tdr">899</td>
+<td class="tdr">685</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><i>Okoumea Klaineana</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">10,992</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,832</td>
+<td class="tdr">10,992</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,832</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Odiki</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">24</td>
+<td class="tdr">16</td>
+<td class="tdr">24</td>
+<td class="tdr">16</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Olim</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Olong</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Owango</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Palmwood</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Poana-Poana</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Redwood, <i>Pterocarpus sp.</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">59</td>
+<td class="tdr">232</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+<td class="tdr">76</td>
+<td class="tdr">260</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Soppo</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">18</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">18</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Satinwood</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">33</td>
+<td class="tdr">21</td>
+<td class="tdr">33</td>
+<td class="tdr">21</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Misc. parcels of wood</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Terminalia (Mukonja of Duala)</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">25</td>
+<td class="tdr">176</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">25</td>
+<td class="tdr">176</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Zimingela, <i>Terminalia superba
+Combretaceæ</i></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">264</td>
+<td class="tdr">145</td>
+<td class="tdr">264</td>
+<td class="tdr">145</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="pad2 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">27</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">88</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">5</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">37</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">205</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">530</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">10,503</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">53,763</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">3</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">107</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">29</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">110</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">12,877</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">8,728</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">23,651</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">47,033</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p>* These ports are in the English portion of the country.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="pb"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_446">[446]</span><a id="c10app3"></a>APPENDIX III</h3>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE CAMEROONS—EXPORTS OF TIMBER ACCORDING TO
+DESTINATION, 1913</p>
+
+<table class="borders xwide" id="t446">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">Kind of Timber.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Germany.</th>
+<th colspan="2">England.</th>
+<th colspan="2">France.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Holland.</th>
+<th colspan="2">America.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Belgium.</th>
+<th colspan="2">Total.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value, £.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value, £.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value, £.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value, £.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value, £.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value, £.</th>
+<th><span title="Quantity">Qty,</span> Tons.</th>
+<th>Value, £.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Abochia</td>
+<td class="tdr">40</td>
+<td class="tdr">17</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">40</td>
+<td class="tdr">17</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Arajon</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">100</td>
+<td class="tdr">500</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">100</td>
+<td class="tdr">500</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Afzelia, <i>Afzelia Africana</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdr">32</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdr">32</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Pear-tree (Orella), <i>Mimusops Djave</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">300</td>
+<td class="tdr">225</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">26</td>
+<td class="tdr">40</td>
+<td class="tdr">327</td>
+<td class="tdr">266</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Cotton-tree, Ceiba and Bombax</td>
+<td class="tdr">14</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">14</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Bilinga</td>
+<td class="tdr">53</td>
+<td class="tdr">149</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">53</td>
+<td class="tdr">149</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Bongossi, <i>Lophira alata</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">600</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,580</td>
+<td class="tdr">100</td>
+<td class="tdr">234</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">700</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,814</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Bimbwa, <i>Irvingia Barteri</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ebony, <i>Diospyros sp.</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">135</td>
+<td class="tdr">11,402</td>
+<td class="tdr">397</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,592</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,753</td>
+<td class="tdr">13,994</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Mahogany, Meliaceæ</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,153</td>
+<td class="tdr">12,259</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,622</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,291</td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdr">17</td>
+<td class="tdr">57</td>
+<td class="tdr">331</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,845</td>
+<td class="tdr">18,900</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Mbang, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">1,428</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,103</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,431</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,116</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Momangi, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">27</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">27</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>African Walnut?</td>
+<td class="tdr">545</td>
+<td class="tdr">472</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">21</td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+<td class="tdr">152</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">180</td>
+<td class="tdr">180</td>
+<td class="tdr">899</td>
+<td class="tdr">685</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Okumme, Gaboon Mahogany, <i>Okumea Klaineana</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">8,847</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,881</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">690</td>
+<td class="tdr">526</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">513</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,199</td>
+<td class="tdr">941</td>
+<td class="tdr">236</td>
+<td class="tdr">10,991</td>
+<td class="tdr">6,842</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Odiki</td>
+<td class="tdr">24</td>
+<td class="tdr">16</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">24</td>
+<td class="tdr">16</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Olina</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Olong</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">10</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Owango</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Palmwood</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Poana-Poana</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>African Lignumvitæ</td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Redwood, Pterocarpus</td>
+<td class="tdr">76</td>
+<td class="tdr">260</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">76</td>
+<td class="tdr">260</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Soppo</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">18</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">18</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Satinwood</td>
+<td class="tdr">24</td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">33</td>
+<td class="tdr">21</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Terminalia</td>
+<td class="tdr">25</td>
+<td class="tdr">176</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">25</td>
+<td class="tdr">176</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Choraschora, <i>Chlorophora excelsa</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Zimengela, <i>Terminalia superba Combretaceæ</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">157</td>
+<td class="tdr">127</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">54</td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdr">50</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdr">263</td>
+<td class="tdr">144</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad2 sc bt">Totals</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">17,716</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">34,815</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">3,123</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">9,131</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">834</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">1,069</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">264</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">351</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">513</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">1,199</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">1,200</td>
+<td class="tdr bt"><span class="msg" title="sic">66</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">23,651</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">47,033</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i099" class="iw4"><a href="images/fig099.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig099.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 99.—<span class=
+"bold">The temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo, on the Eastern
+Division, Nigerian Railway. Note, only native, locally grown timber
+used in its construction.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i100" class="iw15"><a href=
+"images/fig100.jpg"><img src='images/fig100.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 100.—<span class=
+"bold">Medium-sized African Pearwood (Mimusops Djave) standing in
+the middle of the road outside Degema Station, on the road to
+Illimema, since felled, and logs sold in England.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i101" class="iw15"><a href=
+"images/fig101.jpg"><img src='images/fig101.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 101.—<span class=
+"bold">Inoi Tree (Poga oleosa) standing at the edge of the Degema
+Station grounds.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 446.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_447">[447]</span><a id=
+"c11"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE OIL BEANS, SEEDS AND NUTS OF THE FOREST</p>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">In</span> a separate chapter the
+Oil Palm and its produce are more fully considered, so that we give
+here a detailed account of the other important Oil Seeds and Nuts.
+Oil-bearing nuts and seeds are usually found in great profusion in
+the Tropics, and West Africa is no exception to the rule.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the botanical families in which the plants yield
+oil-seeds or nuts are the Palmæ, Leguminosæ, Euphorbiaceæ,
+Ochnaceæ, Sapotaceæ, Rhizophoraceæ, Meliaceæ and Guttiferæ. As far
+as the Protectorates of Nigeria and Sierra Leone are concerned, the
+“Oil Bean” (<i>Pentaclethra macrophylla</i>) is one of the most
+important. According to the data in the Niger district, oil beans
+have been bought for some ten years from the natives. They are also
+known as Owala beans. The natives prefer a price of 1s. per case,
+but the minimum of 6d. and the maximum of 9d. per case was about
+the limit for the nuts in pre-war days. Even then only a small
+profit was made by the European merchant at the prices then ruling
+for the nuts in England. With the much greater, almost universal
+demand for all kinds of oil-nuts and seeds, it is probable that
+higher prices will be paid for these nuts now that the war is over,
+provided a reasonable charge for freight can be arranged. The
+natives themselves say that the nuts should be cooked for twelve
+hours to be good for eating. There are six or seven beans in each
+pod.</p>
+
+<p>Now that many roadsides in the Owerri province and other
+districts have been planted with Oil-bean trees as a shade tree,
+there will be a continual supply of nuts each year. The tree starts
+bearing in the tenth year, and almost every year bears a fair crop.
+An example of one of these avenues is seen on the Ikpoba Road, just
+outside Benin City. The pods are used as a firewood, which makes a
+hot, rapid fire. In Sierra Leone they are known as Fai beans. The
+beans are large and flattened, covered with a hard brown seed-coat.
+They may be from one and a half to two and three-quarter inches in
+length, and from one to one and three-quarter inches in breadth,
+and one-third to nearly half an inch in thickness. The kernels are
+white and soft and contain a quantity of oil.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_448">[448]</span>According to the
+very valuable investigations of the Imperial Institute:</p>
+
+<ul class="simple3">
+<li>The proportion of hard seed-coat (by weight), 20·7 per
+cent.</li>
+
+<li>The proportion of kernel in bean (by weight), 79·3 per
+cent.</li>
+
+<li>The amount of oil contained in the whole, 31·2 per cent.</li>
+
+<li>The amount of oil contained in the kernels, 39 per cent.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>When the oil is left to stand it deposits a quantity of solid
+fat. On trial, the oil was found to yield rather a soft soap, and
+was stated to be worth only about £21 per ton. The cold-pressed oil
+was of a golden yellow colour, and the hot-drawn oil a dull yellow
+and rather thick. From analysis it was found that the meal was very
+nutritious, containing over 39 per cent. of proteids, and if it
+could be used as a feeding-cake it would be worth from £5 to £5
+10s. per ton (pre-war rates).</p>
+
+<p>The constants of the oil from the Southern Nigerian seeds
+are:</p>
+
+<table class="tabw30" id="t448a">
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td class="width4">87·07</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td>14·3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td class="no-wrap">50·15° C.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The composition of the meal after extraction of the oil is as
+follows:</p>
+
+<table class="tabw30" id="t448b">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th class="width4">Per cent.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Moisture</td>
+<td>12·9</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ash</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>3·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Proteins</td>
+<td>34·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Fibre</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>6·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Sugar (dextrose)</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>6·2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Carbohydrates (other than sugar)</td>
+<td>33·7</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The oil on analysis gave the following results:</p>
+
+<table class="tabw30" id="t448c">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 15·5° C. (60° F.)</td>
+<td class="width4"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9194</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>184·2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Free fatty acids, per cent.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·7</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Analysis of pressed cake:</p>
+
+<table class="tabw30" id="t448d">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th class="width4">Per cent.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Oil</td>
+<td>12·0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Moisture</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>9·9</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Crude proteins</td>
+<td>33·2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Carbohydrates</td>
+<td>34·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Fibre</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>5·7</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ash</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>4·5</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The oil would make a first-class edible oil. The value of the
+beans is stated to be about £6 per ton c.i.f. London, August
+1909,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_449">[449]</span> and subject
+to being shipped in lots of fifty to one hundred tons at a time. No
+regular plantations have been made with this tree, but it is
+probable that with cultivation an earlier and quicker yield of nuts
+could be obtained, also with further grafting and seed selecting
+the thickness of the shell over the kernel could be considerably
+reduced, and also the thickness of the pod, and thus make the
+product more valuable in proportion to its size. A small tree will
+bear half to one bushel of beans, and a large tree will bear two.
+On the smaller and younger trees the pods are narrower and shorter
+than on the older trees, and the beans are much smaller, being only
+about half the size and a third of the bulk of those from
+fully-grown trees. The pods, which also contain a certain amount of
+oil, are not to be despised as a source of fuel, especially as time
+goes on and the population increases.</p>
+
+<p>In this place also should be considered the beans of <i>Xylia
+Evansii</i>. This is also a Leguminous tree. The natives apparently
+have no use for the small, flattened round beans, which are about
+half to three-quarters of an inch in diameter and an eighth of an
+inch thick, and sometimes less. The beans have not been collected
+or sold, neither have they been examined chemically as to their oil
+or other content.</p>
+
+<p>Another oil-bean-bearing tree of this family is <i>Berlinia
+acuminata</i>, which has large beans rather more than an inch and a
+half long, an inch broad, and a third of an inch thick. Further
+examination would show whether the oil content is such as to
+justify their commercial exploitation. The Benin name is Ekpagoi
+and Yoruba Apado.</p>
+
+<p>Closely allied to this one is <i>Macrolobium palisoti</i>, the
+Ogaba of the Benis, which also yields a flat, almost square-shaped
+bean, nearly an inch in length and an inch in width. The exact oil
+content of this bean is unknown.</p>
+
+<p>The beans of <i>Cynometra Afzelii</i> and <i>Cynometra
+Mannii</i> are much larger and stouter, but also contain a certain
+amount of oil of unknown value. The Benin name is Upakeka and
+Yoruba Eggi or Ekku.</p>
+
+<p>Then we have the small, almost black, button-like beans of
+<i>Brachystegia spicæformis</i>, which, despite their large
+quantity, have remained uncollected and unused. A proper chemical
+examination would reveal the oil or other content of the beans. The
+Benin name is Okwan and the Yoruba Ako.</p>
+
+<p>Still considering this same family of plants, the Leguminoseæ,
+there are the brown beans of <i>Erythrophlœum Guineense</i> and
+<i>E. micranthum</i>. These are of a brown colour, about half an
+inch long, one-third of an inch wide, and an eighth of an inch
+thick, and of a more or less round shape. Here, again, further
+investigation would reveal the oil content of these beans. The
+Yoruba name is Oginni or Inyi and Yoruba Erunor Obo.</p>
+
+<p>It is also not known whether the nuts of the various
+Afzelias,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_450">[450]</span> known as
+Apa by the Yorubas and Aligna by the Benis, contain a valuable oil
+or other commercial product.</p>
+
+<p>It has been stated that the beans and pods of <i>Pithecolobium
+altissimum</i> have been used as a kind of “Dividivi” for tanning
+leather, but further experiment with these would prove or disprove
+the point.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, there is the Calabar bean or Eseri bean, <i>Physostigma
+venenosum</i>. It is known to the Efiks as Eseri. The deep furrow
+on the upper side of the bean is most typical of it, and
+differentiates it thus from the various Mucuna species. It contains
+two alkaloids, Calabarine and Eserine. These beans are
+comparatively well known. Besides being used locally as a medicine
+and for witchcraft, they are collected and sold for export. The
+bean used in games, <i>Mucuna urens</i>, has yet to be examined as
+to its value.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the other important families containing nut-bearing
+trees are the Rhizophoraceæ. The Inoy nut, <i>Poga oleosa</i>, is
+obtained from a common tree in the Owerri and Calabar provinces of
+Nigeria. The local people of the Oban and Calabar districts are
+very fond of the nut, and leave the tree standing when making their
+farms. The nuts sell in the Calabar market at the rate of 250 for
+3d. They were examined in England and favourably reported on by the
+Imperial Institute in June 1905. The hard shell is against their
+general use, as it is so particularly tough and hard to crack. The
+shell on the nut itself is about one-fifteenth of an inch thick.
+The kernel is soft, white, and very oily. It has a better flavour
+than even the Brazil nut, and is pale-yellow in colour. The kernels
+were valued in May 1906 at from £9 to £10 in England. They contain
+about 60·8 per cent. of oil, which showed the following constants
+according to the investigations of the Imperial Institute:</p>
+
+<table class="tabw30" id="t450a">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity of 15° C.</td>
+<td class="width4"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·896</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>184·49</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>89·75</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>93·00</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>1·45</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>39·7</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>22° C.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>After extraction of the oil the meal gave the following
+result:</p>
+
+<table class="tabw30" id="t450b">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th class="width10"><span class="med">Expressed on Dry
+Material.<br>
+Per cent.</span>
+</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Proteins</td>
+<td class="pad3">41·51</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Sugars, reducing</td>
+<td class="pad3"><span class="padnum">0</span>1·32</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><span class="word-spaced6">&nbsp;„&nbsp;</span> non-reducing
+(sucrose)</td>
+<td class="pad3"><span class="padnum">0</span>2·50</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Other carbohydrates</td>
+<td class="pad3">36·92</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Crude fibre</td>
+<td class="pad3"><span class="padnum">0</span>9·00</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ash</td>
+<td class="pad3"><span class="padnum">0</span>8·75</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_451">[451]</span>“Inoy” kernels
+would yield a nutritious cake for feeding cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far no use has been found for the round small, pear-shaped,
+nut-like fruits of the Red Mangrove, <i>Rhizophora racemosa</i>.
+Considering the large quantity found floating about in the creeks
+and rivers, further investigation seems warranted.</p>
+
+<p>In the Euphorbiaceæ family the Nsa-sana (Efik) or Okkwen nuts of
+the Benis have been found to contain 45·2 per cent. of oil by the
+Imperial Institute.<a id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17"
+class="fnanchor">[17]</a> This nut is obtained from
+<i>Ricinodendron Africana</i> and <i>R. Rautenii</i>, and is known
+to the Yorubas as Erimado. In each fruit there are two, three, or
+even four nuts. The flesh of the fruit soon dries or rots away,
+leaving the uncracked nuts among the debris. The shell of these is
+hard and thick, and the inside a bright white colour. In some
+experiments carried out on a comparatively large scale at the end
+of 1907 and at the beginning of 1908, in Benin, it was found that
+more than half the kernels were broken in the cracking of the nut.
+However, in the Cameroons, where the nuts are used for alimentary
+purposes, they are boiled for a short time, and then it is possible
+to crack them quite easily without damaging the kernel inside.
+Further experiments at Benin showed that six boxes (gin cases) of
+green fruit yield one box of nuts containing actually 7,528, which
+weigh 35 lb. 4 oz. One box of fruit contains 418 seeds and yields
+720 nuts. An average of 7,419 seeds is contained in each box, 155
+nuts weighing 1 lb. Each fruit contains on the average two and
+one-ninth seeds. On the average 9d. per box was paid for fruit, and
+1s. per box for uncracked nuts. Twenty boys cleaned and got ready
+2½ boxes of uncracked nuts per day at the cost of 5s. Paying at the
+rate of 1s. a case for the uncracked nuts, the cost would be £17
+per ton. However, with regular quantities being brought in, no
+doubt this cost could be reduced. In a similar way, if the nuts
+were boiled in quantity and immediately cracked, the kernels would
+be got out at a cheaper rate. The native working for himself, as
+with the palm nuts, would turn out greater quantities in a shorter
+time.</p>
+
+<p>The yield of the oil pressed from the kernels was 47 per cent.,
+or 14 per cent. on the whole nut. It is light yellow in colour and
+has a pleasant taste, very much like that of the ground nut. The
+chemical examination showed a resemblance to Tsung oil (Chinese
+wood oil). It possesses the same property of drying on exposure to
+air under ordinary atmospheric pressure. The oil could be used for
+similar purposes, or for the making of soft soap, and would be
+worth from about £18 to £20 per ton for this purpose, and it
+appears that the oil would have a ready sale in England, and have a
+value, equal to linseed oil, of about £21 per ton. According to the
+investigations<span class="pagenum" id="Page_452">[452]</span> at
+the Imperial Institute, the analysis of Nsa-sana kernels and Tsung
+oil showed:</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t452">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Oil from Nsa-sana<br>
+Kernels.</th>
+<th class="pad1">Commercial Tsung Oil.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity</td>
+<td class="tdc">0·9320 (at 20° C.)</td>
+<td class="tdc pad1">0·933-0·942 (at 15·5° C.)</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td class="padl3">191·6</td>
+<td class="tdc">190-197</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td class="padl3">147·7</td>
+<td class="tdc">149-165</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td class="padl3plus">95·2</td>
+<td class="tdc">96·3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td class="padl3plus">35·7° C.</td>
+<td class="tdc">37·1-37·2° C.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Despite the large quantities of nuts available, especially in
+the Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces, the difficulty of
+cracking the nuts satisfactorily and buying them cheap enough has
+so far precluded an export trade from being built up. Owing to the
+low percentage of oil in the whole nut it is evident that it would
+not pay to ship the uncracked nuts. So far no plantations have been
+made with this tree, but it comes up very readily and plentifully
+in old abandoned farms of the mixed forest zone. In open
+localities, with plenty of light, the tree begins to bear between
+the seventh and tenth year, and almost each year there is a large
+crop of fruit. From larger trees the yield appears to be over one
+bushel of nuts per tree per annum.</p>
+
+<p>The curious nut-like fruits of Ubellu, Benin, supposed to be a
+species of Microdesmis, have not been examined as to their oil or
+other content. Soon after falling to the ground they break up into
+a white putty-like substance, which has a very peculiar, almost
+sulphurous, smell, and sometimes rather phosphoric. The nuts are
+spherical and rather more than half an inch in diameter. The tree
+is found chiefly in Benin, also in the Abeokuta and Calabar
+provinces.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Euphorbiaceæ is the creeper, <i>Manniphyton sp.</i>,
+known as Okwe to the Benis. The spherically shaped fruit with four
+raised ribs on its surface is cut open and contains one large round
+nut. It is about one inch in diameter. This is boiled for a few
+hours and is then edible, after the thin dark-brown husk has been
+removed. It can be peeled off with the fingers. The nut has a
+pleasant mealy taste and is very satisfying. Further examination
+would show whether it contains a valuable oil, and in what
+quantity. So far it has not been cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Cucurbitaceæ, the seeds of <i>Citrullus vulgaris</i>,
+known as Ikpan by the Efiks or Egusi bara by the Yorubas, have been
+examined at the Imperial Institute<a id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> and found to contain from
+40 to 41 per cent. of a pale-yellow oil. It is a common plant in
+the more open farms of the forest and does not demand a very high
+rainfall—45<span class="pagenum" id="Page_453">[453]</span> inches.
+The natives use the kernels, after they have removed the hard skin,
+for making soup. It makes an excellent dish with rather a sweet
+taste. According to the investigations of the Imperial
+Institute<a id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class=
+"fnanchor">[19]</a> an analysis of the oil gave the following
+results:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t453a">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 15° C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9184</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>5·5<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>194·0<span class="padnum">000</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td>106·0<span class="padnum">000</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>95·5<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>36·0° C.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The oil could be used for soap-making, and was valued at £29 per
+ton.</p>
+
+<p>In the family Moringeæ there is <i>Moringa pterygosperma</i>,
+the Ben oil-seed tree. It is a common tree of the upper part of the
+Oyo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is also found in
+Borgu and other of the Northern Provinces. On examination by the
+Imperial Institute the kernels were found to contain 38 per cent.
+of oil, pale-yellow in colour and of a pleasant taste. The kernel
+is difficult to extract. At the Imperial Institute<a id=
+"FNanchor_19b"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+the analysis showed:</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t453b">
+<tr>
+<th rowspan="2">
+</th>
+<th colspan="2">No. 1 from<br>
+Extracted Oil.</th>
+<th colspan="2">No. 2 from<br>
+Decorticated Seed.</th>
+<th>No. 3 from<br>
+Undecorticated<br>
+Seed.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<th>Liquid.</th>
+<th>Solid.</th>
+<th>Cold Pressed.</th>
+<th>Hot Pressed.</th>
+<th>Hot Pressed.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 15/15° C.</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·914</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·902</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·898</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·913</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>15·3<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>49·7<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">100·5<span class="padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">00</span>2·3<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td class="tdc">189·2<span class="padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">194·4</td>
+<td class="tdc">179·2<span class="padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">178·7<span class="padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">186·0<span class="padnum">00</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>70·7<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>68·3</td>
+<td class="tdc">100·3<span class="padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>88·0<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>67·7<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable matter</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">00</span>1·67<span class=
+"padnum">0</span></td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">00</span>2·69<span class=
+"padnum">0</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center space-above15 space-below1"><span class=
+"sc">Composition of Cake from Ben Seeds</span>.</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t453c">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th colspan="2">No. 2,<br>
+Decorticated.</th>
+<th>No. 3<br>
+Undecorticated.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">Per cent.</td>
+<td class="tdc">Per cent.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Moisture</td>
+<td class="tdc bdless-right"><span class="padnum">0</span>5·96</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>7·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Albuminoids</td>
+<td class="tdc bdless-right">24·12</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="width-brace1"><span class=
+"br-large">}</span>
+</td>
+<td rowspan="2" class="tdc">30·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Other nitrogenous substances</td>
+<td class="tdc bdless-right">34·81</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Fat</td>
+<td class="tdc bdless-right">11·27</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">14·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Fibre</td>
+<td class="tdc bdless-right"><span class="padnum">0</span>4·32</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">21·9</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ash</td>
+<td class="tdc bdless-right"><span class="padnum">0</span>5·66</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>4·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Other non-nitrogenous substances</td>
+<td class="tdc bdless-right">13·86</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc">20·9</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>From the Simarubeæ there is <i>Balanites Ægyptica</i>, Betu
+oil-tree of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria. Although it yields
+58·7 per cent.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_454">[454]</span> of
+oil, the exploitation of it is almost impossible, owing to the
+difficulties in removing the husk, the external sugary pulp, and
+then the thick fibrous shell under the pulp. At the Imperial
+Institute,<a id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class=
+"fnanchor">[20]</a> Betu oil on analysis showed:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t454a">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·919</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>5·0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>196·7</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>92·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>92·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl value</td>
+<td class="pad2">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable matter</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>34·6° C. (approx.)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The oil is a mixture; the results of analysis are as
+follows:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t454b">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Per cent.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Olein</td>
+<td class="tdc">33</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Linolein</td>
+<td class="tdc">33</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Stearin and palmitin</td>
+<td class="tdc">34</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The family of Simarubeæ also contains the trees <i>Irvingia
+Barteri</i> and <i>I. Smithii</i>. These yield the Dika nut, or, as
+it is sometimes called, Gaboon chocolate. The sun-dried kernels
+keep in a perfectly good condition for some time. According to the
+investigation of the Imperial Institute<a id=
+"FNanchor_20b"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>
+the kernel contains about 43·5 of “Dika fat.” It would be useful
+either for soap or for candle making, and be worth from £25 to £27
+per ton, and the Dika kernels are valued at from £10 to £12 per
+ton. Locally, however, they are often worth as much as this, but no
+doubt increased production would mean a reduction in price. So far
+the tree has only been planted in isolated instances, and otherwise
+is a forest tree which has been protected by the native for the
+value of its fruit. The decortication usually takes place near the
+tree, or in an open place where the nuts are split in half with a
+sharp matchet, which releases the kernel in the centre, and though
+often cut in half by this method, it apparently does not mean a
+large loss of oil to the kernel. According to the analysis of the
+Imperial Institute<a id="FNanchor_20c"></a><a href="#Footnote_20"
+class="fnanchor">[20]</a> the kernel showed:</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t454c">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Sample No. 1.</th>
+<th>Sample No. 2.</th>
+<th>Sample No. 3.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Yield of fat (on kernels) per cent.</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>54·3</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>60·1<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>66·3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 100/15° C.</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·863</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>6·6</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>12·6<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>1·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td class="pad1">244·5</td>
+<td class="tdc">250·0<span class="padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="pad1">243·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>5·2</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">00</span>3·3<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>4·2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable matter</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·7</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>34·8° C.</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Melting-point of fat</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>39·2°C.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_455">[455]</span>Apparently an
+oil seed, probably Philiodiscus, a member of the Sapindaceæ family,
+has been examined at the Imperial Institute and has been found to
+contain a non-drying oil, which was free from taste and smell. It
+should, therefore, be of value for eating or for making a white
+soap.</p>
+
+<p>Sapotaceæ, <i>Butyrospermum Parkii</i>.—In recent years larger
+quantities of Shea nuts, which are the product of this tree, have
+been exported from West Africa, especially Nigeria, as also Shea
+butter, which is manufactured locally from the nuts. In the
+varieties Tengba and Bomo the quantity varied from “54·5 per cent.
+to 48 per cent.,” and these were obtained from the Southern
+Provinces of Nigeria. In the two varieties exported from the
+Northern Provinces, those known as Eko showed a length of nut
+varying from 1·5 to 2·5 inches, and the Giddouchi variety 1·4
+inches long. Owing to the wide prevalence of this tree much larger
+quantities could be exported, but many of the forests containing it
+are situated far away from means of transport, and no very suitable
+method has yet been found of manufacturing the butter on a big
+scale locally. At present it is made by certain women who know the
+process, which takes nearly three days to complete. According to
+the Imperial Institute the results of the analysis of Shea butter
+are:<a id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class=
+"fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t455">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>From Lagos.</th>
+<th>Fat from<br>
+Untreated<br>
+Kernels.</th>
+<th>Fat from<br>
+Kiln-dried<br>
+Kernels.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·862</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>18·0<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>33·9</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>26·2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td class="pad1">179·0<span class="padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">181·2</td>
+<td class="tdc">180·2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>58·7<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>59·4</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>55·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>96·5<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>1·7<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>52·0° C.</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="nind">The fat obtained from the Northern Provinces and
+the Gold Coast shows very similar contents.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mimusops, sp. Djave?</i>.—The nuts of this species closely
+resemble those of the Shea Butter Tree. The nuts are a light-brown
+colour, about two inches long, and one to one and a half inches in
+diameter, with roundly pointed ends. Rather more than half the
+surface of the nut is smooth and shiny, and the other half is rough
+and dull, and the whole of it is very hard. When dry it is,
+however, comparatively easily separated from the kernel. The fresh
+kernels are cream-coloured. According to the Imperial
+Institute<a id="FNanchor_21b"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class=
+"fnanchor">[21]</a> the yield of fat extracted by solvents is 60·2
+per cent., or 37·7 per cent. from the<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_456">[456]</span> whole nut. The fat is solid at ordinary
+temperatures. In 1913 some of these nuts were shipped from the
+Cross River and were valued in Liverpool as Shea nuts, only at a
+rather lesser rate. According to the Imperial Institute the
+analysis showed:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t456a">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·860</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>25·3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>187·6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>56·2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>95·4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl value</td>
+<td class="pad1">Nil</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable matter</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>2·6 approx.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>47·8° C.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Dumoria Heckeli?</i> (Baco or Abaku).—Although the Gold Coast
+name is given, these nuts are also found in the Oban forest. The
+nuts are large, considerably longer than those of Mimusops, but
+rather thinner. They are of a pale-brown colour, with a thick,
+hard, woody shell, most of which is smooth and shiny, only one
+small part of the surface being rough and forming almost a nodule.
+According to the Imperial Institute<a id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> analysis of the Gold Coast
+samples, the whole nuts contain 21 per cent. of fat or 60·5 per
+cent. in the kernels alone. The fat is solid and of a creamy white
+colour. The soap-makers reported that it was about equal to
+middling quality palm oil. It is also stated that dried kernels in
+good condition would be worth £13 per ton. According to the
+Imperial Institute<a id="FNanchor_22b"></a><a href="#Footnote_22"
+class="fnanchor">[22]</a> analysis the fat showed:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t456b">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·855</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>34·7</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>188·4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>51·3</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>51·2° C.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable matter</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>1·3</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The small nuts of <i>Mimusops multinervis</i> and <i>M.
+lacera</i> have not been examined as to their oil or other content.
+The hard nuts of <i>M. lacera</i> appear to contain a fair
+proportion of oil.</p>
+
+<p>In this family, too, are the nuts of <i>Chrysophyllum
+Africanum</i> and other species, for which a use has yet not been
+found. Finally, there are the numerous and fine seeds of
+<i>Omphalocarpum elatum</i>, known as Ikassa by the Benis, which
+are probably also oil-bearing.</p>
+
+<p>The next important family is the Olacaceæ, <i>Heisteria
+parvifolia</i>, known as Ikereoha by the Benis. It yields an edible
+nut which is white on the exterior and has a black-coloured shell
+over the actual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_457">[457]</span> nut
+inside. It has not yet been exported or valued. The Benin and other
+natives are very fond of eating it.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is the nut of Ivialegbi (Benin), which is edible and
+has a pleasant taste. It is rather smaller than the Gaboon nut, and
+its surface is slightly striated from the sharp point of the nut to
+the base.</p>
+
+<p>In this family is found, too, <i>Coula edulis</i>, or the Gaboon
+nut. This is chiefly found in the Cameroons, but owing to
+similarity in the vegetation it is very probably growing in the
+Oban forest of the Anom range. The shell of the nut is very rough,
+and the outside is smoother than the inside. The shell can be
+cracked comparatively easily with a somewhat powerful blow with a
+hammer or axe-handle.</p>
+
+<p>From the Anonaceæ:</p>
+
+<ul class="simple3">
+<li><i>Monodora tenuifolia</i>, African Nutmeg.</li>
+
+<li><i>M. myristica</i>, var. <i>grandis</i>, Calabar Nutmeg.</li>
+
+<li><i>M. brevipes</i>, Yellow-flowering Nutmeg.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="nind">None of these nutmegs have yet been placed on the
+European market. Although they are all much smaller in size than
+the nutmeg of commerce, a proper examination would reveal any value
+they might possess.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Myristicaceæ, <i>Pycnanthus Kombo</i>, yield
+fat-bearing nuts, they have not been exported to the English
+market. The nut is the size of a small oval plum. The outer husk is
+hard and thick, but is comparatively easily broken. The inner nut
+is covered with a red aril spread out over it, similar to the mace
+over the common nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>). The kernel is
+white inside, with dark rays penetrating it from the outside. The
+tree is very prevalent, and yields a large number of nuts.
+According to the investigation of the Imperial Institute<a id=
+"FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+“the yield of solid fat was 54 per cent. It has an orange colour
+and a bitter taste.” The fat was stated to be suitable for soap and
+candle making and the meal as a manure. In Sierra Leone the nuts
+were known as Kpoye, and are identical with those known as “Kafu.”
+According to the chemical analysis made at the Imperial Institute
+the following results were obtained:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t457">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 100/15° C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>0·886</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Melting-point</td>
+<td>48·5° C.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>235 to 245</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td>21·0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td>90·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td>48·9</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td>45·8° C.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center space-above15 space-below1"><span class="pagenum"
+id="Page_458">[458]</span><span class="sc">Analysis of Fat from
+Sierra Leone Kombo Seeds</span>.</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t458a">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Fat as Sent.</th>
+<th>Fat Extracted<br>
+from Kernels at<br>
+Imperial Institute.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·887</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·880</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>33·0</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>31·4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td class="pad1">231</td>
+<td class="pad1">236</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>67·6</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>59·0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Of the Meliaceæ there is <i>Carapa Guineensis</i> (<i>C.
+procera</i>, D.C.), which yields the Carapa oil. The nuts are
+roughly tetrahedral in shape, having a rough reddish-brown shell
+enclosing one large kernel covered with a pale-brown papery skin.
+Good kernels yield about 57 per cent. of oil by extraction with
+solvents and 46·7 per cent. by pressure (27 per cent. on cold and
+22 per cent. on heating); it is of a pale-yellow colour and has a
+bitter taste. The commercial value of the oil was stated in 1907 to
+be £20 10s. per ton according to the valuations made by the
+Imperial Institute,<a id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24"
+class="fnanchor">[24]</a> and from the same authority we find the
+Carapa cake is of a very low manurial value, and is only stated to
+be worth about £2 per ton. Some dark-coloured kernels were bought
+in 1909 at £11 5s. per ton, and light kernels at £11 10s. per ton.
+According to the Imperial Institute the results were as
+follows:</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t458b">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Cold Pressed Oil.</th>
+<th>Hot Pressed Oil.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 40° C.</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9179</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9174</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><span class="word-spaced8">&nbsp;„&nbsp;</span> <span class=
+"word-spaced6">&nbsp;„&nbsp;</span> 15° C.</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9272</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9327</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td class="pad1">197·1</td>
+<td class="pad1">196·4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>75·6</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>71·2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>3·5</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>3·1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable matter</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>1·5</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>2·0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>35·4° C.</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>36·1° C.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center space-above15 space-below1"><span class=
+"sc">Carapa Cake</span>.</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t458c">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Per cent.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Moisture</td>
+<td class="tdc">9·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ash</td>
+<td class="tdc">5·9</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Nitrogen</td>
+<td class="tdc">2·9</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The ash contained:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t458d">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Per cent.<br>
+(calculated on Cake).</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Potash, K₂O</td>
+<td class="tdc">1·91</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Lime, CaO</td>
+<td class="tdc">0·18</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Phosphoric anhydride, P₂O₅</td>
+<td class="tdc">0·51</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_459">[459]</span>Apocynaceæ.—Although the seeds of
+<i>Funtumia elastica</i> yield oil, it was not favourably reported
+on. Perhaps now, with the greater value of all the oil seeds, some
+use could be made of it.</p>
+
+<p>Ebenaceæ, <i>Diospyros Barteri</i>.—This yields the Ebony nut,
+which is small, but edible. The Benin natives are very fond of it.
+It has not been exported.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diospyros crassiflora</i> or <i>Diospyros dendo</i> have a
+fruit about the size of a large green plum, which contains four
+long, thin, almond-like nuts, which have rather a bitter taste.
+Although evidently oil-bearing, they have not been properly
+examined or tested as to the exact content of oil or other
+products.</p>
+
+<p>Rosaceæ.—Although the <i>Chrysobalanus sp.</i>, or Niko nut, is
+comparatively well known, it is by no means fully utilized. Then
+there is <i>Parinarium Gabunense</i>, yielding the Mahogany nut, of
+uncertain value.</p>
+
+<p>Anacardiaceæ.—The <i>Anacardium occidentale</i>, yielding the
+Cashew nut, is so far only utilized near Lagos, where it is growing
+as a garden escape. No proper plantations have yet been made of
+this tree.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the Palmæ, besides the Oil Palm, we have the Bottle
+Toddy or Fan Palm, <i>Borassus flabellifer</i>, yielding three or
+four nuts in each fruit. These are oil containing, but of unknown
+value. Considering the large areas in all the West African Colonies
+where the Fan Palm is found, some use should be made of the large
+number of nuts produced.</p>
+
+<p>Then we have Hyphæne, the Doum Palm, which yields a nut used for
+making buttons. Here, again, the large quantities which are found
+in Africa ensure a steady amount of produce being placed on the
+market, provided a remunerative price is always paid for the nuts.
+Finally there is <i>Phœnix dactylifera</i>, the Date Palm. Although
+this is more of a fruit than a nut, it is included here, as it is
+found in the forest groves of the North. Considering the value of
+its produce and the constant demand there is for it, a wide
+extension of its area of cultivation is to be recommended.</p>
+
+<p>Ochnaceæ, <i>Lophira alata</i>.—This is the dwarf Red Ironwood
+tree, which yields the “Niam” fat or “Meni” oil. The fruit is
+roughly conical, consisting of a reddish-brown fibrous shell,
+enclosing one kernel. The kernel is conical in shape, and about
+five-eighths of an inch in width. The inside is a pale-yellow
+colour. The fruit has two uneven-sized wings, the larger being over
+an inch in length and nearly half an inch in width. According to
+the Imperial Institute<a id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href=
+"#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> the fat is semi-solid and
+of a yellowish colour. The kernel contains 31·1 to 43 per cent. of
+fat. The fat is suitable for soap-making.</p>
+
+<p>According to the analysis of the Imperial Institute the results
+were as follows: For soap-making it is considered to be of the
+same<span class="pagenum" id="Page_460">[460]</span> value as palm
+oil, i.e. in November 1911, at Liverpool, £30 to £31 per ton. The
+cake obtained from it closely resembled Shea-nut cake and was of a
+similar value, i.e. about £3 per ton in Liverpool. The decorticated
+kernels, which contained about 40 per cent. of oil, were valued at
+about £10 per ton c.i.f. at Liverpool in October 1911. These
+kernels should find a ready market in Europe for soap-making, and
+the cake to be used as a manure. As the tree is one of the
+commonest in the dry-zone forests, ample supplies of the nuts
+should be always forthcoming, providing an adequate price to pay
+for the cost of production is paid for them.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">Table</span> I.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Yield of Fat.</em>
+</p>
+
+<table class="borders tabw30" id="t460a">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width:37.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+</colgroup>
+
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>A.</th>
+<th>B.</th>
+<th>C.</th>
+<th>D.</th>
+<th>E.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Product received</td>
+<td class="tdc">Fruits</td>
+<td class="tdc">Kernels</td>
+<td class="tdc">Fruits</td>
+<td class="tdc">Kernels</td>
+<td class="tdc">Kernels</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Condition of kernels</td>
+<td class="tdc">Mostly sound</td>
+<td class="tdc">Good</td>
+<td class="tdc">Many partly decomposed</td>
+<td class="tdc">Good</td>
+<td class="tdc">fairly good</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="hang1">Yield of fat (per cent. calculated on weight of
+kernels used)</td>
+<td class="tdc">31·19</td>
+<td class="tdc">43·0</td>
+<td class="tdc">39·6</td>
+<td class="tdc">41·16</td>
+<td class="tdc">41·76</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center space-above1"><span class="sc">Table</span>
+II.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Constants of Fat.</em>
+</p>
+
+<table class="borders tabw30" id="t460b">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width:37.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+<col style="width:12.5%;">
+</colgroup>
+
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>A.</th>
+<th>B.</th>
+<th>C.</th>
+<th>D.</th>
+<th>E.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9105</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9044</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9044</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9019</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9016</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>18·54<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>25·9<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>33·2<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>47·5<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>48·0<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>195·6<span class="padnum">000</span></td>
+<td>181·5<span class="padnum">000</span></td>
+<td>194·6<span class="padnum">000</span></td>
+<td>180·7<span class="padnum">000</span></td>
+<td>183·3<span class="padnum">000</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>68·4<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>69·8<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>70·3<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>72·1<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>72·5<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl value</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·9<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·8<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·8<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable matter</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>1·49<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·5<span class=
+"padnum">000</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·86<span class=
+"padnum">00</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>49·0°C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>47·0° C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>47·5° C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>48·5° C.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i102" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig102.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig102.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 102.—<span class=
+"bold">Oil Palm (Elæis Guineensis), eight years old, in bearing,
+showing nine out of the twenty-one bunches of fruit on the
+tree.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i103" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig103.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig103.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 103.—<span class=
+"bold">Seven-year-old Oil Palm in bearing, rather over-pruned,
+showing male inflorescence just below boy’s finger and bunch of
+fruit in the middle of the picture.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 460.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Closely allied to the above is <i>Lophira procera</i>, the Red
+Ironwood Tree, which yields the Kaku or Ebba kernels. The fruit is
+usually more sharply conical in shape than that from <i>L.
+alata</i>. The fruits are small, owing to the fact that these large
+forest trees grow closely amongst others, and the fruits are not so
+fully developed or filled out as those of <i>L. alata</i>. <i>L.
+alata</i> usually grows in the open freely, or at most only just
+touching a neighbouring tree, and thus the fruit has<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_461">[461]</span> ample light for its
+development. According to the investigations of the Imperial
+Institute, the nuts were found to yield 55·2 per cent. of fat,
+which was solid and cream-coloured. Owing to the fact that this is
+a larger yield than that obtained from the nuts of <i>L. alata</i>,
+the decorticated kernels were valued at £12 per ton c.i.f.
+Liverpool. This tree is one of the most prevalent in the evergreen
+forests of Nigeria, the Gold Coast, and Sierra Leone, so that very
+considerable amounts of the seeds could be obtained, provided a
+remunerative price is paid to cover the cost of production.
+According to the analysis made at the Imperial Institute<a id=
+"FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>
+the kernels contain:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t461a">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·859</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>11·6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>190</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>60</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·8</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Guttiferæ, <i>Pentadesma Butyracea</i>.—The Tallow Tree. From
+this a large number of fat-yielding kernels are obtained from each
+fruit. The nuts are irregular tetrahedral shape. The shell is not
+very thick and easily broken when the nuts are dry. When fresh the
+kernel is lightish-yellow in colour, and the nut is brown.
+According to the investigations of the Imperial Institute the fat
+obtained is of a pale-yellow colour, and has a pleasant smell and
+taste. In smell, in fact, it is very much like Shea butter.</p>
+
+<p>On analysis it showed:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t461b">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>0·859</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>3·6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>190·1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>41·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>50·7° C.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>95·0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable matter</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">00</span>1·7</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl value</td>
+<td class="pad1">Nil</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The samples from the Southern Provinces of Nigeria showed rather
+a lower saponification and iodine value.</p>
+
+<p>From its appearance and chemical constants it seems possible
+that this fat might be used in the manufacture of edible fats. The
+kernels were valued, when in good and dry condition, at from £8 to
+£10 per ton in the United Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p><i>Allanblackia floribunda</i>.—The numerous nuts or kernels
+from the large fruits of this tree have not yet been used for any
+commercial purpose. They appear to contain an oil. In this family,
+too, there<span class="pagenum" id="Page_462">[462]</span> is
+<i>Ochrocarpus Africanus</i>, which has the large edible fruit
+known as the African Mammee Apple. This also yields large nuts of
+an uncertain value, which are apparently oil or fat bearing.</p>
+
+<p><i>Garcinia conrauna</i>.—The nuts of this, the false or bitter
+Cola, besides yielding an edible fruit, are used locally, but
+further investigations would show whether they would obtain a
+regular market as an export product.</p>
+
+<p>Polygalaceæ, “Cheyi” seed, <i>Polygala butyracea</i>, Heck.—This
+is a common herbaceous plant of West Africa. The seeds yield a
+valuable edible fat. They are about a fifth of an inch long and a
+tenth of an inch broad. The seeds are of a brownish-black outside
+and a greenish-yellow inside. According to the investigations of
+the Imperial Institute “the seeds yielded 39·7 per cent. of a soft
+yellowish fat. The taste of it was pleasant, and there was no
+odour.” According to the Imperial Institute analysis the “Cheyi”
+fat showed:</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t462">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Present Sample.</th>
+<th>Results previously<br>
+Recorded.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Melting-point</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>36° C.</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C.</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·866</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>1·24</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>11·4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td class="pad1">251·0</td>
+<td class="tdc">253·0</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>52·5</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>49·4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>37·85° C.</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>85·6</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>45·6</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>45·5</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>“The edible fat manufacturers stated that ‘Cheyi’ fat was
+suitable for their purpose if it could be proved that it did not
+contain a poison, and valued the seeds at £13 to £14 per ton. The
+oil-seed crushers valued the seeds at £12 per ton in the United
+Kingdom.”</p>
+
+<p>N.O. Bixaceæ, according to Thonner, Flacourtiaceæ, <i>Oncoba
+echinata</i>, Oliver.—This tree bears a large number of seeds,
+which are known as “Gorli” seeds. The seeds are long and
+irregularly shaped, and vary from a quarter to three-eighths of an
+inch long, and from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch
+broad. The stiff husk is brown in colour. The seeds without husks
+are white, waxy and soft. According to the Imperial Institute
+investigations the seeds contain 46·6 of fat, which is hard, white
+and crystalline. Although the soap made from it was satisfactory,
+it did not lose the very peculiar odour which the fat has. The cake
+and fat cannot be used as a food because of the large amount of
+chaulmoogric acid contained in it, an acid which causes vomiting.
