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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78844 ***
+ WEST AFRICAN FORESTS
+ AND FORESTRY
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—=Mixed Evergreen Forest on the edge of Barombo
+Lake (Elephant Lake), Cotton Trees in foreground.=]
+
+ Frontispiece.
+
+ WEST AFRICAN FORESTS
+ AND FORESTRY
+
+ BY
+
+ A. HAROLD UNWIN
+ D.OEC., M.CAN., S.F.E.
+ Late Senior Conservator of Forests, Nigeria
+
+ WITH 110 ILLUSTRATIONS
+ BY THE AUTHOR
+
+ T. FISHER UNWIN LTD
+ LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE
+
+
+ _First published in 1920_
+
+ _(All rights reserved)_
+
+
+
+
+ TO
+ MY MOTHER
+
+
+
+
+ PREFACE
+
+
+While going round inspecting timber areas being worked by European firms
+in Nigeria, I have often been asked for a book with illustrations
+showing the different kinds of trees which might be felled, and also
+giving some account of the trees themselves, as well as the main work of
+the Forest Department. It is with the idea of trying to supply this want
+that I have mainly compiled this work, in the hope that, however
+imperfect it may be, the various timber getters and users in Nigeria may
+find it useful.
+
+I have not attempted to give accurate descriptions of the trees, as this
+has already been done by Mr. Foster in his work _Notes on Nigerian Trees
+and Plants_, and I would refer readers to that volume, and to the
+botanical works, such as _Useful Plants of Nigeria_, issued under the
+authority of the Director of Kew Gardens, and the _Flora of Tropical
+Africa_, by Oliver; but only refer to some specific feature of the trees
+that are most common or useful, by which they can be recognized by an
+ordinary observer without botanical knowledge.
+
+I wish to acknowledge with thanks the assistance given to me by the
+Central and Southern Secretaries for permission to use the annual Forest
+Report from the year 1906 onwards.
+
+I wish also to express my thanks to the Under-Secretary of State for the
+Colonies for permission to use my Reports on the Forests of Sierra Leone
+and the Afforestation of Togo.
+
+To Mr. H. N. Thompson, the Chief Conservator of Forests of Nigeria, I am
+indebted for much useful information obtained from his Report on the
+Gold Coast Forests.
+
+To Mr. R. E. Dennett, Deputy Chief Conservator of Forests, who has given
+me much help and advice in compiling this work, and more especially for
+reading through the proofs, I tender my grateful thanks.
+
+Two most valuable chapters on the Forests and botanical features of the
+Northern Provinces of Nigeria were written by Dr. J. M. Dalziel, to whom
+I owe grateful thanks for his encouragement in this work.
+
+My greatest thanks are due to Mr. C. E. Lane-Poole, Commissioner of
+Forests, Victoria, for the use of the list of the Sierra Leone trees.
+
+To M. Chevalier I return grateful thanks for his list of the Ivory Coast
+trees.
+
+For the constant and unfailing interest and devotion to the work of Miss
+Christina E. Lacy, acting as amanuensis, I beg to extend my heartfelt
+thanks.
+
+Further thanks are also due to my wife, who has lent not only practical
+assistance, but has been the mainspring of inspiration for the
+completion of this work.
+
+
+
+
+ CONTENTS
+
+
+ PAGE
+
+ PREFACE 7-8
+
+ TABLE OF CHAPTERS 9, 10
+
+ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 11-16
+
+ CHAPTER I
+
+ THE FORESTS OF WESTERN AFRICA 17-19
+
+ CHAPTER II
+
+ THE GAMBIA 20
+
+ DESCRIPTIONS OF TREES AND FORESTS 20
+
+ APPENDIX I. THE FOREST LAW. (FEES) 23
+
+ APPENDIX II. FOREST EXPORTS 24
+
+ CHAPTER III
+
+ SIERRA LEONE 25
+
+ I. THE FORESTS 25
+
+ II. NOTES ON TIMBER TREES. (EXPORT AND LOCAL USE) 26
+
+ III. TREES CUT FOR LOCAL USE 31
+
+ IV. MINOR FOREST PRODUCE 35
+
+ V. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT, SIERRA LEONE 39
+
+ VI. BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES OF INDIGENOUS TREES, WITH 41
+ DESCRIPTION
+
+ APPENDIX I. EXPORTS OF FOREST PRODUCE 63
+
+ APPENDIX II. FOREST PRODUCE, 1827-1835 64
+
+ APPENDIX III. IMPORTS OF TIMBER INTO SIERRA LEONE 65
+
+ CHAPTER IV
+
+ LIBERIA 66
+
+ I. THE GOLA FOREST 66
+
+ II. NOTES ON THE MOST VALUABLE TREES 66
+
+ III. THE CONDITIONS OF WORKING TIMBER 69
+
+ IV. BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES OF INDIGENOUS TREES 70
+
+ APPENDIX. FOREST EXPORTS 80
+
+ CHAPTER V
+
+ THE IVORY COAST 81
+
+ A NOTE ON THE FOREST AND MAHOGANY INDUSTRY 81
+
+ BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES OF TREES. BY MONSIEUR 83
+ AUGUST CHEVALIER
+
+ APPENDIX. FOREST EXPORTS 90
+
+ CHAPTER VI
+
+ THE GOLD COAST 91
+
+ THE FORESTRY POSITION 91
+
+ NOTES ON INDIGENOUS TREES 93
+
+ BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES. (FROM MR. H. N. 93
+ THOMPSON’S REPORT)
+
+ APPENDIX. FOREST EXPORTS 115
+
+ CHAPTER VII
+
+ TOGO 116
+
+ I. THE FORESTS 116
+
+ II. THE FOREST PLANTATIONS 119
+
+ III. THE DISTRICT PLANTATIONS 122
+
+ IV. NOTES ON INDIGENOUS TREES. BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES 127
+
+ APPENDIX I. INTRODUCED SPECIES OF TREES PLANTED 148
+
+ APPENDIX II. CENSUS OF PLANTATIONS 149
+
+ APPENDIX III. EXPORTS OF FOREST PRODUCE 150
+
+ CHAPTER VIII
+
+ NIGERIA 151
+
+ I. THE RIVERS, PORTS AND FORESTS 151
+
+ II. THE MAHOGANY AND TIMBER INDUSTRIES 155
+
+ III. THE PERMANENT FORESTS OR FOREST RESERVES 160
+
+ IV. AFFORESTATION IN NIGERIA 166
+
+ V. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT 184
+
+ VI. REVIEW OF THE BOTANICAL FEATURES OF N. NIGERIA. BY DR. J. 188
+ M. DALZIEL
+
+ SOME TREES OF HAUSALAND. BY DR. J. M. DALZIEL 205
+
+ APPENDIX I. BOTANICAL AND VERNACULAR NAMES OF INDIGENOUS 218
+ TREES. NORTHERN PROVINCES
+
+ APPENDIX II. EXPORTS OF FOREST PRODUCE 226
+
+ APPENDIX III. IMPORTS OF TIMBER INTO NIGERIA 227
+
+ APPENDIX IV. THE FEES AND ROYALTIES ON TIMBER TREES 228
+
+ CHAPTER IX
+
+ THE NIGERIAN TIMBER TREES 235
+
+ CHAPTER X
+
+ THE FORESTS AND TIMBER PRODUCTION OF THE BRITISH SPHERE 415
+ OF THE CAMEROONS
+
+ (WITH A NOTE ON THE FRENCH AND BELGIAN CONGO AND
+ SPANISH GUINEA)
+
+ NOTES ON DESCRIPTIONS OF TREES. BOTANICAL AND 425
+ VERNACULAR NAMES
+
+ APPENDIX I. EXPORTS OF FOREST PRODUCE 444
+
+ APPENDIX II. EXPORTS OF TIMBER ACCORDING TO PORT OF 445
+ SHIPMENT
+
+ APPENDIX III. EXPORTS OF TIMBER ACCORDING TO DESTINATION 446
+
+ CHAPTER XI
+
+ THE OIL BEANS, SEEDS AND NUTS OF THE FOREST 447
+
+ CHAPTER XII
+
+ THE OIL PALM AND PALM KERNEL INDUSTRY 464
+
+ CHAPTER XIII
+
+ THE FOREST IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE 485
+
+ CHAPTER XIV
+
+ BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICAN FORESTS 496
+
+ INDEX 501
+
+
+
+
+ ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+ I.
+
+ 1. Mixed Evergreen Forest on the edge of Barombo _Frontispiece_
+ Lake (Elephant Lake). Cotton Trees in foreground
+
+ II. SIERRA LEONE.
+
+ _To face page_
+
+ 2. Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_), in the Forest, 16
+ Gumah
+
+ 3. Mature Cola Tree (_Cola vera_), growing in Fundo 16
+ village, Protectorate of Sierra Leone
+
+ 4. View of Gumah Mountain from the Gumah 16
+
+ 5. African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_), showing 24
+ bole in middle foreground, near Bureh Town Bridge
+
+ 6. African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_), showing 24
+ scaly bark at base of tree, the late Mr. C. W.
+ Smythe standing beside it
+
+ 7. _Pterocarpus esculentus_ in flower near Fakar 40
+ Kole, at the edge of the Peninsular Forest
+
+ 8. Forest of true Gum Copal (_Copaifera 40
+ salikounda_), showing nearly all the trees bare
+ of foliage and dying, due to overtapping, near
+ Sussuwuru, Moyamba District
+
+ 9. True Gum Copal (_Copaifera salikounda_), showing 40
+ base of stem with tapping squares, near the bank
+ of the Rokell River, north of Moyamba District
+
+ III. LIBERIA.
+
+ 10. Large Brimstone Tree (_Sarcocephalus sp._), Gola 66
+ Forest
+
+ 11. African Satinwood (_Afrormosia laxiflora_), Gola 66
+ Forest
+
+ 12. Gola Forest, general view, near Morro River 80
+
+ 13. Mahogany (_Khaya Ivoriensis_), the late Mr. C. 80
+ W. Smythe standing beside it, Gola Forest
+
+ 14. Young Yawey Cedar (_Heritiera?_), Gola Forest 80
+
+ IV. TOGO.
+
+ 15. Teak Plantation of 1908, 35¾ feet high, Sokode, 90
+ in 1911
+
+ 16. Teak Plantation of 1907 and 1908 on hill-side, 90
+ Atakpame
+
+ 17. One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to 116
+ ten-year-old trees, 1911
+
+ 18. Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116
+
+ 19. Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116
+
+ 20. Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116
+
+ 21. _Chlorophora excelsa_, 1911 126
+
+ 22. Five-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 126
+
+ 23. Five-year-old _Khaya Senegalensis_, 1911 126
+
+ 24. Teak Plantation made in 1907 at Pfandu, in 1911 136
+
+ 25. _Khaya Klaineana_, 17 feet in girth, Misahohe 136
+ Station
+
+ 26. Corner of a 1907 Teak Plantation, Pfandu, in 1911 136
+
+ V. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.
+
+ EBUTTEMETTA GARDENS.
+
+ 27. Large Teak Tree (_Tectona grandis_), about 150
+ sixteen years old, Ebuttemetta Gardens
+
+ 28. Large Para (_Hevea Braziliensis_), Ebuttemetta 150
+ Gardens, age about sixteen years
+
+ VI. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.
+
+ OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM AND RAILWAY PLANTATION AND
+ TWO STUDIES OF CAPSULES.
+
+ 29. The Chief Conservator of Forests’ House, with 162
+ five-year-old _Albizzia Lebbek_ standing beside
+ it
+
+ 30. Three capsules of Mahogany (_Khaya grandis 162
+ Ivoriensis_ and _Punchii_), from banks of Owena
+ River
+
+ 31. Capsules of three species of Entandrophragma: 162
+ _E. macrophyllum_, the largest; _E. utilis_, the
+ next in size; and _E. cylindricum_, the smallest
+
+ 32. _Cedrela odorata_, seven years old, with Forest 174
+ Office in background, Olokemeji
+
+ 33. _Cedrela odorata_, Cigar-box Cedar, girth 5 174
+ feet, twelve years old, Olokemeji Arboretum
+
+ 34. Teak (_Tectona grandis_), ten years old, 174
+ Olokemeji Arboretum
+
+ 35. Teak, six years old, Olokemeji Arboretum 184
+
+ 36. _Khaya Senegalensis_, five years old, from seed 184
+ obtained by H. N. Thompson, Esq., in Shaki
+ District
+
+ 37. Mature Iroko Tree (_Chlorophora excelsa_), 184
+ over 12 feet in girth in 1911, since cut down
+ and used for building the Chief Conservator of
+ Forests’ house
+
+ VII. NORTHERN PROVINCES, NIGERIA.
+
+ 38. Marsh or “fadama” with islets of foliage, Benué 196
+ overflow near Yola
+
+ 39. The Lower Niger in flood 196
+
+ 40. Fringing Forest on River Benué, in the rainy 196
+ season
+
+ 41. A Baobab (_Adansonia digitata_) 208
+
+ 42. Giginya or “Fan Palm” (_Borassus flabellifer_, 208
+ var. _Æthiopum_), with waterlilies (_Nymphæaceæ_)
+
+ VIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM.
+
+ 43. Mahogany (_Khaya grandis_), 6½ years old, 216
+ showing bent leader, owing to previous one being
+ eaten out by the leading-shoot borer
+
+ 44. 1909 Mahogany (_Khaya grandis_ and _K. Punchii_) 216
+ Plantation after six years’ growth, near road to
+ Chief Conservator’s house, Olokemeji Arboretum
+
+ 45. The largest Mahogany (_Khaya Punchii_), seven 216
+ years old, Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest
+ Reserve
+
+ 46. Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation, Olokemeji 228
+ Arboretum, showing it at the end of the dry
+ season, March 1915, Captain Owens
+
+ 47. _Cedrela odorata_, Cigar-box Cedar, three years 228
+ old (seen close), R. E. Dennett, Esq.
+
+ 48. Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation, with H. 228
+ N. Thompson, Esq., 1911
+
+ 49. Shea Butter Tree (_Butyrospermum Parkii_), 234
+ standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house,
+ June 1915, after being protected from fire eight
+ years
+
+ 50. Teak (_Tectona grandis_), three years old, 234
+ Compartment 2, Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+ 51. Shea Butter Tree (_Butyrospermum Parkii_) in 234
+ fruit, April 1911, standing near the Conservator
+ of Forests’ house. This tree has been protected
+ from fire for nearly four years
+
+ 52. Shea Butter Tree (_Butyrospermum Parkii_), 234
+ standing near the Conservator of Forests’
+ house. The same tree of which the fruit was
+ photographed April 1911
+
+ IX. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.
+
+ STUDIES OF TREES, OLOKEMEJI RESERVE.
+
+ 53. Mature Opepe (_Sarcocephalus esculentus_), in 250
+ middle of picture, across Ogun River, Olokemeji
+ Forest Reserve
+
+ 54. Mature Oganwo (_Khaya Punchii_), near Dajopa, 250
+ Olokemeji Reserve, showing base of stem for
+ nearly 12 feet stripped of bark
+
+ 55. Large Emido (_Mimusops multinervis_), 10 feet in 250
+ girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+ 56. Large-leaved Mahogany (_Khaya grandis_), 14 260
+ feet in girth, with smaller Iroko (_Chlorophora
+ excelsa_), standing at the side, Olokemeji
+ Forest Reserve
+
+ 57. Arere (_Triplochiton Nigericum_), 120 feet high, 260
+ thirty years old
+
+ 58. Ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_), 7 feet 6 260
+ inches in girth, on Dajopa Road, Olokemeji
+ Reserve
+
+ 59. Large Ayin (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_), 10 feet in 272
+ girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+ 60. Oil Palm in bearing, two bunches of fruit in 272
+ view, Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+ 61. Base of 14-foot Bilinga (_Afzelia Africana_), 284
+ Dajopa Forest Reserve, Olokemeji Reserve
+
+ 62. Shea Butter (_Butyrospermum Parkii_), 7 feet in 284
+ girth, near Oniloku Road, Olokemeji Reserve
+
+ 63. Afara (_Terminalia superba_), base of mature 284
+ tree over 12 feet in girth, Olokemeji Reserve
+
+ 64. _Afzelia Africana_, 14 feet in girth, showing 284
+ bole and usual fork, Ijaiye Range, Dajopa,
+ Olokemeji Forest Reserve
+
+ X. WESTERN CIRCLE.
+
+ FOREST TREES, ILARO.
+
+ 65. _Khaya Ivoriensis_, 14 feet 8 inches in girth, 294
+ Ilaro Forest Reserve
+
+ 66. Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_), 8 feet in girth, 294
+ standing in Ilaro Forest Reserve after Forest
+ was cleared
+
+ XI. WESTERN CIRCLE.
+
+ DRY ZONE VEGETATION, OYO DISTRICT.
+
+ 67. _Khaya Senegalensis_, 1910, on bank of Ogun 308
+ River, near Iporin, Oyo Province
+
+ 68. Locust Tree (_Parkia filicoidea_), in bearing, 308
+ Oyo District, 1910
+
+ XII. WESTERN CIRCLE.
+
+ STUDIES OF FOREST VEGETATION, ADO AND MAMU
+ FOREST.
+
+ 69. Mature Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) and Teak, 320
+ one year old, Mamu Forest Reserve, Ibadan
+ Province, 1915
+
+ 70. Large full-grown Iroko Tree (_Chlorophora 320
+ excelsa_) standing near Ibadan, Jebu Ode Road,
+ Mamu Forest Reserve, in May 1910. See Fig. 69,
+ which is of the same tree taken five years later
+
+ 71. Untouched Forest on summit of Ado Rock, Oyo 320
+ Province, 1910
+
+ XIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OSHUN AND MAMU FORESTS.
+
+ 72. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking 332
+ downstream, Oshun Forest Reserve
+
+ 73. Large Arere Tree (_Triplochiton Nigericum_) 332
+ already girdled and dead
+
+ 74. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking 332
+ upstream, Oshun Forest Reserve, Jebu Ode District
+
+ 75. Ride between Compartments C and D, Mamu Forest 332
+ Reserve, Funtumia seedlings on either side, six
+ to eight years old
+
+ XIV. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, ONDO AND IWOYE
+ FORESTS.
+
+ 76. Path in Iwoye Forest, Western Circle, showing 342
+ parts of four mahogany trees in the picture
+
+ 77. Mature Cocoanut Grove near stream in the middle 342
+ of Idanre Town, 1910
+
+ XV. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, IFON FOREST.
+
+ 78. Osse River, looking downstream, edge of the 354
+ Pool, Ifon District
+
+ 79. Mixed Forest near Osse, looking upstream, Ifon 354
+ District
+
+ XVI. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, EBEKWI FOREST.
+
+ 80. Heavy Sapeli Mahogany (_Entandrophragma utilis_) 364
+ standing near the road between Uyeri and Benin
+ City, Benin Province
+
+ 81. Agba (Benin), (_Pterogopodium?_), standing near 364
+ Ifon Road, south of Uyeri, Benin Province
+
+ XVII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA.
+
+ OGBA PLANTATION, BENIN.
+
+ 82. Benin Satinwood (_Afrormosia laxiflora_) 376
+ standing in the Ogba Plantation, Benin District
+
+ 83. Mixed Mahogany Plantation, _Khaya grandis_ 376
+ on left, _K. Punchii_ in centre, and
+ Entandrophragma in the right foreground, six
+ years old, near Ogba, Benin Province
+
+ 84. Ogea, Gum Copal (_Daniellia caudata_), standing 376
+ in the Ogba Plantation, Benin Province
+
+ XVIII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, OBAGIE FOREST, BENIN.
+
+ 85. _Khaya anthoteca_, 16 feet in girth, Obagie 384
+ Forest Reserve, Benin Province
+
+ 86. Okan (_Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_), African 384
+ Greenheart, 24 feet in girth, standing in Obagie
+ Forest Reserve, Benin Province
+
+ XIX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, KOKO TOWN
+ MAHOGANY.
+
+ 87. Koko Town, with raft of mahogany logs moored 396
+ near the bank
+
+ 88. Mahogany logs floating in the river above Koko 396
+ Town
+
+ XX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, OSSE RIVER FOREST.
+
+ 89. Funtumia Rubber Plantation, both sides of the 408
+ road, Igwoshudi, Benin
+
+ 90. Mahogany Plantation, _Khaya Punchii_, twelve 408
+ years old, near Noami, on the banks of the Osse
+ River, Benin Province
+
+ 91. Entandrophragma log with three sides already 408
+ squared and fourth partially cut ready for
+ squaring
+
+ 92. Stump of _Khaya Punchii_ with log at base, left 408
+ in the Benin Forest
+
+ XXI. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.
+
+ DEGEMA FOREST STATION, INCLUDING IMO BRIDGE.
+
+ 93. _Mimusops Djave_, about twelve years old, 414
+ standing near Prison, Degema Station, Eastern
+ Circle
+
+ 94. Mature Light African Greenheart, _Piptadenia 414
+ Africana_, standing in the middle of Degema
+ Station
+
+ 95. Young Oil Bean Tree in bearing, _Pentaclethra 414
+ macrophylla_, Degema Station
+
+ 96. Red Oak, _Berlinia acuminata_, 20 feet in girth, 414
+ standing near the Sombreiro River, Degema Station
+
+ 97. Base of Red Oak, _Berlinia acuminata_, showing 428
+ smooth bark with comparatively few large scales,
+ Degema Station
+
+ 98. Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, nursery bed, with 428
+ seedlings two years old, at the side of Forest
+ House, Degema
+
+ 99. The temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo, on 446
+ the Eastern Division, Nigerian Railway. Note,
+ only native, locally grown timber used in its
+ construction
+
+ 100. Medium-sized African Pearwood, _Mimusops Djave_, 446
+ standing in the middle of the road outside
+ Degema Station on the road to Illimema, since
+ felled, and logs sold in England
+
+ 101. Inoi Tree, _Poga oleosa_, standing at the edge 446
+ of the Degema Station grounds
+
+ XXII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CALABAR
+ ARBORETUM AND STATION.
+
+ 102. Oil Palm, _Elæis Guineensis_, eight years old, 460
+ in bearing, showing nine out of the twenty-one
+ bunches of fruit on the tree
+
+ 103. Seven-year-old Oil Palm in bearing, rather 460
+ over-pruned, showing male inflorescence just
+ below boy’s finger and bunch of fruit in the
+ middle of the picture
+
+ 104. Mature _Brachystegia spicæformis_ standing at 472
+ the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing
+ the typical shape of the crown and branches
+
+ 105. Base of mature _Brachystegia spicæformis_ 472
+ standing at the side of the Calabar Road,
+ Calabar, showing both the scaly untouched bark
+ and the wounded section covered with nodules
+
+ XXIII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CROSS RIVER.
+
+ TEAK PLANTATIONS, NDEH.
+
+ 106. Rest House Teak Plantation at Ndeh, showing rows 486
+ of trees 9 feet apart and 4 feet between
+
+ 107. View between the lines of one-year-old Teak 486
+ Plantation at Ndeh, in which trees were planted
+ 4 feet apart
+
+ XXIV. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.
+
+ IKRIGON FOREST.
+
+ 108. Shinglewood, _Terminalia scutifera_, 12 feet in 496
+ girth, standing in the Ikrigon Forest Reserve,
+ Eastern Circle
+
+ 109. Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, 15 feet in girth, 496
+ standing in Ikrigon Forest Reserve
+
+ 110. Mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis (?)_, standing at 496
+ the edge of Ikrigon Forest Reserve, showing base
+ of trunk with old bark wounds already healed over
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—=Red Ironwood (Lophira procera) in the Forest,
+Gumah.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—=Mature Cola Tree (Cola vera), growing in Fundo
+Village, Protectorate of Sierra Leone.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—=View of Gumah Mountain, from the Gumah.=]
+
+
+ WEST AFRICAN FORESTS
+ AND FORESTRY
+
+ CHAPTER I
+
+ THE FORESTS OF WESTERN AFRICA
+
+
+From a large scale-map of Africa, the various British West African
+Colonies and Protectorates, as well as Liberia, French Ivory Coast, the
+late German Colonies of Togo and Cameroons, can be seen on the western
+side of that Continent. In fact, these territories are all within the
+Tropics, and also between the latitudes of 13° North in the Gambia to
+nearly the Equator in the Cameroons, and between longitude of 17° West
+to 10° East. Roughly speaking, Upper Guinea, as this part is usually
+called, covers an area of 100 to 200 miles wide by a length of over
+1,500 miles, as a sylvan belt mainly of one type of vegetation, which
+botanically, however, only begins to alter as the boundary of the
+Cameroons is approached in the eastern part of Nigeria. Therefore one
+finds several trees extending right through this area, and also an
+almost unbroken forest all the way along the coast line, and roughly 100
+to 150 miles inland. The width of the forest varies rather according to
+the aspect of the coast line, because the prevalent wind being south-
+west, the greatest rainfall, and thus the heaviest type of forest,
+occurs when the coast line runs at right angles to the prevailing wind.
+This occurs, for instance, near Calabar, Nigeria in the Cameroons, part
+of the Gold Coast near Axim, and Sierra Leone near Freetown. In some
+instances this effect is accentuated by the proximity of mountains near
+the coast, as, for instance, north of Calabar and north of Benin. One
+tree, which might be taken as a type, is the Rhodesian Mahogany,
+_Afzelia Africana_, which is found right in this belt of forest on its
+northern side. As the name implies, it is also found in Rhodesia, near
+the Victoria Falls. Mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis_, is another tree
+found in the Gambia, also in Nigeria right up to the Cameroon border,
+over 1,500 miles away.
+
+However, in this huge forest belt there are great variations in the
+rainfall, from 20 to over 175 inches in the Oban Hills of Nigeria. There
+are also, naturally, variations in soil and elevation, which make
+differences in the character of the forest. The proximity to the sea
+causes yet another difference in the type of vegetation, combined as it
+often is with low elevation.
+
+Broadly speaking, then, one can differentiate several distinct types of
+forest, though owing to slight changes in a locality the one merges into
+the other and very sharp boundary lines cannot be drawn.
+
+I. The Mangrove Swamps are usually near the sea coast, though not always
+at the sea coast; a strip of Evergreen Forest is usually found actually
+on the sandy dunes of the sea coast. The Mangrove Swamps also extend up
+the rivers near the coast as a fringe a mile or more wide.
+
+II. The Evergreen Forest is usually found on the sea coast, also
+extending inland up the rivers, and also on low land up to an elevation
+of a few hundred feet, as, for instance, the forest on the banks of the
+Calabar River.
+
+III. The Freshwater Swamp Forests are also found in this type of
+locality.
+
+IV. The Mixed intermediate Forest is found usually where the rainfall
+does not exceed 60 inches, or in slightly hilly country, and contains a
+few deciduous trees. Typical trees of this forest are the _Triplochiton
+Nigericum_ and _Mimusops multinervis_. It contains both evergreen and
+deciduous trees.
+
+V. The Fringing Forest, or “Gallerie” Forest of the Germans, is found at
+the edge of rivers or lakes, where the rainfall is otherwise too low for
+the mixed deciduous forests.
+
+VI. The Savannah Forest, sometimes so-called Dry-zone Forest, usually
+occurs with a rainfall of 30 to 50 inches. The typical tree of this is
+the _Lophira alata_.
+
+VII. The Evergreen Forest of the hills, chiefly above an altitude of
+2,000 or 3,000 feet. It is especially noticeable on Mount Itakum and the
+Boji Hills (elevation 5,000 feet).
+
+VIII. The Open Orchard Forest, with shrubby trees of small growth.
+
+These, then, roughly follow the Œcological Divisions according to
+Warming, which are as follows:
+
+ Mangrove Swamp,
+
+ True Savannah,
+
+ Treeless Savannah, low and high grass,
+
+ Bush Savannah,
+
+ Tree Savannah,
+
+ Savannah Forest,
+
+ Sclerophyllus formations, such as
+
+ Bush and Forest,
+
+ Bamboo Forest.
+
+Forests are in addition named after the locality, such as Benin Forests,
+Oban Forests, Ondo Forests. Again, yet another nomenclature is after the
+kind of tree represented, such as Evergreen Forest, where all the trees
+are evergreen all the year round; for instance, Calabar Forests, Ondo,
+South Benin.
+
+The mixed forests and intermediate forests, where the trees are both
+evergreen and deciduous, growing side by side, such as Olokemeji
+Forests, Benin Forests, Obubra Forests, and Bende Forests. Thus
+summarising the Nigerian Forests, we get the following formations:
+
+ 1. Nigerian Swamp Evergreen: Mangrove, type tree.
+
+ 2. Evergreen Forests _Lophira procera_, _Parinarium_.
+
+ 2a. Freshwater Swamp Forests _Cynometra mitragyne_.
+
+ 3. Mixed Deciduous, intermediate _Triplochiton_, Iroko,
+ Forests _Chlorophora excelsa_.
+
+ 3a. Fringing Forests Mixed, deciduous really.
+
+ 4. Canopied Deciduous Forests Olokemeji: _Berlinia_, _Afzelia_.
+ (sometimes termed dense Savannah
+ Forests)
+
+ 5. Open Deciduous Forests _Paradaniella Oliverii_, _Eugenia
+ Owariensis_, _Terminalia
+ Togoensis_.
+
+ 6. Tree Savannah Orchard Forest _Lophira alata_, Shea butter,
+ _Acacia_; _Iwu, Oyo, Ndeh_.
+
+ 7. Treeless Savannah Grass, a few stunted bushes of
+ _Acacia Isoberlinia_, North Ogoja.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER II
+
+ THE GAMBIA
+
+
+In the early part of the nineteenth century a considerable quantity of
+African Mahogany, obtained from _Khaya Senegalensis_, a dry-zone
+mahogany-tree, was shipped to England; in fact, this was the original
+source of African Mahogany, as also it was the first tree from which it
+was obtained. Even now this tree is one of the most prevalent in the
+strip of land on both banks of the Gambia, so far as British territory
+is concerned.
+
+At the present time no mahogany is being shipped from the Gambia, but
+recently an Ordinance was passed regulating the cutting of firewood and
+forest trees.
+
+Forests in the ordinary sense of the word cannot be said to exist in the
+Gambia, but no doubt a considerable amount of timber could be obtained
+from the dry-zone country. The total length of the colony is 300 miles,
+and approximately 5 miles wide, on either side of the Gambia River,
+which makes it in the aggregate a considerable tract of country, in all
+4,500 square miles, of which the colony proper occupies 4 square miles.
+
+So far only Rosewood (_Pterocarpus erinaceus_), Mahogany (_Khaya
+Senegalensis_), and small pieces of Baywood, probably also a mahogany,
+have been reported from the Gambia. In 1908 a certain amount of wood was
+cut for the making of charcoal by a man from the Canary Islands. In
+1909, 102 tons of charcoal were exported, and in 1910, 176 tons, valued
+at £634. Since then no other returns are available, so apparently this
+industry has come to an end. There is no Forest Officer in the Gambia,
+and no proposals for Forest Reserves have been put forward by the
+Government. Part of the land near the mouth of the Gambia is swampy and
+covered with the usual Mangrove forests.
+
+In the _Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, vol. viii, 1910, p. 244, it
+is stated that the specimens of rosewood and mahogany forwarded to the
+Imperial Institute were reported on as follows:
+
+Rosewood (_Dalbergia sp._), reddish-yellow with darker lines and red
+pores, solid and compact, resembling rosewood except in colour. The
+timber would not pass as rosewood on the market. It has an agreeable
+odour, is hard and heavy, weighing 45½ lb. per cubic foot. It turned and
+polished well, sawed very easily, but was difficult to plane; planing
+left a smooth, bright surface.
+
+Mahogany (_Khaya Senegalensis_) may be looked upon as inferior baywood,
+the wood light in colour, of poor figure, hard to plane, but when planed
+leaves the surface bright and woolly in alternate bands; very cross
+grained, sawed and turned easily. Weight, 41½ lb. per cubic foot. Should
+be very useful locally, but probably not of sufficient value for much
+export trade.
+
+Even in this comparatively small colony a certain amount of forest land
+should be preserved, more especially that which is unsuitable for
+agriculture. In every country there is always some poor or rocky land
+which is not favourable to the growing of agricultural crops.
+
+The oil palm is another useful tree, which yields the well-known palm
+oil and kernels; however, here the oil is required locally for
+alimentary purposes, and therefore only the palm kernels are exported.
+
+The following shows the exports for five years:
+
+ Year. Tons. £ s. d.
+
+ 1910 467 5,640 0 0
+
+ 1911 443 4,756 0 0
+
+ 1912 445 6,518 0 0
+
+ 1913 545 9,026 0 0
+
+ 1914 494½ 7,814 17 11
+
+It will be noticed that the very high prices ruling for part of 1913 and
+the beginning of 1914 had the effect of causing increased exports to be
+made.
+
+Here, as in the case of other products, planting could be undertaken
+with advantage, as the yield of kernels and oil is good; even if the
+increased amount of oil produced was sold locally, the increased output
+of kernels would find a market in England, where they are needed.
+
+It is a tree which allows cultivation of field crops to be made between
+the oil palms for several years before the palms become too big and shut
+out the light necessary for field crops. In the drier climate of the
+Gambia a planting distance of probably 16 feet would be sufficient to
+ensure a good yield, and yet give sufficient distance between the trees
+to allow room for them even when mature.
+
+If an Agricultural or Forest Department, which at present does not exist
+in the Gambia, could not supply young seedlings or nuts for planting,
+one of the trading firms could secure them from one of the other West
+Coast Protectorates. Of course, in many cases, if the natives could be
+induced to believe that a good price would always be paid for kernels,
+they would no doubt make small plantations of oil palms themselves, as
+some fruit always falls to the ground in the picking, is thus not
+boiled, and so is suitable for furnishing seed for planting. It is, of
+course, inadvisable to plant boiled nuts, as many do not germinate,
+owing to the germ having been destroyed by the boiling of the fruit;
+others do, however, as can be seen in the young oil palms sprouting from
+heaps of uncracked nuts which the natives leave near the villages.
+
+
+ APPENDIX I
+
+ FOREST FEES IN GAMBIA
+
+
+A new list was published by the Legislative Council in Gambia which
+fixes the different rates of fees for the right of felling useful timber
+for export.
+
+The fees are as follows:
+
+ _Felling of Useful Timber for Export._
+
+ For each sort of useful trunk 10s. per trunk.
+
+ _Felling of Useful Timber which is not intended for Export._
+
+ For each trunk, Rosewood (Jacaranda, 5s. per trunk.
+ Palisander wood)
+
+ For each trunk, Mahogany 1s. per foot after felling.
+
+ For each trunk in Mandingo Falls 9d. per foot after felling.
+
+ For each trunk in Tumbo 8d. per foot after felling.
+
+ For each trunk in Jaffo 6d. per foot after felling.
+
+ For each trunk, Cotton-tree 4d. per foot after felling.
+
+ For every other valuable tree 4d. per cubic foot.
+
+
+ APPENDIX II
+
+ THE GAMBIA—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+ [Quant.: Quantity.]
+
+ ----------+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------
+ | 1909. | 1910. | 1911.
+ Products.+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+ | Quant. | £ | Quant. | £ | Quant. | £
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+ Cane | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Gum | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ Arabic | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Ground |53,644 tons|323,231|58,456 tons|387,943|47,931 tons|437,472
+ nuts | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm | 389 tons | 3,526| 467 tons | 5,640| 444 tons | 4,758
+ kernels | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Rubber |15,548 lb. | 1,550| 7,148 lb. | 952|10,733 lb. | 836
+ | | | | | |
+ Wax |48,969 lb. | 2,180|25,718 lb. | 1,274|33,871 lb. | 1,514
+ | | | | | |
+ Wood and | 4 pkgs. | 4| 162 pkgs. | 63| 155 pkgs. | 28
+ timber | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Oil | 361 gals. | 39| 108 gals. | 12| — | —
+ (palm) | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Lumber | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Gum copal| — | — | 90 lb. | — | — | —
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+ TOTALS | 4 pkgs. |330,530| 162 pkgs. |395,885| 155 pkgs. |444,608
+ | | | | | |
+ |54,033 tons| |58,923 tons| |48,375 tons|
+ | | | | | |
+ |64,509 lb. | |32,956 lb. | |44,604 lb. |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 361 gals. | | 108 gals. | | |
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ ----------+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------
+ | 1912. | 1913. | 1914.
+ Products.+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+ | Quant. | £ | Quant. | £ | Quant. | £
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+ Cane | — | — | — | — | 59 bdls. | 4
+ | | | | | |
+ Gum | — | — | — | — | 2 tons | 44
+ Arabic | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Ground |64,169 tons|502,069|67,404 tons|622,098|66,884 tons|650,460
+ nuts | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm | 445 tons | 6,518| 546 tons | 9,026| 494 tons | 7,814
+ kernels | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Rubber | 4,335 lb. | 409|12,995 lb. | 1,027| 3,548 lb. | 102
+ | | | | | |
+ Wax |30,830 lb. | 1,164|31,518 lb. | 990|15,513 lb. | 473
+ | | | | | |
+ Wood and | 178 pkgs. | 55|1,562 pkgs.| 20| 30 pkgs. | 10
+ timber | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Oil | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ (palm) | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Lumber | 273 feet | 2| — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Gum copal| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+ TOTALS | 178 pkgs. |500,218|1,562 pkgs.|633,161| 30 pkgs. |658,911
+ | | | | | |
+ |64,614 tons| |67,950 tons| |67,382 tons|
+ | | | | | |
+ |35,165 lb. | |44,513 lb. | |19,061 lb. |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 273 feet | | | | 59 bdls. |
+ ----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-----------+--------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.—=African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing bole
+in middle foreground, near Bureh Town Bridge.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.—=African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing Scaly
+Bark at base of tree, the late Mr. C. W. Smythe standing beside it.=]
+
+ To face p. 24.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER III
+
+ SIERRA LEONE
+
+
+ I. THE FORESTS.
+
+
+The Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone cover an area of
+approximately 34,000 square miles, or, to make it more comprehensible,
+it is almost the same size as Ireland. Probably in the earliest times
+the whole territory was covered with some kind of arborescent growth,
+varying from open savannah and deciduous forest to close, impenetrable
+evergreen rain forest.
+
+Now scarcely 1 per cent. of this forest remains, one of the most
+important tracts being the Sierra Leone or Peninsular Mountain Forest,
+situated on the mountain due east of Freetown. The whole of this region
+was once covered with forest, now reduced to an area of approximately 48
+square miles, or 30,000 acres. All this tract down to the 500-foot
+control line has been reserved as a permanent forest, so that eventually
+the whole peninsular forest will have an area of 75 square miles.
+Illustrations Nos. 2 and 4 show a general view of these forests.
+
+Other important mountain forests are those situated on the Kassewe
+Hills, Kagnari Mountains, Kambui Hills, Panguma Hills, Nimmini
+Mountains, Loma Mountains, Bunbola Hills, and Maramper Hills. In
+addition to these areas, timber trees are felled at Kangahan and Yonni,
+as well as in the peninsular mountains and Maramper Hills, especially
+for local use.
+
+Turning now to a consideration of the forests more in detail, one
+naturally first deals with the most accessible ones, i.e. of the
+peninsular mountains. From the beautiful harbour of Freetown, Sierra
+Leone, one sees the edge of these forests between Leicester Peak and
+Sugar Loaf Mountains. From these two points it skirts the hill station,
+extending thence roughly parallel to the sea as far as Kent; the largest
+wooded slopes face the ocean, only a narrow strip of forest being found
+on the landward side of the mountains near Burehtown and John Obey. The
+forest extends practically from the water’s edge on the estuary of the
+Bureh River right up the mountains to an elevation of 2,000 feet, with a
+rainfall of upwards of 160 inches per year. Silvan vegetation is very
+luxuriant, the giant trees standing close together, often entwined and
+joined to each other by various large creepers, the whole forming an
+almost impenetrable grove, into which only the diffused light of the sun
+reaches. The undergrowth is not very thick, except where old trees have
+fallen or where mature trees have been felled; this is partly owing to
+the dense shade of the tall trees, and therefore the trunks of these
+trees can be seen. A large Cedar Mahogany 23 feet in circumference was
+seen. This specimen of a mahogany was one of the largest trees found,
+and shows to what size the trees attain in this peninsular forest. One
+of the commonest trees found is the Red Ironwood, or sometimes called in
+Sierra Leone Ironpost, botanically known as _Lophira procera_. A picture
+of a large specimen of one of this species is shown as illustration No.
+2. Another very common tree is a species of Mimusops, known as pearwood,
+or sometimes mahogany, when sold as timber. The African Violetwood,
+sometimes known as Blackwood, is comparatively common. Rhodesian
+Mahogany, usually called Kontah, botanically known as _Afzelia
+Africana_, is also found. Real African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_) is
+seen singly scattered throughout forests. A patch of true Gum Copal
+trees is found, as well as isolated specimens in some parts of the
+forest. Rock Elm (_Chlorophora excelsa_) is seen both in the forest and
+in the clearings made for farms. The Oil Palm (_Elaeis guineensis_) is
+sparsely distributed in the forest, but more frequent in the abandoned
+farms. The above-named trees are representative of some of the very
+large number of hardwoods and other trees of economic value in the
+forest. There are, however, also a very large number of softwoods found
+scattered amongst the other trees in the forest; a beautiful Whitewood
+(_Alstonia Congensis_) is, for instance, one of such softwoods. The
+Cotton Tree (_Eriodendron anfractuosum_) is probably the one most
+commonly found. Various Albizzias are also met with in a similar manner.
+
+
+ II. NOTES ON TIMBER TREES.
+
+
+Taking now the different species of timber trees individually, the
+following are most important:
+
+1. Real African Oak (_Oldfieldia Africana_), which is termed Tortorza by
+the Timanis and Paulai by the Mendis. As illustration No. 5 shows, this
+is a very large and tall tree. It often attains a bole length of 50 feet
+and a girth of 16 feet. It is found singly, scattered through the
+forest. The habit of its branches, open crown, and greyish bark make it
+look not unlike a European oak. In reality the bark is scaly, gradually
+peeling off in flakes. The tree in illustration No. 6 shows this
+characteristic peculiarity to advantage, and also shows a medium-sized
+tree, approximately 10 feet in girth. The tree fruits moderately, and
+has an indehiscent capsule not unlike the shape, size and colour of an
+oak-apple. The capsule has five faint ribs on its surface, but contains
+only three seeds. The little seedling, with light grey stem and white
+lenticels, is easily recognized. It usually has also only three leaflets
+on its leaves, instead of forming true digitate leaves as a full-grown
+tree. The sapling once started shows fairly rapid growth, and during the
+early years stands a good deal of shade. It should therefore be
+classified as a slight shade-bearer. African Oak is a dark reddish-brown
+wood, which is very hard and most durable. It has, of course, a much
+closer grain than ordinary oak. A very smooth surface can be obtained by
+planing the timber. Locally, small trees are cut for conversion by pit-
+saw into timber for boat keels. This timber was exported as teak from
+Sierra Leone 1827 to 1835 for use in the English Navy. It was afterwards
+lost sight of, though the natives continued to use it locally. During
+1908 a few round logs of short length (12-16 feet) of this timber were
+exported to England and sold in a Liverpool market for 2s. 6d. per cubic
+foot (extreme measure).
+
+2. Ironpost, or African Oak, or Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_), is the
+most common tree throughout the peninsula. According to the Conservator
+of Forests in Sierra Leone, 80 per cent. of the trees of the peninsular
+forest are _Lophira procera_. All stages of growth are found, from the
+smallest seedlings to the largest tree, over 100 feet high and 20 feet
+in girth. In the forest the tree has an orange-coloured bark, which
+rapidly turns grey when exposed to the rays of the sun. The bole is not
+always quite cylindrical, especially near the base, where it often
+develops rather angular root protuberances. This seems to occur more
+often on rocky ground, such as that where the tree is found in the
+peninsula. For a similar reason the bole is not always straight, though
+in the ordinary way the tree has a comparatively small crown with short
+branches. Thus, in proportion to the size of the tree, the bole is very
+long, the twigs are thickish, and the long thin paper-knifelike leaves
+appear at the ends of them. Seedlings seem to come up wherever suitable
+conditions of reproduction are found. A clear bole is typical of these
+trees in the pole stage of growth. Illustration No. 2 shows a large
+specimen on the edge of the forest, and there are many large trees with
+the peculiar root protuberances, growing in the forest. The timber is
+very hard and of a dark red colour, which it retains when dry. The
+heartwood forms comparatively early in the life of the tree, and
+although the sapwood is white, it is almost as hard as the heartwood.
+For this reason comparatively small trees yield timber, and thus can be
+felled earlier than trees in which the heartwood forms later. Of course,
+in this connection it should not be forgotten that the market does not
+desire logs of too small a size, i.e. of 18 inches or under, when
+squared. Locally this is known as Ironpost, and is sold for house-
+building, and, as its name implies, it is used for the uprights of the
+house. The Public Works Department have a regular schedule of timbers
+which are used, and this timber is mentioned amongst them, and is bought
+from native contractors at 3d. per superficial foot for boards, and 3d.
+to 6d. per linear foot for beams and posts. This timber has been used as
+a substitute for real African Oak, when it is sold as African Oak. A
+regular supply of logs could be obtained from the peninsular forest.
+
+3. Cedar Mahogany (_Pseudocedrela sp._; termed Bissimi by the Mendis).
+This tree, which grows to a very large size, is not very prevalent. The
+largest tree, some 23 feet in girth, was found above the Gumah. The bole
+is usually very long and straight, which makes it very cylindrical. This
+last characteristic of the tree is all the more accentuated by its
+having no root projections at its base. This species appears to be one
+of the largest trees in the forest. It is apparently a very fast-growing
+tree, forming heartwood comparatively early, though the sapwood is
+rather wide (up to 10 inches in a tree 7 feet in diameter). This timber
+has not been exported, but wood from similar trees on the coast has been
+exported and sold in the European market as mahogany (scented). There is
+no reason to believe, therefore, that the wood from this tree would not
+fetch a similar price. Owing to this tree being so fullwooded, a larger
+proportion of the bole can be converted into logs than is the case with
+other kinds of mahogany trees which have large root flanges.
+
+4. African Walnut (_Lovoa Klaineana_). This is a medium-sized tree of
+the Mahogany family, which, owing to the brown colour of the wood, has
+been termed African Walnut in the timber trade. Although not very
+prevalent, it yields one of the timbers suitable for export.
+
+5. Satin Mahogany (_Guarea sp._) is another medium-sized tree which is
+prevalent in most parts of the peninsula. The grain of the timber is of
+course similar to Mahogany, as the tree from which it is obtained
+belongs to the Mahogany family. The timber when planed has a satiny
+sheen on it, which may make it valuable in the European market. It has
+not been cut for local use.
+
+6. African Pearwood (_Mimusops sp._) is a large tree with a good bole of
+fair length. Only a moderate number of this species were found, but
+there are at least two, if not three, other species of Mimusops which
+yield a timber which has been sold as mahogany. The grain of the timber
+of the first-named tree is more open, sometimes figured, and of a
+lighter reddish colour than the other species. These other trees yield a
+dark-red timber of close grain, which is much harder than mahogany.
+These Mimusops are found at a higher altitude than most timber trees.
+The forest, therefore, above an elevation of 2,000 feet, is much more
+valuable owing to the presence of this tree. These trees attain a girth
+of 12 feet and a height of upwards of 150 feet. The bark of the trunk of
+the tree is smoother than that of mahogany.
+
+7. White Mahogany (_Canarium Schweinfurthii_), also known sometimes as
+Gaboon Mahogany, is a very tall forest tree which attains a bole length
+of 70 feet, with a girth of 10 feet. It is not very plentiful, but is
+one of the light-coloured species of mahogany. It has a definite
+shipping value of 2s. 6d. in the round per cubic foot.
+
+8. African Mammee or Mammy Apple (_Ochrocarpus Africanus_) is a large
+tree attaining a girth of 10 feet, with a bole length of 30 feet. It is
+moderately prevalent. The timber has a pretty grain, and is of a reddish
+colour, which is similar to mahogany.
+
+9. Dita (_Detarium Senegalense_) is a large tree with the bole length of
+30 feet and a girth of 12 feet. Although it is not a very common tree,
+it is a useful addition to the number of trees which yield timber
+similar to mahogany. The fruit is large, has an edible pericarp, and is
+sold in the market under the name of Dita.
+
+10. Red Cedar (species of Sterculiaceæ) is a large and straight-growing
+tree, which reaches a girth of 10 feet. The tree has very characteristic
+root flanges, which can be seen in illustration No. 10. The timber has a
+mahogany-like grain, though of a somewhat more open texture. It is one
+of the most prevalent trees in the peninsular forest.
+
+11. Kontah, or Mahogany (_Afzelia Africana_), is a large tree with oval
+crown and bole length of 30 feet. Only a few specimens were met with in
+the forest, though the tree often grows up in old clearings. The timber
+is of a reddish-brown colour, somewhat hard and very durable. It takes
+the place of an oak timber economically, although it is not really of
+that type. The grain of the timber has much longer and more open pores
+than oak, though it could probably be sold as an oak or teak substitute
+in the European market.
+
+12. Rock Elm, also known as African Oak or Teak, is a common tree
+attaining large dimensions. Being a very durable wood of moderate
+hardness, it largely takes the place of European oak in the economy of
+the country, which, with its yellowish light-brown wood, rapidly
+becoming a nice old-oak brown colour, makes it a very similar timber,
+although, as the first name, Rock Elm, indicates, the tree is
+botanically a member of the Elm family. White ants occasionally attack
+its sapwood, but make no progress in the heartwood. The wood is not
+attacked by fungi to any extent. Wherever the rainfall is sufficient,
+seedlings of this tree come up in the old farms, and when cut down it
+sprouts again from the stump.
+
+13. East Indian Walnut (_Albizzia Lebbek_) is a medium-sized tree which
+grows very quickly. The heartwood, which matures comparatively early, is
+a light-brown colour, similar to walnut. The timber has an open, pretty
+grain. It is one of the trees which comes up in old farms, provided
+rainfall is moderate.
+
+14. Satinwood (_Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_) is a medium-sized tree with a
+clear bole of 30 feet, combined with a narrow crown and small branches.
+It is a very common tree in the peninsular forest, and it is also found
+growing up in the old farms, where the rainfall is adequate (60 inches).
+The wood is the typical light-yellow colour. The grain of the timber is
+very fine and hard, which makes it less liable to shrink than other more
+open-grained woods. The heartwood forms early, though where trees grow
+up very quickly, roughly only half of the diameter width of a tree is
+made of heartwood. That is to say, in a tree a foot in diameter,
+approximately 6 inches will be heartwood. In the evergreen forest there
+is another species of Zanthoxylum which attains a rather larger size
+than the first named. It is, however, not quite so prevalent as the
+other species. In common with other species of Zanthoxylum, it bears all
+round the stem extremely large woody spines. In this species the spiny
+protuberances are exactly like small round cones of wood, with a
+diameter 2 inches at the base. Yet a third species of _Zanthoxylum
+Senegalense_ yields a similar satinwood, almost as close grained, which,
+however, is found growing as a small tree at the edge of the deciduous
+forest before the dry-zone belt is reached. This tree is characterised
+by its much smaller leaf, with pinnæ broader in proportion to their
+length than the former species. In a similar manner the woody
+protrusions on the stem do not project more than three-quarters of an
+inch from it, compared to those of the second-named species, which
+attain a length of 3 inches. The timber of this dry-zone Satinwood is
+just as valuable as the former species. It is fairly prevalent in the
+more open forest where it is found. It withstands the annual grass fires
+to some extent, and seedlings appear in the neighbourhood of mature
+trees.
+
+15. Violetwood is a medium-sized tree with a smooth bark not unlike
+beech, and a bole of up to 20 feet in length and 12 feet in girth. It
+is, however, a little crooked in growth, but this is not an undesirable
+feature, because the texture of the grain often thus becomes figured.
+Specimens which were collected showed this growth, and a few species had
+a very pretty figured grain. It is quite a common tree in the peninsular
+forest. The fruit of this tree is a pod about a foot long and an inch
+wide, containing on the average eight oblong flattish beans. The wood is
+of a greenish-brown colour, and is very hard, heavy and durable, judging
+by the timber of fallen trees. The timber when planed has a scent of
+violets, hence the English name which I have given to it. The tree has
+not been cut for use as an export timber, though it is well worth a
+trial. It is not used locally, so that all available supplies of timber
+could be used for export.
+
+16. _Pterocarpus erinaceus_ (African Rosewood) is a small tree of the
+savannah forest, which is found in the Karina district and other parts
+of the country. It is one of the commonest trees, and occurs in small
+groups scattered throughout these forests. The timber is a reddish-brown
+colour and of a similar texture to the ordinary Camwood or Padauk, of
+which genus it is a member. The wood, however, of this species is much
+harder than that of the others, and the coloration is often partially
+streaked, both features being due probably to the much slower growth
+owing to the annual grass fires. From the neighbouring territory of
+Senegal the timber has been exported to France as African Rosewood,
+where it finds a good market; but it is doubtful if it could compete
+with the Bahia Rosewood in the English market, owing to its less
+brilliant colour; the timber is, however, worth a trial.