+The fat might possibly be of value in candle-making. According to
+the Imperial Institute analysis the seeds showed:</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above15 space-below1"><span class="pagenum"
+id="Page_463">[463]</span><span class="sc">Analysis of “Gorli”
+Seeds</span>.</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t463a">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Sample I.</th>
+<th>Sample II.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdc less">Per cent.</td>
+<td class="tdc less">Per cent.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Moisture</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">5·8</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">5·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Fat</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">46·6</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">46·6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Crude proteins</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">17·5</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">18·1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1">Consisting of—</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad2">True proteins</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">11·3</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">10·2</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad2">Other nitrogenous substances</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">6·2</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">7·9</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Soluble carbohydrates</td>
+<td class="tdc">Nil</td>
+<td class="tdc">Nil</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Starch, etc.</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">11·8</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">12·1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Crude fibre</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">15·6</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">14·7</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Ash</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">2·7</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">2·7</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center space-above15 space-below1"><span class=
+"sc">Analysis of “Gorli” Fat</span>.</p>
+
+<table class="borders" id="t463b">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>No. I.</th>
+<th>No. II.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 15·5° C.</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·898</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>0·896</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Acid value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>4·5</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>22·4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td class="pad1">192·4</td>
+<td class="pad1">193·9</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>99·7</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>96·8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>57·8° C.</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>57·8° C.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>96·5</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">0</span>96·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl value</td>
+<td class="tdc">Nil</td>
+<td class="tdc">Nil</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Unsaponifiable matter</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>1·6</td>
+<td class="pad1"><span class="padnum">00</span>1·3</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The nut of Ogbogo, a Benin tree, is as yet unvalued, though it
+appears to be an oil-yielding fruit. There is, too, the long
+almond-shaped nut of Oktobun. Although it has a somewhat hard
+shell, the nut is very large in proportion, and the kernel seems to
+be rich in oil. So far no use has been made of it.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_464">[464]</span><a id=
+"c12"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE OIL PALM AND PALM KERNEL INDUSTRY</p>
+
+<p class="nind">1. <span class="sc">Æsthetic Aspect</span>.—A most
+familiar sight to everyone visiting a farm in the southern part of
+Nigeria is the charming grace of the fronds of the Oil Palm in the
+clearings near the house. The long, straight, cylindrical,
+undivided stem, crowned by a large tuft of broad green palm leaves,
+easily distinguishes the Oil Palm (<i>Elæis Guineensis</i>) from
+the Tombo (<i>Raphia vinifera</i>), which has a thinner stem,
+clothed from the base to the top with 40-feet long heavy fronds,
+the undersides being silvery and the upper part light green. In
+certain times of the year huge bunches of yellow grape-like fruits
+hang quite 4 feet down from the narrow crown of this tree. It is
+most noteworthy that the Tombo Palm is found growing in or near a
+swamp, and only occasionally planted as an avenue tree on drier
+land, whereas the Oil Palm is usually found in the hard and drier
+ground and only occasionally in the swamp. The Oil Palm is much
+larger than another Wine Palm, <i>Raphia Hookeri</i>, which is
+similar but smaller than <i>Raphia vinifera</i>, the growth being
+similar but the seeds smaller.</p>
+
+<p><i>Raphia Ruffia</i> is a small swamp palm, with practically no
+stem, but a large number of long, thin, and somewhat light,
+pendulous fronds.</p>
+
+<p>Most visitors to West Africa are quite familiar with the huge
+casks of orange-coloured or yellow oil, which often leaks on to the
+deck of the ship, and the peculiar, rather nauseatingly pungent
+odour of the “sweating” kernel bags.</p>
+
+<p>1<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">General Description of the Oil
+Palm Tree, Fruit and Nut</span>.—From the railway carriage we can
+see numerous groves of Oil Palms, as well as isolated specimens,
+almost continuously for the first 60 miles from Lagos, and more
+isolated for the next 180 miles. With few exceptions the Oil Palm
+is a single stemmed tree, one notable forked tree being seen on the
+northern side of the Nigerian Railway, a little more than three
+miles before reaching Ibadan. In this case an oil palm nut may have
+become embedded in an old leaf stalk sheath and subsequently
+sprouted, thus forming a separate tree growing on the other, which
+in the course of time has become joined up.</p>
+
+<p>It will be noticeable that in passing through the heavy forest
+near Olokemeji few or no Oil Palms are seen. This forest, however,
+is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_465">[465]</span> situated really
+within the area of the natural distribution of the Oil Palm. The
+Oil Palm, however, needs a good deal of light for its development,
+and those trees seen in the heavy forest are very tall, often over
+100 feet high, with comparatively short leaves and a small number
+of them forming the crown of the tree (see <a href=
+"#i102">illustration 102</a>). On the other hand, wherever a
+clearing has been made in the forest, for instance near Awowo, the
+older Oil Palms are shorter in stem, often being not more than 20
+feet in height. Another instance of this is seen in the farms near
+Badagry, where the trees are often only 15 to 20 feet high, and the
+stem itself only 10 feet in length. In each of these cases it will
+be noticed that the trees are standing quite free, with no
+overhanging vegetation. From the first they have been in this
+position, and the leaves have had room to spread almost 20 feet all
+round, thus giving the tree the maximum amount of moisture and
+other food material.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst these trees, Oil Palm seedlings will be seen to spread
+out over the ground almost at once, even when only the secondary
+and tertiary leaves have grown. In the forest, however, the leaves
+go almost straight up, and only after some years have elapsed
+spread more as they dominate, or try to overgrow, other seedling
+forest trees.</p>
+
+<p>2. <span class="sc">Botanical Description of Tree, Fruit,
+etc</span>.—An Oil Palm starts male flowers when three years old,
+and these are borne one to three years before the female flowers
+appear. The male and female flowers are both found on the same
+tree, the male above the female in the axils of the leaves. There
+are two cycles of leaves younger than the female flower. The Oil
+Palm fruit is formed first by the kernel surrounded by shell, then
+the fibrous pulp containing the palm oil. The ripe fruit is of a
+brilliant brick-red colour, the unripe fruit being always black at
+the point and only red near the base, where it is covered by
+neighbouring fruits. When ripe they fall from the bunch, and it is
+especially noticeable that each bunch of fruit grows out of
+alternate leaf axils, alternating also with the whorls or cycles of
+growth (<a href="#i060">illustration 60</a>).</p>
+
+<p>The female flowers are very minute, and in the earlier years
+each bunch is rather smaller than a man’s hand. The centre of the
+flower is orange, coloured with a bluish tip, and scarcely lasts a
+week. On the other hand, the male inflorescence is like a compact
+horse’s tail, composed of closely packed pollenated stamens. Owing
+to the different years in which the male and female inflorescence
+appear, it is probable that cross-fertilization takes place.</p>
+
+<p>2<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">Distribution of the Oil
+Palm</span>.—The Oil Palm is found from Sierra Leone to Lake Chad,
+down to Ambriz, and eastward to the borders of German East
+Africa.</p>
+
+<p>The Palm Belt, according to Millbourne, is 3,000 miles in
+length, and varies from 150 to 300 miles in width.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_466">[466]</span>It is estimated
+that there are six or seven million Oil Palms behind Loanda inland,
+though this sounds rather exaggerated.</p>
+
+<p>In Nigeria it is most widely distributed in the Southern
+Provinces, and the densest “stands” are found in each of the river
+basins wherever the forest has been cleared (see <a href=
+"#i103">illustration 103</a>).</p>
+
+<p>Wherever the dry season is very prolonged and the locality shows
+a shallow soil, overlying laterite or rock, the Oil Palm first of
+all appears after the forest has been cut down. After a few years
+the trees are subject to annual grass-fires, and while still
+bearing fruit they begin to fail and scarcely last half the
+ordinary period of their life. Localities of that nature are found
+in the Afikpo, Onitsha, Ifon, and parts of the Ibadan
+districts.</p>
+
+<p>The Oil Palm is also one of the first trees to appear after the
+mangrove swamp and Tombo Palm region is passed in going through the
+forest zones from the coast inwards.</p>
+
+<p>2<em>b</em>. <span class="sc">Varieties of the Oil
+Palm</span>.—These, according to Professor O. Beccari, of Florence,
+are as follows:</p>
+
+<ul class="simple3">
+<li><i>Elæis Guineensis</i>.</li>
+
+<li>Var. <i>albescens</i>. White Oil Palm. Abe-fita or Abe-fufu
+(Gold Coast).</li>
+
+<li><i>Angulosa</i>. Oleporo Eyop (Old Calabar).</li>
+
+<li><i>Ceredia</i>. Adi-be (Gold Coast).</li>
+
+<li><i>Communis</i>. Udin (Benin).</li>
+
+<li><i>Communis forma, dura</i>. Ade-pa (Gold Coast).</li>
+
+<li><i>Idolatrica</i>. Sacred Palm. Abe-Obene (Gold Coast).</li>
+
+<li><i>Intermedia</i>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Macrocarpa</i>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Macrocarya</i>. Abubube (Gold Coast).</li>
+
+<li><i>Pisifera</i>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Repandra</i>. Kessede.</li>
+
+<li><i>Rostrata</i>. Mbana Oyop (Old Calabar).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The Benin people differentiate the Udin or ordinary palm from
+Ogedin or the King Palm on account of its having smaller bunches of
+fruit, each fruit being longer and having a softer shell. They also
+treat Evirommilla or the Palm of Everlasting Life as a separate
+species. The Yorubas, however, consider that there are three
+species of Oil Palm.</p>
+
+<p>According to the German experiments in the Cameroons, the
+Lisombe or soft-shell Oil Palm does not come up true to type,
+approximately only 5 to 10 per cent. growing to the true variety.
+From the locality in which the Lisombe Palm was and is found, it
+looks as if the high rainfall (over 300 inches) had really been one
+of the main factors in evolving this type of Oil Palm. In fact,
+natives who know the ordinary Oil Palm and the soft-shell Oil Palm
+say it is rather<span class="pagenum" id="Page_467">[467]</span> a
+matter of taste as to which is the better of the two. Apparently it
+depends on what commodity the native is dealing in, kernels or oil,
+as to whether it pays better to get plenty of oil, and obtain the
+kernels more easily from the soft-shelled Oil Palm, or an average
+amount of oil and larger kernels obtained with more difficulty from
+the ordinary Oil Palm. On the whole, the Lisombe Palm does not seem
+to yield on an average more pericarp oil than the ordinary Benin or
+Yoruba Oil Palm growing in a farm in the usual moist-zone climate.
+Certainly the kernel of the Lisombe Palm is much smaller than the
+ordinary Oil Palm. A further point to be considered, too, is that
+the bunch of Lisombe Oil Palm fruit is smaller on the average than
+the bunch of the ordinary Oil Palm.</p>
+
+<p>However, it may be noted that the natives of the southern part
+of the Ogoja district, especially the Ndeh and Befun people, plant
+a species of soft-shelled palm near the villages. Of course, in
+this locality the Oil Palm is not found in very large quantities,
+and the seeds for these groves were obtained from a good distance
+away, probably near the Cross River.</p>
+
+<p>3. <span class="sc">The Growing of the Oil Palm—Distribution of
+Seed by Farmers, Parrots, Monkeys</span>.—In the forest country a
+clearing is made some distance away from the village by the native
+to make a new farm. In clearing and cutting down the forest, few or
+no Oil Palms are met with, so that the farmer’s wife brings palm
+fruit or oil to the new farm, in order that they may have palm oil
+to eat. Having made the oil, the nuts are put out in the open to
+dry, with the intention of their being cracked later on. However,
+they lie about some months, and rodents of various kinds, such as
+rats and the hyrax (a squirrel-like animal), carry some of these
+away into the farm. Some farmers, too, pick up a few and scatter
+them over the farm. In the course of a year or two Oil Palm
+seedlings appear, where they are left amongst the other vegetation
+when the farm is abandoned. In this way, instead of the original
+thick forest there is a more or less dense grove of young Oil
+Palms. In other places the parrots may bring nuts from the
+neighbouring forests or other old farms, and these, falling in the
+clearing, also help to make a palm forest.</p>
+
+<p>The native also, after he has picked the bunches of fruit, puts
+them down in some convenient place on the roadside. Some of the
+nuts become scattered, which subsequently sprout and form
+additional groves of palms, especially where the larger trees near
+the roadside fall, or are cut down, thus giving more light to the
+young seedlings.</p>
+
+<p>Again, when the bunch of fruit is ripe on the tree, it is not
+often immediately cut off, and many of the ripe nuts thus fall to
+the ground. These subsequently grow, forming almost thickets of Oil
+Palms, instead<span class="pagenum" id="Page_468">[468]</span> of
+the one from which the original seed was obtained. A similar
+process takes place on a bigger scale in the more distantly
+situated forests, where the natives do not collect the fruit at
+all. Here, all the nuts gradually fall off the tree, more or less
+forming a circle 10 to 15 feet away from the trunk. If any
+clearings take place in these localities, they rapidly appear to
+become filled up with Oil Palms, which in reality were already
+there as little tiny seedlings amongst the herbs and undergrowth,
+ready to make use of any additional light or growing space to
+develop fully.</p>
+
+<p>4. <span class="sc">Fruit-bearing Age of Oil Palm</span>.—Under
+these conditions, where the seedling Oil Palms stand only a few
+inches, or at the most 4 or 5 feet apart, the growth is very
+constricted, with the result that no flowers or fruit appear before
+the fifteenth or twentieth year. Each stem is excessively thin, and
+tends to grow upwards like an ordinary forest tree, rather than
+forming a very short, almost negligible length of stem, but nearly
+1 foot in diameter, as is typical of the palm family in the earlier
+years of its growth. Contrary to the above, where the Oil Palm
+comes up in a more open place the leaves do not tend upwards, but
+outwards, arching over with the leaf stalk at an angle of about 45°
+to the ground. The leaves themselves, instead of being long and
+thin and with a long length of green stalk, soon spread out fully
+20 inches on either side of the main stalk, thus giving the plant
+more food material and making it grow more quickly. Then, in the
+fourth or fifth year, bunches of fruit, each containing from
+twenty-five to thirty nuts, are formed out of the female flower.
+Each bunch, which is the size of a man’s fist at this age,
+increases to nearly 2 feet in length and 1 foot in diameter at
+maturity. However, each bunch of fruit, having been formed against
+the stem of the palm and in the axil of the leaf stalk, is very
+much compressed, especially at the base. As an experiment, when the
+fruit is beginning to ripen, the leaf stalk just immediately below
+the base of the fruit stalk is removed; gradually then the bunch of
+fruit droops a little and develops more fully at the base, owing to
+having more space. More light thus reaches the fruit sideways, and
+the period of ripening is accelerated by three weeks.</p>
+
+<p>5. <span class="sc">Oil Palm Plantations and Crops</span>.—As a
+result of the greater spreading out of the leaves of the young palm
+and the more sessile habit of the stem in the earlier stages of
+growth, light penetrates more intensely into the fruit-bearing
+axils of the tree, thus increasing the size of each bunch.</p>
+
+<p>In the Calabar Arboretum, some Oil Palms were cleaned and the
+ground thoroughly cultivated in two successive years. In the first
+year one tree bore fourteen bunches of fruit, and in the second
+year it bore twenty-two bunches. No manure was placed on the
+ground, and the soil was distinctly poor and sandy—in fact, the
+natives in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_469">[469]</span> the
+locality said the land was of no use and could not be used for
+farms (see <a href="#i102">illustration 102</a>).</p>
+
+<p>In another case, in Benin, the Oil Palms, which were first sown
+at stake and subsequently transplanted, bore fruit in the fifth
+year. Contrary to expectation, the transplanted Oil Palm seedlings
+developed the secondary and tertiary leaves within a few months
+after the transplanting had taken place, whereas those sown at
+stake continued with only two spiky leaves for almost the first
+year of their growth. As the tree gets older, the number of bunches
+of fruit borne gets less, though each bunch is fully five times the
+size of the first fruiting bunches of the fifth year.</p>
+
+<p>In most districts about five bunches of fruit ripen each year,
+and each bunch bears from 1,200 to 2,000 nuts (from the best
+trees). It is always noticeable that the palms growing in the open,
+free from surrounding trees, produce the finest bunches and the
+greatest number of nuts. On this point of the yield of bunches per
+annum further investigations are necessary, as it is by no means
+proved that an average of five bunches per annum is the maximum
+number for a mature Oil Palm.</p>
+
+<p>In the Togo Plantations (251 acres), it was noticeable that in
+the more favourable climate of Atakpame and Bassari the Oil Palm
+bore in the fifth year, whereas in the drier climate of Jendi the
+trees first bore fruit in the seventh year. In illustration
+<a href="#i019">No. 19</a> the amount of growth shows clearly from
+year to year, more especially in the difference in the size of the
+leaf. The relative shortness of the stem is distinctly seen,
+showing up when compared with the natural forest-grown Oil Palms in
+<a href="#i020">illustration 20.</a> In addition, there is the Agu
+Plantation in Togo. Thus far very few Oil Palm plantations have
+been made, those in the Cameroons being the most extensive.
+However, these are almost too young, or to some extent mixed up
+with the original forest-grown Oil Palms, for conclusive results to
+be shown.</p>
+
+<p>In the Central Circle in 1906 a communal plantation was made at
+Okokwo, but the natives have not yet found the necessity of
+extending it.</p>
+
+<p>Between the Kwa and the Akwayefe Rivers, going along the
+Akpaboyo Road, the Oil Palms are so evenly distributed that they
+almost appear to be one great plantation. However, the locality is
+very favourable to the Oil Palm; the original forest has been
+largely cut down and the natives have allowed the Oil Palms to
+stand wherever they did not hinder farming operations. Owing to the
+fact that the Oil Palm has spread, and is spreading, in those parts
+of the Southern Provinces of Nigeria and elsewhere where the
+rainfall is between 60 and 150 inches per annum, there has thus
+far, from the native point of view, been no incentive to plant more
+Oil<span class="pagenum" id="Page_470">[470]</span> Palms. In fact,
+with the increasing amount of general work going on, combined with
+the comparatively high price obtained for palm oil and kernels,
+there is less necessity for the native to gather all the palm fruit
+that has grown. It has been noticed that the cultivated Oil Palm,
+or Oil Palms growing in an open place, only reach about one-quarter
+the height of the forest-grown Oil Palms, which attain a height of
+over 100 feet (see <a href="#i060">illustrations 60</a>).</p>
+
+<p>With cultivated trees it is possible in the earlier fruiting
+years to stand on the ground and gather the fruit from the palms,
+and even in later years only a short ladder is necessary in order
+to reach it. It is really on this problem of the height of the
+palm-tree that the chief collection of the fruit depends, and also
+the total output from the Oil Palm forests. Further investigations
+are necessary to decide as to how far it is possible to retard the
+height-growth of the Oil Palm for as long as possible, while
+accelerating the radial growth, or at any rate increasing the
+thickening of the stem. Varying planting distances have been tried,
+such as 16 feet 3 inches each way, 17 feet 9 inches in the German
+experiments in Togo, but 23 feet each way in the Cameroons. In one
+case teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i>) had been mixed with it. On the
+whole, in ordinarily favourable localities, a planting distance of
+24 feet each way appears to be the most suitable. For the first
+five to ten years at least agricultural crops could be grown in
+between, until the Oil Palms had spread out so as to cover the
+ground almost entirely. Few or no experiments have yet been
+undertaken in selecting and planting only the biggest nuts of the
+most prolific variety, which, according to Mr. Farquhar’s report,
+<em>The Oil Palm and its Varieties</em>, is the A-sog-e-jub, which
+contains 48 per cent. of pericarp oil.</p>
+
+<p>It has at any rate been demonstrated by the natives that Oil
+Palms which have been tended yield bigger bunches and bear larger
+nuts, but only by actual experiments in selected areas or
+plantations can it be proved exactly how much more produce is
+obtained, and the extra financial yield over and above the
+increased cost of cultivation, etc.</p>
+
+<p>According to various commercial calculations, it has been
+estimated that only £1 per ton can be paid for the ripe fruit at
+the oil or kernel crushing mill.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the comparative wide distance (24 feet) at which the
+Oil Palm should be planted, for the first few years it is possible
+to plant some catch crops. One of the cheapest ways of forming Oil
+Palm plantations would be to take over an area fairly well covered
+with self-sown Oil Palms up to 12 or 15 feet in height. After
+choosing the best and marking these, the rest should be gradually
+thinned out by tapping them for palm wine, which could be sold. A
+crop of water-melon, or Egusi bara (<i>Citrullus vulgaris</i>) of
+the Yorubas, could be<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_471">[471]</span> planted over two-thirds of the ground
+between the Oil Palm plants and trees, leaving sufficient space for
+their growth and about equal to the spread of their foliage in each
+case. After this crop has been gathered in August or September, a
+crop of Awuje (Yoruba name) beans could be planted, which would
+again be ready for picking by December. In each case the haulms and
+dried leaves of the plants, after the crop is gathered, should be
+burnt in small heaps and the ashes scattered over the soil. At the
+beginning of the following year the ground could be got ready again
+and a crop of maize sown in a similar way, covering a half to
+two-thirds of the ground between the plants. This could be followed
+by another crop of water-melon, which would act as soil-covering
+during the rainy season, and again another crop of beans in the
+autumn. In turn this could be followed, after similar treatment as
+before, at the beginning of the third year, by a crop of yams
+(<i>Dioscorea sp.</i>). Probably owing to the growth of the palms
+it would only be possible to have one row down the middle of the
+line between the palms. The species of yam should not be too large,
+so that the ridges or yam heaps could be heaped up if necessary
+with a plough and not by hand, as is usually done. The following
+autumn another crop of beans could be planted, and the next year,
+if the soil was light and suitable, a crop of ground nuts could be
+grown as a double row between the Oil Palms. In the following
+autumn a crop of beans could be grown again. In the following year,
+the fifth, some of the Oil Palms would be in bearing and yield the
+first returns. Bananas could then be planted as a single row
+between the lines of Oil Palms and would bear in the following
+year, thus supplementing the second yield of oil and kernels. By
+these means the whole cost of cultivation should at any rate be
+covered by the sale of the produce grown, partially to the
+labourers and otherwise outside, for export, and perhaps even a
+profit made over and above the cost. In the eleventh or twelfth
+year the bananas would be practically or entirely covered by the
+Oil Palms, and thus have to be cut down and to some extent
+uprooted. Their leaves, however, would form a good mulch for the
+soil, and at any rate act as an effective soil-covering, thus
+preventing the growth of weeds.</p>
+
+<p>It is doubtful whether it would be wise to plant bananas right
+from the start in even one line, not to speak of two amongst the
+Oil Palms, owing to the extraordinary amount of moisture taken from
+the ground by the banana. In some cases, on the better soils, they
+might be introduced in the third year. Cassava, <i>Manihot
+utilissima</i>, is rather too exacting a crop to be suitable for
+planting amongst the Oil Palms. It is very liable to impoverish the
+soil. Then, too, as far as Nigeria is concerned, it is not a very
+paying crop, yielding at the most about 14s. per acre after all
+expenses have been paid. In all the above cases we are taking it
+for granted that the Oil Palm has<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_472">[472]</span> been planted at, or thinned out to, a
+distance of 24 feet between each tree. On the poorer soils the
+distance might no doubt be 18 to 20 feet, and on the very best
+probably a distance of 30 feet will not be found excessive. Where
+lime or other manure is available and comparatively cheap, and in
+some cases heaps of humus from the outskirts of villages, it would
+pay to put this on the land in the late autumn when the ashes from
+the previous crops are being spread on the land. In addition to
+these crops, careful surface cultivation round each Oil Palm is
+essential, not only to prevent the growth of weeds but also to keep
+the aeration of the soil good, prevent the desiccating effects of
+the dry season, and accelerate the growth of the Oil Palm. Besides
+planting these crops by directly paid labour under European
+supervision, using as many modern labour-saving appliances as
+possible, parts of a plantation could no doubt be let out at a
+nominal rent to the natives, even to some of the labourers, to work
+it in their own time, but only planting such crops as would fit in
+with the rotation and not lead to the impoverishment of the soil.
+Apparently the greatest danger to the tropical soil is to leave it
+bare for any length of time. In the rainy season all the mineral
+matter and tilth is liable to be washed away, and in the dry season
+fissures are formed in it, and if it is at all argillaceous it is
+liable to be dried out for a depth of over 2 feet. Constant
+covering is thus necessary to ensure the growth of the Oil
+Palm.</p>
+
+<p>6. <span class="sc">Destruction of Oil Palms</span>.—This is
+carried out for the following purposes: For farming (Onitsha) and
+making palm wine. Sometimes many of these trees are destroyed by
+fire in the Ahoada Okigwi, North Owerri, Afikpo, Abakaliki, Ogaya,
+and Obudu. Grubs, too, are a very frequent source of destruction
+among them. The trees are tapped in the Yoruba country to obtain
+palm wine, but it is not known exactly to what extent this reduces
+the yield of palm oil and kernels. On the whole it is harmful,
+owing to the fact that insect and other pests can obtain entrance
+to the tree through the holes made in tapping it. With the steadily
+rising price of gin the tapping of the Oil Palm is increasing
+annually, resulting in a destruction of many thousand trees each
+year, chiefly in the Obubra and Ikom districts, and to a lesser
+extent by tapping the trees in the Yoruba country. Wherever the
+rainfall does not exceed much over 50 inches and the soil of the
+locality is shallow over laterite or some rock formation, the fires
+become usually an annual occurrence. The Oil Palms which at first
+come up on the clearing of the forests then get burnt, and after a
+few years cease to grow faster than the leaves are burned each
+year, and subsequently die. In a similar way the young seedlings
+which may come up are very easily killed by these annually
+recurring fires, and thus the whole district is impoverished. This
+process can be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_473">[473]</span> seen
+going on in parts of the Afikpo, Owerri, Abakaliki, Onitsha, Ifon
+and Ibadan districts. It is a serious menace to the future
+development of the Oil Palm industry.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i104" class="iw7"><a href="images/fig104.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig104.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 104.—<span class=
+"bold">Mature Brachystegia spicæformis standing at the side of the
+Calabar Road, Calabar, showing the typical shape of the crown and
+branches.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i105" class="iw7"><a href="images/fig105.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig105.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 105.—<span class=
+"bold">Base of Mature Brachystegia spicæformis standing at the side
+of the Calabar Road showing both the scaly untouched bark and the
+wounded section covered with nodules.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 472.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>6<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">Native Method of Collecting
+Fruit</span>.—The native, to collect the fruit, climbs the tree
+with a specially made rope round his waist, by which he gradually
+hoists himself up. With a rough chisel, like a piece of iron with a
+handle, he first cuts off the leaf just above the fruit and then
+severs the bunch, letting it fall to the ground. Many of the fruits
+drop out in the transit, but these the native does not trouble to
+gather up.</p>
+
+<p>It is usual for the Chief to close the forest for a certain time
+until the Oil Palm fruit is more or less ripe, and then the natives
+can gather it all at the same time. Owing to the difference in the
+time of the ripening of the individual fruits at the top of the
+bunch and those at the base, many fall to the ground before the
+bunch is actually cut off the tree. These are not gathered up, and
+are taken away by rodents or birds, or come up in the same
+place.</p>
+
+<p>7. <span class="sc">Native Method of Making Oil and Kernel
+Inspection</span>.—The native cracks the palm kernel almost
+entirely by hand, the nuts being first dried in the sun on the
+ground in open spaces, surrounded roughly with little billets of
+wood, or in small sheds. When dry, they are taken out and cracked
+on rocks (if they happen to be in the neighbourhood) with a piece
+of stone in the cracker’s hand. Should the spot be devoid of rock,
+a piece of wood or stone takes its place, and then a piece of iron
+or stone is used by him in the right hand. Good workers, usually
+small girls or women, can crack about 15 to 20 lb. a day in this
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>An inspection fee on palm kernels and oil has undoubtedly helped
+to improve the product immensely and not reduced the output.</p>
+
+<p>The kernels are picked out at the same time, the shell remaining
+more or less where the nut is cracked. A certain amount of shell
+adheres to the kernel, and if it is an excessive amount the native
+picks it off. Anyhow, when he reaches the factory the shell
+contents must not exceed 5 per cent. Although they are not actually
+dried, they are usually kept in a dry, cool place, until sufficient
+have been collected to sell either in the local market or straight
+to a European factory. The inspection of the palm produce, both oil
+and kernels, takes place at the factory, where the produce is
+bought by the Inspectors of Produce under the Customs
+Department.</p>
+
+<p>7<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">Kinds of Oil</span>.—Most of the
+oil is soft, but as some hard oil is made which is worth £3 or £4
+less per ton than the former, owing to its having about 8 per cent.
+less of glycerine, and both are made by a different process, both
+methods will be described.</p>
+
+<p><em>Hard oil</em> is made chiefly near Onitsha and Ikpa markets,
+east of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_474">[474]</span> the Niger,
+by the Ibos, and the following is the process employed in those
+districts.</p>
+
+<p>The fruit is left on the bunch in the bush, covered with leaves,
+for ten days; it is then brought into the village or place where
+the fruit is cut or knocked off the bunch. Large earthenware pots
+with a little water in the bottom are then filled with the fruit;
+this is then heated, but the water does not actually boil, or even
+steam very much. The fruit is then taken out and beaten in an old
+canoe or hard mud trough until all the fibre is fairly well
+macerated and detached from the nut. The whole mass is then placed
+in a shady place for four days to enable the oil to “get strong,”
+as the local people say. On the fifth day the oily fibre and nuts
+are placed in the trough again, and cold water is poured in until
+it is about a foot deep. The whole mass is pounded with the bare
+feet of children, girls or women, so that gradually the oil becomes
+detached from the fibre or from adhering to the nuts, and floats on
+the surface of the water, especially near the edges of the trough.
+It is then skimmed off with the hand and put into calabashes. The
+nuts and fibre having sunk to the bottom of the trough, the oil is
+left comparatively free from impurities. The oil in the calabashes
+hardens to much the same degree as dripping, and is ready for
+sale.</p>
+
+<p>On the banks of the Niger, where it is sold to European firms,
+the natives are often obliged to boil it to purify it still
+further, and to enable it to be poured into the puncheon in which
+it is shipped to England. This oil, even when cleaned and boiled,
+has a bitter taste, which the natives do not like when they have
+been accustomed to soft oil. When this oil arrives in England it is
+quite hard again.</p>
+
+<p>Soft oil is made in Nigeria, as well as in Sierra Leone and the
+Gold Coast Colony. The Lagos and Benin oil is the best, so the
+method employed in that part of the country will be described. The
+fruit is cut off the tree in much the same way, but the loose fruit
+is generally collected from the ground as well as the bunches,
+which are then carried to the oil-making place, which is usually
+situated near a running stream for the convenience of the
+manufacture of the oil. The fruit is cut or knocked off the bunch,
+cleaned of any extra stalk or dirt, and placed in earthenware pots,
+in the bottom of which is a little water. These pots are then put
+over a bright fire until the water not only boils, but has quite
+steamed away. It is then considered that the fruit is thoroughly
+soft and ready for crushing, when it is placed in earthen troughs
+or old tree trunks which are used for this purpose. Cold water is
+then poured over the fruit to about a foot in depth, and the fruit
+is pressed by the feet of women or girls standing in the trough.
+The oil rises to the surface of the water, is skimmed off with the
+hand or a flat piece of wood, and put into earthenware calabashes;
+all fibre is thoroughly squeezed and rinsed to obtain
+the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_475">[475]</span> oil out of it.
+The oil is now thoroughly boiled, and when quite thin and of a
+reddish-orange colour is poured off carefully into clean pots. A
+fine residue of fibre and particles of dirt remain in the pot in
+which the oil was boiled; this is used for native lamps by dipping
+a twisted fibre into it.</p>
+
+<p>The clean soft oil is now ready for sale, and is carried in old
+kerosene tins or other receptacles to the nearest market. Despite
+the very large loss which occurs, owing to the breaking of
+calabashes on the road to market, still very large amounts are
+carried in vegetable calabashes or earthenware pots. By the time
+this oil reaches Europe it is partially hardened in the cask,
+though usually there is a certain amount of liquid on the top.</p>
+
+<p><em>Sale of Produce.</em>—The palm oil is sold by the kerosene
+tin (one gallon), by the keg, or by the puncheon. It is also sold
+by the bottle in the markets for local use.</p>
+
+<p>The palm kernels are sold by the calabash in the districts
+further away from the markets, but more usually by the coulah
+(Jekri). They are also sometimes sold by the bag, weighing either
+25 lb. or nearly 50 lb. in weight. The natives find old salt bags
+of different sizes very convenient for this purpose, more
+especially when the kernels are to be conveyed some distance to the
+nearest factory.</p>
+
+<p>7<em>b</em>. At the beginning of 1915 hard oil was worth £32 per
+ton, and soft oil £36 10s. per ton, whereas at the beginning of
+1918 soft oil was being sold at £36 5s. to £47 10s. per ton, whilst
+the official maximum price for unbleached palm oil is £44 per ton,
+and £50 per ton bleached.</p>
+
+<p>7<em>a</em> and 11. <span class="sc">Utility of the Oil
+Palm</span>.—From the Oil Palm are obtained the following products:
+Palm oil, palm kernels, palm wine and yeast from the fermented palm
+wine. The shells of the nuts are used by blacksmiths, as they give
+out great heat. The growing head of the palm is used as a
+vegetable—palm cabbage. The stems of the leaves are useful as
+rafters or house posts in the Yoruba country, the leaves for making
+mats for roofing, and the midribs as brooms.</p>
+
+<p>To obtain the wine, the tree is either tapped below the male
+inflorescence in Ibadan, Yoruba, etc., or when the tree is felled
+and the crown cut off. A calabash is placed so as to catch the
+outflowing sap, which is the palm wine.</p>
+
+<p>The natives frizzle the kernels in an iron pot and obtain an oil
+which is used as an emollient for wounds and rubbing on bruises or
+sprains. It has a burnt smell. Only small quantities of kernels are
+used for this purpose in Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p>Tapping is sometimes effected at the base of both
+inflorescences, but this is a more unusual method.</p>
+
+<p>So far no use has been found for the wood, though it is
+uncommonly tough and very fibrous.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_476">[476]</span>8. <span class=
+"sc">Amount of Produce Used, Eaten, and Amount
+Growing</span>.—There is probably only 5 per cent., or at most 15
+per cent., of the total possible trade done in this product from
+West Africa.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of the oil used by the natives per annum is as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>Three gallons of oil per head per annum for food.</p>
+
+<p>Half-gallon of oil per head per annum for illuminant in the
+Eastern Circle, according to Gilman, and half-gallon used mixed
+with camwood for rubbing on the skin per head per annum.</p>
+
+<p>Allowing this amount for the total population of 8,000,000, we
+have a total of 32,000,000 gallons used locally per annum. This
+means the produce of at least 128,000,000 trees, taking into
+consideration the very poor or underbearing state of many of the
+trees. Some also are immature and not in full bearing when
+utilized. Even so, this represents only a part of the total
+possible crop, which might be 100,000,000 gallons and 500,000 tons
+of kernels. Although the above small percentage of the amount of
+trade done will eventually prove to be an exaggeration, partly
+owing to the cutting down of Oil Palms in making farms, there is
+nevertheless clear evidence that a great many more palm kernels
+especially could be obtained if there were an increased number of
+plants available for cracking the nuts in various parts of the
+country. Then, too, in those places where the trees stand too
+closely together, an increased yield would be obtained after they
+had been thinned out. Allowing for an area of about 7,000 square
+miles in the dry zone, where the Oil Palms are not found, and
+12,000 square miles for mangrove swamps, rivers, roads, railways,
+town and village sites, also where there are no Oil Palms, and
+about 10,000 square miles of heavy evergreen and mixed deciduous
+forest areas where there are few or no Oil Palms, this leaves an
+area of about 50,000 square miles on which they are found growing.
+The density varies from over 200 per acre down to only one, or in
+isolated cases to one to ten acres. With the increased amount of
+the tapping of the Oil Palm, as well as cutting it down both to get
+the palm wine and for making farms for food as well as cocoa crops,
+there is a great danger of the total amount being reduced.
+Everywhere on the West Coast of Africa where other produce has been
+introduced, such as in the Congo and in the Gold Coast, the export
+of palm produce tends to fall very rapidly. Owing to the fact that
+such a large amount of palm oil is used for alimentary or other
+purposes locally, and a great deal is exported to the Northern
+Provinces, the export of palm kernels to Great Britain and Europe
+generally forms the better basis in calculating the amount of palm
+produce now actually produced in the country. The small number of
+kernels used for making an oil for<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_477">[477]</span> local use is really quite a negligible
+quantity, and will no doubt almost die out when there are larger
+amounts of pomade and other skin emollients available for the
+natives to buy.</p>
+
+<p>9. <span class="sc">European Machinery for Extraction
+(Pericarping)</span>.—Mr. E. W. J. Trevor, of 87, Maida Vale,
+claims two machines for detaching and removing the pericarp of palm
+fruit with abrading, and has devised also a means by which the
+fruit is held in place and has along in line, an endless band or
+chain. It is not stated, however, if this is successful.</p>
+
+<p>Another apparatus with knife-blades for decorticating the
+pericarp has been patented by Mr. H. Beckwith, of 2, Rumford
+Street, Liverpool. It is called the depericarping machine. Dr.
+Hupfeld’s oil process is carried out at Agu (Togo).</p>
+
+<p>Haake, a Berlin firm, constructed a machine called the wet
+process. The fruit is heated with water and freed from the pulp in
+special machines. The pulp is allowed to drain, and then heated
+again and put under presses. The nuts are cracked in a large
+centrifugal machine, and the shell is separated by a drum-like
+sieve or by brine. With this process 100 lb. of fruit yield 15 lb.
+of oil and 14 lb. of kernels. Four or five tons of fruit can be
+treated daily by fifteen or twenty men. The natives only extract 7
+per cent. of the pericarp oil. This oil contains over 30 per cent.
+of fatty acid and is only used for soaps.</p>
+
+<p>The Government has set up kernel-cracking machines in various
+places in West Africa.</p>
+
+<p>10. <span class="sc">European Nut-cracking</span>.—Several
+plants have been put up latterly to deal with the cracking of
+kernels by machinery.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first of such factories was started at Benin River,
+Warri province, where the shells after the nuts had been obtained
+from them were used for firing the engines of the machinery.
+Another factory exists at Abonnemma, Owerri province, and yet
+another was started at Yenagoa in 1914. The natives seem very
+willing to bring in the nuts to be cracked, especially where the
+population is not large enough to both make the oil and crack the
+kernels, as in the Brass and Degema districts. Brine is often used
+for separating the kernels from the shell.</p>
+
+<p>Some hand-machines have been brought out by Miller Brothers
+which crack the nuts, but both shell and kernels fall to the ground
+at the same time. A certain number of the kernels are broken in the
+process, but of recent years an improvement has been made in this
+respect. The cost of the hand-machine, amounting as it does to £30,
+is almost prohibitive for the native, unless a system of
+hire-purchase were to be adopted. Only a few of these machines
+(comparatively) have been sold to them.</p>
+
+<p><em>Yield of Oil and Kernels from Whole Fruit by
+Machinery.</em>—It has<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_478">[478]</span> been variously estimated that out of a
+hundred tons of whole fruit the native obtains by his methods:</p>
+
+<ul class="simple3">
+<li>&nbsp;7 tons of oil worth (pre-war rates) £12 per ton =
+£84.</li>
+
+<li>15 tons of kernels worth (pre-war rates) £6 per ton = £90.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Again, out of the whole fruit, the result of various
+investigations shows that the pericarp comprises 30 per cent.,
+shell 56 per cent., the kernels 14 per cent., and that there is 50
+per cent. of oil in the pericarp. It has also been estimated that
+out of a hundred tons of whole fruit, a maximum of 15 tons of oil
+and 14 tons of kernels can be obtained by machinery. These at the
+pre-war rates would be worth approximately £600 and £200—in all,
+£800. It has also been estimated that the crushing of the fruit,
+the various freights, the carriage by rail and ocean, cost of bags,
+shipping, landing charges, insurance and general expenses would
+amount to £4 per ton, or in all about £400. This leaves about £400
+to pay for the fresh fruit and allow for a profit; thus, paying £1
+per ton for the fresh fruit, there would still be £300 left for
+profit, or in the case of paying £2 per ton there would be £200
+left. However, so far £1 per ton has proved too low a rate for the
+natives to accept, and in most places it has been refused. It is
+doubtful whether £2 per ton will attract them sufficiently to bring
+in the large bulk of farm produce which is available. From an
+average closely stocked Oil Palm area the fruit could not be
+collected at a cost of £1 per ton, and it is very doubtful if it
+could be done for £2 per ton. So far, it appears that the native
+working for himself in his own time will always do things at a
+cheaper rate than paid labour under European supervision. Further
+investigations will, however, prove what a high price can be paid
+for the fresh fruit at the factory and yet leave sufficient margin
+to make a profit on the extraction of the pericarp oil, and also of
+the cracking of the nuts. In this connection the crushing of the
+kernels is considered rather a separate economic problem, as
+several other market factors come in which do not apply to the case
+of the pericarp oil and the uncrushed kernels. The machinery for
+the crushing of the kernels on the whole is much more intricate,
+costly, and requires much more highly-trained European
+supervision.</p>
+
+<p>10<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">Percentage Oil and
+Kernels</span>.—According to the investigations of the Imperial
+Institute, the composition of the fruit is as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t478">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Per cent.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Pericarp oil</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">18</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Fibre and moisture</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">12</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Shell and disk</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">58</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Kernel</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">12</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Cake for fattening hogs</td>
+<td class="tdr pad-right1">100</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The kernel contains 46 to 53 per cent. of oil.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_479">[479]</span>10<em>b</em>.
+<span class="sc">Pericarp Palm Oil Analysis</span>.—This is as
+follows:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t479a">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity 15/15° C.</td>
+<td>0·9209-0·9245</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Melting-point</td>
+<td>24°-42·5° C.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>196·3-205·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td>53-57·4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl value</td>
+<td>0·86-1·87</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td>94·2-97</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="nind">The solidifying-point of fatty acids varies from
+35·8° to 46·4° C. usually 44·5° to 45° C.</p>
+
+<p>(See also 7<em>a</em>, Uses; see also 12<em>a</em>.)</p>
+
+<p>11. <span class="sc">European Uses of Oil and Kernels, Palm
+Wine, Palm Cabbage, etc.</span>—From 46 to 53 per cent. of oil is
+contained in the kernel.</p>
+
+<p>Palm oil is used in Europe for making margarine, vegetable
+butters, chocolate and cooking fats. It makes a good
+butter-substitute. Palm oil is chiefly used for making soap and
+candles in England, according to Mr. Dennett’s paper. Tin plates
+are covered with palm oil to prevent oxidization. The leakage from
+the casks of oil on board ship is used for making metal polish.
+Railways use it for greasing axle-boxes on railway carriages.</p>
+
+<p>11<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">Nigerian Exports, Oil and
+Kernels</span>.—The exports of palm kernels have been increasing
+almost continuously for years, owing to the gradual opening up of
+the country to trade, and also to the natives finding out the value
+of the kernel as an article of barter; nevertheless, more still
+could be obtained if hand-cracking machinery and more nut-cracking
+mills were introduced at suitable spots.</p>
+
+<p>The following table shows the exports for the years 1909 to 1916
+of</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above15 space-below1"><span class="sc">Palm
+Kernels</span>.</p>
+
+<table class="padded1 padded05" id="t479b">
+<tr>
+<th>Year.</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Price.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1907</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,658,000</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1908</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,425,000</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1909</td>
+<td class="tdc">158,869</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,815,967</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1910</td>
+<td class="tdc">172,998</td>
+<td class="tdc">2,450,814</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1911</td>
+<td class="tdc">176,389</td>
+<td class="tdc">2,574,405</td>
+<td class="tdc">£18 6s.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1912</td>
+<td class="tdc">184,624</td>
+<td class="tdc">2,797,411</td>
+<td class="tdc">£19 15s.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1913</td>
+<td class="tdc">174,720</td>
+<td class="tdc">3,109,820</td>
+<td class="tdc">£23 5s.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1914</td>
+<td class="tdc">162,452</td>
+<td class="tdc">2,541,149</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1915</td>
+<td class="tdc">153,319</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,692,712</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1916</td>
+<td class="tdc">161,439</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,739,706</td>
+<td class="tdc">—</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center space-above15 space-below1"><span class="sc">Palm
+Oil from Colonial Report, Nigerian Exports</span>.</p>
+
+<table class="padded1 padded05" id="t479c">
+<tr>
+<th>Year.</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+<th>£</th>
+<th>Price.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1911</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>79,000</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,696,875</td>
+<td class="tdc">£13 15s.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1912</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>77,000</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,654,933</td>
+<td class="tdc">£29 18s.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1913</td>
+<td class="tdc"><span class="padnum">0</span>83,000</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,854,384</td>
+<td class="tdc">£32 15s.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_480">[480]</span>The following is
+quoted from Sect. 2, Mr. R. E. Dennett’s paper on British Trade in
+Nigeria. Valuable notes have been obtained from this paper with
+regard to the palm products.</p>
+
+<p class="center space-above15 space-below1"><span class="sc">Palm
+Kernel Exports to Germany</span>.</p>
+
+<p>About £5,000,000 worth went to Germany before the war.</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t480">
+<tr>
+<th>Year.</th>
+<th>Tons.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1911</td>
+<td class="tdc">262,680</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1912</td>
+<td class="tdc">283,536</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">1913</td>
+<td class="tdc">241,961</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>12. <span class="sc">Value of Oil and Kernels</span>.—Since the
+war, the price of oil first went down £5 per ton and kernels £15
+per ton up.</p>
+
+<p>With kernels at £17 to £18 per ton, the oil is worth £36 15s.
+per ton.</p>
+
+<p>Glycerine is worth £50 per ton, and pericarp oil contains about
+8 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of 1918 the price of palm kernels varied from
+£25 to £26 per ton, the latter figure being the official maximum
+for it.</p>
+
+<p>12<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">Description of Kernel
+Oil</span>.—It is white or pale-yellow in colour, with a pleasant
+nutty taste. By suitable treatment kernel oil can be divided into
+liquid oil, olein, and solid palm-kernel oil, stearin. It is used
+for soap and candles, edible fats—such as palmine,
+margarine—cooking fats, vegetable butters and chocolate fats.</p>
+
+<p>13. <span class="sc">Import Ports in England and U.S.A. for Oil
+and Kernels</span>.—<em>Hull.</em>—Congo kernels go to Hull by the
+Cie Congo du Belge line, run by Elder Dempster & Co. In the first
+six months of 1915, 20,821 tons of kernels were imported into Hull.
+In most statements on Hull the price of palm kernel cake is
+omitted, whilst those of linseed, Bombay cotton-seed, and Saga Bean
+are always quoted. Hull imported between 40,000 and 50,000 tons in
+1915 (from January to November only, 31,723 tons); 200,000 tons
+were taken by Germany before, and hence are available now.</p>
+
+<p><em>Bristol.</em>—Bristol as a port is prepared, according to
+its seed-crushers, to try kernels, but they asked the Colonial
+Office for protection from Germany.</p>
+
+<p><em>Liverpool.</em>—For the first six months of 1915, 87,366
+tons of palm kernels were imported into Liverpool, against 73,000
+tons in 1914.</p>
+
+<p><em>U.S.A.</em>—In 1915, 4,000 tons of kernels were shipped
+direct to the States.</p>
+
+<p>14. <span class="sc">The Crushing of Palm Kernels in Africa and
+England</span>.—The largest seed-crushing and oil-extracting centre
+in Great Britain is at Hull.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the crushing used to be done in Harburg, near Hamburg,
+Germany, and only a little at Liverpool—some 70,000 tons out of
+300,000 tons. Since the war began Hull and London (Erith)
+have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_481">[481]</span> taken up the
+crushing of kernels. Bristol and Manchester have both thought about
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Crushing has been tried in Africa, but has not been very
+successful so far, the cost of the operations having proved too
+high. In the Congo, however, it is still being done.</p>
+
+<p>The crushing plants in Nigeria are situated at Opoba and Apapa,
+near Lagos.</p>
+
+<p>14<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">Other Methods of Kernel
+Crushing—Solvents</span>.—Commercially, kernels are heated with
+solvents or pressure is used to extract the oil. According to Mr.
+Dennett the first expression takes place at a temperature of 45° to
+50° C., and the second at 55° to 60° C. The double pressing is
+necessary owing to the amount of fat in the oil. By solvents, all
+or only a part can be taken out of the kernels. If all is taken,
+then they are almost valueless as cake, owing to its lack of
+oil.</p>
+
+<p>15. <span class="sc">Palm-kernel Produce</span>.—Palm-kernel
+cake used to contain 20 to 22 per cent. of fibre and 10 per cent.
+of oil, which went rancid, so was not liked here.</p>
+
+<p>This was the main reason why palm-kernel cake was not used to
+any extent by farmers in England before the war.</p>
+
+<p>15<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">Yield of Oil, Kernels and
+Cake</span>.—From 46 to 53 per cent. of palm-kernel oil is obtained
+from the kernels.</p>
+
+<p>Roughly speaking, a ton of kernels yields half a ton of cake,
+according to Mr. R. E. Dennett.</p>
+
+<p>According to the <em>Bulletin</em> of the Imperial Institute 1
+ton of kernels yields 1,000 lb. of oil.</p>
+
+<p><em>Palm-kernel Cake and Oil Exports.</em>—Palm-kernel cake was
+exported to Denmark in September 1915-18, 863 bags.</p>
+
+<p>15<em>b</em>. <span class="sc">Analysis of Kernel
+Cake</span>.—This, according to a recent analysis in the
+<em>Field</em> by Frank J. Lloyd, is:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t481a">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Per<br>
+cent.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Fibre</td>
+<td class="tdr">14·80</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Mineral matters</td>
+<td class="tdr">3·55</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Nutrients—</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1">Oil</td>
+<td class="tdr">6·17</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1">Albuminoids</td>
+<td class="tdr">16·12</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="pad1">Carbohydrates</td>
+<td class="tdr">48·51</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Water</td>
+<td class="tdr">10·85</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr bt">100·00</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A further analysis shows:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t481b">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Per cent.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Oil</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>5·5-10</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Albuminoids</td>
+<td>15·8-18·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Carbohydrates</td>
+<td>36-50</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_482">[482]</span>or
+per food unit it works out to £4 16s. per ton. Indigestible fibre
+reaches 10 per cent., or in older samples of ten years ago 28 per
+cent., which is far too high. As a unit it costs 1s. 4d., against
+2s. 7d. for cotton-seed meal.</p>
+
+<p>According to E. D. News the analysis is:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t482a">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Per cent.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Albuminous matters</td>
+<td class="tdc">17-30</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Fatty matter</td>
+<td class="tdc">10-18</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Gum, sugar and starch</td>
+<td class="tdc">30-40</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>15<em>c</em>. <span class="sc">Kernel Analysis</span>.—According
+to the investigations the analysis showed:</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t482b">
+<tr>
+<td>Specific gravity at 90/15° C.</td>
+<td><span class="padnum">0</span>0·873</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Iodine value</td>
+<td>10·3-17·5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Saponification value</td>
+<td>242-255</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Titer test</td>
+<td>20·0-25·5° C.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hehner value</td>
+<td>91·1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Reichert-Meissl test</td>
+<td>5·0-6·8</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>16 and 17. <span class="sc">Value of Palm-kernel Oil and
+Cake</span>.—Palm-kernel cake is sold at 7s. per cwt., and only 10
+per cent. of the food ration is given to cows or calves for the
+first time.</p>
+
+<p>According to the <em>Oil and Colours Journal</em>, in September
+1915 palm-kernel oil was worth £37 10s. per ton first hand, and £48
+in March 1916. According to this journal it is the lowest priced of
+all the cakes. The price of the cake is £7 to £7 5s. per ton.</p>
+
+<p>The cake is sold at £7 5s. free on rail per ton at Hull. At the
+beginning of 1918 it was worth £13 15s. per ton, but in Surrey it
+could not be obtained under £21 per ton.</p>
+
+<p>Palm-kernel oil is worth about £40 per ton.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of 1918, palm-kernel oil extracted by solvents
+was worth £51 per ton; crushed, £52 per ton; refined, £67 per
+ton—which were the official maximum prices.</p>
+
+<p>17. <span class="sc">Uses of Palm-kernel Cake</span>.—Kernels
+worked by solvents make a more digestible meal—80 per cent. against
+73 per cent. of crushed kernels, and containing 19 per cent. of
+protein and 2 per cent. of fat, against 18 per cent. of protein and
+8 per cent. of fat for crushed kernels. It is used for feeding
+young pigs and milch cows in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>18. <span class="sc">Results of Feeding Experiments with Kernel
+Cake</span>.—The weekly gain in live weight with kernel cake ration
+was 8 lb. at the West of Scotland Agricultural College. The cost
+worked out at 4½d. per lb., and 3 lb. of kernel cake gave better
+results than 4 lb. of bran.</p>
+
+<p>At the East of Scotland College, a gain of 2·04 lb. per day was
+recorded, the cost being £6 6s. per ton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_483">[483]</span>Experiments
+conducted in Scotland showed that cattle increased 1·95 lb. per day
+with palm-kernel cake, against only 1·84 lb. with linseed cake. No
+difficulty was found in keeping the cake, and it did not go
+rancid.</p>
+
+<p>The cattle fed on palm-nut cake were stated to look glossier,
+carry more bloom, and have a looser skin than those fed on
+cotton-seed cake. It is also claimed that the fat content of the
+milk is increased, though the amount of extra butter-fat produced
+per day cannot be demonstrated.</p>
+
+<p>A mixture containing 3 lb. of palm-nut cake is recommended per
+day for milch cows, and one containing from ¼ lb. to ½ lb. for
+sheep and pigs.</p>
+
+<p>Ten per cent. of the ration should be given to cows or cattle
+the first time. Only 2 lb. of cake per day is given to animals.</p>
+
+<p>According to the Cambridge University Department of Agriculture
+the feeding value of palm-kernel cake for bullocks is practically
+the same as that of linseed cake.</p>
+
+<p>The feeding experiments demonstrated that the palm-kernel cake
+gave equal results to linseed or cotton-seed cake, and paid better
+because of the lower price of palm-kernel cake for milch cows and
+cattle. It is recommended for pigs too. The cost of feeding for
+eighty-four days was 43s. 4d. for palm-kernel cake against 51s. 6d.
+for linseed, and a gain of 164·5 lb. in weight against 167 lb.
+flesh weight with linseed cake. Cattle do not take to it readily at
+first, but afterwards like it.</p>
+
+<p>According to Wyndham R. Dunstan, palm-kernel cake costs 1s. 5½d.
+per food unit as compared to 2s. 4d. for hay, hay being £5 per
+ton.</p>
+
+<p>According to Thomas Fawcett, L.M.R., A.S.E., it is a question of
+what is relatively cheaper. British farmers have always bought
+linseed cake at £10 10s. per ton, when beef was only 10d. to 1s.
+per lb. Relatively, it would be better to go in for more cows being
+fed with palm-kernel cake. He also states that kernels only came in
+irregular quantities.</p>
+
+<p>The cake, according to Lancashire County experiments, must be
+given as part ration, as milk yield goes down with kernel cake
+alone.</p>
+
+<p>18<em>a</em>. <span class="sc">Palm-nut Meal: Experimental
+Results of Feeding</span>.—In 1879, in <em>Agricultural
+Chemistry</em>, by Johnson and Cameron (2nd edition), palm-nut meal
+from England and the Continent is mentioned and recommended as the
+cheapest meal for cattle, especially calves. The Royal Agricultural
+Society of England in 1878 also published a pamphlet for the Paris
+Exhibition, in which a mixture including a large proportion of
+palm-nut meal is recommended, and the experience in feeding young
+animals is given, showing that it is far cheaper and that linseed
+cake is really very expensive.<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_484">[484]</span> Fourteen beasts fed on linseed cake
+averaged at eighteen months old 13·5 lb. live weight the week, or
+only ¾ lb. less than the heaviest at the show, on less food,
+especially using palm-nut meal.</p>
+
+<p>According to others, meal is not recommended owing to its going
+rancid and its indigestibility.</p>
+
+<p>19. <span class="sc">Manurial Value of Kernel Cake</span>.—The
+manurial value of palm-kernel cake is £1 4s. for the ration as
+given per ton.</p>
+
+<p>20. <span class="sc">West African Shipping in Relation to Farm
+Produce</span>.—Before the advent of the German line, the West
+Coast was at the mercy of the Shipping Combine, as it is now,
+freights being arranged accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>Since the Government has fixed maximum freight rates, shippers
+now know the largest amount they will have to pay, but even so
+freights are extremely high, and with no outside competition are
+unlikely to be brought down very much.</p>
+
+<p>21. <span class="sc">Bibliography of the Oil
+Palm</span>.—Monsieur Chevalier’s <em>Les Végétaux Utiles de
+l’Afrique tropicale française</em>, Fasc. VII (1<sup>e</sup>
+partie), “Documents sur le Palmier à Huile,” contains a great deal
+of valuable information on the subject of the Oil Palm. <em>The Oil
+Palm</em>, by J. H. Farquhar, summarizes the results of a year’s
+investigations as to the growth and yield of the Oil Palm in the
+Southern Provinces of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p>In the monograph <em>Oil Seed and Feeding Cakes</em>, issued by
+the Imperial Institute, a complete account is given of the new
+British palm-kernel industry.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_485">[485]</span><a id=
+"c13"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">THE FOREST IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE</p>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">The</span> intimate and very
+important connection between Agriculture and Forestry is not at all
+widely recognized, so it is desirable to bring out more fully
+exactly how the one reacts on the other: the value of forests from
+the climatic point of view to agriculture, the economic effects on
+it, as well as the population connected with it.</p>
+
+<p>In all the older civilized countries, such as France, England
+and Russia, and the United States and Canada of the newer ones,
+definite and almost exactly fixed quantities of land are used for
+agricultural purposes on the one hand and for Forestry on the
+other.</p>
+
+<p>In the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast and Nigeria,
+however, with the exception of about 1,500 square miles of forest
+reserves and certain native land planted with rubber or cocoa, all
+the land (even when covered with finest mahogany forests) is liable
+to be farmed for a time and then abandoned for another piece of
+forest-land under the system of shifting cultivation. In practice,
+this means that every year thousands of square miles of forest are
+ruthlessly cut down, in order that the land may be used for
+agricultural crops, for one, two, or at the most three years’
+crops. In the drier parts of the countries named, through such
+forests as exist, grass-fires annually burn, and destroy many trees
+in order to provide poor grazing for herds of the nomads’
+cattle.</p>
+
+<p>It might be argued that in the comparatively damp and hot
+climate which attains in a great part of the Gambia, Sierra Leone,
+the Gold Coast and Nigeria, which are also to some extent still
+covered with forest, it would be most advantageous to clear as much
+land as possible. This, however, is a delusion resting on false
+impressions, notably that the countries named are so much covered
+with thick forest. In most places this so-called “forest” is in
+reality an almost worthless secondary growth, consisting chiefly of
+umbrella trees (<i>Musanga Smithii</i>), soft-wooded Hannoa,
+creepers, grass, with isolated half-burnt or decayed trees from the
+original forest. Again, too, this system of clearing new land is
+quite haphazard, so that, after the first crop has been taken off,
+the land may be found to be too poor to be planted again; the
+natives then abandon it. In some places, chiefly in the Benin and
+Oban districts, they even<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_486">[486]</span> go so far as to put a “Ju-ju” on the land,
+which is in effect a notice to say that the land is of no use for a
+farm. However, this is usually forgotten in a generation, so that
+the same thing may happen again, only that insufficient time has
+elapsed for a proper forest to be grown, as the cutting of the
+original forest may have so altered the climatic factors of the
+locality that not only different species of trees but also grasses
+have come in, and choked nearly all the self-sown forest-tree
+seedlings. The main beneficial effects of the forest may be
+summarized as follows:</p>
+
+<p>1. The rainfall of the locality is increased, according to the
+figures of the Indian rainfall stations. This may amount to as much
+as 16 to 28 per cent. increase on the annual rainfall.</p>
+
+<p>Afforestation on the Russian steppes has shown that more rain
+now falls on the planted area than in former years.</p>
+
+<p>In Western Canada it is generally said that its climate is
+altering, and a general increase of rain has been noticeable since
+plantations have been made on thousands of farms and what forests
+there were originally have been rigorously protected from annual
+fires.</p>
+
+<p>2. The rainfall both above and in the ground is more regularly
+distributed.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, nearly 23 per cent. of the rain which falls on the
+trees in a forest is re-evaporated into the air and does not reach
+the ground at all. This in itself increases the humidity of the
+atmosphere, tends to form clouds, and thus induces further
+rainfall. The clouds tend to protect the plants from excessive sun
+at what may be a critical period in the growing season. The extra
+humidity of the atmosphere does not necessitate the plants
+transpiring so much moisture as they would otherwise have to do, to
+keep them in growing condition. Compared to that in the open, only
+22 per cent. of the amount of evaporation takes place in the
+forest, added to the fact that it occurs under the canopy of the
+trees, thus creating the more humid atmosphere which is so
+suitable, for instance, for the growth of cocoa and other such
+crops. In other words, we can take one hundred parts as the amount
+evaporated in the open, of which not a quarter is evaporated in the
+forest. Again, as we have seen, twice as much of the rainfall soaks
+into the ground in the forest as in the open, and owing to the
+tree-roots and general covering of the soil the water can only flow
+away gradually. On the other hand, in the open, if the ground is at
+all sloping, more than half of the rain which falls to the ground
+runs away immediately, or lies on the land, flooding it and making
+planting impossible.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp2">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i106" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig106.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig106.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 106.—<span class=
+"bold">Rest House Teak Plantation at Ndeh, showing rows of trees 9
+feet apart and 4 feet between.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i107" class="iw9"><a href="images/fig107.jpg"><img src=
+'images/fig107.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 107.—<span class=
+"bold">View between the lines of one-year-old Teak Plantation at
+Ndeh, in which trees were planted 4 feet apart.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 486.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The trees then act as a rainfall distributer and also as a
+rainfall regulator. The roots of the trees act like a sponge,
+absorbing a great deal of the rainwater besides preventing it from
+running away. It has been calculated that it takes nearly six
+months for the rainfall<span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_487">[487]</span> to come out in the springs of a forest.
+This also to some extent accounts for the saying that if the wells
+are full in October in the Temperate Zone, or at the end of March
+in the Tropical Zone, there will be sufficient water the whole year
+round. With a varied distribution of forests in the country, the
+above two effects are naturally felt on neighbouring agricultural
+land, and in many cases make possible the growing of certain crops,
+such as cocoa, Cola and rubber, which otherwise could not be
+attempted. An interesting example of this is seen in the way in
+which the natives of Ilobe, in Nigeria, have planted Cola trees
+just inside and on the edge of the Ilaro Forest Reserve
+boundary.</p>
+
+<p>3. The forest protects the land against corrosion. In most
+countries, wherever the ground is sloping and bare the annual fall
+of rain washes away large masses of good soil as well as stones and
+other debris, in many cases destroying pasturage or agricultural
+land, and in any case silting up the rivers with sand-banks and
+bars, thus hindering navigation. It has often been said that, for
+its size, the Cross River carries in the rainy season much more
+material in suspension and rolled along its bed than many other
+African rivers. The main reason apparently for this fact is that
+several of its tributaries, such as the Mbu, the Fi, the Mfu and
+the Bago, rise at what are now partially grass-covered mountain
+slopes, but which no doubt were a short time ago covered with fine
+evergreen forests.</p>
+
+<p>The immediate effect of clearing such slopes is that the water,
+to the extent of nearly 90 per cent., rushes unchecked down the
+mountain slope, gaining momentum with every mile and taking grass,
+soil and even whole mountain slopes (1,500 feet in height) along
+with it. On the other hand, if such slopes are covered with forest
+trees 25 per cent. of the rainfall is re-evaporated into the air
+before reaching the ground, 10 per cent. is evaporated from the
+ground into the air of the forest, and fully 65 per cent. soaks
+into the ground.</p>
+
+<p>An instance of this last effect can be seen in the Cross River
+Divide from the Bambuto Mountains, on the Nigerian border. In a few
+places the native farmers understand this effect and make the
+terraces on which they plant parallel with the contour of the
+hill-side; however, this is insufficient when the whole mountain
+slope has been cleared of forest. Only a definite distribution of
+the land between forest and farm would prevent the undue corroding
+of hill-sides. The unrestricted rush of the rainwater off the
+hill-sides has yet a further effect on the lower ground of the
+country, in that it causes the streams and rivers to flood and
+overflow their banks. This, in turn, prevents huge acreages of land
+from being cultivated for many months in the year, and other large
+areas lower down from being cultivated at all.</p>
+
+<p>Yet another effect is that a vast mass of water hurries down
+into the sea where it is not required, and where there is already
+plenty of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_488">[488]</span>
+evaporation; whereas the greater part of it might have been stored
+up in the forest to form perennial, almost unaltering springs,
+streams and rivers. Two interesting examples of this are seen in
+the slight, almost negligible rise in the Okwo and the Igbagon
+streams of the Benin province. Both of these rivers rise in thick
+forest, and thick forest is also found on their banks.</p>
+
+<p>In a similar way, instead of the water of the rivers being used
+for irrigating land which is sandy and dry in the dry season, it
+rushes away into the ocean for nothing. The flooding of much of the
+land near the rivers also kills many large forest trees and causes
+a rank growth of shrubs, creepers and grass, which form the
+breeding-places for tsetse and other harmful flies. It is rare to
+find any infected tsetse flies near a clear perennial stream in the
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>4. The forest improves the soil of a locality, whether in the
+primeval or the planted forest. The trees stand at least eighty
+years, and sometimes for several hundred, on the same land, before
+being cut down. During this period the tree roots with their
+root-hairs are penetrating far and wide into the soil, subsoil, and
+even underlying rock, gradually causing the two latter to weather
+into finer and better constituent parts. For instance, nothing
+appears so solid as a mountain of granite; nevertheless, at the
+base and to the lee-side of each boulder, more especially if there
+is any tree-growth there, a beautiful little bed or pocket of
+blackish soil will be found. Then, again, besides this weathering
+of the subsoil and rock, the tree leaves, even from evergreen
+trees, fall down, gradually decay, and form a thick layer of humus.
+This in itself forms an almost ideal seed-bed. At the edge of
+forests this humus is washed out on to the agricultural lands and
+thus enriches them; furthermore, dry leaves are blown out of the
+edge of the forest on to neighbouring agricultural land, become dug
+in, or drawn into the land by insects, and so tend to enrich it. In
+many civilized countries a regular business is done in taking
+litter and leaf-mould out of the forest to neighbouring garden and
+farm lands.</p>
+
+<p>It is a well-known fact that when a forest is cut down after
+some hundreds of years many plants appear in the clearing which did
+not exist in the forest before, or, in fact, were not known in that
+locality, the seeds having lain dormant during the whole period of
+time. This clearly shows that the forest soil is an ideal medium
+for preserving seeds, and that it improves rather than
+deteriorates, which is the case with bare land. An instance of this
+from the Tropics is seen in the way in which the Corkwood or
+Umbrella Tree (<i>Musanga Smithii</i>) comes up after the mahogany
+and evergreen forest has been cleared. No Musanga trees are usually
+found in the primeval forest. A parallel example from Europe is
+seen in the way in which <i>Atropa belladonna</i> almost invariably
+appears when a beech forest is cut down.</p>
+
+<p>Planting trees and thus forming a forest, though expensive,
+is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_489">[489]</span> another way of
+clearly proving the beneficial effect of the forest, or
+ameliorating the condition and plant-food content of the soil. On
+the comparatively worn-out and poor soil near Ibadan a firewood
+plantation was started some years ago; now already, in the shade of
+the Ayin, <i>Anogeissus leiocarpus</i> and <i>Cassia Siamea</i>
+trees, the fallen leaves have decayed and formed a layer of humus,
+killing out the lalang grass at the same time. Needless to say, it
+is a very expensive method to wait until the forest has been
+destroyed, the soil impoverished, and trees again planted, before
+an improvement in the soil conditions can be expected.</p>
+
+<p>5. Individual trees, and thus trees in the aggregate, viz.
+forests, take less mineral matter out of the soil than agricultural
+crops covering a similar area. It has been calculated that the
+trees on an acre of land only take one-twelfth of the amount of
+mineral matter out of the ground which is required by an
+agricultural crop on the same area. It follows from this that
+trees, and in the same way forests, may be left standing upon or be
+grown on land which is nearly or absolutely worthless from an
+agricultural point of view. In the more civilized countries this is
+seen, for instance, in the way in which the mountain ranges of
+Germany have remained covered with forest and the sandy Landes
+district of France has been planted with forests of pine. In
+Canada, the Spruce Hills Reserve, near the Canadian Pacific Railway
+in Manitoba, is another example of the setting aside of poor,
+almost worthless agricultural land as a permanent forest area. In
+Nigeria, the Oban Forest Reserve and the forest-covered hills of
+Olokemeji are further examples of the practice of this
+principle.</p>
+
+<p>Generally speaking, in fact, in most civilized countries there
+are really three types of land, viz.:</p>
+
+<p>(<em>a</em>) Absolute farm-land, which comprises the very
+richest and best land of the country, in which forests should only
+be allowed to stand, as an exception.</p>
+
+<p>(<em>b</em>) Relative forest-land, comprising land which can be
+used permanently for agriculture, but requiring a great deal to be
+spent on improvements or manures to make it suitable for the
+purposes, but which in its natural state carries a heavy stand of
+timber, could be used for forests indefinitely.</p>
+
+<p>(<em>c</em>) Absolute forest-land, comprising land which, owing
+either to its elevation, aspect, soil or position, cannot be used
+for the permanent cultivation, or in some cases even the temporary
+cultivation, of crops.</p>
+
+<p>6. The forest protects agricultural land against storms and
+insect pests. In many places, owing to very strong winds, certain
+crops cannot be grown. For instance, it is said bananas cannot be
+grown at Zaria owing to the prevalent strong winds. In the Chang
+district of the Cameroons the natives only plant plantains near
+their houses<span class="pagenum" id="Page_490">[490]</span> or
+behind the very high fences or hedges which mark off one man’s
+compound from another. Apparently this is done in order to protect
+the plants from the wind, which otherwise tears their large leaves
+into shreds and prevents their proper growth.</p>
+
+<p>Some years ago, in the Ibadan district, a fierce tornado cut a
+path about 100 feet wide and nearly a mile long through a forest,
+but the agricultural land beyond was untouched. It goes without
+saying that had all the land been under crops in this locality most
+of them would have been destroyed, whereas the forest took the
+brunt of the storm, and the force of the wind outside was thus
+weakened and comparatively harmless.</p>
+
+<p>7. The forest protects the soil and its physical properties. In
+the open it is noticeable that the native rarely clears the land
+properly, many stumps both of forest trees and shrubs being usually
+allowed to remain standing. It is true some of the shoots from the
+stumps are left on purpose to be used as supports for the yam
+tendrils or other crops which may be grown. Nevertheless, it is a
+fact that the native always says that the land must not be
+absolutely cleared of all stumps and roots or it will be useless
+for the growing of crops. Then, again, the native speaks of a piece
+of ground as being “spoilt,” and that he cannot stay there any
+longer. As an example of this, in the Oban district, the people of
+Ekong left the village site because they said the ground was too
+stony and was no good, and they went right away into the forest. On
+an examination of the land being made, it was found that where they
+had cleared the forest and farmed for a few years all the humus,
+tilth and other soil had been washed away, with the result that
+boulders as well as the underlying rock had to some extent come to
+view. Needless to say no attempt had been made at farming under a
+rotation of crops, nor had any manure, green or otherwise, been
+applied to the soil. On the other hand, in the forest the soil is
+not washed away, the aeration of it is almost perfect, the mineral
+content is always high, and it usually has considerable depth, even
+where there are rock outcrops, for these become covered with dead
+leaves or humus, which in their turn help to weather the rock and
+thus make more soil.</p>
+
+<p>8. The forest tends to regulate the temperature, almost
+preventing extremes of heat and cold. Accurate measurements taken
+over a period of forty years have established the fact that in the
+warmest season the temperature of the forest is 5° to 10° lower,
+according to species (altitude taken to be the same), than the air
+in the open over agricultural land. In a similar way, in the
+coldest season of the year the temperature of the forest is 5° to
+10° higher than in the open over agricultural land. Most readers
+will have experienced the feeling of freshness and coolness in
+passing through the forest zone near Olokemeji on the Nigerian
+Railway, or, if on leave in England, in passing<span class=
+"pagenum" id="Page_491">[491]</span> through the New Forest on the
+Bournemouth road. This is only the effect which is expressed in
+this difference of temperature: as with other effects, so this one
+affects the neighbouring lands near the forest. Even a dry wind on
+reaching a forest must take up some moisture, and thus be less dry
+when it reaches agricultural land farther on. It can often be seen
+how the grain in the drier parts of the country planted near the
+edge of a forest sprouts up sooner than that right in the open.
+Again, certain crops, such as cacao-yams, cocoa, and Cola trees
+thrive best amongst trees. Without the forests the Cola plantations
+of the Ilesha district would cease to exist, or at any rate bear
+very small crops.</p>
+
+<p>9. The forest increases the humidity of the air. According to
+accurate measurements taken over a period of forty years, it has
+been proved that the forest increases the humidity of the air up to
+10 per cent. No doubt in many of the Southern parts of Nigeria and
+the Gold Coast, people travelling in the forests have often thought
+that there was far too much moisture, not only coming from above
+and below, but also in the air around them. However, this should
+not blind us to the fact that further up country this greater
+humidity of the air of the forest is spread over the adjacent
+lands, and thus makes possible the growth of agricultural crops,
+such as cocoa, Cola, yams, and cacao-yams, which would not
+otherwise be possible. This greater humidity also tends to induce
+local minor rainstorms, which in their turn benefit the adjacent
+agricultural land. This greater humidity of the air also tends to
+prevent the excessive drying in the dry season of the land situated
+very near, and taken in conjunction with the other factors, such as
+the regulating of the temperature and the rainfall, makes it
+possible to put in crops earlier and almost ensures their growing
+successfully.</p>
+
+<p>10. The forests prevent the spread of insect and fungoid pests.
+So often we read that the crops in South Africa or the Argentine
+have been destroyed by locusts, and on the Gold Coast we read that
+various pests are destroying cocoa-trees in large numbers. Here,
+again, a forest or a belt of forests with large numbers of
+different species of trees interpose a living barrier of green leaf
+food or woody tissue which these pests may attack, owing to the
+diversity of the species of trees. Most pests only find a few trees
+on which they can thrive or reproduce themselves; thus on reaching
+the forest the scourge tends to lessen, or even die out. Even in
+the worst case of large hordes of locusts, it is cheaper to allow
+them into a forest, perhaps sacrificing it, rather than they should
+spread further and further over agricultural lands.</p>
+
+<p>Having shown that it is necessary in a new and comparatively
+unsettled country to preserve a certain proportion of the forests,
+it remains to be considered what proportion is desirable and
+necessary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_492">[492]</span> to fulfil
+the conditions outlined before and give free play to all the
+beneficial effects of the forests.</p>
+
+<p>Taking the proportion of permanent forest to other land in the
+more civilized countries, we get the following ratios:—</p>
+
+<table class="padded1" id="t492">
+<tr>
+<th>
+</th>
+<th>Forest per cent.</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Finland</td>
+<td class="tdc">80</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Russia in Europe</td>
+<td class="tdc">42</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Austria</td>
+<td class="tdc">33</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Hungary</td>
+<td class="tdc">29</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Germany</td>
+<td class="tdc">26</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>France</td>
+<td class="tdc">16</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Sweden</td>
+<td class="tdc">42</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Switzerland</td>
+<td class="tdc">19</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Norway</td>
+<td class="tdc">25</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>U.S.A.</td>
+<td class="tdc">10</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>India</td>
+<td class="tdc">38</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Special note should be made of the fact that in all these
+countries the agricultural development has gone hand in hand with
+the preservation of the forest, and especially with no detriment to
+the development of agriculture in any direction in which it seemed
+desirable. Russia has, for instance, enormous exports of timber and
+enormous exports of wheat. Austria-Hungary had before the war
+considerable exports of hardwood timber, such as oak, as well as
+grain, both wheat and other kinds. Judging by the experience gained
+in Germany with its hundred and seventy years of forestry practice,
+a proportion of 25 to 33 per cent. of the land area of any country
+can reasonably be retained under forest, or afforested if bare.
+Such a proportion allows sufficient timber trees to be grown to
+cover the large quantities of wood used in industrial development
+and also a considerable surplus for export to other countries.</p>
+
+<p>Turning specifically to the West African Colonies, it would
+mean, out of a total land area of 4,500 square miles, that in the
+Gambia, for instance, an area of between 1,100 and 1,500 square
+miles should be permanently set aside as Forest Reserves or Forest
+Reserve Afforestation Areas. In the latter case, when all were
+planted up they would gradually become forests.</p>
+
+<p>In Sierra Leone, with a total land area of 34,000 square miles,
+the area would vary from 8,500 to 11,000 square miles.</p>
+
+<p>In the Gold Coast, out of a total land area of 80,000 square
+miles, the permanent forest area would vary between 20,000 and
+26,000 square miles.</p>
+
+<p>In the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, with a total area of
+79,000 square miles, the permanent forest area would reach between
+19,000 and 26,000 square miles.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_493">[493]</span>In the Northern
+Provinces of Nigeria, out of a total area of 250,000 square miles,
+the permanent forest area, including the afforestation areas, would
+reach between 62,000 and 83,000 square miles.</p>
+
+<p>Large though these forest or afforestation areas appear to be,
+it can, however, be shown that most of them do not at all trench on
+existing farm-land. First of all, in Nigeria, taking the protective
+forests, comprising all those lands or forests situated in most
+inaccessible places on mountain ranges and hill-sides and the
+sources of streams, they cannot be said to be desirable localities
+for extending farming operations. Typical instances of this kind of
+land are seen in the Boji Hills (Ogoja province), and on the rocky
+hills near the Cross River in the Afikpo district (Owerri
+province). In Sierra Leone the peninsular mountain forests and the
+hills near Kennema are similar typical examples of this type of
+land or forest.</p>
+
+<p>At the other extreme we have the dry-zone or desert formation,
+with its sandy soil or bare rock outcrops. In either region, in
+order to make agriculture possible and permanently profitable,
+afforestation areas are most necessary. Near the sea, especially in
+Nigeria and to some extent in Sierra Leone, there are the mangrove
+forests standing on land which is never used for agricultural
+purposes. In Nigeria alone these comprise several thousand square
+miles of land. Again, in Nigeria there are the freshwater swamp
+forests, either near rivers or in other localities. Although such
+lands produce quite a profitable amount of timber from many
+excellent species of trees, no farms have ever been made in such
+areas.</p>
+
+<p>In other parts of the country, often comparatively level, there
+are variations in the strata and soil formation, such as that of
+the laterite formation. Over wide areas most of these lateritic
+soils are nearly useless for permanent agricultural crops, so at
+any rate it would certainly pay better in the long run if it were
+permanently covered with forest. In a similar manner all forests
+found growing on or near rock outcrops or otherwise stony
+formations, such as old gravel beds formed by rivers, would be
+treated in the same way. One or two agricultural crops may be
+raised on such land, but all the soil is soon washed away in the
+rainy season each year, so that little is left after a short time
+except boulders and stones. Many typical instances of this kind of
+formation are found in the Ibadan and Oyo districts of the Oyo
+province. In other parts of the country, where practically all the
+land is covered with some sort of forest (either high forest,
+secondary growth or scrub), the same proportion as before, viz. 25
+to 33 per cent., should be set aside in convenient blocks, well
+distributed over the area, as permanent forests (so-called Forest
+Reserves).</p>
+
+<p>Strange as it may sound, there is comparatively little, at the
+most an area estimated at 7,000 square miles, of real high forest
+left in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. As is well known, the
+natives have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_494">[494]</span> a
+special name for this type of forest; amongst the Efiks it is
+called Ekai, the Yorubas term it Igbo, and the Benin people Egbo.
+Considering the size of these last remnants of the real high
+forest, agriculture cannot justly claim the right to clear and farm
+even this area when so much (estimated at 28,000 square miles),
+apart from the area already mentioned, has been cleared during the
+last fourteen years. In the above estimate, areas even of 500
+square miles for roadways and railways, 1,000 square miles for
+town, village and factory sites, and 2,500 square miles for inland
+waterways were allowed for when computing the whole area of forest
+land.</p>
+
+<p>At the present time in Nigeria, with the exception of certain
+specified trees, and less so in the Gold Coast, Sierra Leone and
+the Gambia, there is nothing to hinder a native from cutting down
+any forest he pleases for making a temporary farm. In fact, the
+difference between farming as practised in civilized countries and
+in these tropical West African Colonies is that the former partakes
+of a permanent cultivation of the same land every year, whereas the
+latter is shifting cultivation of a different piece of land almost
+every year. At the most, the Yoruba returns to the land in five or
+seven years, and the native of Benin after ten or twelve years.</p>
+
+<p>Another point which bears on this question is really the
+comparatively small amount of land which a native actually farms
+every year. For instance, an energetic Yoruba farmer will make
+2,000 yam heaps a year, which, allowing for the distance of 6 feet
+between each heap, amounts to 1·6 acres per year. This also
+includes the help which he may receive from his family.</p>
+
+<p>Out of a total population of 8,000,000, at the most 2,000,000
+are actually men who make farms. It follows, then, that some
+2,560,000 acres, or 4,000 square miles, are cleared and planted
+each year. Now, allowing sufficient land for the native to be able
+to return to the original piece cleared after seven years, the
+total amount of land necessary for the existing farming population
+would be 28,000 square miles, or rather more than a third of the
+total area of the country. Even after allowing 19,000 or 26,000
+square miles of forest in the country, there would still remain
+nearly a third, or 25,000 square miles, for the future development
+of agriculture and the natural increase of the population. It
+should be especially noted that it is under a system of shifting
+cultivation that this 28,000 square miles is required. No doubt
+under permanent cultivation less would be necessary. Quite apart,
+however, from this consideration, owing to the greater heat,
+moisture and humidity in the Tropics generally, and in the Southern
+Provinces of Nigeria particularly, agricultural crops grow much
+more rapidly and are much more prolific than in the more temperate
+zones, even without manures. Yet in another way there is not such
+an enormous demand on the amount of land required per unit of
+population,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_495">[495]</span> in that
+over an area of fully 30,000 square miles it is possible to raise
+two crops a year on the same land, and over roughly an area of
+10,000 square miles of the country it is possible to raise three
+crops per year (in each case under a rotation of crops). In this
+manner less land is required per person than in a temperate climate
+in order to grow food either for local consumption or for
+export.</p>
+
+<p>So far we have dealt with shifting cultivation. However, in most
+civilized countries, sooner or later a system of permanent
+cultivation is started instead of shifting farms. In England this
+was begun at a time in which the population was less dense to the
+square mile than it is now in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria
+(average 101 persons per square mile). In Germany the density of
+population is 323 persons per square mile, yet they had (before the
+war) 25 per cent. of the land area of their country covered with
+permanent forests. If it were possible to start permanent
+cultivation with a rotation of crops in England when the population
+was less dense than in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, it should
+be feasible in Nigeria now. Again, if it is found possible for
+Germany to retain 25 per cent. of the land area under permanent
+forest crops, with a density of population three times greater than
+that of Nigeria, at the same time maintaining a prosperous system
+of permanent agricultural cultivation, it should also be much
+easier to have a similar proportion of permanent agricultural
+cultivation in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria; at the same time,
+taking into consideration the more favourable climatic factors, it
+should be possible not only to grow sufficient foodstuffs for local
+use, but also to grow sufficient to develop into a large export
+trade for ground nuts, maize and beans, besides cocoa and
+rubber.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" id="Page_496">[496]</span><a id=
+"c14"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+
+<p class="sch1">BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICAN FORESTS</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc">1. Historical.</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="sc">One</span> of the first books was
+<em>Forestry in West Africa</em>, by Sir Alfred Maloney, a former
+Governor of Lagos, which was published in 1887. This is a most
+interesting and readable book, and, for the time it was written,
+gives a very good account of many of the forest trees. It is also
+much to Sir A. Maloney’s credit that teak, <i>Tectona grandis</i>,
+was introduced into Nigeria at that time.</p>
+
+<p>In <em>The Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and
+Termination of the Niger</em>, by Richard and John Lander, only
+very vague descriptions of the forests are given, and it is
+therefore not of much value from the Forestry point of view, though
+it is a most entertaining description of the people and their
+doings at that time.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc">2. Botanical.</h3>
+
+<p>From 1868 onwards, <em>Flora of Tropical Africa</em> appeared;
+so far eight volumes have been published. This work was planned by
+the late Sir William J. Hooker and edited first of all by Daniel
+Oliver, and subsequently by Sir W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, K.C.M.G.,
+C.I.E., and now by Lieut.-Colonel D. Prain, the Director of the
+Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It is, of course, very scientific,
+accurate and botanical, but has very dry descriptions of many of
+the African trees and plants and no illustrations are contained in
+these octavo volumes. What also makes it harder to use this
+<em>Flora</em> is the fact that since 1868 many new plants have
+been named, and some of the names of the old plants have been
+altered. A most useful chapter on Elementary Botany is contained at
+the beginning of Vol. I. This is to some extent also a glossary of
+botanical terms, but of course it cannot take the place of <em>A
+Glossary of Botanic Terms</em>, by D. G. Jackson, 1905.</p>
+
+<p>In many ways a much more useful book to the forester is Engler’s
+<em>Monographien der Pflanzenfamilien</em>, of which eight volumes
+have appeared:</p>
+
+<table id="t496">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr pad-right03">I.</td>
+<td>Moraceæ, excluding Ficus.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr pad-right03">II.</td>
+<td>Melastomaceaæ.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr pad-right03">III.</td>
+<td>Combretaceæ Combretum.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr pad-right03">IV.</td>
+<td>Combretaceæ, excluding Combretum.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr pad-right03"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_497">[497]</span>V.</td>
+<td>Sterculiaceæ.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr pad-right03">VI.</td>
+<td>Anonaceæ.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr pad-right03">VII.</td>
+<td>Strophanthus.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr pad-right03">VIII.</td>
+<td>Sapotaceæ.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The full-page black-and-white drawings of the various plants are
+very valuable, and as they are all done on the same system,
+comparison both with the plants and with other books is not very
+difficult. The expense of these volumes is not excessive,
+considering the very large number of illustrations and the
+authority of the text. It is a pity that this series has for the
+time being come to an end.</p>
+
+<p>In Engler’s <em>Pflanzenfamilien</em>, of course, a very
+complete account of all plants is given, and the additions to it
+made almost monthly make it quite possible to find out the
+latest-named additions to the plant-world. The only disadvantage to
+these volumes is their number, size, and lack of illustrations.</p>
+
+<div class="plate">
+<div class="igrp3">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i108" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig108.jpg"><img src='images/fig108.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 108.—<span class=
+"bold">Shinglewood (Terminalia scutifera), 12 feet in girth,
+standing in the Ikrigon Forest Reserve, Eastern Circle.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i109" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig109.jpg"><img src='images/fig109.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 109.—<span class=
+"bold">Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), 15 feet in girth, standing in
+Ikrigon Forest Reserve.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<figure id="i110" class="iw14"><a href=
+"images/fig110.jpg"><img src='images/fig110.jpg' alt=''></a>
+<p class="cp1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 110.—<span class=
+"bold">Mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis) standing at the edge of
+Ikrigon Forest Reserve, showing base of trunk with old bark wounds
+already healed over.</span></p>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+<p class="cpr">To face p. 496.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In a similar, though in a less complete way <em>The Kew
+Bulletin</em> gives the latest list of plants identified at Kew,
+amongst which are usually some from Nigeria, and occasionally
+special bulletins appear on the plants from Nigeria—as, for
+instance, <em>Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information</em>,
+Additional Series No. 9; <em>The Useful Plants of Nigeria</em>,
+Part I, 1908, Part II, Additional Series No. 10, 1912, Part
+III.</p>
+
+<p><em>The Bulletin of the Imperial Institute</em>, edited by Sir
+W. Dunstan, which appears quarterly, always contains the most
+recent information with regard to tropical products, including
+those of the forest. In recent years, too, much more has appeared
+on the subject of the timber, gum and oil-seed resources of
+Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p><em>Die Blütenpflanzen Afrikas</em>, by Franz Thonner, 1908,
+arranged as it is in the form of a key, is most useful in
+identifying many of the plants and trees. The black-and-white
+illustrations add immensely to its value. Additions and corrections
+to this have also been made in <em>Die Blütenpflanzen Afrikas</em>,
+1913. The last edition is in English, and entitled <em>The
+Flowering Plants of Africa</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Among more recent books is a <em>Catalogue of Plants</em>
+collected by Mr. and Mrs. Talbot in the Oban district, South
+Nigeria, identified by A. B. Rendle, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., and
+others, and brought out by the British Museum in 1913. In this book
+the flora of Oban is specially dealt with, and clearly shows the
+difference between it and the rest of the flora and silva of
+Nigeria. Although this is mainly a description of newly discovered
+plants, the black-and-white illustrations by Mrs. Talbot show most
+accurately their salient features.</p>
+
+<p><em>Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants</em>, by E. W. Foster,
+late Senior Conservator of Forests, contains accurate descriptions
+of the most useful trees, and the native names from the Yoruba
+country will be most useful to anyone working timber in that part
+of Nigeria.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_498">[498]</span><em>The
+Agricultural and Forest Products of British West Africa</em>, by G.