+
+17. _Baphia nitida_ (Camwood) is a small-sized tree, which is commonly
+found at the edge of villages and in old farms. It is a somewhat slow-
+growing tree, in which the heartwood forms none too early and in a
+somewhat irregular manner, occasionally small patches forming
+comparatively near the bark. The wood is hard, and the heartwood of a
+deep claret-red colour. The timber is close grained and of fine texture,
+which planes very smooth after being cut and dried. In recent years much
+smaller quantities of Camwood have been sent away (see Appendix I) than
+between the years 1827 and 1835 (see Appendix II), when between 5 and
+802 tons were exported. In this connection, too, there can be no doubt
+that Camwood is obtained from the tree known botanically as _Baphia
+nitida_, because this tree is found in Sierra Leone, whereas Barwood, or
+the so-called Camwood of Nigeria, the produce of _Pterocarpus
+tinctorius_ or Osun, which has not yet been reported from the
+neighbourhood of Sierra Leone, could not have been absolutely killed out
+between the years 1835 and 1900.
+
+
+ III. TREES CUT FOR LOCAL USE.
+
+
+1. _Morinda citrifolia?_ (the Brimstone) is the most common tree, from
+which the largest amount of timber which is used locally is obtained.
+Growing, as it does, with a girth up to 20 feet and a bole length of 50
+feet, the local sawyers can usually make a very large number of 12-feet
+planks 1 inch thick out of each tree. The chief use of this timber is
+for weather-boards, which are sold at 10s. per 100 feet. All the native
+houses in Freetown are faced with weather-boards of this kind of timber.
+After being cut down, shoots sprout out from the stump, forming in a few
+years small trees of useful size, especially in old farms. The name of
+this tree, Brimstone, denotes the wonderful sulphur-like colour of the
+wood. The durability of this timber for outside work and its termite-
+resisting qualities have given it a premier position amongst local
+timbers. The Brimstone has a fruit not unlike coffee, and bears seeds
+plentifully; it should therefore not be difficult to raise seedlings for
+making plantations. The trees grown from stool-shoots do not appear to
+attain nearly such a large size as those grown from seedlings in the
+forest.
+
+2. _Chlorophora excelsa_ (Rock Elm, African Oak) is a common tree which
+is cut for local use. The heartwood, which rapidly darkens from a light-
+yellow brown colour to a dark old-oak brown colour on exposure to air,
+is very durable for inside or outside work. Though white ants attacks
+and destroy the sapwood, they make little or no progress in properly
+seasoned heartwood. Locally it realises 10s. per 100 feet. It is
+plentiful, and has a distinct tendency to spread into old farms, where
+the seedlings have more light to develop than in the forest.
+
+3. _Iyawey_ (Red Cedar, or Isganwe) is also a common tree which is cut
+for local use. It is a large and straight-growing tree, and attains a
+girth of about 10 feet. Owing to the wood being comparatively soft, easy
+to saw and of a nice red colour, it fetches 12s. per 100 feet, which is
+more than is obtained for several other local timbers.
+
+4. _Oldfieldia Africana_ (Black Oak, Beechwood) is cut for local use,
+for sale as planks at 2¼d. per foot, and uprights and beams at 3s. per
+cubic foot. One of the chief uses of this timber is for the keelsons of
+the locally made sea-going boats. Owing to the difficulty of the local
+sawyers in handling heavy logs on the raised wooden pit-saw framework on
+which the logs are sawn, only comparatively small trees are felled, and
+consequently there is more waste, and undersized trees are prematurely
+sacrificed owing to the poor methods of the local sawyers. Less timber,
+especially heartwood, is thus obtained.
+
+5. _Parinarium sp._ (White Oak) is a moderately common tree. It attains
+a good height and a girth of 12 feet. It has large root flanges reaching
+about 10 feet up the bole. Although a somewhat hard wood, it is used
+locally either as planks and posts or as beams and logs. It is said to
+be durable, and is worth 2s. per cubic foot when sawn.
+
+6. _Afzelia Africana_ (Mahogany, Kontah) is a medium-sized tree which is
+not very prevalent in the forest, but is much more so outside in the
+open forest country. The timber, which is hard, has an open grain with a
+good yellow-brown colour, not unlike Iroko. It is very durable, and used
+as planks and logs. In the plank it is sold at 6d. per superficial foot,
+and in the log at 3s. 6d. per cubic foot. This is considered one of the
+best local woods, partly owing to its grain being somewhat similar to
+mahogany. Seedlings appear in old farms where there are but few
+grasshoppers. Otherwise trees grown in a nursery are attacked by these
+insects, as well as by rodents of different kinds.
+
+7. _Daniellia Ogea_ (Blue Bessie) is sold as planks at 3d. per
+superficial foot. It is closely related to _Paradaniella Thurifera_; the
+former tree is more prevalent in the green forest, and the latter in the
+open deciduous forests, which attains a girth of 10 feet and a bole
+length of 30 feet, while the first-named species reaches a girth of over
+20 feet and a bole length of over 100 feet. It is sold locally chiefly
+for house-building.
+
+8. _Griffonia palescens Koronko_ is felled for sale as planks at 2½d.
+per superficial foot.
+
+9. _Coula edulis?_ (Almond Wood) is a medium-sized tree which is cut
+into planks 1 to 2 inches thick and up to 12 feet long, and sold at 2½d.
+per superficial foot.
+
+10. _Rhizophora racemosa_ (Mangrove) grows in pure “stands” in the
+swamps near the sea coast, chiefly in the estuaries of the rivers. It
+attains a girth of 4 feet and a height of 80 feet. It is sold as poles 9
+to 12 feet in diameter at the rate of 2½d. per cubic foot. Very large
+areas of mangrove forest occur, so that ample supplies of this kind of
+timber are assured. Locally it is often used for house-building, and is
+preferred to many other timbers.
+
+11. _Ochrocarpus Africanus_ (Mammy Apple) is a large tree attaining a
+girth of 10 feet and a bole length of 30 feet. It is evidently not so
+prevalent as it used to be, owing to the fact that the best trees have
+been felled. Seedlings, however, appear very readily from the large
+fruit when it falls in suitable germinating places in the forest. It is
+much prized locally on account of its pretty grain and red mahogany-like
+colour. It is sold as planks, joists or posts at 3d. or 3½d. per
+superficial foot.
+
+12. _Anisophyllea laurina_ (Monkey Apple) is a very lofty tree,
+attaining a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of 40 feet. Although
+moderately prevalent in the forests, it is very plentiful outside in the
+deciduous forests. It shoots up very strongly from the stump after an
+old tree has been cut down. Wood obtained from these stool-shoots is,
+however, not so good or of such large size as that obtained from
+seedling trees. The timber is a light-brown colour, but a very pretty
+grain, full of medullary rays, giving it a sheen not unlike oak. Locally
+it is sold as joists and posts at the price of 3d. to 6d. per
+superficial foot.
+
+13. _Lophira procera_ (Red Oak, Kokank, also known as Ironpost) is sold
+as planks, posts and beams at 3½d. to 6d. per superficial foot. It is
+chiefly used for house-building. A full description of this tree is
+given under the heading of the export timbers, so that nothing more need
+be added here.
+
+14. _Parinarium excelsum_ (Rough-skinned Plum) is a very common tree,
+which attains a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of 30 feet. It yields
+a hard timber with open grain. It is sold locally as planks or logs at
+6d. per cubic foot for building timber. The fruit, which, as the name
+indicates, is like a green plum, is covered with white lenticels, making
+the surface very rough. The flesh is of a yellowish colour and soft,
+with a pasty nature. It has a sweet, pleasant taste. The wood, when
+freshly cut, has a sweet, beeswax-like scent, similar to that of the
+fruit.
+
+15. Whismore, which is sold as planks at 2½d. per superficial foot, is
+another very useful timber, not unlike cedar in texture. The tree comes
+up very readily in old farms, and has very large tripinnate leaves.
+Apparently it grows very fast, though this does not appear to hinder the
+early formation of heartwood, which is of a very light brown colour,
+though the sapwood is quite white. It attains a girth of about 9 feet
+and a bole length of 50 feet. The bark forms very characteristic
+fissures, dividing it into more or less diamond-shaped pieces, rather
+reminiscent of the European Elm. Although the tree does not occur in
+actual groups, more than one will usually be found in the same locality.
+
+16. _Uapaca Heudelotti_ (Sugar Plum, Red Cedar) is a large tree with
+rather a spread of crown and numerous aerial roots. It attains a girth
+of 9 feet and a bole length of 20 feet. The timber has a close and fine
+grain, and is of a reddish colour. Locally it is cut and used for the
+ribs of sea-going boats. It is apparently quite durable for this
+purpose. It is very prevalent, and usually grows near waterways.
+
+17. _Pycnanthus Kombo_ (White Cedar) is a very large tree which attains
+a girth of 12 feet and a bole length of 80 feet. It is very prevalent,
+and can be recognised by the flat crown and long straight branches
+coming out at right angles to the stem. When cut it exudes a reddish-
+coloured mass of semi-liquid nature. The bark reminds one of the
+Mahoganies, though on the whole it is more fissured. The timber is soft
+and of a pinkish colour, though it gives more the impression that it is
+white and tinged with red. It has a very open grain with particularly
+long pores, reminding one of cedar (_Cedrela_). It is cut locally for
+sale as planks.
+
+18. _Pterocarpus Erinaceus_ (African Rosewood) is mentioned amongst the
+number of possible export timber-bearing trees. It is also used locally
+in the making of a musical instrument called Balangi, after the timber
+has lain some months in the ground. In the drier portions of the country
+it is a useful tree for house-building. It seeds readily, and is usually
+found in large quantities.
+
+19. _Baphia nitida_ (Camwood) is also one of the export produce bearing
+trees, but which has been used as a colouring matter for putting on the
+body from time immemorial. The local people, however, prefer to use
+cakes of the ground-up produce of the Barwood (_Pterocarpus Tinctorius_)
+from Southern Nigeria, which commands a higher price. That this product
+of _Baphia nitida_ is the true Camwood is practically proved by the fact
+that this tree was first identified from Sierra Leone, whence it is all
+exported, and also by the fact that Barwood, or the Southern Nigeria
+Camwood, is not found in Sierra Leone.
+
+Although the above completes the description of the most important local
+timber trees, there are many others which might be used with
+satisfaction. One of these trees, known as Yabonji by the Mendis, has a
+grain, colour and softness similar to white pine, and is sold locally as
+yellow pine. _Erythrophlœum Guineense_ (Sassybark) yields a hard timber
+suitable for bridge-building, as it is very durable and grows to a large
+size, though not always with a very long bole. Mountain Mahogany, a
+species of Lonchocarpus, has a grain similar to pine, with resin-like
+canals in the wood. It grows to a large size, with a straight bole 50
+feet in length and a girth of 10 feet. Combwood (_Conapharingia
+pachysiphon_) is a small tree, which yields a yellow wood similar in
+texture and grain to boxwood, though a little softer. Locally it is used
+for making native combs. There is also a so-called Leopardwood, termed
+Koligi by the Mendis, which has a curious striped grain a little
+reminiscent of a leopard’s skin; hence the name. The local inhabitants
+have various chewsticks, which are obtained from guttiferous trees or
+Vernonia species. _Carapa Gayensis_ is found and used locally both as a
+timber and also the seeds for making an oil for the skin. In connection
+with all this local felling it should be noticed that there is scope for
+sawn timber of all kinds, more especially when it is taken in
+conjunction with the fact that over 2,000,000 feet board measure of
+planks, etc., are imported every year. A small mill placed near Bureh
+Town would probably be able to supply all wants as far as Freetown and
+the immediate neighbourhood were concerned, and water power might be
+available from the Gumah River, which flows down very rapidly to the
+sea. A mill, on the whole, is more economical in conversion than the
+local sawyer, as all slabs are left to rot in the forest, but these a
+mill would consume in power-making, or they would be resawn into smaller
+boards or shingles. At present there is no sawmill in the whole country,
+so that there is an open field for this venture, with a forest adjacent
+to the market and suitable conditions of labour.
+
+
+ IV. MINOR FOREST PRODUCE.
+
+
+No account of the Sierra Leone forest would be complete without a
+description of the two chief vegetable products of the forest, namely
+Palm Oil and Kernels and Gum Copal.
+
+Turning first of all to Gum Copal, known botanically as _Copaifera
+Salikounda_, which is a true copal gum, not to be confused with the gum
+from _Daniellia Ogea_ and other allied species, illustrations Nos. 8 and
+9 show this tree standing in the open, and also the shape of the trunk
+at nearer inspection. It will be seen that it is rather a tall tree,
+with open thin crown and straight upward-spreading branches. The bole
+usually does not exceed 30 feet in length, and then forks or divides
+into three main stems. The curious marks on the stem, making the tree
+look as if it were attacked with some form of canker, are those made by
+tapping the trees for the gum. At the beginning of the dry season small
+squares of bark, about an inch across, are removed from the tree,
+beginning at the ground, upwards to 20 and 30 feet. At the corners of
+each little square gum gradually exudes during the dry season in the
+form of an ever-increasing sized globular tear, which hardens on
+exposure to the air. By the end of the dry season, as in February or
+March, it has attained a size of half an inch or so, and is then quite
+hard and white and nearly transparent. Only a few little pieces of bark
+adhere to its surface, and these are easily removed. Then these tears
+are collected in a bag, sorted, and then sold to the European firms in
+Sierra Leone and elsewhere. The average tree yields 1 lb. of gum copal
+per year.
+
+In the peninsular forest a patch of Gum Copal trees is found near Bureh
+Town. In the Protectorate, irregular belts occur, such as that on the
+Kassewe Hills and north of Moyamba. On the banks of the Rokell River,
+too, it occurs in single specimens dotted along the bank. The smooth
+grey bark of the stem is not unlike Beech, except for the fact that it
+is pitted by the tapping squares, which occlude only very gradually.
+
+The leaves are in pairs, but have such a straight inner edge that they
+appear like one leaf which has been cut in half down the middle. The
+main vein of the leaf is at one side of it. In this manner the leaf is
+unmistakable, though a Cynometra leaf is somewhat similar, and also a
+Bauhinia; but in the former the vein is more in the centre and the
+leaves are quite separate and not close together, and in the latter they
+are joined at the base. The tree appears to be easily killed by
+overtapping. Before the formation of the Forest Department, whole
+forests had been destroyed in this way, one of which I saw north of
+Moyamba during an inspection of the Gum Copal belt.
+
+The timber of this tree is a red-brown colour, of hard texture, with a
+pretty grain. It is, of course, of the type of purple-heart. It is very
+durable and termite-proof, though a borer attacks it slightly. The wood
+of trees killed by overtapping proves to be quite sound and useful for
+any purpose where a hard timber is required.
+
+The tree can be grown from the flat, round, paper-like seeds, which are
+bought at £1 a bushel in Sierra Leone. The tree usually bears well, and
+the seed is collected off the ground. Young self-sown seedlings are
+found, which shows that the seeds germinate readily too. It does not
+stand transplanting very well, but with care soon recovers. It grows
+rapidly, and reaches a tapable size in ten years, approximately. It does
+not seem very exacting with regard to soil. In the peninsula it grows on
+rocky soil, and in Moyamba on an alluvial soil.
+
+Recently the exports have decreased, as the following figures show,
+chiefly owing to the destruction of the trees by overtapping. However,
+when the forests have recovered, the younger trees have matured, and the
+trees since planted are in bearing, and an increase may be expected. It
+is the most valuable, Gum Copal usually being worth 8d. to 1s. 6d. a
+pound, but if quite clean and white it fetches as much as 2s. 6d. a
+pound. Its chief use is for varnish-making, though the best grades are
+used for pharmaceutical preparations. It is far easier to tap than
+rubber, and the cost of preparation is therefore very low, so that it
+should prove worth cultivating on a large scale. The market for Gum
+Copal is a comparatively large one, and other sources of supply, such as
+those of Kauri Gum from New Zealand, are decreasing, or not entirely
+meeting the demand. It is only a question of time before the whole
+supply will have to be obtained from cultivated trees.
+
+It stands a certain amount of shade during the first four years, but
+from the fifth year onwards it is distinctly a light-loving species. On
+the whole it is almost a gregarious tree, as usually groups of trees are
+found up to fifty or more, and in a whole forest the prevalent tree will
+be Gum Copal; for instance, in the Gum Copal belt near Susuwuru. A
+planting distance of 6 feet will probably prove advantageous, as the
+tree has a distinct tendency to branch low down on the stem if not
+forced to grow up straight by the presence of other trees. Then in the
+tenth year a judicious thinning out of the weakest trees by tapping to
+death would give additional space to the others and allow for greater
+girth increment for the other clean-stemmed trees. An early financial
+yield would also thus be obtained.
+
+In the economy of the country, more important even than the Gum Copal is
+the Oil Palm (_Elæis Guineensis_), which is found in the Forest,
+scattered in groups and belts amongst farms inland, as at Blama, and
+near the sea coast, as at Sherbro, and also as isolated individual trees
+in the drier parts of the Protectorate. Towards the northernmost part of
+the country it is not seen at all, though climatically there is nothing
+to stop it growing if planted in suitable localities. It tends to spread
+with increasing cultivation of the ground, so long as the rainfall is
+sufficient and the soil moist enough for it. In the forest itself it is
+very sparsely distributed. Owing to the large population and the
+comparatively small area on which the Oil Palm is really plentiful, more
+palm oil is eaten than exported. This is most clearly seen in the
+quantity of exports of both products, which show a much larger
+proportion of kernels than oil.
+
+The fruit usually ripens in January, February, March, or sometimes
+earlier, and is left for six months. Usually the trees have to some
+extent been cleared by the natives, then on a certain day the bunches of
+fruit may be cut. This takes place after the natives have cut the bush
+down for making the chief’s farm. It also ensures, incidentally, that
+most of the fruit is quite ripe, though this is not the reason why the
+natives may not begin cutting off the bunches when they like. The
+bunches of fruit are left in the forest at convenient places at the edge
+of the path, covered with palm leaves. After a week or so these are
+taken to the village, and all the drupes cut off with a machete. These
+are next put in large earthenware pots with a little water, which are
+then placed over a good fire. In about an hour the fruit is thoroughly
+steamed. The fruit is then piled into a trough of beaten clay with a
+palm-nut bottom, or even stones. Water is poured in, and the fruit is
+pounded with the feet and also with a small pestle. The oil gradually
+rises in yellow fatty masses on the surface of the water, and is
+collected with the hand and put into a clean pot. As soon as a pot is
+filled, it is placed over a good fire to boil. When it has been boiled
+thoroughly it is strained, the strained oil being that usually eaten or
+sold to firms for export. The residue of dirt and pieces of fibre is
+used as an illuminant in the native lamps. The nuts are placed in the
+sun to dry for two or three months, after which they are cracked with a
+stone or a piece of iron and the kernels collected in boxes or bags for
+sale. The fibre in the washing trough is thoroughly squeezed by hand and
+all oil extracted. The water is let out of the trough gradually, and all
+oil collected from the sides of it. It is also washed down with water to
+collect the more adhesive particles. Even so, there is a large
+percentage of waste. An oil is also made from the kernels by heating
+them in an iron vessel over a fire. This oil is used for the skin or for
+wounds.
+
+In the ordinary way oil palms are not planted, though in moving to a new
+area where farms have not been made before the natives take oil-palm
+fruit with them, which get scattered as nuts; these germinate and form
+the nucleus of a group of oil palms in that locality. Considering the
+large population and its increasing need for the oil, the planting of
+oil palms appears to be remunerative.
+
+Palm Wine-tree (_Raphia vinifera_) is used very largely where it is
+found in the extensive forests near the rivers and sea coast in swampy
+places. Piassava fibre is obtained from this source, but so far has not
+been used in Sierra Leone for this purpose, whereas in the neighbouring
+country some of the best piassava is obtained. The people are, however,
+otherwise occupied, so that until there is a greater population it is
+unlikely that this industry will be taken up. The approximate area of
+wine palms is 3,000 square miles in various parts of the whole country.
+Some of the best areas are found on the banks of the Mano, Morro, Maho
+and Rokell Rivers. The long fronds of the leaves yield the steering and
+pushing poles for canoes, also most useful rafters and scantlings for
+houses. The leaves themselves are made into mats for covering the
+houses. They are said to last seven years when properly put on. The
+fruit of the tree is used for stupefying fish, which can then be very
+easily speared by the natives. The tree is usually set on fire to draw
+the palm wine, though this more often happens subsequently to the taking
+of the wine. A tree does not last more than three years with severe
+tapping, such as it is subject to by the natives.
+
+_Borassus flabellifer_ (Fan Palm, Bottle Palm) is found in the northern,
+drier part of the Protectorate, but so far is not used to any extent for
+house-building, for which the timber is most suitable, being very
+durable, of good length, and can be split. The nuts of the large
+coconut-like fruit are useful as a substitute for vegetable ivory,
+though thus far no use has been made of them. The approximate area of
+distribution of this species of tree is about 4,000 square miles. Quite
+a trade is done in various kinds of bark, altogether from about fifteen
+different species of trees, of which most are collected in the
+Peninsular Forest. Amongst them is found the Sasswood, or that of
+_Erythrophlœum Guineense_, the notorious native poison, though it is not
+at all certain that nowadays in Sierra Leone it is used for this
+purpose.
+
+
+ V. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT OF SIERRA LEONE.
+
+
+In the course of 1911 a Forest Department was formed by the appointment
+of a Conservator of Forests; this has been gradually enlarged until
+there are now three Assistant Conservators of Forests as well. The chief
+work of the Department so far has been the drafting and passing of a
+Forestry Ordinance in 1912 and the demarcation of two Forest Reserves.
+The Peninsular Forest, with its new boundaries, comprises 75 square
+miles, and the Kassewe Hill. Other areas have been set aside, notably
+the Kagnari Hills and Kambui Hills as Forest Reserves, and Nimmini and
+Loma Forests examined previous to demarcation with a view to their
+reservation. The Gum Forests were closed to tappers with the consent of
+the chief, so that the trees could recover from previous overtapping. In
+addition to this work, some rubber planting has been done in the Gumah,
+and one Assistant spends all his time on this work, nurseries having
+been formed in different places—Mano, Bo, and Falaba. A large number of
+botanical specimens of the trees and shrubs have been forwarded to Kew
+for identification, so that gradually the silvan vegetation is becoming
+known. No planting of oil palms (_Elæis Guineensis_) has been undertaken
+yet, despite the large export of this product. Rubber planting has not
+been forgotten either. So far very little revenue has been received for
+timber-felling fees, which means really that in the past the forests
+have been destroyed, and now only small quantities can be cut. It does
+indeed make one pause and think what immense forests must have existed
+in the days of 1827, when so many loads of timber were exported, as
+shown in the table on p. 64. If those forests had been preserved then,
+they would be yielding high returns now, and the Department would be
+self-supporting, instead of having money invested first in plantations
+before returns are obtained. However, now that the Department has been
+formed, a definite Forest Ordinance has been passed, under which Forest
+Reserves can be made, and the future of the existing forests is thus
+assured. Sooner or later all of them will yield a monetary return,
+besides benefiting the country climatically and preserving the soil.
+
+One can really look upon Forestry as a kind of Endowment Assurance, with
+returns which may begin at once with existing forests, or later with
+afforestation begun now. The return is always sure, more especially now,
+with continually rising timber prices. In Sierra Leone, of course, for
+some years money will have to be put into Forestry work before adequate
+returns can be made, owing to the reckless mismanagement of the forest
+in the early part of the nineteenth century. For the purpose of easy
+reference, a list of some of the most important timber trees is
+appended, and with both the Mendi and Timani names, when it is possible
+to give these, and an English equivalent is also given where one uses a
+name suggestive of the use of the timber.
+
+So far the Department has not leased any areas for the exploitation of
+timber for export or local use, though there are several areas
+available, such as the peninsular forest. Even an organization of the
+sawyers and boat-builders would be a useful work, and machinery for
+cutting the various woods would lead to greater production and a saving
+of timber, of which so much is now wasted. Again, the enormous demand
+for firewood in Freetown, most of which is waterborne, could be more
+advantageously met with a small sawmill or movable plant in connection
+with the other wood-using industries already named. The mangrove swamps
+would provide material ready at hand for conversion. The railway
+requires firewood at certain points; there again is scope for improved
+methods of dealing with it, yielding profit both to the contractor and
+to the Forest Department.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.—=Pterocarpus esculentus in flower near Fakar
+Kole, at the edge of the Peninsular Forest.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.—=Forest of true Gum Copal (Copaifera salikounda),
+showing nearly all the trees bare of foliage and dying, due to
+overtapping, near Sussuwuru, Moyamba District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.—=True Gum Copal (Copaifera salikounda), showing
+base of stem with tapping squares, near the bank of the Rokell River,
+north of Moyamba District.=]
+
+ To face p. 40.
+
+
+ VI.—INDIGENOUS FOREST TREES
+
+ Species marked with an asterisk (*) are Lane Poole’s[1]; those marked
+ with an obelisk (†) are the Author’s.
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus candelabrum_. Screw Pine. Bambi (Mendi).
+
+ _Pandanus sp._ near _P. candelabrum_.* Screw Pine. Pambei (Mendi).
+
+ It is a tree with wide-spreading prop roots always growing in running
+ fresh water. The leaves are used in basket-making.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_.* Oil Palm. Ankump (Timani); Tui, Tauwi, Taupwi
+ (young trees), (Mendi).
+
+ The well-known Oil Palm. It is a most useful tree, thriving best near
+ villages, but growing abundantly in the northern part of the forests.
+ The nuts contain a large quantity of oil. They are used also for
+ planting.
+
+ _Borassus flabellifer_.* Fan or Daleb Palm. Tunka (Timani); Hoke
+ (Mendi).
+
+ It grows to about 70 feet in the grass country. Umbrellas are made
+ from the leaves, also baskets. The stems are used for building-posts.
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_.* Wine Palm. Ankent (Timani); Duvui (Mendi).
+
+ Sometimes called the Tombo Palm. It is very gregarious, being
+ frequently found forming almost a small forest in swampy ground.
+
+ _Raphia sp._ near _R. Gaertneri_.* Kili (Mendi).
+
+ It is a small plant of only 10 feet, growing in the swamps. It does
+ not yield wine. Baskets and mats are made from the leaf stalks and
+ thatch from the leaves.
+
+ _Calamus sp._* Balui (Mendi).
+
+ This is a climbing palm or rattan, growing to the top of the highest
+ trees, having a diameter of 2 inches, armed with strong hooked spines.
+ The stem, when split, is used for tying the rafters of houses; lengths
+ of it are used as clothes-lines. Suspension bridges are even made over
+ the river.
+
+ _Calamus sp._* Tambelei (Mendi).
+
+ This species grows as high as the preceding one, but is only ½ inch in
+ diameter. Besides being used as cordage, it is employed as thatching.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Dracæna Mannii_.* Ningei (Mendi).
+
+ This tree grows to 30 feet in height, and is called the Asparagus Tree
+ by Europeans, because the flavour of the young leaves is like
+ asparagus. The natives eat them chopped with their rice.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Trema affinis_.* Gombei (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree, from 25 to 30 feet. It springs up in cleared farms; the
+ wood is of little use except as thatching laths. The bark is peeled
+ and eaten for coughs.
+
+ _Trema Africana_.* †
+
+ A medium-sized tree.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Ficus Vogelii_.* Jol, Lopi (Timani); Gonwi (Mendi).
+
+ A much-branched tree, yielding a latex, which coagulated has been sold
+ at from 6d. to 1s. a lb. in London as paste rubber.
+
+ _Ficus sp._* Wild Fig or Sandpaper Tree. Indäihen (Mendi).
+
+ This species has rough leaves like sandpaper, hence its name. They are
+ used to clean woodwork.
+
+ _Ficus platyphytes_. Gonwé (Mendi).
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_.* Iroko, Teak, African Oak. Tema (Timani); Sime
+ or Semei (Mendi).
+
+ It is found particularly near old clearings, but not so frequently in
+ the forest. It is a termite-resisting timber; called Teak, Oroko or
+ African Oak, when exported, it is worth about 1½d. per superficial
+ foot. At one time the latex was used as an adulterant for rubber. It
+ polishes well and makes very handsome furniture. Canoes, pestles,
+ rice-basins, etc., are made from it. Dr. Unwin suggests that Iroko is
+ a corruption for rock elm.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_.* Corkwood. Ofika (Timani); Govwi (Mendi).
+
+ It is a common tree, growing to about 60 feet in old farm lands, and
+ affords a shade for forest species to get a footing. It is remarkable
+ for its wide-spreading prop roots and large palmate leaves.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_.* Fofoi (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Myrianthus sp._* Fofoi (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_.* Fofoi (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree with edible fruit.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Coula edulis_.* Tokei (Mendi).
+
+ It is a large tree bearing walnut-like nuts, the kernels of which are
+ good to eat both raw and cooked. Oil is obtained from the kernels,
+ which are valued at £7 a ton.
+
+ _Olax_.*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+
+=Loranthaceæ.=
+
+ _Loranthus langwensis_.* Mistletoe. Gongui (Mendi).
+
+ This is the common mistletoe, which may be seen growing on a great
+ number of trees. Specially common on Guava and Kola Trees.
+
+
+=Menispermaceæ.=
+
+ _Triclisia macrophylla_. Ndawi (Mendi).
+
+ A climbing shrub.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Xylopia Æthiopica_.* The Spice Tree. Umberikum (Timani); Kewe or Hewe
+ (Mendi).
+
+ Its fruit is much in demand as medicine.
+
+ _Xylopia sp. Dinklagei_.* Mountain Spice. Kapus (Timani); Hui, Hewe
+ (Mendi).
+
+ _Monodora Myristica_.* Calabash Nutmeg or False Nutmeg. Gboite (Mendi).
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, with rose-pink, sweet-smelling flowers. The
+ fruit is the false nutmeg.
+
+ _Xylopia sp._ near _X. Elliotii_.* Yellow Wood. Belvi or Kpaini
+ (Mendi).
+
+ This tree grows to a medium height, with thin but very straight stem
+ up to 18 inches in diameter. Its wood has been exported to Europe,
+ where it has taken the place of American whitewood.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_.*
+
+ A tall tree of 20 feet, growing on the bank of the Moa River.
+
+ _Cleistopholis sp._ near _C. patens_.* Moigbwamy (Mendi).
+
+ This tree grows to a height of 80 feet. Strips of the bark are used by
+ the natives for making brow-bands and shoulder-straps when carrying
+ palm hampers.
+
+ _Hexalobus grandiflorus_.* Njahewe (Mendi).
+
+ It is a large, wide-crowned tree, with conspicuous white flowers.
+
+ _Pachypodanthium Staudtii_.*
+
+ A large-boled forest tree, with grey, rough bark, of which the timber
+ is very hard to saw.
+
+ _Stenanthera hamata_.*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Uvaria Afzelii_.*
+
+ A tree of 15 feet in height, with very heavy-scented flowers.
+
+ _Uvaria sp._*
+
+ A tall, straight tree, with blackish-green longitudinally ribbed bark.
+
+ _Uvaria macrocarpa_.* Finger Root.
+
+ This tree is found 15 feet in height. The root is used medicinally by
+ the Creoles, and by them called Finger Root.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_.* White Cedar. Kuwul (Timani); Boye (Mendi).
+
+ It is a very tall tree, attaining a girth of 12 feet, which is cut
+ locally, but not for export, owing to its soft wood and open grain.
+
+
+=Moringaceæ.=
+
+ _Moringa pterygosperma_.* Horse-radish Tree; or Oil of Ben Tree.
+
+ The oil in the seeds is 38 per cent., and they are valued at £9 a ton
+ in London. The oil is suitable for lubricating clocks and watches. The
+ wood is not used.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium macrophyllum_.* Gingerbread Plum. Ndawei (Mendi).
+
+ It is a small tree bearing a fruit the size of a goose’s egg. The
+ fruit is the edible ginger-plum.
+
+ _Parinarium excelsum_.* Rough-skinned Plum. Abbis (Timani); Ndanwi
+ Badgi (Mendi).
+
+ This tree attains a large size and seeds very readily. It yields a
+ useful hardwood; is felled locally and for building purposes. The
+ grain of the wood is too open to be of much use for export. It is of a
+ reddish-brown colour. The pulp around the seed is eaten.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Paradaniella thurifera_.* Ilorin Balsam Tree. Bessi (Timani); Bessi
+ Kpessei or Gbassei (Mendi).
+
+ A quick-growing, soft-wooded tree, pretty evenly distributed through
+ the forest. It attains a girth of 9 feet and a bole length of 30 feet.
+ It is cut locally for house-building and other purposes. A fragrant
+ resin is exuded and much used as a scent by the Creoles and natives.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Sasswood. Kukorn (Timani); Gogwi (Mendi).
+
+ A large but not very straight-growing tree, which attains a girth of 9
+ feet. It has been exported, but the price obtained for it is not
+ available. The wood is hard, but works up well, and has been used by
+ the Public Works Department of Southern Nigeria.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum sp._ near _E. micranthum_.* † Sasswood or Redwater Tree.
+
+ The bark contains a virulent poison, which is used as an ordeal. It is
+ a large forest tree, having a green bole. The wood is used to make
+ canoes.
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalensis_.*
+
+ A tree 20 feet high, with handsome red flowers. The branches are armed
+ with prickles. The wood is used for fencing.
+
+ _Erythrina sp._* Malei (Mendi).
+
+ This is a large tree, 80 feet in height, with wide-spreading branches.
+ The stem is pale grey and covered with strong prickles. The flowers
+ are pink.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_.* K’Kuperb (Timani); Mbeli or Mbelignli (Mendi).
+
+ This tree is very plentiful, and attains a large size. The wood is of
+ a brown colour, hard and durable. Strong canoes are made from it.
+
+ _Cynometra Vogelii_.*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Xylia Evansii_.* † Bunga (Timani); Tegai (Mendi).
+
+ A medium tree.
+
+ _Griffonia palescens_. Koronko (Timani); Koronko (Mendi).
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_.* Oil Bean Tree. Kekung (Timani); Fai, Fae
+ (Mendi).
+
+ The wood is of a brown colour, hard and durable. The natives use the
+ ashes of the burnt pods for making soap. The wood is sold for 1s. 1d.
+ per cubic foot in the English market.
+
+ _Parkia Africana_. Locust Bean. Ebbe (Timani); Gumwi (Mendi).
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_. Forest Locust. Gimwi (Mendi).
+
+ _Parkia biglobosa_.* Locust Bean.
+
+ A wide crowned tree, 50 feet in height, bearing conspicuous red
+ flowers and long pods. The pulp around the seed is edible, but the
+ seed itself is considered a great delicacy ground and mixed in soup.
+
+ _Parkia sp._ Gumni (Mendi).
+
+ The tree is much like the _P. biglobosa_, but is found growing wild in
+ the forests. It differs in having well-developed buttress roots. The
+ seed is not eaten.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus_. Mountain Mahogany. Ali (Timani); Jumbowill (Mendi),
+ probably Peltophorum sp.
+
+ A very tall and straight tree, with a bole of 50 feet and a girth of
+ 10 feet. It is found everywhere, especially on the edges of old
+ clearings and in old farms. It has been felled for export, but no data
+ are available as to its worth. The wood resembles pine, being soft and
+ full of resin-like canals.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus cyanescens_.* Big-leaved Indigo. Jalei, Walwei (Mendi).
+
+ A valuable dye is obtained from the leaves, which takes the place of
+ indigo and is sold at from 4s. to 4s. 6d. a pound in England.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_.*
+
+ A branched and gnarled tree growing on the sea shore, its roots often
+ being washed by the tide. The timber is close-grained, hard and
+ durable.
+
+ _Cassia Sieberiana_.* Bongbo or Bangbwei (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree bearing handsome yellow flowers. A decoction is made from
+ the root to ease elephantiasis, also stomach troubles.
+
+ _Copaifera Guibourtiana_.* Sierra Leone Gum Copal. Akak (Timani); Kobwi
+ (Mendi).
+
+ This tree was found growing on the ridges and low-lying land near York
+ and Bureh Town, also in Ronietta, Karene District, and Kassewe Hills.
+ It is noted for its gum. The dead wood works up very well, having a
+ fine grain and red colour, and should be of value for export. Locally
+ it has only been used for bridge-building. The average price paid by
+ local traders for the gum appears to be 1s. a pound.
+
+ _Copaifera salikounda_.* Buini (Mendi).
+
+ A large tree.
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_. Atont (Timani); Batwi (Mendi).
+
+ _Pterocarpus erinaceus_.* Rosewood. Katai (Timani); Bundwi Batwi
+ (Mendi).
+
+ This is a small but valuable tree, confined principally to the drier
+ parts of the country, particularly in the Karina forests. The wood
+ finds a good market in France. Locally it is used to make a musical
+ instrument called “Balangi.” The seeds are intoxicating when eaten
+ raw.
+
+ _Macrolobium sp._ Jamostima (Mendi).
+
+ _Macrolobium Palisotii_. K’Pal (Timani); Bumbi (Mendi).
+
+ _Macrolobium sp.?_* _Limba?_ African Violet Wood. Tunfall (Timani);
+ Pfandi or Mbombi (Mendi).
+
+ It yields a wood with a pleasant scent, which grows to a stem length
+ of 20 feet and girth of 12 feet. The wood would probably be figured,
+ owing to its peculiar growth, ebony-like, hard, heavy and of a
+ greenish-brown colour. It bears a pod about a foot long and an inch
+ wide. The tree grows in great quantities, but it is not used locally,
+ owing to its hardness. It should be tried in European markets.
+
+ _Macrolobium elongatum_.*
+
+ It is a small shrubby tree.
+
+ _Macrolobium sp._ near _M. Heudelotii_.* †
+
+ A medium-sized tree found chiefly near water. The pod is larger than
+ the other Macrolobiums.
+
+ _Macrolobium Limba_.* Mbombi (Mendi).
+
+ This tree reaches a height of 40 feet. Its roasted leaves, when ground
+ and mixed with water and ashes, are used for ulcers.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_.* Black Tumbler or Velvet Tamarind. Mabump (Temni),
+ (Timani); Mamboi (Mendi).
+
+ A medium-sized tree bearing edible, velvety seed-vessels.
+
+ _Dialium Senegalense_. Black Tumbler. Baut, I (Timani); Burogono Mambui
+ (Mendi).
+
+ _Afzelia bracteata_.* Konta. Konta (Timani); Bendiguri or Kpendeideli
+ (Mendi).
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_.*
+
+ These two trees are very much alike as far as timber is concerned. The
+ wood is much used locally, and it may be of value for export, as the
+ texture is similar to mahogany. The _A. Africana_ yields a
+ particularly good mahogany substitute under the name of Kontah or
+ Counter wood.
+
+ _Afzelia sp._*
+
+ A large-crowned tree.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_.* Kpendei (Mendi).
+
+ This tree grows to a height of 80 feet, having a very conspicuous
+ flower. It is much used in cabinet-making.
+
+ _B. Heudelotiana_.* Helei (Mendi).
+
+ A large tree, 50 feet in height.
+
+ _B. sp._ near _B. stipulaceæ_.* Tzabembi (Mendi).
+
+ A large tree, the seeds of which are made into counters by the Mendis
+ to play Warry.
+
+ _Brachystegia sp._* Bodgei (Mendi).
+
+ It reaches the height of 150 feet, and is one of the largest forest
+ trees, with wide buttress roots.
+
+ _Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum_.* Hellebolei (Mendi).
+
+ A large tree.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus gabunensis_.* African Greenheart. Mbeli-deli (Mendi).
+
+ It is very similar to _Piptadenia Africana_ in appearance, and also
+ yields a strong, hard wood.
+
+ _Dalbergia sp._* Dalbergia Rosewood. Balakenta (Timani); Firbandu
+ Ndambabuli (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Baphia polygalaceæ_.* Ndambabuli (Mendi).
+
+ A climber, 10 feet in height. The stem used for killing fish.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_.* Camwood Tree. Mat, Kam (Timani); Bendwi or Bunduei
+ (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree from which dyewood, a fast red dye, is obtained. The wood
+ is hard and heavy, and is used for rice-mortar pestles and walking-
+ sticks.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownii_.* Albizzia. Bakbwi or Bpakpei (Mendi).
+
+ This is a medium-sized tree yielding a reddish wood of moderately fine
+ grain, somewhat resembling mahogany. The heartwood is very pretty. It
+ should be saleable in Liverpool market.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_.* Folei-kpakpei, Bakbaboi (Mendi).
+
+ This species rarely attains a diameter at the base of more than 18
+ inches. It nearly always has a rotten heart.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalense_.* Mahogany, Dita. Kita (Timani); Dupwi II, Kolei
+ (Mendi).
+
+ It is a very lofty tree, which yields a wood sold as mahogany in the
+ Liverpool market. The grain is not so close as is usual in mahogany,
+ but the colour is good. The fruit is edible and eaten locally. Dita is
+ the name given to it. It is not very common.
+
+ _Detarium sp._*
+
+ A large tree of 60 or 70 feet in height, probably a new species.
+
+ _Millettia_ cf. _drastica_.*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Millettia Lane-Poolei_.* Togbeli (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree or shrub about 15 feet in height, with white, scentless
+ flowers. There are three other varieties, with flowers ranging from
+ white and pink to mauve.
+
+ _Millettia pallens_.*
+
+ A medium-sized tree with mauve flowers.
+
+ _Millettia sp._ near _M. Sangana_.*
+
+ A medium-sized tree with erect pods and mauve flowers.
+
+ _Millettia rhodantha_.*
+
+ A medium-sized tree with yellow, aromatic wood.
+
+ _Mimosa Dinklagei_.* Gumgui (Mendi).
+
+ A medium-sized tree, 50 feet in height.
+
+ _Newtonia insignis_.*
+
+ A tree about 80 feet in height, with well developed buttress roots.
+
+ _Peltophorum_.* Njomboguli (Mendi).
+
+ A large tree.
+
+ _Ormosia monophylla_.*
+
+
+=Linaceæ.=
+
+ _Ochthocosmus Africanum_.* Tuanyei (Mendi).
+
+ A small, fairly common tree.
+
+
+=Humiriaceæ.=
+
+ _Saccoglottis Gabunensis_.*
+
+ This tree yields a first-class timber. The bark strips off cleanly and
+ is sold in Calabar at 5s. a roll 30 inches long and 18 inches in
+ diameter.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_.* Spiny Satinwood. Witkoran (Timani); Pfui
+ II (Mendi).
+
+ This tree yields a very pretty yellow wood, with a somewhat open
+ grain.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum sp._ Satinwood. Bek (Timani); Pfui (Mendi).
+
+ A medium-sized tree, with most peculiar conically shaped woody
+ protrusions on the bark. It has not been cut locally.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum rubescens_.*
+
+ An armed tree from 12 to 15 feet high.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Canarium Schweinfurthii_. White Mahogany. Beri (Mendi).
+
+ This tree is not very common. A very large tree which has been found
+ 150 feet high, with a bole of 70 feet and a girth of 10 feet. It could
+ be cut locally and would make a valuable addition to local furniture
+ woods. It is, however, hard to saw.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Lovoa Klaineana_.* † African Walnut.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, not very common; the value of the timber
+ varies from 1¾d. to 3d. per foot.
+
+ _Lovoa sp._ near _L. Klaineana_. African Walnut.
+
+ A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Carapa procera_.* Crabwood, Coondi, Kakunt (Timani); Kuwi Kowi
+ (Mendi).
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, which is evenly distributed everywhere. It
+ yields a mahogany-like wood, which has been sold in the Liverpool
+ market.
+
+ _Carapa Gayensis_.
+
+ _Guarea_. Satin Mahogany. Kaffi (Mendi).
+
+ A fair-sized tree, having a grain similar to mahogany, but with a
+ satiny sheen which may make it very valuable. It is not cut locally,
+ but might be tried for export.
+
+ _Guarea sp._ near _leptotricha_.* † Kaffi (Mendi).
+
+ A tree.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela_. Cedar Mahogany. Bissimi (Mendi).
+
+ This tree grows to a very large size. The timber is similar to that of
+ a tree found in Southern Nigeria, but it appears to be a different
+ species; the sapwood is wider and the heartwood has a better colour.
+ It is fairly common.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela sp._ near _P. utilis_.*
+
+ A large tall tree, yielding a handsome wood.
+
+ _Ekebergia_.*
+
+ Medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Khaya_.*
+
+ Dr. A. H. Unwin found a Khaya in a Gola forest which has since been
+ ceded to Liberia. The Khayas yield timber (African Mahogany), gum,
+ tanning-barks and medicaments.
+
+ _Trichilia Heudelotii_.*
+
+ _Trichilia sp._ near _T. Prieuriana_.*
+
+ A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Trichilia sp._* Jawei (Mendi).
+
+ _Turræa sp._*
+
+ A small tree, from 12 to 15 feet.
+
+
+=Polygalaceæ.=
+
+ _Carpolobia alba_.* Bofelei or Gibofoyoi (Mendi).
+
+ It is a small tree called Poor Man’s Candle.
+
+ _Carpolobia lutea_.*
+
+ A shrub or small tree.
+
+
+=Dichapetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Chailletia toxicaria_.* Magbevi (Mendi).
+
+ A violent poison is made from the kernel, used by the natives to
+ destroy dogs and vermin. They have also used it to poison well-water
+ in hostile villages. The pulp of the fruit is harmless and edible.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Heudelotii_. Mahogany. Kino (Timani); Boi (Mendi).
+
+ This tree yields a mahogany valued at 2d.-3½d. per superficial foot.
+ It is rather an uncommon tree, but as it seeds very readily and
+ develops rapidly, more could be planted. A large number are found
+ along the river banks.
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_.* Gbolei (Mendi).
+
+ A tree 90 feet high with horse-chestnutlike leaf. The timber is soft,
+ and used for making masks for Bundu devils, also rice spoons and
+ plates. The seeds are rich in oil, but the natives do not extract it;
+ they are, however, used by the native women in the rattle for their
+ Bundu dance.
+
+ _Uapaca Guineensis_.* Sugar Plum, Red Cedar. Kulil (Timani); Kondi
+ (Mendi).
+
+ A large spreading tree with aerial roots. It is cut locally and used
+ for the ribs of local boats. The wood is of a reddish colour and fine
+ grain, which might sell as mahogany. Some species yield edible fruits.
+
+ _Uapaca Heudelotii_.*
+
+ This is a tree growing up to 60 feet along the bank of the Moo River.
+
+ _Uapaca Togoensis_.*
+
+ This tree grows in the riverside forests.
+
+ _Oldfieldia Africana_.* Real African Oak. Tortorza (Timani); Paulai,
+ Pawi Kpaoloe (Mendi).
+
+ This tree attains a large size, a height of 120 feet and diameter at
+ the base of 5½ feet. The bole often reaches 60 feet without a branch,
+ though sometimes the bole is short, owing to its growing in a laterite
+ soil. It is more frequent in the southern than the northern forests.
+ It has not been cut locally, though the natives recognise it as a very
+ hard wood. It has been used for dock gates.
+
+ _Cyclostemon_. Toye (Mendi).
+
+ _Flueggea microcarpa_.* Tigwi (Mendi).
+
+ _Amanoa bracteata_.* Jagbouei (Mendi).
+
+ A tree which grows up to 5 feet in diameter, and straight from the
+ ground to a height of 60 feet. It is then much branched. The timber is
+ not used.
+
+ _Anthostema Senegalense_.* Mamboi (Mendi).
+
+ It is a small tree growing on the sea shore.
+
+ _Antidesma laciniatum_.
+
+ A tree attaining a height of 25 feet.
+
+ _Bridelia ferruginea_.*
+
+ It is a small tree of about 20 feet high, very much branched. All
+ through the dry season it drips water at night.
+
+ _Bridelia micrantha_.* Igili (Mendi).
+
+ This species also reaches a height of 20 feet. It is used for making
+ charcoal, and a medicine is made from meat stewed in the water in
+ which the roots have been boiled.
+
+ _Hasskarlia didymostemon_.*
+
+ This tree grows to a height of 50 feet, with a diameter at the base of
+ 20 feet. It is one of the diœcious trees.
+
+ _Hymenocardia acida_.* Fagbajoi (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree, knotted, gnarled and branched, growing both in the open
+ and in the forest.
+
+ _Hymenocardia Heudelotii_.*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Hymenocardia lyrata_.* †
+
+ This species is found in the peninsular forests.
+
+ _Macaranga Barteri_.* Ndeiwei (Mendi).
+
+ It is a medium-sized armed tree, reaching about 50 feet, and 18 inches
+ in diameter at the base. A light wood used for firewood.
+
+ _Macaranga heterophylla_.* Fofui (Mendi).
+
+ A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Macaranga monandra_.* Ndeiwei (Mendi).
+
+ It is a medium-sized armed tree, up to 50 feet high, and 8 inches at
+ the base, with reddish-brown pubescent branches. It is useless except
+ as firewood.
+
+ _Mæsobotrya sp._*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Mareya spicata_.* Nguangua (Mendi).
+
+ A tree reaching 30 feet in height. The leaves have a bitter taste; a
+ decoction of them is used as a poison.
+
+ _Microdesmis puberula_.* Nikli (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree, reaching about 15 feet in height. The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Phyllanthus discoideus_.* Tijoi (Mendi).
+
+ A common tree, 60 feet in height, with a diameter of 18 inches.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Mangifera Africana_.* White Oak or Greenheart. Peri (Timani); Bewe-
+ Bauban (Mendi).
+
+ A tree growing to 40 feet in height, with root flanges extending 10
+ feet up the stem; it has a girth of 12 feet. The tree is cut locally.
+ The seeds are edible.
+
+ _Spondias lutea_.* Common Plum or the Hog Plum of the Creoles. Luep
+ (Timani); Bogi or Gbojei (Mendi).
+
+ A large tree, with rough, grey bark; it resists the grass fires very
+ well. They yield timber, tanning material, medicaments and edible
+ fruit, from which a spirituous drink is prepared.
+
+ _Odina sp._*
+
+ It reaches a height of 30 feet.
+
+ _Sorindeia juglandifolia_.* Creole Damson. Ni-Kaffei (Mendi).
+
+ A tree of 50 feet in height, having aerial roots. A broken branch or
+ scraped root has a resinous smell.
+
+
+=Icacinaceæ.=
+
+ _Leptaulos daphnoides_.* Propri (Timani); Bongani (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Bersama Paullinioides_.* Nyomdobai (Mendi).
+
+ A tree growing to a height of 35 feet. It is regarded as an evil tree,
+ and neither man nor beast touches it. A poison is extracted from the
+ root, with which Mendis poison their enemies.
+
+ _Lecaniodiscus cupanioides_.* †
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Phialodiscus unijugatus_.* Yokomi (Mendi).
+
+ A tree of 50 feet in height. This tree bears conspicuous red capsules,
+ which contain black seeds having a yellow ovule. The leaves and twigs
+ are macerated in pools in the rivers to kill fish.
+
+ _Schmidelia Africana_.* Komigbulei (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Glyphæa Grewioides_.* Swamp Rice. Beibolei (Mendi).
+
+ A decoction of the leaves is used for curing gonorrhœa.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_.* Baobab, Cream of Tartar or Monkey Bread. Ungari
+ (Timani); Sackwi Mbauwi (Mendi).
+
+ It is a slow-growing tree, but a valuable one, yielding fibre, paper
+ pulp and a native medicine. Sodium chloride, potassium and acid
+ tartrate have been found in the leaves.
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_.* Kinguei (Mendi).
+
+ A large deciduous tree, often called the Red Cotton Tree on account of
+ its flowers. It yields a fibre called Kapok.
+
+ _Eriodendron anfractuosum_. Cotton Tree. Pullum (Timani); Ungwe
+ (Mendi).
+
+ _Eriodendron orientale_.* Cotton Tree. Nhuei (Mendi).
+
+ The Cotton Tree of commerce. The fibre fetches from 2d. to 4d. a pound
+ in London. It grows readily from seed. The seed is valuable, as it
+ yields an oil, and the ash of the seed contains 28·5 per cent. of
+ phosphoric acid and 24·6 per cent. of potash (the latter makes a
+ valuable manure). The wood is used locally for canoes and platters.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_.* African Tragacantha. Kobei (Mendi).
+
+ The ashes are used for soap. It yields a gum similar to that of
+ Tragacanth, _Astragalus gummifer_.
+
+ _Sterculia cordifolia_. Red Oak. K’fut (Timani); Buni (Mendi).
+
+ _Cola acuminata_.* The Kola Tree. Tuloi (Mendi).
+
+ This tree yields the Kola nut, a most valuable export. Very little,
+ however, is sent to Europe, but great quantities to French Senegal. It
+ contains great stimulating properties, and enables travellers to march
+ long distances without food. The tree grows wild in certain forests,
+ and begins to yield at six or seven years old. The nut is little
+ thought of by Europeans, owing to its bitter taste. The price varies
+ from £10 to £12 a measure (160 lb.).
+
+ _Cola angustifolia_.* Denbehawi (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree, the leaves of which are used as a stomach medicine. The
+ Munchis use the wood to make their short bows.
+
+ _Cola leonensis_.* † Booni (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree with large leaves.
+
+ _Cola simiarum_.* Baboon Kola. N’goloduloi (Mendi).
+
+ A large tree, 60 feet in height. A fine specimen of it grows over the
+ wooden bridge at Kennema.
+
+ _Heritiera_.* Red Cedar or Harmon. Yawi (Mendi).
+
+ It yields a very handsome, easily worked wood, useful for any purpose.
+ The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Leptonychia_.* Mbagboldede (Mendi).
+
+ It grows only to the size of a shrub or small tree. The leaves are
+ used to cure thorn wounds.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira procera_.* African Oak, Red Ironwood, Ironpost. Ringa
+ (Timani); Hendui or Endwi (Mendi).
+
+ This tree attains about the same size of the Oldfieldia; there does
+ not seem to be any microscopical difference in the texture or grain of
+ the wood. It is much used by builders, as it is proof against the
+ attacks of termites. This tree also yields oily seeds and medicaments.
+
+ _Lophira Alata_.* Katank (Timani); Endwi (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree having seed yielding 43 per cent. oil, valued at £24 to
+ £25 a ton.
+
+ _Gomphia congesta_.* Colonguli (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree undergrowth.
+
+ _Ochna sp._*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Ochrocarpus Africanus_.* African Apple or Mammy Apple Tree. Mammee,
+ Bakum (Timani); Kaikumba (Mendi).
+
+ A large tree, attaining a girth of 10 feet and a bole of from 20 to 30
+ feet. It has been cut locally, and is much prized on account of its
+ pretty grain and red colour. It is used for joinery and similar work.
+
+ _Garcinia Kola_.* † Kofé (Mendi).
+
+ _Garcinia epunctata_.* †
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Garcinia polyantha_.* Bitter Kola. Sagbei (Mendi).
+
+ This is a small tree with thick yellow latex; the fruit is edible.
+
+ _Pentadesma butyraceæ_.* Chewstick. Komdi (Timani); Mdayen (Mendi).
+
+ Chewstick. This is a very prevalent tree, though it does not reach
+ very stout dimensions. The roots are used extensively for native
+ chewsticks.
+
+ _Haronga Madagascariensis_.* Mbeli (Mendi).
+
+ It is a small tree which grows readily on farm lands. The juice below
+ the bark is orange-red. The wood resembles that of Proteaceous trees
+ and is very beautiful.
+
+ _Mammea sapota_.*
+
+ Locally called Mammy Supporter. It is a handsome tree and has an
+ edible fruit.
+
+ _Vismia leonensis_.*
+
+ A small tree of 15 feet.
+
+ _Allanblackia floribunda_.*
+
+ A medium-sized tree.
+
+
+=Violaceæ.=
+
+ _Alsodeia sp._*
+
+ A small tree. Some of these yield timber.
+
+ _Alsodeia sp._*
+
+ A medium-sized tree growing near the river.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Homalium molle_.* Niagalei (Mendi).
+
+ It is a large tree, very tall and straight.
+
+ _Homalium sp._* Kologalei (Mendi).
+
+ A large straight tree, often confused with _H. molle_.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Anisophyllea laurina_.* Monkey Apple. Kant (Timani); Kanti (Mendi).
+
+ This is a very lofty tree, with a bole of 40 feet and girth of 12
+ feet. It has not been tried as timber away from the locality, but
+ should be valuable as an export, having a pretty grain, full of
+ medullary rays. The local value is 3d. to 6d. per lineal foot. It is
+ fairly common in the forest, but very plentiful outside, as it shoots
+ up from the stump when cut down. Naturally, the wood from such trees
+ is not so good as from seedlings.
+
+ _Rhizophora racemosa_.* Mangrove. Dingi (Mendi).
+
+ This is a small tree of the swamps which is found very useful for
+ poles and firewood. It fetches a high price from the bakers—£1 10s. to
+ £1 15s. a cord. The bark contains 18 per cent. of tannin.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Anogeissus_.* †
+
+ A chewstick with a black heart. It will kill out Lalong grass.
+
+ _Laguncularia racemosa_.*
+
+ This is a shrub which grows in the mangrove swamps. It yields a
+ second-rate tannin bark.
+
+ _Terminalia scutifera_.* †
+
+ A large straight, tall-boled tree, yielding a useful timber to
+ shipwrights.
+
+ _Terminalia sp._* Bagi (Mendi).
+
+ A very large tree, even taller than _T. superba_, and the timber is
+ yellower. The tree is gnarled and much branched near the sea-shore.
+ The wood is much used for canoes. Dye and a yellow wash for sore feet
+ are obtained from the bark.
+
+ _Terminalia superba_.* Kojagei (Mendi).
+
+ A very large tree of 150 feet or more. The timber is soft and white,
+ used for indoor work, but it is much attacked by borers.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eugenia calophylloides_.*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+
+=Melastomaceæ.=
+
+ _Memecylon_, cf. _M. spathulandra_.†
+
+ It is a small tree growing in the swamps near Bureh town.
+
+
+=Araliaceæ.=
+
+ _Cussonia Djalonensis_.
+
+ A medium-sized to large tree growing in the savannah forests. It has a
+ thick grey, rough bark.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Mimusops sp._ Benin Mahogany. Tuntumi (Timani); Sukai I (Mendi).
+
+ It is a kind of mahogany which is very common, and attains a girth of
+ 12 feet, with a smaller bole than the ordinary mahogany. The wood is
+ of a reddish colour and rather hard. This tree is found growing at a
+ higher altitude than most timber trees, which makes the forest
+ situated at 2,000 feet much more valuable.
+
+ _Mimusops sp._ Mahogany substitute. Bobbyboya Water (Timani).
+
+ This is a very large tree, with hard red wood sold as mahogany, not
+ very plentiful.
+
+ _Mimusops_. Mahogany substitute. Abugie (Mendi).
+
+ Another species of hard mahogany. It is not very plentiful, but worthy
+ of export. It is of large size and good “form figure,” somewhat the
+ shape of a cylinder.
+
+ _Mimusops Djave_.* †
+
+ A large beautiful tree, yielding a valuable sound timber.
+
+ _Mimusops_. African Pearwood. Sukai II (Mendi).
+
+ A large tree with a good bole. It has been exported and sold in the
+ Hamburg market at 6d. a foot. The wood is of a reddish colour, a
+ little harder than mahogany, and of close grain. It would pay to plant
+ out any seedlings found.
+
+ _Sideroxylon longistylum_. Kafe or Kaffi (Mendi).
+
+ Some species yield timber, edible seeds and medicaments.
+
+ _Sideroxylon Alymerii_. Teyei (Mendi).
+
+ A medium-sized tree bearing a seed rich in oil. The oil of the seed is
+ very like that of the coconut in taste; it is used for frying food or
+ for hair-oil.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp._ Tuinynelli (Mendi).
+
+ All the Chrysophyllum species yield timber and edible fruits.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp._ Star-apple. Terle (Mendi).
+
+ _Chrysophyllum ellipticus_.* Beari (Mendi).
+
+ A small species growing on the sea-shore.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum_. African Star-apple. Bungi (Mendi).
+
+ _Chrysophyllum pruniforme_.* Heleilahin (Mendi).
+
+ Elephants are fond of the bark.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros sp._* †
+
+ A medium-sized ebony.
+
+ _Maba Mannii_.
+
+ A tree.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Anthocleista nobilis_.* Pongoi-hei (Mendi).
+
+ This is a larger species than the _A. parviflora_; it is not armed.
+ The root is used as a medicine. The wood is soft and useless.
+
+ _Anthocleista parviflora_.* Pongoi-hini (Mendi).
+
+ In English sometimes called Cabbage Palm. This species reaches
+ scarcely over 30 feet in height; it is armed with strong, twin-set
+ spines. The wood is soft and useless.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_.* African Rubber Tree. Emarr (Timani); Buboi
+ (Mendi).
+
+ This tree grows to a height of 50 feet. It is rare in Sierra Leone,
+ but has been found in Kagnari, Nimmini and Loma Mountains. It yields a
+ good rubber.
+
+ _Funtumia Africana_.* Rubber. Buboi (Mendi).
+
+ This species grows to a height of 70 feet. It yields an abundant latex
+ of no commercial value.
+
+ _Polyadoa Elliotii_. Boxwood. K’Palen (Timani); Kofee or Kofei (Mendi).
+
+ It is a small tree with greenish pimply bark. The wood is very hard,
+ like boxwood, and is used to make hair combs and hoe handles. Medicine
+ is made from the bark.
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_.* † Kauwi (Mendi).
+
+ A large, tall tree with a straight stem, found in the peninsular
+ forests.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis jenje_.* Common Rubber Vine. Huwi Djenjei
+ (Mendi).
+
+ The export of this rubber was at one time very profitable, but the
+ natives overtapped the tree, and even dug up the roots to extract the
+ rubber. The fruit of this species is edible.
+
+ _Landolphia Heudelotii_.*
+
+ This is a climber 40 feet in height, and one of the most valuable of
+ the Landolphias, found in many parts; but it is the characteristic
+ vegetation of the dry interior of Senegambia and the Upper Niger.
+
+ _Landolphia leonensis_.* Nali (Mendi).
+
+ A climber reaching the tops of the highest trees. The fruit is 3½
+ inches in diameter. The pulp around the seed is edible. The latex is
+ used as bird-lime, but yields no rubber, and cannot even be used as an
+ adulterant.
+
+ _Callichilia subsessilis_.*
+
+ It is a shrub or small tree having a handsome flower.
+
+ _Conopharyngia crassa_.*
+
+ A small tree bearing a double fruit as large as a child’s head.
+
+ _C. longiflora_.*
+
+ A small tree bearing a conspicuous heavy-scented flower.
+
+ _Holarrhena Africana_.* Nukoi (Mendi).
+
+ A small or medium-sized tree. Wooden serving spoons for rice are made
+ from the wood. The leaves beaten to a pulp are used for poultices.
+
+ _Holarrhena ovata_.* Bubbuoi (Mendi).
+
+ Used as a stirring-stick.
+
+ _Pleioceras Afzelii_.
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Pleiocarpa tricarpella_.
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_. Kawogei (Mendi).
+
+ A very common small tree, 20 feet high. Swizzle-sticks for mixing
+ drinks are made from it, and the natives use the large branches for
+ mixing indigo dye.
+
+ _Voacanga Africana_.*
+
+ A tree 30 feet high bearing very fragrant flowers.
+
+ _Voacanga obtusa_.*
+
+ A tall tree.
+
+ _Voacanga Thonnersii_.*
+
+ A medium-sized tree of 50 feet in height, with ornamental cream
+ flowers. It has been seen growing in the swamp-land near the 180th
+ milestone on the railway to Kennema.
+
+
+=Asclepiadaceæ.=
+
+ _Xysmalobium granitiolum_.
+
+ A small tree in the river bed.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Cordia sp._ Kpetellahen (Mendi).
+
+ It is a large tree growing on river banks. The bark is edible.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Vitex grandifolia_.
+
+ Some of this species yield timber, vegetables, edible fruits and
+ medicaments.
+
+ _Vitex Cienkowskii_.* Heinokohun (Mendi).
+
+ A tall tree growing at the edge of the forest.
+
+ _Vitex doniana_.* Lubei (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree growing in the savannah country in the Koinadugu
+ district. An ink made from the leaves is used by the Mohammedan
+ teachers.
+
+ _Vitex micrantha_.* Fevei (Mendi).
+
+ A tree reaching a height of 70 feet and 2 feet 6 inches at the base.
+ The timber is useful for many purposes. The Mohammedan teacher has his
+ school slates made from it.
+
+ _Vitex oxycuspis_.* †
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Avicennia Africana_.*
+
+ A small tree growing in the mangrove swamps.
+
+ _Premna hispida_.* Kafei (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree. A decoction for ulcerated mouths is made from the
+ leaves.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathodea campanulata_.* Tulip Tree.
+
+ It is a large tree yielding timber, edible seeds and medicaments. It
+ is also used as an ornamental tree.
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_.* Anyolo (Timani); Bogi Ponamagbei (Mendi).
+
+ It is a tree reaching a height of 40 feet. Its use is principally
+ medicinal. The root and leaves are used for scrotal elephantiasis, and
+ a decoction from the bark is applied to sore feet. It is much used for
+ quick fences, as it grows readily from stakes.
+
+ _Kigelia_.*
+
+ A tree 50 feet in height.
+
+ _Stereospermum leonense_.*
+
+ A medium-sized tree bearing pink blossoms.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Morinda sp.? citrifolia_.* Brimstone. Ketum (Timani); Bundwi Bundui
+ (Mendi).
+
+ This tree grows to a height of 150 feet, and has been found with a
+ bole of 50 feet, a girth of 16 to 20 feet, and diameter of 5 feet
+ without any branches. The wood is of a bright yellow colour, commonly
+ used for weather-boards. It is sold near Freetown at 10s. per 100
+ feet. Its English name is given because of the peculiar colour of the
+ wood. Its durability and ant-resisting qualities have given it a high
+ place among the local timbers. It is used for building wooden vessels,
+ mortars, etc. It will shoot up from the stump, so a good deal of small
+ timber is obtained from old farms. Neither its colour nor grain make
+ it of any worth for export. The bark is made into a decoction for
+ malaria, and the natives after marching bathe their feet in the water
+ in which it has been boiled.
+
+ _Morinda confusa_.* Wawae (Mendi).
+
+ It is a climber, the leaves of which are used in medicine.
+
+ _Morinda quadrangularis_.* Brimstone Bush. Jashuli (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree, 30 feet in height and about 1¼ feet in diameter at the
+ base. It is only useful as firewood. The leaves are used as medicine
+ in various diseases; supposed to be specially efficacious for malaria.
+
+ _Pausynistalia Lane-Poolei_.* Gibowali (Mendi).
+
+ It is a large tree having green-brown deciduous bark, on which marked
+ depressions are left when it comes off. The bole is straight and
+ branchless up to 40 feet. The flowers are light yellow on first coming
+ out, afterwards turning a purple pink.
+
+ _Pavetta Baconia_.*
+
+ A shrub or small tree.
+
+ _Psilanthus ebracteolatus_.*
+
+ A small tree, 20 feet in height, having white flowers.
+
+ _Bertiera glabrata_.* Kafahinei (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree, 25 feet in height. The leaves are made into a medicine
+ to soothe teething babies.
+
+ _Blighia sapida_.* Akee Tree. Islii of the Akus.
+
+ It is cultivated for its fruit, which is wholesome and savoury.
+
+ _Canthium discolor_.* Totengei (Mendi).
+
+ A shrub to small tree with strong, sharp spines.
+
+ _Corynanthe paniculata_.* Gibowuli (Mendi).
+
+ A tree 50 feet high.
+
+ _Craterispermum laurinum_.* Alum Bark. Njelei (Mendi).
+
+ A tree 25 feet in height, having a diameter of 1 foot at the base. The
+ bark, when dried and beaten into powder, is used as a remedy for sore
+ feet. The wood splits easily and is used in thatching.
+
+ _Crossopteryx Kotschyana?_ or _Africana_.*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Croton penduliflorus_.*
+
+ A small tree of 35 feet.
+
+ _Gaertnera paniculata_.*
+
+ This is only found as a small tree on the sea-shore, but said to grow
+ big in the forest.
+
+ _Gardenia sp._ near _G. physophylla_.* Buittigirri (Mendi).
+
+ A medium-sized tree growing in swamps.
+
+ _Heinsia jasminiflora_.* Pegblagei (Mendi).
+
+ It is a tree of about 20 feet in height; the flowers white and much
+ like jasmin. Scrapings of the bark are used for irritation of the skin
+ at rice-harvest.
+
+ _Mitragyne_. Mbuandae or M’boy (Mendi).
+
+ A large, tall tree, 100 feet high and 4½ feet in diameter at the base.
+ It is only found in swamp-land. It yields a light, white wood much
+ used in indoor work. The leaves are very large and are used for
+ wrapping kolas; they are sold in Freetown at 3d. a bundle.
+
+ _Morelia Senegalensis_.*
+
+ This is a small tree half scandent.
+
+ _Oxyanthus unilocularis_.*
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Oxyanthus speciosus_. Pebulai (Mendi).*
+
+ This tree is common near Freetown. The bark is aromatic, and when
+ dried in the sun is used as a scent.
+
+ _Randia acuminata_.*
+
+ A small tree with large oval fruit.
+
+ _Randia genipæflora_.*
+
+ A shrub or small tree.
+
+ _Randia macrantha_.*
+
+ A small tree common everywhere. It bears handsome white fragrant bell-
+ flowers. The black pulp around the seed is edible.
+
+ _Randia malleifera_.* Pondei (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree bearing very fragrant white bell-flowers. The seeds when
+ ground are mixed with water to make a sort of black paint used by the
+ native women.
+
+ _Randia sp._ near _R. macrantha_.*
+
+ A small tree, 20 feet in height, bearing an oval-shaped fruit.
+
+ _Randia sp._ near _R. caudata_.*
+
+ A small tree, 25 feet high, bearing small but conspicuous fan-shaped
+ fragrant flowers.
+
+ _Vangueria nigrescens_.
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_.* Sierra Leone Peach. Ameliki (Timani);
+ Golli Nyumbuyambei (Mendi).
+
+ A very common tree growing to a height of 25 feet. It has conspicuous
+ white heads of flowers and an edible fruit.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia conferta_. African Cabbage Tree, the Soap Tree. Kupkup
+ (Timani); Kongoli (Mendi).
+
+ A small tree about 25 feet in height, growing in the rain forest. The
+ burnt ashes are used in soap-making and the sediment, when dried, is
+ used as snuff or Lubi.
+
+
+ APPENDIX I
+
+ SIERRA LEONE—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+ [Quant.: Quantity.]
+
+ ---------+-------------------+-------------------+--------------------
+ | 1910. | 1911. | 1912.
+ Products.+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+ | Quant. | Value. | Quant. | Value. | Quant. | Value.
+ ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+ | | £ | | £ | | £
+ | | | | | |
+ Camwood | — | 142| 13·382 | 67| — | 36
+ | | | tons | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Coconuts | — | 116| — | 54| — | 99
+ | | | | | |
+ Cocoa | — | 41| — | — | — | 17
+ seeds | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ African | 3·544 | 303| 10·559 | 501| 7·062 | 347
+ coffee | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Gum copal| 16·446 | 3,075| 27·768 | 2,965| 17·010 | 1,606
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Ground | 1,229 | 214|874 bush.| 189| 1,202 | 257
+ nuts | bush. | | | | bush. |
+ | | | | | |
+ Kola | — | 12| — | 3| — | —
+ (bitter) | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Kola | 0·794 | 10| 2·698 | 51| 2·908 | 56
+ nuts | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ (dried) | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Kola | 1,924 | 279,185| 1,596 | 194,260| 1,649 | 276,473
+ nuts | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ (fresh) | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm oil | 436,144 | 38,537| 725,648 | 69,927| 728,509 | 67,314
+ | gals. | | gals. | | gals. |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm | 35,915 | 559,313| 42,892 | 657,348| 50,750 | 793,177
+ kernels | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Piassava |983 tons | 19,492|906 tons | 12,501| 1,146 | 15,461
+ | | | | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Rubber | 2·266 | 364| 18·501 | 5,917| 9·808 | 2,962
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Shea | — | 15| — | 1| — | 3
+ butter | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Shea nuts| 3·685 | 27| — | — | — | —
+ | tons | | | | |
+ ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+ TOTALS | 38,848 | 900,846| 45,468 | 943,791| 53,583 |1,157,816
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 1,229 | |874 bush.| | 1,202 |
+ | bush. | | | | bush. |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 436,144 | | 725,648 | | 728,509 |
+ | gals. | | gals. | | gals. |
+ ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ ---------+-------------------+--------------------
+ | 1913. | 1914.
+ Products.+---------+---------+---------+----------
+ | Quant. | Value. | Quant. | Value.
+ ---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+ | | £ | | £
+ | | | |
+ Camwood | — | — | — | 142
+ | | | |
+ Coconuts | — | 114| — | 116
+ | | | |
+ Cocoa | — | 52| — | 41
+ seeds | | | |
+ | | | |
+ African | 7·632 | 598| 3·549 | 303
+ coffee | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Gum copal| 23·764 | 2,682| 16·258 | 3,075
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Ground | 2,448 | 488| 1,229 | 214
+ nuts | bush. | | bush. |
+ | | | |
+ Kola | — | 30| — | 12
+ (bitter) | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Kola | 0·843 | 66| 0·794 | 10
+ nuts | tons | | tons |
+ (dried) | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Kola | 1,865 | 328,003| 1,924 | 279,185
+ nuts | tons | | tons |
+ (fresh) | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Palm oil | 617,088 | 56,659| 436,144 | 38,537
+ | gals. | | gals. |
+ | | | |
+ Palm | 49,201 | 920,943| 35,915 | 559,313
+ kernels | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Piassava |839 tons | 12,280|983 tons | 19,492
+ | | | |
+ Rubber | 5·500 | 1,292| 2·775 | 364
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Shea | — | — | — | 15
+ butter | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Shea nuts| — | — | 3·700 | 27
+ | | | tons |
+ ---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+ TOTALS | 51,943 |1,323,207| 38,849 | 900,846
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ | 2,448 | | 1,229 |
+ | bush. | | bush. |
+ | | | |
+ | 617,088 | | 436,144 |
+ | gals. | | gals. |
+ ---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+
+
+ APPENDIX II
+
+ SIERRA LEONE—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+ ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+ Articles. | 1827. | 1828. | 1829. | 1830. | 1831.
+ ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+ Timber, loads | 10,742 | 1,114 | | 18,983
+ | | | |
+ Camwood, tons | 550 | 303 | Not | 592
+ | | | enumerated |
+ Palm oil, gallons | 27,011 | 75,676 | |364 tons
+ | | | |
+ Gum copal, casks | 81 | — | | 18
+ ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+ Articles. | 1832. | 1833. | 1834. | 1835. | Total.
+ ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+ Timber, loads | 24,048 | 1,771 | 16,951 | 9,302 | 82,911
+ | | | | |
+ Camwood, tons | 644 | 975 | 911 | 802 | 4,837
+ | | | | |
+ Palm oil, gallons |397 casks |480 casks|592 casks | 928 | —
+ | | | | |
+ Gum copal, casks | 96 | 133 | 87 | 197 | 612
+ ------------------+----------+---------+----------+-------+---------
+
+
+ APPENDIX III
+
+ COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF TIMBER IMPORTS INTO SIERRA LEONE, 1902-7 AND
+ 1910-15
+
+
+ -----+-----------+------++-----+-----------+-------
+ Year.|Superficial|Value.||Year.|Superficial| Value.
+ | feet. | || | feet. |
+ -----+-----------+------++-----+-----------+-------
+ | | £ || | | £
+ | | || | |
+ 1902 | 765,501| 4,765||1910 | 1,273,631| 9,935
+ | | || | |
+ 1903 | 1,705,805|11,066||1911 | 965,410| 8,842
+ | | || | |
+ 1904 | 1,642,738|10,097||1912 | 2,337,851| 21,403
+ | | || | |
+ 1905 | 1,768,611| 8,886||1913 | 2,507,327| 22,425
+ | | || | |
+ 1906 | 1,188,702| 9,827||1914 | 2,883,564| 26,893
+ | | || | |
+ 1907 | 2,351,559|18,856||1915 | 2,503,751| 26,279
+ -----+-----------+------++-----+-----------+-------
+ TOTAL| 9,422,916|63,497||TOTAL| 12,471,534|115,777
+ -----+-----------+------++-----+-----------+-------
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER IV
+
+ LIBERIA
+
+
+ I. THE GOLA FOREST.
+
+
+This comparatively narrow strip of Africa, extending from Cape Palmas on
+the east to the Mano River on the west, an area of 40,000 square miles,
+is a Negro Republic under the nominal protection of the United States.
+It is bounded on the west by the British Colony and Protectorate of
+Sierra Leone, and on the north and east by the French possessions of
+Senegal and the French Ivory Coast.
+
+Some years ago a large rubber company was formed to exploit the wild-
+growing rubber vines and trees, and until recently fairly large amounts
+were secured. Apart from rubber, however, there are large forests, one
+of the best being the Gola Forest, on the western boundary and
+contiguous to the Sierra Leone Protectorate.
+
+This Gola Forest is formed by the confluence of the Morro and Mano
+Rivers, being thus triangular in shape and approximately 250 square
+miles in extent. No natives actually live in it, though there are a few
+villages at the edge, such as Yandahun and Dambarra. The typical forest
+is seen in the view of the River Morro near the junction of the Mano.
+Here herds of elephants roam and make tracks through the dense growth of
+numerous trees; in fact, the only paths there have been made by the
+elephant. The Chief of Tunkia always has at least ten youths with him
+learning the art of elephant-hunting, for which a large fee for tuition
+is paid. In illustrations Nos. 10 and 12 views of the inner parts of the
+forest are given.
+
+
+ II. THE MOST VALUABLE TREES.
+
+
+The chief species of trees suitable for cutting for export are the
+following:
+
+1. Mahogany (_Khaya ivoriensis_), probably, a very well textured wood
+with some very pretty medullary rays and a thorough sheen on it when
+planed. Illustration No. 13 shows a specimen of this tree.
+
+2. Satinwood (_Afrormosia laxiflora_), a large tree with smooth bark,
+which varies from light green or yellow to an orange-red shade, thus
+making it very conspicuous in the forest. See illustration No. 11, which
+shows one of these trees of medium size.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.—=Large Brimstone Tree (Sarcocephalus sp.), Gola
+Forest.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.—=African Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora). Gola
+Forest.=]
+
+ To face p. 66.
+
+3. The African Oak (_Oldfieldia africana_), Paulai of the Mendis is more
+common in the southern than in the northern part of the forest. It
+attains a large size, but has not yet been exploited either by a
+European or a native firm. This is one of the most durable of African
+timbers. As it has already been described in the chapter on the Sierra
+Leone trees, further notes on this tree are unnecessary here.
+Illustrations Nos. 5 and 6 show this tree to advantage, especially its
+straightness of growth.
+
+4. The real Satinwood (_Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_), not an uncommon
+tree, of small size. It is most easily recognised by its very long
+pinnate leaves. One leaf may attain a length of 6 feet. There is another
+species of Zanthoxylum which also has a similar kind of timber.
+
+5. African Walnut (_Lovoa Klaineana_). This tree is not very prevalent,
+but is scattered in small groups throughout the forest.
+
+6. Cedar Mahogany, a species of Guarea which attains a large size. It is
+none too prevalent, though it is scattered singly throughout the forest.
+
+7. African Pearwood (_Mimusops lacera_) is a very good reddish timber,
+often with figure in the grain. Although much harder than mahogany, it
+has been sold as such.
+
+8. The Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) is common near the old farms, but
+is not so prevalent in the forest proper. It has not yet been exploited
+from here, nor is it cut locally.
+
+9. The Red Ironwood Tree (_Lophira procera_) is very prevalent, and
+attains much the same size as elsewhere. It has not yet been exploited.
+
+10. The so-called Mahogany, the timber of a tree, a species of
+Parinarium, known as Pauwilli of the Mendis. This is one of the most
+prevalent trees in the forest. It is also somewhat gregarious, as many
+as forty specimens being sometimes found in one group. The timber of
+this tree was exported from Southern Nigeria some years ago. It grows to
+a height of 150 feet, with a clear bole of 60 feet in height, and
+upwards of 18 feet in girth. Illustration No. 2 shows the trunk
+especially, and the base of one of these trees. A most typical scene in
+the northern part of the Gola Forest is shown in illustration No. 12,
+several of the trees in that picture being Pauwilli.
+
+All the above-mentioned trees have been cut and exported in the log from
+various parts of Western Africa. There are, however, several other trees
+which might be cut and used as export timbers, as, for instance:
+
+11. The White Mahogany (_Canarium Schweinfurthii_), which attains the
+same size as elsewhere, but is not so commonly found.
+
+12. Rhodesian Mahogany (_Afzelia bracteata?_), which is fairly common
+and attains a medium size.
+
+13. _Brachystegia spicæformis_, which yields a light-brown hardish
+timber with very pretty grain. (See illustration No. 104, which shows a
+very large specimen of this tree in Nigeria.) It is very prevalent, in
+fact one of the commonest trees in the Gola Forest, so that large
+quantities of timber could be obtained.
+
+14. Wismah (Sierra Leone name) is also found, and apparently grows up
+very quickly in old farms.
+
+15. The Red Oak (_Berlinia auriculata_) is quite prevalent, especially
+near the banks of streams. It attains a large size, and the timber has
+been sold as oak in the European market. Here it has not yet been cut.
+
+In addition to the trees which can be felled for conversion into export
+timbers, there are others which may be cut for sale locally, such as:
+
+16. The Brimstone (_Morinda citrifolia?_), one of the most suitable
+trees for the purpose. One of the largest trees was 5 feet in diameter,
+and had also a clear bole of 50 feet. On the whole it grows to a larger
+size in the Gola Forest than in Sierra Leone. Illustration No. 10 shows
+one of these trees from which a timber specimen had been cut.
+
+17. The Hamon, which is apparently a species of Sterculiaceæ, although
+not of enormous size, has a straight bole, which divides up into four or
+five very large and thin root flanges. It is one of the most prevalent
+trees in the forest. Illustration No. 14 shows the peculiar formation of
+the roots of this tree.
+
+18. _Piptadenia africana_, a very large tree with small and fine pinnate
+leaves. It is frequently met with, in fact one of the commonest of the
+trees in the forest. It yields a hard brown wood which is durable.
+
+19. The so-called Mountain Mahogany, probably a species of Leguminoseæ.
+It attains a large size, and yields a timber not unlike that of Red
+Pine.
+
+Up to the present no local or other sawyers have worked in this forest.
+Although only a few trees have been mentioned which could be cut for use
+locally, there are many others out of approximately a hundred different
+kinds which are found in the forest.
+
+There are other products, such as oil beans, obtained from _Pentaclethra
+macrophylla_, a large forest tree; gum copal, obtained from _Daniellia
+Ogea_, one of the largest forest trees; palm oil and kernels from the
+Oil Palm (_Elæis guineensis_), which is found in all the clearings.
+Piassava, obtained from _Raphia vinifera_, is found on the banks of the
+two rivers, Morro and Mano. Rubber could be obtained from the African
+Rubber Tree (_Funtumia elastica_) and various rubber vines, such as
+_Landolphia Owariensis_, and others. Dika nuts could be procured, as the
+tree which bears them, _Irvingia Barteri_, is commonly found; also the
+Tallow Tree (_Pentadesma butyracea_), which bears a large number of oil-
+bearing nuts in its large fruit; the Dita (_Detarium Senegalensis_),
+which yields a mango-like fruit, eaten locally. Bitter Kola (_Garcinia
+kola_) is found, but not often sold in the local market. The rough-
+skinned _Parinarium excelsum_ yields a fruit which is eaten locally; the
+African Star-apple (_Chrysophyllum Africanum_) is found in the forest,
+and also planted. In other villages the Akee, being obtained from
+_Blighia sapida_, is quite common in the forest, though the edible fruit
+is not used. The Mackay or Sea Bean (_Entada scandens_) is a huge
+creeper which grows to 350 feet in length and 3 feet in girth. Near
+Dambarra, from a stout specimen hung a complete pod containing fourteen
+beans.
+
+
+ III. CONDITIONS OF WORKING TIMBER.
+
+
+The Mano or Bewa River forms the natural outlet for the extraction of
+timber, as the Morro River forms one boundary of the Gola Forest, and
+this river joins the former rather more than half-way through the
+forest. The Mano River reaches the sea about 80 miles from the end of
+the forest; thus logs of timber could be brought down the Mano straight
+into the sea.
+
+Very good timber of various kinds of mahogany has been shipped from
+several ports, such as Sassandra and Grand Bassam on the Ivory Coast.
+Good prices, such as 1s. to 2s. 3d. per superficial foot, have usually
+been paid for this timber. There is therefore no reason why similar
+timber from Liberia should not fetch equally good rates, when properly
+cut, squared, and sold under similar conditions.
+
+Conditions of working are very similar on the West Coast of Africa, but
+may vary somewhat in detail from place to place. However, if at the
+outset natives accustomed to working timber in Nigeria or the Ivory
+Coast were employed, good results would be obtained. Gradually a local
+native staff would be built up, so that the services of those from
+another part of the coast could be dispensed with and cheaper working
+thus assured; because imported labour, whether skilled or otherwise, is
+usually more expensive than that of the locality. Lower shipping rates
+should be paid from Liberia than from the Ivory Coast or Gold Coast,
+owing to the distance being less to the European markets where the
+timber is sold.
+
+The other forests of Liberia should be thoroughly examined to see what
+amount of timber is there. It is usual to work several areas in
+conjunction, as the cost of management per unit of output (the log) is
+thus reduced.
+
+
+ IV. TREES AND RUBBER VINES
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_. Oil Palm.
+
+ The well-known Oil Palm. It does not thrive in the forests among
+ taller trees. It grows best near villages. (Found in Sierra Leone,
+ too.) Quantities of oil obtained from it. The leaves are used for roof
+ coverings.
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_. Wine Palm.
+
+ The leaves used in weaving, brushes, mats, etc. Grows in swampy
+ ground.
+
+ _Borassus flabellifer_ and _B. Æthiopium_. Fan Palm, Piassave.
+
+ Both most useful trees. The leaves for roofs, fibre for ropes. The sap
+ made into a sweet kind of toddy. Wood for house and bridge building.
+ The _B. Æthiopium_ grows from 60 to 80 feet high, the leaves 5 to 12
+ feet long.
+
+ _Ancistrophyllum_.
+
+ Fibre used for weaving.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Dracæna surculosa_. Dragon’s Blood.
+
+ A much branched tree, having white flowers and red berries. Found in
+ Sino Kim, Kakatown and Monrovia.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Oroko, Teak, African Oak.
+
+ A large, well-known tree, used for many purposes where durability is
+ required. Frequently found; it grows well near old farms. It is also
+ found in Sierra Leone. The wood seems to be proof against termites and
+ fungoid diseases. It is the best wood for railway sleepers.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_. Corkwood.
+
+ The first tree to appear after a farm has been abandoned; its thick
+ leaves, when they fall, form a heavy layer of humus.
+
+ _Antiaris_. Fig species.
+
+ Fig-like fruit, used in medicine.
+
+ _Ficus Vogelii_. Rubber.
+
+ Grows from 20 to 40 feet, yields so-called Balata, or an inferior
+ rubber. Found on St. Paul’s River, Grand Basā.
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Rubber.
+
+ Yields rubber; branches reddish colour; grows in the Kuru country.
+
+ _Ficus Whyteii_. Rubber.
+
+ A large forest tree yielding abundant rubber.
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_.
+
+ A deciduous tree having mulberry-like fruit of pleasant taste.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Coula edulis_.
+
+ Bark and leaves have a resinous sap. The oily seeds of this tree are
+ very pleasant to the taste; it has no connection, however, with the
+ Cola Nut.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Xylopia oxypetala_. Yellow wood.
+
+ A moderate-sized tree with white, scented flowers, growing in the bush
+ of the littoral.
+
+ _Xylopia Dinklagei_.
+
+ A small glabrous tree.
+
+ _Xylopia Æthiopica_.
+
+ From 30 to 60 feet in height. Fruit aromatic, used as a tonic. Wood
+ elastic, made into masts and oars.
+
+ _Xylopia humilis_.
+
+ A small tree with broad top and pendulous branches, growing in the
+ primary forests of the littoral.
+
+ _Uvaria scabrida_.
+
+ A moderate-sized tree in the primary forest, found on the banks of the
+ Cestos River.
+
+ _Uvaria Dinklagei_.
+
+ Similar to the last; grows in the humid parts of the coast bush.
+
+ _Uvaria Afzelii_.
+
+ Similar to the above.
+
+ _Polyalthia Oliverii_.
+
+ A small glabrous tree growing in the coast forests.
+
+ _Popowia Whyteii_.
+
+ A small tree with glabrous leaves.
+
+ _Anona muricata_. Sour Sop.
+
+ A small glabrous tree, the Sour Sop of English colonists.
+
+ _Anona palustris_. Alligator Apple.
+
+ A tree with soft wood, used as cork. Fruit edible, frequently made
+ into a refreshing drink. It is found in the swamps of Grand Basā.
+
+ _Monodora myristica_. Calabash Nutmeg.
+
+ A small tree having showy flowers and aromatic seed; the much esteemed
+ Calabash Nutmeg of West Africa.
+
+ _Monodora tenuifolia_.
+
+ Found in the primary forests of Grand Basā. Very similar to the last;
+ narrower leaved.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Dinklagei_. Muskat Nut.
+
+ Tree reaches the height of 30 feet, with drooping branches. It
+ supplies good timber and oily seeds.
+
+ _Pycnanthus kombo_.
+
+ The seeds of this variety contain 73 per cent. of fat and burn like a
+ candle.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium macrophyllum_. Rough-skinned Plum.
+
+ A very common tree, used locally for building purposes; oak-like
+ texture. Fruit yellow, the size of a goose-egg; sometimes called
+ Gingerbread Plum.
+
+ _Parinarium excelsum_. Wild Plum.
+
+ _Parinarium sp._ Wild Plum.
+
+ Also found in Sierra Leone. Used for building locally; grain too open
+ for export. _P. excelsum_ and _sp._ very similar.
+
+ _Chrysobalanus icaco_. Cocoa Plum.
+
+ _Chrysobalanus ellipticus_. Cocoa Plum.
+
+ A tall shrub or small tree, with greenish-purple edible fruit known as
+ Cocoa Plums. These two are very similar; both found near Grand Basā.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Lonchocarpus laxiflora_. Mountain Mahogany.
+
+ Supplies a good useful wood and dyes. It is also found in Sierra
+ Leone.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_.
+
+ An ornamental tree with downy twigs, reddish-violet papilionaceous
+ flowers; wood hard and heavy, not very well known. Found in Grand
+ Basā.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus Barteri_.
+
+ Similar to _L. sericeus_, but a loftier tree.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus Zenkeri_.
+
+ _Entada scandens_. Mackay or Sea Bean.
+
+ The well-known liana, the fibre used in rope and net making.
+
+ _Dialium Senegalense_. Black Tumbler.
+
+ A hard wood, useful in the building trade; also grows in Sierra Leone.
+
+ _Dialium Englerii_.
+
+ Timber useful for many purposes. A refreshing drink is made from the
+ edible fruit.
+
+ _Dialium Dinklagei_.
+
+ A small tree with umbrella-like top.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_. Albizzia.
+
+ All Albizzias are proof against termites. Wood used where durability
+ is required, and therefore very valuable. The branches are pendulous,
+ flowers white and fragrant. Found in Monrovia and Sino Basin.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownei_. Albizzia.
+
+ A hard, useful wood. A large forest tree with cracked greyish bark.
+
+ _Albizzia sp._ Albizzia.
+
+ A large tree of good form and hard wood. The tree cylinder-shaped,
+ heartwood a bright, pretty colour. Not very plentiful. Quite worthy of
+ export.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalense_. Mahogany, Dita.
+
+ A beautifully marked hard wood, with a bole of 30 feet and girth of 12
+ feet.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_. Oil Bean Tree.
+
+ Yields oil-bearing seeds or beans, used as an article of food. The
+ ashes after burning the dry pods are useful in soap-making.
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_. Forest Locust or Locust Bean.
+
+ A very common tree in Liberia, but wood of little value. The bean is
+ eaten locally.
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalense_.
+
+ Deeply cleft bark; wood of little value.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_.
+
+ It grows everywhere in great quantities in Liberia. The wood is hard
+ and valuable.
+
+ _Afrormosia laxiflora_. Satinwood.
+
+ A beautiful clear brown wood, used for building purposes.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_. Camwood.
+
+ Very valuable as a red dye-wood.
+
+ _Baphia pubescens_. Camwood.
+
+ Valuable dye-wood.
+
+ _Cassia podocarpa_.
+
+ Grows best on very dry ground; common on native farms, 70 miles up the
+ St. Paul River. Wood extraordinarily hard.
+
+ _Mimosa Dinklagei_.
+
+ A small tree found in the coast woods of Grand Basā.
+
+ _Daniellia Ogea_. Benin Gum Copal.
+
+ Wood soft. When the tree has attained a large size, it is attacked by
+ the boring beetle; the gum then exudes and falls to the ground, and is
+ so collected. Value, 5d. or 6d. a pound.
+
+ _Daniellia sp._ Gum Copal sp.
+
+ Very similar to the _C. Ogea_.
+
+ _Didelotia Engleri_.
+
+ A small tree found in the humid woods of the coast.
+
+ _Polystemonanthus Dinklagei_.
+
+ A small tree growing on the banks of St. John’s River, Grand Basā.
+
+ _Xylia Evansii_.
+
+ Beautiful plumed trees; small heads of flowers. A pretty ornamental
+ tree.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Zanthoxylon sp._ Satinwood.
+
+ Fairly hard wood, with rough, knotty bark in the shape of cone-like,
+ woody protrusions.
+
+ _Zanthoxylon macrophyllum_. Spiny Satinwood.
+
+ Smaller than the last, but somewhat similar; the wood a very pretty
+ yellow, with open grain.
+
+ _Citrus aurantium_. Common Orange.
+
+ A very ornamental tree. Leaves and buds used in perfumery. Fruit
+ edible, valuable for export. Timber useful in many ways.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Irvingia Barteri_. Dika Nut or Borbor.
+
+ The fruit is edible, seeds oily. Dika butter, dika bread and a kind of
+ chocolate are made from it. The wood is also used.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Canarium Schweinfurthii_.
+
+ Wood useful in commerce. The oily seeds are edible.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Lovoa Klaineana_. African Walnut.
+
+ Has a shady crown of branches. A good shade tree.
+
+ _Carapa procera_. Crabwood.
+
+ A small tree cut and sold as cedar mahogany for building purposes.
+
+ _Carapa Gayensis_.
+
+ This tree supplies a good timber; the oily seeds are used in medicine.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela_. Cedar Mahogany or African Walnut.
+
+ The tree is 65 feet in height, wood used for building purposes and for
+ furniture; not very common. It should be a useful export timber.
+
+ _Trichilia Heudelotii_.
+
+ A small tree; wood easy to work; not well known.
+
+ _Khaya grandis_. Benin Mahogany.
+
+ A fine tree, sometimes attaining the height of 130 feet, and 14 feet
+ in diameter. The trunk has slight root flanges. The wood of a
+ beautiful surface, a most valuable wood in furniture and carriage
+ making.
+
+ _Guarea Africana_. Satin Mahogany.
+
+ Grain similar to mahogany and might be sold for it. Should be a useful
+ export wood.
+
+ _Pynærtia ealænsis_.
+
+ Not very well known; flowers in long, showy panicles.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Heudelotii._? Mahogany.
+
+ Sold as mahogany. The wood is used locally for boat-building. The tree
+ seeds readily, so could easily be planted.
+
+ _Hasskarlia didymostemon_.
+
+ Attains the height of 40 to 80 feet; leaves yellowish-green and yellow
+ catkins. Not well known.
+
+ _Oldfieldia Africana_. Real African Oak.
+
+ A tall, fine tree, with a bole of 50 feet and girth of 16 feet. Most
+ useful in boat-building, especially for the keels. It seeds very
+ readily. Many years ago it was exported as teak (1827-35), though this
+ afterwards ceased.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Mangifera_. Mango species, Greenheart.
+
+ The Mango Tree, very plentiful. It attains a girth of 12 feet. A
+ greyish wood used for building purposes.
+
+ _Mangifera sp._ Bush Pawpaw.
+
+ Used in building.
+
+ _Mangifera sp._ Whitewood.
+
+ Used in building.
+
+ _Odina acida_.
+
+ A small deciduous, glabrous tree; the powdered bark, mixed with other
+ substances, used as a paint for the face.
+
+ _Spondias lutea_.
+
+ A tall, glabrous tree, with yellow, plum-like fruits, which are
+ edible. They are often made into a refreshing drink. The wood bright-
+ coloured and hard; it has the useful quality of growing when put in as
+ fence posts.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Akee.
+
+ A useful shade tree near dwellings, growing to the height of 97½ feet.
+ Wood light yellow in colour.
+
+ _Allophyllus Africana_.
+
+ A small, common tree with hard, blackish fruit, growing along the
+ coast of Grand Basā; wood useful in many ways.
+
+ _Dodonæa viscosa_.
+
+ A small tree having viscid branchlets saturated with resin, which
+ serve as torches. The wood is used for engraving and in turnery.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Gossypium Peruvianum_. Kidney-tree Cotton.
+
+ These African cotton-plants are still imperfectly known. Probably used
+ locally.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Eriodendron anfractuosum_. Cotton Tree.
+
+ Grows to the height of 160 feet. Smooth, bright grey bark, having
+ cracked appearance. Wood not of much value in commerce. Handsome,
+ brilliant crimson flowers.
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_. Red Cotton Tree.
+
+ A large deciduous tree, often attaining 162 feet in height, with
+ tuberculate, prickly bark and scarlet flowers with firm, velvety
+ petals. Wood of little value in commerce.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia oblonga_. Yellow Wood.
+
+ A tree of medium height, the wood soft, and fibre strong and tough.
+ Exudes gum.
+
+ _Sterculia sp._
+
+ Fruit edible, the oily seeds used medicinally.
+
+ _Triplochiton_.
+
+ Fruit winged, flowers panicled, leaves ragged.
+
+ _Cola acuminata_. Cola.
+
+ Much like the Poplar in appearance. The wood is used in ship-building,
+ house-building and furniture. The oily, edible Cola Nut is in great
+ demand.
+
+ _Cola digitata_.
+
+ The oily seeds much used in medicine.
+
+ _Heritiera utilis_.
+
+ The timber hard and useful for various purposes, the bark in tanning.
+ Fruit woody.
+
+
+=Dilleniaceæ.=
+
+ _Tetracera potatoria_. Water Tree.
+
+ A small, hairy tree growing on the dry and sunny parts of the coast
+ savannahs. It yields a profuse amount of water from the stems; hence
+ its name.
+
+ _Tetracera leiocarpa_.
+
+ Very similar to the above. Used as a medicine by the natives.
+
+ _Tetracera Dinklagei_.
+
+ Similar to the other Tetracera species.
+
+ _Tetracera sp._ White Cedar.
+
+ Reaches a girth of 10 or 12 feet. Wood soft and grain too open for
+ export.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira procera_. African Oak or Red Ironwood.
+
+ This tree yields oil-bearing seeds. The wood is hard and heavy, of a
+ reddish brown. Sold as African Oak. The wood is also used in charcoal-
+ making.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Pentadesma_. Butter or Tallow Tree.
+
+ A tall, slender tree growing by the streams. Wood light in colour,
+ useful in various ways. Also found in Sierra Leone.
+
+ _Garcinia kola_. Bitter Cola.
+
+ A large but slow-growing tree, with a hard, prettily grained wood,
+ rather uncommon.
+
+ _Garcinia sp._? Mahogany.
+
+ The wood sometimes sold as mahogany.
+
+ _Garcinia sp._ Chew-stick.
+
+ The smaller roots are used as chew-sticks, but taking these in the
+ drastic method in which it is done generally means death to the tree.
+ It is found on summits of the mountains.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Smeathmannia lævigata_.
+
+ _Smeathmannia sp._
+
+ The buds are single, growing in the axils of the leaves. Leaves
+ toothed. There are fifteen species of this tree; not very common. Wood
+ of little value.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Rhizophora mangle_.
+
+ The Mangrove species. It grows in swamps or on the banks of rivers of
+ Liberia. The wood is hard and heavy but easily worked; much used for
+ poles and firewood, the bark in tanning.
+
+ _Rhizophora racemosa_.
+
+ The Mangrove species. Very similar to the above.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Psidium guajava_. Guava.
+
+ A small tree growing near Monrovia. Fruit edible, the well-known Guava
+ of commerce.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Mimusops sp._ The Bobby Water or Benin Mahogany.
+
+ A very common kind of Mahogany, attaining a bole of 50 feet and girth
+ of 12 feet. It will grow at a higher elevation than most forest trees.
+ Wood very useful in the making of furniture.
+
+ _Mimusops lacera_. African Pearwood.
+
+ A tall, fine-looking tree, with good bole. It would pay to plant these
+ unsparingly. It grows well near the coast. The hard, red wood is very
+ useful and most valuable in furniture-making, inlaying, veneering,
+ etc.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp._
+
+ A tree of medium height. Fruit edible. The wood not well known in
+ commerce.
+
+ _Sideroxylon longistylum_.
+
+ This tree supplies a good timber. The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Omphalocarpum_.
+
+ A kind of Guttapercha is obtained from this tree. It supplies also a
+ good, useful timber.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_. Swizzle-stick.
+
+ A good workable timber is obtained from it. Stone fruit.
+
+ _Funtumia Africana_. False Rubber Tree.
+
+ The rubber is useless, being sticky, like birdlime. Height from 15 to
+ 20 feet.
+
+ _Funtumia sp._ Boxwood.
+
+ Much the same as above. Found also in Sierra Leone.
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_. True Rubber Tree.
+
+ One of the most important rubber-trees of Africa (also Sierra Leone);
+ produces good rubber. Height 100 feet.
+
+ _Conopharyngia_. Rubber.
+
+ Another rubber-tree, yielding only small quantities, of little use in
+ commerce.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis_. Vine Rubber.
+
+ Another of the best rubber-trees; grows in the Sino Basin.
+
+ _Landolphia jenje_. Vine or White Ball Rubber.
+
+ A very good rubber, even better than _L. Owariensis_.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_.
+
+ A pinnate-leaved tree with dense panicles of pink flowers like the
+ foxglove; the fruit long and slender. The bright-coloured wood is very
+ even in texture, much used in fence-making.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Sierra Leone Peach.
+
+ Flowers in large heads, white and fragrant. Deep-red fruit, the peach
+ of the country, the size of a man’s fist. The wood much used for
+ inlaying.
+
+ _Morinda sp._? Brimstone.
+
+ A tree with bole of 50 feet in height, girth from 16 to 20 feet. The
+ wood is bright yellow in colour, not of much value, but the root-wood
+ is sold in the native markets for yellow dye and the bole wood for
+ weather-boards. It is very hard and resists attacks of insects.
+
+ _Randia maculata_.
+
+ A very pretty ornamental tree, with glossy leaves and white flowers.
+
+ _Coffea Liberica_. Liberian Coffee.
+
+ A tree about 20 feet in height. Coffee-berries the size of a cherry.
+
+
+ APPENDIX
+
+ LIBERIA—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------
+ Products. | 1908. | £ | 1909. | £| 1910. | £
+ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------
+ Palm kernels | 200,489 | 41,916| — | — | — | —
+ | bush. | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm oil | 876,000 | 60,223| — | — | 1,149 | 359
+ | gals. | | | | bush. |
+ | | | | | |
+ Rubber | 169,566 | 8,478| — | — | — | —
+ | lb. | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Coffee |1,459,082| 27,966| — | — |6,774 lb.| 353
+ | lb. | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Coffee seed | — | — | — | — |1,690,955|32,978
+ | | | | | lb. |
+ | | | | | |
+ Coffee scions | — | — |2,082,540|35,830| — | —
+ | | | lb. | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Coffee trees | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Piassava |7,396,863| 38,528| — | — | — | —
+ | lb. | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Kola nuts | — | — | — | — | 384,830 | 2,408
+ | | | | | lb. |
+ | | | | | |
+ Calabar beans |4,318 lb.| 37| — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Guttapercha | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Camwood | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Ivory | 14,514 | 4,447| — | — | — | —
+ | lb. | | | | |
+ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------
+ TOTALS |9,044,343|181,599|2,082,540|35,830|2,082,559|36,098
+ | lb. | | lb. | | lb. |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 876,000 | | | | 1,149 |
+ | gals. | | | | bush. |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 200,489 | | | | |
+ | bush. | | | | |
+ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------+---------+-------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------
+ Products. | 1911. | £ | 1912. | £
+ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------
+ Palm kernels | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Palm oil | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Rubber | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Coffee | 103,032 | 5,648| 93,822 | 4,589
+ | lb. | | lb. |
+ | | | |
+ Coffee seed | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Coffee scions |1,851,993| 38,508|1,514,193|47,456
+ | lb. | | lb. |
+ | | | |
+ Coffee trees | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Piassava | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Kola nuts | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Calabar beans | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Guttapercha | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Camwood | — | — | — | —
+ | | | |
+ Ivory | — | — | — | —
+ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------
+ TOTALS |1,955,025| 44,156|1,608,015|52,045
+ | lb. | | lb. |
+ -----------------+---------+-------+---------+------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.—=Gola Forest, general view, near Morro River.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.—=Mahogany (Khaya Ivoriensis), the late Mr. C. W.