+C. Dudgeon, Director-General of Agriculture in Egypt, 1911, gives a
+short description of the main forest and agricultural products of
+the country, which is more useful to the trader than the forester
+or timber merchant. The illustrations showing the making of palm
+oil and other country products are very interesting, but Fig. 21,
+p. 112, supposed to be of an Iroko tree, is in reality that of
+<i>Terminalia superba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>For reference purposes Dr. Adolf Engler’s <em>Syllabus der
+Pflanzenfamilien</em>, 1904, which takes special account of the
+medicinal and useful plants, is most valuable.</p>
+
+<p>For a proper introduction to Botany, Strasburger’s <em>Text Book
+of Botany</em> is hard to beat.</p>
+
+<p><em>Kulturgewächse der Deutschen Kolonien</em>, by R. Sadebeck,
+1899, gives a very good account of most of the useful West African
+forest products; the very clear illustrations add immensely to its
+value, although the book is now somewhat out of date.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc">3. Timbers.</h3>
+
+<p>In <em>The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification</em>, by
+Herbert Stone, F.L.S., F.R.C.I., 1904, a few of the West African
+timber trees are mentioned, but only very cursorily, with but few
+illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>In <em>Timber</em>, by J. R. Baterden, A.M.I.C., a few of the
+West African timber trees are described, and a few photographs show
+how the timber is worked. Their inclusion amongst the South African
+timbers does not exactly enhance their value or give a true view of
+their place in the economy of the timber trade.</p>
+
+<p><em>Wood</em>, by G. S. Boulger, gives an excellent system for
+classifying woods by using all their various characteristics, such
+as taste, smell, hardness, structure of the timber, and the various
+pith rays and other peculiarities. A very complete list of all the
+various timbers used in commerce is given, together with the
+various synonyms of each, and the botanical names of each so far as
+they are known. The uses of the timber and the supplies of each
+country are given, and in this way it is a most important book of
+reference for any Forest Officer.</p>
+
+<h3 class="sc">4. Forestry Generally.</h3>
+
+<p>In <em>Sylviculture in the Tropics</em>, by A. F. Broun,
+Director of Woods and Forests, Soudan, 1912, some references are
+made to West African trees. Some very typical photographs of forest
+vegetation in various parts of the Tropics are very useful, and
+demonstrate several forest theories far better than pages of
+words.</p>
+
+<p><em>A Dictionary of the World’s Commercial Products</em>, by J.
+A. Slater, B.A., LL.B., 1907, is very useful for looking up the
+lesser known forest products. The descriptions have to be used with
+discrimination,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_499">[499]</span> as
+some of them are rather cursory and no authorities for botanical
+names are given.</p>
+
+<p><em>Gold Coast Report of Forests</em>, by Mr. H. N. Thompson,
+Chief Conservator of Forests, South Nigeria, 1910, is the
+authoritative work on the Forestry problems of the Gold Coast. Full
+descriptions of the chief forests are given, together with the
+important plants and trees found in each. The laws of South Nigeria
+as modified to suit Gold Coast conditions are also quoted. Forest
+policy as suitable for this country is given; the different types
+of forest and their relation to the climatic formations are also
+mentioned at length. A suitable establishment carrying out these
+suggestions is laid down. The black-and-white drawings which
+illustrate this book, especially those of mahogany, are invaluable
+to either the Forestry student or the timber merchant.</p>
+
+<p><em>The Oil Palm and its Varieties</em>, by J. H. J. Farquhar,
+Conservator of Forests, Nigeria, is an interesting and useful
+preliminary monograph on that most valuable tree. It gives a
+summary of all the information of the Forest Department on that
+subject up to that date.</p>
+
+<p><em>List of Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of the Gold Coast,
+Ashantee, and North Territories</em>, T. F. Chipp, B.Sc., F.L.S.;
+<em>Der Tropenwirt</em>, by Dr. S. Loskin, Hinstorff’sche
+Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wismar i. U., 1913; <em>The Principal Forest
+Trees</em>, by H. N. Whitford, Ph.D., Bulletin No. 10, Manila
+Bureau of Printing, 1911, are three useful books.</p>
+
+<p><em>The Kew Bulletin</em> and the <em>Journal of the Imperial
+Institute</em> always contain most valuable notes on the botanical
+and technical qualities of the various African trees and
+plants.</p>
+
+<p><em>The Indian Forester</em>, which appears monthly, is a most
+necessary periodical for every Forest Office or Timber Camp,
+containing as it does not only original articles on sylvicultural
+and other forest problems, but also much information on the uses of
+timbers, similar kinds of which are found here, and thus gives one
+an indication in what direction to exploit new timbers.</p>
+
+<p><em>In the Guiana Forest</em>, by Jas. Rodway, is a very
+readable book on the tropical forest scenery found in Demarara. It
+is, of course, written in very popular style, but gives one a very
+good introduction to the tropical forest, showing both by beautiful
+descriptions and good illustrations what one should observe in
+these forests. Much tropical scenery is very similar, and
+therefore, though this book deals with British Guiana, much of it
+is applicable to West African forests.</p>
+
+<p><em>Forestry</em>, by Dr. Adam Schwappach, gives a short,
+concise account of what is included under the term Forestry in
+Europe. One obtains a clear view of the divisions under which this
+subject is treated.</p>
+
+<p><em>The Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Sierra Leone</em>,
+by C. E. Lane Poole, Government of Sierra Leone, is the most
+important<span class="pagenum" id="Page_500">[500]</span>
+collection of notes yet issued on this subject. It should prove of
+greatest use to Forest Officers, and to all others interested in
+the forests and afforestation.</p>
+
+<p>Much useful information has been obtained from the annual
+Reports on the administration of the Forest Department from the
+years 1906 to 1913, more especially from that of 1906, which
+practically summarized the results of the Department’s work up to
+that date. Data on Togo are contained in the report of the
+afforestation of Togo with teak and other African timber trees.
+This was the result of a long tour in that country made by the
+author in 1911. From Sierra Leone much valuable knowledge was
+acquired as a result of a five months’ tour made in 1908-9, and
+this was embodied in a report which appeared in 1909. Very useful
+information is contained in the reports by the Conservator of
+Forests there, which have appeared since. A most extensive account
+of the forest trees and plants, including the Oil Palm, is given in
+<em>Les Végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française</em>, by
+M. Chevalier, Parts I and II, 1909, 1910 (A. Challamel), chiefly in
+connection with the Ivory Coast.</p>
+
+<p>In the <em>Notizblatt</em> of the Berlin Botanical Station are
+some useful notes on <em>Die Nutz Holzer der Kamerun</em>, 1909.
+Also in the pamphlets <em>Die Nutz Holzer Togos</em>, Parts I and
+II. In this manner it is possible to make a comparative study of
+the timber trees found in the different parts of West Africa. The
+addition of the native names in most cases is also very
+valuable.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap">
+
+<h2 class="large"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_501">[501]</span><a id="ind"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li>Abá, (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Ababele (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Abache (Benin), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Abadan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li>Abafe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Abakaliki District, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_473">473</a></li>
+
+<li>Abange (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Abara (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Abari (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Abba, or Abbo Rubber (Lagos), <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li>Abbis (Mendi), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Abe (Fanti), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; A. fita or A. fufu
+(Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_466">466</a>; A. Obene, <a href=
+"#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Abeletia (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Abeokuta Province, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_409">409</a></li>
+
+<li>Abere (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li>Abi or Yar River, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Abilu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Ablari (Fanti), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Abo (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_334">334</a>; (Efik), <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;
+A. Asha (Ibadan), <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; A. Idofun (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_269">269</a>; A. jaga (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_344">344</a>; A. Lakosha (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_265">265</a>; A. oganwo (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Aboboë (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Abochia, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Abolo (Benin), <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Abonnemma (Owerri Province), <a href="#Page_477">477</a></li>
+
+<li>Abono (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Aborkpor (Benin), <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li>Aborpor (Benin), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Abragba, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li>Abubube (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Abue (Egbado, Yoruba), <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li>Abugie (Mendi), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Abura (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Aburese baka (Agni), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Aburuhi (Fanti), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Abuwe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Abwang (Bare), <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Acacia, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>,
+<a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Albida, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+(<em>var.</em> saccharata), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Arabica, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Ataxacantha, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Benin Rope, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Caffra, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Campylacantha, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>,
+<a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Catechu, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">de Gabon (Colons), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Farnesiana, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Forests, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">macrostachys, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">pennata, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Senegalensis, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>,
+<a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Seyal, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Sieberiana, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Suma, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Thorny, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Whitethorn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Acalypha, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Acantha montana, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Acanthaceæ, Gold Coast, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; Nigeria,
+<a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_401">401</a>; Cameroons, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Acrocephalus polytrichus, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Adabi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Adadasé (Ewe), <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Adadawa (Wassaw), <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Adani (Akwa), <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Adansonia digitata, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Adder’s tongue, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Adema or Baba (Ewe), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Adenium Honghel, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Adenocarpus Mannii, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li>Ade-pa (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Adere (Lagos), <a href="#Page_367">367</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li>Adiantum lunulatum, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; A.
+Schweinfurthii, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Adi-be (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Adido (Ewe), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Adina microcephala, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; A. macrophylla,
+<a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Adja or Adza (Ewe), <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; (Ibo),
+<a href="#Page_228">228</a>; (Ibo, Asaba), <a href=
+"#Page_292">292</a>; Adja tree, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></li>
+
+<li>Adjonde (Ebrie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Adom (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Adowa (Appolonien), <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; A. and Dupain
+(Ashanti), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Adua or Aduwa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Adube (Fanti), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Adudze (Ewe), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Adugbin (Ibadan, Yoruba), <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li>Aduruku, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; A. <em>syn.</em> Ba
+reshe, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Adyanyapeso (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Adyokŭkola (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Adzadze (Ewe), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Ægle Barteri, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Æolanthus, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Aeyedi (Quitta), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Afana (Twi), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Afara (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_371">371</a></li>
+
+<li>Afe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Affi (Ibadan and Oyo), <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li>Affram (Twi), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; A. River, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Afikpo District, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_493">493</a></li>
+
+<li>Afoforo (Egba) or Abo-fero (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li>Afoma (Mistletoe-like parasite), <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Aforwa (Wassaw), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Aframomum, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Africa, British East, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; Forest,
+Central, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; Forest escape, <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a>; Africa, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+
+<li>African (West) Allspice, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Apricot (Colons), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Barwood, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Blackwood, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a>; W. African B., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Brazil nuts, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Bread fruit, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Cabbage Tree, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; Big leaf
+C.T., <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Catechu, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Coffee, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Copaiba Balsam Tree or Copaivi, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Ebony, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">“Elemi Tree,” <a href="#Page_221">221</a>,
+<a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Elm, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Greenheart, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>; Light G.,
+<a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Indigo, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Kapok, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Kino, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Lignumvitæ, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Lilac, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">(West) Locust Bean, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>,
+<a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Mahogany, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; Togo Plantations
+of M., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; Nigeria, <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">(West) Mahogany, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>,
+<a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Mammee or Mammy Apple, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,
+<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_462">462</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Maple, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Mistletoe, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Myrrh, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Nutmeg, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Oak, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Padowk, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Palm, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Pearwood, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Pepper, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Redwood, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Rosewood, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Rubber tree, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Satinwood, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>; Dry Zone
+Satinwood, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Star apple, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Strychnos Tree, <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Teak (English name), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>,
+<a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+small-fruited, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">(West) Timbers, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Tragacantha, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Tulip tree, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Violetwood, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Walnut, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_328">328</a>; West African W., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>,
+<a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Whitewood, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Wisteria, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Wood-oil nut, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>,
+<a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a> <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Yellow wood, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Afrormosia elata, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_352">352</a>; A. laxiflora, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>,
+<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>; A. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Afzelia, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>; Calabar A.,
+<a href="#Page_291">291</a>; Forest A., <a href=
+"#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><span class="pagenum" id=
+"Page_502">[502]</span>Africana (Rhodesian Mahogany), <a href=
+"#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">bella, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">bracteata, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Brownei, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Cuanzensis, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">fastigiata, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">(Kontah), <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">microcarpa, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Nov. sp., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">pachyloba, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">red-arilled, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">sp., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Zenkeri, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Aga (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_233">233</a> or Agbawo, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Agan Aparo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_408">408</a></li>
+
+<li>Aganokwi (Benin), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>; A. No. I,
+<a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li>Agave rigida, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; A. Sisalana,
+<a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Agba, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; A. of the Benis, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>; (Ikale, Benin), <a href="#Page_304">304</a>,
+<a href="#Page_353">353</a>; (West Side), <a href=
+"#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Agbana (Ewe), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Agbara (Ikale), <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Agbarin (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Agbede, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Agberibede (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; Agberigeddi,
+<a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li>Agboin (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li>Agbon (Benin), <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Agedegbo (Benin), <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li>Agege (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_396">396</a>; A. Yoruba Country,
+<a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Agelæa obliqua, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Ageratum conyzoides, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Aggan Egbo (Egba), <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li>Aghaghe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li>Aghako (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Agiekpogo (Benin), <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Agkwokhau (Benin), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Agniere (Ebrie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Agnon (Abe), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Ago (Quitta, Krepi, Accra), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Agoma (Benin), <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li>Agome Mts., <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li><em>Agricultural Chemistry</em>, by Johnson and Cameron,
+<a href="#Page_483">483</a></li>
+
+<li>Agricultural College, E. and W. Scotland, <a href=
+"#Page_482">482</a></li>
+
+<li>Agricultural land fixed by the older civilized countries,
+<a href="#Page_485">485</a></li>
+
+<li>Agricultural Society of England, Royal, <a href=
+"#Page_483">483</a></li>
+
+<li>Agu (Togo), <a href="#Page_477">477</a>; A. Plantation,
+<a href="#Page_469">469</a>; A. Valley, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li>Aguana (Benin), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Aguaya (Ebrie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Agui (Ebrie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Agumua (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Agutesi (Krepi), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Aguwa, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Ahedua (Twi), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Ahoada District, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a></li>
+
+<li>Ahon or Ahun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Ai-da (Yoruba), <em>cf.</em> Kalango daji and Sandan Mayu,
+<a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Aiko (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li>Aini (Egba), <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li>
+
+<li>Ainyere (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Ainyesan (Benin), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Aiomiti (Kirikiri), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Aiu (Krepi), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Aiveygbo (Egbado, Yoruba), <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Aiye (Ondo), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li>Aiyeni (Egbado, Benin), <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li>Aiyo (Egba), <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+
+<li>Aja-igi or Aja-iji (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>,
+<a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li>Ajama (Krepi), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; (West Coast),
+<a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Ajasso Reserve, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Ajia (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_278">278</a>; (Ibo Asaba),
+<a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li>Ajumkobi (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li>Ajurlo (Krepi), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Aka (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_340">340</a>; A. Ishin, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Akak (Timani), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Akaka (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Akala (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li>
+
+<li>Akapano (Benin), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Akara (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Akassa (Warri Province), <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Akata (Twi, Denkira), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; (Benin),
+<a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Akbo (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li>
+
+<li>Akboro (Benin), <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Ake or Akhe (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>; (Atakpame),
+<a href="#Page_146">146</a>; (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Akede (Abe), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Akee (Tree), <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; A. Apple, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>; Bush A., <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>Akhuro (seed, Benin), <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Aki (Asante), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Akika or Aka, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Akiko or Agliko (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Akilla Timber Works, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Akinale (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Akinrankiri (Benin), <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Akion (Ebrie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Akiti (Ibo Owerri), <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Akiye or Akwiye (seeds), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Akkihien (Benin), <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+<li>Akkun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Aklo (Anecho), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Ako (Benin), <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_263">263</a>; (Yoruba) <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_489">489</a>; A. bolobolo (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_344">344</a>; A. gbogbonshe, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>; A.
+Idofun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_269">269</a>; A.-ire, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>; A. ledo (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Akodiombi or Zakuebiembi (Attie), <a href=
+"#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Akodo (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Akoima (Agni), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Akoko (Benin), <a href="#Page_350">350</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Akokotsua (Fanti), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Akomu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Akondog (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Akoriko (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Akorüe (Indenie), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Akosica (Abe), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Akoso (Benin), <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li>Akotompo (Fanti), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Akouibia (Fanti), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpaboyo Road, <a href="#Page_469">469</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpakpa (Ibo), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpakossa (Benin), <a href="#Page_406">406</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpakpla (Anago), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpaku (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpanagya (Benin), <a href="#Page_272">272</a>; Akpan Etuidiwi
+(Efik), <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpanya (Efik), <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpe (Ibo), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Akplẽ or Loloẽ (Ewe), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpo, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Akpoklo or Bofuti (Ewe), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Akposso, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Akronkron (Accra), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Aku (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; Akus, <a href=
+"#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Akuana (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Akũgre (Kpedyi), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Akukan (Quitta) (Krepi), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Akukobasa (Ewe), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Akumasse (Fanti), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Akume (Benin), <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+<li>Akun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Akuosi, Ambi (Fanti), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Akure Province, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>“Akushi” (native basin), <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li>Akushunmajadin (Ikale), <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Akwabohori (Fanti), <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Akwabu (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Akwankusuma (Fanti), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Akwantanuro (Fanti), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Akwarri (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Akwayefe District, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>; A. River,
+<a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Akwekwe (Benin), <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+<li>Ala (Ewe), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Alabata (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Alabenum, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Alabeta Province, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li>Alade (Ikale), <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Alãfe (Ewe), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Alafia Landolphioides, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Alale (Hausa), <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Alambo, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Alangiaceæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Alangium begonifolium, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Alapari (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Alasko, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li>Alati (Quitta, Krepi), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Alayafu, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Albert Lake, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li>Albizzia, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,
+<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Albruana, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Amara, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Angolensis, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Boji, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Brownii, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Cæsalpinia, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Chevalieri, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">fastigiata, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">ferruginea, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Lebbek, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">rhombifolia, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">sp., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">stipulata, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; A.
+Welwitchii, <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Alchornea cordata, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; A. cordifolia,
+<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; A.
+floribunda, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; A. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Alembole (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Alensuneku (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Alepo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Aleurites Moluccana, <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Ali (Timani), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Aligna (Benin), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; A. (or Adya),
+<a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a></li>
+
+<li>Alikongeba (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Aliliba or aliliba, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Alinyan (Benin), <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li>Alismataceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Allahbanunu (Agni), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Allanblackia floribunda, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_461">461</a>; A. parviflora, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Allerle (Benin), <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Alligator apple, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Allophyllus Africana, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Almeidina, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li>Almond Tree, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>; A. wood (Coula
+edulis), <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; Indian A. Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Alobla (Kpedyi), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Alode (Benin), <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Aloe Barteri, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a>; A. Buettneri, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Alofin (Jebu), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Alongua (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Alsodeia, sp., <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Alstonia Congensis, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Alu (Ewe), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Alukon raba (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Alum bark, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Amaké (Ewe), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Amanoa bracteata, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Amaranthaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Amaranthus caudatus, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; A. viridis,
+<a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Amaryllidaceæ (Togo), <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; (Nigeria),
+<a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Ambriz, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></li>
+
+<li>Ameliki (Timani), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Amellaky (or Egbessye of S. Leone) (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Ameme (Benin), <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Amerere (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_503">[503]</span>America (S.),
+<a href="#Page_185">185</a>; A. exotics, <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a>; A. “whitewood,” <a href=
+"#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+<li>Amhio (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Amizi Agni, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Ammannia Senegalensis, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Amorphophallus Barteri, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; A.
+dracontioides, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Amoyin (Egba), <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li>Ampelideæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li>Ampelocissus, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Amphiblemma polyneuron, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Amu-ati (Ewe), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; A. Ne (New
+Calabar), <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Amuan (Attie), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Ana River (Togo), <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Anacardiaceæ (S. Leone), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_75">75</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Anacardium occidentale, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>; A. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Anaküe (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Anamolum (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Anamomila or Anamomilla (Benin), <a href="#Page_226">226</a>,
+<a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li>Ananas, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Anane (Axim), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Anaphe Moloneyi (Wild silkworm), <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;
+A. sp., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Anaphrenium, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Anchi (Fanti), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Anchomanes Dalzielii, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Ancistrophyllum, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>; A. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Andira inermis, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Andoni River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Andropogon apricus, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; A. Gayensis,
+<a href="#Page_201">201</a>; A. sorghum, <a href=
+"#Page_127">127</a>; A. tectorum, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Andropogoneæ, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Aneilema, A. lanceolatum, A. sinicum, <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Anglo-French saw-mills, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Anglocalyx ramiflorus, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li>Angowma, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li>
+
+<li>Angular pod, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Anikantuhu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li>Anikiba (Benin), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Anisophyllea laurina (monkey apple), <a href="#Page_33">33</a>,
+<a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Ankent (Timani), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Ankump (Timani), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Annatto (orange dye), <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+<li>Anogeissus, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; A. leiocarpus, <a href=
+"#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_489">489</a>; A. sp., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Anona, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>; A. afzelii, <a href=
+"#Page_263">263</a>; A. Mannii, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>; A.
+muricata, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; A. palustris, <a href=
+"#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a>; A. Senegalensis, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>,
+<a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a>; A. sp., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Anonaceæ (S. Leone), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_71">71</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_129">129</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li>Anopyxis ealænsis, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Ansellia, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; A. Congoensis, <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Ant Trees (Musimba), <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Anthericum, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Anthocleista Kerstingii, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; A.
+magnifica, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; A. nobilis, <a href=
+"#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>; A. parviflora, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>,
+<a href="#Page_224">224</a>; A. sp., <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;
+A. Vogelii, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Antholyza Zenkeri, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Anthostema Senegalense, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Antiaris, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a>; A. Africana, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>,
+<a href="#Page_129">129</a>; A. sp., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>,
+<a href="#Page_250">250</a>; A. toxiaria, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Antidesma anbryanthum, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; A.
+laciniatum, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>,
+<a href="#Page_434">434</a>; A. sp., <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;
+A. venosum, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Anwai District, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>; A. River, <a href=
+"#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Anyan (Efik), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Anyeran (Benin), <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+<li>Anyesan (Benin), <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li>
+
+<li>Anyi (Anago), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Anyo, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Anyolo (Timani), <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Apa (Rhodesian Mahogany), <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a>; (African Oak, Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>; A. oro (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a></li>
+
+<li>Apado (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_449">449</a>; (Abeokuta), <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li>Apagban (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li>Apakka (Anago), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Apapa (near Lagos), <a href="#Page_481">481</a>; A. Saw mill,
+<a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Apapo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Apara (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Apassa, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; (Efik), <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li>
+
+<li>Apata, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>; A. Wood (Benin),
+<a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Ape (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Apepe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li>Aphania, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Aphanocalyx sp., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Apiko (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Apobo (Jekri, Ijor), <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Apocynaceæ (S. Leone), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_78">78</a>; Ivory Coast, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
+(Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_142">142</a>; (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Apodytes Beninensis, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Apokpo (Anecho), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Appapayi or Wausauwah (Twi), <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
+(Fanti), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Apple tree compared with Fagara, <a href=
+"#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Appolonia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; Appolonians, <a href=
+"#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Apukur (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Apurro (Twi), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Aqua egbua (Agni), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Ara (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li>Arab, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li>Araba (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Arabmetu (Adionkron), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Arac Palm, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Arachi (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Arachis hypogæa, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Aragbaihi (Benin), <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Arajon, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Arakpa (Benin), <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li>Araliaceæ (S. Leone), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_140">140</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Aramoho (Benin), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Aranhe (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Ararabi (Hausa), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Arasa (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Arasha (Ondo), <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Areca catechu, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Arenga saccharifera, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Arere (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; A. Tree,
+<a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+<li>Argemone Mexicana, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Argentine, <a href="#Page_491">491</a></li>
+
+<li>Aridan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_284">284</a>; A. Abatta, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li>Aril, yellow, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li>Aristida, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Aristolochia alba, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Aristolochiaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Aroba (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Aro Boro (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Aroid, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Aroideæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Arojoku (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Aroko (Onitsha Province), <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Aroro (Benin), <a href="#Page_335">335</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Arquane (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Arrow-poison climber, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Artabotrys sp., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li>Artocarpus incisa, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Arugbo, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li>Arundo donax, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Asa bogüie (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; A. Gidi, <a href=
+"#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+<li>Asaba District, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Asama (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Asana (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>Asclepiadaceæ (S. Leone), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; (Gold
+Coast), <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Asclepias lineolata, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Ase (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Asemigniri (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Ash (European), <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li>Asha (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_335">335</a>; (Oudo), <a href=
+"#Page_335">335</a>; (Ibadan), <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; A.
+omode (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_331">331</a>; A. ragha (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Ashanti, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; A. natives, <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a>; Ashanti Report (Gold Coast and Northern
+Territory), by Mr. H. N. Thompson, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li>Ashasha of the Yorubas, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li>Ashuwole (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Asia, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li>Asihuë (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Askale (Ikale), <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+<li>Asofeyeje (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Asogedaka (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>A-sog-e-jub, <a href="#Page_470">470</a></li>
+
+<li>Asokoru (Apollonian), <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Asologun (musical instrument), wood of Alstonia, <a href=
+"#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Asoma (Fanti), <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Asoroa (Aowin), <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi (Tree), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>,
+<a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Aspidosperma Quebracho, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Aspillia, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Asre (Yoruba, Egbado), <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+<li>Asses bread, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Assi (Benin), <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Assihato (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Assinie River and Town, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Assivi (Benin), <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Assomah (Twi), <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Assoro (Twi), <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Assun (Benin), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Astragalus gummifer, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Astrochlæna, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Asuaindokun (Aowin), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Asukole (Ikale), <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+<li>Asunwon (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>Aswen (Benin), <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Asystasia Coromandeliana, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Ata (Anago), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_309">309</a>; A. frifridi (Ibo, Asaba), <a href=
+"#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Ataka (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; Atakapuresossi
+(Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Atakpame, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a></li>
+
+<li>Atakpati (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Atakpla (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Atawa (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Atawah or Altawah (Twi), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Atidje (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Atikuzẽ (Ewe), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Atillis (Hausa), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Atisiā (Ewe), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Atite (Ewe), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Atiyi (Ewe), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Atolaie (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Atont (Timani), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Atore (Efik), <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Atori (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_323">323</a>; (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li>Atropa Belladonna, <a href="#Page_488">488</a></li>
+
+<li>Atsan (Attie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_504">[504]</span>Atta (Eflk),
+<a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Attagbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_301">301</a>; (Benin),
+<a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+<li>Attagura, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Attan (Benin), <a href="#Page_408">408</a></li>
+
+<li>Attenli (Aowin), <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Atwen (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Atwaba (Fanti), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Au River (Togo), <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Aubrya Gabunensis, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li>Augor (Benin), <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>Augwameatee (Aowin), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Auro (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Ause (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li>Austria-Hungary, <a href="#Page_492">492</a></li>
+
+<li>Austrian Markets, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Autopoi (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Auwolo (Akposso), <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Avenya (Ewe), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>Avicennia Africana, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>; (allied to A.
+officinalis), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; A. tomentosa, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Avogola or Awogolu (Ewe), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Awa (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Awabima (Twi), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Awasse (Abe), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Awaw District, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>; A. (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_297">297</a>; (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Awe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Awenu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li>Awesu (Jekri), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Awessu (Jekri), <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+
+<li>Awewe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>Awewi (Lagos, Yoruba), <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Awigbi (Benin), <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Awin (Ib.), <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li>Awipu (Benin), <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Awka Plantation, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li>Awoa (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Awolo (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Awong (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Awow (Benin), <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Awowo, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></li>
+
+<li>Awraw (Egbado), <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Awshun, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Awun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Axim Forests, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li>Aya, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; Aya Aya, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Ayagdo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Aye (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>Ayeye (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_408">408</a></li>
+
+<li>Ayibukpo (Eflk), <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Ayin (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a></li>
+
+<li>Ayinre (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; Ayinre Ayinre
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_296">296</a>; A. bonabona (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; A. eta
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; A. langara (Egba, Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; A. ogo,
+<a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; Ayinretta
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li>Ayo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+
+<li>Ayobo-Osuke Road, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Azimommon (Benin), <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Azodo (Abe), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Ba-fini, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; Ba-jini,
+<em>syn.</em> Jina-jina (Sok. and Zanf.), <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>; Ba-reshe, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
+Ba-ruwana, <em>syn.</em> Rimni (Sok.), <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;
+Ba-Zanfare (Katagum), <em>syn.</em> Rai dore, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Baba (Ewe), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Bäbäle (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>“Babool,” Indian, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Baboon Kola, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Babu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Baccaurea Bonneti, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Bada, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Badagri, Trading Station, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Badagry, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>; Badagry District,
+<a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li>Bagarumar makka (Sok.), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Bagarwa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Bagi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Bago, River, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></li>
+
+<li>Baka-biringui (Abe), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakahehessi (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakana (Port), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakasa (Attie), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakau (Fanti), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakbaboi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakbwi, or Bpakpei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakiesu (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakin makarfo, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakossi Road, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>; B. Forest, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Bākū (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakum (Timani), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Bakundu Natives, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Bälä (Afem), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Balakenta (Timani), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Balangi (musical instrument), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Balanites Ægyptica, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a></li>
+
+<li>Balanophoraceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Balata (rubber), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Bale (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Baledia or Welengele (Tschaudjo), <a href=
+"#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Balong natives, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Balsam Copaiba Tree, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>; B. apple,
+<a href="#Page_193">193</a>; B. of Peru, <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>; B. of Tolu,
+<a href="#Page_316">316</a>; B. Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Balsamodendron Africanum, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a>; B. pedunculatum, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Balsamodendron myrrha, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Balua (Attie), <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; Balua (Rosewood),
+<a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li>Balui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Bambi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Bamboos, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>; B. palm, <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>; B. sp., <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>Bambus, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Bambuto Mts., <a href="#Page_487">487</a></li>
+
+<li>Bamenda District, <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li>
+
+<li>Bana (Attie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Bananas, wild, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>Bandana River, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Bandonge (Duala), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Bang (Duala), <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Banuke or Nje (Duala), <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li>
+
+<li>Baobab, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>,
+<a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Baphia, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>; B. Barombiensis, <a href=
+"#Page_430">430</a>; B. nitida (Camwood), <a href=
+"#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; B. polygalaceæ,
+<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_288">288</a>; B. pubescens, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; B. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Bar nagoda (Hausa), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Bara (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Barabutu (Hausa), <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Barambo (Gobir), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Barbaji <em>syn.</em> Tsibra or Tsura (Sok.), <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Bariba or Biribi (Abe), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Barijuko, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li>Bark Bugs, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>; Bark exported, <a href=
+"#Page_444">444</a>; Bark fibre, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>,
+<a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Baro, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li>Baro Kano Line, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Barteria aromatica, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>; B. fistulosa,
+<a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Barth, Dr., <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li>Barwood or Nigerian Camwood, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>,
+<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Basamu (Sok. and Zanf.), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Basel Mission Timber Works, <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Bassa-bassa (Benin), <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Bassam, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li>Bassari (Togo), <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_124">124</a>; B. Savannah, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,
+<a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a></li>
+
+<li>Batabue (Agni), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Batanga District, <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Batwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Bauchi (Highlands), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Baugbaningbamu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Bauhinia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>; B. Dry Zone, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; B.
+Krughii, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; B. reticulata, <a href=
+"#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; B. rufescens,
+<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; B. Thonningii,
+<a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Bauji (E. Hausa), <em>syn.</em> Fara Raya, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Baulan Bolo (Degema, Calabar), <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Bauren fadama; Bauren rafi, (Hausa), <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Bauri (Hausa), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Baushe (Hausa), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Baut I. (Timani), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Bawie (Hausa), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Baya (Twi Kowin), <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Bayama (Kontagora), <em>syn.</em> Gwazkiya, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Baywood, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+<li>Bazana (Hausa), <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; Banzano (Kano and
+Zaria), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Bead Head, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; B. Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Beari (Mendi), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Bebeti (Moyen Cavally), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Beckindanko (Hausa), <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Beckwith, Mr. H. (depericarping process), <a href=
+"#Page_477">477</a></li>
+
+<li>Beech, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>; B. compared with Gum Copal,
+<a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Beef-Tree, Australian, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li>Beeswax, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_444">444</a></li>
+
+<li>Befun people, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></li>
+
+<li>Begonia (rostrata), <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Beguan (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Beibolei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Bek (Timani), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Belengbe (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Belgian Congo, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_424">424</a></li>
+
+<li>Belvi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Bembe (Bambara), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Bembedo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>Bembu (Mangu), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Ben (seeds), <a href="#Page_453">453</a></li>
+
+<li>Bēnature (Mangu), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Bende, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; B. noso (Tschaudjo), <a href=
+"#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Bendiguri (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Bendwi or Bunduei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Benin, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>; B. arboretum,
+<a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>; B. cane or rattan, <a href=
+"#Page_240">240</a>; B. City, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>; B. Forests,
+<a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_292">292</a>; B. language, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; B.
+market, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>; B. natives and people,
+<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>; B. (North),
+<a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; B. nut,
+<a href="#Page_258">258</a>; B. Pearwood, <a href=
+"#Page_378">378</a>; B. River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Beniti (Agome), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Bentpod, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li>Benué Region, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>; B. River, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>,
+<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li>Beri (Mendi), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Berlinia, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_293">293</a></li>
+
+<li>Berlinia acuminata, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>; B. auriculata,
+<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_429">429</a>; B. Heudelotiana, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>,
+<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; B. Kerstingii,
+<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; B. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>; B. sp. near B. stipulaceæ, <a href=
+"#Page_47">47</a>; B. tomentosa, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; B. of
+the Waterside, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Berrya ammomilla, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Bersama, Chippii, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; B. Doeringii,
+<a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_505">[505]</span>Bersama
+Paullinioides, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Bertiera glabrata, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Bessi, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; B. (Ashanti), <a href=
+"#Page_106">106</a>; B. Kpessei, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Betel nut palm, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Beteng (Aowin), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Betu oil or tree, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a></li>
+
+<li>Beurre de Karité, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Bewa or Mano River, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Bewe-Bauban (Mendi), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Bibiabe (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="sc">Bibliography of West African Forests</span>,
+<a href="#Page_496">496</a>-500</li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Agricultural and Forest Products of British
+West Africa</em>, by G. C. Dudgeon, Director-General of Agriculture
+in Egypt, <a href="#Page_498">498</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Bulletin (Kew)</em>, <a href=
+"#Page_497">497</a>-499</li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information</em>,
+<a href="#Page_497">497</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Bulletin of the Imperial Institute</em>, ed.
+by Sir W. Dunstan, <a href="#Page_497">497</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Catalogue of Plants</em> collected by Mr. and
+Mrs. Talbot in the Oban District, South Nigeria, <a href=
+"#Page_497">497</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Der Tropenwirt</em>, by Dr. S. Loskin,
+<a href="#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Dictionary of the World’s Commercial
+Products</em>, by J. A. Slater, B.A., LL.B., <a href=
+"#Page_498">498</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Die Blütenpflanzen Afrikas</em>, by Franz
+Thonner, <a href="#Page_497">497</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Forestry</em>, by Dr. Adam Schwappach,
+<a href="#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Forestry in West Africa</em>, by Sir Alfred
+Maloney, <a href="#Page_496">496</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Glossary of Botanic Terms</em>, by D. G.
+Jackson, <a href="#Page_496">496</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Gold Coast Report of Forests</em>, by H. N.
+Thompson, Chief Conservator of Forests, South Nigeria, <a href=
+"#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>In the Guiana Forest</em>, by Jas. Rodway,
+<a href="#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course
+and Termination of the Niger</em>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Journal of the Imperial Institute</em>,
+<a href="#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Kulturgewächse der Deutschen Kolonien</em>, by
+R. Sadebeck, <a href="#Page_498">498</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale
+française</em>, by M. Chevalier, <a href="#Page_500">500</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>List of Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of the Gold
+Coast, Ashantee and Northern Territories</em>, by T. F. Chipp,
+B.Sc., F.L.S., <a href="#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Monographien der Pflanzenfamilien</em>,
+<a href="#Page_8">8</a> vols. by Dr. Adolf Engler, <a href=
+"#Page_496">496</a>-497</li>
+
+<li>
+<table class="tabp2">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">I.</td>
+<td>Moraceæ, excluding Ficus.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">II.</td>
+<td>Melastomaceæ.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">III.</td>
+<td>Combretaceæ Combretum.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">IV.</td>
+<td>Combretaceæ, excluding Combretum</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">V.</td>
+<td>Sterculiaceæ.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">VI.</td>
+<td>Anonaceæ.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">VII.</td>
+<td>Strophanthus.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">VIII.</td>
+<td>Sapotaceæ.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants</em>, by E.
+W. Foster, <a href="#Page_497">497</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Notizblatt of the Berlin Botanical
+Station</em>, containing notes on “Die Nutz Holzer der Kamerun,”
+<a href="#Page_500">500</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Pamphlets on <em>Die Nutz Holzer Togos</em>,
+<a href="#Page_500">500</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien</em>, by Dr.
+Adolf Engler, <a href="#Page_498">498</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Sylviculture in the Tropics</em>, by A. F.
+Broun, Director of Woods and Forests, Soudan, <a href=
+"#Page_498">498</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Text Book of Botany</em>, by Strasburger,
+<a href="#Page_498">498</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>The Indian Forester</em>, <a href=
+"#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>The Oil Palm and its Varieties</em>, by J. H.
+J. Farquhar, Conservator of Forests, (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>The Principal Forest Trees</em>, by H. W.
+Whitford, Ph.D., <a href="#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>The Timbers of Commerce and their
+Identification</em>, by Herbert Stone, F.L.S., F.R.C.I., <a href=
+"#Page_498">498</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>The Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of S.
+Leone</em>, by C. E. Lane Poole, <a href="#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>The Useful Plants of Nigeria</em>, <a href=
+"#Page_497">497</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Timber</em>, by J. R. Baterden, A.M.I.C.,
+<a href="#Page_498">498</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub"><em>Wood</em>, by G. S. Boulger, <a href=
+"#Page_498">498</a></li>
+
+<li>Bignoniaceæ (S. Leone), <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_79">79</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_89">89</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_401">401</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Bijaje (Hausa), <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Bilinga (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>; Benin Bilinga,
+<a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Bimbi District, <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Bimbwa, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Bingeria Africana, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Biophytum sensitivum, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Biota trees, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Bipindi District, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Bishiyapl, or Bishiyoyi generic (Hausa), <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Bismarckburg sub-station (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Bissaboko (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Bissimi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Bitter Bark, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>; B. Kola, <a href=
+"#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; B. Leaf, <a href=
+"#Page_409">409</a>; Bitter tomato, <a href=
+"#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Biunwe (Twi), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Bixa orellana, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li>Bixaceæ or Bixineæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>,
+<a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li>Black Tumbler, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Blackwater Plant, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>Blackwood, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a>; B. African W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a>; B.
+Benin N., <a href="#Page_297">297</a>; B. Indian, <a href=
+"#Page_386">386</a>; Yoruba Blackwood, <a href=
+"#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Blepharis, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Blighia sapida, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>; B. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>“Blind” wood or Kapok, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li>
+
+<li>Blita Resthouse (Togo), <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Blood Plum of Sierra Leone, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Bloodwood, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue dye, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue gum, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li>Bo, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; B. (Balong), <a href=
+"#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Boa (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Boanda (Buea district), <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Bobai (Duala), <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Bobang (Balong), <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Bobanja Duala, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Bobbyboya Water (Timani), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Bobby water, or Benin Mahogany, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li>Bobe ba ndiko (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Bobolo (Malimba), <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li>Bodekadun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Bodgei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Bœmbe (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Bofelei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Bofu (Fanti), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Bogi or Gbojei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Bogo zage (Zanfau), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Bogüe (Agni), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Boi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Boi boi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Boisima (Agni), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Boji, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>; B. Albizzia, <a href=
+"#Page_290">290</a>; B. Hills, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_493">493</a></li>
+
+<li>Boka or Boko (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Bokata (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Bokeku (Duala), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Bokombo (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Bokome (Bakundu, Bafo), <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Bokondo (Duala), <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li>
+
+<li>Boko-pupa (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Bokuk (Balong), <a href="#Page_440">440</a>; B. ba mhale
+(Duala), <a href="#Page_440">440</a>; B. (Etam), <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Bokukulende (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Bokumia (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Bola (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Bolo (Ijaw and Brass), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Bolobolo, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>; B. fibre, <a href=
+"#Page_345">345</a></li>
+
+<li>Bolondo (Duala), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Bolusila (Mangu), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Bomba (Duala), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Bombacaceæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; (Gold
+Coast), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>; (Liberia), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; (Nigeria),
+<a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>; (Sierra
+Leone), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Bombax, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>; B. brevicuspe,
+<a href="#Page_105">105</a>; B. Buonopozense, <a href=
+"#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_435">435</a>; B. sp., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Bombay Blackwood, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Bombay cotton seed, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li>Bomoku (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Bon (Attie), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Bonabona (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Bongani (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Bongele or Bopum ba nji (Duala), <a href=
+"#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Bongongi (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_428">428</a>; (Duala),
+<a href="#Page_428">428</a>; (Sanaga River), <a href=
+"#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Bongossi (Duala), <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Bonjabi (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Bonni (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Bonny River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Bōnugú (Misahöhe), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Bonwula or Woula (Duala), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Bonyurome (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Bonza (Bambara), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Booni (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Boottia Abyssinica, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Bopalo or Bololo (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_427">427</a>,
+<a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Bopanda (Bafo) or Bopande (Bakundu), <a href=
+"#Page_427">427</a></li>
+
+<li>Bope (Bafo), <a href="#Page_431">431</a>; (Duala), <a href=
+"#Page_427">427</a></li>
+
+<li>Bopek (Balong), <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Bopolo polo (Duala), <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Borassus Æthiopium, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; B., <em>var.</em>
+Æthiopium, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>; B. flabellifer (also called Fan or Bottle
+Palm), <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>,
+<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li>Borbor, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>Borepore (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Borer attacks on Anogeissus, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>; on
+Dalbergia, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; on Diospyros, <a href=
+"#Page_385">385</a>; on Gum Copal, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>; on
+Mahogany (Leading Shoot Borer), <a href="#Page_167">167</a>,
+<a href="#Page_175">175</a>; on Terminalia, <a href=
+"#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Borgu Province, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_453">453</a></li>
+
+<li>Borimba (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Bornu, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li>Boro (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Borraginaceæ (sometimes Boragineæ) (Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_59">59</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>; Cameroons,
+<a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_506">[506]</span>Borri-borri
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li>Bosambai (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a>; Bosambe
+(Bakundu), <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Bosav (Bakundu), or Sao (Duala), <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Boscia, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a>; B. Senegalensis, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Bosenge (Duala), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Bosipi (Duala), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Bosole (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Bossi (Twi), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Boswellia Dalzielii, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; B. Klaineana,
+<a href="#Page_100">100</a>; B. odorata, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Botapia (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Bōti (Dyakossi), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Bottle gourd, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; Bottle palm,
+<a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Botuba (Bafo), <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Boundary Tree, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Bowasa (Duala), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Bowiwasi (Fanti), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Bowiwunua (Twi), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Bowstring Hemp, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Boxwood, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,
+<a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>; compared
+with Cratæva religiosa, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; False B.,
+<a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Boye (Mendi), <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Brachystegia, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; B. cynometroides,
+<a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>; B.
+spicæformis, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Bräkrauku (Asante), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Brass District, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>; B. language,
+<a href="#Page_185">185</a>; B. natives, <a href=
+"#Page_358">358</a>; B. Port, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>; B.
+River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Brazil nut, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_450">450</a></li>
+
+<li>Bread fruit, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Bridelia atroviridis, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_335">335</a>; B. ferruginea, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>,
+<a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>; B. macrocarpa, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; B.
+micrantha, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>,
+<a href="#Page_335">335</a>; B. scleroneura, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>; B. speciosa, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; B.
+stenocarpa, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>; B. Zenkeri,
+<a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Brimstone, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_69">69</a>; Bush B., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_79">79</a>; B. Wood, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Bristol Port prepared to try Palm kernels, <a href=
+"#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a></li>
+
+<li>British West African Colonies and Protectorate, <a href=
+"#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li>Bromabima (Axim), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Bromeliaceæ (Togo), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Bubbuoi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Buboi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Buchholzia macrophylla, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Buda͡u (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Budyonū (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Buea District, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Buesse (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Buettneria, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+
+<li>Buffalo Horn, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Bugama Port, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Buini (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Buittigirri (Mendi), <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Buje nla (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Buji dudu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Bulbostylis, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; B. barbata, <a href=
+"#Page_93">93</a>; B. laniceps, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Bullet-wood tree, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li>Bulokossa (Benin), <a href="#Page_406">406</a></li>
+
+<li>Bumbi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Bunbola Mountains, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Bundu dance, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; Bundu devils, <a href=
+"#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Bundui or Bundwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Bunga (Timani), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Bungi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Buni (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Bunja (Duala), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Bur-grass, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Bureh Mill, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; B. River, <a href=
+"#Page_25">25</a>; B. Town, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Burkea, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>; B. Africana, <a href=
+"#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Burma, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>Burnatia enneandra, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Burogono (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Burokossa (Benin), <a href="#Page_406">406</a></li>
+
+<li>Buronona (New Calabar), <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+<li>Buro Nuro (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Burseraceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
+(Liberia), <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_85">85</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_314">314</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Bush Maple, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>; B. Oak, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; B. Pawpaw,
+<a href="#Page_75">75</a>; B. Teak, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>; B.
+Town, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Bussea Occidentalis, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li>Butter tree, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Butyrospermum Parkii, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_455">455</a></li>
+
+<li>Buxus sempervirens, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Bwele ba Mbongo (Duala), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Bwembe (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Bwiba ba mbale (Duala), <a href="#Page_431">431</a>; Bwiba ba
+njon (Duala), <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Bwiwa (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Byrsocarpus coccineus, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Cabbage Palm, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; C. Tree
+of the West Indies, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Cacao, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a>; C. bean, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; C. yams,
+<a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a></li>
+
+<li>Cadaba farinosa, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Cæsalpinia arborea, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; C. Bonducella,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; C.
+coriaria, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; C. regia, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>; C. rostrata, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; C.