+Smythe standing beside it, Gola Forest.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.—=Young Yawey Cedar (Heritiera?), Gola Forest.=]
+
+ To face p. 80.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER V
+
+ THE IVORY COAST
+
+
+Thanks to Monsieur Auguste Chevalier’s very varied and extensive travels
+on the Ivory Coast, we have obtained very graphic descriptions of the
+belt of forest extending nearly 150 miles inland and parallel to the
+coast.
+
+In his books _Les Végétaux Utiles de l’Afrique Tropicale Française_,
+Fasc. V., _Première Etude sur les Bois de la Côte d’Ivoire_, and _Les
+Végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française_, Fasc. VII (Première
+Partie), _Documents sur le Palmier à Huile_, on the vegetation of this
+French Colony, not only are there general descriptions of some of the
+best and most accessible forests, but also there are full descriptions
+of the individual trees, together with most of their botanical and most
+valuable vernacular names.
+
+Considering that the area of the Ivory Coast is 130,000 square miles,
+and the forest belt about 150 miles wide, the mahogany industry should
+be still further developed than it is at the present time.
+
+So far, on the average, the Ivory Coast has been noted for its figured
+mahogany, the Ports of Grand Bassam, Assinie (a town and river of Upper
+Guinea), and La Hou being the most noted, and having given almost their
+name to different classes of Ivory Coast mahogany. For several reasons
+this type of mahogany has fetched higher prices than that of the average
+from elsewhere. Sassandra, at the mouth of a similar named river, and
+also Cavally, on the Cavally, are minor ports for the shipment of
+mahogany.
+
+First and foremost the wood obtained from what Monsieur Chevalier terms
+_Khaya Ivoriensis_ is of a much more sheeny nature than that of either
+_Khaya Senegalensis_, _Khaya grandis_ or _Khaya Punchii_.
+
+In the next place, the method of working is most peculiar. Usually,
+individual natives cut a few trees at a time, standing nearest a
+waterway or lagoon; in fact, these were picked trees which the natives
+thought contained figured wood, and this had the effect of only a one-
+sided working of the forest, thus leaving many other valuable trees. On
+the average, the distribution of the numbers and of the various species
+is about the same as in other parts of West Africa. Apparently many of
+the ordinary trees have often been left standing, or at any rate most of
+those which are too inaccessible. A tree standing more than about a mile
+from water is too far for a native working almost single-handed, and
+only collecting a few labourers for hauling his logs to the waterway.
+
+In recent years, however, British as well as French firms, with a larger
+amount of capital, have started to work the forests. Regulations have
+been drawn up by the local Government in a similar manner and of a
+similar nature to those in force generally on the West Coast of Africa.
+The Government also has built a railway passing through and near some of
+the forests north of Grand Bassam. Since its inception, a further
+impetus has been given to the mahogany trade. However, in the matter of
+water transport, the rivers of the Ivory Coast, such as the Tano, mostly
+flowing in British territory, but emptying itself into the sea at
+Assinie (the port for logs in French territory), the Yar or Abi, the
+Komoe, the Zini, and Bandana, the Sassandra and Cavally, can none of
+them be said to be at all good for the floating out of logs. La Hou is
+the port for the Bandana and Zini Rivers, after their junction;
+Sassandra is the port for the Sassandra and Cavally for the Cavally. At
+the mouth of each of them there is a shallow bar, and this in turn
+causes a bad surf, and in other parts the coast lacks harbours, and the
+formation of it is unsuitable for the shipment of timber. No doubt, as
+time goes on, an effective means will be invented for dealing with the
+passage of the logs through the surf, especially at the mouths of
+rivers. So far, from all accounts, the rivers themselves have not been
+cleared of snags and rocky obstructions for the transport of the timber.
+This factor again has reacted on the output, and many of the finest
+forests remain unworked. Owing to the fact of this accidental policy of
+only cutting the best mahogany trees, the intensive exploitation of the
+forests by cutting other species of trees (the timber of which has
+already found a market in Europe) has been greatly hindered. Among such
+timbers are the following:
+
+ _Khaya Ivoriensis_,
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_,
+
+ _Lophira alata_,
+
+ _Afzelia microcarpa_,
+
+ _Entandrophragma macrophylla_,
+
+ _Canarium Schweinfurthii_, or _Occidentalis_.
+
+On the whole, English firms working on the Ivory Coast have been
+encouraged and not hindered, but some of the minor regulations appear to
+be rather irksome and vexatious in their working, and the firms have
+felt that their tenure of the forest rights was not quite so secure as
+elsewhere in West Africa.
+
+The export duties placed on mahogany cut on the banks of the Tano in
+Gold Coast territory are almost of such a nature as to prohibit the
+profitable working of the Tano forests.
+
+
+ LIST OF TREES
+
+ (CHEVALIER’S.)
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus candelabrum_. Sometimes known as Screw Pine.
+
+ A well-branched tree, supported by aerial roots; leaves spinous and in
+ dense spirals.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Borassus flabellifer_ Ronier (Colons); Dendo (Attie); Makube (Fanti);
+ Ekube (Agni).
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Dracæna Perrotetti_. Nkiebe (Mbonoi); Adjonde (Ebrie).
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Celtis integrifolia_. Mgua (Abe); Tongo (Bondoukou).
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Antiaris toxiaria_. Ake (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Corkwood (English); Akede (Abe); Bakana (Fanti);
+ Guele (Bondoukou); Elui (Agni); Bonzo (Bambara); Agui (Ebrie); Odum
+ (Appollonien).
+
+ _Ficus Goliath_. Abono (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Ficus Guineensis_. Aturn (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Mekhi (Attie); Diangue (Agni); Karfa (Bambara).
+
+ _Pontya excelsa_. Metchi (Attie); Triwa (Agni).
+
+ _Morus mesozygia_. Bana (Attie); Cecerui (Agni).
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_. Parasolier (Colons); Loho (Abe); Guima Djuna
+ (Bondoukou); Egui (Agni); Congo-congo (Gabonais).
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Agnon (Abe); Atolaie (Mbonoi); Agniere (Ebrie).
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_. Nianga-magui (English); Diancangue (Attie);
+ Nianga (Agni); Nianga-magui (Indenie).
+
+ _Treculia africana_. Izaquente Portugais (Colons); Yukugo (Bondoukou).
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Coula edulis_. Atsan (Attie); Bogüe (Agni); Akion (Ebrie).
+
+ _Ongokea Klaineana_. So (Abe).
+
+ _Strombosia pustulata_. Myole Polie (Abe); Patabua (Bondoukou); Fognian
+ (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Octoknemataceæ.=
+
+ _Octoknema affinis_. Guangua (Attie).
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Cleistopholis patens_. Kotopuan (Attie); Bofu (Fanti); Eutie (Agni).
+
+ _Enantia chlorantha_. Mbawe (Abe); Esuro (Attie).
+
+ _Monodora myristica_. Mbang (Attie); Efuen (Agni); Hane (Ebrie).
+
+ _Stenanthera hamata_. T’sainfi (Attie); Surua (Agni).
+
+ _Pachypodanthium_.
+
+ _Xylopia æthiopica_. Ethiopian pepper (Colons); Fonde (Attie); Efomu
+ (Agni); Endiar or N’diar (Wolof).
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Cœlocaryon oxycarpum_. Kinkonawon (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_. Walehe (Abe); Hetere (Bondoukou); Etama (Agni);
+ Anaküe (Mbonoi); Edna (Appolonien).
+
+
+=Capparidaceæ.=
+
+ _Buchholzia macrophylla_. Mon (Attie); Akotompo (Fanti); Amizi (Agni);
+ Do (Trepo).
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Chrysobalanus ellipticus_. Hanfuru (Agni).
+
+ _Parinarium robustum_. Aroba (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Parinarium tenuifolium_. Simua (Attie); Gatesima (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_. San (Attie); Piampian (Fanti); Kuanguan (Agni).
+
+ _Albizzia ferruginea_.
+
+ _Albizzia gigantea_. Turndogo, Bosole (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Albizzia rhombifolia_. Küe (Attie); Pranpran (Fanti); Kure (Agni).
+
+ _Afzelia microcarpa_. Asemigniri (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Aphanocalyx sp._ Redwood (Colons); Taceribe (Mbonoi); Arabmetu
+ (Adionkron).
+
+ _Baphia nitida_. Camwood (English); Tte (Attie); Ekuro (Fanti); Exin
+ (Agni); Eseme (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_. Beguan (Attie); Gueguirotta baka (Agni).
+
+ _Cynometra Vogelii_. Tiupe (Attie).
+
+ _Cynometra cryptosepalum_. Kiukuesin (Attie); Patapara (Agni).
+
+ _Daniellia oblonga_. Trakuan (Attie); Kuangua (Agni).
+
+ _Dialium Dinklagei_.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_. Fe (Attie); Warie (Agni).
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Ivoriensis_. Amerere (Agni).
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Erüi (Agni); Teli (Bambara); Aranhe
+ (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_. Acacia de Gabon (Colons); Akuosi, Amba
+ (Fanti); Ekopa (Agni).
+
+ _Macrolobium Palisoti_.
+
+ _Milletia sp._ Vandaküe (Attie); Bakahehessi (Agni); Ekimi (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Parkia Agboensis_. Lo (Abe); Dogo (Bondoukou); Asama (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_. Owala (Gabonais).
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_. Bon (Attie); Nainvi (Bondoukou); Kuangua iniama
+ (Agni).
+
+ _Piptadenia Chevalieri_. Lo (Attie).
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_. Totohote (Attie); Assihaoto (Agni).
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thonningii_.
+
+
+=Pandaceæ.=
+
+ _Porphyranthus Zenkeri_. Tebo (Attie); Akwankusuma (Fanti); Akuana
+ (Agni).
+
+
+=Linaceæ.=
+
+ _Phyllocosmus Africanus_.
+
+
+=Humiriaceæ.=
+
+ _Saccoglottis Gabunensis_. Amuan (Attie).
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Fagara macrophylla_. Hanwego (Bondoukou); Kengüe (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Zanthoxylum parvifolium_. M’Bon (Attie); Kanton (Fanti); Hendje,
+ Hengué (Agni).
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Hannoa Klaineana_. Haiefai? (Abe); Neube? (Attie); Hete bake (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Irvingia_. Akwabu (Mbonoi); Lubigniati (Adionkron).
+
+ _Mannia Africana_. Hate (Attie); Sotibia (Fanti); Bomoku (Agni); Akodo
+ (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Canarium Occidentalis_. Okume d’Ivoire (Colons); Segna (Attie);
+ Krendja Haigue (Agni).
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Bingeria Africana_. Hakue (Attie); Hague (Agni).
+
+ _Carapa microcarpa_. Dona (Abe); Kuli pia (Bondoukou); Kobi (Bambara).
+
+ _Carapa velutina_. Bibiabe (Attie); Akumasse (Fanti); Sorowa (Agni).
+
+ _Charia Indeniensis_. Zacoba (Attie); Zacoba (Agni).
+
+ _Entandrophragma ferruginea_. Locobo (Attie); Tiamatiama (Agni).
+
+ _Entandrophragma macrophylla_. Baka-biringui (Abe); Lokoba (Attie);
+ Kaiguigo (Bondoukou); Makua (Mbonoi); Tiamatiama (Appolonien).
+
+ _Entandrophragma rufa_. Cedrat (Colons); Kaiguigo (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Entandrophragma Septentrionalis_. Baka-birin-gui (Abe); Keiwgo
+ (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Khaya Ivoriensis_. Bariba or Biribi (Colons); Ekuie (Abe); Lokobua
+ (Attie); Dukuma Dugura (Agni); Humpe (Ebrie); Tiamatiama (Appolonien).
+
+ _Pynærtia Occidentalis_. Hainde (Agni); Kassekui (Mbonoi); Dubiri
+ Keguigo (Appolonien).
+
+ _Trichilia Candollei_. Tanna (English); Fe (Attie); Tenuba, Tanuba
+ (Agni).
+
+ _Trichilia cedrata_. Ngnanake (Abe); Mbosse (Agni); Anokue (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Trichilia acutifoliata_.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Macaranga Heudelotii_. Abo (Attie); Eson (Fanti); Ekna (Agni).
+
+ _Mæsobotrya Stapfiana_. Senan (Attie); Emuinguim (Fanti); Asa bogüie
+ (Agni).
+
+ _Oldfieldia Africana_. African Teak (English); Fu (Attie); Etüi (Agni).
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_. Hobo Hapi (Abe); Isain (Attie); Sosaü
+ (Fanti); Haipi (Bondoukou); Haipi (Agni); Poposi (Mbonoi); Poposi
+ (Ebrie); Nbob (Moyen Cavally).
+
+ _Uapaca Benguelensis_. African Oak (English); Chêne d’Afrique (Colons);
+ Rikio (Abe); Niondobi (Bondoukou); Cosomon (Bambara); Sannaba (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Uapaca Bingervillensis_. Rikio (Abe); Na (Attie); Kayo (Bondoukou);
+ Elekhua (Agni); Orobo (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Alchornea sp._ Bonyurome (Mbonoi); Aguaya (Ebrie); Tatairo (Moyen
+ Cavally).
+
+ _Baccaurea Bonneti_. Habizacue (Attie); Kuatiecuale (Agni).
+
+ _Bridelia speciosa_. Chicue (Attie).
+
+ _Hasskarlia didymostemon_. Nguepe (Attie); Echirua (Agni).
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Hæmatostaphis Barteri_. Vi (Abe); Esanke, Esangue (Attie).
+
+ _Lannea acidissima_. Ngolo ngoloti (Abe); Tchiko (Attie); Kakoro
+ (Fanti); Durgo, Duroko, Duko (Bondoukou); Borepore (Agni).
+
+ _Lannea sp._ Ebruke (Attie); Bembe (Bambara).
+
+ _Spondias lutea_. Ngua (Abe); Ningo (Bambara); Haperrie (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Icacinaceæ.=
+
+ _Leptaulus daphnoides_. Paradedi (Attie); Eborodumuen (Agni).
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Sago (Bondoukou); Finzan (Bambara).
+
+ _Deinbollia Indeniensis_. Ngua, Abo (Attie); Ekosuba, Zenna, Kerenya
+ (Agni); Kaüsa (Indenie).
+
+ _Placodiscus pseudostipularis_. Para dakue (Attie).
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Duboscia macrocarpa_. Pianro (Agni).
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Cola cordifolia_. Awa (Attie); Amhio (Bondoukou); Dabudabu (Agni);
+ Ntaba (Bambara).
+
+ _Cola mirabilis_. Gnibi (Attie); Kamou aguire (Agni).
+
+ _Cola proteiformis_. Kouanda (Attie); Kokotsi (Fanti); Guiangon (Agni).
+
+ _Cola vera_. Awasse (Abe); Lo (Attie); Buesse (Mbonoi); Hapo (Ebrie);
+ Guere (Neyau); Guresu (Bete); Hure (Plapo); We (Trepo); Halu
+ (Adionkron).
+
+ _Pterygota cordifolia_. Ape (Attie); Sounoum (Fanti); Ware Borf ware
+ (Agni).
+
+ _Sterculia oblonga_. Azodo (Abe).
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_. Porepore (Abe); Botapia (Attie); Lomburu
+ (Bondoukou); Kotokie (Indenia).
+
+ _Triplochiton scleroxylon_. Hofa (Abe); Samba, Sankamba (Bondoukou);
+ Batabua (Agni); Wa-wa (Appolonien); Wa-wa (Indenia).
+
+
+=Scytopetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Rhaptopetalum Tieghemi_. Mosangui (Attie); Djo Arbi (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira procera_. Nokue (Attie); Esore (Agni).
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Allanblackia parviflora_. Wohotelimon (Abe); Bissaboko (Attie);
+ Akumase (Fanti); Alabenun (Agni); Wotobe Ewotebo (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Garcinia polyantha_. Mamie Kini (Agni).
+
+ _Ochrocarpus Africanus_. African Apricot (Colons); Quelipe Kelipe
+ (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Pentadesma leucantha_. Piche Aboko (Attie); Allahbanunu (Agni).
+
+ _Symphonia globulifera_. Arquane (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Homalium Africanum_. Akouibia (Fanti); Akoima (Agni).
+
+ _Scottellia coriaceæ_. Bakaza (Attie); Aburuhi (Fanti).
+
+ _Scottellia Kamerunensis_. Akosica (Abe); Edde (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Rhizophora racemosa_. Paletuvier rouge (Colons); Ntagne (Attie);
+ Koghia bera (Fanti); Ende (Agni).
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Anogeissus sp._ Kakaleka (Bondoukou); Krekete (Bambara).
+
+ _Combretodendron viridiflora_. Kati (Abe); Esive (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Terminalia altissima_. Pe (Abe); Fram (Bondoukou); Frake (Agni).
+
+ _Terminalia Ivoriensis_. Satinwood (English); Mboti, Buma (Attie);
+ Tuhidja (Bondoukou); Framine (Agni); Fela (Bambara); Cauri (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eugenia syzygium_. Amerere (Agni).
+
+
+=Melastomaceæ.=
+
+ _Memecylon polyanthemos_. Taisin (Attie); Tai (Agni).
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros sanza_. Nguobi, Kusibiri (Attie); Sanza, Minika, Asun, Seka
+ (Agni).
+
+
+=Oleaceæ.=
+
+ _Linociera Mannii_. Akodiombi, Zakuebiembi (Attie); Akokotsua (Fanti);
+ Aqua egbua (Agni); Akoriie (Indenie).
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Anthocleista nobilis_. Buro-Nuro (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_. Kokue (Attie).
+
+ _Conopharyngia crassa_. Choka (Attie); Akotompo Atsim (Fanti); Pakie-
+ pakie, Kuakie-kuakie (Agni); Apukur (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Funtumia Africana_. Pesin (Attie); Wala (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_. Pechi (Attie); Poyndua (Fanti); Efurumundu (Agni);
+ Ofuntum (Appolonien); Twe (Neyau); Uruba su (Bete); Dorose-Populu
+ (Plapo); Bebeti (Moyen Cavally).
+
+ _Picralima Elliotii_. Hainfain (Attie); Kakana (Agni).
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_. Embi-siembi (Agni); Gonguonkiur (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Vitex micrantha_. Kiangu (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathodea campanulata_. Tulipier de Gabon (Colons); Kokomazur
+ (Mbonoi).
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Grumilea vanosa_. Tchiat Kottse (Attie); Aburese baka (Agni).
+
+ _Gardenia viscidissima_.
+
+ _Mitragyne macrophylla_. Sofo (Attie); Bahia (Agni).
+
+ _Morinda citrifolia_. Alongua (Bondoukou); Sangongo (Bambara).
+
+ _Pseudocinchona Africana_. Mbrahu (Abe); Kiumba (Bondoukou).
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Tetere (Mbonoi).
+
+ _Sarcocephalus Pobeguini_. Ndebere (Attie); Ekusamba (Fanti); Boisima
+ (Agni); Zeronga (Bambara).
+
+
+ APPENDIX
+
+ IVORY COAST—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+ [Quant.: Quantity.]
+
+ ------------+--------------+--------------------+---------------------
+ | 1909. | 1910. | 1911.
+ Products. +------+-------+------------+-------+------------+--------
+ |Quant.| £ | Quant. | £ | Quant. | £
+ ------------+------+-------+------------+-------+------------+--------
+ | Tons.| | Tons. | | Tons. |
+ | | | | | |
+ Colas | 1| | — | | 8 | 717
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm kernels| 5,191| 45,421| 5,422 | 47,450| 5,251 | 66,223
+ | | | | | |
+ Doumane | 2| 26| — | — | 5 | 56
+ | | | | | |
+ Ginger | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm oil | 6,367|119,398| 5,954 |111,651| 6,625 |169,305
+ | | | | | |
+ Coco-oil | — | — | — | | — | —
+ (touloucoume| | | | | |
+ de palmiste)| | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Gum copal | 1| 77| 0·0882| 4| 0·6106 | 4
+ | | | | | |
+ Rubber | 368| 67,604| 391 |121,490| 351 |110,916
+ | | | | | |
+ Beurre de | — | — | — | — | 0·15415| 4
+ karité | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Soumbaras | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Woods |15,994| 33,321| 13,783 | 2,871|23,812 | 9,426
+ (cabinet- | | | | | |
+ making | | | | | |
+ etc.; | | | | | |
+ mahogany) | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Kapok | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Piassava | 14| 99| — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Bamboos | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ ------------+------+-------+------------+-------+------------+--------
+ TOTALS |27,938|265,949| 25,550·882 |283,468|36,054·76475|356,655
+ ------------+------+-------+------------+-------+------------+--------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ ------------+--------------+--------------------
+ | 1912. | 1913.
+ Products. +------+-------+------------+-------
+ |Quant.| £ | Quant. | £
+ ------------+------+-------+------------+-------
+ | Tons.| | Tons. |
+ | | | |
+ Colas | 9| 770| 24 | 2,007
+ | | | |
+ Palm kernels| 6,799| 73,656| 6,949 |104,030
+ | | | |
+ Doumane | 8| 89| 0·7742 | 12
+ | | | |
+ Ginger | — | — | 0·0098 | 5
+ | | | |
+ Palm oil | 6,776|155,294| 6,014 |125,921
+ | | | |
+ Coco-oil | — | | 0·5194 | —
+ (touloucoume| | | |
+ de palmiste)| | | |
+ | | | |
+ Gum copal | 1| 98| 1 | 99
+ | | | |
+ Rubber | 1,376|344,020| 394 | 78,239
+ | | | |
+ Beurre de | 1| 22| 8 | 128
+ karité | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Soumbaras | — | — | 0·098 | 2
+ | | | |
+ Woods |30,489|120,688|42,651 |208,869
+ (cabinet- | | | |
+ making | | | |
+ etc.; | | | |
+ mahogany) | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Kapok | — | — | 2 | 28
+ | | | |
+ Piassava | 7| 45| 3 | 23
+ | | | |
+ Bamboos | — | — | 0·56804| 1
+ ------------+------+-------+------------+-------
+ TOTALS |45,466|624,676|56,047·96944|519,364
+ ------------+------+-------+------------+-------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.—=Teak Plantation of 1908, 35¾ feet high, Sokode,
+in 1911.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.—=Teak Plantation of 1907 and 1908 on Hill-side,
+Atakpame.=]
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER VI
+
+ THE GOLD COAST
+
+
+Area, 80,000 square miles.
+
+During 1909, a most interesting and exhaustive _Report on the Forest of
+the Gold Coast_, as well as Ashanti and the Northern Territories, was
+written by Mr. H. N. Thompson, the Chief Conservator of Forests of
+Nigeria. As a result of this Report, a Forest Department was formed in
+1910. This Forest Department now consists of a Conservator, Deputy, and
+three Assistant Conservators of Forests. However, legislation for the
+proper preservation of the forest and creation of Forest Reserves has
+not been passed, so that the scope of the Forest Department’s usefulness
+has been much curtailed.
+
+It would be quite superfluous here to try and describe the forests in
+such a masterly fashion as has been done by Mr. Thompson, but anyone who
+is interested in the Gold Coast Forests should read the Report for
+themselves. It will suffice to give an outline of the main features of
+the Forest Administration and a general description of the forests.
+
+With the author’s permission I have given a list of the timber-trees,
+together with the botanical names, so far as they are known.
+
+The people of this very rich country have in a short-sighted way very
+much hindered real progress in Forestry by refusing to assist in the
+creation of Forest Reserves. Forest Reserves are, of course, simply
+forest permanently set aside for the production of timber or other such
+forest products. The people of the Gold Coast have, apparently, judging
+by extracts from the local Press, got the idea into their heads that the
+making of a Forest Reserve necessarily means the ownership of the land
+on which the forest stands passing into the possession of the
+Government. This, of course, is quite a contrary view to the true
+conception of a Forest Reserve, which is an area set apart by the
+Supreme Government as a forest for the permanent production of timber,
+etc., and usually managed by the Forest Department of the country. It
+may be a State forest, a communal forest, a municipal forest, or even a
+private forest which is thus placed under Forest Laws as a Forest
+Reserve. The user (that is, the man who has the right of usufruct in it)
+is not generally in a position to protect it thoroughly, and to some
+extent foregoes present temporary profits for future permanent returns.
+
+The diverse forms of forests named above, under the permanent management
+of the State, are seen in Switzerland, Germany, France, Russia, Japan,
+and India, not to mention Nigeria, so that it cannot be called an
+isolated system.
+
+The cocoa industry has quite overshadowed that of collecting palm fruit,
+making palm oil, and cracking of palm nuts to obtain the kernels, with
+the result that these exports are small compared with Sierra Leone even,
+which is a much smaller colony, with a climate less propitious for palm-
+trees.
+
+The following table shows the exports for the last five years:
+
+ Tons. £
+
+ 1909 14,553 113,784
+
+ 1910 14,252 185,058
+
+ 1911 13,254 175,890
+
+ 1912 14,629 205,365
+
+ 1913 9,744 159,128
+
+In the year 1913 forest produce, in the shape of logs, etc., to the
+value of £3,327,743 was exported. It would be disastrous to the country
+if a few loud-voiced, narrow-minded people were to prevent proper
+measures being adopted for the welfare of the country. Considering their
+previous education and small experience in these wide economic matters,
+it is only natural that they should take this view, but, on the other
+hand, that is no reason why the Supreme Government should not do what is
+necessary for the future permanent benefit of the country. A child is
+not allowed to play with fire, although it may very much like to see the
+flames; in the same way the British people, as locally represented by
+the Gold Coast Government, cannot allow the inhabitants of the district
+to play fast and loose with their priceless treasures, the African
+forests, well knowing that the country will be permanently injured
+thereby. Examples are to be found to-day of countries which have allowed
+their forests to be destroyed. Spain and Portugal are typical of this,
+and even in Africa one has the spectacle of France putting untold
+millions into Forestry in Algeria in order to restore the rainfall.
+Morocco and Mesopotamia are further examples of countries in a similar
+condition, where the forests have been destroyed. Palestine, with its
+ancient forests of Lebanon, is the most drastic example of forest
+destruction, quite apart from Turkish misrule. A similar process has
+taken place in the Soudan, and this locality is only now being
+laboriously re-afforested by the Forest Department there. In India,
+European countries, Canada, Australia, and in the United States it has
+been proved that it is only by a central Government Agency that the
+forests will be properly preserved both for this generation and the
+next; therefore, before it is too late, it behoves the Gold Coast people
+to recognise their responsibility to future generations and allow the
+necessary legislation, so that the forests may be preserved and rightly
+utilised.
+
+
+ LIST OF INDIGENOUS TREES AND RUBBER VINES
+
+ (From Mr. H. N. Thompson’s Report on the Gold Coast Forests.)
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus sp._ Ntung (Fanti); Ntung (Ashanti); Ndau (Apollonian); Ndau
+ (Aowin); Ekpa (Krepi).
+
+ Screw Pine. Often found near villages on the coast and where drier
+ conditions prevail, in sheltered spots. Reaches height of 30 feet.
+ Leaves used in mat-making.
+
+
+=Gramineæ.=
+
+ _Bamboo sp._
+
+ Some of these attain a great height. Used for many purposes by the
+ natives.
+
+
+=Cyperaceæ.=
+
+ _Bulbostylis barbata_.
+
+ _Bulbostylis laniceps_.
+
+ Quite small trees.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Ancistrophyllum sp._ Eye (Fanti).
+
+ Large kind of rattan. Scandent palm.
+
+ _Borassus flabellifer_. Makube (Fanti); Makube (Ashanti); Kube
+ (Akwapim); Malankwi (Apollonian); Ago (Quitta); Ago (Krepi); Ago
+ (Accra).
+
+ _Borassus æthiopica_.
+
+ The wood, exclusive of pith, extremely hard. Pericarp of nut edible.
+ Savannah forests.
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_. Adube and Doka (Fanti); Doka (Ashanti); Tombo
+ (general West Coast); Doka (Apollonian); Doka (Aowin); Alati (Quitta);
+ Alati (Krepi).
+
+ _Raphia Hookeri_.
+
+ Wine (from stem) and bamboo palm. Piassava fibre prepared from the
+ rachis and the leaves, poles from bamboo in building; pinnæ for
+ baskets and thatch. Seed beaten to pulp thrown in water to catch fish.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_. Abe (Fanti); Arere, Abeletia (Apollonian); Beteng
+ (Aowin); Ede (Quitta); Ede (Krepi).
+
+ Oil Palm of commerce. Derived from this tree, also, the chief supply
+ of palm wine and piassava fibre. The coast natives use the leaf rachis
+ for building and the leaves for thatch.
+
+ _Calamus Barteri_.
+
+ Scandent palm.
+
+ _Calamus deerratus_. (West) Uwatia and Oyea (Ash.) (Ashanti).
+
+ The common rattan; marshes.
+
+ _Cocos nucifera_. Kube (Fanti); Kukwi (Ashanti); Ajui (Aowin); Eue
+ (Quitta); Eavune (Krepi); Hukwi (Axim).
+
+ Cocoanut, found in the vicinity of villages on the coast, sometimes
+ inland.
+
+ _Fan Palm_ or _Doum_. Ago (general West Coast).
+
+ Wood provides beams for building; fruit edible; leaves for thatching;
+ and a strong wine is made from the stem.
+
+ _Phœnix reclinata_, or Wild Date Palm. Euchresia (Fanti); Mileishia
+ (Apollonian); Mileishia (Aowin); Aeyedi (Quitta); Iedi (Krepi).
+
+ A small date palm; grows on the sea-shore. Fruit edible. The terminal
+ buds are cooked as a vegetable. A wine is made from the stem.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Sansevieria_.
+
+ Small tree, fibre-yielding.
+
+ _Dracæna arborea_.
+
+ 40 feet in height.
+
+ _Dracæna Mannii_.
+
+ 30 feet in height. Yields a light-coloured dye.
+
+ _Dracæna surculosa_.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Trema affinis_.
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Trema Africana_.
+
+ Small tree of secondary forest.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Shedua or Abonsandua (Twi); Mousandua or Okitsiwanfu
+ (Fanti); Shedua (Ashanti); Adowa (Apollonian); Adowa and Dupain
+ (Aowin); Kapro (Grunchi); Aiu (Krepi); Kingkanga (Hausa).
+
+ Some Ficus are tapped for rubber, others fruited. This species is a
+ large, smooth-barked tree.
+
+ _Ficus platyphylla_.
+
+ Fruit edible, cf. _Vogelii_, and in great demand.
+
+ _Ficus Vogelii_.
+
+ Medium-sized tree. Latex extracted by tapping. A good shade tree.
+
+ _Ficus asperifolia_. Yankran (Fanti).
+
+ Savannah forests. Called Sandpaper Tree, because the rough leaves are
+ used to smooth planks. The ashes are used in making dyes.
+
+ _Ficus elegans_.
+
+ _Ficus eriobotryoides_.
+
+ _Ficus Ottoniæfolia_.
+
+ _Ficus triangularis_.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_. Juma (Wassaw); Ajama (Fanti); Ajama (West), Ojamba
+ (Ashanti); Eguni (Apollonian); Egeun (Aowin); Ajama (Krepi).
+
+ The Umbrella or Corkwood Tree; used as buoys for fishing-nets in
+ Apollonia, and roof shingles in Ashanti.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Niankuma (Fanti); Niankuma (Ashanti); Niankuma
+ (Apollonian); Niangama (Aowin).
+
+ The fruit is eaten by the natives.
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_.
+
+ Small tree with edible fruit.
+
+ _Antiaris sp._ Chenchen (Twi).
+
+ A large tree, the timber of which is liable to attacks by white ants;
+ when seasoned, used for planks. The latex is one of the chief rubber
+ adulterants.
+
+ _Antiaris toxicaria_. Ofu, Ohonton (Fanti).
+
+ _Antiaris Africana_.
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Odoum or Odum (Twi).
+
+ Timber very hard and durable; not easy to export, because it will not
+ float in its green state. A large and valuable timber-tree found in
+ the fringing forests, the driest parts.
+
+
+=Urticaceæ.=
+
+ _Urera_.
+
+ A small tree, very common. Fibre very useful.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Coula edulis_.
+
+ Medium-sized tree with edible fruit.
+
+ _Olax subscorpoidea_.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Anona Senegalensis_.
+
+ The wild Custard Apple. Fruit edible.
+
+ _Anona palustris_.
+
+ Fruit edible. Both these grow in savannah forests. Roots used in
+ making floats.
+
+ _Monodora brevipes_.
+
+ Found in mixed deciduous forests.
+
+ _Monodora tenuifolia_. Dubiddi (Ashanti).
+
+ _Hexalobus grandiflora_.
+
+ A large, handsome tree.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_.
+
+ _Xylopia striata_.
+
+ Xylopias all small trees, except _Æthiopica_.
+
+ _Xylopia Æthiopica_.
+
+ A fairly large tree. Wood resists attacks of white ants. Used for
+ native house-posts.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_. Ote (Twi). Oti or Etsu (Fanti); Oti (Ashanti); Tika
+ (Apollonian); Attenli (Aowin); Oti (Accra).
+
+ The timber is useful for domestic purposes, roof shingles, etc. A
+ fatty oil is obtained from the seeds. A medium-sized tree, straight-
+ stemmed; wood not durable.
+
+
+=Lauraceæ.=
+
+ _Tylostemon Mannii_.
+
+ A small tree.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium sp._ Affram (Twi).
+
+ Wood used by natives for building purposes.
+
+ _Parinarium curatellæfolium_.
+
+ Very common locally. The fruit edible.
+
+ _Parinarium robustum_.
+
+ Very little known about this tree.
+
+ _Parinarium polyandrum_.
+
+ In the savannah forests.
+
+ _Parinarium mobola_.
+
+ Small tree, but good timber. Fruit edible.
+
+ _Chrysobalanus ellipticus_. Ababele (Apollonian).
+
+ Found near fresh-water lagoon. The fruit of a blue colour, small and
+ edible.
+
+
+=Connaraceæ.=
+
+ _Cnestis ferruginea_.
+
+ _Agelæa obliqua_.
+
+
+=Leguminoseæ.=
+
+ _Piptadenia sp._ Dahumah (Twi); Adadawa (Wassaw).
+
+ A large species.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_. Dahomah (Twi); Odahuma (Wassaw).
+
+ Feathery foliage. Fruit a pod 1 foot long, 1 inch broad. A common
+ forest tree; hard timber, good for railway sleepers.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus Gabonensis?_ Denya (Twi); Odenya (Wassaw).
+
+ Very large tree of the evergreen forests.
+
+ _Daniellia Ogea_. Ahedua (Twi).
+
+ Gum Copal.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_. Atawah or Althawah (Twi); Ekuana (Fanti).
+
+ The Oil-bean Tree. Fruit edible; vegetable oils and fats. Timber hard,
+ suitable for turnery.
+
+ _Detarium sp._ Biunwe (Twi).
+
+ A gigantic forest tree. Timber good.
+
+ _Detarium sp._ Bowiwunua (Twi).
+
+ Much like the first. Timber good.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalensis_. Bowiwasi (Fanti).
+
+ Not so large as other species; doubtful if the timber would be durable
+ on exposure to the atmosphere.
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_.
+
+ Fruit edible. The Locust-bean Tree. Savannah forests.
+
+ _Peltophorum sp._ Memchin (Apollonian).
+
+ _Bauhinia reticulata_.
+
+ The bast fibres are very long and tough; used as ropes by the natives.
+
+ _Paradaniella thurifera_.
+
+ Balsam Copaiba Tree—wood oil. Timber of little value.
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thonningii Prekese_.
+
+ Feathery-leaved tree. Four-angled fruit (pod), edible. Used for
+ medicinal purposes. Wood of medium hardness.
+
+ _Xylia Evansii_. Samanta (Twi); Samantawa (Fanti).
+
+ _Pithecolobium altissimum_. Augwameatee (Aowin).
+
+ A medium-sized tree, growing on river banks. A good shade tree.
+
+ _Afrormosia laxiflora_. Duakobin or Duabayi (general West Coast).
+
+ A large tree. Timber good, reddish colour; has been sold in Liverpool
+ as satinwood. Canoes made from it.
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_. Opapao (Twi); Papao (Ashanti); Opapao (Akwapim).
+
+ A first-class, durable tree. Timber very valuable. The dominant tree
+ of the savannah forests. Pod 4 to 7 inches long. Used for railway
+ sleepers, furniture, and building purposes.
+
+ _Afzelia fastigiata_.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_.
+
+ A fine, spreading tree of the savannah forests. Wood hard and durable;
+ used for building. The Sasswood or Ordeal Tree. The bark is poisonous;
+ infusions of it are used by the natives for the ordeal test,
+ especially on the Kroo coast. It regenerates freely from seed.
+ Impervious to attacks of white ants.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum micranthum_. Potedon (Wassaw); Potedon (Fanti); Potedon
+ (Ashanti); Potedon (Apollonian); Etsa (Krepi).
+
+ A reddish-brown coloured poison obtained from it.
+
+ _Tamarindus Indica_.
+
+ Wood very ornamental; fruit edible. The tree is found near the large
+ rivers Volta and Affram.
+
+ _Macrolobium Palisotii_.
+
+ _Macrolobium stipulaceum_.
+
+ _Macrolobium sp._ Wulfram (Fanti); Ofarm (Ashanti); Ndukwun
+ (Apollonian); Kotopapa (Krepi).
+
+ Common in marshy places.
+
+ _Macrolobium limba_.
+
+ _Macrolobium reticulatum_.
+
+ A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Cynometra Afzelii_.
+
+ Cynometra all grow near streams.
+
+ _Cynometra Mannii_.
+
+ _Cynometra sp._
+
+ Fringing forests, close to streams.
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_.
+
+ Found in the fringing forests. Small tree, of little use.
+
+ _Pterocarpus erinaceus_.
+
+ The Senegal Rosewood Tree. The savannah forests.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownei_.
+
+ Fringing forests. Valuable wood, rich brown colour; hard and very
+ durable. Height of tree about 100 to 120 feet, girth of 10 feet.
+
+ _Albizzia Angolensis_.
+
+ _Albizzia Abruana_.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_.
+
+ Found on disused farms. The timber should be useful for local bridge-
+ making, etc., also furniture. A gum of little value obtained from it.
+
+ _Acacia Sieberiana_.
+
+ _Acacia catechu_.
+
+ A common tree, very gregarious, in open grass country. Catechu
+ procured from it. Similar to the species in Burma. The heartwood less
+ well developed than Burmese variety. Sometimes called the Cutch Tree.
+ Gum arabic.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_.
+
+ A small tree, frequently found, except in the driest parts. The
+ Camwood of commerce, though camwood is really the product of
+ Pterocarpus.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_.
+
+ Known as Sierra Leone Tamarind. Very local; fruit edible.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_.
+
+ Medium-sized tree. Gum obtained from it. Ornamental wood; does not
+ work well.
+
+ _Berlinia Auriculata_.
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Berlinia Heudelotii_.
+
+ Medium height. Grows on river banks.
+
+ _Cassia bicapsularis_.
+
+ _Cassia fistula_.
+
+ Tree much like a laburnum, of medium size.
+
+ _Cassia tora_.
+
+ _Cassia alata_.
+
+ Flowers more brilliant than _C. fistula_. Found near villages.
+
+ _Cassia lophira_.
+
+ _Cassia Sieberiana_.
+
+ _Cassia Occidentalis_.
+
+ _Milletia Thonningii_.
+
+ _Milletia Zechiana_.
+
+ _Bussea Occidentalis_.
+
+ A small tree with bright-yellow flowers.
+
+ _Newtonia insignis_.
+
+ A tall tree with very smooth bark.
+
+ _Calpocalyx_.
+
+ A medium-sized tree of the evergreen forests.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_.
+
+ Timber not much good; branches for hoe-handles.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus cyanescens_.
+
+ The young leaves for making blue dye.
+
+ _Entada Soudanica_.
+
+ A small, spiky tree; grows in dry, open country.
+
+ _Entada Abyssinica_.
+
+ Grows in savannah forests. Small tree.
+
+ _Dichrostachys nutans_.
+
+ _Ormosia laxiflora_.
+
+ A tree of about 30 feet in height, much gnarled and twisted.
+
+ _Copaifera salikounda_.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_. Ajumkobi (Ashanti).
+
+ Sold as greenheart in the Liverpool market; 90 or 100 feet in height.
+ Very much like _Piptadenia Africana_.
+
+ _Distemonanthus Benthamianus_.
+
+ _Ecastaphyllum Brownei_.
+
+ A small white-flowered tree.
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalensis_.
+
+ A medium-sized tree, found chiefly in the dry parts. It has very
+ ornamental scarlet flowers.
+
+
+=Linaceæ.=
+
+ _Hugonia acuminata_.
+
+ _Hugonia Planchoni_.
+
+ _Hugonia platysepala_.
+
+ _Hugonia octhocosum_.
+
+ The Hugonia species are all small trees growing on the sea-shore.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_. Ainyere (Apollonian).
+
+ Timber good quality. Bark used medicinally. A tree of the fringing
+ forests—from a shrub on the sea-shore to a tree of 40 feet in height
+ inland.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Hannoa Klaineana_. Feutia (Aowin).
+
+ A medium-sized tree. Timber soft.
+
+ _Irvingia sp._ Okurii (Ashanti).
+
+ Yields a latex copious white when tapped, but turning red on exposure.
+ Used as a rubber adulterant.
+
+ _Irvingia Barterii_.
+
+ One of the species that bears the Dika Nut or Wild Mango of commerce.
+ Edible. Vegetable oils and fats. Tree of medium size.
+
+ _Harrisonia Abyssinica_.
+
+ A small tree.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Boswellia Klaineana_.
+
+ The Ehye or Incense Tree. Timber good.
+
+ _Santiriopsis_.
+
+ Timber good.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Khaya anthotheca_. Kwabohri (Twi); Akwabohori (Fanti); Kwaboho
+ (Ashanti).
+
+ White Mahogany. Medium-sized tree; timber good.
+
+ _Khaya grandis_. Appapayi or Wausauwah (Twi).
+
+ A mahogany growing on the shores of the Sacred Lake. Fringing forests.
+
+ _Khaya Senegalensis_.
+
+ This tree attains the height of from 50 to 60 feet and a girth of 6
+ feet. Grows best in open dry-zone grass country. Not easy to export,
+ as it does not grow near waterways. A gum of little value obtained
+ from it.
+
+ _Khaya Punchii_.
+
+ Found in fringing forests, rainy districts and swamps. Timber very
+ useful in furniture-making.
+
+ _Khaya Ivoriensis_.
+
+ The principal mahogany-yielding tree (Mr. Thompson).
+
+ _Khaya caudata_.
+
+ _Khaya sp._ (_Dubon_ or _Dubini_). Dubini (Twi); Dubini (Wassaw);
+ Odupon or Dubini (Fanti); Odubin (Ashanti); Tiame Tiame (Apollonian);
+ Tiama Tiama (Aowin).
+
+ The ordinary mahogany of the moist evergreen forests.
+
+ _Khaya sp._ Krubua (Twi); Okunmankra (Fanti).
+
+ _Khaya sp._ Afana or Apurro (Twi); Appapyayi (Fanti).
+
+ Two small unidentified trees from the mixed forests.
+
+ _Lovoa Klaineana_ (_Pebedum_). Akwantanuro (Fanti); Kwantanura
+ (Ashanti).
+
+ Shipped sometimes as African Walnut. A good timber-tree, closely
+ resembling the teak in colour and structure. Very ornamental wood.
+
+ _Pynærtia ealænsis_. Kokotswi (Twi); Anchi (Fanti).
+
+ A good timber-tree, much used locally.
+
+ _Guarea sp._ Bossè (Twi).
+
+ A good timber-tree; appearance of cedar, and exported as such. Moist
+ evergreen forests.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela utilis_. Effnobrodidwa (Twi); Effnokonkonti (Ashanti).
+
+ Cedar; the largest of the species. A fine timber-tree.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela Kotschyii_.
+
+ Savannah forests; attains a great height. Timber hard, of reddish
+ colour, gnarled and twisted, so difficult to obtain timber of any
+ size. Used for building by the natives. Roots, bark and leaves used
+ medicinally (rheumatism).
+
+ _Pseudocedrela sp._ Tiama Tiama (Apollonian).
+
+ A new species of the cedars.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela cylindrica_. Peukwa (Twi); Punkwa (Wassaw); Tiama Tiama
+ (Apollonian).
+
+ This cedar produces excellent timber.
+
+ _Carapa Guianensis_. Osuabise (Akwapim); Asokoru (Apollonian); Asoroa
+ (Aowin).
+
+ A large tree of the fringing forests, growing on the banks of the
+ streams; sometimes shipped as mahogany. Vegetable oils and fats
+ obtained from it.
+
+ _Entandrophragma cylindricum_.
+
+ _Entandrophragma ferrugineum_.
+
+ _Entandrophragma macrophylla_.
+
+ _Entandrophragma Septentrionale_.
+
+ _Entandrophragma utilis_.
+
+ Found near Mansu and Supom. The timber of the Entandrophragma species
+ is exported under the name of cedar. The _cylindricum_ attains a
+ height of 100 feet. Wood gummy, and unsuitable for veneers. Sometimes
+ called “unscented mahogany.” The _utilis_ under the name of “sapele
+ scented wood.”
+
+ _Trichilia Heudelottii_.
+
+ A small tree of little value.
+
+ _Trichilia rubescens_.
+
+ Attains a height of 30 feet.
+
+ _Trichilia Prieuriana_.
+
+ Medium-sized tree with flaky bark and much-curled branches. Wood of
+ red colour, not unlike cedar, but close-grained and hard, and has a
+ tendency to twist when sawn.
+
+
+=Malpigheaceæ.=
+
+ _Heteropterys Africana_.
+
+ Small tree; not very well known.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_. Assomah (Twi); Asoma (Fanti); Owama
+ (Ashanti).
+
+ In fringing forests on the banks of streams. Vegetable oils and fats
+ obtained from this tree. The wood is soft, but burns well; used by
+ natives as fuel.
+
+ _Bridelia micrantha_.
+
+ Small tree of the dry zone. A deep reddish-brown dye obtained from
+ this tree. It is made a fast colour by the admixture of old iron, such
+ as old kerosene tins, which seems an important part of the fixing.
+
+ _Macaranga Barterii_.
+
+ _Macaranga heterophylla_.
+
+ _Macaranga monandra_.
+
+ _Macaranga Rowlandii_.
+
+ These four Macaranga species are all small, little-known trees. The
+ Monandra species is a small cauliflorous tree.
+
+ _Mæsobotrya cauliflora_.
+
+ A small tree; has conspicuous red fruit.
+
+ _Mæsobotrya sparsiflora_.
+
+ A small, little-known tree.
+
+ _Megabaria Trillesii_. Chuiansa (Apollonian).
+
+ Small tree bearing poisonous fruit.
+
+ _Microdesmis puberula_. Aforwa (Wassaw); Offenma (Ashanti); Chuiansa
+ (Apollonian).
+
+ A small tree. Wood very useful in the making of agricultural
+ instruments, also chew-sticks.
+
+ _Uapaca Heudelottii_.
+
+ A large tree; very common on river banks.
+
+ _Hasskarlia didymostemon_.
+
+ A small tree; wood of little worth.
+
+ _Hymenocardia acida_.
+
+ _Hymenocardia Chevalieri_.
+
+ The Hymenocardia are both small trees of the savannah forests.
+
+ _Excœcaria_.
+
+ Small tree of the savannah forests.
+
+ _Phyllanthus reticulatus_.
+
+ Small tree of the savannah forests.
+
+ _Bridelia ferruginea_.
+
+ An antidote against poisons.
+
+ _Bridelia atroviridis_.
+
+ Not well known. About 10 feet in height. A small tree of the savannah
+ forests.
+
+ _Discoglypremna caloneura_.
+
+ A small tree of the savannah forests.
+
+ _Elæophorbia drupifera_. Kamhan (Fanti); Dudu (Apollonian); Ajurlo
+ (Krepi).
+
+ A small tree growing near the sea.
+
+ _Cleidion Gabunicum_.
+
+ A small tree. Chew-sticks obtained from it.
+
+ _Antidesma venosum_.
+
+ _Antidesma laciniatum_.
+
+ _Antidesma anbryanthum_.
+
+ A white latex obtained from it.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Spondias lutea_. Atwaba (Fanti); Atawa (Ashanti); Twani (Apollonian);
+ Tongoma (Aowin); Akukan (Quitta); Akukan (Krepi).
+
+ Found in the fringing forests. A very fine tree. Fruit edible, called
+ Hog-plum—like yellow plums in appearance; a sharp, acid taste, not
+ unpleasant.
+
+ _Odina sp._
+
+ A small, uncommon tree.
+
+ _Pseudospondias microcarpa_.
+
+ A fair-sized tree, not unlike the _Spondias lutea_.
+
+ _Trichoscypha_.
+
+ A small tree, little known.
+
+
+=Celastraceæ.=
+
+ _Salacia debilis_.
+
+ A tall shrub, 20 feet in height.
+
+
+=Icacinaceæ.=
+
+ _Apodytes Beninensis_.
+
+ A small tree, little known.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Takwadua (Twi); Takwadua (Wassaw).
+
+ Often planted near villages. A useful shade tree, and part of the
+ fruit edible, called Akee. In the forest a good-sized, straight tree.
+ Timber excellent; hard, good grain, and easily worked.
+
+ _Paullinia pinnata_.
+
+ A small tree or shrub.
+
+ _Phialodiscus unijugata_.
+
+ Small tree. Wood of little account.
+
+ _Lecaniodiscus_.
+
+ Small tree. Wood of little account.
+
+ _Eriocœlum_.
+
+ A river-side tree.
+
+ _Aphania_.
+
+ Small tree, little known.
+
+ _Deinbollia insignis_.
+
+ Small tree, little known.
+
+
+=Melianthaceæ.=
+
+ _Bersama Chippii_.
+
+ A small ornamental tree with sweet-scented flowers.
+
+
+=Rhamnaceæ.=
+
+ _Zizyphus Spina-Christi_.
+
+ A small tree with edible fruit. Wood very useful in cabinet-work.
+
+ _Lasiodiscus_.
+
+ A small, little-known tree.
+
+ _Zizyphus mucronata_.
+
+ A small tree of the savannah forests.
+
+
+=Vitaceæ.=
+
+ _Leea_.
+
+ A small tree of the savannah forests. Fruit edible.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Grewia carpinifolia_.
+
+ _Glyphæa Grewioides_.
+
+ _Triumfetta sp._
+
+ Three small fibre-yielding trees. The Grewia has brilliant yellow
+ flowers.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Hibiscus tiliaceus_.
+
+ A yellow-flowered tree. Wood durable under water.
+
+ _Thespesia populnea_. Fref (Fanti); Eijan (Apollonian).
+
+ A small tree growing on sea-shore.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_. Akata (Twi); Akata (Denkira); Ekuba
+ (Apollonian); Eku (Aowin); Kafro (Grunchi); Agutesi (Krepi); Akronkron
+ (Accra).
+
+ The Silk Cotton Tree. Red-flowered. A tall tree with horizontal
+ branches with spiny protuberances. Grows in the mixed forests. It
+ yields a kapok (fibre) similar to the Eriodendrons.
+
+ _Bombax brevicuspe_. Kuntunkun (Twi); Kuntunkuni (Denkira).
+
+ A new species of cotton-tree. Timber used for canoes, bark for dye,
+ and cotton for native pillows.
+
+ _Bombax sp._ Eku (Twi); Nyi-nu-kobin (general West Coast); Akata
+ (Denkira); Ekuba (Apollonian); Ekui (Aowin); Kafro (Grunchi); Agutesi
+ (Krepi); Akronkron (Accra).
+
+ This species is confined to the rain forests of the maritime zone.
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_.
+
+ The Baobab Tree. The pulp of the fruit is eaten by the natives;
+ flavour acid. The seeds are washed, pounded and steeped in water for
+ ten days. The North-west Ashanti natives use it to flavour soup. This
+ tree is very rich in wood fibre, which realises from £9 to £10 per
+ ton, and is of great commercial value. A gouty-looking tree, and grows
+ in open country, rocky soil.
+
+ _Eriodendron anfractuosum_. Ongina (Twi); Enyena (Wassaw); Onyina or
+ Enyena (Fanti); Enyena (Ashanti); Enyenga (Apollonian); Enyo (Aowin);
+ Gung (Grunchi); Ofwho (Quitta); Ofwho (Krepi).