+sappan, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Cæsalpiniæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li>Caindah Wood, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Calabar, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>; C. Arboretum and
+Botanical Gardens, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_468">468</a>; C. Beans, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_298">298</a>; C. Forest land, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,
+<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; C. Market,
+<a href="#Page_368">368</a>; C. River, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>,
+<a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li>Calabash nutmeg, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li>Calamus Barteri, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; C. deerratus,
+<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>; C. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Callichilia subsessilis, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Caloncoba Gilgiana, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Calonyction speciosum, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li>Calpocalyx, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; C. Dinklagei, <a href=
+"#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li>“Cam,” <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Cam River, <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li>
+
+<li>Cambridge University Department of Agriculture, <a href=
+"#Page_483">483</a></li>
+
+<li>Cameroons, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href=
+"#c10">chap. x,</a> <a href="#Page_415">415</a>-446; C. exports,
+<a href="#Page_444">444</a>; C. Mountains, <a href=
+"#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>; C. (South),
+<a href="#Page_425">425</a>; C. Timber exports, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Campanulaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Camps of Timber Firms, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>Camwood, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>,
+<a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>; Benin C.,
+<a href="#Page_288">288</a>; Cross River C., <a href=
+"#Page_274">274</a>; Large-fruited Camwood, <a href=
+"#Page_275">275</a>; Spineless fruited C., <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li>Canarium, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>; C. Auriculatum, <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a>; C. Mansfeldii, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>,
+<a href="#Page_432">432</a>; C. occidentalis, <a href=
+"#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; C. Schweinfurthii,
+<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>; C. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Canary Isles, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Candle nut, <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Canoe-making (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; Oguta C.,
+<a href="#Page_159">159</a>; C. Tree, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;
+Twelve puncheon C., <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Canta Bark, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Canthium discolor, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; C. glabriflorum,
+<a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Capparidaceæ (Ivory Coast), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_130">130</a>; C. Vanguerioides, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>; (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>,
+<a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Capparis, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a>; C. Thonningii, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>; C.
+viminea, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Caralluma Dalzielii, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Carapa cake, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>; C. Gayensis, <a href=
+"#Page_35">35</a>; C. Guianensis, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; C.
+microcarpa, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; C. procera, <a href=
+"#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>; C. velutina,
+<a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Cardiospermum Halicacabum, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Carissa edulis, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Carludovica palmata, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Carpodinus Barteri (<em>syn.</em> Clitandra Barteri), <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>; C. fulva, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>; C.
+hirsuta, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>,
+<a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Carpolobia alba, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; C. lutea, <a href=
+"#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>Carriers’ duties and treatment (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li>Caryophyllaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Casada, <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Casearia sp., <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Cashew nuts, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Cassada, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li>Cassava, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_471">471</a></li>
+
+<li>Cassia, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_270">270</a>; C. Alata, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; C.
+Arereh, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;
+C. bicapsularis, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; C. dwarf mimosoides,
+<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; C.
+fistula, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>,
+<a href="#Page_270">270</a>; C. florida, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>; C. Goratensis, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>,
+<a href="#Page_221">221</a>; C. Kotschyana, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>; C. Lophira, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; C.
+obovata, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; C. occidentalis, <a href=
+"#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>; C. podocarpa,
+<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>; C. Siamia,
+<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_489">489</a>; C. Sieberiana, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>,
+<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>; C. Tora, <a href=
+"#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>Cassytha Guineensis, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Castor-oil Shrub, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Casuarina, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>; C. equisitifolia,
+<a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_173">173</a>; C. sp., <a href="#t183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>Catechu, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; Burmese variety, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Cauri (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Cavally Port, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_82">82</a>; C. River, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Cawthorne River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Ceara Rubber, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; C. R. Plantation,
+<a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li>Ceceru (Agni), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Cedar, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>; Cigar-box Cedar tree, <a href=
+"#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>; Dry Zone C., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>,
+<a href="#Page_323">323</a>; Cedar-like Lauro, <a href=
+"#Page_250">250</a>; C. Mahogany hard, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>,
+<a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>; Red C.,
+<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; Scented Mahogany
+Cedar, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;
+White Cedar, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Cedrat (Colons), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Cedrela, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>; C. odorata, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>,
+<a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#t183">183</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>; C. Toona, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li>Ceiba, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a>; C. pentandra, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>,
+<a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Celastraceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Celosia argentea, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_507">[507]</span>Celtis, hard,
+<a href="#Page_246">246</a>; C. integrifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_217">217</a>; C. Prantlii, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; C.
+soft, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; C. solenostigma, <a href=
+"#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>; C. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>Cenchrus catharticus, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Cephalostigma Perrottettii, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Cerambix (Borer), <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Ceratotheca sesamoides, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Ceredia, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Cestos River, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>Ceylon, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>; C. satinwood compared with
+Eucalyptus, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li>Chad, Lake, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></li>
+
+<li>Chailletia floribunda, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>; C.
+toxiaria, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Chang District (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_415">415</a>,
+<a href="#Page_489">489</a></li>
+
+<li>Charcoal exported from Gambia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; C.
+making from Lophira procera, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; C. Wood
+(Blacksmith’s), <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Charia indeniensis, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Che (Fõ), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Chediya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Chedscho Valley, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li>Chen (Ibo), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Chenchen (Twi), <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Chêne d’Afrique (Colons), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Cherry, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li>Chestnut (False), <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Chevalier, Mons. Auguste, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>; Books by,
+<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_484">484</a></li>
+
+<li>Chewstick, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_409">409</a></li>
+
+<li>“Cheyi” fat, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>; C. seed, <a href=
+"#Page_462">462</a></li>
+
+<li>Chichiwa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Chicue (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Chiriri, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Chleho (Fõ), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Chloris, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Chlorophora excelsa, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Chlorophytum, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Chocolate cream (from Shea Butter), <a href=
+"#Page_153">153</a>; C. Gaboon, <a href="#Page_454">454</a></li>
+
+<li>Choka (Attie), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Choraschora, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Chrinika (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Chrysobalanus ellipticus, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; C. icaco, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; C. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li>Chrysophyllum, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>; C. Africanum, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>,
+<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; C. Albidum,
+<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; C.
+ellipticus, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>; C. Kainato, <a href=
+"#Page_381">381</a>; C. macrophyllum, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;
+C. obovatum, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>; C. pruniforme, <a href=
+"#Page_57">57</a>; C. sp., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li>Chuiansa (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Cissampelos Owariensis, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>; C.
+Pareira, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Cissus, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Cistanthera sp., <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Citron de la mer, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Citrullus vulgaris, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_470">470</a></li>
+
+<li>Citrus aurantium, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>Claoxylon Barteri, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; C. Preussii,
+<a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Clausena Anisata, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Cleidion Gabunicum, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Cleistopholis, near C. patens, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>,
+<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Clerodendron, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>; C. scandens,
+<a href="#Page_399">399</a>; C. splendens, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a>; C. Thompsonii, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>; C.
+Thonningii, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>; C. volubile, <a href=
+"#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Clitandra cirrhosa, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>; C. elastica,
+<a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>; C.
+Togoland, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>; C. visciflua, <a href=
+"#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Cloth Shrub, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Clove, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Clynogyne, <em>syn.</em> Donax cuspidata, <a href=
+"#Page_246">246</a>; C. filipes, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; C.
+flexuosa, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Cnestis, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; C. ferruginea, <a href=
+"#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Cochlospermaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Cochlospermum tinctorium, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Cockburn Major, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Cockchafer Bugs, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Coco Fibre, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; C. nuts, <a href=
+"#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_226">226</a>; C. nut Palm, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>,
+<a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a>; C. oil (Touloucouna de palmiste), <a href=
+"#Page_90">90</a>; C. yams, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li>Cocoa, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>; C. Industry (Gold
+Coast), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>; (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_126">126</a>; C. Plum, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>; C. seeds,
+<a href="#Page_63">63</a>; C. Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Cocos nucifera, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Cœlocaryon oxycarpum, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Coffea Liberica, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li>Coffee, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>; C. scions, <a href=
+"#Page_80">80</a>; C. seed, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>; C. trees,
+<a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li>Cola, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>,
+<a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">acuminata, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Afzelia, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">altissima, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Angustifolia, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">astrophora, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Bitter, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_462">462</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">caricifolia, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">cauliflora, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">common, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">cordifolia, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">digitata, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">False, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">laterita, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Laurel-leaved, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">laurifolia, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">leonensis, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">mahogany, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">marsupium, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">mirabilis, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Cola nut, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>,
+<a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>Cola proteiformis, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Simiarum, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">sp., <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">sublobata, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">sulcata, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">supfiana, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">vera, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">verticulata, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Colonguli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Combretaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; (Ivory
+Coast), <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_108">108</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_369">369</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_438">438</a>,
+<a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Combretum Afzelia, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">cinerea, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">constrictum, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">geitonophyllum, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">glutinosum, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Hartmannianum, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>,
+<a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">herbaceum, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Kerstingii, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Lawsonianum, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">leonense, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">micranthum, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">mucronatum, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">paucinervium, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">racemosum, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Sokodense, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">sp., <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">sp. near C. altum, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>,
+<a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">verticillatum, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">viridiflora, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">zenkeri, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>Combwood, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li>Commelinaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Commelyna, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; C. nudiflora, <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a>; C. umbellata, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Commiphora Kerstingii, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Communal Rubber Plantations, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li>“Compartments,” <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+
+<li>Compositæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_147">147</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_409">409</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Conapharingia, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a>; C. Crassa, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; C. durissima,
+<a href="#Page_391">391</a>; C. longifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_59">59</a>; C. pachysiphon, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>,
+<a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Confectioner’s Gum, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Congo, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>; C. Cie Congo du Belge Line,
+<a href="#Page_480">480</a>; Belgian C., <a href=
+"#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>; French and
+Belgian C., <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; French or Gaboon C.,
+<a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>; C. River,
+<a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>; Upper C.,
+<a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></li>
+
+<li>Congo-Congo (Gabonais), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Coniferous trees, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; Conifer,
+<a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Convolvulaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Convolvulus (Moon), <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li>Coondi (Timani), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Copaiba Balsam Tree, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li>Copaifera Demeusii, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_428">428</a>; C. Guibourtiana (Gum Copal), <a href=
+"#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>; C. officinalis,
+<a href="#Page_176">176</a>; C. salikounda, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Copaifera of the Boji Hills, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
+<em>cf.</em> Copaifera, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Copal, <a href="#Page_444">444</a></li>
+
+<li>Copenhagen Market, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Copra exported (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Coral flower, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>; C. Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Corchorus, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; C. acutangulus,
+<a href="#Page_344">344</a>; C. olitorius, <a href=
+"#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Cordia Abyssinica, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; C. (acorn-like
+fruited), <a href="#Page_396">396</a>; C. (Drumwood), <a href=
+"#Page_396">396</a>; C. Gharaf, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; C.
+Irvingia, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>,
+<a href="#Page_440">440</a>; C. millenii, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>; C. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_396">396</a>; C. Yombomba, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Cordyla Africana, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Coreopsis, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Corkwood, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>,
+<a href="#Page_83">83</a>; C. Tree, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>,
+<a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a></li>
+
+<li>Corynanthe Johimbe, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>; C. paniculata,
+<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Corypha elata, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Cosomon (Bambara), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Costus afer, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Cotton tree, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Coula edulis (Almond wood), <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li>Counterwood (Afzelia Africana), <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;
+Counter-top Mahogany, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>Cowhage, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li>Crab apple, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; Crab-oil Tree,
+<a href="#Page_318">318</a>; Crabwood, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,
+<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Cratæva Adansonii, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_266">266</a>; C. religiosa, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Craterispermum laurinum, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Cratopteris Thalictroides, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Cream of Tartar, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Creepers, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li>Creole, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+<a href="#Page_52">52</a>; C. Damson, <a href=
+"#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Crinum yuccæflorum, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Cross River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>; C. R. nut,
+<a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li>Crossopteryx Africana or Kotschyana, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>,
+<a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_408">408</a></li>
+
+<li>Crotalaria, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_508">[508]</span>Croton
+penduliflorus, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; C. pyrifolius, <a href=
+"#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Cryptolepis nigritana, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Cucumis Melo, <em>var.</em> agrestis, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>; C. prophetarum, <a href=
+"#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Cucurbita Pepo, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Cucurbitaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a></li>
+
+<li>Culcasia scandens, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Cupania akeesia, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Curculigo Gallabatensis, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Cussonia, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>; C. Barteri, <a href=
+"#Page_140">140</a>; C. Djalonensis, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; C.
+Nigerica, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>,
+<a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Custard apple (wild), <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Cutch Tree, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Cuviera acutiflora, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Cyanastraceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Cyanastrum cordifolium, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Cyanothyrsus ogea, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Cyanotis, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Cycad appearance of Palm, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li>Cycinium camporum, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Cylicodiscus, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_286">286</a>; C. Gabonensis, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,
+<a href="#Page_97">97</a> (compared with Piptadenia Africana,
+<a href="#Page_99">99</a>), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Cymbopogon diplandrus, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; C.
+giganteum, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; C. hirtus, <a href=
+"#Page_201">201</a>; C. rufus, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; C.
+Ruprechtii, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; C. Sennariensis, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Cynometra, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; C. Afzelii,
+<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_449">449</a>; C. cryptosepalum, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
+C. Mannii, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>,
+<a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>; C.
+megalophylla, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>; C. mitragyne, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,
+<a href="#Page_36">36</a>; C. multynge, <a href=
+"#Page_429">429</a>; C. sp., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_132">132</a>; C. Vogelii, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>; C. Waterside, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Cyperaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; (Nigeria),
+<a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Cyperus esculentus, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; C.
+Fenzelianus, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; C. rotundus, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Cypress, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>; C. (Bald), <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a>; C. (Deciduous), <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
+C. (swamp), <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Cyrtosperma Senegalense, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Dabadogun (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li>Dabino (Hausa), <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li>Dabudabu (Agni), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Dadafunde (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Dadie (Asante), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Dafara, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Dagbongbore (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Dagera (Hausa), <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Dahomah (Twi), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Dahomey, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li>Dakwora (Hausa), <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Dalbergia, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>; D. (False), <a href=
+"#Page_270">270</a>; D. Hostilis, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; D.
+Latifolia, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; D. Melanoxylon, <a href=
+"#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; D. Rosewood,
+<a href="#Page_48">48</a>; D. Saxatilis, <a href=
+"#Page_297">297</a>; D. sp., <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Dali (Hausa), <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; (Kano and Katsina),
+<a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Dalo, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Dalu (Kana and Katsina), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Dalziel. Dr. J. M., on “Botanical Features of Nigeria,”
+<a href="#Page_188">188</a>-205; “Some trees of Hausaland,”
+<a href="#Page_205">205</a>-219; “Nigerian trees,” <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>-225, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Dambarra Village, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Damerghu, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li>Dandana, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Daniellia, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; D. Caudata, <a href=
+"#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>; D. Fosteri,
+<a href="#Page_278">278</a>; D. oblonga, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>,
+<a href="#Page_278">278</a>; D. ogea (Blue Bessie), <a href=
+"#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>; D. Punchii,
+<a href="#Page_278">278</a>; D. sp., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>,
+<a href="#Page_424">424</a>; D. Thurifera, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Danko (Hausa), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Dan marike (Hausa), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Danowa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and Katsina), <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Dantwi (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Danya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Dargaza, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Dashi (Hausa), <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Date, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; Date, desert, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>; Date palms, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>,
+<a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>; wild date
+palm, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Datura Metel, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Daudawa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li>Dawa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Dawo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Debundscha (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li>
+
+<li>Degema, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>; D. Arboretum, D. District,
+<a href="#Page_405">405</a>; D. Port, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
+D. Town, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+<li>Deinbollia Indeniensis, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; D. insignis,
+<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; D.
+primata, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>; D. pycnophylla, <a href=
+"#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Deleb palm, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Denbehawi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Dendo (Attie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Dengma (Mangu), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Dennett, Mr. R. E., Quotation from Paper on “British Trade in
+Nigeria,” <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_481">481</a></li>
+
+<li>Dennettia sp., <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_263">263</a>; D. tripetala, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+<li>Denya (Twi), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Depapāte (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Derris Stuhlmannii, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Desmodium, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Desplatzia Dewewrei, <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Detarium, Guineensis, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>; D. microcarpum, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>,
+<a href="#Page_430">430</a>; D. Senegalense, <a href=
+"#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_306">306</a>; D. sp., <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Dialium, Dinklagei, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a>; D. Englerii, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; D.
+Guineense, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,
+<a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_424">424</a>; G. Senegalense, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>,
+<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; D. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_48">48</a>; D. Staudtii, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>; D. Zenkeri,
+<a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li>Diancangue (Attie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Diangue (agni), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Dibanga (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Dibobonga (Duala), <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Dichapetalaceæ (S. Leone), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; Nigeria,
+<a href="#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>Dichrostachys nutans, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_201">201</a>; D. platycarpa, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Didelotia Engleri, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>Digitaria, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Digiten (Brass), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Digo (Anago), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Dika bread, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; D. butter, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>; D. chocolate, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; D. fat,
+<a href="#Page_454">454</a>; D. kernels, <a href=
+"#Page_454">454</a>; Dika nuts, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_454">454</a>; Benin D. nuts, <a href=
+"#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+<li>Dikbere (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Diki (Hausa), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Dikir (Efik), <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Dilifu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Dilleniaceæ (Liberia), <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li>Dillenia indica, <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Dingi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Dinjongo (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Dinya (Kano), <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Dioclea reflexa, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Dioecious trees, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Dioscorea prehensilis, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; D. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_471">471</a></li>
+
+<li>Dioscoreaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Diospyros aggregata, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">atropurpurea, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>,
+<a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Barteri, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Bipendensis, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">crassiflora, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Dendo, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Gilgiana, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">incarnata, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Kamerunensis, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>,
+<a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Mamiacensis, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Megaphylla, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Mespiliformis, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>,
+<a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Mombuttensis, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>,
+<a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Mombuttensis, <em>syn.</em> sinensis, <a href=
+"#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Multinervis, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Nsambensis, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Sanza, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Species, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Suaveolens, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Tricolor, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Verrucosa, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Xanthochlamys, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>,
+<a href="#Page_387">387</a></li>
+
+<li>Dipcadi, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Dipcadi occidentale, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Dipterocarpaceæ (Togo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Dirinshi (Ibo), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Discoglypremna caloneura, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Dissotis, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Distemonanthus Benthamianus, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>,
+<a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_430">430</a>; D. sp., <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li>Dita (Detarium Senegalense), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,
+<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li>Dituture (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Djave Nut, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_444">444</a></li>
+
+<li>Djengu (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Djo Arbi (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Djombe (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Djuna (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Djutisha Station, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Do (Trepo), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Dodo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Dodonæa viscosa, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>Dodoriya, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; D. or Dadori (Hausa),
+<a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Dodoya, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Dogo (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Doka (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; (Apollonian),
+<a href="#Page_93">93</a>; (Aowin), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>,
+<a href="#Page_200">200</a>; (Hausa), <a href="#Page_220">220</a>,
+<a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Dolichandrone lutea, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Dombeya Buettneri, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Dona (Abe), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Donax, Cuspidata, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Dongke on Jeti (Ewe), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Dorose Populu (Plapo), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Dorowa or Darawa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Doti (Ewe), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Doumane, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Dracæna, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; D. arborea, <a href=
+"#Page_94">94</a>; D. Cylindrica, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>; D.
+Mannii, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; D.
+Perrottettii, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_246">246</a>; D. sp., <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_246">246</a>; D. Surculosa, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>,
+<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Dragon’s blood, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Droseraceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Drosera indica, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Dschang Station, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Duakobin or Duabayi (General West Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Duala District, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Dubiddi (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Dubiri Kegingo (Appolonien), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Dubon or Dubini (Twi, Wassaw, Fanti), <a href=
+"#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Duboscia macrocarpa, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Dubu (Brass), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Dudu (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Düdüreda (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Duika, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_422">422</a>; D. Chop fruit, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>; D.
+Maxwell’s, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>; Red-headed D., <a href=
+"#Page_250">250</a>; Yellow-backed D., <a href=
+"#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_509">[509]</span>Dukki (Hausa),
+<a href="#Page_216">216</a>; or Dunki, <em>syn.</em> Zuwo (Kano,
+Zaria, etc.), or Dinkin, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Duko, Durgo, or Duroko (Bondoukou), <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Dukuma Dugura (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Dum palm, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Duma, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; D. namé, <a href=
+"#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Dumoria Heckeli, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>; D. Heckeli (Baca
+or Abaku), <a href="#Page_456">456</a></li>
+
+<li>Dumya (Sok), <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Dunkwah Reserve, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Dunstan, Prof. Wyndham R. (Opinion on feeding cattle), <a href=
+"#Page_483">483</a></li>
+
+<li>Dupwi II (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Duru Forest, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Durumi (Hausa), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Dushe (Kana), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Dussa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; D. (East Hausa),
+<a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Duvui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Dworom (Asante), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Dye wood industry (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+Dyewoods, <a href="#Page_444">444</a></li>
+
+<li>Dyschoriste Perrottettii, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Dzobellobe (Ewe), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Dzogbenyabo (Ewe), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Eba (Benin), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>,
+<a href="#Page_356">356</a>; E. District, <a href=
+"#Page_394">394</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebakwe (Benin), <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebar (Brass, Ibo), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>; (Brass, North
+Calabar), <a href="#Page_406">406</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebattan (Benin), <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebba (Benin), <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebbe (Mendi), <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebbo (Benin), <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebbome (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebe (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebegogogbo (Benin), <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Eben (Efik), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_314">314</a>; (Jekri), <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;
+E.-etridon (Efik), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; E. giku, <a href=
+"#Page_404">404</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebenaceæ (S. Leone), <a href="#Page_57">57</a>; (Ivory Coast),
+<a href="#Page_88">88</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_110">110</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_383">383</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebenote (Benin), <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebewaki (Benin), <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebo (Ewe), <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebon (Duala), <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebonga evodi (Duala), <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; E. manyongo
+(Duala), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebony, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>,
+<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>; Benin Ebony,
+<a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>; Black E.,
+<a href="#Page_416">416</a>; Brown E., <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;
+Calabar E., <a href="#Page_387">387</a>; Cameroon Ebony, <a href=
+"#Page_385">385</a>; Cross River E., <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;
+E. nut, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>; E. Plantations (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_149">149</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_226">226</a>; Walking-stick E., <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
+Yoruba E., <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li>Eborodumuen (Agni), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebruke (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebubri etu (Efik), <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebumen (Benin), <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebunja (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebuttemetta Gardens, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>; E. Sawmill,
+<a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Ecastaphyllum Brownei, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Eché, or Alãfe (Ewe), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Echirua (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Eclipta Alba, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Econ grass, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li>Edat, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; (Ekoi), <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>; (Efik), <a href=
+"#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Edde (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Eddo Binoyoba (Benin), <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li>Ede (Quitta, Krepi), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>; E.
+Plantation, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Edea District, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Edem (Calabar), <a href="#Page_363">363</a>; (Efik), <a href=
+"#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+<li>Eden (Efik), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Edeng (Calabar), <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Edible nut, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Edna (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Edum (Bafo), <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Edun (Benin), <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+<li>Edundu (Balong), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Efam (Efik), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Effnobrodidwa (Twi), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Effnokonkonti (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Efiari (Efik), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Efik, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>,
+<a href="#Page_494">494</a></li>
+
+<li>Efindofindo (Bafo), <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li>Efiohlĕ (Ewe), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Efiori or Efrie (Efik, Kwa), <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+<li>Efomu (Agu), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Efriyo, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; E. moniba (Efik), <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Efuen (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Efu Iya (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Efunmundon (Appolonian, Aowin), <a href=
+"#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Efurumundi (Agni), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Egba (Ewe), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; (Iba, Owerri),
+<a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>; (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_234">234</a>; East Province, <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Egbe, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>Egbesi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Egbi (Ibadan), <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li>
+
+<li>Egbo (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_494">494</a></li>
+
+<li>Egeun (Aowin), <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Eggi or Ekka (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Egg-shaped fruit tree (Ocotea cf.), <a href=
+"#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Eggun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Eghogho (Benin), <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Egoyn lukan (Benin), <a href="#Page_369">369</a>; E. nebbi,
+<a href="#Page_369">369</a>; E. nikwi, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
+E. nufwa (Benin), <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_371">371</a></li>
+
+<li>Egu (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Egui (Agni), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Eguni (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Egun oran (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Egusi bara (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a></li>
+
+<li>Egwa oriakuku or oviakuku, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Egyptian Mimosa, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehan (Bakoko), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehemba (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehranbagogo (Benin), <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehranezi (Benin), <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehranpata, or Esanpata (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehrenyegbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehretia cymosa, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehrodo (Benin), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehrurumesi (Benin), <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehukei (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehunogo, or Ehrunbogo (Benin), <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li>Ehye or Incense Tree, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Eijan (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Ejan (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Ejuong (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekai (Efik), <a href="#Page_494">494</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekambamba (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekanesie adie (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Eke, deka (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; E. oyimbo
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekebergia, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; E. Senegalensis, <a href=
+"#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Eket District, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; E. Port, <a href=
+"#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Eki (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekika Aja (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekimi or Ekhimi (Benin), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_279">279</a>; (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekiti District, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekiyawa (Benin), <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekkana (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekki (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekkiowa (Benin), <a href="#Page_411">411</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekko okpan, <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekku (Ibadan), <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_333">333</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekkun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekna (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Eknalokpoe (Ewe), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Eknana (Fanti), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekoah (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekoi Plains, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekok (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekol (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekolo (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekom (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekomba (Bago), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekombo (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekonge (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekopa (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekosuba, Zenna, Kerenya (Agni), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekpa (Krepi), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekpagoi (Benin), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_281">281</a>; (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekpagoize (Benin), <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekpin (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Eku or Ekui (Aowin), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; (Twi),
+<a href="#Page_105">105</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekuba (Appollonian), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekube (Agni), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekugbi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekugbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekuie (Abe), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekuri Ebu (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekuro (Fanti), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekusa or Ikujo (Benin), <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekusamba (Fanti), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekusawa (Fanti), <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Ekuso (Yoruba) (Ikale), <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Ela (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; or Elu, <a href=
+"#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Elæis, <em>var.</em> Albescens, <a href=
+"#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Angulosa, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Ceredia, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Communis, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Communis forma dura, <a href=
+"#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Guineensis, <em>var.</em> Lisombe, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Guineensis, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Guineensis, <em>var.</em> Thompsonii, <a href=
+"#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Idolatrica, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Intermedia, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Macrocarpa, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Macrocarya, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Nigericum, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Orientale, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Pisifera, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Repandra, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Rostrata, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">sp., <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li>Elæophorbia drupifera, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Eleba (Jekri), <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Elegbe Oju (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Elekikobi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+
+<li>Elekua (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Elemi gum, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+<li>Elephant hunting, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; E. sugar cane,
+<a href="#Page_375">375</a>; E. poison, <a href=
+"#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Elika-aja (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Elili (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Elk’s horn fern, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Eloby, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></li>
+
+<li>Elo Uta (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li>
+
+<li>Elui (Agni), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Elund (Balong), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Emang (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; E. District,
+<a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Emarr (Timani), <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Embi-Siembi (Agni), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Eme-ela (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Emi-emi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_379">379</a>; E. gbegeri (Yoruba, Ibadan), <a href=
+"#Page_323">323</a>; Emi ghegiri (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a>; E. gbigi, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>,
+<a href="#Page_232">232</a>; E. ori, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li>Emido (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li>
+
+<li>Emil, Emril, or Emiri (General Gold Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Emmaha (Benin), <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>Emosobegan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Emuinguin (Fanti), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_510">[510]</span>Ena (Atakpame),
+<a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Enantia chlorantha, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_427">427</a>; E. polycarpa, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Ende (Agni), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Endiar or N’diar (Wolof), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Endodesmia calophylloides, <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Endwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Engele or Ongele (Balong), <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Enjenju (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Enjog (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Enonge (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Entada (Abyssinica), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>; E. scandens,
+<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_299">299</a>; E. Soudanica, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,
+<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Entandrophragma, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>; E. candollei, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>,
+<a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a>; E. cylindricum, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>,
+<a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>; E.
+ferruginea, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
+E. macrophylla, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; E. rederi, <a href=
+"#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a>; E. rufa, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; E.
+septentrionalis, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_102">102</a>; E. sp., <a href="#Page_420">420</a>; E.
+utilis, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>,
+<a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Enwiwan (Benin), <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Enyena (Ashanti, Fanti, and Wassaw), <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Enyenewu, enyenewi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Enyenga (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Enyin Mbukpo (Efik), <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Enymi (Benin), <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li>Enyo (Aowin), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Epa ile (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Epe, Colony of Lagos, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Epindepinde (Bakundu, Duala), <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li>Epiphytes, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Epiphytic foliage, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; E. orchids and
+ferns</li>
+
+<li>Eplekgo (Jekri), <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+<li>Epuepue (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Epweperu, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Eragrostis, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Eranobapotineddo (Benin), <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li>
+
+<li>Eremospatha macrocarpa, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_240">240</a>; E. sp., <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Ereruku (Calabar), <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Eriagbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Erigaba (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Erimado (Ib.), <a href="#Page_332">332</a>; (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_451">451</a></li>
+
+<li>Erin (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li>
+
+<li>Erinji (Ijor), <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li>Eriocœlum, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; E. Kerstingii, <a href=
+"#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Eriodendron, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_434">434</a>; E. anfractuosum, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>,
+<a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>; E. Nigericum,
+<a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; E.
+orientale, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>,
+<a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Eriosema, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Erogbo (Benin), <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Erohun of the Ikales, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Eru (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+<li>Erüi (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Eruju (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li>Erumacie, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Erun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; E. obo (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li>Erundu or Wunga (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Erunnor Obi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Erunnor Obo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Erurunuesi (Benin), <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Eruwa Road Station, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>Erythrina, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; E. excelsa, <a href=
+"#Page_430">430</a>; E. Senegalensis, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li>Erythrophlœum Guineense, (Sassybark), <a href=
+"#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>; E. Ivoriensis,
+<a href="#Page_85">85</a>; E. micranthum, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>; E. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>; E. sp. near
+micranthum, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Erythroxylaceæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Erythroxylon Mannii, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Esakasaka (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Esang (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_428">428</a>; (Jaunde),
+<a href="#Page_442">442</a>; Esango (Bakossi), <a href=
+"#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Esanigbakhehe (Benin), <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li>Esanke or Esangue (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Escravos River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Eselebuka (Bakoko), <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Eseme (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Esenge (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Eseri (Efik), <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; E. Bean or Calabar
+Bean, <a href="#Page_450">450</a></li>
+
+<li>Eserine or Calabarine, <a href="#Page_450">450</a></li>
+
+<li>Esisi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Esiskwi (Benin), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Esive (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Eso, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>,
+<a href="#Page_301">301</a>; Eso or Esho (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Esok (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Eson (Fanti), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Esore (Agni), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Essago (Benin), <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+
+<li>Esseah or Essia (General West Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Essenim (Efik), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Esseresu opirimú (Asante), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Esseri (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Essobelīa (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Essunsun (Benin), <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Essunwoi, <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Esu (origin of “Ju-Ju,” the devil), <a href=
+"#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li>Esura (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Esuro (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Etama (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Etare (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li>Etehetem Sawmills, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+<li>Ethiopian pepper (Colons), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Etiap (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Etini (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+
+<li>Etjannake (Akposso), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Eto (Benin), <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li>Etori (Ekoi), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Etotum (Duala), <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Etsa (Krepi), <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Etu or Etue (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Etufiak or Itufiak (Efik), <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Etüi (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Etutu (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Eucalyptus, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; E. amygdalina,
+<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>; E.
+citrifolia, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; E. citriodora, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_410">410</a>; E. marginata, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; E.
+robusta, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; E. rudis, <a href=
+"#Page_410">410</a>; E. sp., <a href="#t183">183</a>; E.
+tereticornis, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>; E. tesselaris, <a href=
+"#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Euchresia (Fanti), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Eugenia callophylloides, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; E.
+caryophyllata, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; E. coronata, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>; E. Guineensis, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; E.
+owariensis, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>,
+<a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Eulophias, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Euphorbia Abyssinica, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; E. Ægyptica,
+<a href="#Page_193">193</a>; E. Barteri, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; E. milkweed,
+<a href="#Page_199">199</a>; E. pilulifera, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>; E. Poissoni, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; E.
+sepium, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; E. unispina, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Euphorbiaceæ (S. Leone), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_75">75</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Eussŭ́ (Misahöhe), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Eutie (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Evi (Quitta), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Evialegbi (Benin), <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Eviromilla (Benin), <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li>Evolvulus alsinoides, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewai of the Benis, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewanenimi (Benin), <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewasi (Aowin), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewäti (Anecho), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewayon (wrapping-leaves for food), <a href="#Page_164">164</a>,
+<a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewayron (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewe ofo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewelisomū (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewoha (Benin), <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewnon (Bakoko), <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewon (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_301">301</a>; E. pala (Ikale),
+<a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li>Ewuro or Ewuru (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li>
+
+<li>Excœcaria, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; E. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Exin (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Eye (Fanti), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Eyhrodo (Benin), <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li>
+
+<li>Eyo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Ezzi (Benin), <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Fae or Fai (Mendi), <a href=
+"#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Fagara Altissima, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>; F. Macrophylla,
+<a href="#Page_85">85</a>; F. Rederi, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;
+F. Zanthoxyloides, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Fagbajoi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Fai Beans, <a href="#Page_447">447</a></li>
+
+<li>Faia (Aowin), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Fako Mountain, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>; F. District,
+<a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Falaba, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Falcon’s Claw, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>“Falls,” <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+
+<li>False Boxwood, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; F. Chestnut,
+<a href="#Page_347">347</a>; F. Cola, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
+F. Dalbergia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>; F. Iroko, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>; F. Nutmeg, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; F.
+Oroko, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; F. Rubber Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_79">79</a>; F. Shea Butter, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>; F.
+Shea Butter Nut, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li>Fan Palm, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>,
+<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li>Fara doka (Hausa), <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; F. Kaya (Hausa),
+<a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; F. Kaya,
+<em>syn.</em> Bauji (E. Hausa), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Farichin shafu (Hausa), <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; F. shafo
+or Kumbar shafo, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Farin Makarfo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; F. sansami,
+<em>syn.</em> Shunin Biri Zanfara halshen sa, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Farnesian Acacia, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Farquhar, Mr., discovered new sp., Farquharia, <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>; on yield of Oil
+Palm, <a href="#Page_484">484</a></li>
+
+<li>Farquharia elliptica, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Faru (Hausa), <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; F.,
+<em>syn.</em></li>
+
+<li>Tudi (Zanfara), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Farum biri (Sok.), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Fasa daga, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; F. Kwari, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Fate fate (Hausa), <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Faurea speciosa, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Fawcett, Thomas, L.M.R., A.S.E., on feeding cattle, <a href=
+"#Page_483">483</a></li>
+
+<li>Fe (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Fegblo (Ewe), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Fela (Bambara), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Feretia canthioides, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Feutia (Aowin), <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Fevei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Fi River, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_487">487</a></li>
+
+<li>Fibre-producing trees, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>Ficoideæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Ficus, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>,
+<a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>; F. Asperata,
+<a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>; F.
+Asperifolia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; F. Bembicicarpa, <a href=
+"#Page_129">129</a>; F. Brachipus, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; F.
+Capensis, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>,
+<a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; F.
+Courania, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; F. Djurensis, <a href=
+"#Page_129">129</a>; F. Dusenoides, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; F.
+Elastica, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>,
+<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>; F. Elegans, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; F.
+Eriobotryoides, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; F. Exasperata, <a href=
+"#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>; F. Glumosa,
+<a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; F.
+Gnaphalocarpa, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>; F. Goliath, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>; F.
+Grandicarpa, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; F. Guineensis, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>; F. Indica, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;
+F.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_511">[511]</span> Kawuri, <a href=
+"#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; F. Lutea,
+<a href="#Page_129">129</a>; F. Ottoniæfolia, <a href=
+"#Page_95">95</a>; F. Platyphytes, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>,
+<a href="#Page_122">122</a>; F. Platyphylla, <a href=
+"#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>; F. Populifolia,
+<a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; F. Rokko,
+<a href="#Page_129">129</a>; F. Schimperia, <a href=
+"#Page_426">426</a>; F. Schlechteri, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;
+F. Sokodensis, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; F. species, <a href=
+"#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>; F. Syringifolia, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>,
+<a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; F.
+Tesselata, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; F. Thonningii, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>; F. Togoensis,
+<a href="#Page_129">129</a>; F. Tiliifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_129">129</a>; F. Triangulus, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>,
+<a href="#Page_251">251</a>; F. Umbrosa, <a href=
+"#Page_129">129</a>; F. Vallis choudæ, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;
+F. Vogelii, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>; F. Whytei,
+<a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>Fidda sartsi, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Fiditi (Oyo Province), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Fifäti (Anecho), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Fifei (Ewe), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Fig (common), <a href="#Page_251">251</a>; F. large, F.
+narrow-leaved, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; F. small, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Fig species (Antiaris), <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>Filasko, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Filices (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Fillæopsis discophora, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Fimbristylis, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Findefinde (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_439">439</a></li>
+
+<li>Finger root, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Finland Market, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Finzan (Bambara), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Firbandu (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Firewood Plantation, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Firmiana Barteri, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Fish poison, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Fita (Hausa), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Flacourtia Ramontchii, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_437">437</a>; F. Flavescens, <a href=
+"#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+<li>Flacourtiaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+(Liberia), <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_88">88</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_462">462</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Flagellaria indica, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Flagellariaceæ (Togo), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Fleabane (Ash-coloured), <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Flintwood, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li>Floscopa, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Flueggea microcarpa, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Fõ (Ewe), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Fofol (Mendi), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Fofui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Fognian (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Fõjiti (Anecho), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Fola (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Folei-kpakpei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Fonde (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Fontwans, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Forcados Port, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; F. River,
+<a href="#Page_151">151</a>; F. star apple, <a href=
+"#Page_382">382</a></li>
+
+<li>Forests, Afzelia, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>; F. Calabar
+Evergreen, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; F., Canopied deciduous,
+<a href="#Page_19">19</a>; F. Control, Gold Coast, <a href=
+"#Page_92">92</a>; F. control, lack of, and results, <a href=
+"#Page_92">92</a>; F., Department formed (1910), <a href=
+"#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; F. Department
+guaranteed Iroko timber, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>; Nigerian,
+<a href="#Page_228">228</a>; F. Evergreen, <a href=
+"#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_152">152</a>; (Calabar), <a href="#Page_154">154</a>,
+<a href="#Page_423">423</a>; F. Evergreen Fringing, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>; <em>F. Exports</em>, Sierra Leone, <a href=
+"#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; Liberia, <a href=
+"#Page_80">80</a>; Ivory Coast, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>; Gold
+Coast, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; Nigeria, <a href=
+"#Page_226">226</a>; Freshwater Swamp Forests, <a href=
+"#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; Fringing or
+“Galerie,” <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,
+<a href="#Page_154">154</a>; F. Hill, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
+<em>F. in relation to Agriculture, The</em>, <a href="#c13">chap,
+xiii,</a> <a href="#Page_485">485</a>-495; F. land fixed in the
+older civilized countries, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>; F. Law
+(Nigerian), <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; F. Locust, <a href=
+"#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; F. Mixed, <a href=
+"#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>; F. Mixed
+deciduous, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>,
+<a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; F. Mixed
+intermediate, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; F. New, <a href=
+"#Page_491">491</a>; Officers in Nigeria (European), <a href=
+"#Page_184">184</a>; Rank, Training, Appointments, Salary, etc.,
+<a href="#Page_186">186</a>; Chief Conservators, Senior
+Conservators, Conservators, etc., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>; F.
+Open deciduous, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; F. Orchard, <a href=
+"#Page_99">99</a>; F. Peninsular, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; F.
+Peninsular Mountain (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>,
+<a href="#Page_160">160</a>; Permanent Forests (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_160">160</a>-166; Permanent Forests, Austria, Finland,
+France, Germany, Hungary, India, Norway, Russia, Sweden,
+Switzerland, U.S.A., <a href="#Page_492">492</a>; F. Rain, <a href=
+"#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_189">189</a>; F. Reserves, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; F.
+Sapeli, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>; F. Savannah, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_200">200</a>; (True, Treeless, Bush, Tree, Sclerophyllus
+Formation), <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,
+<a href="#Page_93">93</a>; Nigeria (Tree, Bush, Open Orchard,
+Treeless), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; South-West African,
+<a href="#Page_189">189</a>; Bush, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
+Parks, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; F. semi-evergreen, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a>; F. South Benin, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>,
+<a href="#Page_326">326</a>; F. State, Communal, Municipal, or
+Private, various countries, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>Forestry, Arboretum Calabar, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>; F.
+Conference at Berlin on Togo Afforestation, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>; F. Progress in Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra
+Leone, Gambia, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+
+<li>Forked Palm, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Frake (Agni), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Fram (Bonduku), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Framine (Agni), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Frankincense Tree, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Freetown, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>,
+<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Fref (Fanti), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>French Beans compared to Locust Beans, <a href=
+"#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li>French Ivory Coast, position of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li>Frimu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Fruntum (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Fu (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>“Fufu” mortars, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Fulani, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Fulŏ or Folŏ (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Funfun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>Funtumia, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; F. Africana,
+<a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>; F. Elastica, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>,
+<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a>; F. species, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li>Furniture Woods, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Furu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Futu (Kirikiri), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Gabarua (Hausa), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Gabaruwa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Gaboon, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;
+G. Chocolate, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>; G. Nut, <a href=
+"#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li>Gabun, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Gaertnera paniculata, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Gagamagati (Ewe), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Galium Aparine, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Gall-bug, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Gallery Forests, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Gamafada (Hausa), <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>; G. fada hada fuda (Sok.), <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Gambia, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_20">20</a>-22, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_494">494</a>; G. Forest Exports, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;
+G. Forest Trees, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; G. Mahogany, <a href=
+"#Page_135">135</a>; “Gambia” pods, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>,
+<a href="#Page_290">290</a>; G. Rubber, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Game Preservation Ordinance, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Gamji (Hausa), <a href="#Page_216">216</a>; or Ganji (Kano),
+<a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Ganbe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Gangame (Hausa), <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Garcinia conrauana, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_462">462</a>; G. punctata, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>,
+<a href="#Page_437">437</a>; G. Guineensis, <a href=
+"#Page_107">107</a>; G. Kola, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_360">360</a>; G. Mannii, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>; G.
+ovalifolia, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; G. polyantha, <a href=
+"#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; G. species, <a href=
+"#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>; G., <em>var.
+nov.</em> brevipedicellata, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Gardayi (Hausa), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Gardenia Abeokuta, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; G. erubescens,
+<a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; G.
+medicinalis, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; G. Sokotensis, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>; G. species, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>; G.
+species near G. physophylla, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; G.
+tenuifolia, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_146">146</a>; G. ternifolia, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>,
+<a href="#Page_201">201</a>; G. Thunbergia, <a href=
+"#Page_146">146</a>; G. viscidissima, <a href=
+"#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Garicha (Zanfara), <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Garlic, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Gassaya, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Gatisima (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Gauden kura, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Gauta, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Gautan Rura, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Gawasa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Gawo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Gazari or Gizeri (Hadeija), <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Gbassei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Gbetschigbetschi (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Gbingbin (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Gbingbindo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li>Gbogbonshe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li>Gboite (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Gbojei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Gbolei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Gedar (Hausa), <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; Gedar kurumi,
+<a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Gedu (Benin), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Geduloha (Benin), <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>Genferrebiesó (Mangu), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Gera, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Geraniaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>German Markets, Sapeli wood, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>Gero, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Gesa, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Gesneraceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Geza, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Ghido (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Giant Pod, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Gibofoyoi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Gibowali (Mendi), <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Gibowuli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Gidjiko (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Giginya, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Gilli-gilli Forest, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Gimwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Ginger, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Gingerbread palm, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>; G. plum, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Gisekia pharnaceoides, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Giwini (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Giyaiya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_214">214</a>; or Giyeya, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Gjira (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Gladiolus, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; G. quartinianus,
+<a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Gloriosa superba, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Glossonema nubicum, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Glycerine in pericarp oil, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li>Glyphæa Grewioides, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_512">[512]</span>Gnibi (Attie),
+<a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Gnidia, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Goga jiki, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Gogwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Gola Forest, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_66">66</a>-69</li>
+
+<li>Gold Coast, <a href="#c06">chapter vi,</a> <a href=
+"#Page_91">91</a>-115; Description of, <a href=
+"#Page_91">91</a>-92; Forest Exports, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+Forest land, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>,
+<a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>; Forest
+Reserve, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; List of Indigenous Trees and
+Rubber Vines, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-114</li>
+
+<li>Golli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Gombei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Gomphia, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; G. Congesta, <a href=
+"#Page_54">54</a>; G. Glaberrima, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; G.