+
+ The white-flowered silk cotton-tree of the fringing forests, one of
+ the largest trees of West Africa. The wood is very light, and should
+ be useful in making light wood articles, such as boxes and toys, but
+ there is no market for it at present. The fibre is good, and the wood
+ should also make pulp in paper-making; but there is no market, owing
+ to the expense involved in collecting it.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Heritiera utilis_. Awabima (Twi); Pteryyota Wawampe’e (Ashanti);
+ N’yankon, Yankom or Yankun (general West Coast).
+
+ Good timber-tree, medium-sized.
+
+ _Sterculia cordifolia_. Wawapupuo (Twi); Duamenyi (Fanti).
+
+ Tall tree; height, 60 to 100 feet. The wood of little value, as it is
+ very soft. Found in the fringing and intermediate forests.
+
+ _Sterculia tomentosa_.
+
+ Height, 40 to 50 feet. Intermediate and fringing forests. The fruit
+ grows in clusters, kidney shaped, with a dense, reddish tomentum.
+
+ _Sterculia Barterii_.
+
+ Flowers when the tree is leafless—appears covered with red flame. The
+ wood is soft and of little value; it should make a good paper-pulp.
+ The inner bark used to make rope.
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_.
+
+ A medium-sized tree. Wood of little worth.
+
+ _Triplochiton Johnsonii_. Wawa or Wawwaw (Twi); Owawa (Wassaw).
+
+ A good timber-tree. Bark used locally for roofing. Strong, works well
+ and has satiny sheen. When used in exposed places it is subject to
+ dry-rot. Tall, straight-growing tree. Should be useful for inside
+ building.
+
+ _Cola Afzelia_.
+
+ Fringing forests. Monkey Cola. Fruit bright-red in colour, something
+ like Kola. Tree grows to a height of 40 or 50 feet.
+
+ _Cola laurifolia_.
+
+ A very small species.
+
+ _Cola acuminata_. Bessi (Ashanti); Esseri (Apollonian); Ewasi (Aowin);
+ Gwe (Grunchi); Evi (Quitta); Guru (Hausa).
+
+ The Kola Nut of commerce is obtained from this tree.
+
+ _Cola caricifolia_.
+
+ _Mansonia altissima_.
+
+ Timber-tree; useful for domestic purposes.
+
+ _Cola cordifolia_.
+
+ Found in the savannah forests.
+
+ _Cola sublobata_.
+
+ _Cola vera_.
+
+ The Hausa, supposed to be the best.
+
+ _Cola verticulata_.
+
+ Tree little known and of little value.
+
+
+=Scytopetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Scytopetalum Tarquense_.
+
+ A small tree of the evergreen forests, bearing white flowers.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira procera_.
+
+ Lophira is also called the Kaku or Red Ironwood Tree; the most durable
+ timber of the West Coast. Very valuable as fuel; it has highly
+ calorific properties. It grows solely in the maritime zone, in swampy
+ land. It is of great weight, and will not float. Very useful for piles
+ in wharves, etc.
+
+ _Lophira alata_.
+
+ A very fine, tall tree, growing from 20 to 50 feet. The bark is dark
+ and rough; timber very hard and durable. The seeds are rich in oils.
+ The tree is sometimes mistaken for the Shea Butter Tree. Common in
+ open grass country.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Pentadesma butyraceæ_. Pija (Wassaw); Pija (Fanti); Ehukei
+ (Apollonian); Asuaindokun (Aowin); Bromabina (Axim).
+
+ Butter or Tallow Tree. An edible fat is obtained from the seeds. Also
+ used in soap-making. A thick yellow juice exudes from the tree when
+ cut. A fine tree.
+
+ _Allanblackia floribunda_. Suein (Apollonian); Anane (Axim).
+
+ Small tree, not well known.
+
+ _Garcinia Guineensis_. Ablari (Fanti).
+
+ A purgative is made from a decoction of the leaves.
+
+ _Haronga Madagascariensis_. Ngodua (Fanti); Kursua (Apollonian).
+
+ A yellow dye is obtained from the bark. The leaves are used as a
+ medicine for dysentery. There is a red watery exudation from the bark.
+
+ _Psorospermum_.
+
+ A large shrub, sometimes may be called a tree, in the savannah
+ forests.
+
+
+=Cochlospermaceæ.=
+
+ _Cochlospermum tinctorium_.
+
+ A large shrub of the savannah forests. The bark is used in rope-
+ making. A yellow dye is obtained from the roots.
+
+ _Lindackeria dentata_.
+
+ A medium-sized tree.
+
+
+=Violaceæ.=
+
+ _Alsodeia_. Notonima (Ashanti).
+
+ A shrubbery tree of little value.
+
+ _Smeathmannia pubescens_.
+
+ A shrubby tree with conspicuous white flowers.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Oncoba echinata_.
+
+ A small tree with white cauline flowers.
+
+ _Oncoba Gilgiana_.
+
+ A large shrub.
+
+ _Oncoba dentata_.
+
+ A small tree.
+
+ _Rawsonia spinosa_.
+
+ A medium-sized tree.
+
+ _Smeathmannia pubescens_.
+
+ A shrubby tree with conspicuous white flowers.
+
+
+=Lecythidaceæ.=
+
+ _Napoleona Vogelii_.
+
+ A small tree, grows by river banks. The wood is easily worked. Fruit
+ edible.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Anopyxis ealænsis_. Kokoti (Wassaw); Anchi or Kokoti (Fanti); Abari
+ (Apollonian).
+
+ Good timber-tree, much used for fuel.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Combretum Afzelia_.
+
+ Found near rivers.
+
+ _Laguncularia racemosa_.
+
+ White Mangrove. Grows in swamps.
+
+ _Anogeissus leiocarpus_.
+
+ A tall tree, from 30 to 50 feet in height. The roots are used as chew-
+ sticks. The heartwood very durable, brown or blackish-brown. The grey
+ ash of sap and heart woods used as a mordant. Tannin and gum obtained
+ from this tree.
+
+ _Combretum Zenkerii_.
+
+ A large, shrubby tree.
+
+ _Combretum sp._ Esseah or Essia (general West Coast).
+
+ The “Stinkwood” Tree.
+
+ _Terminalia sp._ Emril, or Emil or Emiri (general West Coast).
+
+ The wood is used locally for shingles. In intermediate forests.
+ Branches in tiers or whorls. A huge tree, bark black.
+
+ _Terminalia superba_. Offram (Twi); Offram (Fanti).
+
+ Found in the fringing forests, of great height and extremely straight.
+ Branches in whorls, barely noticeable in the full-grown tree. Timber
+ medium strength and hardness, light coloured, with discoloured
+ patches. Works up very well, but of no great value for export.
+
+ _Terminalia macroptera_.
+
+ Found in the savannah forests.
+
+ _Terminalia Togoensis_.
+
+ A small tree of dry zone, of no particular value.
+
+ _Pteleopsis_.
+
+ A large tree. Timber little used.
+
+ _Strephonema Apoloniensis_.
+
+ A small tree, species little known.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eugenia Guineensis_.
+
+ A large tree. Work used for many purposes. Fruit edible and medicinal.
+
+ _Eugenia Owariensis_.
+
+ Grows in the dry zone. A spreading tree.
+
+ _Psidium Guajava_. Aduaba (Apollonian).
+
+ The Guava Tree. Fruit edible.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Omphalocarpum sp._ Assoro (Twi); Ketibubaka (Aowin).
+
+ A workable wood obtained from it, also guttapercha. The seeds worn as
+ ornaments at their feasts by Apollonians.
+
+ _Mimusops multinervis_.
+
+ Grows to the height of 60 or 80 feet, with a corresponding girth.
+ Timber hard and durable, red in colour, with a fine grain. Its weight
+ and hardness are against its ordinary use, but it is a fine wood for
+ sleepers.
+
+ _Butyrospermum Parkii_. N’ku (Fanti); N’ku (Akwapim); Iakuni (Quitta);
+ Sakuni (Krepi).
+
+ Shea Butter Tree. One of the most valuable trees, found very
+ frequently. Bark thick, rough, and often gnarled and twisted. Flowers
+ creamy-white, leaves straplike. The fruit is something like a yellow
+ plum, ripe in May. It is very similar in appearance to the _Lophira
+ alata_, but the Shea butter tree exudes a white latex when cut; the
+ Lophira does not. Timber good, but as the tree is usually only from 20
+ to 30 feet in height (occasionally 50 feet), it is not large enough
+ for most purposes. The vegetable oil or butter has an agreeable
+ sweetish taste, much used in cooking.
+
+ _Mimusops sp._ Opapea (Twi); Opepeli (Fanti).
+
+ Vegetable oils from all the Mimusops species.
+
+ _Mimusops Djave_. Baku (Twi); Baku (Fanti); Baku (Ashanti); Makure
+ (Apollonian); Makwe (Aowin); Abaku (Accra).
+
+ Vegetable oils and fats obtained from _M. Djave_. A very good timber-
+ tree.
+
+ _Vincentella impressa_.
+
+ A new species. A large tree, found growing on the river banks.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum albidum_.
+
+ Edible fruit. Not so well known as _Chrysophyllum Africanum_.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum Africanum_.
+
+ The Star-apple Tree, often cultivated for its fruit, and also as a
+ shade tree.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros mespiliformis_.
+
+ A tree of the fringing forests—the Ebony Tree. Very abundant. Of
+ medium size, 50 to 60 feet in height, 6 to 8 in girth. The heartwood
+ is usually streaked with brown. The larger trees are generally hollow.
+
+ _Diospyros Mombuttensis_.
+
+ _Diospyros xanthochlamys_.
+
+
+=Oleaceæ.=
+
+ _Schrebera Golungensis_.
+
+ Found in the fringing forests. Very uncommon. A large tree; timber
+ very good.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Strychnos emarginata_ and others.
+
+ _Anthocleista sp._
+
+ A medium-sized tree, near fresh-water swamps. Large white flowers.
+ Wood of no special value.
+
+ _Anthocleista magnifica_. Honum (Twi).
+
+ A small tree with very large leaves.
+
+ _Anthocleista nobilis_. Otendui (Fanti); Tendeba (Apollonian); Tendeba
+ (Aowin).
+
+ A small tree, of little value.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Landolphia bracteata_.
+
+ A vine-like tree. Does not yield rubber.
+
+ _Landolphia ferruginea_.
+
+ Like the above.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis_. Pau (Twi); Kwantama (Wassaw); Opaina (Fanti);
+ Jama (Ashanti); Kwantama (general West Coast); Amale (Apollonian); Faia
+ (Aowin); Danko (Hausa); Jahdanko (Accra).
+
+ Two kinds of rubber obtained: “root-rubber,” after crushing the bark
+ and stems and washing out the rubber, or “white-ball,” by tapping and
+ scoring, and coagulating the latex as it exudes by lime-juice rubbed
+ on the bark. It is valued at 1s. 9d. to 2s. a pound, the root-rubber
+ at 1s. 6d. a pound.
+
+ _Landolphia florida_.
+
+ A quantity of milky juice which becomes a pasty mass, but has no
+ market value.
+
+ _Landolphia Droogmansiana_.
+
+ Good rubber obtained when growing in dry ground, worthless when in
+ swampy ground.
+
+ _Landolphia Senegalensis_.
+
+ _Landolphia Thompsonii_.
+
+ Widely spread in the fringing forests; does not yield good rubber,
+ only a pasty mass from the latex.
+
+ _Landolphia scandens_.
+
+ No yield of rubber.
+
+ _Landolphia Klainei_.
+
+ Inferior rubber.
+
+ _Carpodinus hirsuta_. Alibida (Hausa).
+
+ Very robust and hairy (hence its name). Found in mixed forest belts.
+ It yields a flake or paste rubber, extracted by tapping and coagulated
+ by boiling.
+
+ _Clitandra elastica_. Beckindanko (Hausa).
+
+ Yields a good rubber, sold at 1s. 3d. or 1s. 6d. a pound.
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_. Fruntum (Ashanti); Efunmundon (Apollonian);
+ Efunmundon (Aowin); Puni (Krepi).
+
+ The yield of this rubber-tree is called the Lagos or Silk rubber.
+ Found in the evergreen rain forests. Very little inferior to Para
+ rubber. The amount procured from _F. elastica_ is less than Para
+ rubber.
+
+ _Funtumia Africana_.
+
+ Spurious rubber-tree; though in appearance very much like _F.
+ elastica_, the leaves are coarser and pods longer. The latex, when
+ coagulated, forms a sticky mass like birdlime, sometimes used for
+ adulterating other latices.
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_. Niamidua (Twi); Sindra (Ashanti); Nimeribaka
+ (Apollonian).
+
+ Wood rather soft; only fit for inside building or toy-making. It grows
+ best in the swamp country. A fairly large tree, slightly buttressed
+ with smooth bark. The natives mix the latex with rubber.
+
+ _Rauwolfia Cumminsii_.
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_.
+
+ A small tree, not over 20 feet in height.
+
+ _Polyadoa umbellata_.
+
+ Tree of 30 feet in height, growing in the fringing forests near
+ rivers.
+
+ _Holarrhena Wulfsbergii_.
+
+ Grows in the fringing forests. A tree with drooping branches. Flowers
+ white and fragrant. The wood is very soft, of little value.
+
+ _Voacanga Africana_.
+
+ A small tree, widely distributed. It has a milky latex, which is used
+ in adulterating rubber.
+
+
+=Asclepiadaceæ.=
+
+ _Kanahia consimilis_.
+
+ A shrubby tree growing near water.
+
+
+=Convolvulaceæ.=
+
+ _Prevostea Africana_.
+
+ A small tree, little known.
+
+ _Prevostea Heudelotii_.
+
+ Small tree; wood of no value.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Cordia Irvingii_.
+
+ Found in the rain forests of the Okwawu hill system. Timber used
+ locally for shingles. A spreading tree, reaching to about 60 feet in
+ height.
+
+ _Ehretia cymosa_.
+
+ A small tree. Wood used for various purposes. Fruit edible and
+ medicinal.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Lantana camara_.
+
+ Shrubby tree.
+
+ _Lippia adoensis_.
+
+ Shrubby tree.
+
+ _Vitex megaphylla_.
+
+ Both Vitex species grow in the savannah forests.
+
+ _Vitex cuneata_.
+
+ A common tree about 30 feet in height. Of no known value.
+
+ _Avicennia Africana_.
+
+ One of the tallest trees in the mangrove association, yielding a
+ workable wood, medicine and tannin.
+
+ _Clerodendron splendens_.
+
+ A shrubby tree.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathodea campanulata_. Osisiru (Ashanti).
+
+ A medium-sized tree, found in the fringing forests. Provides a useful
+ timber, medicine, and from the seeds an article of food. Large yellow
+ trumpet-shaped flowers.
+
+ _Dolichandrone lutea_.
+
+ A tree of about 30 feet in height.
+
+ _Kigelia pinnata_.
+
+ The fruit has a thick rind and is edible. Timber and drugs obtained
+ from it. Sometimes called Sausage Tree, from the sausage-shaped fruits
+ which hang down a long stalk. A small tree.
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_. Sasanemasa (Ashanti).
+
+ An evergreen tree, from 30 to 40 feet in height. Pink trumpet-shaped
+ flowers. The natives use it as a boundary tree.
+
+
+=Acanthaceæ.=
+
+ _Acantha montana_.
+
+ A shrubby tree having medicinal properties.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Mitragyne macrophylla_. Baya (Twi); Yar-yar, or Ya-ya (general West
+ Coast); Baya (Aowin).
+
+ A large tree growing in the fresh-water swamps. Timber good.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Kusia (Twi); Ekusawa (Fanti); Kishia
+ (general West Coast); Baya (Aowin).
+
+ Good timber, used locally. Wood of a golden yellow colour, very
+ ornamental, hard and durable, easily worked.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus Russegeri_. Osupawa (Fanti).
+
+ The Russegeri grows in the savannah forests.
+
+ _Gardenia tenuifolia_.
+
+ Fruit edible. A bushy, ornamental tree.
+
+ _Urophyllum hirtellum_.
+
+ A shrubby tree. Dyes obtained from it.
+
+ _Randia genipæflora_.
+
+ A small tree having fine trumpet-shaped flowers.
+
+ _Randia maculata_.
+
+ A bushy tree, very ornamental when in flower.
+
+ _Oxyanthus tubiflorus_.
+
+ A very ornamental shrub or small tree. Timber, dyes and medicine
+ obtained from it.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia conferta_.
+
+ A large-leaved, small tree. The timber of one variety fairly good.
+
+
+ _Flintwood_, not identified. Okisibisi (Fanti).
+
+ Good timber, used for mine-props.
+
+
+ APPENDIX
+
+ GOLD COAST—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+ ------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------
+ | 1909. | 1910. | 1911.
+ Product. +----------+-------+----------+-------+----------+--------
+ |Quantity. | £ |Quantity. | £ |Quantity. | £
+ ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+----------+--------
+ Cola nuts | — | 93,850| — | 77,716| — | 93,099
+ | | | | | |
+ Lumber |9,838,959 | 82,937|14,938,749|148,122|13,975,196|138,836
+ | sup. ft. | | sup. ft. | | sup. ft. |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm kernels| 11,598 |112,425| 14,182 |185,058| 13,254 |175,891
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm oil |2,007,296 |120,978|2,044,868 |161,388|1,610,209 |128,916
+ | gals. | | gals. | | gals. |
+ | | | | | |
+ Rubber (raw)|1,233 tons|263,694|1,438 tons|355,876|1,191 tons|219,447
+ ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+----------+--------
+ TOTALS | 12,831 |673,884| 15,620 |928,160| 14,445 |756,189
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ |2,007,296 | |2,044,868 | |1,610,209 |
+ | gals. | | gals. | | gals. |
+ | | | | | |
+ |9,838,959 | |14,938,749| |13,975,196|
+ | sup. ft. | | sup. ft. | | sup. ft. |
+ ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+----------+--------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ ------------+------------------+------------------
+ | 1912. | 1913.
+ Product. +----------+-------+----------+-------
+ |Quantity. | £ |Quantity. | £
+ ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------
+ Cola nuts | — |134,231| — |144,705
+ | | | |
+ Lumber |23,573,891|228,748|37,392,100|366,097
+ | sup. ft. | | sup. ft. |
+ | | | |
+ Palm kernels| 14,628 |205,364|9,744 tons|159,128
+ | tons | | |
+ | | | |
+ Palm oil |1,444,432 |112,885| 860,155 | 65,652
+ | gals. | | gals. |
+ | | | |
+ Rubber (raw)| 888 tons |168,729| 588 tons | 87,915
+ ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------
+ TOTALS | 15,516 |849,957| 10,332 |823,497
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ |1,444,432 | | 860,155 |
+ | gals. | | gals. |
+ | | | |
+ |23,573,891| |37,392,100|
+ | sup. ft. | | sup. ft. |
+ ------------+----------+-------+----------+-------
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER VII
+
+ TOGO
+
+
+ INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+During the latter part of 1911 I had the opportunity of visiting Togo.
+Since August 1914 it has been in the occupation of British and French
+troops, administered as a co-dominion.
+
+Forest Station work has been the main work of the Forest Department
+since the inception, both under the District Officer and subsequently
+under the trained officer. There is only 1 per cent. of forests in the
+whole country.
+
+Lome, the capital of Togo, formed my starting-point, and there His
+Excellency the Governor and the Secretary of the Colony advised me as to
+the best route and supplied me with many interesting details as to the
+system of taxation, etc.
+
+_Taxation._—In Lome every man above sixteen years of age has the choice
+of paying 6s. per year or working twelve days for the Government. On the
+coast it is found that the natives prefer to pay the tax, but inland the
+twelve days’ work is usually given. This Government work consists of
+plantation and road making, bridge-building, erecting rest-houses, and
+many other kinds of public work.
+
+The subject may be divided into three sections:
+
+(1) _The Forests between or at the Stations_.
+
+(2) _The Forest Department Plantations_.
+
+(3) _District Plantations_.
+
+
+ I. THE FORESTS BETWEEN OR AT THE STATIONS.
+
+
+Near Lome the ground is very sparsely covered with thorny shrubs and
+occasional Baobabs, _Adansonia digitata_, but on nearing the valley of
+the Schio the soil improves and small plantations of sugar-cane appear.
+Though no attempt has been made here to develop this industry, the
+natives of Tagblekovke and other places sell large quantities of the
+cane. Oil palms are seen on both sides of the line, chiefly, however, on
+the river banks, owing to the annual grass fires. Scattered silk cotton-
+trees also occur along the river banks, otherwise only the normal dry-
+zone vegetation is found.
+
+The rainfall, however, is quite sufficient for the growth of a deciduous
+forest. The remains of fringing forests on the banks of the Rivers
+Schio, Lili and Haho consist of _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Erythrophlœum
+Guineense_, _Terminalia Togoensis_ and a few specimens of Afzelia or
+Cynometra.
+
+[Illustration: I.
+
+FIG. 17.—=One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to ten-year-old Trees,
+1911.=]
+
+[Illustration: II.
+
+FIG. 18.—=Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]
+
+[Illustration: III.
+
+FIG. 19.—=Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]
+
+[Illustration: IV.
+
+FIG. 20.—=Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]
+
+ To face p. 116.
+
+Passing on to the Haho-Baloë district, plantations occur at the junction
+of these rivers in an open plain of scanty dry-zone forest. A fringing
+mixed forest of the normal type, varying from 200 to 500 yards in width,
+was found on the banks of each river, and as it formed a complete fire
+protection, was left untouched. In the open forest the most common trees
+are the Pseudocedrelas, _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Butyrospermum Parkii_
+and Terminalia.
+
+The rainfall varies at this spot from 28 to 39 inches annually. The
+higher rainfall is probably the true average, if considered in
+conjunction with the natural vegetation. A great change in the
+vegetation was noticeable between Nuatjä and Atakpame; the typical dry-
+zone trees, such as _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, Shea Butter, Lophira and
+others, were soon left behind, and on nearing the hilly country of
+Atakpame a more flourishing condition was evident. Oil palms were
+growing in profusion both on the banks of the rivers and also on the
+sides. Large cotton-trees, _Triplochiton Nigericum_, Iroko, _Chlorophora
+excelsa_, _Sterculia cordifolia_ and other trees of this kind were seen.
+The rainfall is much higher here, averaging from 58 inches, spread over
+the months of April, May, June, July, August and September, and a little
+in October. This rises to 58 inches, falls to 52, 105 miles to the north
+of Atakpame, in the Sokode District. This is spread over the usual rainy
+season of West Africa; more rain, however, falls in September than in
+the northern part of Southern Nigeria during the same month. After
+leaving the hills of Atakpame behind, we took the road to Sokode, and
+between the Rivers Tagbadja and Au the following dry-zone trees were
+most prevalent: _Lophira alata_, Shea Butter, _Terminalia Togoensis_ and
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_. As we advanced the Shea Butter Tree ceased, but
+more Terminalia were seen; Pterocarpus in groups and _Pseudocedrela
+Kotschyi_ became very prevalent. Fringing forests were seen in the level
+country which followed along the banks of the Ana River.
+
+On the third day’s march I found a large specimen of _Khaya
+Senegalensis_ and several smaller ones at a place just above the eighth
+parallel of latitude, below which the _Khaya Senegalensis_ is rarely
+found. Beyond this were _Paradaniella thurifera_, _Borassus
+flabelliformis_, Fan Palm, _Afzelia Africana_ and Shea Butter, and less
+of the species already mentioned.
+
+These were succeeded by small pure forests of _Berlinia Kerstingii_,
+Afzelia, _Ormosia laxiflora_, _Bauhinia reticulata_, _Erythrina
+Senegalensis_, _Parinarium polyandrum_ and _Parkia Africana_, syn.
+_filicoidea_. Nearing Blita rest-house, bamboos appeared, _Agave
+rigida_, and also a Ceara-rubber plantation.
+
+It was interesting to find on inquiry that this plantation was the
+result of 1,000,000 Ceara seeds distributed to the natives in 1907. The
+vegetation on the banks of the rivers and streams consisted mostly of
+deciduous forest, with typical dry-zone trees at the edges. In addition,
+_Pentadesma Kerstingii_ and _Dalbergia melanoxylon_ were seen.
+
+The last-named species has, according to German botanists, been confused
+with _Diospyros mespiliformis_, so far as the timber is concerned. The
+last two miles before reaching Sokode were covered with extensive
+plantations.
+
+_Dry-zone Trees._—Between Sokode and Bassari, a distance of 37 miles,
+are the Malfakassa Mountains, of which the summits are mostly bare,
+owing to the annual grass fires, but a dense growth of _Berlinia
+Kerstingii_, Terminalia and _Afzelia Africana_ grow in the moister
+valleys.
+
+On the more open ground the usual dry-zone trees were seen, and the
+_Khaya Senegalensis_ on the banks of each of the four rivers.
+
+The rainfall is the same as that of Sokode, about 52 inches, although
+the atmosphere is moister, which is partly due to the higher altitude.
+
+The somewhat cooler temperature of the air causes heavy dews, and these
+also, in their turn, increase the moisture of the air. The differences
+are thus very marked between Sokode and Bassari as to the atmospheric
+moisture, and also as to the variation in the growth of the trees at the
+two stations.
+
+After a short visit of two days I left Bassari for Jendi, 70 miles to
+the north-west. One range of hills on the way is noticeable for the pure
+formation of iron ore which “crops out” and causes the tree-growth to be
+small.
+
+The vegetation becomes very sparse towards the valley of the Oti, 30
+miles distant from Bassari, and this is owing to a great change in the
+climatic conditions as compared with Bassari, as well as the annual
+grass fires. The sole representatives of the dry-zone vegetation, which,
+near Bassari, had originally consisted of _Khaya Senegalensis_, Afzelia
+and Shea Butter trees, are the Baobabs, _Adansonia digitata_.
+
+The rainfall is only 43 inches per year. The poor vegetation found near
+Jendi gradually gives way, between that station and Kete-Kratschi, to
+more typical dry-zone trees, such as Shea Butter, Lophira, Afzelia and
+_Berlinia Kerstingii_.
+
+Oil palms were found on the third day growing near the banks of the
+streams, and more Afzelia in the open country. _Mimusops multinervis_
+and Diospyros were found near the River Volta, at the edge of a wide
+belt of evergreen forest.
+
+The dry season is much prolonged in most years. On the average the
+rainfall is 46·8 inches. At the next station on the tour, Pfandu, the
+rainfall rises to 55 inches per year. Near the summit of the station
+hill the soil is poor, but excellent on the lower slopes.
+
+The climatic conditions of Pfandu, a substation to Misahöhe, are
+unfavourable, and labour is less obtainable. The road between these two
+stations passes through very poor dry-zone forest, but on entering the
+Misahöhe mountainous region we came upon a fine evergreen forest. The
+most common trees noticed were _Khaya Klainii_, Mahogany, Iroko and
+_Terminalia superba_, the shingle-wood tree, also Triplochiton,
+_Sterculia cordifolia_, _Carapa procera_, _Piptadenia Africana_,
+_Pentaclethra macrophylla_, _Detarium Guineensis_, _Brachystegia
+spicæformis_, _Berlinia acuminata_, _Afrormosia laxiflora_, Satinwood,
+_Alstonia Congensis_, _Ricinodendron Africanum_ and _Eriodendron
+Nigericum_. The mahoganies of this district were remarkably fine trees,
+mostly over 10 feet in girth.
+
+A written permit, costing 3s. per tree, has to be obtained for cutting
+trees, and also permission from the Commissioner, before forest land may
+be cleared.
+
+The high rainfall of Misahöhe, which is 62 inches per year, produces a
+very moist atmosphere.
+
+After a visit of three days to the Misahöhe Station, I left for Palime,
+the terminus of the Lome Railway. On the way down the mountain, the
+contrast between the eastern and western slopes was very noticeable, a
+deciduous forest covering the eastern slope and an evergreen forest the
+western. For the first 10 miles from Palime on the way to Lome,
+mahoganies, oil palms and other trees abounded, but gradually gave way
+to the same drier type of forest as that seen on the Nuatjä railway-
+line.
+
+This condition of vegetation continued until Lome was reached, a
+distance of 75 miles.
+
+
+ II. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT PLANTATIONS.
+
+
+During 1907 there was a Forestry Conference in Berlin with regard to the
+afforestation of the Colony of Togo (which is wooded only to the extent
+of 1 per cent.), with the result that the area of Haho-Baloë was first
+chosen, and the plantation started at the junction of the rivers.
+
+A fringing mixed forest on each bank of the river was left untouched, as
+they formed a fire protection for the plantation. Pseudocedrelas,
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Butyrospermum Parkii_ and Terminalia were the
+most common trees found in the open forest between the rivers.
+
+The altitude of this area above sea-level is about 480 feet. It slopes
+slightly from north to south and is triangular in shape.
+
+Seedlings were first tried, but did not survive the first season, and
+since that time seeds have been sown, and this proved a great success.
+Eight species of trees have been used to form these plantations:
+
+ (1) Teak, _Tectona grandis_.
+
+ (2) _Afzelia Africana_, also called Rhodesia Mahogany or Apa.
+
+ (3) Sasswood, _Erythrophlœum Guineense_.
+
+ (4) African Mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis_.
+
+ (5) _Khaya Klainii_, Mahogany.
+
+ (6) Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_.
+
+ (7) Kapok, _Ceiba pentandra_.
+
+ (8) _Anogeissus Leiocarpus_, Chew-stick Tree.
+
+One-sixth of the total area, however, has been planted with teak; in
+all, 491,300 seedlings. The Erythrophlœum seedlings are most numerous,
+the wood of this species being hard, durable and termite resisting. It
+has been used with great success for piles and trestles in bridge-
+building.
+
+Afzelia and the two mahoganies will be valuable and useful timbers,
+especially the mahoganies, as they are indigenous to the country, and
+there is not the element of speculation attending introduced trees.
+
+In addition to the eight chief species named above, a few specimens of
+_Detarium Guineense_ (the Dita fruit of Sierra Leone) and Cynometra were
+planted, but their growth is slow. A mixed crop, consisting of _Parkia
+filicoidea_, the Locust Tree, _Prosopis oblonga_, _Anogeissus
+leiocarpus_ and _Detarium Guineense (Senegalense)_, has also been
+planted.
+
+The mixture is a good one, but the growth has been slow. The general
+appearance of the area where teak has been planted, in spite of the fact
+that the bush was left standing, is that of a teak plantation, for the
+teak has outgrown all the indigenous trees and formed a complete
+thicket.
+
+Owing to the lack of drainage in the soil, as well as attacks of the
+borer, the _Khaya Senegalensis_ has grown slowly. Slow growth is noticed
+also in the Apa, _Afzelia Africana_, but that seems to be typical of the
+tree.
+
+During the first year the cost of planting (including building and
+labour) worked out at £4 4s. an acre, but by the third year this amount
+was reduced to £1 2s. The valuation of the whole plantation is at least
+£10,000.
+
+The second Forest Department’s afforestation area is Mo-Kamaa, which is
+being planted in a similar manner and with similar planting methods to
+the area situated near the Haho-Baloë. Tax labour has been used to a
+large extent in these plantations. The situation is particularly
+suitable for planting operations, owing to its being protected on two
+sides by the rivers from the annually recurring fires of this locality.
+The altitude is about 500 feet above sea-level.
+
+As in the case of Haho, nurseries were made for oil palms only, various
+species being sown in lines, between which the forest growth was left
+standing, so as to form shade for the seedlings. Approximately 600,000
+seedlings have survived, about 400,000 Khayas and 200,000 teak.
+
+Dry-zone mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis_, and teak have been planted in
+addition to the oil palm. The Khaya, even up to 12 feet in girth, is
+found all over the locality, and near the bank of the Kamaa a few oil
+palms.
+
+The teak has grown much faster than the Khaya, the average height of the
+former being 6 feet and that of the latter only 2 feet. The teak
+seedlings are beginning to outstrip the indigenous trees in the
+locality.
+
+The mixture of these two trees, as far as can be judged, has been a
+great success. For, by the persistent foliage of the Khaya falling to
+the ground at a different period to that of the teak, the necessary
+protection to the soil, when the teak-trees are leafless, is thus given,
+and the Khaya (Mahogany) benefits by being drawn up by the quickly
+growing teak, and in both cases there is less tendency to form strong
+side branches.
+
+With the advent of the proposed railway, the timber in this locality
+will be of great value; but even without this advantage the present
+value is at least £1,000.
+
+The planting scheme contemplated is enormous, and includes an area of
+96,000 acres. An actual start has been made with 295 acres.
+
+It is an interesting fact that the mixed plantations in the
+afforestation areas have nearly all been made by the Forest Department,
+and the pure plantations by the Commissioners at the District Stations.
+
+Approximately 300 acres are composed of mixed plantations and 256 of
+pure plantations.
+
+The following mixed plantations are found in the Haho-Baloë
+afforestation area:
+
+ (1) Sasswood and Teak.
+
+ (2) Sasswood, Teak and Mahogany, _Khaya senegalensis_.
+
+ (3) Sasswood, Teak and _Khaya Klainii_.
+
+ (4) Sasswood, Afzelia and _Cynometra Afzelia_.
+
+ (5) Sasswood and _Afzelia Africana_.
+
+ (6) Sasswood, _Khaya Senegalensis_ and _Afzelia Africana_.
+
+ (7) Sasswood and _Khaya Klainii_.
+
+The most profitable mixture of all these is the teak, _Khaya Klainii_
+and Sasswood, though all have something in their favour.
+
+These mixed forests need much attention, as one species frequently
+outgrows another, one suppressing the other, and the mixture
+consequently no longer existing. More European supervision is required
+to remove suppressed or crooked trees.
+
+
+ III. DISTRICT PLANTATIONS.
+
+
+Avenues of trees suitable for street-planting have been largely made in
+Lome. The _Terminalia catappa_ (almond-tree) is one of the most useful
+trees for this purpose; at least 12 feet of the stems are quite free
+from branches, and thus the trees cannot harbour many insects.
+
+The coconut, though made use of for this purpose, is not so suitable, as
+it lacks height-growth; the Dracæna also, which does not improve the
+roadside, and a species of Ficus, probably _platyphylla_, which loses
+its foliage in the dry season, are neither of them a success. Near the
+Government House a large number of _Casuarina equisitifolia_ have been
+planted; these have flourished well, as they can stand the ocean wind
+blowing almost continuously at Lome.
+
+In the Experimental Gardens, which are situated 80 feet above sea-level,
+there are many interesting varieties.
+
+The soil, a mixture of very poor sand with a great deal of iron, is not
+favourable to height-growth of the teak (_Tectona grandis_); the seeds,
+though in great quantities, are small and ill-developed. The mahogany,
+too, showed poor height and girth growth, the locality was evidently not
+suitable for it. Other trees that did not seem to thrive were _Cedrela
+odorata_, the Cigar-box Cedar Tree, _Pithecolobium dulcis_, _Funtumia
+elastica_, Bread-fruit, _Artocarpus incisa_, _Ficus Vogelii_, _Borassus
+flabellifer_, _Bixa orellana_, _Acacia catechu_, _Casuarina
+equisitifolia_, _Manihot Glaziovii_ and _Manihot dichotoma_; but the oil
+palms, _Elæis Guineensis_, and _Ficus elastica_ were doing exceeding
+well and were of a healthy green colour. Bamboos and the usual tropical
+fruits had also been planted. The Kapok tree (_Ceiba pentandra_
+according to German botanists, and _Eriodendron Nigericum_ according to
+Kew botanists), which has been planted too far apart, has made very
+little growth.
+
+Under the guidance of the Director I visited the Agricultural School at
+Nuatja, 50 miles from Lome. Experimental work of all kinds was carried
+on here. In the nurseries were to be found Kapok, _Ceiba pentandra_,
+cotton and oil palms. In a machinery shed were a cotton gin and press,
+and husking machines for other seed. Lectures are given early in the
+year, and as the season advances practical work takes their place.
+
+A great drawback to the extension of the Atakpame District plantations
+(95 miles from Lome) is the shortness of labour, as the natives pay
+their tax instead of working.
+
+The main plantations have been made on the east side of the station, on
+a slope facing south. Teak has been very largely planted here, no less
+than 25,400 seedlings since 1901, when the work was started. Others are
+_Treculia Africana_, African Bread-fruit, Sasswood, _Mimusops
+multinervis_, the hard red wood of the Olokomeji Reserve, Kapok, _Ceiba
+pentandra_, and Cashew Nuts. A new Piptadenia, named _Kerstingii_ after
+Dr. Kersting, was tried, but most of the plants died. An avenue of
+_Eucalyptus citrifolia_, with its delicate foliage, has developed well
+and fully deserves mention.
+
+The teak has grown well everywhere, except in a small swampy area, where
+the trees look unhealthy. The very large crops of seeds during the last
+three years have caused the height-growth to fall off in comparison with
+earlier years.
+
+Most of the trees are planted too far apart, but nevertheless, seeing
+the whole hillside, east of the station, covered with a teak forest
+produces a very wonderful effect on the mind.
+
+If the teak alone is taken as a basis of valuation, the total value
+cannot be less than £2,500.
+
+The Sokode District plantations have a great advantage over those at
+Atakpame, as tax labour has been used almost entirely and the population
+is much larger than elsewhere. As soon as an experiment with regard to
+agricultural crops, fruit and forest trees proved satisfactory,
+plantations were at once made.
+
+The orchards, farms and plantations begin on the south-east slope of the
+hillside, round the station to the south, finishing to the west and
+north-west of the office building. The plantations occur between the
+altitude of 1,000 and 1,260 feet. The variations of soil are very
+remarkable, from poor laterite to rich loam, from sand to swamp; but it
+is not to be wondered at, when the large area is taken into account.
+
+As at nearly all the other stations, teak has been the most extensively
+planted tree, some 81,000 seedlings having been set out on an area of
+115·9 acres. Oil palms have also been planted in great numbers. These
+are set some distance apart to get the full benefit of the sun and
+develop large crowns and stems. Some of the other species planted are:
+_Khaya Senegalensis_, Iroko, _Funtumia elastica_, _Ficus elastica_,
+Ceara Rubber, _Para_, _Hevea Braziliensis_, _Manihot dichotoma_,
+_Manihot heptaphylla_ and _Manihot Pianhyensis_. Three or four species
+only of the following trees: _Albizzia Cæsalpinia_, including _Sappan_,
+_Cassia florida_, _Cedrela odorata_, _Berlinia Kerstingii_, _Ceiba
+pentandra_, _Detarium Senegalense_, _Diospyros mespiliformis_,
+_Anogeissus leiocarpus_, Eucalyptus, _Melia azedarach_, _Morinda
+citrifolia_, _Ormosia laxiflora_, _Parkia Africana_, _Pentadesma
+Kerstingii_, _Poinciana regia_, _Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_, _Pterocarpus
+erinaceus_ and _Aspidosperma Quebracho_.
+
+The mixed plantations are not very plentiful, but teak and oil palms
+have been planted together, though not systematically, and have proved a
+very profitable mixture, which is worthy of notice here. In its early
+years the oil palm is a shade-bearing tree, so that the shade of the
+teak does not hinder its growth. In the oil-bearing season the teak is
+leafless, which is beneficial to the formation of fruit in the oil palm.
+The dense foliage of the oil palm kills the adventitious shoots or side
+branches of the teak, so rendering pruning unnecessary. In the dry
+season the soil is protected most thoroughly by the evergreen foliage of
+the oil palm, and its masses of small roots conserve the moisture of the
+soil, while the wide-spreading roots of the teak allow the surface water
+to run away. For instance, teak and Iroko are not so suitable a mixture,
+as they both cast their leaves at the same time, though when planted
+together the teak tends to accelerate the height-growth of the Iroko,
+and also keeps it freer from the attacks of the gall bug.
+
+If space permitted, many more instances of the advantage and
+disadvantage of these mixtures might be given.
+
+Orchards have been largely planted at Sokode too. Oranges, limes,
+tangerines and _Cola vera_ have done well, and the _Spondias dulcis_
+yields very large fruit. The date palms have not yet fruited. Fibre
+plants, including sisal hemp, and the Panama palms seem to be growing
+well; fibre for Panama hats is obtained from this palm.
+
+A substation of Sokode, Bassari, was my next stopping place. The station
+is situated on the northern side of the mountain, overlooking the valley
+of the River Kamaa. The plantations, with the exception of the _Ficus
+elastica_, which is 200 feet higher up, are all planted below the
+station. The approximate altitude is 1,350 feet above sea-level.
+
+The following species have been most extensively planted: Teak, Oil
+Palms, Afzelia, _Khaya Senegalense_, Iroko, Ebony, Kapok, _Funtumia_,
+_Ficus elastica_, _Manihot heptaphylla_, _Manihot Pianhyensis_,
+_Aspidosperma Quebracho_, _Cæsalpinia Sappan_ and _Cassia florida_.
+Large orchards had been made, and these contained tangerines, lemon and
+many other kinds of tropical fruits; and very fine specimens of
+Eucalyptus trees showed how suitable this locality was for them.
+
+About 200,000 trees have been planted here within ten years.
+
+Funtumia, when planted with teak, grows well in this area, as the shade
+of the teak is beneficial to it; but planted alone, the leaves become a
+poor colour and drop prematurely. The same thing is noticeable when
+planted with mahogany.
+
+In the case of Ebony, one of the knottiest forestry problems of Europe,
+viz. that of finding suitable trees for admixture, has been solved. Many
+of them died when planted pure, but the gaps being filled with teak, the
+ebony seedlings, put into competition with this fast-growing tree, have
+been “drawn” up quicker than they would have otherwise grown, and have
+done remarkably well.
+
+The most northerly station that I visited was Jendi, approximately on
+latitude 9·30, at an altitude of 640 feet above sea-level. The method of
+planting was slightly different at Jendi, agricultural crops being grown
+for three years between the rows of forest-tree seeds, only the oil
+palms and teaks being planted out as one-year seedlings from the
+nursery.
+
+Besides these two species, _Khaya Senegalensis_, _Afzelia Africana_,
+Date Palms, Ceara Rubber, and Rambong Rubber have also been planted.
+Altogether 457,200 seedlings are growing.
+
+As firewood alone is worth 3d. a bundle, timber of all kinds is very
+valuable in this locality, the teak plantation alone being worth £200.
+
+Kete-Kratschi, the station adjoining Jendi and overlooking the Volta
+Valley, is a specially interesting one, because it was started by Graf
+Zech, the late Governor of Togo, who was so desirous of seeing
+plantations made everywhere. At this station the plantations were first
+made half a mile away, and these have done better than the later ones
+planted to the east of the station.
+
+Teak has been largely planted, and considering the poor soil and low
+rainfall, has done remarkably well. For the first time a parasite in the
+shape of a species of Loranthus was found growing on the upper branches
+of two large teak-trees, but no diminution in the growth of the teak was
+noticeable. Afzelia, _Khaya Klainii_ and _Khaya Senegalensis_ have been
+planted in large numbers, and experiments made with _Albizzia lebbek_,
+_Poinciana regia_, _Acacia catechu_ and _Ceiba pentandra_. A few oil
+palms and Casuarinas have found a place in the plantations. Eight miles
+from the Volta Valley is the station of Pfandu, situated on an open,
+isolated hill with a sheer cliff to the east and sloping gradually away
+to the north-west and south.
+
+The only variation here in the planting system was that Cassada was
+largely used as an agricultural crop between the rows of tree seedlings,
+which were put in the year after the Cassada had been planted. Though
+the Cassada afforded a shade for the young seedlings, the latter did not
+seem to show sufficient growth to warrant a further trial of the system.
+The teak especially thrives here, the tree having reached a height of 36
+feet and a girth of 14 inches, and these trees have already been felled
+for house-building purposes. The plantation is valued at £550.
+
+Ceara rubber is now being tapped on a large scale. Sasswood,
+_Erythrophlœum Guineense_, Iroko, Oil Palms, and _Funtumia elastica_
+have been planted in large numbers, and a few Afzelias, _Diospyros
+mespiliformis_ and Kapok trees.
+
+The hill station of Misahöhe overlooks the valley of the Chedscho and
+Agu, with the highest mountain in Togo opposite. The people have means
+to pay the tax here, so labour is scarce and prisoners are employed in
+keeping the plantations clean. The altitude of the highest plantation is
+1,800 feet above sea-level. _Manihot Glaziovii_ has been planted in
+greater numbers than any other tree; next comes Teak, then Para Rubber,
+of which one had been tapped with satisfactory results, _Funtumia
+elastica_, Oil Palms, _Khaya Klainii_, Sasswood and _Cola vera_. Small
+plantations of _Ficus elastica_, Cocoa and _Anogeissus leiocarpus_ have
+also been made. One curious mixture was seen, Teak and _Cola vera_; the
+teak-trees tended to grow much faster, and the Cola benefited by the
+shade.
+
+The most northerly and the driest stations are Sansane Mangu and
+Kalangasshi, where I was told 1,037 acres had been planted with Teak,
+_Khaya Senegalensis_, Ceara Rubber and Afzelia. It is proposed to form
+the third afforestation area of 15,000 acres at Kalangasshi.
+
+In smaller quantities are to be found the Locust Bean, _Parkia
+filicoidea_, _Manihot Glaziovii_, Shea Butter, Iroko, _Ficus elastica_,
+Oil Palms, _Funtumia elastica_, _Afzelia Africana_ and Kapok. Some teak
+and a few other trees had been planted at Bismarckburg, an old
+substation to Kete-Kratschi, and the same varieties at Ho, a substation
+to Misahöhe.
+
+I was unable to obtain figures as to the number of trees planted at the
+above three stations, but teak is reported to be doing well at them all.
+
+In addition to the species of indigenous trees planted, and also
+introduced, species such as Teak, _Tectona grandis_, and many others
+have been planted on a small scale.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.—=Chlorophora excelsa, 1911.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.—=Five-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.—=Five-year-old Khaya Senegalensis, 1911.=]
+
+ To face p. 126.
+
+
+ IV. NOTES ON INDIGENOUS TREES
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus Togoensis_. Kpa (Ewe).
+
+ 6½ feet in height.
+
+ _Pandanus Kerstingii_. Abá (Tschaudjo).
+
+ 32½ feet in height.
+
+
+=Gramineæ.=
+
+ _Oxytenanthera Abyssinica_.
+
+ Bamboo. 19½ feet to 26 feet in height.
+
+ _Andropogon Sorghum_. Wo (Ewe).
+
+ Used in broom-making and roof-covering.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_. Ala (Ewe); Taro (Tschaudjo); Kpakó (Anago); Ollo
+ (Akposso).
+
+ Leaves used for brooms and brushes, mats, baskets, weaving, etc.
+
+ _Phœnix spinosa_ or _Phœnix reclinata_.
+
+ 32½ feet high. Leaves, weaving nets, etc.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_.
+
+ Oil palm. Covering for roofs from leaves.
+
+ Weaving of all kinds, coco fibre, carpets, brushes. Nuts.
+
+ _Borassus flabelliformis_ or _Hyphæne Togoensis_, _Hyphæne coriaceæ_.
+
+ Plaiting for hats, nets, etc.
+
+ _Carludovica palmata_.
+
+
+=Flagellariaceæ.=
+
+ _Flagellaria indica_ L.
+
+ The tough outer stems used as ropes.
+
+
+=Bromeliaceæ.=
+
+ _Ananas_. Atóto (Ewe).
+
+ An attempt has been made to bring the Togo pineapple into the markets,
+ but without success. Fibre much used in weaving, etc.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ ——: Dzogbeblôbe (Ewe).
+
+ _Sansevieria Guineensis_. Baugbaningbamu (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Long, flat leaves, 4⅞ feet long. Fibres useful in commerce. Bowstring
+ hemp.
+
+ _Sansevieria cylindrica_.
+
+ 6½ feet long. Fibres useful in commerce. Bowstring hemp.
+
+ _Aloe Barteri_.
+
+ _Aloe Buettneri_.
+
+ Fibre from leaves of both Aloes.
+
+
+=Amaryllidaceæ.=
+
+ _Agave Sisalana_.
+
+ _Mauritius hemp_.
+
+ Both have been introduced into Togo. Fibre used in weaving.
+
+
+=Taccaceæ.=
+
+ _Tacca pinnatifida_. Dzogbenyabo (Ewe); Ludjŭ́ (Tschaudjo); Bōti
+ (Dyakossi).
+
+ Used as a vegetable, having tubers like a potato, about the size of
+ the fist. Leaves much divided. Fibres used in weaving all sorts of
+ articles.
+
+
+=Musaceæ.=
+
+ _Wild bananas_.
+
+ Mohammedan rosaries are made from the seeds.
+
+ _Musa textilis_.
+
+ Fibre much used.
+
+
+=Marantaceæ.=
+
+ _Aframomum_.
+
+ Leaves for roofs.
+
+ _Clinogyne flexuosa_. Fita (Haussa); dworom (Asante).
+
+ Leaves used in paper-making.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Celtis Prantlii_.
+
+ Dwarf variety. Bark fibre very much used.
+
+ _Celtis integrifolia_. Tyentyem (Mangu); Diki (Haussa); Kokojắ (Losso);
+ Patakli (Atakpame).
+
+ 130 to 162½ feet high. Wood not very good.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Logo asagu (Ewe); Ssäre (Tschaudjo); Ukloba
+ (Akposso); Odum (Asante); Sserre (Kratschi); Roco (Dahomey).
+
+ 130 to 195 feet high. From 39 to 65 feet in circumference. One of the
+ highest trees in the Colony. One of the most useful trees of West
+ Africa for building purposes and furniture.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_.
+
+ 65 feet in height. The wood very light, sometimes takes the place of
+ cork. Wood used for cigar boxes, also sometimes in cellulose
+ factories.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Avogolo or awogolu (Ewe).
+
+ _Myrianthus serratus_.
+
+ Like horse chestnut in appearance; orange flowers. Wood brittle, used
+ for fences.
+
+ _Antiaris Africana_ (syn. _Antiaris toxicaria_). Logo (Ewe); Ssäre
+ (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Fruit fig-like.
+
+ _Ficus grandicarpa_. Furu (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Milky juice oozes from bark when cut. 65 feet in height. Bark smooth;
+ regular branching. Figs gathered in March.
+
+ _Ficus vallis choudæ_.
+
+ _Ficus exasperata_. Fola (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus bembicicarpa_. Kedā (Tschaudjo).
+
+ There are about 30 varieties of figs.
+
+ _Ficus lutea_.
+
+ _Ficus rokko_. Kedā (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus tiliifolia_. Adyokŭkola (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus umbrosa_. Tisemu (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus djurensis_. Tura (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Ficus brachypus_. Ebö (Ewe); Bauri (Haussa).
+
+ Reddish bark. Wood heavy.
+
+ _Ficus tesselata_.
+
+ _Ficus dusenoides_.
+
+ _Ficus Togoensis_.
+
+ _Ficus sokodensis_.
+
+
+=Proteaceæ.=
+
+ _Faurea speciosa_.
+
+ _Protea Bismarckii_. Düdürede (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Wood yellowish-red in colour, used for furniture. Height 32½ feet.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Ximenia Americana_.
+
+ Yellow heartwood resembles the scented white sandalwood.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Uvaria chamæ_. Agbana (Ewe); Pereng (Kabure); Liasá (Atakpame);
+ Padiivīn (Difale).
+
+ Small tree with edible fruit. Wood greyish-brown, fairly heavy.
+
+ _Cleistopholis patens_. Baledia or Welengéle (Tschaudjo); Nuso or Aru
+ (Atakpame).
+
+ Height 32½ feet to 65 feet. Wood light—used for barrels and drums—of a
+ grey colour.
+
+ _Hexalobus monopetalus_. Tschabola buanda (Tschaudjo); Tumbalaka
+ (Atakpame).
+
+ Grows to large tree in Gallery Forests—small in Savannah. No trial of
+ wood made yet.
+
+ _Xylopia æthiopica_. Tso (Ewe); Ssosi (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Light yellow wood of flexible nature, used for masts of boats.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_. Tschabolabunda (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Root wood takes place of cork.
+
+ _Xylopia Eminii_. Akatapuressosi (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Fairly large tree, wood reddish, used for furniture.
+
+ _Anona sp._
+
+ Root wood of all the species forms a substitute for cork.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_. Óbala (Atakpame).
+
+ Soft wood. Used in box-making.
+
+
+=Capparidaceæ.=
+
+ _Cratæva religiosa_. Anamolum (Tschaudjo); Dengma (Mangu); Tschengunga
+ (Asante). Wood can be turned easily—like boxwood in appearance.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium curatellifolium_. Molemṓle (Tschaudjo); Insofaniwŏche
+ (Mangu); Pótepote (Kratschi); Yafo (Kpedyi).
+
+ Trees of stunted appearance in Savannah, but growing higher in better
+ soil. Wood is oak-like and very hard—uniform texture. Used for wooden
+ pegs or pins, and other purposes in building, when durability is
+ important.
+
+ _Parinarium subcordatum_. Bende noso (Tschaudjo); Insuopangi (Mangu);
+ Pekĭre (Losso).
+
+ Used for rafters in roofs by the natives of Mangu.
+
+ _Parinarium polyandrum_. Bende noso (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Parinarium mobola_.