+Insculpta, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; G. W. Affinis, <a href=
+"#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+<li>Gongola or Gwongola gwangwala (Nupe), <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Goñgovi (Kpedyi), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Gongui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Gonguonkiur (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Gonistan Mountain, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li>
+
+<li>Gonwé (Mendi), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Gonwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Goo (Bali), <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Gora (Hausa), <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Gorgo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Goriba, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_244">244</a>; G. (Hausa), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>,
+<a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>“Gorli” seeds, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_463">463</a></li>
+
+<li>Goro, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Goron biri or G. ruwa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_210">210</a>,
+<a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Gossypium Peruvianum, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>Gotti (Fõ), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Government of Forest Reserves, Central and Federal, <a href=
+"#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li>Govwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Gramineæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_127">127</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Grand Basà, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>; G. Forests of, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_82">82</a>; G. swamps, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>Grand Bassam, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; G. Port, <a href=
+"#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Grass in Treeless Savannah, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li>Grazing Reserves, Nigeria, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>“Greenheart,” <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+<li>Grewia, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; G. Carpinifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>; G. Gigantiflora,
+<a href="#Page_137">137</a>; G. Mollis, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; G. Tetragastris,
+<a href="#Page_344">344</a>; G. Villosa, <a href=
+"#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Grewiopsis discophora, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; G. Globosa,
+<a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Griffonia palescens Coronko— cut locally, <a href=
+"#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li>Ground nuts, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li>Grumilea vanosa, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Guaiacum officinale, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Guangua (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Guarea, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; G. Africana, <a href=
+"#Page_75">75</a>; G. Glomerata, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>,
+<a href="#Page_433">433</a>; Guarea sp. near Leptotricha, <a href=
+"#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; G. species,
+<a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>; G. (Satin
+Mahogany) description, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_328">328</a>; G. Thompsonii, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>,
+<a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Guava, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; G. Mistletoe found on,
+<a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Gudjápūpŭ or Gudzawuwu (Ewe), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Gueguirotta baka (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Guele (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Guere (Neyau), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Guesu (Bete), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Guiango (Agni), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Guiera Senegalensis, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Guima Djuma (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Guinea Corn, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>; G. Pepper, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; G.
+(Spanish), <a href="#Page_424">424</a>; G. (Upper), <a href=
+"#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li>Gum, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;
+G. African, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>; G. Arabic, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>; G. Copal,
+<a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_424">424</a>; G. Elemi, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>; G.
+Forests, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; G. Resin, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a>; G. True Benin Copal, <a href=
+"#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Gumah, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; G. River, <a href=
+"#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li>Gumgui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Gummel, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li>Gumni (Mendi), <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; or Gumui, <a href=
+"#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li>Gumwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Guna, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Gung (Grunchi), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Gurara River, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Gurji, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Gurjiya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_209">209</a>; Gurjiya or Guriya, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Guru (Hausa), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Gurzundali (Katagum), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Gushiocho (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Guttapercha, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>; G. Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Guttiferæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_77">77</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Gwaboa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; (Sok., Kats., and
+Zanf.), <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Gwandar daji (Hausa), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Gwanja kusa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Gwaska (Hausa) or Itchen gwaska (Hausa), <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Gwe (Grunchi), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Gymnosporia Senegalensis, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Gynandropsis pentaphylla, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Haake (Berlin Firm), depericarping process,
+<a href="#Page_477">477</a></li>
+
+<li>Habenarias, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Habizacue (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Hadanyar rafi or Kadanyar kurumi (Hausa), <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Hæmanthus rupestris, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Hæmatostaphis Barteri, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Hague (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Haguguwa (Kano and Bauchi), <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Haho-Baloë District Plantations, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>,
+<a href="#Page_119">119</a>; Afforestation area, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li>Haho River, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Haiefai (Abe), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Hainde (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Hainfain (Attie), <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li>Haipi (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; (Agni), <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Hakue (Attie), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Halu (Adionkron), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Hamburg Market, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+<li>Hamon, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Han Sawmill, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Hana Gobard (Zanfara), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Hanabali (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+<li>Hane (Ebrie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Hanfaru (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Hankufa, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Hannoa Klaineana, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; H. Undulata,
+<a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Hano (Hausa), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Hanwego (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Hapo (Ebrie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Happerrie (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Harburg (near Hamburg, Germany), <a href=
+"#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li>Hardwood, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>; Big H., <a href=
+"#Page_410">410</a>; Yellow H., <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>“Harmattan,” <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+
+<li>Harmon, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Harms, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Haronga Madagascariensis, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>; H. Paniculata,
+<a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Harrisonia Abyssinica, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Hasskarlia Didymostemon, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Hate (Attie), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Hausa, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_350">350</a>; H. Salts, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Hausaland, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li>Hazel-nut compared with Heisteria parvifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Heeria insignia, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Heinokohun (Mendi), <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Heinsia jasminiflora, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Heisteria parvifolia, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_456">456</a>; H. species, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Helei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Heleilahin (Mendi), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Helichrysum fœtidum, <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Heliotropium, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Hellebolei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Hendje, Hengué (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; H.,
+soft-wooded, <a href="#Page_485">485</a></li>
+
+<li>Hendui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Henna, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Heptapleura Mannii, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Heritiera, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>; H. species, <a href=
+"#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>; H. Utilis,
+<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Hete bake (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Hetere (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Heteropterys Africana, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Hevea, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; H. Braziliensis, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Hewe (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Hexalobus grandiflorus, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_427">427</a>; H. Monopetalus, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
+H. Salicifolius, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>; H. Senegalensis,
+<a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Hibiscus, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Hibiscus Esculentus, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>; H.
+Grewioides, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>; H. Quinquilobus, <a href=
+"#Page_344">344</a>; H. species, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; H.
+Tiliaceus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Hides and skins exported Togo, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Hiern, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li>“High Forest,” <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li>Hiol or Mbia (Bakoko), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Hippocrates, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Ho Sub-station (Togo), <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Hobo hapi (Abe), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Hofa (Abe), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Hog Gum, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>; H. Plum of the Creoles,
+<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Hogogo (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Hoke (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Holarrhena Africana, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; H. Ovata,
+<a href="#Page_59">59</a>; H. Wulfsbergii, <a href=
+"#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Holland, Mr., <em>The Useful Plants of Nigeria</em>, <a href=
+"#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Homalium Africanum, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; H. <em>cf.</em>
+Africanum, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; H. Molle, <a href=
+"#Page_55">55</a>; H. species, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Honey exported, <a href="#Page_444">444</a></li>
+
+<li>Honum (Twi), <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Hooker, Sir Wm. J., <a href="#Page_496">496</a></li>
+
+<li>Horns exported, <a href="#Page_444">444</a></li>
+
+<li>Horse Chestnut Tree, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; H. Radish
+Tree, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>House post, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Hugonia acuminata, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; H. octhocosum,
+<a href="#Page_100">100</a>; H. Planchoni, <a href=
+"#Page_100">100</a>; H. Platysepala, <a href=
+"#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Hui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Hull Port for Congo Kernels, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>; H.
+Price of Cake, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></li>
+
+<li>Humiriaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; (Ivory
+Coast), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li>Humpe (Ebrie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Humus, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Hupfeld, Dr. (depericarping process), <a href=
+"#Page_477">477</a></li>
+
+<li>Hure (Plapo), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_513">[513]</span>Huti (Fõ),
+<a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Huwi Djenjei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Hydrocharitaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Hydrolea, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; H. Guineensis, <a href=
+"#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Hydrophyllaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Hylodendron Gabunense, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Hymenocardia acida, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>; H. Chevalieri, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; H.
+Heudelotii, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; H. Lyrata, <a href=
+"#Page_52">52</a>; H. Ulmoides, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Hymenodictyon Bracteatum, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>; H.
+Kurria, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Hypericineæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Hyphæne, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a>; H. Coriaceæ, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; H.
+Thebaica, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>,
+<a href="#Page_218">218</a>; H. Togoensis, <a href=
+"#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Hyrax (squirrel-like animal), <a href="#Page_467">467</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Iakuni (Quitta), <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibadan, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>; I. Forests,
+<a href="#Page_244">244</a>; Ibadan-Jebu-Ode Road, <a href=
+"#Page_170">170</a>; I. Plantations, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>,
+<a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; I.
+Reserve, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibadudu (Benin), <a href="#Page_368">368</a>; I. (Jebu,
+Yoruba), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibagho (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibbegogo (Benin), <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibbu (Benin), <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibegogo (Benin), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibeshe, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibi, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibibio Province, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibitoto (Bembi), <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibo-Akitipa (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_392">392</a>; I.-tabong
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_392">392</a>; I. Ilecki (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibo (Benin), <a href="#Page_393">393</a>; I. (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibo country, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_253">253</a>; I. language, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; I.
+markets, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibos, <a href="#Page_474">474</a></li>
+
+<li>Ibugidi or Ibogidi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Icacinaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; (Ivory
+Coast), <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_104">104</a>; (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Ida Plantation, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li>Idagbon (Ondo), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Idah (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>Idanre district, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Idi, Idi Odan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li>Idigbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+<li>Idjawli (Akposso), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Idjnake (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Idofun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Iedi (Krepi), <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Ifainaki (Egba), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Ifassoa (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Ife, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Ifetn, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Ifon Owe-Akure Road, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>; Ifon
+Province, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>,
+<a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_473">473</a></li>
+
+<li>Ifondo or Wofondo (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Ifwan (Efik), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Igata (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li>Igba (Yoruba, tree), <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li>Igbagon Stream, <a href="#Page_488">488</a></li>
+
+<li>Igberi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+<li>Igbeshe, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Igbin (Brass), <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Igbo (Benin), <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_391">391</a>; (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;
+(Lagos), <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>,
+<a href="#Page_494">494</a></li>
+
+<li>Igbofia (Ibibio), <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Igedudu (Benin), <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_385">385</a>; (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li>Igi Ira (Lagos), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Igigum (Egba), <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+<li>Igili (Mendi), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Igmikkia fruit (Benin), <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Igoda (Benin), <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Igogo (Benin), <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Igoso, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+<li>Igun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Ihagobo (Benin), <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li>
+
+<li>Ihege (Benin), <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>Ihi (Ekoi), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; (Ibo, Owerri),
+<a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li>Ija oke (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Ijaiye, old town site, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li>Ije (Benin), <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>Ijebo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Ijebbo (Yoruba, Jebu, Ashuwole), <a href=
+"#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+<li>Ijebu-Ode District, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Ijeni (fruit, Benin), <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>Ijeni Udegbu (West Side), <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Ijor, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li>Ijors or “Waterboys,” <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikaka (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikakama Udia Ebian (Efik, Ibibio), <a href=
+"#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikale Village, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikan (Benin), <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikassa (Benin), <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikate (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikbo (a Benin game), <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikereoha (Benin), <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikhemeni tree (Benin), <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikhimi (Benin), <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikoha (Benin Province), <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikoi (Oban), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikom, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>; I. District, <a href=
+"#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikomba (Bare), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikoto, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikpa market, <a href="#Page_473">473</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikpa ukoro (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; I. wudu
+(Benin), <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikpan (Efik), <a href="#Page_452">452</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikpanya (Efik), <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikpoba Road, <a href="#Page_447">447</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikrigon Reserve, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li>Iku, Seeds (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikwabobo (Benin), <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikwapbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikwapo (Benin), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikwepokin (Benin), <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Ikwian (Benin), <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilaka (Benin), <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilakosin (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilaro Reserve, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilasa Omodo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Ile (Ibo), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; (Bonny and New
+Calabar), <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilesha District, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilobe (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_487">487</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilorin, Balsam, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilugbro, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilugun, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Illushi (Asaba District), <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Ilysanthes, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Imo, Railway, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>; Imo River, <a href=
+"#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li>Imonon (New Calabar), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Imonor (Ibo), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Imperial Institute, Teak samples sent to, <a href=
+"#Page_171">171</a>; Report on Irvingia Barteri, <a href=
+"#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+<li><em>Imperial Institute Bulletins</em>, <a href=
+"#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+<li>Incense Tree or Ehye, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li>Indäihen (Mendi), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>India, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>; I. Almond,
+<a href="#Page_176">176</a>; I. Blackwood or Rosewood, <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a>; I. Value of Bombay Blackwood, <a href=
+"#Page_176">176</a>; I. Rose Chestnut or Ironwood, <a href=
+"#Page_176">176</a>; I. Walnut, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Indigo, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; I. (Big leaved), <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; Yoruba Indigo,
+<a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Indigofera, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; I. Africana, <a href=
+"#Page_430">430</a>; I. Arrecta, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; I.
+Hirsuta, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; I. Secundiflora, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>; I. Stenophylla, <a href=
+"#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Indoabaka (Mangu), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Ingidido (Hausa), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Inkum, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li>Innuwar Bauna (Hausa), <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li>Inoi, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>; I. nut, <a href=
+"#Page_368">368</a>; or Inoye (Efik), <a href="#Page_368">368</a>,
+<a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>; Inoi
+(Ekoi), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>“Inselbergs,” <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li>Insofaniowŏche (Mangu), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Insuakoto (Mangu), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Insuopangi (Mangu), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Intya (Dyakossi), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Intya Joko (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li>Inya (New Calabar), <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li>Inyere (Ekoi), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Inyi (Ibo), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; (Ibo, Onitsha Owerri),
+<a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li>Inyin Tree, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Ipa (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Ipahan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Ipapo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Ipawhaw (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Ipetu, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Ipomæa, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; I. bona-nox, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>; I. involucrata, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Ira Odan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Iragbo Amuje (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Iraïgbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Iranje (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Ireh Ako, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>; I. (False) Tree,
+<a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;
+Ireh-ibeji, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>; I. Rubber (Funtumia
+elastica) Plantations, Nigeria, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; Togo,
+<a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li>Irena-kekere (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Irere (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>Iridaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Iringi (Ibo), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Iro District, <a href="#Page_408">408</a></li>
+
+<li>Iroko, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; suggestion by Dr. Unwin,
+<a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; I. (chlorophora
+excelsa) Plantations (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_154">154</a>,
+<a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>; Plantations
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li>Ironpost, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; Uses of, <a href=
+"#Page_28">28</a>; Sierra Leone, cut locally, <a href=
+"#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Ironwood, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_176">176</a>; Dwarf Ironwood, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>,
+<a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Irosun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li>Iru (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Irugba (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>; (fruit), <a href=
+"#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li>Irugbo Abatta (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li>Irvingia, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; I. Barteri, <a href=
+"#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>; Irvingia
+Gabunensis, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a>; I. Smithii, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>,
+<a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>; I. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+<li>Isain (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Isanhianme (Benin), <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li>Isbe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Iseko (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>Isha fere (Yoruba), I. gere (Yoruba), I. kekere, <a href=
+"#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Ishan (Benin), <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Ishan, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; I. gege (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_343">343</a>; I. jeje (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;
+I. oka (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>Ishishiya (Zanfara), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Ishoka, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Isienwe (Benin), <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li>Isinko (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>Isinrem (Lagos), <a href="#Page_367">367</a>; (Yoruba) <a href=
+"#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Islii of the Akus, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Isoberlinia, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; I. Dalzielii,
+<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; I. doka,
+<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_280">280</a>; I. sp., <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Isolona pleurocarpa, <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_514">[514]</span>Issa oku
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Ita of the Yorubas, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; (Ikale),
+<a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; I. gangan
+(Egba), <a href="#Page_246">246</a>; Ita-ita (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li>Itaku market, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Itakum (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; I. mountain,
+<a href="#Page_18">18</a>; I. okere (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Itebe (roofing canes), <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li>Iteruku (Efik), <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li>Itiuyang (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Ito (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Itobo (Ibibio), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Itue (Benin), <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+<li>Itunkpe Creek (trib. of Kwa River), <a href=
+"#Page_411">411</a></li>
+
+<li>Ivialegbi (Benin), <a href="#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li>Ivioha (Benin), <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li>
+
+<li>Ivory, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>; Exported (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_150">150</a>-144; Ivory Coast, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>,
+<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#c05">chap. v,</a> <a href=
+"#Page_81">81</a>-90, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; Forest exports,
+<a href="#Page_90">90</a>; List of trees, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>-89; I. coast mahogany, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;
+method of felling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>; working the forests,
+<a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Iwe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Iwu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li>Ixora radiata, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Iya (Efik), <a href="#Page_235">235</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li>Iyawy (Red Cedar), <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li>Iyeye (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+<li>Iyoha (Benin), <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li>Iyokheze (Benin), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Izaquente Portugais (Colons.), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Izenagan (Benin), <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>Izeni or Iyockan (Benin), <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Jackson, D. G., <a href="#Page_496">496</a></li>
+
+<li>Jagbouei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Jagiri, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Jahdanko (Accra), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Jalei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Jama (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Jamostima (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Jan Sayi (Hausa), <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>; J. Yaro or Jitache, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Jashuli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Jasmin, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Jatropha curcas, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Jaudari (East Hausa), <em>syn.</em> Gorso, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Jaunde District, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Jawei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Jawul (Hausa), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Jebere of the Ondos, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Jebu or Jebu-ode, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+<li>Jekri Country, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>; Jekris, The,
+<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li>Jendi (Togo), <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a></li>
+
+<li>Jerusalem Thorn, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Jeti (Ewe), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Jibda kassa, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Jimshi (Sok.), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Jina Jina (Sok. and Zanf.), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Jirga (Sok. and Kats.), <em>syn.</em> Tsatsagi (Sok., Zaria,
+Kano, etc.), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Jiri (Hausa), <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a>; J. dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and Kats.),
+<a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Johann Albrechts Höhe, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Johimbe, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Johimbin alkaloid, <a href="#Page_408">408</a></li>
+
+<li>John Obey, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Jojau (Kabure), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Jol (Timani) (Mendi), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Joloso (Duala), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Jom (Ossidinge), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Jon (Bali), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Jondo (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Ju (Akposso), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>“Ju-ju,” <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></li>
+
+<li>Jujube Tree, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Juma (Wassaw), <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Jumbowilli, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Justicia, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Kaba, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Kabeova, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Kabu or Ebba Kernels, <a href="#Page_460">460</a></li>
+
+<li>Kadanya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>; K. or Kadai, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Kadanyar kurumi, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>; K. rafi (Hausa),
+<a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Kadaura (Hausa), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; (Kano, Zaria),
+<a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Káde (Hausa), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaderabolo (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaduna R., <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li>Kæmpferia Æthiopica, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Ka fafogo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Kafahinei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Kafe or Kaffi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_57">57</a>; Kafei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Kafro (Grunchi), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>“Kafu,” <a href="#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li>Kagnari Mountains, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaidaji (Hausa), <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>; or Kardaji, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaiguigo (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaikai (Hausa), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaikumba (Mendi), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Kainya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaiwa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Ka Jafgo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaju (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Kakaleka (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Kakana (Agni), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Kakanla (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Kakatown, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>Ka Ki ganin bula (Zanfara), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Kakoba (creeper), <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>Kakoro (Fanti), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaku or Red Ironwood Tree, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Kakunt (Timani), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Käla (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Kalangasshi Station (Togo), <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Kalangon daji, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Kam (Timani), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Kamaa River (Togo), <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Kamatete (Ibo Owerri), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Kambala, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li>Kamban (Fanti), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Kambui Hills, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Kamerun Holz Syndicate, “Millettia,” <a href=
+"#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Kameruns, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Kamfuã (Bagu), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Kamou Aguire (Agni), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanahia consimilis, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanakan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanda Bark, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Kandari (Hausa), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Kangahan, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanja (Bakwiri and Bakundu), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanjanapcule (mangu), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanju (Hausa), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Kankan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Kankandika (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+<li>Kánnâ (Asante), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Kano, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>,
+<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanran (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+
+<li>Kant (Timani), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanti (Mendi), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanton (Fanti), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanumfari (Hausa), <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanwo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Kanya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Kao (Hausa), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Kapok or C. Pentandra (German Botanists), Eriodendron (Kew
+Botanists), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>; K. fibre, <a href=
+"#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a>; K. plantations (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li>Kapro (Grunchi), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Kapus (Timani), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Karangia, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Karan masalachi, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Karene District, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Karfa (Bambara), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Kargo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li>Karina District, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; K. Forest, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Kariya, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; Kariye gatari, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Karjara (Kano), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Karki (Sok., Kats., and Zanf.), <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Kasfiya, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; K. (Sok., Kats., and
+Zanf.), <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Kashi Kashi (Kontagora Kols.), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaskawami, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; K. cannabinus, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Kassekui (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Kassewe Hills, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Katai (Timani), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Katambiri (Hausa), <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Katanga treeless area, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li>Katank (Timani), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Kati (Abe), <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; K. (Atakpame), <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Katsari (Hausa), <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Katsina, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; K. (Allah), <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>; K. (River), <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+
+<li>Katumbulia (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Kau belia or abalia (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;
+K. këure (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; K. kutoku
+(Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Kauchi, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Kauri Gum, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Kauriri, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Kaüsa (Indenie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Kauwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Kawo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Kawogei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Kawuri (Hausa), <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Kayar rakumi or Karo (Kano, Sok., and Kats.), <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Kayo (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Kebarre (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Kedā (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Kedeleā or Kodoleā (Tschaudjo), <a href=
+"#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Kedempo (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Kedemponasi (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Keditia (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Kedjetjelo (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Keiwgo (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Keka (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Kekëū (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Kekpili (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Kekung (Timani), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Kelantori (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Kelengma͡u (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Keleyn (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Kelipotu (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Kelle (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Kengüe (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Kenjang (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Kennema, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>,
+<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a></li>
+
+<li>Kent, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Kerana, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Kere (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>Kersting, Dr. (Piptadenia Kerstingii experiments), <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li>Keruwowo (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Kesang (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Kessede, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Kessing (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Kete-Kratschi Station (Togo), <a href="#Page_118">118</a>,
+<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Ketibubaka (Aowin), <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Ketschikantscha (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Ketum (Timani), <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Ketyelenea (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Kewe (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>K’fut (Timani), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Khaya, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>,
+<a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>; K. anthoteka, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>,
+<a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>; K.
+caudata, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; K. euryphylla, <a href=
+"#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>; K.
+grandifolia,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_515">[515]</span>
+<a href="#Page_318">318</a>; K. grandis, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>,
+<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>; K. Ivoriensis,
+<a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>; K. Klainii or
+Klaineana, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>; K. punchii,
+<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>; K. Senegalensis,
+<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_433">433</a>; K. sp., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href=
+"#t183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_424">424</a></li>
+
+<li>Kiangue (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Kicksia Africana, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; K. elastica,
+<a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Kidgeling (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Kidney-tree Cotton, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>Kigelia, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; K. acutifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_441">441</a>; K. Æthiopica, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>,
+<a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a>; K. Africana, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>,
+<a href="#Page_400">400</a>; K., <em>var.</em> Bornuensis, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>; K. pinnata,
+<a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Kili (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Kimba (Hausa), <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Kinchia, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>King of the Timber, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+<li>Kingkanga (Hausa), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Kinguei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Kinkonawon (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Kino (Timani), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Kinyelu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Kiria (Hausa), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Kiriandutschi (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Kiriya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Kishia (General West Coast), <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Kita (Timani), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Kiukuesin (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Kiumba (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>K’Kuperb (Timani), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Klaineodoxa Gabunensis, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a>; K. Grandifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Klo (Ewe), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Klokpakpa (Ewe), <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; (Kratschi),
+<a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Klongbau (Timani), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Kobei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Kobi (Bambara), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Kobwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Kochoa (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Kodago, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Kode lia (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Kofe (Mendi), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Kofei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Koghia bera (Fanti), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Koinadugu District, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Kojagei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokank (Lophira Procera) cut locally, Sierra Leone, <a href=
+"#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokara (Hausa), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokiya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; or Kokiyar biri
+(Kontagora), <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Koko Port, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; K. Town, <a href=
+"#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokochiko (Hausa), <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokojá (Losso), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokomazur (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokoro or Golloklo (Tschaudjo), <a href=
+"#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokoti (Wassaw, Fanti), <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokotsi (Fanti), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokotswi (Twi), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokpara (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokue (Attie), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Kokuwa (Sok. and West.), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Kola (Tree), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>; Baboon K., <a href=
+"#Page_54">54</a>; K. Bark, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; Bitter K.
+(exported from Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_106">106</a>. <em>See also</em> Cola</li>
+
+<li>Kola nuts, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Kolei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Koligi (Leopardwood), <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li>Kologalei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Kombo seeds, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></li>
+
+<li>Kombolo or Combolo (Duala), <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Komdi (Timani), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Komigbulei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Komoe River, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Komu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Kondi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Kongkong or Kongkonga (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_135">135</a>,
+<a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Kongo (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Kongofura (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Kongoli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Kongolu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Kongowura (Kotokoli), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Konkwa (Bali), <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Kontagora, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Kontah or Rhodesian Mahogany (<em>see</em> Afzelia African),
+<a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Kontsha District, <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li>
+
+<li>Köpu (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Koran tablets made from Crossopteryx Kotschyana, <a href=
+"#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Koriga stream, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li>Koronko (Timani), <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; (and Mendi),
+<a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Kotia (Yendi), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Koto Dyakossi, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Kotokie (Indenia), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Kotopapa (Krepi), <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Kotopuan (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Kotschii, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li>Kotublassu (Fõ), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Kouanda (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Kowi or Kuwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpa (Efik), <a href="#Page_352">352</a>; K. (Ewe), <a href=
+"#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpaini (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpako (Anago), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpakpa (Fõ), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>K’Pal (Timani), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>K’Palen (Timani), <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpánenā (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpaoloe (Mendi), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpendei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpendeideli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpessei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpetellahen (Mendi), <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpoe (Ewe), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Kpoye (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li>Kreangú (Asanté), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Krekete (Bambara), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Krendja Haigue (Agni), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Kroo Coast, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Krŭbete (Asanté), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Krubua (Twi), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Krutū (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuakie-kuakie (Agni), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuangua (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>; K. iniama (Agni),
+<a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuanguan (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuatiecuale (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Kube (Akwapim), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Küe (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuge (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Kugŏnu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuka (Hausa), <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Kukorn (Timani), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Kukuki, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Kukumarugbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuli pia (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Kulil (Timani), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Kumba District, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Kumchi (Sok. and Zanf.), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuntunkun (Twi), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuntunkuni (Denkira), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Kupaussŭto (Kabure, Tschaudjo), <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Kupkup (Timani), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuppe Mountains, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Kurdi (Hausa), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Kure (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuriya (Sok. and Zanf.), <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Kurna (Hausa), <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li>Kurnan nasara, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>; (East Hausa, Kontagora), <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Kursua (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuru (Brass), <a href="#Page_357">357</a>; (Ibo, Owerri),
+<a href="#Page_357">357</a>; (Ijor), <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Kusia (Twi), <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuwi or Kowi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Kuwul (Timani), <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwa (River), <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_469">469</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwaboho (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwabohri (Twi), <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwaiebo River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwakwa or Kwakwar (Hausa), <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwalo nut, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwandaruja, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwankanni, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwantama (Wassaw, General West Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwantanura (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwari (Hausa), <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Kwina (Hausa), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Kyllingia, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Kyukyu or bird, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Labiatæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_194">194</a>,
+<a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Labuje goriya (largest nuts), <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Laburnum compared to Cassia fistula, <a href=
+"#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li>Lagenaria, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; L. vulgaris, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Lagerstrœmia (L. flos Reginæ), <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li>Lagos, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>; L. Public Works,
+<a href="#Page_160">160</a>; L. Sawmills, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a>; L. Reserve, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; L.
+River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Laguncularia racemosa, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_397">397</a>; L. sp., <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li>
+
+<li>La Hou, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Lakole (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Lakoshe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li>Lakosin (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li>Lakuta (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Lalong grass, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Lancashire County experiments, <a href="#Page_483">483</a></li>
+
+<li>Ländo (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Landolphia, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_302">302</a>; Landolphia (large fruited), <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>; L. bracteata, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>,
+<a href="#Page_392">392</a>; L. Dawei, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;
+L. Droogmansiana, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; L. ferruginea,
+<a href="#Page_110">110</a>; L. florida, <a href=
+"#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>; L. Heudelotii, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; L.
+jenge, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; L. klainii, <a href=
+"#Page_111">111</a>; L. leonensis, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; L.
+owariensis, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,
+<a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>; L. owariensis jenge, <a href=
+"#Page_58">58</a>; L. owariensis, <em>var.</em> rubiginosa,
+<a href="#Page_392">392</a>; L. Petersiana, <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>; L. scandens, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>,
+<a href="#Page_392">392</a>; L. Senegalensis, <a href=
+"#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>; L. Thompsonii,
+<a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Lane Poole (species trees, Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Lānga͡ua (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Lannea acidissima, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_136">136</a>; L. Barteri, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; L.
+sp., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Lantana camara, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; L. salvifolia,
+<a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Lasiodiscus, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Lasiosyphon Glaucus, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>; L. Kraussii,
+<a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Latex, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>,
+<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Lauraceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_427">427</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Lauro (Cedar-like), <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Lawonong (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Lawsonia alba, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Laye, Igu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Lecythidaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Leea, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; L. Guineensis, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Leguminosæ, (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; (Gold
+Coast), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; (Liberia), <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_447">447</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_516">[516]</span>Leicester Peak,
+<a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Lemon trees, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Lentibulaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Leopardstown (Calabar), <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Leopardwood, Description of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>
+Lepidoturus occidentalis, <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Leptadenia lancifolia, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Leptaulos daphnoides, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Leptoderris, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li>Leptonychia, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Lia nuwasanre (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Liane, liana (fibre), <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Liasá (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Liberia, position of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; L., <a href=
+"#c04">chapter iv,</a> <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-80; L. Gola
+Forest, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; L. valuable trees, <a href=
+"#Page_66">66</a>-69; L. Trees and Rubber Vines, <a href=
+"#Page_70">70</a>-79; L. Forest Exports, <a href=
+"#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li>Liberian coffee, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li>Lifui (Ewe), <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Light African Greenheart, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li>Lignum Vitæ, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Lili River, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Liliaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_70">70</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_127">127</a>; Nigeria, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>,
+<a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Lilualamombe (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Lime trees, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Limonia, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; L. Preussii, <a href=
+"#Page_134">134</a>; L. Warneckei, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Linaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; (Ivory
+Coast), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_100">100</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Lindackeria dentata, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Linociera Mannii, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; L. nilotica,
+<a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Lipiti or Dsati (Ewe), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Lippia Ukambensis, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Lisombe Palm, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li>Lissochilus arenarius, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Liver Sausage tree, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Liverpool Markets, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li>Liwoma (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Lloyd, Frank J., <em>Analysis of Kernel Cake</em>, <a href=
+"#Page_481">481</a></li>
+
+<li>Lo (Abe), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; L. (Attie), <a href=
+"#Page_85">85</a>; Lo (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; (Ewe),
+<a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Lobog (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Locust, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>; L. bean, <a href=
+"#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_207">207</a>; L. wood, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Loganiaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; (Ivory
+Coast), <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_110">110</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Logo (Ewe), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Logoasagu (Ewe), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Loho (Abe), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Loko, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Lokoba (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Lokobua (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Lokoja, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li>Lom (Bakoko), <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Loma Mountains, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Lomburu (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Lome Experimental Gardens, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;
+Railway, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;
+Taxation, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; (Capital) Togo, <a href=
+"#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li>Lonchocarpus, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a>; L. Barteri, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>; L.
+cyanescens, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; L. laxiflora,
+<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>; L. sericeus, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>,
+<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_302">302</a>; L. sp., <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; L.
+zenkeri, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>,
+<a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>London markets, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; (Erith), <a href=
+"#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li>Longoso (Bakundu, Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Loofah gourd, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Lophira, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_118">118</a>; L. alata, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>; Lophira procera,
+<a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_460">460</a></li>
+
+<li>Lophotocarpus Guyanensis, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Lopi (Timani), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Loranthaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Loranthus, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; L. langwensis, <a href=
+"#Page_43">43</a>; L. leptolobus (Red flowering L.), <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Lovoa, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>; Klaineana,
+<a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; L. sp. near L.
+Klaineana, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Lubei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Lubi or Snuff, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Lubiniati (Adionkron), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Ludjŭ (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Luep (Timani), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Luffa Acutangula, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; L. Ægyptiaca,
+<a href="#Page_194">194</a>; L. Soudanica, <a href=
+"#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li>Lumber exports (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li>Lycopodaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Lycopodium phlegmaria, <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Lymexylon, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Lythraceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Maba (Benin), <a href="#Page_388">388</a>; M. Mannii, <a href=
+"#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>; M. Warneckii,
+<a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Mabanga (Duala), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Mabump (Timani), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Macaranga, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; M. Barteri, <a href=
+"#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; M. heterophylla,
+<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; M.
+Heudelotii, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; M. Monandra, <a href=
+"#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; M. Rosea, <a href=
+"#Page_433">433</a>; M. Rowlandii, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; M.
+sp., <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Mackay or Sea bean, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Macrolobium elongatum, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; M. Limba,
+<a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a>; M. Mannii, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>; M.
+Macrolobium, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; M. Palisotii, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>; M. Preussii,
+<a href="#Page_428">428</a>; M. reticulatum, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a>; M. sp., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; M. sp. near
+Heudelotii, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; M. Stipulaceæ, <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; M. Zenkeri,
+<a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Madachi (Hausa), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; M. or Madavachi
+(Sok.), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Madobia (Hausa), <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Mærua, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>; M. Angolensis, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Mæsa lanceolata, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Mæsobotrya cauliflora, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; M. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_52">52</a>; M. stapfiana, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
+M. sparsiflora, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Magariya, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Magariyar kura, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Magarua or Bagarua (Hausa), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Magbevi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Magoro (Hausa), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Maho River, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Mahogany, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>,
+<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">African, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">African, West, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>,
+<a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Bark Tree, Brass, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Bastard, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Bean, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Benin, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Cedar, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>; Hard Cedar M.,
+<a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Cherry, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Close-grained, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Dita, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Dry Zone, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Duika, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">False, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">False Hill, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Gaboon, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_424">424</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Hard, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>; Hard capsuled, <a href=
+"#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Heavy, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Khaya, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_325">325</a>; M. Khaya Senegalensis, <a href=
+"#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_21">21</a>; Khaya Klainii, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Kontah, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Lagos, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Light, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Long-capsuled, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>,
+<a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Mountain, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Niger, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Nuts, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Oban, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Pink, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Plantations (Togo) (Khaya Klainii), <a href=
+"#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Red, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Reserves, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Rhodesian or Kontah, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>,
+<a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Sapeli or Heavy, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>,
+<a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Satin, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Scented, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Seedlings (Growth, Felling, Rafting), <a href=
+"#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Spanish, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Substitute, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Timber, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Uhi, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Unscented, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">White or Galvon, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,
+<a href="#Page_320">320</a>; White-barked, <a href=
+"#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+<li>Maize, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_471">471</a></li>
+
+<li>Maje (Hausa), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; (Sok.), <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Majigi, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Majiriya (Kano), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Mak (River), <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Makarfo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Makasar adwa, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Makua (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Makube (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; (Fanti), <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Malacantha sp. nov., <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; M.
+Warneckeana, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Malankwi (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Malei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Mallotus oppositifolius, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Malmo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Malpigheaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Malvaceæ (Liberia), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; (Gold Coast),
+<a href="#Page_105">105</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
+Nigeria, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;
+(Cameroons), <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Mambo (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Mamboi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Mambui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Mamie Kini, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Mamfe, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li>Mammea sapota, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; M. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Mammee (Timani), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Mammy or Mammee Apple (Ochrocarpus Africanus), <a href=
+"#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_55">55</a>; Mammy supporter, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Mamu Lonchocarpus, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; M. Reserve,
+<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Manchester (prepared to take kernels), <a href=
+"#Page_481">481</a></li>
+
+<li>Mandji, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li>
+
+<li>Manengube Mountains, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_517">[517]</span>Mangifera,
+<a href="#Page_75">75</a>; M. Africana, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;
+M. Indica, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; M. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>Mango, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,
+<a href="#Page_222">222</a>; M. sp., <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; M.
+Tree, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>Mangrove, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_438">438</a>; M. Bark, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; Red M.,
+<a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>; White M.,
+<a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a>; White Button M., <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;
+White Nut M., <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Mangrove Forests, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_78">78</a>; M. Swamps, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li>Mangu natives, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; M. station (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Manihot dichotoma, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; M. Glaziovii,
+<a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; M.
+heptaphylla, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; M. Pianhyensis,
+<a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>; M. utilissima, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Manja R., <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Mannia Africana, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Manniophyton Africanum, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; M. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a></li>
+
+<li>Mano River, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Mansu, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Manya River, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li>Manyu River, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li>Maradi, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Marantaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_246">246</a>; M. (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Maremper, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Mareya spicata, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Marga (Hausa), <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li>Margarine made from Palm Kernel Oil, <a href=
+"#Page_480">480</a>; from Shea Butter Nuts, <a href=
+"#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li>Marike (Hausa), <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Marine supplied with timber, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>Markhamia Lutea, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_441">441</a>; M. tomentosa, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>,
+<a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Maro, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Marua, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Masche (Hausa), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Mat (Timani), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Match-box Bean, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Maticke (Ho), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Mauritius Hemp, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Mawelu (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbafo, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbagboldede (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbako (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbana Oyop (Old Calabar), <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbang (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbaoa (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbarakun (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbauwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbawe (Abe), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbomdi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbomo-kuku (Efik), <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; M.-nkuku
+(Efrie), <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbonda pondo (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbosse (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Mboti Buma (Attie), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>M’boy (Mendi), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbrahu (Abe), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbu District and River, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_487">487</a></li>
+
+<li>Mbuandæ (Mendi), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>McIver, Messrs., Lagos Sawmill, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Mdayen (Mendi), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Measurements of planted trees (Olokemeji Reserve), <a href=
+"#t183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>Mebeli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; M. deli, <a href=
+"#Page_48">48</a>; M. or Mbelignli, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+<a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Megabana (Trillesii), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Mekhi (Attie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Melastomaceæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_438">438</a>; M.
+(Ivory Coast), <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; M. (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_375">375</a>; M. (Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Melia Azedarach, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Meliaceæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a>; M. (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;
+M. (Ivory Coast), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; M. (Liberia), <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>; M. (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>,
+<a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_331">331</a>; M. (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
+M. (Togo), <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Melianthaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Memchin (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Meme (District), <a href="#Page_415">415</a>; M. (River),
+<a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Memecylon macrodendron, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>; M.
+polyanthemos, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; M. <em>cf.</em> M.
+spathulandra, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; M. sp. (near Barten),
+<a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Mendi or Mendis, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_40">40</a>; M. (Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>“Meni” oil, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li>Menispermaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a>; M. (Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Merremia, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; M. umbellata, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Mesua Ferrua, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Metchi (Attie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Mfam (Ekoi), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Mfu River, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_487">487</a></li>
+
+<li>Mgua (Abe), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Michelia Champaca, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Microdesmis puberula, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>; M. sp., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a></li>
+
+<li>Mijin kade (Hausa), <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li>Mileishia (Appolonien) (Aowin), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Milk-weed, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Miller Bros., Messrs., Koko Town Sawmill, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Millet (Bull-rush), <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Millettia attite, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; M., <em>cf.</em>
+drastica, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; M. Lane-Poolei, <a href=
+"#Page_48">48</a>; M. pallens, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; M.
+rhodantha, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; M. sericeus, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>; M. sp., <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_428">428</a>; M. sp. near M. sangana, <a href=
+"#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>; M. Thonningii, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,
+<a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>; M.
+Zechiana, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li>Mimbo (Palm Wine), <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Mimifia District, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Mimosa asperata, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_209">209</a>; M. Dinklagei, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,
+<a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Mimoseæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li>Mimusops, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>,
+<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; M. djave,
+<a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>; M. Egyptian,
+<a href="#Page_219">219</a>; M. elengi, <a href=
+"#Page_167">167</a>; M. Kerstingii, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>; M.
+lacera, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>,
+<a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; M. multinervis,
+<a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; M. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Minjiriya (Kano), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Misahöhe (Togo), <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Mistletoe, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; M. (African), <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a>; M. (parasite), <a href="#Page_170">170</a>,
+<a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Mitragyne, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; M. Africana, <a href=
+"#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>; M. inermis,
+<a href="#Page_145">145</a>; M. macrophylla, <a href=
+"#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_406">406</a>; value of M. species, <a href=
+"#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Mixed Plantations, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Mo River, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li>Mobo (District), <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_438">438</a>; Mobo River, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>; M.
+Foto Mountains, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Mobonran (Ijaw), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Mogbara (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_278">278</a>; M. (Ikale and
+Yoruba), <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Mohammedan rosaries, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; M. Teachers’
+use of Vitex, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Moigbwamy (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Mo-Kamaa, Afforestation area, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li>Mokamu (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li>Moko River, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Mokongo or Momangi (Bakundu and Bakwiri), <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Mokowa (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Molemṓle (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Mollugo, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Moloney, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Momangi, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Momordica balsamina, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Mon (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Mondetu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Mondoa (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Monechma, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Monga (Balong), <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Moniera, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Monkey Apple (Anisophyllea laurina), <a href="#Page_33">33</a>,
+<a href="#Page_55">55</a>; M. bread, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>,
+<a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>; M. cola,
+<a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_355">355</a>; M. Guava, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>,
+<a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+
+<li>Monkwa Rock, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li>Monocotyledonous orders (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Monodora brevipes, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>; M. myristica,
+<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_457">457</a>; M. myristica, <em>var.</em> grandifolia,
+<a href="#Page_265">265</a>; M. tenuifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li>Monotes Kerstingii, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Monrovia, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,
+<a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li>Moo River, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Moor Plantation, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li>Moraceaæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; M. (Gold
+Coast), <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; M. (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>; M. (Liberia), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>; M.
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; M. (Sierra
+Leone), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; M. (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Morelia (Senegalensis), <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li>Morinda Citrifolia (The Brimstone), Sierra Leone, cut locally,
+<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>; M. confusa,
+<a href="#Page_61">61</a>; Ekiti Morinda, <a href=
+"#Page_405">405</a>; M. longiflora, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>; M.
+lucida, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>; M. quadrangularis, <a href=
+"#Page_61">61</a>; M. sp., <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Moringa pterygosperma, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a></li>
+
+<li>Moringaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_453">453</a>; M. (Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Morro (River), <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Morus Mesozygia, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>; M. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>Mosaic-work and inlaying, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Mosangui (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Mosenge (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Motandra Guineensis, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Mountain Ash, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+<li>Mousandua (Fanti), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Moyamba, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Moyida (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li>Mozambique, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Mpang (Bakoko and Basa), <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Mpanju (Efik), <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Mpot, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li>Mpuri (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Mucuna pruriensis, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; M. sp.
+Preussii, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>; M. urens, <a href=
+"#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Muea (Buea District), <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Muell, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li>Muenge (Duala), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Mukonja, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>; M. (Duala), <a href=
+"#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></li>
+
+<li>Munchis, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Mundulia suberosa (Benth), <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Mungo River, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Mungongo (Duala), <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Munon (Efik), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Muruchi, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Musa textilis, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Musaceæ (Togo), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Musanga, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>; M. Smithii, <a href=
+"#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a></li>
+
+<li>Musk Tree, <a href="#Page_411">411</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_518">[518]</span>Muskat Nut,
+<a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Mussænda, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>; M. erythrophylla, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;
+M. Isertiana, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>; M. tenuiflora, <a href=
+"#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Mussake, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Myole Polie (Abe), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Myrianthus arboreus, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_426">426</a>; M. serratus, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>,
+<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; M. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Myristicaceæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_427">427</a>; (Gold
+Coast), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a>; (Liberia), <a href="#Page_72">72</a>; (Nigeria),
+<a href="#Page_266">266</a>; (Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_44">44</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Myrrh, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Myrsinaceæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Myrtaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; (Ivory
+Coast), <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; (Liberia), <a href=
+"#Page_78">78</a>; (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_410">410</a>; (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Na (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Nagudi (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Nainvi (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Nali (Mendi), <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Namijin gwabsa, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>; N. Kade (Hausa), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>,
+<a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Naparli (Mangu), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Napoleona Imperialis, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>; N.
+Owariensis, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>; N. speckle-fruited,
+<a href="#Page_367">367</a>; N. Vogelii, <a href=
+"#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_367">367</a>; N. Whitfieldii, <a href=
+"#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Naprampogo (Dyakossi), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Narenga (Dagomba), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Nassarawa, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; N. Province, <a href=
+"#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Nassarli or Nabuli (Dyakossi), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Native Court Plantation, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>Nayile (Konkomba), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Nbob (Moyen Cavally), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndambabuli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndat (Efik), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndau (Appolonian, Aowin), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndawi or Ndawei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_44">44</a>; N. (Badgi), <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndebere (Attie), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndeh, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
+N. people, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndeiwei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndian District, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>; N. River, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndonge (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndototo (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Ndukwun (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Negro Pepper, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_260">260</a>; (N. P. small-flowering), <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Negro Republic, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Nelsonia Campestris, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Nephrodium Asplenium, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Nesuwa (Benin), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Nettle-tree, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Newbouldia lævis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a>; N. L. compared with Markhamia tomentosa,
+<a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>New Calabar language, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; N. C. River,
+<a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>News, Mr. E. D., Analysis, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></li>
+
+<li>Newtonia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; N. Insignis, <a href=
+"#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; near Newtonia,
+<a href="#Page_290">290</a>; N. Zenkeri, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li>New Zealand Kauri Gum, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Ngitsa (Fontem or Bangwa), <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li>
+
+<li>Ngnanake (Abe), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Ngodua (Fanti), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Ngolo ngoloti (Abe), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>N’goloduloi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Ngosame (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li>
+
+<li>Ngua (Abe), <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; N. Abo (Attie), <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Nguangua (Mendi), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Nguepe (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Nguni (Kabure), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Nguobi or Kusibiri (Attie), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Nhuei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Niagalei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Niam Fat, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li>Niamidua (Twi), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Nianga (Agni), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>; N. Magui (English),
+<a href="#Page_83">83</a>; (Indenie), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
+Niankuma or Niangama (Fanti, Ashanti, Aowin, Appolonian), <a href=
+"#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Niger Delta, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; N. Estuary,
+<a href="#Page_151">151</a>; N. River, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>,
+<a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_474">474</a>; N. Province, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Nigeria, <a href="#c08">chapter viii;</a> Afforestation,
+<a href="#Page_166">166</a>-182; Amount of forest land, <a href=
+"#Page_17">17</a>; Bush Savannah, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-202;
+Evergreen Fringing Belts, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-205; Forest
+Department, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-188; Forest Exports,
+<a href="#Page_226">226</a>; Imports of Timber, <a href=
+"#Page_227">227</a>; Indigenous Trees, <a href=
+"#Page_235">235</a>-414; List of Nigerian Trees, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>-225; Mahogany or Timber Industry, <a href=
+"#Page_155">155</a>-160; Measurements of planted trees in Olokemeji
+Reserve, <a href="#t183">183</a>; Park Savannah, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>-203; Permanent Forests, <a href=
+"#Page_160">160</a>-166; Review of the Botanical Features, <a href=
+"#Page_188">188</a>-200; Rivers, Ports, and Forests, <a href=
+"#Page_151">151</a>-154; Schedule of Protected Trees, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>-234; some trees of Hausaland, <a href=
+"#Page_205">205</a>-217; South, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; Southern
+Provinces, <a href="#c09">chapter ix,</a> <a href=
+"#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_495">495</a>; Tree Savannah or Savannah Forest, <a href=
+"#Page_200">200</a>-201</li>
+
+<li>Nigerian Swamps, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li>Nihau (Benin), <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Ni-Kaftei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Nikko or Niko Nuts, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li>Nikli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Nimeribaka (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Nimmini Mountains, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Nimwau Peso (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Ningei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Ningo (Bambara), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Niondobi (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Nja (Efik), <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li>Njabi, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>; N. (Duala), <a href=
+"#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Njahewe (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Njakpe (Anlo), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Njakpokpo (Anecho), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Njangsang (Duala), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Njasun (Ekoi), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Njelei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Njokubore (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Njokubwele (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Njomboguli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Njondji (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; N. Bwele
+(Duala), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Njorgora (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Njove or Njole (Rio del Rey), <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Nkiebe (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Nkissi River, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li>Nkohen (Ekoi), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Nkom (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>N’ku (Akwapim), <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; (Fanti), <a href=
+"#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Nkue (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Nkula (Gaboon), <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Nla Ali Hills, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li>Noami River, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li>Nobe, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Non gwanki, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Normal type of Fringing Forests, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Notonima (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Nsa-sana (Efik), <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_452">452</a>; Nsa-sana kernels, <a href=
+"#Page_452">452</a></li>
+
+<li>Nsab (Bare), <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Nsan (Ekoi), <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; (Oban, Ekoi),
+<a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Nsukakara (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+<li>Ntaba (Bambara), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Ntagne (Attie), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Ntini Nyok (Kwa), <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Ntong (Fongtem and Bangwa), <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Ntung (Fanti and Ashanti), <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Nuatjä, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; N. Agricultural School,
+<a href="#Page_122">122</a>; N. Railway, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>Nukoi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Nun River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li>Nunu (fruit of Danya), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Nupé Canoes, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li>Nuso or Aru (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Nutmeg, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_427">427</a>; N. African, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>,
+<a href="#Page_457">457</a>; N. Calabar, <a href=
+"#Page_457">457</a>; N. Calabash, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>; N.
+yellow flowering, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li>Nutssunutssu (Anago), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Nuwo (Ekoi), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Nuxia Mannii, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Nya (Efik), <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Nyakpekpe (Ewe), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Nyam (Efik), <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li>Nyama (Mangu), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Nyankon, Yankom or Yankun (General West Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Nyimo (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Nyimu (Mangu), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Nyi-nu-Robin (General West Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Nymphæa, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Nympheaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Nyomdobai (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Nyumbuyambei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Oaho (Benin), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Oak (Bush O.), <a href="#Page_416">416</a>; O. (Dry Zone),
+<a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li>Oba, Oba’s house, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>; O. Tree
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Obadan-nikwi (Benin), <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Obagie Forest, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Obala (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Oban Hills, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_152">152</a>; O. Hill Forests, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,
+<a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; O.
+natives, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>; O. Reserve, <a href=
+"#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_497">497</a></li>
+
+<li>Obang (Bafo), <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Obba on the Hill (Ondo Province), <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Obbo (Akposso), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Obeche or Obechi, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+<li>Obi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_321">321</a>; O. Abata, <a href=
+"#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li>Obiache (Benin), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Obidu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li>Obiedum or Obiedun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li>Obiletu (Efik), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Obiliteto (Efik), <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Obo (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+<li>Oboba or Obobo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li>Obobonikwi (Benin), <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Obobonufwa (Benin), <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+<li>Obokha (Benin), <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Obon (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+<li>Obong (Efik), <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Obuba (New Calabar), <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li>Obuban (Benin), <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Obubra Forest, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_472">472</a></li>
+
+<li>Obudu District, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_472">472</a></li>
+
+<li>Obuko (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Oburuburu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Ochna Afzelii, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; O. multiflora,
+<a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>; O. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a> (new sp.),
+<a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Ochnaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_54">54</a> (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_77">77</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_519">[519]</span>Ochrocarpus
+Africanus, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>,
+<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_462">462</a></li>
+
+<li>Ochthocosmus Africanum, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Ocimum, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; O. Americanum, <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a>; O. viride, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Ocotea, <em>cf.</em> <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Octodon, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Octoknema affinis, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Octoknemaceæ (Ivory Coast), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Odahuma (Wassaw), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Odala (Ibo), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Odan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+<li>Ode District, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Odenya (Wassaw), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Odgebu (West side), <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+<li>Odiki, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Odina acida, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; O. Barteri, <a href=
+"#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; O. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Odji (Asaba), <a href="#Page_253">253</a>; (Brass), <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; (Ibo), <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Odjiwawa (Ibo), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Odo (Jekri), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Odoko (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Odonomo-kyu-kyu (Benin), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Odonumon (Efik), <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li>
+
+<li>Odoum or Odum (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
+(Asante), <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; (Hausa), <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>; (Twi), <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Odu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Odubin (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Odudu (Ondo), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Oduduku (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Odupon (Fanti), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Odyendea Gabunensis, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Œcological Division of Forests (after Warming), <a href=
+"#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li>Ofarm (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Ofemm (Bembi), <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Offenma (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Offonkwari (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Offram (Twi, Fanti), <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Offun (Lagos), <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li>Ofika (Timani), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Ofriyio (Efik), <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Ofu or Ohonton (Fanti), <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Ofun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Ofuntum (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Ofwho (Quitta, Krepi), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogaba (Benin), <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogabeszi (Benin), <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogabezzi (Benin), <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogabi, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogan or Ogun River, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogan or Okan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; O. oga
+(Yoruba), <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; O. pupa (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogangan (Benin), <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Oganwo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; or Ogangwo,
+<a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_321">321</a>; Oganwo or Oganwu (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogba Forest, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; O. Plantations,
+<a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a>; O. Province, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>; O.
+River, <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogbamaton (Benin), <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogbia (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogbogo nut, <a href="#Page_463">463</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogbun (Lagos), <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogea (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogeddin (Benin), <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogedin, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogege (Benin), <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogemme (Benin), <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogi (Calabar District), <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogiahimi (Benin), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogidu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogiedi (Benin), <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogigedu (Benin), <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogihu (Benin), <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogikan (Benin), <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogikiomi (Benin), <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Oginni or Inyi (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Oginyi (Benin), <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogiovala (Benin), <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogiovu (Benin), <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogo (Akposso), <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_295">295</a>; O. Province, Nigeria, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogodo Dry Zone Forest, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogohen (Benin), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogohomeh or Oyohomeh (Benin), <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogoja, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>,
+<a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Ograw (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogrugru Province, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>; O. (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogu (Anago), <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; O. District, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogudugbu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogugu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li>
+
+<li>Oguja (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Oguk (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogungun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogunshileh, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogurohe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Oguru (Brass), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogwangu (Benin), <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogwega (Benin), <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+<li>Ogwi Tree (Benin), <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Oha (River), <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohau (Benin), <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohehe (Benin), <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohia (Benin), <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohianamemme (Benin), <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohiomo of the Benis, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohiorme (Benin), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li>Oie (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+<li><em>Oil and Colours Journal</em>, <a href=
+"#Page_482">482</a></li>
+
+<li>Oil Bean tree, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>; Beans, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+<li>Oil Beans, seeds and nuts, <a href="#c11">chap. xi,</a>
+<a href="#Page_447">447</a>-463; Analysis of—</li>
+
+<li class="isub">Ben oil seed cake, <a href=
+"#Page_453">453</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Betu oil, <a href="#Page_454">454</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Carapa Guineensis, <a href=
+"#Page_458">458</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">“Chevi” seeds, <a href="#Page_462">462</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Citrullus vulgaris, <a href=
+"#Page_453">453</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Dumoria Heckeli, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">“Gorli” seeds, <a href="#Page_463">463</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Inoy nut, <a href="#Page_450">450</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Irvingia Barteri, <a href="#Page_454">454</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Kombo seed, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Lophira alata, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a>-460</li>
+
+<li class="isub">Lophira procera, <a href=
+"#Page_460">460</a>-461</li>
+
+<li class="isub">Meal after extraction of oil, <a href=
+"#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Mimusops Djave, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Moringa pterygosperma, <a href=
+"#Page_453">453</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Nsa-sana kernels, <a href="#Page_452">452</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Oil after extraction of meal, <a href=
+"#Page_448">448</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Oil from South Nigeria seeds, <a href=
+"#Page_448">448</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Shea butter, <a href="#Page_455">455</a></li>
+
+<li>Oil Ben tree, <a href="#Page_453">453</a></li>
+
+<li>Oil Investigations by the Imperial Institute, <a href=
+"#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a></li>
+
+<li>Oil Nuts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li><em>Oil, Seed and Feeding Cakes</em>, by the Imperial
+Institute, <a href="#Page_484">484</a></li>
+
+<li>Ojamba (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Ojia (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Oju Agbigbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Okagbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Okahimi (Benin), <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>Okakan, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>Okan (Benin), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li>Okankan, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Okare (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Okarora ossa (Ondo), <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Oke-Igbo (Ilesha District), <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Okenuhen District, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Okha (Benin), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Okherli (seed) (Benin), <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Okika (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Okikopom (Ibibio), <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li>
+
+<li>Okilolo (Ijor), <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Okisibisi (Fanti), <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li>Okitsiwanfu (Fanti), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Okkwan (Benin), <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li>Okkwen (Benin), <a href="#Page_332">332</a>; O. nebo (Benin),
+<a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+
+<li>Oko (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_266">266</a>; (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_409">409</a>; O. Ishin (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>Okoko (Benin), <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Okokotaka (Asante), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Okokwi (Benin), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Okokwo (Benin), <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Okoni (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Okor (Benin), <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+<li>Okot or Okut (Oban, Ekoi, Kwa), <a href="#Page_357">357</a>,
+<a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Okoume, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li>
+
+<li>Okporoporo (Akure), <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Okra or Achro (fruit), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Okrika Port, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Oktobun District, <a href="#Page_463">463</a></li>
+
+<li>Okume d’Ivoire (Colons), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Okumme, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Okumu Forest, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Okun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Okunmankra (Fanti), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Okurii (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Okuta (Yoruba, Benin), <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Okuturupu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>Okwaba (Benin), <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li>Okwan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Okwawa hill system, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li>Okwe (Benin), <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_452">452</a></li>
+
+<li>Okwekwe (Benin), <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Okwen (Benin), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; O. seni (Benin),
+<a href="#Page_333">333</a>; O. seva (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>Okwo River, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_488">488</a></li>
+
+<li>Okwoga Plantation, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li>Olacaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_71">71</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_129">129</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_456">456</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Olax, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; O. subscorpoidea, <a href=
+"#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Oldenlandia, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; O. grandiflora,
+<a href="#Page_202">202</a>; O. Senegalensis, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Oldfieldia Africana, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a>; O. (imported as Teak), <a href=
+"#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>Oleaceæ (Ivory Coast), <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; (Gold Coast),
+<a href="#Page_110">110</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>Olein, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li>Oleporo Eyop (Calabar), <a href="#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Oli (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Olibracha (Egba, Yoruba), <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li>
+
+<li>Olikiba (Benin), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Olim, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></li>
+
+<li>Olina, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Oliver, Daniel, <a href="#Page_496">496</a></li>
+
+<li>Ollo (Akposso), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Olodu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Ologun She-she (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li>Olokemeji (Arboretum, Forests, Reserves, etc.) (oke = hill,
+meji = two), <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_490">490</a></li>
+
+<li>Olong, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Olosan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_520">[520]</span>Oluwa (Benin),
+<a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Omah (Benin), <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Omar (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Ombega, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li>
+
+<li>Ome (Benin), <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li>Omo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Omocham (Benin), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Omoin (Egba), <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Omomeran (Benin), <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Omon (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Omphalocarpum, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; O. elatum, <a href=
+"#Page_456">456</a>; O. Pierreanum, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>; O.
+procerum, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>; O. Radlkoferi, <a href=
+"#Page_439">439</a>; O. sp., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Omunu or Onumu (Benin), <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_314">314</a>; O. kynkyu (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Omunu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Ona River, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Onamagugun, onamagungun, orimagugu, or oriweni (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_409">409</a></li>
+
+<li>Onanisankianmon (Benin), <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Oncinotis gracilis, <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Oncoba dentata, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_366">366</a>; O. echinata, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>,
+<a href="#Page_462">462</a>; O. Gilgiana, <a href=
+"#Page_108">108</a>; O. glauca, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; O.
+spinosa, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,
+<a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+<li>Ondo (Circle, Forest, Province, and Reserve), <a href=
+"#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Odutu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Onegozi (Benin), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Ongokea Kamerunensis, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; O. Klaineana,
+<a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Ongina (Twi), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Oni River, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Onihokha (tree in flower) (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Onikokha (Benin), <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Onion, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Onitsha Province, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_473">473</a></li>
+
+<li>Onitsha-olona District, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+
+<li>Onomokyukyu (Benin), <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+<li>Onuru (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Onyangba (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Onye (Benin), <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li>Onyemo (Benin), <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>Onyena (Fanti), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Onyenu (Benin), <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Onyina (Fanti), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Oohoo (Benin), <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Opaga (Benin), <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Opagga (Benin), <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Opahan (Benin), <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Opaina (Fanti), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Opapao (Twi, Akwapim), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Opäti (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Ope (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_246">246</a>; O. Ifu No. 1 (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>; O. Igbo (Benin), <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;
+O. trumfo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li>Opele, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_248">248</a>; (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>Open Deciduous Forest, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li>Open Orchard Forest, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li>Opepe (Ikale, Ijor), <a href="#Page_273">273</a>; (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>; O.-ira (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>; False O.,
+<a href="#Page_406">406</a>; Swamp O., <a href=
+"#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Opepera (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Opilia celtidifolia, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Ophioglossum vulgatum, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Opobo (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_481">481</a>; O. Port, <a href=
+"#Page_152">152</a>; O. River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Opochala (Ibo, Niger), <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Opon (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Oporipor (Benin), <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Opoto (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li>Opputtu (Benin), <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>Ora-Igbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Orange (Calabash), <a href="#Page_312">312</a>; O. (common),
+<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Orban-igba (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li>Orchards (Togo), <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Orchid, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li>Orchidaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Ordeal bark, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_276">276</a>; O. tree, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Oregbon I (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>Orella, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Ori (Benin), <a href="#Page_297">297</a>; O. (Oban, Ekoi),
+<a href="#Page_235">235</a>; O. (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_398">398</a>; O.-eta (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;
+O.-nla (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_398">398</a></li>
+
+<li>Oria (Benin), <a href="#Page_266">266</a>; O. Plantations,
+<a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li>Oriakuku (Benin), <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Oriri Ogikiomi (Benin), <a href="#Page_398">398</a></li>
+
+<li>Orisi (Igbado, Yoruba), <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+<li>Oriweni (Benin), <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li>
+
+<li>Oriwu (Benin), <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li>
+
+<li>Orli (Anago), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Ormocarpum bibracteatum, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Ormosia laxiflora, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a>; O. monophylla, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+<a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Oro (Brass), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>; (Egba), <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_343">343</a>; O.-Igbo, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Oroba (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Orodo (Benin), <a href="#Page_291">291</a>; (Brass), <a href=
+"#Page_349">349</a>; O. or Orodu (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Orogbo or Orugbo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+<li>Oroko, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>,
+<a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>; False O., <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li>Orokpo (Anago), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Orokwa (Benin), <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Oron Port, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Oropa of the Yorubas, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Orora (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Orrimogungun (Benin), <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li>
+
+<li>Orro (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>Orsorsor (Benin), <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li>Orupa (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Oruru (Benin), <a href="#Page_414">414</a>; (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Oruwo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Oryza silvestris, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Osan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; O. odo (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li>Osangbalumo or Osum Agbalum (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; O. Edan (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_381">381</a>; O. Palambo (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li>Osbeckia, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Ose (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Oshen or Oshun River, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_357">357</a></li>
+
+<li>Oshere (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+<li>Osho (Il.), <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li>Oshopoto Dudu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Oshoshi (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Oshun Reserve, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Oshunshun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>Oshusi (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+<li>Osia, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li>Osisiru (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Ositwa (Benin), <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Ossa (Ondo), <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Osse River, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Osshosha (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Ossidinge District, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Ossiomo River, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Ossizza Factory, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li>Ossusu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Ostryoderris impressa, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Osu (Benin), <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li>
+
+<li>Osuabise (Akwapim), <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Osualong (seed) (Benin), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Osukaregigi (Benin), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Osun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>; O. dudu (Yoruba),
+<a href="#Page_273">273</a>; O. pupa (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li>Otanta (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Ote (Twi), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; O., Oti or Etsu (Accra,
+Ashanti, Fanti), <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Otendui (Fanti), <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Oti Steppe, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; Valley (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li>Otien (Benin), <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li>Otopoi (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Otta farfridi (Ibo, Asaba), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Ottelia lancifolia, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Ottoa (Benin Province), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Otugba (Akposso), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Otun (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Otungue (Jaunde), <a href="#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Otutu (Jebu), <a href="#Page_347">347</a>; O. of the Yorubas,
+<a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Otwa (Benin), <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li>Oubanguia Klainei, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Oukot (Efik), <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>Oukoumea Klaineana, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Ouratea monticola, <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Ovalla (Benin), <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>Ovia River, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+<li>Oviaruza (Benin), <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Oviegikwe (Benin), <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+<li>Ovinni (Benin), <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li>Ovioza (Benin), <a href="#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Ovu (Benin), <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>Owala Beans, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>; O. (Gabonais),
+<a href="#Page_85">85</a>; O. oil, <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Owama (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Owango, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Owawa (Wassaw), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Owawe or Owowe (Benin), <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li>Owe (Benin), <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Owehe (Benin), <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li>Owena Reserve, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; O. River, <a href=
+"#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+<li>Owerri, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a></li>
+
+<li>Owessu (Brass), <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Owewe (Benin), <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; O. lagebon (Benin),
+<a href="#Page_295">295</a>; O. nolemare (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+<li>Owi (Benin), <a href="#Page_411">411</a></li>
+
+<li>Owun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Owussu, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li>Oxyanthus speciosus, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_441">441</a>; O. tubiflorus, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; O.
+unilocularis, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Ox-eye Bean, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Oxystelma Bornuense, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Oxystigma Mannii, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Oyan River, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Oyen (Benin), <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Oyife (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Oyo, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>,
+<a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_493">493</a>; O. Iseyin Road, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>,
+<a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>Oyon River, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Ozaba, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li>Ozia (Benin), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>; O. Beans, <a href=
+"#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Pachylobus edulis, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>,
+<a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_432">432</a>; P. <em>var.</em>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;
+P. Zenkeri, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Pachypodanthium, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>; P. staudtii,
+<a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_521">[521]</span>Pachystela
+Cinereum, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; P. Parkii, <a href=
+"#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Padauk or Padouk, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; P. African,
+<a href="#Page_273">273</a>; P. Edible-fruited, <a href=
+"#Page_272">272</a>; P. Indian, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Paddlewood, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Padiivin (Difale), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Pakie-pakie (Agni), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Palambanja (Duala), <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Paletuvier rouge (Colons), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Palime Station (Togo), <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>Palisota hirsuta, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; P. thyrsiflora,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Palissya Cordata, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Palm Arac, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; P. Belt (according to
+Millbourne), <a href="#Page_465">465</a>; Black Run Palm or
+Palmyra, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; P. Bottle or Toddy, <a href=
+"#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; P. Cabbage,
+<a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_479">479</a>; P. Cocoanut, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>,
+<a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a>; P. Date, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_217">217</a>,’ <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a>; Swampy Date, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>; Wild
+Date, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>; P. Deleb, <a href=
+"#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>; P. Dum, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; P. Everlasting
+Life or King Palm, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>; P. Fan, <a href=
+"#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; P. Forked,
+<a href="#Page_244">244</a>; P. Fruit Industry, <a href=
+"#Page_92">92</a>; P. F. I. Cultivation, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>,
+<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_41">41</a>; P. F. I. Liberia, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>,
+<a href="#Page_70">70</a>; P. Hookers, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
+P. Kernels, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>,
+<a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>; P. K. Cake,
+<a href="#Page_226">226</a>; P. K. Oil, <a href=
+"#Page_226">226</a>; P. K. Shells, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; P.
+Lisombe or Soft-shelled, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>; P. Method of
+Extraction, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; P. Oil export, <a href=
+"#Page_35">35</a>; (Gambia), <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; (Gold
+Coast), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_99">99</a>; (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_63">63</a>,
+<a href="#Page_64">64</a>; (Liberia), <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; P. O. Plantations (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; P. O. Nurseries,
+<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>; P. O. Small,
+<a href="#Page_243">243</a>; (Sacred Oil Palm), <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a>; P. O. White, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>; The
+Oil Palm and Palm Industry, <a href="#c12">chapter xii,</a>
+<a href="#Page_464">464</a>-484—</li>
+
+<li class="isub">&nbsp;1. Æsthetic Aspect, <a href=
+"#Page_464">464</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">&nbsp;2. Botanical Description of Tree, Fruit,
+etc., <a href="#Page_465">465</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">&nbsp;3. The Growing of the Oil Palm, <a href=
+"#Page_467">467</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">&nbsp;4. Fruit-Bearing Age, <a href=
+"#Page_468">468</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">&nbsp;5. Oil Palm Plantations and Crops, <a href=
+"#Page_468">468</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">&nbsp;6. Destruction of Oil Palms, <a href=
+"#Page_472">472</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">&nbsp;7. Native Method of Making Oil and Kernel
+Inspection, <a href="#Page_473">473</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">&nbsp;8. Amount of Produce used, eaten, and
+growing, <a href="#Page_476">476</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">&nbsp;9. European Machinery for extraction
+(Pericarping), <a href="#Page_477">477</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">10. European nut-cracking, <a href=
+"#Page_477">477</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">11. European uses of the Oil, Kernels, Palm Wine,
+etc., <a href="#Page_479">479</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">12. Value of Oil and Kernels, <a href=
+"#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">13. Import Ports in England and U.S.A. for Oil and
+Kernels, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">14. The Crushing of Palm Kernels in Africa and
+England, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">15. Palm-Kernel Produce, Analysis, etc., <a href=
+"#Page_481">481</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">16 and 17. Value of Palm-Kernel Oil and Cake,
+<a href="#Page_482">482</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">17. Uses of Palm-Kernel Cake, <a href=
+"#Page_482">482</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">18. Results of Feeding Experiments with
+Palm-Kernel Cake, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">19. Manurial Value of Kernel Cake, <a href=
+"#Page_484">484</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">20. West African Shipping in Relation to Farm
+Produce, <a href="#Page_484">484</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">21. Bibliography of the Oil Palm, <a href=
+"#Page_484">484</a></li>
+
+<li>Palm, Palmyra, or Black Run, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; P.
+Piassawa, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>; P. Roofing, <a href=
+"#Page_239">239</a>; P. Royal, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>; P.
+Sacred, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>,
+<a href="#Page_466">466</a>; P. Swamp, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;
+P. Tombo, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>,
+<a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_464">464</a>; P. Vegetable Ivory, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a>; P. West African, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+P. Wine Tree (Raphia Vinifera), <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a></li>
+
+<li>Palmæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_70">70</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_127">127</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Palmas, Cape, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Palmine, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li>Palmwood, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>“Palmyra,” <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Pambei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Panama hat fibre, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; P. Palms,
+<a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Pancratium trianthum, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Pandaceæ (Ivory Coast), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Pandanaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;
+(Liberia), <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_127">127</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li>Pandanus Candelabrum, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_308">308</a>; P. Fibre, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>; P.
+Kerstingii, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; P. species, <a href=
+"#Page_93">93</a>; P. species near Candelabrum, <a href=
+"#Page_41">41</a>; P. Togoensis, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Pandoro (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Pangalan (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Pangbaïngu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Pangi (Mangu), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Panguma Hills, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Panicum stagninum, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Panyero (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; Panyerobuda,
+<a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Papac (Ewe), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Papala (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+<li>Papao (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Papau (Asante), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Papaveraceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Papilionaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li>Para, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; P. Rubber, <a href=
+"#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Para Dakue (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Paradaniella, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; P. Oliveri, <a href=
+"#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_307">307</a>; P. (Rosewood), <a href="#Page_98">98</a>,
+<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; P. Thurifera,
+<a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Paradedi (Attie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Paran (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Parapara (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Parasolier (Colons), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Parinarium, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>; P. Chrysophyllum,
+<a href="#Page_428">428</a>; P. Curatelifolium, <a href=
+"#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_269">269</a>; P. excelsum, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>,
+<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>; P. Gabunense,
+<a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; P.
+intermedia, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; P. Kerstingii, <a href=
+"#Page_130">130</a>; P. macrophyllum, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>,
+<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; P. mobola,
+<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; P.
+polyandrum, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>,
+<a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>; P. Robustum,
+<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>; P. species,
+<a href="#Page_266">266</a>; P. species (Red Mahogany), <a href=
+"#Page_267">267</a>; (small), <a href="#Page_428">428</a>; (White
+Oak), <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; P.
+subcordatum, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; P. tenuifolium,
+<a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Parkia Africana, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a>; P. Agbœnsis, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; P.
+biglobosa, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>,
+<a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_282">282</a>; P. filicoidea, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; P. species,
+<a href="#Page_45">45</a>; P. Zenkeri, <a href=
+"#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Parkinsonia aculeata, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Parrots, seed carriers, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Partridge wood, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Pasau (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Patabua (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Patakli (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Patapara (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Pato (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Pattern Wood, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Patti Forest, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Pau (Twi), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Paulai (Mendi), <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Paullinia pinnata, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Pausynistalia Lane-Poolei, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; P.
+species, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Pauwilli, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Pavetta Baconia, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>; P. Barteri,
+<a href="#Page_192">192</a>; P. Crassipes, <a href=
+"#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Pavonia schimperiana, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Pawi Kpaoloe (Mendi), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Pe (Abe), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Peach (blossom compared with Stereospermum Kunthianum),
+<a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>; P.
+(Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li>Pear, native (Oban), <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_315">315</a>; P. Tree, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a>; P. Wood, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Pebulai (Mendi), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Pechi (Attie), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Pedaliaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Pegblagei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Pekĭre (Losso), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Peltoforum, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_49">49</a>; P. species, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Pennisetum, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; P. pedicellatum,
+<a href="#Page_201">201</a>; P. typhoideum, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Pentaclethra Macrophylla, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a></li>
+
+<li>Pentadesma, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; P. Butyraceæ, <a href=
+"#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_461">461</a>; P. Grandifolia, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
+P. Kerstingii, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; P. Leucantha,
+<a href="#Page_88">88</a>; P. Nigritana, <a href=
+"#Page_362">362</a>; P. species, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Peregun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Pereng (Kabure), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Pergularia tomentosa, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Peri (Timani), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Peristrophe bicalyculata, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Permanent cultivation, England, Germany, South Provinces,
+Nigeria, <a href="#Page_495">495</a></li>
+
+<li>Permits for Tree-cutting (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>Persian Lilac, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Pesin (Attie), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Peso (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Petwun, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Peucedanum araliaceum, <em>var.</em> fraxinifolium, <a href=
+"#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Peukwa (Twi), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Pfandi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Pfandu station (Togo), <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>Pfui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; P. II (Mendi),
+<a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Phialodiscus species, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>; P. Unijugatus,
+<a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; P.
+Zambesiacus, <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_522">[522]</span>Phœnix
+Dactylifera, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; P. reclinata,
+<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; P. species,
+<a href="#Page_418">418</a>; P. spinosa, <a href=
+"#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Phrynium, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Phutophyllum mirabile, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li>Phyllanthus Discoideus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; P. floribundus,
+<a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; P.
+Reticulatus, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; P. species,
+<a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Phyllocosmus Africanus, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; P.
+sessiliflorus, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Physalis, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Physic nut, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Physostigma venosum, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_450">450</a></li>
+
+<li>Piampian (Fanti), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Pianro (Agni), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Piassava fibre, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; Cameroons, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>; Exported, Sierra Leone, <a href=
+"#Page_63">63</a>; Gold Coast, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; Ivory
+Coast, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>; Liberia, <a href=
+"#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_80">80</a>; Nigeria, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>; Togo, <a href=
+"#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Piche Aboko (Attie), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Picralima Elliotii, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; P. Klaineana,
+<a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Pierreodendron Grandifolium, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li>
+
+<li>Pigeons, seed carriers, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Pija (Wassaw), (Fanti), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Pineapple, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Pink Mahogany, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+<li>Pinus Mercusii, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Pio (Duala), <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Piper Umbellatum, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Piperaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Piperomia Pellucida, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Piptadenia Africana, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>; P. compared with
+African Greenheart, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; P. Chevalieri,
+<a href="#Page_85">85</a>; P. Kerstingii, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_295">295</a>; P. species, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; P.
+Winkleri, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Pitchong (Ossidinge), <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li>
+
+<li>Pithecolobium Altissimum, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>; P. Dulcis,
+<a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Placodiscus Pseudostipularis, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Plantains as Charms, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Plantations (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-184; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li>Planting schemes (Togo), <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li>Platycerium Æthiopicum, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li>Platysepalum, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Platythyrsa, <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Plectronia Glabriflora, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>; P.
+Vanguerioides, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Pleiocarpa Tricarpella, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Pleioceras Afzelii, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; P. Barteri,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a></li>
+
+<li>Plekkogo (Benin), <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+<li>Plum Abeokuta, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; P. Blood; P.
+Common, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>; P.
+Hog, Jamaica, Spanish, or Yellow, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>,
+<a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>; P. Mirabel,
+<a href="#Page_338">338</a>; P. Niger, <a href=
+"#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+<li>Poana-Poana, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Poga Conofora, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>; P. Oleosa, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_450">450</a></li>
+
+<li>Poinciana drepanophylla, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; P. Regia,
+<a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Polu-Dyenye (Mangu), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Polyadoa Elliotii, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; P. Umbellata,
+<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Polyalthia Oliverii, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>Polycarpæa, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Polygala arenaria, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_332">332</a>; P. butyracea, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>,
+<a href="#Page_462">462</a>; P. Clarkeana, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Polygalaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_135">135</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a></li>
+
+<li>Polysphæria Macrostyla, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Polystachys Odorata (Mistletoe-like Parasite), <a href=
+"#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>; P. species,
+<a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Polystemonanthus Dinklagei, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>Ponamagoi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Pondei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Pongoi-nei, Pongoi-hini (Mendi), <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Ponhon (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Ponpola or Ponponla (Ibadan, Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Pontya Excelsa, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Poor man’s candle, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Poose (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Poplar, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li>Poposi (Mbonoi), (Ebrie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Popowia Mannii, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_263">263</a>; P. Whyteii, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>Porcupine, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Porepore (Abe), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Poroporo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+
+<li>Porphyranthus Zenkeri, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Port Harcourt, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Potato, sweet, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Potedon (Appolonian, Ashanti, Fanti, Wassaw), <a href=
+"#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Potepote (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Poyndua (Fanti), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Prain, Lt.-Col. D., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
+<a href="#Page_496">496</a></li>
+
+<li>Pranpran (Fanti), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Prekese (Ewe), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Premna Hispida, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; P. Zenkeri, <a href=
+"#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Prevostea Africana, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; P. Heudelotii,
+<a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li>Pride of India, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Propri (Timani), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Prosopis Oblonga, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+<li>Protea, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; P. Bismarckii, <a href=
+"#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Proteaceæ (Pogo), <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; (Nigeria),
+<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Proteaceous Trees, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Protected Trees of Nigeria, List of Classes with Royalties,
+<a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Pseudocedrela, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>; P. Cylindrica,
+<a href="#Page_101">101</a>; P. Kotschyii, <a href=
+"#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>; P. species,
+<a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; P. species
+near P. Utilis, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; P. Utilis, <a href=
+"#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Pseudocinchona Africana, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Pseudospondias Microcarpa, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>,
+<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Psidium Guajava, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Psilanthus Ebracteolus, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Psorospermum, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; P. Senegalense,
+<a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Pteleopsis, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; P. Kerstingii,
+<a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Pterocarpus, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>; P. Erinaceus,
+<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_273">273</a>; P. Esculentus, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>,
+<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>; P. Indicus,
+<a href="#Page_178">178</a>; P. Osun, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>,
+<a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_311">311</a>; P. Santalinoides, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;
+P. Soyauxii, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>; P. species
+(so-called Camwood), <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a></li>
+
+<li>Pterogopodium, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>; P. species,
+<a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li>Pterolobium, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+<li>Pterygota, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>; P. Cordifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>; P. Kamerunensis, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>; P.
+Schumanniana, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Pteryyota Wawampe’e (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Public Works Department, South Nigeria, <a href=
+"#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>Pulley Wood, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li>Pullum (Timani), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Pumpkin, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Puni (Krepi), <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Punkwa (Wassaw), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Pupalia lappacea, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Pusum (Lamatessi), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Puttuputtu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_333">333</a></li>
+
+<li>Pwekupweku (Benin), <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+<li>Pycnanthus Dinklagei, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>; P. Kombo,
+<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a></li>
+
+<li>Pycreus, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Pynærtia ealænsis, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_101">101</a>; P. Occidentalis, <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Pyrenacantha species nov., <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Quelipe Kelipe (Bondoukou), <a href=
+"#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Quinine Plantations, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Quisqualis Indica, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Rafters exported (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Rahaina (Hausa), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Railway supplied with timber, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>Rainfall distributors, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></li>
+
+<li>Rake, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Raken giwa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Rama, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Ramaniya, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Rambong rubber (Ficus elastica) plantations (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li>Ramos River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Randia Caudata, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_407">407</a>; R. Cladantha, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>,
+<a href="#Page_442">442</a>; R. Genipæflora, <a href=
+"#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; near R. Macrantha,
+<a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>; R.
+Maculata, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>,
+<a href="#Page_407">407</a>; R. Malleiflora, <a href=
+"#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_407">407</a>; R. Nilotica, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>,
+<a href="#Page_225">225</a>; R. Octomera, <a href=
+"#Page_407">407</a>; R. sp. near R. caudata, <a href=
+"#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Ranger (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li>Raphia near R. Gærtneri, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; R. Hookeri,
+<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>; R. Ruffia,
+<a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_464">464</a>; R. Vinifera (see palm wine tree), <a href=
+"#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></li>
+
+<li>Rattan, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;
+R. Benin, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>; R. Benin (Large), <a href=
+"#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>; R. Benin (Small),
+<a href="#Page_163">163</a>; R. Substitute, <a href=
+"#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li>Rauwolfia Cumminsii, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; R.
+Macrophylla, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>; R. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>; R. Vomitoria, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>,
+<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a>; R. Welwitschii, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>,
+<a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Rawaya, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Rawsonia spinosa, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Rawuya, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>; (Sok.), <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Red-arilled Afzelia, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Cedar (Euphorbiaceæ sp.), Descrip., <a href=
+"#Page_29">29</a>; cut locally, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Cotton Tree, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_76">76</a>; R. Flowering Silk C. Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Dye-wood, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Ironwood or Ironpost, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_459">459</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Mangrove, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Oak (Lophira procera) cut locally, Sierra Leone, <a href=
+"#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>; Red Oak (Berlinia
+auriculata), <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_418">418</a>; Red Oak (Sterculia cordifolia), <a href=
+"#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Pine, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Resin, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Water Tree, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Redwood (Colons), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_523">[523]</span>Rendle, Dr. A.
+B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., <a href="#Page_497">497</a></li>
+
+<li>Rere (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>Reserve, Definition of, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_161">161</a>; objects of R., <a href=
+"#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li>Rhamnaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_137">137</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Rhaptopetalum Tieghemi, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Rhizophora, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_451">451</a>; R. (Liberia), <a href="#Page_78">78</a>,
+<a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>; R.
+Mangle, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>,
+<a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>; R.
+Mucronata, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; R. Racemosa (Mangrove)
+(Sierra Leone), cut locally, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Rhizophoraceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+(Liberia), <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_88">88</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_447">447</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Rhodesia, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li>Rhodesian Mahogany (Afzelia Africana), <a href=
+"#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li>Rhynchosia, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Rice, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>,
+<a href="#Page_499">499</a></li>
+
+<li>Ricinus communis, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Ricinodendron, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_314">314</a>; R. Africanum, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>,
+<a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>; R. Heudelotii,
+<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; R. Ricin.
+Rautenii, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>,
+<a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>; R. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+
+<li>Ridi, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Rikio (Abe), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Rimi (Hausa), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; R. (Kano),
+<a href="#Page_223">223</a>; R. or Rini (Sok.), <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Ringa (Timani), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Rio del Rey, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_442">442</a></li>
+
+<li>Risga, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Ritchiea sp., <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Riverine Natives, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>Rock Elm (Chlorophora excelsa), <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
+(African Oak or Teak, Description), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,
+<a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Roco (Dahomey), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Roey or Counter-top Mahogany, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>Rogeria adenophylla, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Rokell River, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Ronier (Colons), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Ronietta, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Roofing palm, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+
+<li>Roof Pole (Benin), <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Rope Tree, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Rosaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_72">72</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_130">130</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Rosewood (Dalbergia sp. and Pterocarpus erinaceus), <a href=
+"#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>; Rosewood (Senegal),
+<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li>“Rotation,” <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li>Rottbœllia exaltata, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Rough-barked Canarium, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Rough-skinned Plum (Sierra Leone), cut locally, <a href=
+"#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; R. (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Rubber, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>,
+<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_487">487</a>; African R., <a href="#Page_68">68</a>,
+<a href="#Page_228">228</a>; Balata R., <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>; Brown Cluster or Brown Medium R., <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>; R. Company
+(Liberia), <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; Corrugated-fruited R.,
+<a href="#Page_392">392</a>; R. Exports (Liberia), <a href=
+"#Page_79">79</a>; R. Exports (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_226">226</a>; R. Exports (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_90">90</a>; R. Exports (Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_63">63</a>; R. Exports (Togo), <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;
+False R., <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;
+Flake or Paste R., <a href="#Page_392">392</a>; Gambia R., <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>; Lagos or Silk R., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>,
+<a href="#Page_440">440</a>; Male Rubber Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_395">395</a>; Mauve-flowered Vine R., <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>; Oban R., <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;
+Ornamental R., <a href="#Page_396">396</a>; Para R., <a href=
+"#Page_111">111</a>; Pear-shape fruited R., <a href=
+"#Page_393">393</a>; Planting R. (Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; Rambong R., <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; Raw R. exported
+(Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; Red Kano R., <a href=
+"#Page_216">216</a>; Root R., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_392">392</a>; Savannah R., <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;
+Spurious R., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; True Rubber Tree,
+<a href="#Page_79">79</a>; Rubber Vine or Whiteball R., <a href=
+"#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>; West African R.,
+<a href="#Page_395">395</a>; Whiteball R., <a href=
+"#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li>Rubiaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_79">79</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_89">89</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Ruka, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li>Rumfu or Runhu (Hausa), <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Rura (Hausa), <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Russegeri, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Russia, <a href="#Page_492">492</a></li>
+
+<li>Russian Market, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Russian Steppes, Afforestation, <a href=
+"#Page_486">486</a></li>
+
+<li>Rutaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_74">74</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_85">85</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; (Cameroons)</li>
+
+<li>Ruwenzori, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Sa (Fõ), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Sabarra, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Sabicea calycina, <a href="#Page_408">408</a></li>
+
+<li>Sabicu, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+<li>Sabine, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li>Saccharum officinarum, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; S.
+spontaneum, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Saccoglottis Gabunensis, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li>
+
+<li>Sackwi or Mbauwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Sacred Lake, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; S. Oil Palm, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Sadan mayu (Hausa), <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Saga Bean, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li>Sagbei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Sago (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; S. Palm, <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Saingja (Asante), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Sakuni (Krepi), <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Salacia debilis, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Salicaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Salix, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Sama, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Samanta (Tivi), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Samantawa (Fanti), <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Samarin danga, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Samba Sankamba (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Samia (Hausa), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>San (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Sanaga River, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Sanbúgo (Mangu), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Sandalwood, white scented, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Sandpaper Tree, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_95">95</a>; (S. Leaf), <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Sanga-sanga (Ijor), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; S.-S. (New
+Calabar), <a href="#Page_279">279</a>; S.-S. (Sok. and West),
+<a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Sangongo (Bambara), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Sannaba (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Sansami, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; S. or Sasami
+<em>syn.</em> Jiri dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and Kats.), <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Sansane Station (Togo), <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Sansevieria, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; S. Cylindrica, <a href=
+"#Page_128">128</a>; S. Guineensis, <a href=
+"#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>“Sant” pods, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Santiriopsis, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; S. Klaineana,
+<a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Sanza, Asun, Minika, Seka (Agni), <a href=
+"#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Sapele-scented Wood (Entandrophragma utilis), <a href=
+"#Page_102">102</a>; S. or Sapeli, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>,
+<a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Sapho (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li>
+
+<li>Sapindaceæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; S. (Gold
+Coast), <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; S. (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>; S. (Liberia), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; S.
+(Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; S. (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Sapium Guineense, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; S. Kerstingii,
+<a href="#Page_136">136</a>; S. Mannianum, <a href=
+"#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Sapoba, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+<li>Sapotaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; (Liberia),
+<a href="#Page_78">78</a>; (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_192">192</a>,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>; (Sierra Leone),
+<a href="#Page_57">57</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Sappan, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li>Sarcocephalus, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>; S. esculentus,
+<a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_404">404</a>; S. eu-esculentus, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;
+S. Pobeguini, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_422">422</a>; S. Russegeri, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>,
+<a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>; S. sambucinus, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>,
+<a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_441">441</a>; S. sp., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Sasabani, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; S. (Hadeija), <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Sasanemasa (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Sassandra (Port), <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>; S. (River), <a href=
+"#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Sasswood, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+<a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>; Sasswood
+Plantations (Erythrophlœum Guineense) (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li>Sassybark, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li>Satinwood, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a>; S. (African), <a href="#Page_271">271</a>,
+<a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>; S. (Dry
+Zone African), <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; S. (Dwarf), <a href=
+"#Page_311">311</a>; S. (Spiny), <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; S.
+(soft), <a href="#Page_352">352</a>; S. (True Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_310">310</a>; S. (West Indian), <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;
+S. (yellow), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_271">271</a></li>
+
+<li>Sausage-tree, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Sausanyebui (Mangu), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Scale Insects, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>Scandent Palm, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Schio (River), <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; S. (Valley of),
+<a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li>Schizoglossum, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Schmidelia Africana, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Schrebera Golungensis, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>Schwenkia Americana, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Scitamineæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Scoparia dulcis, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Scorodophlœus Zenkerii, <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Scotland, feeding experiments, <a href="#Page_483">483</a></li>
+
+<li>Scottelia coriaceæ, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; S. (Kamerunen),
+<a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; S.
+Mimfiensis, <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Screwpine, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li>Scrophulariaceæ (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_441">441</a>; S.
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Scytopetalaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; S.
+(Ivory Coast), <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; S. (Cameroons), <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Scytopetalum Tarquense, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Sea Bean (Mackay), <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Secretariat and Timber supply conditions (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>Securidaca longepedunculata, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>,
+<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Segbe (Mangu), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Segna (Attie), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Selaginella Vogelii, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Senan (Attie)</li>
+
+<li>Sendar (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+<li>Senegal, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Senegambia, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Senna (Senegal), <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Sesamum, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; S. Indicum, <a href=
+"#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_524">[524]</span>Sesbania
+Ægyptica, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; S. leptocarpa, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>; S. aculeata, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Sesedo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Séssëu (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Shagamu District, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Shaki, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li>Shakka (Brass), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Shange (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Shapo Obibere (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>Shapon Market, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li>Sharan lobbi (Sok.), <em>cf.</em> Alambo, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Shasha (River), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Shayo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Shea Butter, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; S. B. Tree, <a href=
+"#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_455">455</a>; False Shea Butter, <a href=
+"#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li>Shea Butter Nuts, exports (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; (Sierra Leone),
+<a href="#Page_63">63</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Shea Nut Cake, <a href="#Page_460">460</a></li>
+
+<li>Shedua or Abonsandua (Ashanti), <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; S.