+
+ Never attains any great height.
+
+ _Parinarium Kerstingii_.
+
+ Attains much greater height than the last, a tree worthy of notice.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Albizzia Brownii_. Pangalan (Tschaudjo); Kokpara (Atakpame).
+
+ Large, handsome forest tree, with greyish-green cracked bark. Wood
+ fairly hard. Light sapwood, dark brownish heartwood.
+
+ _Albizzia Angolensis_. Atikuzẽ (Ewe). Kŭpaussŭto (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Height 97½ feet. Diameter 4⅞ feet.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_. Asihuë (Atakpame).
+
+ The Albizzias are all proof against the termites on account of their
+ hardness. Wood of _A. fastigiata_ used for the felloes of wheels.
+
+ _Acacia catechu_.
+
+ _Acacia Arabica_. Magarua or Bagarua (Hausa).
+
+ About 19½ feet in height. Characteristic tree of the Steppe north of
+ Oti. Numerous.
+
+ _Acacia suma_. Gudjápūpŭ or Gudzawuwu (Ewe); Chrinika (Atakpame).
+
+ Height 32½ feet. Yellowish-white wood, heavy and very hard; used for
+ agricultural implements.
+
+ _Dichrostachys nutans_. Ssossōsi (Tschaudjo); Beniti (Agome).
+
+ Hard wood—dark heartwood, almost black—used for making walking-sticks.
+
+ _Prosopis oblonga_. Akä́ka (Ewe); Pato (Tschaudjo); Pangi (Mangu); Kaki
+ (Atakpame); Kpánenã (Kratschi).
+
+ Hard wood—termite-proof. Young branches used for handles of axes and
+ hatchets.
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thoningii_. Prékese (Ewe).
+
+ A stately tree, only known in Akposso at present. The wood not yet
+ much used.
+
+ _Piptadenia Kerstingii_. Kapaussuto (Kabure).
+
+ Huge tree—stands singly. Blossoms in January, when it is leafless.
+ Fruit appears in April.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_. Alagbáta (Atakpame).
+
+ Wood doubtless of great value.
+
+ _Entada Abyssinica_. Ondutu (Tschaudjo); Kiria (Hausa); Ketschikantscha
+ (Kratschi).
+
+ Tree stunted, leafless in the dry season. Wood spongy, not of much
+ value.
+
+ _Entada scandens_. Klokpakpa (Ewe).
+
+ The well-known Liana, with husks 3¼ feet long, growing abundantly in
+ the coast provinces. The fibre is much used in the making of nets,
+ ropes, etc.
+
+ _Parkia Africana_. Wo (Ewe); Ssuto (Tschaudjo); Dorana (Haussa) Soroño
+ (Asante); Gotschö́ne (Kratschi).
+
+ Height 65 feet. The hard, heavy, pale yellowish wood, locustwood of
+ Sierra Leone. In commerce known as Caindah wood.
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_. Ena (Atakpame).
+
+ Grows plentifully on the coast of Atakpame.
+
+ _Parkia biglobosa_.
+
+ Height 97½ feet. Bark from a clear grey to dark brown, much furrowed.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Tsa (Ewe); Kekëū (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Wood much valued for its heartwood and because of its rarity.
+ Withstands the attacks of termites, and therefore much used in house
+ and ship building, wheels for gun-carriages, etc. Takes a foremost
+ place in export of wood.
+
+ _Burkea Africana_. Tschĭ́sili (Tschaudjo); Kiriandutschi (Haussa);
+ Esseresu opĭrimú (Asante); Atakpla (Atakpame); Kinkiri (Kratschi).
+
+ Height 78 feet. Broad crown. Leaves covered with silky hairs; wood
+ used by the natives for sword handles.
+
+ _Cynometra megalophylla_. Agumuắ (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Found in the coast forests.
+
+ _Cynometra Afzelii_.
+
+ _Cynometra sp._
+
+ _Detarium microcarpum_. Depapātē (Tschaudjo); Naparli (Mangu); Kökpakpa
+ (Kratschi); Záklu (Misahöhe).
+
+ A very heavy wood of a brown colour. Used in boat-building.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalense_.
+
+ Has a larger fruit than the _D. microcarpum_. A beautifully marked
+ hard wood. Grows to a great height. Found exclusively on the coast.
+
+ _Detarium Guineense_.
+
+ _Tamarindus indica_. Keditia (Tschaudjo); Samia (Haussa); Tamarese
+ (Asante); Kö́pu (Kratschi).
+
+ Grows near farms and in the prairies. A clear-coloured wood—very heavy
+ to work; will not float in water; used for mill-wheels, powder coal,
+ etc.
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_. Papac (Ewe); Welu (Tschaudjo); Apakka (Anago);
+ Ukpami (Akposso); Kao (Haussa); Papau (Asante); Kebarre (Kratschi);
+ Kpakpa (Fõ).
+
+ Height 48¾ feet. A very beautifully marked wood. Proof against attacks
+ of termites; much valued in building and for table-making, also
+ mortars for crushing yams.
+
+ _Daniellia thurifera_. Lipiti or Dsati (Ewe); Tschato (Tschaudjo);
+ Orokpo (Anago); Auwolo (Akposso); Masche (Haussa); Saingja (Asante);
+ Kenjang (Kratschi); Sa (Fõ).
+
+ Height from 65 to 97½ feet. Common in the prairies. The sapwood is
+ white, and the heartwood reddish and very hard. Barrels are made from
+ it.
+
+ _Berlinia Heudelotiana_. Ademá or Baba (Ewe); Buda͡u (Tschaudjo);
+ Kochoá (Kratschi).
+
+ Large tree with white showy flowers, growing on banks of rivers. Heavy
+ wood of light brown colour. Only of secondary importance.
+
+ _Berlinia Kerstingii_. Tau (Tschaudjo).
+
+ 65 to 97½ feet high, grows on open prairie. Wood used for rafters in
+ house-building.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_.
+
+ _Berlinia tomentosa_.
+
+ _Bauhinia reticulata_. Klo (Ewe); Bākū (Tschaudjo); Nyama (Mangu);
+ Okokotaka (Asante); Tamenasi (Atakpame); Aklō (Anecho).
+
+ Fairly heavy wood of dirty brown colour, easily worked. Very plentiful
+ in the prairies.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_. Zigbli or Toë (Ewe); Madŭ́ (Atakpame).
+
+ 32½ to 48¾ feet high, valued as a wood for building, known as Black
+ Tumbler or Velvet Tamarind on the market.
+
+ _Distemonanthus Benthamianus_.
+
+ One of the hardest woods of Togo, a gigantic tree.
+
+ _Cassia Sieberiana_. Gagamagati (Ewe); Tschamanu (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Grows best on dry, stony parts of the prairie. Light brown wood,
+ extraordinarily hard, proof against termites. When burnt it causes
+ headache.
+
+ _Swartzia Madagascariensis_. Subando (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A small tree growing by river banks and on the prairies. Heartwood
+ reddish black.
+
+ _Cordyla Africana_. Kessing (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Wood used in table-making.
+
+ _Ormosia laxiflora_. Kedeleā or Kodoleā (Tschaudjo); Kokoro or Golloklo
+ (Mangu); Obri (Asante); Kekpili (Kratschi); Akũgre (Kpedyi).
+
+ Beautiful clear brown wood, used by the natives for building. It is
+ termite-proof.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_.
+
+ A small slender tree. Tons of the wood are sent yearly to England as
+ red dye-wood.
+
+ _Milletia atite_. Atite (Ewe); Sso abalu (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Spread through all the colonies. Wood very uniformly marked of clear
+ yellowish-white.
+
+ _Pterocarpus erinaceus_. Doti (Ewe); Tim (Tschaudjo); Segbe (Mangu);
+ Keleyu (Kratschi).
+
+ Used as a red dye. Height 65 feet. Very heavy wood of reddish-brown
+ colour. Sold as teak—one of the best woods of commerce.
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_. Keruwowo (Tschaudjo); Futu (Kirikiri).
+
+ Smaller tree than the last, found in prairies. Wood fairly heavy and
+ yellowish-white.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_. Lo (Ewe); Bäbäle (Atakpame); Alobla (Kpedyi).
+
+ Found in prairies and terrace woods. Flowers reddish-violet. Wood not
+ well known.
+
+ _Derris Stuhlmanii_. Tschaloware (Tschaudjo); Bembu (Mangu).
+
+ Height 32½ feet. Hard, yellowish-white wood.
+
+ _Andira inermis_.
+
+ Fairly large mountain tree. The Cabbage Tree of the W. Indies. Hard,
+ yellowish-white wood. The partridge wood of commerce.
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalensis_. Yrewo (Ewe); Nyimu (Mangu); Baklesu
+ (Atakpame).
+
+ Slender tree 32½ feet in height. Bark deeply cleft, cork-like, and
+ thorny. Wood very light and useful in many ways.
+
+ _Dalbergia melanoxylon_. Atiyi (Ewe).
+
+ The heartwood is almost hard as iron, proof against attacks of
+ insects. Used for pillars and piles, also in the making of musical
+ instruments.
+
+ _Brachystegia spicæformis_.
+
+ _Macrolobium stipulaceum_.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_.
+
+
+=Zygophyllaceæ.=
+
+ _Balanites Ægyptiaca_. Kunjanapcule (Mangu); Gushiocho (Kratschi).
+
+ Height 19½ to 26 feet. A beautiful golden brown wood, used in the
+ making of ploughs, clubs, sticks.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Fagara zanthoxyloides_. Eché or Alãfe (Ewe); Kelengma͡u (Tschaudjo);
+ Polu-Dyenye (Mangu); Tigu Schirafinsa (Mangu); Ata (Anago); Uche
+ (Akposso); Che (Fõ); Klongbaŭ (Tim).
+
+ A fairly large tree of the prairie. In appearance like an apple-tree.
+ Bark rough and knotty.
+
+ _Limonia Warneckei_. Kugŏ́nu (Tschaudjo); Nguni (Kabure); Tyanka or
+ Hogogo (Atakpame).
+
+ Wood light yellow, uniform, hard, and very heavy.
+
+ _Limonia Preussii_.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Hannoa undulata_. Dikbere (Tschaudjo); Yayabé (Mangu); Kelantori
+ (Kratschi).
+
+ The wood is of a light greyish-white colour, fairly heavy.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Khaya Senegalensis_. Frimu (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A large tree sometimes attaining a height of 130 feet and over. 13¼
+ feet in diameter. Has a beautiful surface; is most useful in commerce
+ for furniture, carriages, cases for microscopes, etc. The fruit is
+ about the size of an apple, with four valves and four rows of flat
+ seeds.
+
+ _Khaya Klainii_.
+
+ The seed vessel has five valves, and the fruit is larger than the
+ last. Known as the African or Gambia mahogany of commerce.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_. Alu (Ewe); Dituturi (Tschaudjo); Krŭbete
+ (Asante); Kedemponasi (Kratschi).
+
+ 65 feet in height. The wood is of a greyish colour, serviceable in
+ building and furniture industry. The natives use it for drums and
+ barrels.
+
+ _Carapa procera_.
+
+ Not much known, though used in Senegambia as a building mahogany.
+
+ _Melia Azedarach_.
+
+ A small, much cultivated tree; the purplish blue flowers are like the
+ Spanish elder. The sapwood whitish, the heartwood reddish. Easy to
+ work; used in the making of furniture.
+
+ _Ekebergia Senegalensis_. Frimŭabalŭ́ (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A large tree growing in the mountainous districts. Wood light yellow
+ and fairly heavy, and uniform texture.
+
+ _Trichilia emetica_. Adyanyapesō (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Trichilia Prieuriana_. Dilifū (Tschaudjo).
+
+ These two are small trees, fairly easy to work, of a light yellowish-
+ coloured wood.
+
+
+=Polygalaceæ.=
+
+ _Securidaca longepedunculata_. Foji (Tschaudjo); Dyōro (Dyakossi); Ua
+ magungŭ́na (Haussa); Atakpati (Atakpame).
+
+ Small tree. A strong useful fibre obtained from the small branches.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Phyllanthus discoideus_. Kongkonga (Tschaudjo); Dantivi (Atakpame);
+ Kamfuắ (Bagu).
+
+ A tall primeval forest tree—occasional clumps in the villages. Hard
+ heavy wood of a beautiful red colour.
+
+ _Hymenocardia acida_. Adudze (Ewe); Atidje (Atakpame).
+
+ The wood is fairly hard, light brown, with the year-rings clearly
+ marked. Very brittle, so only fit for firewood.
+
+ _Hymenocardia ulmoides_. Taboia (Atakpame); Bälä (Afem).
+
+ Height 130 to 162½ feet.
+
+ _Uapaca Togoensis_. Egba (Ewe); Kidgeling (Tschaudjo); Nagudi
+ (Atakpame).
+
+ A prairie tree of medium size. Beautiful brown-coloured wood; used for
+ firewood.
+
+ _Uapaca Heudelotii_. Oli (Atakpame).
+
+ Grows in the terraced woods. Useful in building.
+
+ _Alchornea cordifolia_. Tschufṓu (Tschaudjo); Awowlo (Atakpame).
+
+ A small prairie tree. The hollow twigs are used in pipe-making.
+
+ _Sapium Guineense_.
+
+ _Sapium Kerstingii_.
+
+ _Sapium Mannianum_.
+
+ These three trees are not of much importance.
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_.
+
+ Vegetable oils and fats obtained from this tree. The wood is soft and
+ used for fuel.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Mangifera Indica_.
+
+ Mango tree. A greyish wood, useful for building purposes.
+
+ _Anacardium occidentale_. Atisiā (Ewe).
+
+ Reddish, fairly hard wood, used in boat-building, also for charcoal.
+
+ _Spondias lutea_. Kinyelu (Tschaudjo); Akiko or Agliko (Atakpame);
+ Nayile (Konkomba).
+
+ Tall, slender tree. The fruit is edible, yellow, and downy. Abundant
+ in the prairies, now introduced in many localities. Bright-coloured
+ wood, fairly hard and heavy.
+
+ _Pseudospondias microcarpa_. Onyangba (Atakpame).
+
+ Stately tree, 65 feet in height. Nothing is known of the wood.
+
+ _Lannea acida_. Eknalokpoe (Ewe); Käla (Tschaudjo); Tyĕtĕbu (Mangu);
+ Asogedaka (Atakpame).
+
+ A common tree in the prairies. The greyish hard wood is used by the
+ natives for arm-rings, chairs, etc.
+
+ _Lannea Barteri_. Tingbatau or Patandeu (Tschaudjo); Bēnature (Mangu);
+ Akú (Atakpame.)
+
+ This tree has a characteristic spiral bark. It grows to a height of 65
+ feet, with reddish edible fruit.
+
+ _Hæmatostaphis Barteri_.
+
+ Has a beautiful fruit of a delicious flavour, the blood-plum of Sierra
+ Leone. The wood has not yet been tried.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.—=Teak Plantation made in 1907 at Pfandu, in
+1911.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.—=Khaya Klaineana, 17 feet in girth, Misahohe
+Station.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.—=Corner of a 1907 Teak Plantation, Pfandu, in
+1911.=]
+
+ To face p. 136.
+
+ _Heeria insignis_.
+
+ The wood is much valued in the making of specially good furniture.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Adza or Adja (Ewe); Peso (Tschaudjo); Aki (Asante);
+ Keká (Kratschi).
+
+ The wood is light yellow, not of any value. Planted near houses as an
+ orchard tree, and also for its shade. 97½ feet in height.
+
+ _Eriocœlum Kerstingii_. Nimwau Pesō (Tschaudjo); Yevo-Gboma (Atakpame).
+
+ 97½ feet in height in the coast forests. A good furniture and building
+ wood.
+
+ _Talisiopsis oliviformis_. Waogbŭ́m (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Perhaps identical with _Zanha golungensis_. 65 to 97½ feet high, with
+ reddish bark. Wood used for furniture and building. The fruit is
+ downy, of an orange colour, and edible.
+
+ _Allophyllus Africanus_. Weti (Atakpame); Kōtīa (Yendi).
+
+ A small bushy tree. The wood used for cleaning the teeth. Useful for
+ working in many ways.
+
+
+=Melianthaceæ.=
+
+ _Bersama Doeringii_.
+
+ This tree has aerial roots. The blossoms in long bunches of white
+ flowers.
+
+
+=Rhamnaceæ.=
+
+ _Zizyphus Jujuba_.
+
+ A small shrub-like tree with edible berries. The wood is used in
+ saddle-making and for agricultural implements.
+
+ _Zizyphus mucronatus_. Pangbaïngu (Tschaudjo); Sausanyebui (Mangu).
+
+ The wood is used in wagon-building.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Grewia gigantiflora_. Adzadze (Ewe); Tolábŭ (Atakpame).
+
+ _Grewia villosa_. Adzadze (Ewe); Yumba (Mangu).
+
+ The natives use the wood for handles of spears.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Thespesia populnea_.
+
+ The sap-wood is a bright red, and the hard heartwood a dark red; used
+ for carriage-building and furniture.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Bombax Buonopozense_. Fulṓ or Folṓ (Tschaudjo); Sanbúgo (Mangu).
+
+ Grows on high ground and also by the streams. Height about 162½ feet.
+ A marvellous sight when covered with its crimson blossoms. The bark is
+ smooth and bright grey, with rough cracked appearance. Of small
+ account in commerce.
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_. Adido (Ewe); Kuka (Haussa); Dádie (Asante); Kelle
+ (Kratschi).
+
+ Called also bread-fruit tree.
+
+ _Ceiba pentandra_. Wu (Ewe); Komu (Tschaudjo); Ogu (Anago); Ju
+ (Akposso); Huti (Fõ).
+
+ Wood little used, though it should be valuable in the cellulose
+ factories.
+
+ _Eriodendron Nigericum_.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_. Akplẽ or Loloẽ (Ewe); Kaderabobo (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Sterculia tomentosa_. Akpoklo or Bofuti (Ewe); Modetu (Tschaudjo);
+ Bolusila (Mangu); Oduduku (Atakpame); Kelipotu (Kratschi); Apokpo
+ (Anecho).
+
+ _Sterculia oblonga_.
+
+ The wood of these three trees is soft and of little value. The fibre
+ strong and tough. Tree medium height.
+
+ _Cola cordifolia_. Uuti (Ewe); Dagbongbore (Tschaudjo); Nutssunutssu
+ (Anago); Anwolo (Akposso); Eussŭ́ (Misahöhe).
+
+ A huge tree of the Gallery Forests, also found singly near villages.
+ The leaves are a foot long. The wood hard and heavy, used in
+ Senegambia for strengthening the coast and for rafters.
+
+ _Cola acuminata_.
+
+ The tree resembles the poplar. Proof against the attacks of insects;
+ useful for carriage and furniture-making, and ship-building.
+
+ _Cola laurifolia_. Jojau (Kabure).
+
+ The wood is very pliable and used in the making of bows (for
+ shooting).
+
+ _Cola caricifolia_. Alensuneku (Atakpame).
+
+ _Cola astrophora_.
+
+ _Cola supfiana_.
+
+ _Cola Afzelii_.
+
+ _Triplochiton Johnsonii_.
+
+ _Triplochiton Nigericum_.
+
+ _Pterygota Schumanniana_.
+
+ The wood of these five trees is little known.
+
+ _Firmiana Barteri_. Tschingbelika (Tschaudjo).
+
+ From 130 to 162½ feet high. The regular, pyramidal-shaped trunk ends
+ in plank-like roots. The natives make cups and bowls and floats from
+ the wood. The flowers are a beautiful scarlet, appearing before the
+ leaves.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Ochna Afzelii_. Tanam (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Moderately high tree, with hard, beautifully-marked bright brown wood.
+ Used in turning and table-making.
+
+ _Lophira alata_. Parapára (Tschaudjo); Akpakpla (Anago); Otugba
+ (Akposso); Kekrefunde (Asante); Belengbe (Kratschi); Kotublassu (Fõ).
+
+ A very common tree of the prairies, so much like the Shea butter as to
+ be frequently mistaken for it. The wood is hard, heavy, and dark,
+ reddish-brown, and sold as African oak.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Pentadesma Kerstingii_. Budyonū (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Grows on the wooded banks of streams. A tall, slender tree with
+ lightish brown wood, very similar in texture to that of the Ochnaceæ
+ family. Used by the natives in various ways.
+
+
+=Dipterocarpaceæ.=
+
+ _Monotes Kerstingii_. Kesáng (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Height about 48¾ feet. It is found frequently in the prairies. Easily
+ recognized by the likeness of its leaf to a curved hollow of a hand.
+ The wood is only useful for burning.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Oncoba spinosa_. Kpoe (Ewe); Krutū (Tschaudjo); Kongowura (Kotokoli).
+
+ A tall, thorny shrub, with white rose-like flowers. The wood is
+ capable of taking a good polish, used in inlaying.
+
+ _Caloncoba Gilgiana_. Efiohlĕ (Ewe).
+
+ A fair-sized tree. The wood is also used for inlaying.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Rhizophora mangle_. Woto or Atrati (Ewe).
+
+ _Rhizophora mucronata_.
+
+ Little is yet known of the mangroves of Togo. The _Rhizophora
+ mucronata_ of East Africa has a reddish brown wood, hard and heavy,
+ but easily worked; used in building.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Combretum sokodense_. Ssissiku (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Flourishes in pasture land and by streams. The bark is cork-like and
+ deeply corrugated, the wood brownish and very hard. Height, 35 ft.
+
+ _Combretum Kerstingii_. Alembole (Tschaudjo).
+
+ Hard, greyish-brown wood, used for firewood.
+
+ _Terminalia dictyoneura_. Ssua (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Terminalia macroptera_. Ssua dau (Tschaudjo).
+
+ These two Terminalia both have a beautiful glossy brown wood, useful
+ for many purposes. Both are about 48¾ feet in height.
+
+ _Terminalia Baumannii_. Opäti (Atakpame).
+
+ A beautiful prairie tree, the wood not yet tried.
+
+ _Terminalia superba_.
+
+ _Terminalia Togoensis_.
+
+ _Pteleopsis Kerstingii_. Ssissinā (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A fair-sized tree in the Bassari savannah. The natives say it has
+ neither flowers nor fruit, but this naturally cannot be the case.
+
+ _Anogeissus leiocarpus_. Tsetse or Echéché (Ewe); Kodelia (Tschaudjo);
+ Anyi (Anago); Ogo (Akposso); Kánnâ (Asante); Kakanla (Kratschi); Chlehó
+ (Fõ).
+
+ A tree 97½ feet high, growing on the river banks and on the moist
+ savannahs, very widespread. The fruit is much like that of our alder.
+ The wood very hard, proof against attacks of the termites, with a
+ black heartwood like ebony, and used as such. The most valuable wood
+ of the Colony.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Syzygium Guineense_. Tschapēa (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A fair-sized tree on the shore slopes. A white, easily-worked wood.
+ Used by the natives for making tools, images of their gods, chairs,
+ etc. In some parts for building purposes.
+
+
+=Araliaceæ.=
+
+ _Cussonia Barteri_. Fegblo (Ewe); Kongolu (Tschaudjo); Indoabaka
+ (Mangu); Digo (Anago); Obbŏ (Akposso); Bōnugŭ́ (Misahöhe); Gotti (Fõ).
+
+ A characteristic tree of the Baobab savannahs near Misahöhe. The wood
+ is spongy and cannot be worked, but the ashes are of use in making a
+ blue dye.
+
+
+=Umbelliferæ.=
+
+ _Peucedanum araliaceum_, var. _fraxinifolium_. Ländo (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A tree under medium height, of the pasture lands. The bark of the
+ young shoots is used for squirts and syringes. The wood is easy to
+ cut.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Butyrospermum Parkii_. Yotsa or Yo (Ewe); Ssomū (Tschaudjo); Káde
+ (Hausa); Krangkú (Asante); Kedempo (Atakpame); Aiomiti (Kirikiri).
+
+ The Shea butter tree. Height 48¾ to 65 feet. The tree is so plentiful
+ that it is a rare thing not to find one in any district. The fruit is
+ soft and edible; the wood a beautiful brownish-red of even texture,
+ and capable of taking a good polish. Much used in furniture-making.
+
+ _Pachystela cinerea_.
+
+ An immense tree growing along the coast. Wood unknown in the market.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum obovatum_. Katumbulia (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A tree of medium height with edible fruit. Its wood not known in
+ commerce. It should be of use, as are most of those belonging to this
+ family.
+
+ _Malacantha Warneckeana_. Akara (Atakpame); Pusum (Lamatessi).
+
+ A large tree found among the mountain streams, and also in the plains
+ of the coast regions. The trunk has on the outside wavy cross-lines
+ that look like a border, and give it a very curious appearance. The
+ hard wood is made into shuttles, shovels, scoops, etc., by the
+ natives.
+
+ _Mimusops multinervis_. Ewelisomū (Tschaudjo); Bräkrankū (Asante);
+ Gjira (Kratschi); Ewäti (Anecho).
+
+ _Mimusops Kerstingii_. Ewelisomu (Tschaudjo).
+
+ The wood of both these two Mimusops is like that of the Butyrospermum
+ in colour and structure. Rarely found higher than 32½ feet.
+
+ _Mimusops lacera_. Wueti (Ewe).
+
+ The tallest and most beautiful tree in the immediate neighbourhood of
+ the sea. Its hard red wood is made into walking-sticks, also for
+ inlaying and veneering of furniture and parquets.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros mespiliformis_. Dongke or Jeti (Ewe); Tingalō (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A semi-cultivated tree growing to the height of 81¼ feet. The trunk is
+ often from 3¼ to 4¹⁄₁₆ feet in diameter. A widely spreading shady
+ tree. Its height in the prairies is much less. Found very abundantly
+ and takes a high place as in copses and park lands. The fruit is
+ edible, round, and of a bright red colour. The heartwood is hard and
+ durable, and black as ebony. The tree is of great value commercially
+ for many purposes as ebony.
+
+ _Diospyros mombuttensis_. Liä-nuwasaure (Tschaudjo); Etjannaka
+ (Akposso).
+
+ A tree growing only from small to moderate size on the hill slopes,
+ with a bright-red fruit—a thorn-bearing tree. The wood is durable and
+ hard, used for shovels, walking-sticks, rafters, etc., and the
+ flexible branches in the making of traps.
+
+ _Diospyros tricolor_.
+
+ One of the most frequent trees on the shore and prairies of the coast
+ region, growing only to the height of a man. It has a yellowish-red
+ three-sided fruit; the stem seldom attains more than the thickness of
+ the finger. It is used for walking-sticks. A hard white wood.
+
+ _Maba Warneckii_.
+
+ A fair-sized noticeable tree, rarely found, and little known.
+
+
+=Oleaceæ.=
+
+ _Linociera nilotica_.
+
+ A small, unimportant tree. The wood is light brown, of even texture,
+ and great durability.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Strychnos Buettneri_. Kongofura (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Strychnos laxa_. Wagbebĕ (Ewe); Naprámpŏgo (Dyakossi); Egbo
+ (Atakpame); Go͠ngóvi (Kpedyi); Yokharaúgu (Dagomba).
+
+ Both these trees have a strong stem of bright-coloured wood, with a
+ fine grain, and should be of value. The fruit of the Buettneri is
+ edible, something like an orange.
+
+ _Strychnos pubescens_. Kongŏ (Tschaudjo).
+
+ The natives only use it as firewood.
+
+ _Anthocleista Kerstingii_. Kuwondëü (Tschaudjo); Egu (Atakpame).
+
+ Height 97½ feet, growing in the terraced or gallery woods, and also in
+ small groves. The trunk is very straight at first, then widely
+ branched. The trunk of the young trees is marked with leaf-scars; the
+ leaves attain the length of feet, and are used by the natives as
+ quivers for their arrows. The white, easily-worked wood is used for
+ many purposes.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Holarrhena Wulfenbergii_.
+
+ A tall tree of the Agome Mountains and the coast forests of Sokodé-
+ Bassari, also found singly near villages and farms. The white wood is
+ fairly heavy and easily worked, used in carving figures, etc.
+
+ _Conopharyngia crassa_.
+
+ A tree of varying height, with drooping branches. Found only in
+ Misahöhe.
+
+ _Voacanga Africana_. Kongkong (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A fair-sized, widely-spread tree in copses and by the streams. The
+ wood is like that of the Holarrhena, only of a deeper shade. The round
+ white-coloured fruit, growing two together, look like spots on the
+ dark foliage.
+
+ _Kickxia Africana_ (syn. _Funtumia elastica_).
+
+ Reaches the height of 65 feet. Growing in Misahöhe and Kete-Kratschi.
+ The wood is little known. All the trees of this family are
+ distinguished by a rich milky juice in bark, leaves, and fruit.
+
+ _Alstonia congensis_.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Cordia Gharaf_.
+
+ A fair-sized tree known only in one locality. A hard, durable wood
+ used in building. There is no doubt that there are other species in
+ Togo, and so far as the Cordia has been used, it has proved to be a
+ most useful tree.
+
+ _Ehretia cymosa_. Okoni (Kratschi).
+
+ Found in the coast regions, growing to the height of 13 to 16¼ feet.
+ Seldom met with. It has masses of white blossoms; the fruit is a berry
+ about the size of a pea. The wood has not yet been proved.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Vitex Cienkowskii_. Fõ (Ewe); Panyero (Tschaudjo); Orli (Anago); Uoli
+ (Akposso); Koto (Dyakossi); Gidjiko (Kratschi); Fõjiti (Anecho);
+ Narenga (Dagomba).
+
+ A large barkless tree, with spreading crown. Leaf with five divisions
+ in the form of a hand, the flowers in large clusters of white
+ blossoms. Ink is made from the shiny black, edible fruit and the young
+ leaves. This tree is widely spread over the hill slopes and forest
+ prairies. The wood is moderately hard and useful for inlaying; the
+ natives make ribs of boats from it.
+
+ _Vitex Camporum_. Panyerōbuda (Tschaudjo); Insuakoto (Mangu); Idjawli
+ (Akposso).
+
+ Leaves with three divisions, the underside hairy. Flowers blue, in
+ clusters like the last. The fruit is more like an acorn, and the tree
+ shrub-like. The natives make fishing-tackle from the wood.
+
+ _Vitex cuneata_.
+
+ _Premna Zenkeri_.
+
+ A tall tree growing on the mountain slopes of Bassari. Leaves simple
+ and broad; the small, white flowers are in panicles a foot long. The
+ wood is entirely like the _V. Cienkowskii_.
+
+ _Avicennia Africana_. Amu-ati (Ewe).
+
+ A broad-spreading leafy tree from 39 to 48¾ feet in height, and about
+ 7 inches in diameter; leaves dark green, the underside grey, and
+ flowers a smudgy white. Its wood is used for boat-building in Gabun,
+ but little known elsewhere. It is closely allied to the _Avicennia
+ officinalis_ of East Africa, which has a beautiful, violet-coloured
+ wood; is very hard and heavy.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathodea campanulata_. Adadasé (Ewe); Gbetschigbetschi (Atakpame).
+
+ A wonderful leafy tree, 97½ feet in height, with wide-spreading crown
+ of foliage, and greyish-green warty trunk. In the flowering time the
+ tree is a mass of crimson flowers—a beautiful sight in the coast woods
+ and on the hill slopes. In Europe it goes by the name of tulip-tree.
+ The buds are filled with a sweet, watery fluid, which the children use
+ as squirts. The wood should be of great service, but does not seem to
+ be used.
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_. Lifui (Ewe); Akinale (Tschaudjo); Aboboë
+ (Atakpame).
+
+ A medium-sized prairie tree, found plentifully also near the villages,
+ where the small branches are used as material for fences. When the
+ tree is young, it stands very erect, but later the remarkably long
+ branches bend to the ground. The flowers are either rose-coloured,
+ violet, or bright blue. The bright-coloured wood is fairly heavy,
+ uniform in texture, very similar to the _V. Cienkowskii_.
+
+ _Markhamia tomentosa_. Tschitschíñe (Atakpame).
+
+ Appears to grow only among the mountains. The flowers are yellow, with
+ red stripes; the leaves and husks both yellowish brown. Children use
+ the flower buds as playthings. The wood is like that of the
+ _Newbouldia lævis_.
+
+ _Markhamia lutea_.
+
+ Usually found as a shrub, but occasionally to the height of 19½ to 26
+ feet high, with rough or warty, blackish bark, and yellow flowers in
+ great quantities.
+
+ _Stereospermum Kunthianum_. Essobelīa (Tschaudjo); Eké-deká (Atakpame).
+
+ A small tree seldom found taller than 32½ feet, a greenish-grey bark,
+ divested of leaves. When in bloom it has much the appearance of a
+ peach-tree. The flowers, which appear before the leaves, are pink,
+ edged with white and reddish-brown, with striped and spotted lip.
+ Found frequently in the forest savannahs, and occasionally on the
+ highlands. The brownish dye from the bark is used by the girls for
+ their lips, and chewed as Kola. The wood is much the same as the last
+ three species.
+
+ _Kigelia Africana_. Nyakpekpe (Ewe); Abilū (Tschaudjo); Njãkpokpo
+ (Anecho); Njãkpẽ (Anlo).
+
+ Found in damp places in the prairies and on the banks of rivers. The
+ well-known liver-sausage tree. The wood is suitable for small
+ buildings.
+
+ _Kigelia pinnata_.
+
+ Rubiaceæ.
+
+ _Hymenodictyon Kurria_.
+
+ All belonging to this family have simple leaves in pairs. Found as a
+ shrub and a small tree in the terraced woods and mountains. The solid
+ wood, of a clear mahogany colour, is much used in India for
+ agricultural implements, but little known here in Togo.
+
+ _Crossopteryx Africana_. Tyenyeṓlo or Pasau (Tschaudjo).
+
+ _Crossopteryx Kotschyana_.
+
+ Found to the height of 32½ feet in the prairies of the coast zone and
+ a few scattered inland. According to the opinion of an importer, this
+ wood is one of the best of Togo. It is clear brown, very hard and
+ heavy, and of fine texture. The natives make shuttles and tablets for
+ the Koran from it.
+
+ _Adina microcephala_. Barā (Tschaudjo).
+
+ A tree of 97½ feet in height, growing on the river banks of Sokodé-
+ Bassaris. The wood takes a very high place as to value, but it has a
+ peculiar odour and an oily feeling to the touch. The fibres from the
+ twigs are made into tooth-brushes.
+
+ _Mitragyne macrophylla_. Yŏwi or Togba (Atakpame).
+
+ A gigantic tree growing on the swampy banks of streams, with an
+ excellent wood used by the natives for making doors, drums and
+ barrels.
+
+ _Mitragyne inermis_. Intyú (Dyakossi); Shero (Dagomba).
+
+ Smaller than the last, found on ground which is occasionally under
+ water. Its yellowish-white wood is used for beams and rafters. It
+ forms also a beautiful, easily-worked furniture wood.
+
+ _Mitragyne Africana_. Séssëu (Atakpame).
+
+ A small tree which flourishes in swampy places and parts overflowed by
+ the streams. Its blossoms are used as hay. The particularly valuable
+ wood is proof against attacks of the termite, very hard, and much used
+ in building. The wood of all the Mitragyne species are valued in
+ Tropical Africa on account of their durability and being proof against
+ weather and easily worked.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus sambucinus_. Akukobasa (Ewe); Kedjetjelo (Tschaudjo);
+ Nyimo (Atakpame).
+
+ A small shrubby tree, with long, tendril-like branches, white fragrant
+ flowers, and strawberry-coloured fruit. The wood is used considerably
+ for mosaic work and inlaying.
+
+ _Gardenia Thunbergia_. Fifei (Ewe); Kau kutoku (Tschaudjo); Lángan͠a
+ (Kratschi); Fifäti (Anecho).
+
+ A small tree or shrub with rigid branches, fragrant white flowers, and
+ yellow, spindle-shaped fruit, tasting like a crab-apple, scattered in
+ small clumps over the prairie. Spoons and similar articles are made
+ from the white, fairly hard wood.
+
+ _Gardenia ternifolia_. Kau këure (Tschaudjo); Nassarlĭ or Nabuli
+ (Dyakossi).
+
+ Similar to the preceding tree in appearance, etc., but the fruit is
+ cylindrical in form, like a small cucumber.
+
+ _Gardenia medicinalis_. Kau belia or abalia (Tschaudjo).
+
+ The same characteristics as the last; the fruit is much smaller,
+ round, and furrowed.
+
+ _Gardenia assimilis_.
+
+ _Gardenia Abeokutā_.
+
+ These trees are all found in the higher forests as undergrowth, and
+ are very similar in every respect.
+
+ _Plectronia vanguerioides_. Dädäfunde (Atakpame).
+
+ Medium-sized tree. Occasionally found as a shrub in the coast and
+ mountain forests. The wood is only useful as firewood.
+
+ _Pavetta Baconiana_. Genferrebiesó (Mangu).
+
+ _Pavetta crassipes_.
+
+ Used as firewood.
+
+ _Morinda citrifolia_. Amakḗ (Ewe); Ketyĕlenga (Tschaudjo); Aké
+ (Atakpame); Maticki (Ho).
+
+ A tree 32½ feet in height, with a broad, shady crown, seems to be
+ bearing blossoms or fruit all the year round. The flowers are in the
+ form of little round bunches; the fruit is greenish-yellow, spongy,
+ and growing together in large masses—each fruit about the size of a
+ pear. The white wood is not of much value, but the rootwood is sold in
+ the native markets for making yellow dye. Two species of this tree
+ seem to be known in Togo, one found frequently on the coasts, the best
+ known, and another variety in North Togo, less common and with a much
+ smaller fruit.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia Senegalensis_. Avenya (Ewe); Tusima or Tingma (Tschaudjo).
+
+ The only one of the family which attains a height of 19½ feet, and
+ stem of 6 or 7 inches in diameter. The leaves are a greyish-green; the
+ flowers, a yellowish-white, appear in great masses. The wood is fairly
+ heavy, light brown in colour, and very easy to work. Of the many
+ varieties from which the twigs and roots are used for brushes, this
+ one is the most valuable.
+
+
+ APPENDIX I
+
+ LIST OF INTRODUCED SPECIES PLANTED
+
+
+ 1. Terminalia catappa.
+
+ 2. Casuarina equisetifolia.
+
+ 3. Tectona grandis.
+
+ 4. Swietenia bijuga.
+
+ 5. Cedrela odorata.
+
+ 6. Pithecolobium dulcis.
+
+ 7. Artocarpus incisa.
+
+ 8. Cassia florida.
+
+ 9. Bauhinia Krughii.
+
+ 10. Eucalyptus marginata.
+
+ 11. Eucalyptus citriodora.
+
+ 12. Eucalyptus robusta.
+
+ 13. Cæsalpina arborea.
+
+ 14. Cæsalpina sappan.
+
+ 15. Cæsalpina rostrata.
+
+ 16. Cæsalpina coriaria.
+
+ 17. Cæsalpina regia.
+
+ 18. Poinciana regia.
+
+ 19. Poinciana drepanophylla.
+
+ 20. Melia azedarach.
+
+ 21. Manihot glaziovii.
+
+ 22. Manihot dichotoma.
+
+ 23. Manihot pyanhyensis.
+
+ 24. Manihot heterophylla.
+
+ 25. Aspidosperma quebracho.
+
+ 26. Phœnix dactylifera.
+
+ 27. Cola vera.
+
+ 28. Ficus elastica.
+
+ 29. Ficus Schlechteri.
+
+ 30. Albizzia amara.
+
+ 31. Albizzia stipulata.
+
+ 32. Acacia Arabica.
+
+ 33. Cynometra megalophylla.
+
+ 34. Detarium Senegalense.
+
+ 35. Parinarium intermedia.
+
+
+ APPENDIX II
+
+ CENSUS OF PLANTATIONS IN TOGO
+
+
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+ Tree. | At all | District | Forest
+ | Stations.|Plantations.|Plantations.
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+ | No. |No. Planted.|No. Planted.
+ | Planted.| |
+ | | |
+ Teak (_Tectona grandis_) | 1,022,014| 330,714| 691,300
+ | | |
+ Sasswood (_Erythrophlœum | 2,072,877| 15,877| 2,057,000
+ Guineense_) | | |
+ | | |
+ African Mahogany (_Khaya | 9,089,184| 8,169,584| 919,600
+ Senegalensis_) | | |
+ | | |
+ Mahogany (_Khaya Klainii_) | 236,830| 1,830| 235,000
+ | | |
+ Rhodesian Mahogany (_Afzelia | 603,054| 157,454| 445,600
+ Africana_) | | |
+ | | |
+ Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) | 127,951| 105,951| 22,000
+ | | |
+ Ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_) | 4,735| 4,735| —
+ | | |
+ Oil Palm (_Elæis Guineensis_) | 57,545| 47,545| 10,000
+ | | |
+ Kapok Tree (_Ceiba pentandra_) | 77,401| 32,401| 45,000
+ | | |
+ Ireh Rubber (_Funtumia elastica_) | 26,611| 26,611| —
+ | | |
+ Rambong Rubber (_Ficus elastica_) | 18,666| 18,666| —
+ | | |
+ Ceara Rubber (_Manihot glaziovii_)| 146,634| 145,634| 1,000
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+ TOTALS |13,483,502| 9,057,002| 4,426,500
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+ Tree. | At all | District | Forest
+ | Stations.|Plantations.|Plantations.
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+ | Acreage. | Acreage. | Acreage.
+ | | |
+ Teak (_Tectona grandis_) | 878·27| 471·77| 406·5
+ | | |
+ Sasswood (_Erythrophlœum | 586·94| 30·19| 556·75
+ Guineense_) | | |
+ | | |
+ African Mahogany (_Khaya | 2,017·65| 1,713·65| 304·00
+ Senegalensis_) | | |
+ | | |
+ Mahogany (_Khaya Klainii_) | 84·39| 3·73| 80·66
+ | | |
+ Rhodesian Mahogany (_Afzelia | 189·29| 104·48| 104·48
+ Africana_) | | |
+ | | |
+ Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) | 123·03| 93·39| 29·64
+ | | |
+ Ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_) | 18·32| 18·32| —
+ | | |
+ Oil Palm (_Elæis Guineensis_) | 251·12| 250·12| 1·00
+ | | |
+ Kapok Tree (_Ceiba pentandra_) | 113·00| 68·54| 44·46
+ | | |
+ Ireh Rubber (_Funtumia elastica_) | 47·84| 47·84| —
+ | | |
+ Rambong Rubber (_Ficus elastica_) | 43·78| 43·78| —
+ | | |
+ Ceara Rubber (_Manihot glaziovii_)| 103·70| 101·87| 1·83
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+ TOTALS | 4,456·83| 2,947·68| 1,529·32
+ ----------------------------------+----------+------------+------------
+
+
+ APPENDIX III
+
+ TOGO—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+ -------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------
+ | 1909. | 1910. | 1911.
+ Product. +------+-------+------+-------+------+-------
+ | Tons.| £ | Tons.| £ | Tons.| £
+ -------------------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------
+ Kola nuts | — | — | — | — | 3| 166
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm kernels | 8,013| 81,750| 8,216|101,700|13,073|178,932
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm oil | 2,779| 45,600| 3,096| 61,650| 3,949| 84,410
+ | | | | | |
+ Shea nuts | — | — | — | — | 34| 1,192
+ | | | | | |
+ Piassava and tisal | — | — | — | — | 10| 14
+ | | | | | |
+ Kapok | — | — | — | — | 5| 311
+ | | | | | |
+ Woods (all kinds) | — | — | — | — | 170| 350
+ | | | | | |
+ Rubber | 146| 48,450| 134| 57,350| 143| 41,615
+ | | | | | |
+ Ivory | — | — | — | — | 2| 1,797
+ | | | | | |
+ Hides and skins | — | — | — | — | 8| 607
+ -------------------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------
+ TOTALS |10,939|175,800|11,448|220,700|17,397|309,344
+ -------------------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ -------------------+--------------+--------------
+ | 1912. | 1913.
+ Product. +------+-------+------+-------
+ | Tons.| £ | Tons.| £
+ -------------------+------+-------+------+-------
+ Kola nuts | 12| 767| — | —
+ | | | |
+ Palm kernels |11,452|168,978| 7,025|127,905
+ | | | |
+ Palm oil | 3,284| 70,643| 1,115| 25,900
+ | | | |
+ Shea nuts | 39| 1,263| — | —
+ | | | |
+ Piassava and tisal | 17| 357| — | —
+ | | | |
+ Kapok | 7| 357| 9| 472
+ | | | |
+ Woods (all kinds) | 137| 126| — | —
+ | | | |
+ Rubber | 163| 48,787| 89| 18,029
+ | | | |
+ Ivory | 2| 2,085| 3| 2,806
+ | | | |
+ Hides and skins | 10| 609| — | —
+ -------------------+------+-------+------+-------
+ TOTALS |15,123|293,972| 8,241|175,112
+ -------------------+------+-------+------+-------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.—=Large Teak Tree, Tectona grandis, Ebuttemetta
+Gardens, sixteen years old.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.—=Large Para (Hevea Braziliensis), Ebuttemetta
+Gardens, age about sixteen years.=]
+
+ To face p. 150.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER VIII
+
+ NIGERIA
+
+
+ I. THE RIVERS, PORTS AND FORESTS OF NIGERIA.
+
+
+Starting from Lagos, the first port of call, the coast is flat, sandy,
+and low-lying as compared with the typical seaboard of Europe with its
+cliffs. Long sandy beaches with scattered coconut palms in the
+background are more prevalent in this part of Nigeria than the water-
+covered mangrove swamps, showing rather a stunted growth. Westwards from
+Lagos there are the scattered mangrove formations in the estuary of the
+Yewa River, near which is the trading station of Badagri. Following the
+line of the coast, somewhat better mangrove areas are found towards the
+mouth of the Benin, Escravos and Forcados Rivers. The estuary of the
+Niger, extending from the last-named river as far as the Sombreiro,
+shows varied development of the mangrove type of vegetation, as well as
+the first admixture of other hardwood trees at the edge of the mangrove
+zone. On the way one passes the Ramos, the Brass, Nun, St. Bartholomew
+and St. Barbara, each forming outlets for the forests further north.
+Beyond the Sombreiro the estuaries of the New Calabar, Cawthorne and
+Bonny Rivers contain further mangrove areas, usually in the form of
+large islands. Eastwards of the Bonny River the mangrove to some extent
+gives way to comparatively large areas known as rain forests, owing to
+the comparatively heavy rainfall in those localities. The Andoni, Opobo,
+Kwaiebo form the outlets for these forests.
+
+The Cross, Calabar, Kwa and Akwayefe are the most easterly rivers in
+Nigeria. In the estuary of each, more especially of the Cross River, the
+finest mangrove forests are to be seen. Next to these in point of height
+and straightness of bole are the forests on the banks of the St. Barbara
+and Forcados Rivers.
+
+The Lagos River, with its present bar-draught of 19 feet, is followed
+eastwards by the port of Forcados, showing 19 feet. As subsidiaries, and
+northwards from Forcados, are the inland ports of Warri and Koko, both,
+and especially the latter, being timber-shipping centres. Sapeli,
+another 40 miles up the Benin River beyond Koko, was and still remains a
+timber port of some importance, and from it the trade name of one kind
+of mahogany, namely Sapeli wood, is derived. Brass, considerably further
+eastward, is practically a seaside port, to which some produce of the
+Niger Delta is brought. Degema, Bugama, Bakana, Okrika and Port Harcourt
+are inland ports all reached from Bonny, situated at the mouth of the
+river of the same name. Opobo, on the Imo, is yet another inland port
+with a 14-foot bar at the river mouth. Eket is the small port for the
+Kwaiebo River, whence small steamers run to Calabar. Oron, on the
+western side of the estuary, is also a port worthy of mention. Though
+Calabar is some 15 miles above the junction of the Akwayefe, Kwa and
+Cross Rivers, it is the chief port of Eastern Nigeria. It is situated on
+the side of a hill some 200 feet high on the bank of the Calabar River,
+which is half a mile wide at this point.
+
+Turning now to the next type of forest met with after leaving the
+mangrove zone, the thick, heavy, evergreen rain forest is seen. On the
+western side in the province of Abeokuta it has very largely been
+destroyed, only comparatively small isolated areas remaining. In the
+Ondo province, however, some of the most extensive and heaviest timber
+areas of this type are found. A good network of rivers, such as the
+Ogun, Ona, Oshun, Oni, Shasha and Owenna, when flooded, form the outlets
+for timber worked in these localities. In the northern part of the Warri
+province and the southern part of the Benin province large
+representative areas of the evergreen type are found, though there they
+tend to mingle with the tall, mixed deciduous forests. To a small extent
+in the Owerri, but to the largest extent in the Calabar province, the
+rain forests find their finest development, culminating in the Oban
+Hills on the eastern side of the latter provinces. The rainfall there is
+175 inches per annum.
+
+The Sasswood is one of the first trees to appear when the mangrove swamp
+gives way to the evergreen forest. Other large trees are the mahoganies,
+found chiefly on the old banks; red ironwood, with its brilliant red
+fresh leaves in the late autumn. In fact, these leaves are often taken
+for flowers, owing to their very bright colour. They gradually, however,
+assume a dark green colour as the season advances. An unidentified
+species of gum-copal which grows to colossal dimensions is found
+scattered rather diffusely and curiously in these areas. Different kinds
+of ebony, with wood varying from brown to green black, are seen
+throughout the zone, though, as with other trees, a different species is
+found in the different provinces; on the whole, the blackest wood is
+found where the rainfall is heaviest.
+
+The mixed deciduous zone, which consists both of deciduous and evergreen
+trees, mingles and gradually develops at the northern edge of the
+evergreen rain forest; in many cases the one goes over into the other
+almost imperceptibly, and it is only perhaps after half a day’s march
+that one realizes that one has left the evergreen type behind and
+reached the forests where half the trees lose their leaves every year. A
+very large development of these forests is found in the Abeokuta, Oyo,
+Jebu-ode and Ondo provinces. Very heavy inroads have been made in these
+forests, and it remains to be seen whether sufficient will be preserved
+to ensure the future fertility of the soil and the requisite rainfall.
+One of the most prominent species is the cotton-tree, with its great
+root buttresses and muscle-like protuberances from the stem. The Obechi,
+or Arere, is another magnificent timber tree, with soft white wood and
+maple-like leaves, which grows to huge dimensions. The African
+greenheart, which may grow 12 feet in diameter, is hard enough to break
+the blade of an axe. The Iroko, taking the place of oak in African
+economy, is another tree frequently met with, and it extends its area of
+distribution as the forests are opened up with clearings. East of the
+Niger this formation is only found to a small extent in the Onitsha
+province; a little larger in the northern part of the Owerri province,
+and still largest in the northern part of the Calabar and the southern
+part of the Ogoja province. In fact, the finest development of the mixed
+deciduous forests is found in the last-named province, just north of the
+Cross River, where it is really at the edge of the true deciduous
+forest. In this zone some three kinds of mahogany are found, in some
+places very diffusely scattered, in others up to a thousand mature trees
+in eight square miles, or in a third nearly every tree a mahogany on
+both sides of the road for over half a mile. The four species in this
+zone vary less from province to province than they do in the case of the
+evergreen forest zone, though the total number may be greater.
+
+Beginning again on the western side, the open deciduous forest or dry-
+zone formation shows itself over a very wide extent in Oyo, Northern
+Jebu-ode, and in the Northern Benin provinces. East of the Niger it is
+of wide extent in the Northern Onitsha and Northern Ogoja provinces, but
+it also occurs in the northern part of the Owerri province as an
+artificial product of man’s destruction of the original forest. In some
+places this formation, owing to the trees being close together, more
+nearly approaches the deciduous forest. In others, owing to the poor and
+stunted nature of the arboreal growth, it more nearly approaches the
+open grass savannah formation. Only north of the Oyo province near
+Shaki, or north of Ogoja in that province, could it be said that this
+kind of formation is seen.
+
+One of the most prominent kinds of trees found is the Shea Butter, the
+nut of which is used in the making of chocolate cream and margarine.
+This tree, varying in size from a large oak to a short, stunted, gnarled
+and burnt relic of better forest conditions, is found over very wide
+areas in the Oyo and northern part of the Abeokuta province. Strangely
+enough, this tree does not appear in the northern part of the Benin or
+Onitsha province, and only occurs again in the north-eastern corner of
+the Ogoja province. The locust-trees, with their open crown and feathery
+leaves and long pods similar to French beans, are conspicuous all
+through the zone, and near the villages are specially preserved.
+Mahogany is represented in this zone as another species which does not
+attain a greater girth than 10 feet and which is often gnarled and
+crooked owing to the annual grass fires. A medium sized Cedrela, or hard
+cigar-box wood, is found in isolated patches in the northern part of the
+Abeokuta and southern part of the Oyo province. The balsam-copaiba-tree
+is also very common in this zone in the North Benin, Onitsha and Ogoja
+provinces.