+(Twi), <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Shedun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li>Shemusholoshi, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; S. (Jebu), <a href=
+"#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+<li>Shepolo-hun (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Sherbro, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Shero (Dagomba), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Shifting cultivation (Gambia, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra
+Leone, etc.), <a href="#Page_485">485</a></li>
+
+<li>Shinglewood Tree, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li>
+
+<li>Shirinya, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Shisinya, <em>syn.</em> Shiriya (Sok.), <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Shunin-biri (Hausa), <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <em>Syn.</em> Farin sansami (Sok. and
+Kats.)</li>
+
+<li>Siamese Cassia, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Sibugang (Basa), <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Sida, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; S. carpinifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_344">344</a>; S. (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+<li>Sideroxylon Aylmerii, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_329">329</a>; S. longistylum, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>,
+<a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li>Sidu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Sie (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Sierra Leone, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a></li>
+
+<li>Sierra Leone, <a href="#c03">chap. iii,</a> <a href=
+"#Page_25">25</a>-65; I. The Forests, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
+II. Notes on Timber Trees, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>; III. Trees
+cut for local use, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; IV. Minor Forest
+Produce, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; V. The Forest Department,
+<a href="#Page_39">39</a>; VI. Indigenous Forest Trees, <a href=
+"#Page_41">41</a>; Appendix I, II. Forest Exports, <a href=
+"#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; Appendix III. Timber
+Imports, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li>Sierra Leone (Mountains), <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li>Sigo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Silk Cotton Tree, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Silkworm, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Siluko River, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>; S. Road, <a href=
+"#Page_258">258</a>; S. Sub-district (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li>Simarubaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; S.
+(Ivory Coast), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; S. (Liberia), <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>; S. (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>,
+<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>; S. (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Sime or Semei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Simua (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Sino Basin, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li>Sino Kim (Town), <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>Sisal Hemp, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Skiwaka (Hausa), <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Smeathmannia lævigata, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; S. pubescens,
+<a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>; S. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li>Smilax Kraussiana, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>So (Abe), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Soap Tree, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Sobos (Tribe), <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li>Sofo (Attie), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Soft-shelled Palm, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li>“Softwood,” <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Sogoto, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li>Sokodé-Bassari coast forests, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; S.
+District, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;
+S. Plantations, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Sokoto, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Solanaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Solanum, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; S. incanum, <a href=
+"#Page_194">194</a>; S. Melongena, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; S.
+sp., <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Somabari (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Sombreiro River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Soppo, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Sopubia, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Sorghum, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>; S. vulgare, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; S.
+vulgare, <em>var.</em> saccharatum, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,
+<a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Sorindeia juglandifolia, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; S. trimera,
+<a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Sorono (Asante), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Sorowa (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Sosong (Bakossi), <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Sotibia (Fanti), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Soudan or Soudan Zone, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Soumbaras, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Sounoum (Fanti), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Sour Gourd, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; S. Sop, <a href=
+"#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>Soyauxia sp., <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li>Spanish Elder compared with Melia Azedarach, <a href=
+"#Page_135">135</a>; S. Mahogany, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; S.
+Plum, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Spathodea, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; S. campanulata,
+<a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Spermacoce, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Sphenoclea Zeylanica, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Spice Tree, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; Mountain S. T., <a href=
+"#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Spiny Tree, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Spondias dulcis, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; S. lutea,
+<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>; compared to
+Pseudospondias microcarpa, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; S. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_239">239</a></li>
+
+<li>Sponges, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; from vines and lianes,
+<a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Spruce Hills Reserve (c. Pacific Railway), <a href=
+"#Page_489">489</a></li>
+
+<li>Ssäre (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Sserre (Kratschi), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Ssissiku (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Ssissina (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Sso abalu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Ssomū (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Ssosi (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Ssossosi (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Ssua (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; S. dau
+(Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Ssuto (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>St. Barbara (R.), <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_154">154</a>; St. Bartholomew (R)., <a href=
+"#Page_151">151</a>; St. John’s River, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
+St. Paul’s River, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Stachyothyrsus Staudtii, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Stag-beetle attacks on Funtumia elastica, <a href=
+"#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>“Stands,” <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li>Star Apple, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_110">110</a>; African S. A., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>,
+<a href="#Page_381">381</a>; edible S. A., <a href=
+"#Page_381">381</a>; Forcados S. A., <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;
+Monkey S. A., <a href="#Page_381">381</a>; Round S. A., <a href=
+"#Page_381">381</a>; White S. A., <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li>
+
+<li>Staudtia Kamerunensis, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>; S.
+stipitata, <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li>
+
+<li>Stearin, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></li>
+
+<li>Stemonocoleus micranthus, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Stenanthera hamata, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Steppe conditions, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Sterculia, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">acuminata, <em>syn.</em> cola acuminata, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">Barteri, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">cinerea, <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">cordata, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">cordifolia, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">grandifolia, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">oblonga, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; S. near oblonga,
+<a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">rhinopetala, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">sp., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">tomentosa, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub">tragacantha, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li>
+
+<li>Sterculiaceæ, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; S. (Gold Coast),
+<a href="#Page_106">106</a>; S. (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_87">87</a>; S. (Liberia), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; S.
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>; S. (Sierra
+Leone), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>; S.
+(Cameroons), <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; S. (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Stereospermum acuminatissimum, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>; S.
+Kunthianum, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a>; S. leonense, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>“Stinkwood” Tree, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Stool Wood, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Strephonema Apoloniensis, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li>Streptocarpus nobilis, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Striga, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; S. Senegalensis, <a href=
+"#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Strombosia glaucescens, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; S.
+grandifolia, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; S. Pustulata, <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Strombosiopsis tetrandra, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Strophanthus hispidus, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_395">395</a>; S. Preussii, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>; S.
+sarmentosus, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Strychnos alnifolia, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; S. Buettneri,
+<a href="#Page_142">142</a>; S. densiflora, <a href=
+"#Page_389">389</a>; S. emarginata, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; S.
+gnetifolia, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>; S. laxa, <a href=
+"#Page_142">142</a>; S. pubescens, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; S.
+spinosa, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
+S. triclisioides, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Stylochiton Dalzielii, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Subanda (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Suein (Appollonian), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Sugar Cane, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>; S. Loaf
+Mountains, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; S. Palm, <a href=
+"#Page_177">177</a>; S. Plantations, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+S. Plum, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Sukai I, S. II (Mendi), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Sundew, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Supom, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Surrey price of cake, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></li>
+
+<li>Susuwuru, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Swamp Date Palm, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>; S. (Freshwater),
+<a href="#Page_118">118</a>; S. planting, <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a>; S. rice, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Swartzia Madagascariensis, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>,
+<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Sweden Market, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li>Swietenia bijuga, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; S. chloroxylon,
+<a href="#Page_174">174</a>; S. macrophylla, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Swizzle-stick, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Sword Bean, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Symphonia globulifera, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Syzygium Guineense, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Taba ni ka samu (Hausa) (<em>cf.</em> Kurnan
+nasara), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Tabako (Duala), <a href="#Page_443">443</a></li>
+
+<li>Taboia (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Tacazzea (Barteri), <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Tacca involucrata, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; T. pinnatifida,
+<a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Taccaceæ (Togo), <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; (Nigeria),
+<a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Taceribe (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Tada (Duala), <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li>
+
+<li>Tafashia (Hausa), <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Tagalel, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_525">[525]</span>Tagbadja River
+(Togo), <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Tagbekove Village, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li>Tahl of the Soudan, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Takanda, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>; or Takandar giwa (Kats., Sok., and Zanf.),
+<a href="#Page_221">221</a>; Takandar giwa (Hausa), <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li>Takwadua (Twi, Wassaw), <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Tala (Ibo and Brass), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>; (New Calabar),
+<a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Talaki or Talakin Yarubawa, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;
+<em>syn.</em> Namijn gwabsa (Kontagora), etc., <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Talisiopsis oliviformis, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Tallow Tree, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a></li>
+
+<li>Tamarind, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_306">306</a>; Velvet T., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li>Tamarindus indica, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Tamarese (Asante), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Tamau (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Tambelei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Tamenasi (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Tanda (Duala), <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Tangerine, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Tanna (English), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Tannin, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>,
+<a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Tano Forest and River, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Taramniya, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Taro (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Tartar Tree, <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>Tata (Duala), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Tatairo (Moyen Cavally), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Tau (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Taupwi (Young Trees, Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Taura (Hausa), <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Tauwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Tawatsa (Hausa), <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; T. or Tawatsa,
+<a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Taxodium distichum, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Tchiat Kottse (Attie), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Tchiko (Attie), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Teak, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>,
+<a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_500">500</a>; Brown Teak, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>; Burma
+T., <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>; Bush
+Teak, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>; T. plantations (Tectona
+Grandis), <a href="#Page_470">470</a>; T. (Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li>Tebo (Attie), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Tectona grandis, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#t183">183</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a></li>
+
+<li>Tegai (Mendi), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Tei-tei (Ijor, Brass), <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Teko District (Buea), <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Teli (Bambara), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Tema (Timani), <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Tendeba (Apollonian), <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; (Aowa),
+<a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Tenuba, Tanuba (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Tephrosia, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; T. Ansellii, <a href=
+"#Page_302">302</a>; T. Vogelii, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Teredo borer, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; T. Worm, <a href=
+"#Page_357">357</a></li>
+
+<li>Terle (Mendi), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Terminalia, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>; T. Altissima,
+<a href="#Page_88">88</a>; T. Avicennioides, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; T. Baumannii,
+<a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>; Black bark Terminalia, <a href=
+"#Page_369">369</a>; T. Brownii, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; T.
+catappa, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>,
+<a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>; T.
+dictyoneura, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; T. Dry zone, <a href=
+"#Page_372">372</a>; T. Elliotii, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>,
+<a href="#Page_223">223</a>; T. Ivoriensis, <a href=
+"#Page_88">88</a>; T. macroptera, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>,
+<a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_223">223</a>; T. Orange-barked, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;
+T. scutifera, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>; T. sp., <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>; T. Superba,
+<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#t183">183</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_498">498</a>; T. Togoensis, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,
+<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_371">371</a>; T. Yellow, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+<li>Termites, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>,
+<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a></li>
+
+<li>Tetere (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Tetracera leiocarpa, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; T. Dinklagei,
+<a href="#Page_77">77</a>; T. potatoria, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+T. sp., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li>Tetrapleura, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>; T. Prekese, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;
+Thonningii, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li>
+
+<li>Teyei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Theobroma cacao, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Thespesia populnea, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Thistleton-Dyer, Sir W. T., K.C.M.G., C.I.E., <a href=
+"#Page_496">496</a></li>
+
+<li>Thomandersia laurifolia, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Thompson, Mr. H. N., Conservator of Forests, South Nigeria,
+Report on Ashanti, Gold Coast, and Northern Territory, <a href=
+"#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; Brought Khaya
+Senegalensis seed from Shaki district, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+Opinion as to Albizzia sp., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+<li>Thonningia sanguinea, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Thorn Apple, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Thunbergia (Blue, Benin), <a href="#Page_401">401</a>; T.
+Vogeliana, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Thuya occidentalis, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Thymelæaceæ (Nigeria), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
+(Cameroons), <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Tiamatiama (Agni), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; (Appolonian),
+<a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; T. (Aowin),
+<a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Tiame-tiame (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Tigalo (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Tigu Schirafinsa (Mangu), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Tigwi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Tijoi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Tika (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Tiko Plain, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li>
+
+<li>Tiliaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; (Ivory
+Coast), <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_343">343</a>; (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Tim (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Timani or Tunani, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>Timba or Timba nundi (Duala), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Timber, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>,
+<a href="#Page_498">498</a>; Conditions of working in Liberia,
+<a href="#Page_69">69</a>; T. dogs, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>; T.
+exports (Cameroons), <a href="#Page_444">444</a>; (Sierra Leone),
+<a href="#Page_64">64</a>; T. Imports (Sierra Leone), comparative
+statement, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; T. Industry (Nigeria Law),
+<a href="#Page_155">155</a>-166; Nigerian Local Felling T.,
+<a href="#Page_158">158</a>; T. Reserves (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_158">158</a>; T. Yield, Temperate Zone, <a href=
+"#Page_161">161</a>; T. Yield Tropics, <a href=
+"#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li>Timbuctoo, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Tingbatau or Patandeu (Tschaudjo), <a href=
+"#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Tinya, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Tisal (Togo export), <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Tisemu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Titiro (Egbado), <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Tiupe (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Tochitschíñe (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Toddalia sp., <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Toddy, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>Togba (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Togbeli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Togo, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>,
+<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>; T., <a href=
+"#c07">chap. vii,</a> <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-150;
+Introduction, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; Forests between or at
+the Stations, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-119; Forest department
+plantations, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-122; District plantations,
+<a href="#Page_122">122</a>-127; Indigenous trees, <a href=
+"#Page_127">127</a>-147; List of Introduced species planted,
+<a href="#Page_148">148</a>; Census of Plantations, <a href=
+"#Page_149">149</a>; Forest Exports, <a href=
+"#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Togo, Tour by Dr. A. H. Unwin, <a href=
+"#Page_116">116</a>-150</li>
+
+<li>Toi-tsi (Ibo), <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Tokei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Tolabu (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Tolongo (Duala), <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Toluifera Pereiræ, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Toman or Tonas (Hausa), <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Tombo Palm, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; (General West Coast),
+<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Tonga (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Toon, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li>Tortoza, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>; (Timani), <a href=
+"#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Totengei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Toto (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Totohote (Attie), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Touloucouna oil, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Toye (Mendi), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Trachylobium sp., <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Tragacanth, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Tragia Manniana, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Trakuan (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Treculia Africana, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; T. mollis,
+<a href="#Page_426">426</a>; T. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>Trema affinis, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_425">425</a>; T. Africana, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>,
+<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; T. Guineensis,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>; T. sp., <a href="#Page_420">420</a>,
+<a href="#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Trevor, Mr. E. W. J. (Pericarping machines), <a href=
+"#Page_477">477</a></li>
+
+<li>Trianthema monogyna, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Trichilia, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>; T. acutifolia, <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a>; T. Candollei, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; T.
+cedrata, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; T. emetica, <a href=
+"#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; T. Heudelotii,
+<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_330">330</a>; T. Prieuriana, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>,
+<a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_433">433</a>; T. retusa, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,
+<a href="#Page_212">212</a>; T. rubescens, <a href=
+"#Page_102">102</a>; T. rubesilus, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>; T.
+sp., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>,
+<a href="#Page_330">330</a>; T. sp. near T. Prieuriana, <a href=
+"#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>Trichodesma Africanum, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Trichoscypha, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; T. Bipindensis,
+<a href="#Page_434">434</a></li>
+
+<li>Triclisia macrophylla, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Trinkomali Wood, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_421">421</a></li>
+
+<li>Triplochiton, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_370">370</a>; Compared with Myrianthus Arboreus, <a href=
+"#Page_257">257</a>; T. Johnsonii, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>,
+<a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>; T. Nigericum,
+<a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#t183">183</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_352">352</a>; T. nov. sp., <a href="#Page_353">353</a>; T.
+scleroxylon, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Tripoli senna, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Tritonia, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Triumfetta cordifolia, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>; T.
+Rhomboidea, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>; T. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Triwa (Agni), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Trochomeria, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Tsada, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Tsadar Lamarudu, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; T. masar (Hausa),
+<a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Tsamiya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_206">206</a>; T. or Tsamia (Hausa), <a href=
+"#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; Tsamiyar or
+“Tsamiya,” <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Tschabola buanda or Tschabolabunda (Tschaudjo), <a href=
+"#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Tschaloware (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Tschamanu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Tschapēa (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Tschato (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Tschengunga (Asante), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Tschingbelika (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Tschuṓu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Tscisili (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Tsetse or Echéché (Ewe), <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Tsiberi Kinkini, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Tsibra or Tsura (Sok.), <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Tso (Ewe), <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; Tsa (Ewe), <a href=
+"#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Tsung Oil (Chinese Wood Oil), <a href="#Page_451">451</a>,
+<a href="#Page_452">452</a></li>
+
+<li>Tte (Attie), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Tuanyei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Tudi (Zanfara), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Tui (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Tuinynelli (Mendi), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_526">[526]</span>Tukuruwa Palm,
+<a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Tulip (Tree), <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>; African T. tree,
+<a href="#Page_400">400</a>; Red T. tree, <a href=
+"#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Tulipier de Gabon (Colons), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Tuloi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Tumbalaka (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Tumuku, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Tuna, Tunas, or Tunam (Hausa), <a href="#Page_222">222</a>,
+<a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Tunfall (Timani), <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Tunka (Mendi), <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Tunkia, Chief of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Tuntumi (Timani), <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li>Tura (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Turndogo (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Turraeanthus Zenkeri, <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Turræa Heterophylla, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>; T. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_50">50</a>; T. Vogelii, <a href=
+"#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Tursuje (Hausa), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Turtle-backs, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li>Turubi, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Tusima or Tingma (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>Twani (Appolonian), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Twe (Neyau), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Tyanka or Hogogo (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Tyentyem (Mangu), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Tyenyeólo or Pasau (Tschaudjo), <a href=
+"#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Tyĕtĕbu (Mangu), <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Tylostemon crassifolius, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>; T.
+Mannii, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Tzambi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Ua magungŭ́na (Hausa), <a href=
+"#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Uapaca Benguelensis, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; U.
+Bingervillensis, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; U. Guineensis, <a href=
+"#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>; U. Heudelotii
+(Sugar Plum, Red Cedar) cut locally in Sierra Leone, <a href=
+"#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_337">337</a>; U. Staudtii, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>,
+<a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; U.
+Togoensis, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Ubabikpan (Benin), <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Ubake (Benin), <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Ubanakwi (Benin), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Ubara (Efik), <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li>Ubellu genus, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>; U. (nuts), <a href=
+"#Page_452">452</a></li>
+
+<li>Ubelluname, Ubellunowe (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Ubuen (Efik), <a href="#Page_406">406</a></li>
+
+<li>Ubgo (Benin), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Uboto (Benin), <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Uche (Akposso), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Udeni (Ibo), <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Udeni (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Udi Plantation, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li>Udia Ebiong (Efik), <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Udin (Benin), <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; U. (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_466">466</a></li>
+
+<li>Uganda, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Ugbamiogou (Benin), <a href="#Page_392">392</a>; or Ubamiogon
+(Benin), <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Ugbehen (Benin), <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Ugbodokossa (Benin), <a href="#Page_406">406</a></li>
+
+<li>Ughahan (Benin), <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+<li>Ugheberi (Benin), <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Ugibisaro (Benin), <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li>Ugo, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Ugumu, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Uhi Forest, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Uhie (Ibo), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukan (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukana (Efik), <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukape (Benin), <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukhu (Benin), <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukloba (Akposso), <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukpa (Efik), <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukpa (Efik), <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; Ukpa-Kara (Brass),
+<a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukpagga (Benin), <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukpaigwi or Okpaigwi (Benin), <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukpami (Akposso), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukpassa (Efik), <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukpi nikwi of the Benis, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_342">342</a>; U. Nufwa (Benin), <a href="#Page_341">341</a>,
+<a href="#Page_343">343</a>; Small Ukpi (Yoruba), <a href=
+"#Page_343">343</a>; U. Wenwan (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukpoi (Oban, Ekoi), <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukposa (Benin), <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukukon (Benin), <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukum (Efik), <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_345">345</a></li>
+
+<li>Ukung (Efik), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Ulazo (Benin), <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+
+<li>Ulmaceæ, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; (Ivory Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_83">83</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; (Togo),
+<a href="#Page_128">128</a>; (Nigeria), <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Uloko, U. odigpe, U. nushinogbon (Benin), <a href=
+"#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Umaja or Umazza (Benin), <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li>Umbelliferæ (Togo), <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; (Nigeria),
+<a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Umberium (Timani), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li>Umbrella tree, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a></li>
+
+<li>Ume (Benin), <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_275">275</a></li>
+
+<li>Umowenek (Efik), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Uncaria Africana, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li>Undu District, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Ungari (Timani), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Ungive (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Ungu (Ibo, Owerri), <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li>Ungu (Ibo), <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Ungungmekkan (Benin), <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li>Unie (Benin), <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+<li>United States protection in Liberia, <a href=
+"#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Uno (Efik), <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+<li>Unscented Mahogany, Entandrophragma cylindricum, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Unwin, Dr. A. H., suggestion as to name Iroko, <a href=
+"#Page_42">42</a>; Trip to Togo, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>,
+<a href="#Page_150">150</a>; discovery of Khaya in Gold Forest,
+<a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Unyenghen (Benin), <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li>Uoli (Akposso), <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li>Upakeka (Benin), <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Upeka (Benin), <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li>Upper Cross River, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Upper Niger, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Uputtu of the Benis, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Ureben (Benin), <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+
+<li>Urena lobata, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_345">345</a></li>
+
+<li>Urere, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Urginea, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; U. Indica, <a href=
+"#Page_195">195</a>; U. Nigritana, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; U.
+Spp., <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Urophyllum hirtellum, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Urostigma, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Urticaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; (Nigeria),
+<a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Uruaro (Benin), <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Uruba su (Bete), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Urueben (Benin), <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+<li>Uruhe (Benin), <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Uruiju Arogu (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+<li>Uruk (Efik), <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Ururata (Benin), <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>U.S.A., Southern States, Deciduous Cypress, native of, <a href=
+"#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Usi (Benin), <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Uso or Dinka, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Usshin (Benin), <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Uta (Ikale), <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Utan-tan (Benin), <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Utricularia, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Uuti (Ewe), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Uvaria Afzelii, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>; U. Busgenii,
+<a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_427">427</a>; U. Chamæ, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>,
+<a href="#Page_264">264</a>; U. Dinklagei, <a href=
+"#Page_71">71</a>; U. Macrocarpa, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; U.
+Microtricha, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>; U. Scabrida, <a href=
+"#Page_71">71</a>; U. sp., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Uwanwanis (Benin), <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Uwar Yara (Kano and Katagum), <a href="#Page_216">216</a>,
+<a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Uwen (Efik), <a href="#Page_230">230</a>; Uwenyriotan or
+Uwemriotan (Benin), <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Uwonwen (Benin), <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Uwowe Lugu (Benin), <a href="#Page_293">293</a>; U. Labafun
+(Benin), <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+
+<li>Uyat (Efik), <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Vandakiie (Attie), <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Vangueria nigrescens, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; V.
+chrysocarpa, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; V. euonymoides, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Vai (Bali), <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li>
+
+<li>Velvet Tamarind, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li>Verbenaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; (Ivory
+Coast), <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; (Gold Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_112">112</a>; (Togo), <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
+(Nigeria), <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>; (Cameroons),
+<a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Vernonia, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_194">194</a>; V. amygdalina, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>,
+<a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; V.
+cinerea, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>; V. conferta, <a href=
+"#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>; V. frondosa,
+<a href="#Page_442">442</a>; V. nigritana, <a href=
+"#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; V. Senegalensis,
+<a href="#Page_147">147</a>; V. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Vetch, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Vetiveria zizanoides, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+<li>Vi (Abe), <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Victoria District, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_442">442</a>; V. Botanical Gardens, <a href=
+"#Page_176">176</a>; V. Falls, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li>Vigna, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; V. sinensis, <a href=
+"#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Vincentella impressa, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Violaceæ (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; (Gold
+Coast), <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Violetwood, Description of (Sierra Leone), <a href=
+"#Page_30">30</a>; African V., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Vismia leonensis, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Vitaceæ (Gold Coast), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; (Nigeria),
+<a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Vitex, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; V. angolensis, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>; V. Bipindensis, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>;
+V. camporum, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; V. cienkowskii, <a href=
+"#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>; V. cuneata,
+<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_441">441</a>; V. diversifolia, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>,
+<a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>; V.
+doniana, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; V. fosteri, <a href=
+"#Page_399">399</a>; V. grandifolia, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>,
+<a href="#Page_398">398</a>; V. megaphylla, <a href=
+"#Page_112">112</a>; V. micrantha, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>,
+<a href="#Page_89">89</a>; V. oxycuspis, <a href=
+"#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Vitis, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; V. pallida, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>; V. quadrangularis, <a href=
+"#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Voacanga Africana, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_341">341</a>; V. obtusa, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a>; V. Thonnersii, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li>Voandzeia subterranea, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Volta River, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li>Volta Valley, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Wa, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Wa-Wa (Appolonien), W. (Indenie)</li>
+
+<li>Wacuminata, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li>
+
+<li>Wadda Tree, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Waghebe (Ewe), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Wala (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Walehe (Abe), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Walnut, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>; African W.,
+<a href="#Page_293">293</a>; W., East Indian, <a href=
+"#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+
+<li>Waltheria Americana, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Walwei (Mendi), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Wan kurumi, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Waogbum (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Ware Borf Ware (Agni), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Warie (Agni), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Warri Port, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>; W. (Province),
+<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_408">408</a></li>
+
+<li>Warry (a Mendi game), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_527">[527]</span>Water Lily,
+<a href="#Page_193">193</a>; W. Melon, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>,
+<a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a></li>
+
+<li>Water Kola, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Waterside cynometra, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Waterside Ekpagoize, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Water Tree, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li>Wawa (Appolonian) (Indenie), <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; Wawa or
+Wawwaw (Twi), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Wawæ (Mendi), <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Wawapupus (Twi), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>We (Trepo), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Weatherboard Wood, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+
+<li>Weihea Africana, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; W. sp.,
+<em>cf.</em> Africana, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>; W. sp.,
+<a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Weke (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Welu (Tschaudjo), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Were (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Western Africa, Logs exported from, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+Conditions of working, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Weti (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Wheat, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Whismore, description of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>White Ants, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>White-ball Rubber, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li>White Cedar (<em>see</em> Pycnanthus Kombo), <a href=
+"#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>White Mahogany, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>White Oak (Parinarium sp.), <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_52">52</a>; Ostryoderris impressa, <a href=
+"#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Whitewood, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a>; W. (American), <a href="#Page_260">260</a>,
+<a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Custard Apple, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Date Palm, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Fig, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Indigo (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Mango, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Plum, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>; W. Rice, <a href=
+"#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Willow, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Wine Palm, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>Wismao (Sierra Leone), <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Witkoran (Timani), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Wo (Ewe), <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+<li>Wokaka or Wokuka (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_426">426</a>,
+<a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Wokeku (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Wokotelimon (Abe), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Womba (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_440">440</a></li>
+
+<li>Wondo (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Wongo (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Wonjangasanga (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_433">433</a>; or
+Wonjasanga (Bakundu), <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li>
+
+<li>Wonjanja (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_438">438</a></li>
+
+<li>Wood Oil Nut, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Wood, various exported, Togo, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Woods (exported Ivory Coast) for cabinet making, etc., <a href=
+"#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Woongo (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li>
+
+<li>Worolongo (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_437">437</a></li>
+
+<li>Wotenge (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li>
+
+<li>Woto or Atrati (Ewe), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Wotobe Ewotobe (Mbonoi), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Wu (Ewe), <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Wueti (Ewe), <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Wulfram (Fanti), <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Wulule (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li>Wuyan damo (Hausa), <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Wych Elm, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Wyfongo (Bakwiri), <a href="#Page_441">441</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Xeropetalum Dombeya, <a href=
+"#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Ximenia Americana, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Xylia Evansii, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_449">449</a></li>
+
+<li>Xylopia Æthiopica, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_262">262</a>; X. sp. Dinklagei, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>,
+<a href="#Page_71">71</a>; X. sp. near X. Elliotii, <a href=
+"#Page_43">43</a>; X. Eminii, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; X.
+Parviflora, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>,
+<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_427">427</a>; X. Striata, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Xysmalobium, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; X. granitiolum,
+<a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Ya (Hausa), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Yabassi District, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li>
+
+<li>Yabonji, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li>Yafo (Kpedyi), <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Yam, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_204">204</a>-265, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>; Y. as charms,
+<a href="#Page_255">255</a>; Y. crushing, <a href=
+"#Page_132">132</a>; Yams as food, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>; Yam
+stick, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_490">490</a></li>
+
+<li>Yandahun Village, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Yankran (Fanti), <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Yar or Abi River, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Yaru (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Yawi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Ya-ya or Yar-yar (General West Coast), <a href=
+"#Page_113">113</a></li>
+
+<li>Yayabé (Mangu), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Aril, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>; Y.-backed Duika,
+<a href="#Page_250">250</a>; Y.-flowering nutmeg, <a href=
+"#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>; Y. Plum, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>; Y. poppy, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; Y.
+wood, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>,
+<a href="#Page_427">427</a>; Hard yellow wood, <a href=
+"#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_417">417</a></li>
+
+<li>Yenagoa, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></li>
+
+<li>Yere (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li>Yerepe (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+<li>Yevo-Gboma (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Yewa River, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Yeye (Yoruba), <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li>Yinrin-Yinrin of Ijaws and Ikales, <a href=
+"#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Yokharauku (Dagomba), <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Yokomi (Mendi), <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Yola, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; Y. mosque, <a href=
+"#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+<li>York, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Yoruba, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; Yoruba Market,
+<a href="#Page_313">313</a>; Yorubas, The, <a href=
+"#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li>
+
+<li>Yoruba Blackwood, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; Y. Blue Dye,
+<a href="#Page_303">303</a>; Y. Charcoal Wood, <a href=
+"#Page_305">305</a>; Y. Chewstick, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; Y.
+Coffinwood, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>; Y. Ebony, <a href=
+"#Page_384">384</a>; Y. Indigo, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; Y.
+Ironwood, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>,
+<a href="#Page_384">384</a>; Y. Soft Cane, <a href=
+"#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Yotsa or Yo, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Yowi or Togba (Atakpame), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Yrewo (Ewe), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Yukugo (Bondoukou), <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Yumba (Mangu), <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li class="ifrst">Zacoba (Agni) (Attie), <a href=
+"#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Zaki banza, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Záklu (Misahöhe), <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Zamarke (Hausa), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Zaminguila, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_423">423</a></li>
+
+<li>Zanha golungensis, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Zanthoxylum, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>; Z. macrophyllum,
+<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_74">74</a>; Z. parvifolium, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; Z.
+rubescens, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; Z. Senegalensis, <a href=
+"#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>; Z. sp., <a href=
+"#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+<li>Zaria, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_489">489</a></li>
+
+<li>Zech, Graf (late Governor of Togo), <a href=
+"#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li>Zeronga (Bambara), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Zimingela, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_446">446</a></li>
+
+<li>Zinder, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Zindi (Katagum, Kanuri), <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+<li>Zini River, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Zizyphus Jujuba, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>; Z. mucronata,
+<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_343">343</a>; Z. Spina-Christi, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>,
+<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Zogalagandi, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; Z., <em>syn.</em>
+Bagarumar makka (Sok.), <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li>Zone Guinéenne of Chevalier, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+
+<li>Zone Sahélienne, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; By Chevalier,
+<a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Zungeru, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href=
+"#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li>Zuwo, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Zygophyllaceæ (Togo), <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="page">
+<p class="center small spaced15"><em>Printed in Great Britain
+by</em><br>
+UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED<br>
+WOKING AND LONDON</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class=
+"label">[1]</span></a><em>Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of
+Sierra Leone.</em> See <a href="#c14">Lane Poole.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class=
+"label">[2]</span></a>Pre-war rates.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class=
+"label">[3]</span></a>Reprinted by kind permission of the Editor of
+<em>United Empire</em>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class=
+"label">[4]</span></a>4th class in Northern Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class=
+"label">[5]</span></a>6th class in Southern Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class=
+"label">[6]</span></a>4th class in Northern Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class=
+"label">[7]</span></a>5th class in Southern Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class=
+"label">[8]</span></a>4th class in Southern Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class=
+"label">[9]</span></a>3rd class in Southern Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class=
+"label">[10]</span></a>7th class in Southern Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class=
+"label">[11]</span></a>3rd class in Northern Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class=
+"label">[12]</span></a>3 feet minimum girth in Northern
+Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class=
+"label">[13]</span></a>2nd class in Northern Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class=
+"label">[14]</span></a>3 feet minimum girth in Northern
+Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class=
+"label">[15]</span></a>6 feet minimum girth in Southern
+Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class=
+"label">[16]</span></a>4 feet minimum girth in Southern
+Provinces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class=
+"label">[17]</span></a><em>Colonial Report</em>, 88, Oil Seeds,
+Fats and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class=
+"label">[18]</span></a><em>Colonial Report</em>, 88, Oil Seeds,
+Fats and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class=
+"label">[19]</span></a><em>Colonial Report</em>, 88, Oil Seeds,
+Fats and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class=
+"label">[20]</span></a><em>Colonial Report</em>, 88, Oil Seeds,
+Fats and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class=
+"label">[21]</span></a><em>Colonial Report</em>, 88, Oil Seeds,
+Fats and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class=
+"label">[22]</span></a><em>Colonial Report</em>, 88, Oil Seeds,
+Fats and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class=
+"label">[23]</span></a><em>Colonial Report</em>, 88, Oil Seeds,
+Fats and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class=
+"label">[24]</span></a><em>Colonial Report</em>, 88, Oil Seeds,
+Fats and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class=
+"label">[25]</span></a><em>Colonial Report</em>, 88, Oil Seeds,
+Fats and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class=
+"label">[26]</span></a><em>Official Report</em>, Oil Seeds, Fats
+and Waxes, Imperial Institute, 1914.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="space-above2">
+</p>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2>Transcriber's note:</h2>
+
+<table class="borders2">
+<tr>
+<th>Page</th>
+<th>Printed as</th>
+<th>Changed to</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">multiple<br>
+pages</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">[Albizzia] fastigata</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">fastigiata</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdc">multiple<br>
+pages</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Tschandjo</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Tschaudjo</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">near Oniloku Road, Olokemji Reserve</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Olokemeji</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Oshun River, looking downstrean</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">downstream</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ugenia Owariensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Eugenia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ansophyllea laurina</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Anisophyllea</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">squares, which occude only very
+gradually.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">occlude</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_46">46</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">probably Petophorum sp.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Peltophorum</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_46">46</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cassia Siberiana</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Sieberiana</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Fluggea microcarpa</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Flueggea</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Antidesma lacinatum</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>laciniatum</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_54">54</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cola augustifolia</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>angustifolia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_55">55</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Visinia leonensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Vismia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_58">58</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Polydoa Elliotii</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Polyadoa</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_62">62</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">near <i>R. candata</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>caudata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_68">68</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæsis Guineensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_70">70</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæsis Guineensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Tetracera ærocarpa</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>leiocarpa</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_81">81</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">natives cut a ew trees at a time</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">a few</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_83">83</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Treculia africana</i>. Izaqueute
+Portugais</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Izaquente</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_84">84</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Stenanthera Laniate</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>hamata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_85">85</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Heudje, Heugué (Agni)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Hendje, Hengué (Agni)</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_86">86</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Charia Indiensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Indeniensis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_86">86</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Macaranga Hendelotii</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Heudelotii</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_87">87</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Syctopetalaceæ</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Scytopetalaceæ</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_87">87</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Rhaptopetalum Sieghemi</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Tieghemi</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_88">88</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Combretum vivoflora</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Combretodendron viridiflora</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_88">88</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Memycylon polyanthemos</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Memecylon</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_98">98</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cynometra Alzelii</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Afzelii</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_99">99</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Flowers more brilliant then <i>C.
+fistula</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">than</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Distemonanthus Benthamiam</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Benthamianus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Hugonia playsepala</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>platysepala</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Harrisonia Abyssinia</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Abyssinica</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Bursuraceæ</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Burseraceæ</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_102">102</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Malphigeaceæ</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Malpigheaceæ</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_104">104</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Celastiaceæ</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Celastraceæ</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Thespesia populuea</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>populnea</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Nansonia altissima</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Mansonia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_108">108</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Anopyxis ealænis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>ealænsis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Vincentella ampressa</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>impressa</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Diospyros xanthoxplamys</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>xanthochlamys</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_116">116</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">the nonal dry-zone vegetation</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">normal</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_122">122</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Terminalia catalpa</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>catappa</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_122">122</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Manihot Glaziovii</i> and <i>Manihot
+dichotama</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>dichotoma</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_123">123</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Manihot dichotama</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>dichotoma</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_125">125</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">overlooking the Volto Valley</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Volta</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_125">125</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ceara Rubber, and Ramboug Rubber</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Rambong</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Oxytenanthera Abyssinia</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Abyssinica</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Hyphæne corioceæ</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>coriaceæ</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_128">128</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Agava Sisalana</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Agave</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_129">129</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Myrianthus seratus</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>serratus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_129">129</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ficus vallis chondæ</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>choudæ</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_129">129</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ficus toliifolia</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>tiliifolia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_129">129</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ficus dusenwides</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>dusenoides</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_129">129</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Faures speciosa</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Faurea</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_130">130</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Hexalobus morepetalus</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>monopetalus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_131">131</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Entanda scandens</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Entada</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_131">131</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Entanda Abyssinia</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Entada Abyssinica</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_133">133</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Berlinia accuminata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>acuminata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_133">133</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cassia Siberiana</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Sieberiana</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_134">134</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Fagara xanthoxyloides</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>zanthoxyloides</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_137">137</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Thespesia populuea</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>populnea</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_141">141</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Pachystela cinera</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>cinerea</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_141">141</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">the Butyspermum in colour</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Butyrospermum</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_142">142</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Anothocleista Kerstingii</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Anthocleista</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_148">148</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Terminalia catalpa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">catappa</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_148">148</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Poinciana repanophylla</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">drepanophylla</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_148">148</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Manihot dichotama</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">dichotoma</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_148">148</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Ficus Sclechteri</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Schlechteri</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_174">174</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Lagostræmia (<i>Lagostræmia flos
+Reginæ</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Lagerstrœmia</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Berrya Ommomilla</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ammomilla</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Copaifera salicikounda</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>salikounda</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_177">177</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Entandrophragma Condollei</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Candollei</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_178">178</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Diospyros mespeliformis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>mespiliformis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_191">191</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">two species of <i>Anasphrenium</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Anaphrenium</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_192">192</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Moralia Senegalensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Morelia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_192">192</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Tœcazea Barteri</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Tacazzea</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_194">194</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Giesekia pharnaceoides</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Gisekia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_194">194</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">a few of <i>Merrimia</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Merremia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_194">194</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Scrophularaceæ</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Scrophulariaceæ</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_194">194</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Blepharis</i>, <i>Monechma</i>,
+<i>Justocoa</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Justicia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Hyphæna Thebaica</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Hyphæne</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_196">196</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Sorghum vulgare</i>, var.
+<i>saccharantum</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>saccharatum</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_196">196</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Agelæa</i> and <i>Cnestic</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cnestis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Plenisceras Barteri</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Pleioceras</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Alchornea cordate</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>cordata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_199">199</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Curcurbitaceæ</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Cucurbitaceæ</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_201">201</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Vetweria zizanoides</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Vetiveria</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_201">201</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Sterospermum Kunthianum</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Stereospermum</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_202">202</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Pseudrocedrela Kotschyi</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Pseudocedrela</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_203">203</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Erythrophlocum Guineense</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Erythrophlœum</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_204">204</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">mixed deciduous and xerophilus habit</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">xerophilous</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_207">207</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Parkia filicoidia</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>filicoidea</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_213">213</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Z. lujuba</i>, Lam.</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>jujuba</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_214">214</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Diospyros mespeliformis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>mespiliformis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_218">218</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Elæsis Guineensis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Elæis</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_218">218</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kano and Katugum</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Katagum</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_219">219</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Uwar yara (Kano, Katagum), syn.
+Kaguguwa</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Haguguwa</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_221">221</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Toruba Wild Indigo</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Yoruba</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_221">221</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Boswellia Dalzielli</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Dalzielii</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_222">222</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">[Zizyphus jujuba] Margariya</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Magariya</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_222">222</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">[Zizyphus mucronata] Margariyar kura</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Magariyar</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_224">224</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Diospyrus mespiliformis</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Diospyros</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_225">225</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">[Adina microcephala] Hadanyar rafi</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Kadanyar</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top">fc. <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br>
+(<a href="#i047">fig. 47</a>)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Cedrela odrata (Cigar-box Cedar)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">odorata</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_231">231</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Oromosia monophylla</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ormosia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_232">232</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Xanthoxylon Senegalensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Zanthoxylon</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_233">233</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Garoinia conrauana</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Garcinia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_240">240</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Calamus dearatus</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>deerratus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæsis Guineensis</i>. The Oil
+Palm</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_242">242</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæsis Guineensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_243">243</a><br>
+(x3)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæsis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_246">246</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Dracæna Perottetii</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Perrottetii</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_246">246</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Clinogyne</i>, syn. <i>Donax
+cusputata</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>cuspidata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_250">250</a><br>
+(x2)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Antiarus</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Antiaris</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_256">256</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Treculia Africana</i> (Dene)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Decne</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_259">259</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Loranthus leptolopus</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>leptolobus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_259">259</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cissampelos Pariera</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Pareira</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_266">266</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cratæva Adansonii</i> (Guill. et
+Pierre)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Guill. et Perr.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_266">266</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cappiaris Thonningii</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Capparis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_270">270</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cassia toro</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>tora</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_284">284</a><br>
+(<a href="#i061">plate</a><br>
+facing)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span>
+62.—<span class="bold">Base of Bilinga</span></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 61.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_301">301</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Distemanthus Benthaniami</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Distemonanthus Benthamianus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_307">307</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Druosia laxiflora</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ormosia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_312">312</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Clausena Amsata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Anisata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_334">334</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Uapaca Guineensis</i> (Much. and
+Arg.)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Muell. Arg.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_337">337</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">may be the same as <i>Uafaca
+Heudelotii</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Uapaca</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_343">343</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Deinbollia primata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>pinnata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_343">343</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Zisyphus mucronata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Zizyphus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_344">344</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Hibiscus quinquilobus</i> (C.
+Don)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">G. Don</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_359">359</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Gomphia glabriana</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>glaberrima</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_359">359</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Gomphia</i> nr. <i>offinium</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>affinis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_361">361</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">it it probable that the nuts</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">it is</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_366">366</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Flacourtia flabescens</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>flavescens</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_381">381</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Diosypros mespiliformis</i>. Monkey
+Guava</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Diospyros</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_382">382</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">having brown tomatose hairs</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">tomentose</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_388">388</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Diospyros xanthoxyplamys</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>xanthochlamys</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_392">392</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Landolphia Thompsonii</i> (Ches.)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Chev.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_394">394</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Polyodoa umbellata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Polyadoa</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_394">394</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Lophia procera</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Lophira</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_395">395</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Strophanthus bispidus</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>hispidus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_395">395</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">one much smallar than the other</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">smaller</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_399">399</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Clerodendron volubulu</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>volubile</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_400">400</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Stereospermum accuminatissimum</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>acuminatissimum</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_407">407</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Randia malliefera</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>malleifera</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_407">407</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Randia cladanthra</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>cladantha</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_407">407</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Randia cordata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>caudata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_407">407</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Mussænda termiflora</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>tenuiflora</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_410">410</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Lycopodium phyllamaria</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>phlegmaria</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_410">410</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Eucalyptus tessitaris</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>tesselaris</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_416">416</a><br>
+(x2)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Entandrophragma Condollei</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Candollei</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_416">416</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">Terminalia, Scutifera</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Terminalia scutifera</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_417">417</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Triplochiton schleroxylon</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>scleroxylon</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_417">417</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Dialium Standtii</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Staudtii</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_420">420</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæsis Guineensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_422">422</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Sarcocephalus Pobegundii</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Pobeguinii</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_425">425</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæsis Guineensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Elæis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_430">430</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Distemonanthus Benthamiasus</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Benthamianus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_430">430</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Indigofera Africeps</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Atriceps</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_431">431</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Daniella caudata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Daniellia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_432">432</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Pachylobus edulis</i> (G. Dom)</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">G. Don</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_433">433</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Turracanthus Zenkeri</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Turraeanthus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_433">433</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ricinodrendron Africanum</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ricinodendron</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_434">434</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Antidesma lacimiatum</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>laciniatum</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_434">434</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Trichoxypha Bipindensis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Trichoscypha</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_436">436</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cold acuminata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cola</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_436">436</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Cola suleata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>sulcata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_436">436</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Triplochiton sceleroxylon</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>scleroxylon</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_436">436</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Syctopetalaceæ</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><span class="bold">Scytopetalaceæ</span>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_437">437</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Flacourtia Ramintilii</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ramontchii</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_438">438</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Alangium hegonifolium</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>begonifolium</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_439">439</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Diospyros sauveolens</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>suaveolens</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_439">439</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Diospyros Gilgiano</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Gilgiana</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_439">439</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Diospyros mespeliformis</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>mespiliformis</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_440">440</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ranwolfia macrophylla</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Rauwolfia</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_440">440</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Rauwolfia vomitosia</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>vomitoria</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_440">440</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Ipomæa involvucrata</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>involucrata</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_441">441</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Canthium glabriforum</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>glabriflorum</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_450">450</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Phyostigma venenosum</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Physostigma</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_459">459</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Chrysobalamus sp.</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Chrysobalanus</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_462">462</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Garcinia conrauna</i>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>conrauana</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_466">466</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">[<i>Elæis Guineensis</i> Var.]
+<i>Marcrocarya</i></td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1"><i>Macrocarya</i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_469">469</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">going along th Akpaboyo Road</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">the</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr-top"><a href="#Page_488">488</a>
+</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">on to neighbouring agrcultural land</td>
+<td class="tdl-top hang1">agricultural</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Other than the changes above, taxon names haven't been
+standardized.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the changes above affecting taxon names have also been
+made in the <a href="#ind">INDEX,</a> as well as several other
+spelling changes for consistency with the main text.</p>
+
+<p>Index entries with changed spelling have been moved or merged
+when necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Additionally, some changes in punctuation have been done
+silently.</p>
+</div>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78844 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+[Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook [#78844](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/78844)