+
+The forests of this zone are perhaps the least valuable from the
+financial point of view, chiefly owing to their geographical position
+and defective means of transport, but economically they are of great
+value to the agricultural community, both for their forest produce as
+well as their soil-preserving and rainfall-conserving properties. The
+chief timber areas are situated in the heavy rain forest and mixed
+deciduous forest areas, though a few have recently been taken up in the
+mangrove swamps.
+
+As a minor, though important, development to the main forests are the
+evergreen hill forests, which find wide development in the northern part
+of the Jebu-ode, Ondo, Benin, Ogoja and Calabar provinces. On the whole,
+the species do not vary so much as might be expected, and in many cases
+it simply means a further distribution of certain evergreen trees beyond
+their zone of natural development, owing to suitable climatic conditions
+in these hills. For instance, the red ironwood appears next the mangrove
+swamp on the bank of the St. Barbara River, again in the evergreen
+forests near Calabar, and reappears in the hill forests of Oban, much
+further north. Probably the most typical trees of the hill forests are
+an unidentified species of gum-copal, as well as several species of
+Guttiferæ.
+
+The fringing forests are found chiefly on the banks of the rivers in an
+area which is otherwise covered with the open deciduous or dry-zone
+formation. Two leguminous trees are most typical of this zone. Stray
+deciduous or evergreen trees from the other zones are also seen. Such
+forest is thick with a fair amount of undergrowth, and the trees form a
+close canopy. The fringes vary from a few yards to half a mile in width.
+
+A further subsidiary form is found on the summits of the highest
+mountains, such as the Boji Hills, with their stunted satinwood trees,
+shrubs and grass. In some places there is yet another minor formation,
+that of the freshwater swamps. Some typical examples of these are found
+on the banks of the Calabar, Osse and Owenna Rivers. In most cases only
+one, or any how only a few species of trees are found, whereas in the
+major formations several hundred different species appear. The growth in
+these swamp formations, both mangrove and freshwater, is on the whole
+not so large as that of the evergreen forest. Again, the evergreen
+forest does not show such fine development or such height of tree as the
+mixed deciduous forests, though occasionally the greatest girth of bole
+is found in the evergreen forests.
+
+
+ II. THE MAHOGANY AND TIMBER INDUSTRIES.
+
+
+According to Nigerian law, timber includes planks sawn for logs and
+trees hollowed out or shaped for any purpose whatever. The timber-
+working industry, then, is a wide one, covering really three distinct
+fields of activity, though one or more may be combined. First, there is
+the felling of mahogany chiefly, and other furniture-wood trees for
+export. In the second place, the native, and to a slight extent the
+European firms, cut timber for local use, mainly in the forest, such as
+planks, canoes and posts. Thirdly, there is the Government, which under
+the auspices of the Forestry Department chiefly, and to some extent
+under the Public Works Department, cuts timber of various kinds, chiefly
+Iroko, for railway buildings and road bridges.
+
+Turning now first of all to the export industry, which is most important
+at the present time, though the local demand for timber will soon dwarf
+that of the former, there is a definite sequence of action necessary in
+embarking on this form of economic development.
+
+As soon as a firm decides on timber-getting, an application (made out in
+triplicate) has to be sent in with good maps or plans of the area, which
+is applied for, to the Conservator of Forests of that circle. It is
+understood that the area in question has been thoroughly examined by the
+firm before the application is made. A fee of £3 in stamps as well as a
+banker’s guarantee of £400 for each area of 100 square miles is also
+necessary before the application can be considered. The species of tree
+to be cut should also be stated, as well as the names of the villages
+and chiefs occupying or living in or adjacent to the area. Owing to the
+time taken in making the fullest inquiries into the occupancy and other
+rights, as well as ascertaining the financial standing of the firm in
+question, it is usually several months before the applicant hears that
+the area has been granted.
+
+Before this the applicant should also forward a confidential statement,
+stating exactly what capital there is available to develop the timber
+areas. An additional banker’s reference to the Crown Agents will save
+unnecessary delay in the granting of the area.
+
+Before the notification of the grant of the area, the licence is made
+out in the Conservator’s office, for which a £5 stamp as well as three
+good maps are necessary. Roughly, an additional £2 10s. is required to
+satisfy the legal fees upon registration, which follows immediately
+after the execution of the licence by the licensee of the grantees. It
+should be especially noted that anyone acting on behalf of a firm should
+be in the possession of a registered power of attorney, enabling him to
+act in the fullest possible way for the applicant or company acquiring
+land rights. This power of attorney should be registered beforehand,
+otherwise another delay will ensue whilst this is being done.
+
+As soon as the area is granted, the applicant should mark all boundaries
+with the necessary marks, which also appear in the licence. Within six
+months after the granting of the area, work has to be begun. The first
+proceeding is to send in a list of trees, numbered serially from one
+upwards, stating the species, size (girth at 10 feet above ground),
+where situated, name of nearest village and chief occupying land in the
+vicinity, together with the amount of fees and royalties payable on the
+trees. The trees have been marked and numbered previous to the duplicate
+lists being sent in. It is usual to pay a cheque or bill for the fees
+and cash for the royalties, then one of the two lists sent in is
+returned to the sender marked “Permission granted.” Felling can now
+begin. On the whole, the general practice is to cut the trees down in
+the earlier months of the year and have nearly all completed by March or
+April. Logging, with a cross-cut saw or axe, and squaring with an axe
+and adze, follows as soon as the trees are felled, and, as it takes
+longer, continues afterwards right into May or June. Hauling begins as
+soon as sufficient logs are ready to be drawn and the hauling roads have
+been cleared. Usually different gangs haul to those employed on the
+tree-felling and squaring. Eighty or a hundred boys are lined up and
+haul on two ropes attached to the end of the log. The log, having been
+shaped at the end to allow easy hauling over the rollers or ground, is
+“snaked” along to the nearest waterside, river bank or creek. Here two
+timber-dogs are driven in the end for attaching the cane or rope to hold
+several together. In the smaller streams or creeks, single logs, or two
+joined together, float down to another station, where a bigger raft of
+40 to 100 logs is made up. In a good many rivers the rise of the water
+takes place in July, and it is then that the largest number of logs
+float out. Another lesser rise for the most part, except in the largest,
+such as the Cross or Niger Rivers, occurs in October, when all logs
+possible are got out for that season.
+
+Logs left by this last flood usually have to stay until the following
+year, when the river will rise again. Sometimes as many as three seasons
+elapse before it is possible to get out some logs. The higher reaches of
+the Owenna have an unenviable reputation in this respect. Several short
+rainy seasons following each other successively cause the same result.
+The Ijors are the chief “waterboys,” who contract to take logs down the
+creeks at 5s., 10s. or 15s. a log, according to distance and nature of
+the creek. The Ossiomo has also a bad name, owing to its swift current
+and the liability of losing the logs.
+
+Most labour is engaged direct, though handed over to a contractor who is
+paid 1½d. to 1¾d. per foot of timber squared or logged brought to the
+nearest waterside. The labour, however, is paid by the European firm,
+which is entirely responsible for the payment.
+
+The shipment of the logs is made at Koko, Warri or Forcados from Lagos
+and at Lagos itself, the first-named port taking the majority. Many
+firms have a branch store and office at this port, or another firm ships
+logs for others not represented at a fixed charge per log. Export
+entries showing numbers of logs, size and value are presented to the
+Customs Department before shipment. Koko, which used to be quite free
+from the Teredo borer, is now unsafe for logs after a fortnight’s
+floating in the water there.
+
+The shipping companies do not particularly desire logs as freight, owing
+to their weight and unwieldiness in handling. Space is left between them
+to some extent in the hold. The hatches have to be especially long to
+take the biggest logs. From Lagos, Forcados, Calabar, etc., a freight
+rate varying from 35s., 40s., to 45s.[2] per ton for 2¾, 3 and over
+5-ton logs. Koko, on the other hand, is only 25s., with 10s. extra for
+primage. This is the same with the other freight rates.
+
+During the voyage the logs gradually dry, and often by the time they are
+put into the timber yard of the brokers they are split or cracked. Only
+the best logs, 30 feet long and quite sound at the start, stand all the
+rough handling they get. Auction sales take place about once a fortnight
+in the busy season, though sales by private treaty take place
+occasionally. Logs can sometimes be sold ex quay too, though by far the
+most of the wood is sold by public auction. The inclusive charge of
+landing, stacking and selling at the dock is roughly 10 per cent. of the
+value of the log. In fact, it is quite a considerable item of expense,
+and often makes the difference between profit and loss on the smaller
+and lower-grade logs. All logs are sold by the superficial foot, i.e.
+one foot square, one inch thick “sale measure.” Sale measure obtains
+only in the mahogany trade for square logs, and is roughly 20 per cent.
+less than the actual cubical contents of the log. Round logs are
+measured and sold by extreme (full) measure. A wane of six inches or
+less is left on the squared logs, because it makes them less liable to
+crack and split at the corners, and also it saves a good deal of timber
+which would otherwise be wasted.
+
+Liverpool is the best mahogany market, though fair prices are obtainable
+for good logs in London. Hamburg used to be the market for Gaboon wood,
+and on the whole new woods were better received than in the English
+market. As a rule, figured mahogany always commands a good price,
+whereas plain wood, with the exception of roey or counter-top timber,
+only fetches a moderate or low price, unless the market is understocked
+at the time. The best wood is obtained from the Ivory Coast, and the
+next best is Benin or Lagos wood. Sapeli wood is very heavy, and found a
+market chiefly in Germany. Cross River wood has yet to be shipped and
+proved, though samples there looked very good and even showed some
+figure. So far, only the leased areas have been spoken of. Now we return
+to the Reserves, where, however, permits to cut trees can only be
+obtained. Here leases are usually not granted. The rules with regard to
+replanting do not apply in the same way, as all planting is in the hands
+of the Department. On the whole, stricter supervision may be exercised
+in the Reserves than on leased areas. Although a firm has no lease, the
+security of tenure for cutting the trees would be at least as good as
+under a lease. No other firm would be in the same position to fell and
+extract timber as the first one to whom permission was granted. The
+Government would not allow any other amounts of trees to be felled that
+would injure the working of the forest by the first applicant.
+
+Local felling is conducted by one or two firms in their areas, which
+were in the first instance obtained for export timber. For the most
+part, however, the natives or native foreigners fell various kinds of
+trees such as Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, Owussu, _Sarcocephalus
+esculentus_, Ume, _Pterocarpus soyauxii_ and _Pterocarpus Osun_, Edat,
+_Saccoglottis Gabunensis_. Nearly half the permits issued are for Iroko,
+the main building timber of the Yoruba and Benin and Ibo countries. The
+Camwoods or Barwoods are felled next to obtain the brilliant red
+heartwood, chiefly from the roots, but also from the stem. A dyewood
+which produces a fast colour is obtained by rubbing a small pointed
+section on a flattish piece of the same wood. A yellow dyewood is
+obtained from Anyeran _Afrormosia laxiflora_.
+
+The canoe-making industry absorbs a large number of trees. The native,
+chiefly Ijor, chooses the tree with great care as to straightness of
+stem and length of bole. It is felled near a river bank or otherwise
+reasonably accessible place. First of all two sides are flattened
+parallel to each other; at the same time the length of the canoe is
+chosen and the tree bole cut off at the required length. A narrow groove
+about half the depth of the diameter of the log is now made with small
+axes and an adzelike instrument. The log is then shaped externally like
+a canoe, especially both bow and stern. Next, more wood is cut away on
+the inside and some pieces of wood stuck across to keep the canoe open.
+A shelter is put over it during a hot day. As soon as the requisite
+amount has been cut out, dry palm branches are placed all round the
+canoe outside on the ground; longer cross pieces are fixed over the
+canoe of the required length for thwarts when the canoe is finished.
+Long stakes are driven into the ground opposite each of these on each
+side of the canoe, so that the natives can obtain a strong leverage over
+the canoe. Fire is now put to the palms, beginning with the bow of the
+canoe. The heat makes the wood expand and thus opens the canoe; at the
+same time the natives pull down the stakes at the side of the canoe and
+press the cross pieces into their places. This extends gradually the
+whole length of the canoe in the course of the day, which is the most
+strenuous of all, as upon the energy and care exercised on this day in
+making the canoe open out evenly in its entire length and the same
+amount each side depends its future success in the water. It may turn
+out lopsided, or, as is often the case, a hole may appear in the middle
+of the stern end, owing to the centre of the tree having been rather old
+and rotten. This can be covered over, and is often above the waterline.
+
+Canoes vary in size from the Oguta canoe, in which the paddler has to
+keep one foot in the water to balance the canoe, to the twelve-puncheon
+canoe of the big traders. This last will have a great hollow dug out
+fully 6 feet deep at the stern end and over 60 feet long.
+
+The sawyers cut the tree all round, fell it, and then cut it into
+12-feet length logs, as far as the bole allows. The huge branches are
+left untouched. A large pit is dug quite close to the logs, and one by
+one they are placed over and sawn, first two sides and then into three
+large planks; finally these are cut into 12-inch planks one inch thick.
+Most of the work is done within four miles of the railway line or within
+twenty miles of a large town, such as Jebu-ode, Ife, Ibadan, Abeokuta.
+Truck loads of this timber may be seen at Ilugun or Ogunshileh, on the
+Nigerian Railway.
+
+Permits are also issued for the making of smaller articles, such as
+verandah posts, culled out of a guttiferous tree; sleepers, sawn from
+Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_); sword-sheaths, made from Ogohen (_Musanga
+Smithii_); mortars, cut from Apa (_Afzelia Africana_); pestles,
+fashioned out of Eba (_Lophira procera_).
+
+The dyewood industry in itself is chiefly developed on the banks of the
+Cross River. The trees are felled in the Oban forests, allowed to lie a
+year or two, then cut up into long 3- to 4-inch irregular-shaped
+scantling or poles. These are sold chiefly in the Oban market, after
+which they are cut into small sections. Women take these up and make
+lozenge-shaped bricks about a foot long in the greatest length. These
+are sold at 6d. each.
+
+Under Government auspices, one of the first enterprises was the sawmill
+at Etehetem. A very hard redwood, termed Apassa by the Efiks (_Mimusops
+lacera_), and also mahogany (_Ochrocarpus Africanus_) were cut. Owing to
+the difficulty of expansion and the increasing cost of the logs, the
+plant is to be moved elsewhere. The railway had a small plant at Han,
+where timber and sleepers were cut for the Baro Kano line. At
+Ebuttemetta the railway also have a small mill for cutting chiefly
+Iroko, Apa, and a little redwood.
+
+Of the various firms, Messrs. McIver had a small mill in Lagos, chiefly
+for sawing up mahogany logs not worth shipping to England. Later, in
+1909, Messrs. Miller Brothers built a mill at Koko town; Agba
+(_Copaifera sp.?_) as well as mahogany logs have been cut; Ebbe and
+Obiache, and Obechi (_Triplochiton Nigericum_), the last-named being a
+good whitewood.
+
+The Anglo-French Company have started a plant near Oron Eastern Circle
+to cut sleepers out of mangrove wood, Lagenaria and Rhizophora.
+
+Lastly, the Government have started a new mill at Apapa, near Lagos, for
+cutting logs obtained near Akilla, on the Oni River, in the Abeokuta
+province, and the planing, grooving and recutting is done in connection
+with the Public Works yards and furniture-making establishment in Lagos.
+
+The Akilla work is run entirely by the Forestry Department. Trees are
+felled, cut into logs and brought to the waterside; then, rafted with
+others, floated in kerosine tins on lighter wood to Apapa. A regular
+rate is charged per cubic foot. Work was started in August 1914, and
+already several thousand logs have been delivered at Apapa.
+
+
+ III. THE PERMANENT FORESTS OR FOREST RESERVES.
+
+
+In the main, all Forest Reserves become the permanent forests of a
+country. So far as Nigeria, for instance, is concerned, certain definite
+and well-defined portions of the original forests have been set aside,
+by agreement with the natives, as Forest Reserves. If these areas had
+not been set aside, they would have been liable to destruction under the
+form of shifting cultivation which the local people practise. For
+instance, at Olokemeji there are several thousand acres in the middle of
+the Reserve which were cleared some years ago and have not yet grown up.
+This would have been the fate of the rest of the forest if it had not
+definitely been placed under the care and protection of the Forest
+Department. The same applies to other areas scattered over the country.
+
+It is somewhat hard to define the meaning of a Reserve. Essentially it
+is an area permanently set aside for the production of timber or other
+forest produce. In many cases, however, the trees or the forests have to
+be preserved in the interests of the climatic conditions of the
+locality. If it is found that by cutting down a forest the rainfall
+decreases every year, the springs dry up, and the land becomes covered
+with grass, where actual grass fires kill all young vegetation and even
+hinder farming operations, then the forest must be reserved. To take
+some examples: In the colony of Sierra Leone there is a Peninsular
+Mountain Forest, a large and valuable Reserve, 80 per cent. of which is
+covered with red ironwood, _Lophira procera_. Then in the Protectorate
+there are the Kambui Hills, Kennema, then Nimmini, and the Loma Mountain
+Reserve. In the colony and Protectorate of the Gold Coast there is the
+Dunkwah Reserve. Some of the most improved reserves in the southern
+province of Nigeria are in the Western Circle. There are Olokemeji,
+Mamu, Ilaro, Oshun, Owenna and Ondo Reserves. Again, in the Central
+Circle there are the Okumu, Obagie, Gilli-gilli, the Uhi, and the Ogba
+Forests.
+
+In the Eastern Circle there are the Oban, Ikrigon and Ajasso Reserves,
+in all aggregating about 2,000 square miles.
+
+Contrary to the usual idea, we have seen that a Forest Reserve is in
+reality only a permanent forest, which is primarily maintained for the
+definite production of some forest or other product. It cannot be too
+much emphasized that it is definitely set aside to be used wisely; and
+for all the trees taken, suitable replanting operations are undertaken
+by the Forest Department. The name “Reserve” is in fact rather a
+misnomer. In the early stages of a forest administration it is
+convenient to talk about Forest Reserves as distinct from the rest of
+the country, which is usually covered with forest and termed
+“unreserved” forest. It may, later on, become agricultural land; it may
+also be reserved, in which case it becomes a Forest Reserve or one of
+the permanent forests of the country. The main point to be observed with
+a Reserve is that it is primarily for use, and not that the timber is to
+be reserved and not to be utilized by the general public. Even in those
+cases where the local demands of the people are great and have to be
+satisfied first, before any outside timber exporter is allowed to work
+the forest, it is utilized to the greatest extent compatible with its
+maintaining a yearly permanent output of timber or other forest product.
+Permanency of output is the watchword, and strict utilization of the
+increment-bearing capacity of the forest each year. The increment is of
+course the amount which each tree grows each year. This amount, added
+together over the whole area, makes up the quantity which may be felled,
+on the proportional area during the rotation, in any one year. Thus, to
+give a concrete example: If an area is 100 square miles in extent, and
+the rotation is 100 years, then one-hundredth of that area, or one
+square mile, may be cut over in one year; also, if the sum of the growth
+amounts to 40 cubic feet per acre per year, this means to say that an
+annual cut of 25,600 cubic feet can be made each year over one square
+mile of the area, in the case of a clear felling of all the trees, or
+spread over an area of 10 square miles in the form of a slight thinning
+of the trees. In the Temperate Zone, on moderate soil, 40 cubic feet of
+timber per annum is a good yield, so that in the Tropics we may expect a
+yield of quite double this amount; therefore it will be seen how readily
+the forest can grow and how much timber can be obtained permanently from
+the Permanent Forests or Reserves.
+
+Another great advantage of the Permanent Forest or Forest Reserve,
+compared with the ordinary leased areas, is the fact that the planting
+is done by the Forest Department and not by the leaseholder. In an
+ordinary leased area this planting is a considerable source of
+expenditure and worry to the leaseholder, and even then satisfactory
+results are hard to be obtained. He is continually being reminded of his
+planting duties by the Forest Department, and he is continually striving
+to keep up the proportionate amount of planting, i.e. 24 trees for every
+tree felled, and this is by no means easy to attain. Although the annual
+leaseholder working in a Forest Reserve may be under greater supervision
+and more stringent forest regulations than in the ordinary leased areas,
+on the whole his prospects of getting out greater quantities of timber
+more expeditiously and cheaply are much greater than in the ordinary
+areas.
+
+Particularizing some of the great concrete objects for which reserve is
+made:
+
+Firstly, the permanent supplies of timber of all kinds, with a view to
+turning out approximately the same quantity year after year in
+perpetuity—in fact, if anything, gradually increasing the output year
+after year. This means to say that, although the forest is cut down, it
+is replaced at the same rate at which it is cut down. Putting it in
+another way, there must be as many blocks, or portions or actual
+“stands” in the forest as represent the number of years which elapse
+between the time a tree is planted and the time it is cut down. This
+period is known to foresters as “the rotation,” and in northern
+temperate countries, for Coniferous trees the time is usually reckoned
+at about 80 years. In the tropics, with mahogany, Iroko and other
+timbers, it may be only necessary to allow 60 years, or perhaps on very
+poor ground 100 years. In the case of teak in Burma, a rotation between
+80 and 100 years is perhaps about sufficient to enable merchantable
+timber to be produced. Putting it in another way, in the forest, in
+order to have the permanent yield, there must be sufficient trees of
+each girth class, so that when the largest, say those over 12 feet in
+girth, are cut down, there must be sufficient of those between 10 and 12
+feet, which will grow during a 10-year period (in which they are cut)
+from 10 feet to 12 feet in girth. At the present time it has been found
+convenient to classify each class as “under 2 feet, 2 to 4 feet, 4 to 6
+feet, 6 to 8 feet, 8 to 10 feet, 10 to 12 feet, and over 12 feet.” The
+object of this is to clear away, or have cut, all those trees over 12
+feet in girth. This makes room for younger, quicker-growing timber.
+Although, under the Nigerian Forest Law, the girth of mahogany has been
+reduced to 11 feet, and in some districts to 10 feet, eventually, as the
+older and more unremunerative slower-growing trees are cut down, it will
+be possible to reduce the girth still further. To put this question of
+the permanent yield in yet another way: All the trees from one year old,
+or from the smallest size to those over 12 feet in girth, represent what
+we may call the forest capital. Now, the object of the rotation is only
+to take the interest on this capital; that is to say, the amount which
+grows on all the trees over the whole area for one year. It would,
+however, not do to clip off little pieces from each tree over the whole
+area, as they would be quite useless as timber. Therefore this amount is
+calculated out as so many cubic feet per annum, or so many trees above a
+girth of 12 feet or 11 feet, or whatever the girth limit may be, and
+this amount, either in cubic feet or in the number of trees, is allowed
+to be cut down each year. Then we know that year after year this amount
+can be cut down again, and as the soil and other conditions improve and
+the rate of reproduction is hastened by proper cultural methods in
+improving the soil, by draining and other methods of amelioration, still
+larger results may be obtained.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.—=The Chief Conservator of Forests’ House, with
+five-year-old Albizzia Lebbek standing beside it.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.—=Three Capsules of Mahogany (Khaya grandis
+Ivoriensis and Punchii), from banks of Owena River.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.—=Capsules of three Species of Entandrophragma:
+E. Macrophyllum, the largest; E. utilis, the next in size; and E.
+cylindricum, the smallest.=]
+
+ To face p. 162.
+
+Secondly, the object of these Reserves is to produce firewood, more
+especially in the neighbourhood of large towns; in fact, already in
+several cases, firewood plantations or Reserves have been made, such as
+those at Ibadan and on the sandy flats near Lagos. In these cases, trees
+five, seven or ten years old are large enough for that purpose, more
+especially of the following species, _Cassia Siamia_, or _Albizzia
+Brownii_.
+
+Thirdly, to provide grazing land, more especially in the more northern
+part of Nigeria, where the object is to divide up the area, so that so
+many cattle may graze on each area in different years, or for different
+periods of the year, so as to give the pasture and small trees which may
+be growing a chance to revive and grow again. By this means the pasture
+is improved and made of permanent value. It is also possible under this
+system to undertake permanent improvements in these large pastures by a
+certain amount of drainage in the lower parts, and fire protection in
+the upper and higher parts. In this way the cattle obtain a better
+pasturage and reach maturity all the quicker. In times of bad season,
+too, some of the closed areas may be opened for pasturage, thus ensuring
+that the head of cattle may not be allowed to go down owing to death due
+to drought or lack of pasture. In this way the grazing reserve acts as a
+kind of insurance against loss of stock in bad seasons of no rainfall.
+
+Fourthly, the production of oil seeds and nuts, such as the Oil Bean,
+_Pentaclethra macrophylla_, or the African Wood Oil-nut, _Ricinodendron
+Africanus_. It may also be the production of Cola nuts, which thrive in
+the forests in the shade, or in the partial shade, of other forest
+trees, and the Cacao Bean, which also, in certain localities, should
+stand in the partial shade of forest trees, more especially in the dry
+season.
+
+Fifthly, the production of fibres, such as that from the tree known as
+Eso, _Firmiana Barteri_, the bark of which is used for making rope. Then
+there are the various creepers, such as Kakoba, _Entada scandens_, which
+is also used for making rope by the Hausa and Yoruba, more especially
+fly-switches by the Benin natives. Then there are the canes, such as
+Egbe, used for roofing amongst the Yorubas and Okakan, _Eremospatha sp._
+(large Benin rattan), and Ikan, _Eremospatha macrocarpa_ (small Benin
+rattan), also used for making rope, and a kind of string which both the
+Benin and Jekii natives use for tying lath pieces together in house-
+building and in making coverings for their canoes.
+
+Sixthly, the production of domestic articles, such as sponges, _Luffa
+Soudanica_, or wrapping-leaves for food, termed Ewayon by the Yorubas,
+or thatching laths, Ebe by the Benin natives, and the roofing canes
+termed Itebe by the Yorubas.
+
+Seventhly, the production of medicinal plants, such as those for native
+Ju-ju; and some, such as _Cassia occidentalis_, _Cassia fistula_, also
+useful to Europeans.
+
+
+The main difference between the beautiful, untouched existing forests
+and a Forest Reserve is chiefly in the matter of management. In the
+unreserved forests a lease may be granted for five or seven years, and
+the leaseholder may fell a great number of trees, such as mahogany,
+Iroko, etc. At the same time there is nothing to hinder the natives or
+original occupier or user of the land from clearing the greater part of
+the forest, except the protected trees, and making farms throughout the
+area; thus, in fact, gradually hindering, or at least reducing, the
+possible output of timber from that area. No new seedlings come up in
+these areas which are farmed, and, in fact, the fires which are made in
+the course of clearing the land for farming operations kill the young
+growth of all kinds. In reality, in a Forest Reserve there is more
+permanency with regard to the output of timber than in the original
+forest; there is, in fact, absolute permanency. Although no actual lease
+may be granted for a period of several years in a Forest Reserve, yet,
+as a matter of fact and usual experience, after a year’s working it
+would be quite unlikely for a Forest Department to stop the timber
+merchant from working the forest again, or rather from allowing him much
+the same number of trees as he had in the former year, because not only
+would the revenue from the forest suffer, but timber experience would
+have to be gained with another firm, which means a loss of time as well
+as revenue. Thus, in the ordinary way it is more satisfactory to have
+the same firm working in that locality year after year, provided they
+pay an adequate price for all the timber trees which they have. They can
+then invest the proper amount of capital in plant and hauling
+appliances, and thus make a greater profit and exploit the forest to
+better advantage than if a fresh firm came in year after year.
+
+To give a more concrete idea of what these areas mean, we will take it
+that on the average there are only 50 trees per acre which are of some
+value or another, either for timber for local use or for export, and
+taking the average rate of fee at only 4s. per tree (it should be noted
+that mahogany and so on are rated at £2 16s. per tree), it will be seen
+that the value of these forests is in all £12,800,000. This sounds a
+great deal, but when it is considered what a very large number of trees
+can now be utilized, either locally, in the form of planks and
+scantlings, and joists for posts, not to speak of all the various kinds
+of mahogany, Iroko, walnut, ebony and other substitutes which can be
+used for export, it will be seen that this value is none too great; in
+fact, to the timber leaseholder they would be worth at least ten times
+as much. Of course, in this calculation all sizes of trees above a girth
+of 4 feet are considered, for the sake of making the valuation as
+complete as possible. Naturally, the smaller girth trees would not
+immediately be utilized, but when we are totalling up the amount of
+forest or wood capital involved in the valuation, it is necessary to
+include them and put a value on them. If the necessity arose, even they
+could also be utilized and would at least bring in the amount of the
+lowest valuation per tree.
+
+The Forest Reserves stand also in a special position to the local
+people, for, after all, these Reserves formed originally part of the
+forest from which were supplied all the major wants of the native, such
+as timber, firewood, oil nuts and seeds, fibres, domestic articles and
+medicinal plants; therefore, whatever the main lines of protection of a
+good forest, the needs of the people of that locality must have the
+first consideration. After these wants have been fully supplied, then
+any surplus in the way of timber or other commercial products can be
+sold or exported elsewhere. This leads us to consider the fact that a
+Permanent Forest or Forest Reserve leads to a permanent source of
+revenue from that particular forest. Owing to the fact that there is the
+permanent yield of timber established in that area, it means that
+permanent money is being obtained from those trees and being brought
+into the Treasury as part of the permanent revenue of the country. If
+there is any increase, owing to the increased value of the timber trees
+thus gained—and the more stability there is, the better for the
+country—better arrangements can be made with regard to the reproduction
+of the forests. If there is a greater revenue being obtained from the
+forests, even more money can be justly expended by the Forest Department
+for the buying of better implements for planting and the Forest Station
+generally, for the making of permanent improvements in the forests, such
+as draining, road-making and fire protection. If these forests are not
+protected and unreserved, then in the course of time they must
+completely disappear, owing to the fact that man is so constituted that
+if he sees land, which may or may not be suitable for agriculture,
+covered with trees, he naturally thinks it would be better to cut these
+down and see what agricultural crop will grow there, regardless of the
+fact that there may already exist, or he may have cleared, fifteen times
+as much land as he requires for farming operations each year.
+
+In addition to all the above, there are the indirect effects of forests,
+which have been considered in the section dealing with the relation
+between Agriculture and Forestry. On the whole, it is better for the
+Central Government or Federal Government to manage the Forest Reserves,
+as by that means there is greater impartiality in their management and
+more stability and continuity in the Forest policy adopted towards them.
+In each case, however, it is essential to have either co-opted or
+elected representatives of the locality, either by the chiefs or by
+representatives of the people, so that the wishes and needs of the
+locality may be thoroughly considered.
+
+Lastly, and by no means the least important feature of the Forest
+Reserve, is the æsthetic view. In the regions of Permanent Forests,
+healthier localities are afforded for the people, and they are also
+prettier and more pleasant. This applies not only to temperate-zone
+forests, but also to tropical forests. It is a well-known fact also that
+where there are permanent forests the value of the other land in that
+locality is always rated higher, and is worth more for leasing if
+adequately covered with a sufficient proportion of forest.
+
+
+ IV. AFFORESTATION IN NIGERIA.
+
+
+The Forest Department, not being content with obtaining a revenue out of
+the forests from the trees cut down for export or for local use, have
+spent and are spending several thousands of pounds each year in planting
+valuable forest trees. Going back historically before the time when the
+Forest Department had a sub-head in the estimates for “Labour for
+Plantations” or “Teak Plantations” or “Upkeep and Improvement of Forest
+Reserves,” we had the annual planting of many tens of thousands of
+mahogany-trees by the timber leaseholder. The whole of this was chiefly
+done in the Benin district of the Benin province. Although this
+transplanting of self-sown mahogany-trees into better situations near
+timber camps, or at the side of falling roads and into the spaces left
+by the fallen mahogany-trees, was by no means carried out very
+systematically or under very expert planters, the results are all the
+more creditable to those who so early started to reproduce the forests.
+It is most interesting to see in different parts on the banks of the
+Osse River young thrifty plantations now nearly twenty years old and
+nearly 30 feet high. In a similar way in the forest there are to be seen
+large numbers of somewhat smaller sized mahoganies growing singly or in
+groups, only needing a certain amount of clearing and tending to prevent
+their being overgrown by other forest trees. Scattered though they are
+throughout the forest, it is not too much to say that the prospective
+younger aged forest will be more valuable than that which originally
+stood in its place.
+
+Easier to find, though in some way less attractive to look at, are the
+regularly made mahogany plantations of the Forest Department. In
+addition to isolated specimen trees which are found in the forest
+Arboretums at Calabar, Degema, Benin City and Olokemeji, several
+thriving plantations are found near Benin City in the Ogba and Obagie
+Reserves, in the Ilaro, Mamu and Olokemeji Reserves. In the last-named
+are the most extensive areas of all, and also, despite many failures
+owing to experiments on bad soil and seasons of extreme drought, the
+growth of the trees gives the greatest promise of mature trees, or at
+any rate merchantable trees, being grown in a comparatively short
+period. Plantations have also been made at Awka, Udi, Okwoga and Ida.
+
+Already on the old town site of Ijaiye, mahoganies have been seen over 6
+feet in girth which have grown up from self-sown seedlings within a
+period of about sixty years. The soil in this locality is none too good,
+and the rainfall on the average certainly does not exceed 50 inches per
+annum. Near 47 Benin villages small communal plantations of mahogany
+have been made.
+
+All the mahoganies apparently, especially when grown in “pure”
+plantations, are attacked by a leading-shoot borer, which so weakens the
+leading shoot as to make it fall off, and the tree subsequently grows
+with two leaders. Later on this forms a large fork in the tree, which,
+when the time comes for felling, is by no means to be despised, forming
+as it does usually a very good “curl.” In other respects it is
+disadvantageous in reducing the length of the single straight bole. In
+this manner it has the effect of reducing the number of logs of long
+length and even shape and large size that can be obtained in one tree.
+In many cases, a log can be cut above from each limb forming the fork;
+but of course these are both much smaller than those from the bole, and
+are usually not nearly so straight, and one or other of the limbs is
+liable to be broken when the tree is felled. In the original forest only
+isolated trees are attacked by this leading-shoot borer, whereas in a
+plantation nearly all the trees suffer by its depredations.
+
+Various species are being tried for admixture with the mahogany in order
+to hinder the spread of the attacks. At Olokemeji there is a mahogany
+plantation largely interplanted with two species of _Mimusops
+multinervis_ and _Mimusops Elengi_. So far this appears most suitable,
+as the soil is kept thoroughly covered by the dense shade cast by the
+Mimusops, and there is a very considerable space between each mahogany-
+tree. However, the mahogany grows faster than the Mimusops, so that
+after the first few years it does not have so much effect. Even so, it
+tends to keep the bole of the mahogany clean and the state of the soil
+in mechanical and physical condition such as to be most conducive to the
+growth of mahogany.
+
+A mixture occasionally seen in nature has yet to be copied—that of
+mahogany and Chewstick (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_). To some extent it is
+seen at Olokemeji, where the self-sown seedlings have come up in a
+mahogany plantation, but of course they were rather too late to effect
+the result, i.e. protecting the mahogany from the leading-shoot borer.
+At Ilaro a most typical Mahogany Reserve, an isolated plantation made
+amongst secondary growth, has more than held its own with little or no
+tending after the first two years, and yet the trees overtop all the
+surrounding growth. In some cases, both at Olokemeji and Mamu, either
+self-sown or planted Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) is found growing
+amongst the mahogany. Owing to the attacks of the coccus on the Iroko
+hindering its height growth, it has not had as beneficial an effect as
+might have been expected. Transplanting self-sown trees from an
+overshaded locality in the forest, where they usually first appear in a
+more open locality, has proved on the whole most successful. Again,
+transplanting self-sown seedlings scarcely one year old from an
+overshaded locality into one with more light has accelerated the growth
+of the seedlings, preventing them being killed by the excessive shade,
+and at much less cost has thus established a small plantation in the
+Benin forests.
+
+With the collection and planting of the seeds from the teak-trees
+originally planted about 1889 in the Ebuttemetta garden, a new area
+opened in the afforestation of Nigeria. Seedlings developed rapidly, and
+were found to grow at least 10 if not 18 feet in the first year.
+Although not always keeping up this promise of exceedingly rapid growth,
+more especially in height, the teak bids fair to become, as in Burma so
+in Nigeria, the most valuable of all trees. On the whole it has been by
+far the most extensively planted tree of any in Nigeria, excepting that
+in the case of mahogany many more have been planted in the Central
+Circle. Teak plantations are now found as widely apart as on the banks
+of the Cross River near Ikom, Inkum, Ndeh and Ikrigon amongst the
+historic stones, and in the Arboretum at Calabar. Near Ndeh, for over a
+quarter of a mile the river bank is quite enlivened by the large and
+showy leaves as well as the tall, thin stem of the teak. To a lesser
+extent, though appearing more picturesque, is the riverside plantation
+on the opposite bank just below Abragba. In a district with a rainfall
+of about 60 inches and a deep sand alluvial soil, the teak so far has
+proved quite at home in the Cross River districts of the Eastern Circle.
+Even amongst the thickly growing grass at Ikrigon they have survived
+after coming up from seeds sown at stake, and bid fair to become an
+established tree of that locality.
+
+Teak has also found a place in the plantation near Mpot and the Oban
+Reserve. Going over now to the Central Circle, we have Oria, situated
+near the right bank of the Niger in the Benin province, with its rapidly
+growing teak plantations. Again choosing a local climate similar to that
+where teak is found has so far proved it to be a most suitable tree for
+this locality. Many other trees do not thrive or attain much size near
+here, so that the teak is all the more valuable for that reason. Near
+Benin itself, with its heavier rainfall and comparatively approximate to
+the sea (about 45 miles), it is doubtful if teak will do so well. Even
+so, growing more slowly, it would prove an additional most valuable tree
+to those already found growing in the district from which timber has
+already been obtained.
+
+Again, in the Western Circle the very largest teak plantations are
+found: even from the railway carriage window you get an impression of
+the extent of these just before reaching the Eruwa Road station, and
+again just after leaving Olokemeji station, between 85 and 90 miles from
+Lagos respectively. Despite one or two fires, trees at Eruwa Road show
+quite average growth for the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. In seven
+years the trees had reached a girth of over 12 inches and a height of
+over 25 feet. Happily, they were not fruiting so profusely as at
+Olokemeji. This plantation is all the more interesting in that it was
+made primarily for the use of the Railway Administration to supply teak
+timber for sleepers and constructional work.
+
+On closer inspection it will be seen that the Olokemeji plantations
+nearest the railway comprise six “falls,” “stands,” or “compartments” of
+25 acres each, adjoining each other. Although the trees everywhere have
+not grown as well as on the better soil, these are far and away the
+largest plantations of any in Nigeria. Each “stand” is separated from
+the next by a broad ride and top and bottom by a broad road. Near by
+these are another two compartments of 25 acres each, though neither of
+these is entirely filled with teak, as also the first one in the other
+series. Nearer the bungalows there are the first made plantations of
+1908, thriving, yet growing on the poor laterite soil. These stretch
+away nearly half a mile into the open deciduous forests at the back.
+What a strange contrast is presented in the dense, close growth of the
+teak plantation, with its soil covering of decaying and large brown
+leaves of the teak, compared to the stunted growth of Red Ironwood,
+small Bauhinia, some Paradaniellas and a few gnarled oak-like Shea
+Butter Trees! Such teak plantations open up a long vista of future
+developments in the conversion of the poor dry-zone vegetation into
+forests of valuable trees, both with and without extensive permanent
+improvements of the soil and subsoil. Even the large raceme-like
+clusters of the flowers, almost covering the whole of the teak trees in
+April and May, are not to be despised for improving the looks of a
+grassy lawn near a bungalow. A glimpse through the tall Terminalias on
+both sides of the Ogun, just before the curve is reached at Olokemeji
+village, reveals yet another teak plantation on the lower slopes of the
+easternmost of the two hills. Olokemeji means the “man of, or owner of,
+two hills” (_oke_ means a hill, and _meji_ means two, in Yoruba). Again,
+still further along in the valley of the stream, near the station, are
+some other older teak plantations from the years 1910, 1911. Here there
+is yet a different contrast. The broad, wide masses of the teak
+plantation are still on one side rather overshadowed towards the
+hillside by the giants of the mixed deciduous forests, such as the
+cotton-tree (_Eriodendron Orientale_) and _Sterculia cordifolia_ and
+ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_). However, later on the teak, growing
+on better soil than is found in many parts of the Olokemeji Reserve,
+will no doubt equal it, if not surpass it.
+
+Further to the south, in the Ilaro Reserve, teak has not proved to be so
+much at home; although growing well the first year or so, the rate of
+growth since then has been distinctly disappointing. The soil may have
+been too damp, and the rainfall of the locality may be a little high,
+and perhaps later on it may be proved that it can be grown on the higher
+land at a profit.
+
+Further eastward and further northward, in the Mamu Reserve, the teak
+has grown as well, if not better than up the Cross River. Trees five
+years old have reached a girth of 24 inches and a height of 35 feet;
+with its good soil and comparatively high rainfall, probably rather more
+than 60 inches, Mamu bids fair to be one of the homes of teak in Africa.
+The older plantations on the river bank, some three miles away from
+those on the side of the Ibadan-Jebu-ode Road, have done nearly as well
+as those standing on inferior soil. So far the only damage done to any
+of the trees anywhere is that caused by a mistletoe-like parasite termed
+Afoma by the Yorubas, and known botanically as _Polystachys odorata_.
+However, only isolated trees having been attacked both at Olokemeji and
+Mamu, it is not difficult to combat its presence by cutting the trees
+down and burning the parasite. Still further north, on the bank of the
+Ogun just above the bridge on the Oyo-Iseyin Road, is yet another teak
+plantation. This was mainly formed by many of the seedlings in the
+nursery not being transplanted in time and being allowed to grow up
+altogether unthinned. Teak, however, forms such very persistent side
+branches, and has such a tendency to flower and fruit early in its
+existence, that only helps it to form a clean straight bole and retards
+the period of flowering by being planted close together. Also, nearly 5
+per cent. of all the stems have a tendency to bend over and form
+stronger side branches than a leader, and have, in fact, rather a more
+shrub-like habit than that of a tree. Again, quite 1 per cent. grow very
+slowly right from the beginning and thus sooner or later get suppressed.
+For these reasons, then, more are required right from the beginning in
+order to form a full crop of clean-boled timber.
+
+In the Ondo Circle there are some teak at Awshun, where, owing to rather
+a high rainfall and somewhat low-lying ground, the trees have not grown
+so very fast after the first year.
+
+In addition to isolated specimens over twelve years old in the Olokemeji
+Arboretum region, the oldest trees of all are found in the Ebuttemetta
+gardens near Lagos. These trees are nearly thirty years of age, and show
+a girth of about 6 feet. By no means growing on good soil, or in a
+suitable locality either with regard to elevation or the close proximity
+to the lagoon and the sea, useful for the best growth of teak, they do
+not at all show the possible limits of growth of this tree. Already
+sample sections have been cut from one or two of these trees and
+reported on most favourably by the Railway Administration. Similar
+samples have been sent to the Imperial Institute for exhibition
+purposes. In a short time the first thinnings of the plantations will
+take place, and it will be possible to see for what purpose they are
+most suitable. At any rate, it is a termite-proof wood, and despite the
+fact that the white ants often attack the growing tree, they usually eat
+only the outer bark, leaving the tree quite intact and alive.
+
+In all, about 300 acres have been planted with teak, and even at the low
+valuation of the cost of making them they are worth at least £45,000. In
+this case a nominal value of only 3s. per cubic foot is assumed. As has
+proved the case in Burma, probably on the best soils only a period of
+eighty years will have to elapse before the final filling of the trees
+is made on the better classes of soil, and one of a hundred on the
+poorer soils. At approximately regular intervals of every ten years
+after the first ten or fifteen have elapsed from the date of the making
+of the plantation, thinnings are made. With each succeeding period the
+trees cut out are of larger size, and thus of increasing value with each
+decade. These returns soon more than cover the cost of planting, and
+assume greater and greater proportion towards the end of the rotation.
+
+Another tree with which a considerable amount of work has been done is
+the Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_). Here, despite many disappointing
+results, care and attention show that this tree is capable of
+reproducing itself in a comparatively short period. Beyond many
+specimens in the Arboretum at Olokemeji, a whole plantation was made by
+the Railway between that place and Eruwa Road. Seedlings come up in
+large numbers from fresh seed sown in a nursery. In fact, sometimes, as
+at Olokemeji, they have appeared thicker than grass. Subsequently, when
+transplanted, many thousands died, the roots being apparently unable to
+quickly adjust themselves to new surroundings and grow again before the
+leaves have transpired nearly all the moisture from the plant, and thus
+quite withered and dried it up. However, those which have survived show
+fair growth, even on poor laterite soil. This soil, of course, is quite
+unsuited, and certainly one of the poorest mediums in which to plant
+Iroko.
+
+Natural regeneration or the sowing of seeds at stake seems to be the
+best method, as we have in nearly all the Reserves large numbers of
+young Iroko seedlings of all ages and sizes coming up. In that
+connection one of the most instructive Forest Reserves is that of
+Ikrigon, where the Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_) is the most prevalent
+tree. Here, where most of the land has been farmed at one time or
+another and where the rainfall on the whole is sufficient to induce a
+good forest growth, the Iroko has tended to increase in numbers all
+through this part of the country. It may also be said, of course, that
+the natives have directly helped in this process, by leaving some of the
+less straight and more branched Iroko-trees standing. They have used the
+best for canoe-making. In this manner seed-bearing trees have been
+available, and with part of the ground having been cleared for farms,
+the conditions have been most suitable for the reproduction of the tree.
+Subsequently the farms have been abandoned and the young trees have
+grown up amongst the weeds, creepers, and other inferior tree species,
+such as Albizzia, just according sufficient shade and protection for the
+young Irokos, and yet not too dense or thick to prevent them from sooner
+or later emerging and overgrowing the rest of the trees. Although, of
+course, many trees growing up under these conditions branch somewhat low
+down, they do not suffer nearly to the same extent, and sometimes not at
+all, from the attacks of the leaf coccus. This has two effects: not only
+does it not hinder and retard the sapling’s growth, but also all the
+sooner it reaches the higher zone or greater distance from the ground
+(as far as its upper foliage is concerned), so that these attacks do not
+occur. Again, the competition of the various weeds, Albizzias, creepers,
+etc., has the effect of so stimulating the growth of the young Iroko
+that in such positions it reaches a much greater height in a quicker
+time than when planted in pure plantations. From numerous observations
+it appears that after the first year the height growth may exceed 6 feet
+in one season. Even later this is kept up, and if the rest of the forest
+growth remains comparatively thick, no side branches can be formed on
+the bole of the Iroko, so that clean-stemmed trees are the result. As it
+gets older the Iroko stands less shade, and thus any small branches
+which do form are soon killed by the surrounding trees. Thus it is seen
+how we find these very straight, long-boled Irokos in the forests.
+Again, too, it is not very expensive, and at least much cheaper, to
+undertake partial cleaning and pruning amongst the self-sown Iroko-
+trees, especially to eliminate forks low down in the stem. Various
+experiments undertaken in the Ikrigon, Olokemeji and Mamu Reserves
+showed how quickly the sapling Irokos respond to this treatment. In some
+cases, trees only 2 inches in diameter and forked have reached nearly 4
+inches in diameter and nearly doubled in height in one year. Another
+advantageous feature of the Iroko is the rapid, satisfactory, and smooth
+way in which the occlusion of the wounds made by pruning takes place.
+Even in the case of a very crooked tree covered with several branches,
+in fact almost forming a crown, these may be marked but not all cut
+until the following year. Surfaces of less than 2 inches will be nearly
+occluded over, and a tendency of the tree towards a crown will be almost
+obliterated at that point and be forming much higher up the tree.
+
+Apparently, the more northward the tree is found the less liable it is
+to attack by the leaf coccus. Whilst it is found in the Olokemeji, Ilaro
+and Mamu Reserve, it is less frequent in the Ikrigon Reserve. In the
+Sokode it was quite unknown. This last-named place is in Togo, and the
+plantation is situated in a latitude of over 9° North.
+
+In the Ilaro and to a lesser extent in the Mamu Reserve it has been
+remarkable how rapidly the Iroko increases in girth when given plenty of
+space after being freed from the surrounding forest trees. In these
+trees, when showing a girth of from 4 to 8 feet, the diameter increment
+is most rapid. In most cases it averages over 6 inches in girth, and in
+one case at Ilaro it was as much as 11 inches in one year. This rapid
+growth in girth is all the more valuable as the trees of this size
+growing in the high forest have usually nearly completed their height
+growth. Thus the bole is comparatively long and clean, and the extra
+growth is put on evenly all the way up, tending to make it more
+cylindrical than before.
+
+With the protection of the forests alone as Forest Reserve both in the
+evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zone, not only are many Iroko-trees
+preserved and allowed to grow to their full size, but also large numbers
+of self-sown seedlings come up in the abandoned ground and augment the
+value of the forests. This is an additional reason why the farming in a
+Reserve cannot be continued for any length of time. The old farms become
+more and more filled up with valuable young Iroko-trees, which would be
+at any rate damaged, if not killed, by the farming operations.
+
+Even without taking into consideration the number of planted trees, the
+Forest Department has practically guaranteed certain future quantities
+of Iroko timber in the number of small trees which have been preserved
+and the potential value of the little ones grown up since the Reserves
+were made. Only in one part of the country is this anything like the
+case, and that is in the Ahoada district, where the natives use the
+Iroko-tree as a boundary mark between the different village lands and
+also between many farms. To a minor extent this can be seen in the
+Onitsha district, where the Iroko-trees have been preserved inside the
+villages, thus giving them the appearance of being the woods of the
+country while the rest of the land is bare. It is, however, just the
+reverse. They form the towns and villages amongst the trees, which are
+thus preserved from the axe and fire of the local farmer. Despite the
+fact that a fair number of large oversized Irokos have been cut each
+year in the Olokemeji Reserve, there are many more of the smaller size
+now coming on than were in existence when the first fellings took place.
+
+Another tree which has received a considerable amount of attention is
+the Cigar-box Cedar (_Cedrela odorata_), and to a lesser extent the Toon
+(_Cedrela Toona_). Although both are exotic trees, the former especially
+shows very quick growth. Despite the unevenness with which it is liable
+to come up from seed, the rapid growth of the tree soon compensates for
+this disadvantage. In three or four years it may be from 18 to 24 feet
+high and 8 to 16 inches in girth. Both the largest individual specimens
+as well as plantations are found in the Olokemeji forest as well.
+
+More in place in the firewood plantations near Lagos and Ibadan is the
+Casuarina (_Casuarina equisetifolia_). At Olokemeji this tree has only
+done comparatively well. Also an exotic, it is most useful for planting
+near the sea-side on sandy soil, and in places with a smaller rainfall.
+It will also stand a comparatively dry atmosphere. The wood of this tree
+is very hard, almost like Ironwood. It is sometimes known as the
+Australian Beef Tree. Its numerous small branches on the stem make the
+wood rather knotty and of less value for general construction work.
+However, its heating power as a firewood is very great. Amongst all the
+forest trees it is one which yields the greatest amount of acetic acid,
+which forms the basis of an explosive.
+
+Another Australian tree which has been used to a lesser extent for
+Afforestation purposes is the Blue Gum of various kinds. _Eucalyptus
+citriodora_ and _E. amygdalina_ have proved to grow the quickest of any
+planted in Nigeria. Many others have been tried, but most have not
+survived. Specimen trees and small groups are seen as far apart as
+Onitsha, on the banks of the Niger, Ikassa, near the mouth of the Nun
+branch of the Niger, the Botanical Gardens, Calabar, the Olokemeji
+Arboretum and Forest Plantations, not to forget the streets of Lagos. In
+a similar way Casuarinas are seen near Government House at Calabar and
+in Lagos, besides the forest Arboretums and plantations.
+
+Another exotic from India, Lagerstrœmia (_Lagerstrœmia flos Reginæ_),
+has grown well both on the banks of the Ogun and on poor laterite soil
+of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve. For the sake of the flowers alone it is
+worth planting to ornament a garden or the edge of a plantation. The
+masses of mauve flowers last a considerable time and blend most
+beautifully with the foliage and any green grass near by. Although of
+branching habit when planted 10 feet apart, if planted closer it will
+grow straighter and with cleaner bole. The timber is hard and very
+durable. So far this tree has proved a valuable introduction, especially
+for planting poor soils and river banks liable to inundation.
+
+A later, though an exceedingly good introduction is that of the
+Satinwood (_Swietenia chloroxylon_), which gives promise in the
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve of making a valuable addition to the number of
+timber trees of indigenous and exotic origin. This tree yields the
+Ceylon satinwood, which is usually worth at least £12 per ton. The
+almost silvery-white tufted formation of the leaves is reminiscent
+almost of the Eucalyptus, though the leaf is rather smoother and not
+quite so narrow in proportion to its length as most of the Eucalyptus
+family.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.—=Cedrela odorata, seven years old, with Forest
+Office in background, Olokomeji.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.—=Cedrela odorata, Cigar-box Cedar, girth 5 feet,
+twelve years old, Olokomeji Arboretum.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.—=Teak (Tectona grandis), ten years old,
+Olokomeji Arboretum.=]
+
+ To face p. 174.
+
+Some years ago the seeds of _Pinus Mercusii_ were planted in several
+places, including those of higher elevation. Although it many cases the
+seed germinated, the seedlings subsequently died.
+
+Another exotic, the Swamp Cypress or Bald Cypress, or, as it is known in
+England, the Deciduous Cypress (_Taxodium distichum_), was tried near
+Benin City some years ago for swamp planting. Here, as in the other
+case, the seeds germinated and the small trees reached the height of
+about a foot and then subsequently died. The swampy ground where they
+were planted may, however, have been rather too acid or sour for them.
+The climate, of course, was no doubt considerably hotter than that of
+the Southern States of the United States, in which country this tree is
+indigenous.
+
+The original Spanish Mahogany, or _Swietenia mahagoni_, was intended for
+Afforestation purposes with a view to its yielding on the average a more
+highly valued wood than that of the African Mahogany. However, in Africa
+generally, and in the Olokemeji Arboretum, it has proved a very slow
+growth and more liable to attack by the leading-shoot borer than even
+the indigenous mahogany-tree.
+
+For the comparatively dry laterite soil of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve,
+Indian Rosewood or Blackwood (_Dalbergia latifolia_) has proved a
+valuable introduction. Growing comparatively fast and of somewhat
+branching habit, it soon covers the ground. It is, of course, better in
+mixture with others in order to produce clean stems. Latterly the larger
+trees have been attacked by a borer and considerable damage has been
+done. Still, in spite of it the trees have gone on growing, and
+apparently are capable of outgrowing the damage without an enormous loss
+of increment. In all, several acres have been planted with this tree.
+
+Indian Walnut (_Albizzia Lebbek_) has found a foremost place in the
+firewood plantation at Ibadan and Ede, as well as in the forest
+plantations at Olokemeji. Its rapid growth and comparative indifference
+to soil make it a comparatively valuable tree for Afforestation
+purposes. Although it is usually only considered suitable for firewood,
+there is no doubt that its wood can be used as a substitute for walnut,
+as it is in India. Already, in fact, it is largely a forest escape in
+Africa, and is found in many of the old farms and cultivated places. Its
+greyer, almost silvery-grey, foliage easily distinguishes it from that
+of _Albizzia Brownii_, which has larger leaves.
+
+A South American exotic, the Lignum Vitæ (_Guaiacum officinale_), is
+found in isolated specimens in the Olokemeji Arboretum and forest
+plantations. With such a very slow-growing tree, which may show half an
+inch growth in a year, it is difficult to be patient and wait for the
+many years before it will attain even a size large enough from which to
+cut the smallest bowl for a game of skittles or bowls. Its very yellow
+small foliage is most distinctive and not unlike box (_Buxus
+sempervirens_), but the leaf is flatter and does not curl like box.
+
+One of the most valuable introductions in the forest plantations at
+Olokemeji and in the firewood plantations at Ibadan is the Siamese
+Cassia or Bombay Blackwood (_Cassia Siamea_). Almost indifferent as to
+soil and not requiring a heavy rainfall, and casting a heavy shade, it
+soon grows on the laterite, covers the ground, killing weeds, and
+rapidly attaining the size of a tree. In the plantations at Olokemeji,
+the trees reached a height of over 20 feet and a girth of about a foot
+in five years. It is one of the few trees that will thoroughly kill the
+Econ grass. The masses of yellow flowers which appear in the crown of
+the tree and also in the leader rather interrupt the height growth, but
+make a magnificent show at the end of the dry season. It continues to
+flower and fruit for the larger part of the year. Either as a firewood
+tree or as a timber tree, it should always be worthy of a place in all
+Afforestation areas where the rainfall is none too heavy. The hard,
+almost black wood is of value in India, so that it should prove of value
+in Nigeria when the trees are large enough for cutting into planks or
+boards. Amongst the exotic trees which have not yet found a place is the
+Trinkomali Wood (_Berrya Ammomilla_) and Indian Rose Chestnut or
+Ironwood (_Mesua ferrua_), seedlings which were obtained from seeds of
+the large trees in the Botanical Gardens at Victoria. If they grow well
+in Nigeria, the somewhat heavy and flexible Trinkomali Wood or Petwun
+and the Ironwood should both prove of value for local industrial work.
+
+Although found as specimen trees in the Olokemeji Arboretum, _Copaifera
+officinalis_ has not been formed in plantations, though small groups of
+the West African Gum Copal (_Copaifera salikounda_) are seen in the Ogba
+plantation of the Central Circle. Both these trees are doing very well,
+more especially the latter, which have reached a height of over 12 feet
+in six years. The former had produced some tears of gum three-quarters
+of an inch in diameter in the tenth year of its growth. In addition to
+these two, there is the Cameroon Gum Copal (_Copaifera Demeusii_),
+seedlings of which were obtained from the Botanical Gardens at Victoria.
+Considering that the last-named tree is indigenous in a territory so
+much closer to Nigeria than either of the first-named Gum Copals, it is
+highly probable that this one will grow better than either of the
+others. Up to the present it is not known, however, how the yield of the
+Gum Copal compares with either of the former. As far as West Africa is
+concerned, the Sierra Leone Gum Copal has proved to be the most prolific
+in this respect.
+
+The Indian Almond (_Terminalia catappa_) is seen more as an avenue tree,
+mostly in towns such as Lagos, but also in the Mamu Forest Reserve. It
+is certainly one of the best shade trees for planting at the side of
+roads. Its rather formal habit, with the almost even whorls of branches,
+fits in with the straightness and even width of a road. By many it is
+not realized that the nuts can be comparatively easily cracked and the
+kernel inside is good to eat.
+
+_Michelia champaca_ is another most suitable tree for avenues. The
+chestnut-like leaf and the large, almost magnolia-like flowers are of a
+white colour, giving it a “distinguished” appearance such as is
+necessary for a roadside tree. The flowers, too, are used for making
+scent.
+
+Both as a shade tree and for its gum the Balsam of Peru (_Toluifera
+Pereiræ_) is also worthy of a place both in avenues and in plantations.
+Some seedlings were obtained from the Botanical Gardens at Pretoria,
+where the tree has grown comparatively well. Not so suitable for
+plantations apparently at Olokemeji is the Sugar Palm (_Arenga
+saccharifera_). However, in isolated places small plantations have been
+made with the Sago Palm (_Corypha elata_), such as in the swamp opposite
+Calabar and the small grove of the Betel Nut Palm (_Areca catechu_) near
+Lagos. Both these give promise of being useful acquisitions to the palms
+of economic use in Africa.
+
+Before leaving the exotic trees, mention must be made of the Thuya
+(_Thuya occidentalis_), which were obtained from the Canary Islands by
+Major Cockburn and planted on the hill at Obubra. Although somewhat slow
+growing, they have thrived in that climate and do not suffer from
+disease. This is the only example of a Conifer which has been
+successfully introduced into Nigeria.
+
+Amongst the other indigenous trees of which plantations have been made
+there is the Cedar Mahogany (_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_), Emi gbegiri,
+Yoruba, which apparently grows but slowly in Olokemeji. It is much the
+same with the self-sown seedlings and with root suckers, both of which
+have proved disappointingly slow in that locality.
+
+Then also at Olokemeji we have the dry-zone Mahogany, _Khaya
+Senegalensis_, Oganwo of the Yorubas and Ogwangu of the Benis, growing
+in a small plantation and raised from seed brought by H. N. Thompson,
+Esq., from the Shaki district in 1910. So far the growth has been
+comparatively rapid, though the tree is occasionally attacked by the
+leading-shoot borer, which makes it fork comparatively low down.
+
+Of the African Walnut and the Long-capsuled Mahogany, _Lovoa Klaineana_
+and _Entandrophragma Candollei_, most isolated specimens and groups
+appear to have been planted in the leased areas of Benin. In addition to
+these, some other specimens and small plantations are found in the
+Calabar, Degama, Benin and Olokemeji Arboretums, as well as in the
+plantations of the Ogba and Olokemeji. Thus far only the Long-capsuled
+Mahogany has been planted in these; the difficulty of obtaining seed of
+the African Walnut has precluded its wider distribution in the various
+plantations. Long-capsuled Mahogany grows very fast, usually with an
+undivided stem and a big tuft of long pinnate leaves near the top of the
+tree. Stump shoots form very readily and soon attain a large size, as is
+noticeable in the specimen in the Benin Arboretum.
+
+The plantations of Ebony (_Diospyros mespiliformis_), Kanran of the
+Yorubas, have been made in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve. Although, of
+course, very slow growing, it demands further attention, as it yields a
+good black ebony.
+
+Amongst the soft woods there are plantations of _Triplochiton
+Nigericum_, Arere of the Yorubas and Obechi of the Benis, in the
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve. At first growing rather slowly, they bid fair
+to prove one of the most rapid growing trees. A mixture where teak was
+introduced to fill up the blanks will be interesting to watch in its
+future development, as to whether the teak will eventually outgrow the
+forest maple.
+
+Although the firewood plantations at Ibadan and certain parts of the
+plantations of Olokemeji have been filled up with West African Walnut
+(_Albizzia Brownii_), Ayinre Bonabona of the Yorubas, they will prove
+probably of greater value for the production of timber than for
+firewood. However, as a firewood tree it has yielded several cords of
+wood from one tree after only seven years of growth. So far it has
+certainly proved to be the tree which produces the greatest amount of
+firewood in the shortest period of time. It sprouts well from the stump,
+so that for a time its reproduction is very easy and assured.
+
+The Oil Bean (_Pentaclethra macrophylla_), Apara of the Yorubas and
+Opaga of the Benis, is found chiefly reproduced artificially, either by
+being sown at stake or planted along the sides of the roads in the
+Owerri and Benin provinces. Considering the hardness of the wood, the
+tree grows not excessively slowly, though, of course, compared to a
+softwood it is slow.
+
+Camwood (_Pterocarpus Osun_), Osun by the Yorubas, Ume by the Benis, has
+found a place in the Mamu Forest Reserve, its congener _Pterocarpus
+Indicus_ having been planted in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve. However,
+as far as the size and habit of growth is concerned, the African Redwood
+or Barwood appears to be much superior to the Indian Paduak. The latter
+usually soon develops a triple stem with many small side-branches,
+whereas the African species always shows an undivided stem. In rate of
+growth “Osun” seems to be rather slow compared to many other trees.
+Self-sown seedlings come up readily in suitable localities, such as the
+Ikrigon Reserve, and on the whole develop more quickly. Anyhow, the
+continual demand in increasing amounts of this red dye-wood necessitates
+the careful preservation of the tree in the forest, as well as its
+continual reproduction by natural regeneration or plantations in the
+Forest Reserve.
+
+Amongst the Mamu Forest Plantations there is that of African Oak
+(_Afzelia Africana_), Apa (Yoruba), Aligna (Benin), one of the few
+survivals of the efforts made to reproduce this tree artificially. The
+many insect and rodent enemies give isolated plantation seedlings very
+little chance to develop.
+
+Although Shea Butter (_Butyrospermum Parkii_), Emi Ori or Emigidi
+(Yoruba), has been tried as a plantation tree, the germination of the
+nuts is very poor, and the rodents attack them unmercifully. Apparently
+root-suckers form the chief means of reproduction for this tree. They
+are very prevalent and very persistent once they have sprouted. The
+forest fires destroy a great deal of the flower in the early part of the
+year, preventing formation of the fruit, and thus the means of
+reproduction by seed is very much reduced. The improvement in trees
+protected from fire at Olokemeji is most marked.
+
+At Degema there is a plantation of _Mimusops Djave (?)_, or Aganokwi of
+the Benis, which shows comparatively fast growth; in eleven years the
+trees had reached a height of about 25 feet and a girth of 2 feet 6
+inches. Although it sprouts well from the stump, it is easier to raise
+from seed, but the seedlings require great care in transplanting.
+
+At Olokemeji, Shinglewood (_Terminalia Superba_), Afara, by the Yorubas
+and Egoyn Nufwa by the Benis, is being tried in a mixed plantation. The
+growth has been rapid, and would probably surpass that of teak after the
+first five years.
+
+Over considerable areas of the Olokemeji and the Ibadan plantations the
+Yoruba Chewstick, or Ayin of the Yorubas (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_), has
+been planted. Its growth has been moderately rapid, reaching a height of
+about 8 feet in four years. In addition to the value of its wood both as
+a chewstick and from the fact that a mordant for dyes can be made from
+its ashes, the young plant kills all the Econ grass growing round it
+with its leaf fall. This makes the tree one of the most advantageous for
+Afforestation purposes. Its light-green foliage and delicate, graceful
+build, and slender bole and branches, make it also valuable as an avenue
+tree in the dryer parts of the country. In its similarity to the
+European birch it might almost be called the birch of Africa.
+
+With the Dika Nut (_Irvingia Barteri_), Oro by the Yorubas and Okherli
+by the Benis, small sample plots have been made in the Mamu Reserve and
+isolated specimens planted near the Calabar Arboretum.
+
+Although not for Afforestation purposes but for the production of Palm
+Wine, _Raffia vinifera_, Ako by the Yoruba, Augor by the Benis, has been
+planted and seeds distributed amongst the villagers of the upper parts
+of the Cross River districts. When these are grown there will not be
+such a demand for cutting down the oil-palm-tree for making palm wine as
+there is at the present time.
+
+Allowing only a value of 3d. per tree on all the trees planted during
+the last fifteen years, all the mahoganies and plantations are worth
+£240,000.
+
+In two circles and parts of a third a great deal of work of an
+Afforestation nature was undertaken years before any actual forest
+plantation could be made. These are the communal rubber plantations of
+the Ireh Rubber (_Funtumia elastica_). In the Central Circle, near over
+700 villages and towns, plantations varying from a hundred plants to
+ones covering several acres and containing many thousands, were made,
+aggregating in all the setting out of over a million trees in a period
+of about five years. In the Eastern Circle, in over a hundred villages,
+and in the Ondo and Western Circles over two hundred village plantations
+were made. Subsequently Para Rubber (_Hevea Braziliensis_) was added and
+substituted for the Funtumia wherever the climate was suitable for it.
+Now the communities concerned have a very valuable asset, which they can
+tap from year to year and augment at their leisure. Whatever happens to
+the forest or the immediate neighbourhood of the village, there will at
+any rate remain the rubber plantation, giving grateful shade to the
+roadsides and the ground near the villages. In one case a village
+planted over 1,200 Para rubber-trees, which even as a commercial asset
+are by no means to be despised.
+
+In addition to these efforts on the part of the natives, acting under
+the advice and guidance of the Forest Department, there are the numerous
+rubber plantations in all the Forest Reserves. In the earlier days these
+were planted with Funtumia, where, for instance, in the Mamu Forest
+Reserve nearly one square mile of land is planted with this tree.
+
+Then, again, there are the district plantations, more especially in the
+Eastern Circle, where in many cases Para Rubber was planted instead of
+Funtumia. These areas are for the most part smaller than those of the
+Forest Reserve or Communal Plantations. They served more as
+demonstration areas to show how rubber would grow in that locality.
+
+Furthermore, near almost each native court in the Eastern Circle rubber
+plantations, in many cases of Para and in others of Funtumia, were made.
+
+The general cost of the Communal District and Native Court Plantation
+was practically limited to the amount involved in payment of the native
+Forest staff. These men, however, had other duties to perform, and on
+the average certainly not more than one-third of their time was occupied
+in the making of these plantations. For the making of the other
+plantations of the Forest Reserve about £2,500, or sometimes £3,000, has
+been spent annually in making them and in the cost of their upkeep once
+they have been made. Owing to the long dry season in Nigeria the number
+of plants failing to survive it is somewhat high, and this very
+considerably increases the cost of the final establishment of the
+plantation. For some years the cost in many cases amounted to £10 per
+acre for the first year and £1 or £2 for subsequent years, for the cost
+of “beating up” and keeping the plantations clean. With the greater
+experience gained both in regard to the habits of the different trees
+and in the methods of reproduction most suitable to various parts of
+Nigeria, the cost has been somewhat lessened. However, even so, the cost
+compared to European or English plantations is not abnormally high. In
+Africa there is no land to buy, and no wire-netting is needed for the
+plantations, and the land usually planted has not a “letting” or
+“sporting” value, as it has in England. The buying out or compensating
+of the native rights of the usufruct of the soil is not so very
+expensive, especially when it is spread over comparatively large areas,
+as it usually is in West Africa. Then, again, even with the cost of £10
+per acre, the total value of a crop after fifty or sixty years would
+certainly not be less than 3s. per cubic foot of the timber, which thus
+allows ample margin for 5 per cent. compound interest on the original
+outlay, and a profit besides. In many cases the timber would be worth a
+great deal more, and also the value of the intermediate thinnings is not
+inconsiderable. Both these factors have been left out of the account, in
+order not to in any way exaggerate or make too optimistic estimates of
+the value of a forest plantation. But beyond the financial side of the
+value of forest plantations, more especially in a tropical country like
+Nigeria, is the very valuable indirect effect they have on the whole
+welfare of the country.
+
+First of all, plantations in forest groves improve and beautify a
+locality, whether on the level or amongst hills.
+
+In the second place, the forest induces a greater rainfall in itself and
+its immediate vicinity.
+
+Then the rainfall which actually falls in the forest is partly re-
+evaporated to fall again, thus making extra rainfall, and also the rain
+which actually reaches the ground in the forest is only gradually
+absorbed, thus making the flow of springs and rivers regular.
+
+Both on the level and especially on slopes, a covering of trees, such as
+a forest, hinders the washing away of the surface soil or tilth of the
+land.
+
+Forest trees only require one-twelth of the mineral matter out of the
+soil that an agricultural crop does, covering the same area.
+
+In a forest plantation there is always greater humidity in the air, and
+thus many plants of economic value, such as cocoa, can grow in its
+vicinity, which would otherwise not be possible to be grown in that
+locality.
+
+A forest acts as a moderating influence on the temperature of the air,
+being lower inside the forest than outside, when the sun is very hot.
+Conversely, when it is cold outside in the “harmattan” season it is
+warmer in the forest.
+
+Nearer the interior of the forest certain better grasses and pasture are
+found, which are of incalculable value, in a drought, to the cattle in
+that locality.
+
+During the long period of the rotation, usually at least 60 or 80 years,
+in most forests there are large accumulations of leaf mould or litter,
+which on occasion can be used in reasonable quantities for manuring
+neighbouring agricultural lands. This is of incalculable benefit where
+the ground outside the forest is comparatively poor and dry.
+
+It has been proved also that in these long forest rotations the mineral
+rock and subsoil have time to weather, and add further mineral matter to
+the enrichment of the soil.
+
+The forest, too, provides grateful shelter and sanctuary for game
+animals and birds of all kinds, thus providing, especially in Africa,
+the largest source of meat which the native has.
+
+When all these indirect advantages and good effects of the forest are
+added together and a definite value put on them, and then considered in
+addition to all the timber and firewood the forest produces, it will be
+seen how wonderfully and providentially beneficial the forests really
+are, and also how absolutely essential they are in a country like
+Africa.
+
+Just as effective, and cheaper, except perhaps as regards time, than the
+artificially made forest plantation, are the protected forests; even in
+the worst case, starting with a poor country growth and small dry-zone
+shrubs and trees, after ten years there is a compact, close-growth,
+medium-sized tree with straightened stem and less branching habit, and
+the ground comparatively free from grass. During a further period this
+forest can be thinned out by removing the poorer shrubs and trees and
+allowing seedlings of more valuable species to come up. They will often
+do this in the shade of poorer and more hardy trees. Still later, as the
+soil-moisture conditions improve, the humidity increases as well as the
+rainfall; still other species come in or can be introduced artificially.
+Eventually, by the end of the first rotation there is probably quite a
+different forest to that in existence at the time of the annual grass-
+fires, and one which is more akin to the original forests before the
+advent of Man with his firestick.
+
+Quite apart from any money which has been spent on direct forest
+plantations, the indirect effect of the protection afforded to the trees
+in the various forest reserves is of almost incalculable value. If the
+figure should be calculated out even at a low rate of only £1 per acre,
+then the total value is £768,000 for the Reserves already made. Again,
+considering this result has only been attained after about fifteen
+years’ work, it will only go to show the vast potentialities and
+resources that may be eventually created, or preserved from destruction,
+in Nigeria.
+
+ MEASUREMENTS OF PLANTED TREES IN THE OLOKEMEJI RESERVE
+
+ [Orig. Age 1911: Original Age in 1911.
+ Av. Growth: Mean Average Growth in One Year.
+ H.ft.: Height in feet.
+ G.in.: Girth in inches.]
+
+ ----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----------
+ |Orig.|1911.|1912.|1913.|1911.|1912.|1913.|Av. Growth
+ Species. | Age +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+ |1911 |H.ft.|H.ft.|H.ft.|G.in.|G.in.|G.in.|H.ft.|G.in.
+ ----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+ 1. Tectona | 3½ |27 |30·5 |34 |15·25|18·25|21 | — | —
+ grandis | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 2. „ „ | 5½ |32·5 |37·25|38 |24·25|28 |32·5 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 3. „ „ | 3½ |26·5 |32·75|34·5 |14·75|19·5 |23·5 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 4. „ „ | 3½ |25·5 |28·75| — |12·25|16·0 |18·5 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 5. „ „ | 3½ |25·5 |29 | — |13 |15·5 |18·5 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 6. „ „ | 3½ |27 |32·35| — |15·25|18·5 |21·5 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 7. „ „ | 3½ |11 |17 | — |8 |10 |12 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 8. „ „ | 3½ |24 |24·75| — |10·5 |13 |15·5 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 9. „ „ | 3½ |21 |21·5 | — |12·25|15 |19 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 10. „ „ | 3½ |24·5 |26·25| — |13 |16 |18 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 11. „ „ | 3½ |21 |26·5 | — |14·75|19 |22 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 12. „ „ | 3½ |22 |28·25| — |12·75|15·5 |27 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 13. „ „ | 3½ |23 |29·25| — |13·5 |15·5 |18 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 14. „ „ | 3½ |32 |37·25| — |15 |19 |22·5 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 15. „ „ | 3½ |21 | — | — |10 | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 16. „ „ | 3½ |12 | — | — | 4·5 | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 17. „ „ | 3½ |32·5 | — | — |12·25| — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 18. „ „ | 3½ |22 |56 | — |10·5 |45 | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 19. „ „ | 8½ |51 | — | — |42·75| — |48 | — | —
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 20. „ „ | 8½ |47·5 |51·5 | — |37 |39 |42 |7·62*|4·83*
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 21. Cedrela | 6½ |40 |43·75|49 |36·5 |41 |45 |6·8 |6·28
+ odorata | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 22. „ „ | 6½ |35·5 |40·50|44 |27·25|30·50|34·5 |6·15 |4·74
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 23. Chlorophora | 4½ |13 |19·75|23·5 |15 |21 |27·75|4·16 |4·72
+ excelsa | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 24. Triplochiton| 2½ |25 |31·75|35·5 |12 |16 |19·5 |12·3 |19·0
+ Nigericum | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 25. Terminalia | 8½ |65 |73·0 |74 |48 |51 |53 |8·31 |6·0
+ superba | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 26. Eucalyptus | 8½ |95·5 |90·75|94 |34·75|37 |37 |10·98|4·26
+ sp. | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 27. Khaya sp. | 3½ |22 |33·5 |39 |10 |15·5 |19 |9·0 |4·23
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 28. „ „ | 3½ |15 |23·5 |28 |9·75 |13 |15 |6·34 |3·59
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 29. Casuarina | — | — |22·5 |30 | — | — |11 | — | —
+ sp. | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ 30. „ „ | — | — |22·5 |30 | — | — |10·5 | — | —
+ ----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+
+* Average for twenty teak-trees.
+
+
+ V. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT.[3]
+
+
+European Forest Officers are of two ranks, the _scientifically_ trained
+Conservators of Forests and the _executively_ trained Foresters.
+
+The scope of this paper will only cover the former, as very few of the
+latter are Europeans, and most of them Nigerians.
+
+From Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh, graduates in Forestry can usually
+be procured. The training at these centres covers roughly a year or a
+year and a half’s work on the elementary subjects, such as Botany,
+Mathematics, Geology, Mensuration, Surveying, and Political Economy. In
+addition, a year or two years’ work on the professional subjects,
+Silviculture or the growing of Forests, Forest Protection, Forest
+Utilization, Forest Botany, Forest Entomology, Forest History and Forest
+Policy is required. At the end of the course, six months’ practical work
+in Scottish or English forests follows, during which period working
+plans and market conditions are especially studied.
+
+After being accepted for appointment in Nigeria, a further three months’
+course is taken at the Royal Gardens, Kew; and six months’ practical
+work on the Continent was (before the war) usually required. At Kew, the
+object is to acquire a working knowledge of the most important Botanical
+Orders which contain the African trees. The continental course shows the
+student forests which have been under a definite scheme of management
+for over a hundred years. It takes one, in fact, right through the life-
+history of a tree from a seedling in the nursery-bed to the well-grown
+financially mature tree, marked ready for the axe, a period of about
+eighty years.
+
+The initial appointment is for three years on probation, after which it
+may be confirmed. The initial salary of an Assistant Conservator of
+Forests is £300 per annum, rising by increments of £15 to £400 per
+annum. The first appointment dates from the day of sailing, the passage
+being paid by the Nigerian Government, and salary on half-pay begins
+from the date of departure until the arrival in Nigeria, when full
+salary begins to accrue. Intending candidates should bear in mind that
+an early selection for appointment entitles them to seniority over other
+candidates who, owing to their being fully qualified, are appointed
+immediately, and thus reach the Colony before them. Locally, a commuted
+travelling allowance of £42 per annum is drawn to compensate for the
+extra cost entailed in inspecting the forests. A limited number of
+carriers, or other means of transport, are provided by the Government.
+For the purpose of more rapidly getting about, a bicycle, motor, or
+horse may be kept, and an allowance is given for maintenance. The cost
+of living is high, even when furnished quarters or a bungalow are
+provided.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.—=Teak, six years old, Olokomeji Arboretum.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.—=Khaya Senegalensis, five years old, from seed
+obtained by H. N. Thompson, Esq., in Shaki District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.—=Mature Iroko Tree (Chlorophora excelsa), over
+12 feet in girth in 1911, since cut down and used for building the Chief
+Conservator of Forests’ House.=]
+
+ To face p. 184.
+
+Lagos is the first port of call in Nigeria, and there is a railway
+journey of 123 miles before reaching Ibadan, the temporary headquarters
+of the Forest Department. Olokomeji, 90 miles from Lagos, is the old
+headquarters, and from here the forestry work of the Southern Provinces
+is directed. Zaria, situated some 450 miles from Lagos, is the
+headquarters of the Forestry Department in the Northern Provinces.
+
+A newly appointed officer would be liable to be sent to either of these
+last-named places; but owing to the larger number of men being stationed
+in the Southern Provinces, the majority are sent to that centre.
+Olokomeji is in the middle of a Forest Reserve 26 square miles in
+extent, and is also the headquarters both of the Western Circle and of
+its northern division. In each circle there is a Conservator of Forests
+in charge, and he has an assistant to manage each division. In the event
+of a shortage of staff it may happen that a new man is put in charge of
+a division and thus has an opportunity of learning all about the work
+much more quickly than would otherwise be the case. In the ordinary way
+he only corresponds with his Conservator and the timber interests of his
+division on purely local matters.
+
+Since 1901, a moderately large Arboretum has been planted at Olokomeji,
+containing quite a number of indigenous trees growing under natural
+conditions, according to the type of climate found in that locality, and
+also some exotic trees which grow in similar climates in Asia or South
+America. In a comparatively short time the new Forest Officer can get a
+very fair idea of the most important timber trees found locally, as well
+as elsewhere. In connection with the work of renewing the labels on
+specimen trees, ocular demonstration of all these trees is obtainable.
+The local Ranger can usually supply the vernacular names, and here is a
+wide field for linguistic qualifications. Yoruba is the local language,
+Benin is spoken by a large number of people in the Central Circle, and
+Hausa by nearly all itinerant traders throughout the country. Ibo,
+another language, is spoken by nearly 3,000,000 inhabitants, while many
+of the Cross River people (Eastern Circle) speak Efik; some, however,
+speak New Calabar or Ibibio, while again, in a large part of the Niger
+Delta, Brass or Ijor is spoken. Sooner or later the language of the
+locality should be acquired, and in fact this is prescribed by
+Government order as a necessary preliminary to the granting of the first
+increment.
+
+The routine office work includes simple book-keeping, analysis of
+records, appointments of staff, the engagement of native labour and all
+payments. The executive work outside is carried out by the Forest
+Guards, Foresters, and Rangers, who require constant supervision. Owing
+to the distance, only some of them can report at Forest Headquarters
+each month, and the rest must be seen when the Forest Executive Officer
+makes his tour of inspection. If possible, travelling should take the
+place of indoor work for at least ten days a month.
+
+At first sight, on examining the tropical forest, it appears like a very
+mixed collection of different kinds of trees; on closer inspection,
+however, similarities and contrasts are apparent, such as Ebony,
+_Diospyros mespiliformis_, with its thin, black scaly bark, and that of
+the somewhat regularly, deeply fissured bullet-wood tree, _Mimusops
+multinervis_, and its white latex, which the former does not exude.
+
+In walking through a forest, it is normally best to make the carriers
+precede. Owing to their tendency to lag, and their desire to sit down at
+inconvenient times, it is an advantage to have them in front. Frequently
+one may have to stop and examine a flower or leaf, and it only adds to
+the carriers’ labour if the whole column has to stop whilst seeds and
+specimens are being collected. A march of about 15 miles is sufficient,
+and takes up the better part of the day, if an examination of the
+forests is being made on the way. In most parts villages are eight to
+ten miles apart, sometimes nearer; so the carriers can stop and purchase
+food. In the larger forests, however, a distance of over 20 miles is
+sometimes covered without sight of a house; in that case the people of
+the last village are asked to bring food for the carriers, and the
+carriers themselves are given a day’s food as well, which has to be
+cooked on reaching camp. In some places the chiefs provide food (yams,
+etc.), which is distributed to the carriers, or in some places 3d. a day
+per head is allowed them for purchasing food. So long as the carrier
+gets food and his load is not excessively heavy, he is quite cheerful
+and walks well. He will pick his way in mud, over roots, and up the
+steepest rocks in the hill forests.
+
+Current wages vary from 9d. to 1s. a day, the head-man getting from 1s.
+to 2s. a day. Local felling-permits being issued both by the District
+and Forest Officers to natives for felling timber for local use, at
+District Stations a call is paid the District Officer to discuss current
+forest questions and examine the permit books. At the same time there is
+an opportunity of seeing what further development of forest work is
+possible in the district. The local Forest Guards, Foresters, or Forest
+Rangers report themselves, usually giving a very good account of the
+local forest conditions. Since the demand for local timber has been
+growing, a stop may have to be made to supervise the marking or girdling
+of suitable trees for bridge-building under the auspices of the Public
+Works Department. On a journey through the mahogany forest, the
+different camps of the timber firms have to be visited. These firms have
+hundreds of square miles for the purpose of exploiting mahogany and
+furniture woods. At the same time the checking and inspecting of the
+stumps of all the trees felled has to be gone through. The young
+mahogany seedlings are also seen, and from the number of these it is
+known whether sufficient have been planted to take the place of those
+cut down. The very rapid growth of these trees can here be studied to
+advantage; trees now 40 feet high have only been planted a few years.
+The relative value of the direct planting of seedling trees as compared
+with the natural regeneration of the forest by self-sown seedlings can
+be observed with ocular clearness. In one part of the forest one sees
+natives standing on a platform hacking away with an axe into a huge
+50-feet mahogany; in another place a similar tree, fallen, its 90-feet
+bole already sawn into three round logs: while in a third locality may
+be seen a native, axe or adze in hand, squaring mahogany logs with a
+4-feet side. Later in the season eighty or more natives are engaged in
+dragging one of these logs on round billets of wood (for rollers) along
+a track, roughly cleared to the height of a man, to the nearest natural
+water-way; still later (that is, in July or August), when the rivers
+rise, the logs may be seen floating singly down to the rafting-place on
+the main creek, where rafts are made with logs four or eight abreast,
+each fastened to the next, from a timber-dog at either end, with cane.
+From here, riverine natives such as the Ijors take the logs to the
+nearest river or ocean-going steamer port.
+
+The administrative work of the Department is in the hands of the Senior
+Conservators of Forests, under whom the Conservators manage their
+circles. The Chief Conservator of Forests, the head of the Department,
+initiates and controls the whole policy of the Department, being
+relieved of all details of administration. In order to ensure continuity
+of policy and action, a Working-plans Division has been formed. A
+working plan for the forests is a scheme of management laid down for a
+number of years; no change can be made in such a plan without special
+reference both to the head of that division and to the head of the
+Department. With only one year’s service, followed by leave of absence,
+continuity of action would be broken if it were not for a definitely
+approved plan.
+
+The Forest Department has supplied the Railway, Marine, and Public Works
+Department with timber of various kinds. In some cases the timber is
+obtained by departmental working, and in others is cut by native
+contractors under the supervision of the Department. In the first
+instance, the conditions under which timber is to be supplied to other
+departments are put before the Secretariat, and when once the work has
+been begun, the local Forest Officer deals direct with the department
+concerned.
+
+Forestry progress in Nigeria has been less tardy than in several other
+Colonies, though many forests have been destroyed owing to lapse of time
+before the formation of a department. In 1904 there were eight, and
+there are now twenty-four administrative appointments. The amalgamation
+of Northern and Southern Nigeria into one administration should
+accelerate the development of Forestry. It is as yet only in its initial
+stages, and scarcely more than a thousand square miles of forests, out
+of nearly a hundred thousand which exist in some form or another, have
+been permanently set aside for further timber production. The revenue-
+earning capacity of the Forest Department has been somewhat diminished
+by the war; but with recent legislation more local revenue should be
+obtained, which should more than off-set any loss already sustained.
+Provided the financial position of Nigeria remains strong, the prospects
+of the Forest Department are quite bright.
+
+Although Nigeria has by far the largest Forest Department, very similar
+conditions of service obtain in the other West African Colonies of the
+Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; but there are no Forest Officers in the
+Gambia.
+
+
+ VI. A REVIEW OF THE BOTANICAL FEATURES OF NORTHERN NIGERIA.
+
+
+ BY DR. J. M. DALZIEL.
+
+
+The Northern Provinces of Nigeria exhibit in an interesting manner the
+transition, now familiar in West Africa, of physical characteristics
+from the tropical forest to the border region “that just divides the
+desert from the sown.”
+
+So far as the progressive stages may be stated in terms of geographical
+latitude, we may place the northern limit of the forest belt at about 8°
+North latitude. A convenient natural boundary in a portion of the area
+under consideration may be accepted in the lower course of the Benué
+River from its tributary, the Katsina River, or even as far up as Ibi,
+to the Niger at Lokoja. On the other hand, the southern limit of the
+desert is taken at about 17° North latitude, or higher, and thus falls
+some three or more degrees beyond the northern boundary.
+
+Between these arbitrary limits lies the greater part of Northern Nigeria
+and practically the whole of Hausaland, presenting physical features
+which vary through grassy plains and rolling downs, orchard-bush and
+thin-crowned forest, laterite plateaux and hilly woodlands, to the
+mountains of the Bauchi Highlands. The vegetative covering over a very
+large area can be classed as one or other type of savannah, tree and
+bush savannah, or open orchard and treeless savannah, with intermediate
+grades. Local topography alters the type here and there, galleries of
+evergreen vegetation occupying the intersecting belts of permanent
+streams or fringing a marsh, wide meadows bordered by low forest, but
+occupied entirely by grasses of few species, with scattered islets of
+foliage, or, again, outcrops of bare laterite and isolated domes and
+turtle-backs of crystalline rock, “inselbergs” and “kopjes,” introducing
+features of their own.
+
+The Niger Delta displays admirably the high evergreen or moist tropical
+forest. This probably connects itself through the Kameruns with the
+great Central African forest of French and Belgian Congo, which is again
+said to be continuous through the gap between Ruwenzori and Lake Albert
+with that of British East Africa.
+
+West of the Niger Delta the coast, including Lagos, Dahomey and Togo, is
+sandy, and bush rather than high forest commences almost on the shore.
+Ascending the Niger, one finds that the true “rain forest” ends, but not
+abruptly, in the neighbourhood of Asaba; a gradual transition occurs,
+first to an intermediate type, partly evergreen with many large trees,
+but mingled with those that lose their leaves in the months of little
+rainfall. This change is apparent even on the river-bank, and below
+Lokoja a more open but still semi-evergreen forest clothes the valleys,
+but shows already more of the deciduous element on the hills. Farther
+north the voyage from the mouth of the Kaduna River to the Zungeru light
+railway terminus at Barijuko, as often experienced in previous years,
+reveals again the progressively deciduous character of the foliage,
+resulting in a still more open forest.
+
+The river-bank, however, possessing permanent moisture and its own local
+climate, is an inadequate index of the general features over the country
+at large. To travel by land from Baro to Zungeru, and thence either
+through Kontagora to Sokoto, or by Zaria to Kano and Gummel, is to have
+the complete vision of the West African savannah in its various degrees,
+and, except for local interruptions associated with considerations of
+altitude or geological outcrop, etc., or with the lines of perennial
+streams, to have it in its regular sequence.
+
+Leaving out of account for the present the region south of Lokoja and of
+the south bank of the Benué, which in part represents the “Zone
+Guinéenne” of Chevalier, we find that the two routes suggested above
+will take one through country almost entirely of the types included by
+the same writer within the “Zone Soudanienne,” with an approach at
+places along the Anglo-French boundary to the conditions occurring in
+his “Zone Sahélienne.” It would be difficult and misleading to express
+these zones definitely in terms of latitude, but one might hazard the
+statement that the Guinea Zone passes to the Soudan Zone somewhere
+between 8° and 10° North, and the latter extends either to the northern
+boundary or verges on a drier belt beyond the latitude of 12° or 13°
+North. If a complete botanical survey were possible, one could then
+subdivide each belt into its different areas and provinces, with their
+special floral characteristics, but at present one must be content to
+indicate broadly the general composition.
+
+The Soudan Zone, indeed, includes the greater part of Hausaland and is
+representative of the typical West African savannah and savannah forest.
+It merges into the drier sandy “steppe” conditions in the north and into
+the mixed deciduous and semi-evergreen forests farther south. The only
+giants in height are the silk-cotton-trees (_Eriodendron orientale_),
+but baobabs of enormous girth are common, and the largest timber trees
+are probably the Maje (_Paradaniellia Oliveri_) and the Kawo (_Afzelia
+Africana_), fair specimens of the dry-zone mahogany, Madachi (_Khaya
+Senegalensis_), occurring also in favourable situations.
+
+Across the central part of Northern Nigeria, let us say from Kontagora
+and South Sokoto through the whole of Zaria and South Kano to South
+Bornu (but excluding the Bauchi plateau, of which I cannot speak from
+personal knowledge), the plants named in the list here given might be
+regarded as the average association of species, trees, shrubs and
+herbaceous, the chief Natural Orders being represented as follows:
+
+ANONACEÆ by the common wild custard apple, Gwandar daji, _Anona
+Senegalensis_, a shrub.
+
+CAPPARIDACEÆ by the Ingidido, _Cratæva Adansonii_, by shrubs or woody
+undershrubs of genera _Boscia_ and _Mærua_, some thorny scramblers of
+the genus _Capparis_, and the familiar weed Gasaya, _Gynandropsis
+pentaphylla_.
+
+BIXINEÆ by the Rawaya, _Cochlospermum tinctorium_, a shrub.
+
+HYPERICINEÆ by the shrub Kaskawami, _Psorospermum Senegalense_.
+
+OCHNACEÆ by the Namijin kade, _Lophira alata_, a tree very typical of
+the region, two or three species of _Gomphia_, and a new species of
+_Ochna_, a small shrub with crenulate leaves.
+
+MALVACEÆ by numerous species of _Hibiscus_, including the cultivated
+Rama (chiefly _K. cannabinus_) and Cotton, with the Ramaniya, _Urena
+lobata_, and various undershrubs and suffrutescent weeds, mostly of the
+genus _Sida_. The Kuka or baobab, _Adansonia digitata_, and the Rimi or
+Silk-cotton Tree, _Eriodendron orientale_, marking the sites of human
+habitations, past or present, are typical species of this area, as is
+also the red-flowered Gurjiya, _Bombax buonopozense_ (Bombacaceæ).
+
+STERCULIACEÆ by the Kukuki, _Sterculia tomentosa_, a tree, with which we
+may place the common undershrub Hankufa, _Waltheria Americana_.
+
+TILIACEÆ by several species of _Grewia_, the most familiar being the
+Dargaza, _G. mollis_, by two or three species of _Corchorus_, edible
+herbs allied to jute, and by shrubby weeds of the genus _Triumfetta_.
+
+SIMARUBACEÆ by _Hannoa undulata_, a small-sized tree characteristic of
+the region, and by _Irvingia Smithii_, a tree more abundant in the
+South.
+
+BURSERACEÆ by two species of frankincense-tree—_Boswellia Dalzielii_ and
+_B. odorata_—and by _Commiphora Kerstingii_, a green-barked tree
+familiar as an enclosure fence in towns.
+
+MELIACEÆ by _Khaya Senegalensis_, the mahogany of the Soudan Zone, by
+_Trichilia emetica_, and by _Pseudocedrela Kotschyii_; also by the
+naturalized Kurnan nasara, _Melia Azedarach_.
+
+OLACACEÆ by the Tsada, _Ximenia Americana_, a shrub with small yellow,
+acid plums, and by the evergreen climbing shrub, _Opilia celtidifolia_.
+
+CELASTRACEÆ typically by the shrub _Gymnosporia Senegalensis_, and less
+by two or more species of woody twining _Hippocrates_.
+
+SAPINDACEÆ by the woody twiner _Paullinia pinnata_, the 3-foliate shrub
+_Schmidelia Africana_, and the world-wide twining weed _Cardiospermum
+Halicacabum_.
+
+ANACARDIACEÆ by the tree _Odina Barteri_, by other species of _Odina_ of
+more local distribution, and by two species of _Anaphrenium_.
+
+CONNARACEÆ by the abundant little shrub _Byrsocarpus coccineus_.
+
+PROTEACEÆ by a single species of _Protea_, a shrub with large capitate
+flowers, of local distribution in the Central areas.
+
+POLYGALACEÆ by _Securidaca longipedunculata_ and the field weed
+_Polygala arenaria_.
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ by—
+
+Larger trees: the Maji or Kadaura, _Paradaniellia Oliveri_, and the
+Kawo, _Afzelia Africana_.
+
+Medium-sized and smaller trees: _Parkia filicoidea_, _Prosopis oblonga_,
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Isoberlinia doka_, _Berlinia acuminata_ in
+ravines, _Tamarindus Indica_; several Acacias, e.g. _A. Sieberiana_, _A.
+campylacantha_, _A. Arabica_; _Albizzia Chevalieri_, _Entada Sudanica_;
+_Afrormosia laxiflora_ and _Burkea Africana_.
+
+Small trees and shrubs: _Detarium Senegalense_, _Bauhinia reticulata_
+and _B. rufescens_, _Erythrina Senegalensis_, _Lonchocarpus laxiflorus_,
+_Dichrostachys nutans_, _Mimosa asperata_ on stream-banks, _Cassia
+Sieberiana_, _C. Kotschyana_ and others, along with several shrubby
+species of _Cassia_ and the dwarf _C. mimosoides_, _Swartzia
+Madagascariensis_, _Ormocarpum bibracteatum_.
+
+To these must be added the Zamarke, _Sesbania punctata_, and other
+_spp._, and a host of herbaceous plants or half woody undershrubs,
+chiefly belonging to the genera _Crotalaria_, _Indigofera_, and
+_Tephrosia_, others of _Desmodium_, _Eriosema_, etc., and twiners of
+_Vigna_ and _Rhynchosia_.
+
+The chief cultivated Leguminosæ of the region are: Indigo, _Indigofera
+arrecta_ and other _spp._, _Arachis hypogæa_, _Vigna sinensis_ in
+numerous varieties, and _Voandzeia subterranea_.
+
+ROSACEÆ mainly by _Parinarium curatellæfolium_, to which may be added
+_P. polyandrum_ in the South and _P. macrophyllum_ in the North.
+
+COMBRETACEÆ by several species of _Terminalia_, of which the commonest
+are the Baushe (of more than one species) and the Kandari, _T.
+macroptera_; more fully by a number of species of _Combretum_, which are
+trees often gum-yielding, and very typically by the Marike, _Anogeissus
+leiocarpus_.
+
+MYRTACEÆ by _Eugenia Owariensis_, a tree, and _E. coronata_, a shrub.
+
+LYTHRACEÆ by the “henna” shrub, _Lawsonia alba_, and the weed of damp
+places, _Ammannia Senegalensis_.
+
+ARALIACEÆ by an interesting species, _Cussonia Nigerica_, a small tree
+of peculiar habit.
+
+RUBIACEÆ by _Adina microcephala_, a fair-sized tree by bush streams; by
+very numerous small trees and shrubs, e.g. _Crossopteryx Kotschyana_,
+_Sarcocephalus Russegeri_, _Pavetta Barteri_, _Feretia canthioides_, the
+_Gardenia erubescens_ and the Gauden kura, _G. ternifolia_, the Giyaiya,
+_Mitragyne Africana_, typical of the islets of foliage clothing the
+grassy swamps, _Morelia Senegalensis_ on stream-banks, and by more
+humble but abundant species of _Oldenlandia_, _Spermacoce_, _Octodon_,
+etc.
+
+SAPOTACEÆ by the Shea Butter Tree, _Butyrospermum Parkii_, probably the
+most characteristic member of the association.
+
+EBENACEÆ by the African Ebony, _Diospyros mespiliformis_.
+
+APOCYNACEÆ typically by the arrow-poison woody climber _Strophanthus
+sarmentosus_, which is always wild, and _S. hispidus_, which is
+generally planted near villages—both species called Kwankwanni; also by
+the more common and inferior rubber vine, _Landolphia florida_, and
+shrubs _Carissa edulis_ and _Cryptolepis Nigritiana_, the woody twiners
+_Tacazzea Barteri_ and other _spp._, with numerous others.
+
+ASCLEPIADACEÆ by the very typical giant milkweed Tumfafiya, _Calotropis
+procera_, probably always in association with man, the smaller
+undershrub _Asclepias lineolata_, and several suffrutescent herbs with
+tuberous and sometimes edible rootstocks of the genera _Xysmalobium_ and
+_Schizoglossum_.
+
+LOGANIACEÆ by _Strychnos spinosa_, _S. alnifolia_, and _S.
+triclisioides_, all shrubs or small trees.
+
+BORAGINACEÆ by _Cordia Abyssinica_, a small tree, the undershrub
+_Trichodesma Africanum_, three or four weeds of the genus
+_Heliotropium_, etc.
+
+BIGNONIACEÆ by _Stereospermum Kunthianum_, a small tree, and the
+Aduruku, _Newbouldia lævis_, confined to towns and rarely more than a
+tall, slender shrub; the Rahaina or Rawuya, _Kigelia Æthiopica_, occurs,
+but in an interrupted distribution.
+
+VERBENACEÆ by _Vitex Cienkowskii_, a fair-sized tree, _V. diversifolia_,
+a small tree or shrub, and undershrubs such as _Lantana salvifolia_,
+_Lippia Ukambensis_, and a few species of _Clerodendron_, etc.
+
+EUPHORBIACEÆ by _Uapaca Guineense_, usually only a rather small tree in
+the deciduous forest, _Bridelia ferruginea_ and _B. scleroneura_, both
+shrubs, _Phyllanthus floribundus_, forming sometimes thicket-like
+clumps, _P. reticulatus_, a shrub, _Flueggea microcarpa_, a white-
+berried shrub, _Antidesma venosum_, and very typically by the Jan yaro,
+_Hymenocardia acida_, a shrub which in these open regions has nearly
+always an ochre-red bark. Numerous herbs and half-woody weeds are
+common, belonging to the genus _Euphorbia_ (_E. pilulifera_, _E.
+Ægyptiaca_, and congeners), _Acalypha_, _Phyllanthus_, etc., the Castor
+Oil shrub (_Ricinus communis_) and the Physic Nut (_Jatropha curcas_)
+are cultivated, while thoroughly representative through the whole area
+are the familiar cactus-like Tinya, _Euphorbia unispina_ and _E.
+Poissoni_, and the Kerana, _E. Barteri_, the latter at least never away
+from habitations.
+
+MORACEÆ by a host of species of the genus _Ficus_ (or _Urostigma_) not
+yet fully elaborated botanically, e.g. Baure, Chediya, Durumi, Kauriri,
+Wa, etc.
+
+ULMACEÆ. A representative variety is _Celtis integrifolia_, a fairly
+large tree.
+
+SALICACEÆ by one species of _Salix_.
+
+LORANTHACEÆ by seven or eight species of the parasite _Loranthus_,
+called Kauchi, clothing deciduous trees with epiphytic foliage.
+
+Orders represented mainly by flowering herbs, undershrubs, etc., are:
+
+MENISPERMACEÆ by the popular medicinal twiner Jibda kassa, _Cissampelos
+Pareira_.
+
+NYMPHEACEÆ by at least four species of Bada or water-lily, _Nymphæa_.
+
+PAPAVERACEÆ by the Yellow Poppy, _Argemone Mexicana_.
+
+CARYOPHYLLACEÆ by species of _Polycarpæa_ characteristic of the dry
+zone.
+
+GERANIACEÆ by the familiar weed _Biophytum sensitivum_.
+
+DROSERACEÆ by the widely distributed Sun-dew, _Drosera indica_.
+
+AMPELIDEÆ by numerous vines of the genera _Vitis_, _Cissus_, and
+_Ampelocissus_, of which perhaps the most striking are Dodoriya, _Vitis
+quadrangularis_, and Dafara, _Vitis pallida_, while wild vines with
+edible berries called Tsiberi kinkini are generally of one or other
+species of _Ampelocissus_.
+
+CUCURBITACEÆ by the familiar cultivated Kabeova or pumpkin, _Cucurbita
+Pepo_, and Duma, the bottle-gourd, _Lagenaria vulgaris_, with its
+endless varieties, the Guna or water-melon, _Citrullus vulgaris_, and by
+many wild and half-wild species, e.g. the Balsam Apple, _Momordica
+balsamina_, the Loofah gourd, _Luffa Ægyptiaca_ and _L. acutangula_,
+_Cucumis prophetarum_, and one or more species of tuberous-rooted
+_Trochomeria_.
+
+FICOIDEÆ by common succulent weeds, e.g. _Trianthema monogyna_, _T.
+pentandra_, and _Gisekia pharnaceoides_, and by species of _Mollugo_ in
+river-beds, etc.
+
+COMPOSITÆ by some weeds of cosmopolitan distribution, e.g. _Ageratum
+conyzoides_, _Eclipta alba_, etc., and by very numerous herbs and
+suffrutescent plants, amongst which the genus _Vernonia_ is the most
+abundantly represented, including one typical of the region, viz. _V.
+nigritiana_, with several species of _Aspillia_, _Coreopsis_, etc., and
+the chewstick shrub, _Vernonia amygdalina_.
+
+MELASTOMACEÆ by a few species of _Dissotis_ and _Osbeckia_.
+
+CAMPANULACEÆ by a common little blue-flowered weed, _Cephalostigma
+Perrottetii_, and a water herb, _Sphenoclea Zeylanica_.
+
+HYDROPHYLLACEÆ by three or more species of _Hydrolea_, e.g. _H.
+Guineensis_, etc.
+
+LENTIBULACEÆ by ten or more species of _Utricularia_.
+
+CONVOLVULACEÆ, a conspicuous order, well represented by numerous species
+of _Ipomæa_, a few of _Merremia_, and a few erect undershrubs of the
+genus _Astrochlæna_, to which one may add the little blue-flowered weed
+_Evolvulus alsinoides_, of wide distribution in the world.
+
+SOLANACEÆ by the “Thorn Apple,” _Datura Metel_, by numerous species of
+_Solanum_, some edible, e.g. the several cultivated varieties of the
+native bitter tomato, Gauta, varieties of _S. Melongena_; others
+poisonous, e.g. Gautan kura, _Solanum incanum_, and others; also by two
+common weeds of the genus _Physalis_, and the popular herb simple,
+Dandana, _Schwenkia Americana_.
+
+SCROPHULARIACEÆ by _Scoparia dulcis_, of world-wide distribution, and by
+several parasitic species of _Striga_, of which the most familiar is the
+Makasar adwa, _S. Senegalensis_. Besides numerous humble weeds of
+cosmopolitan genera, e.g. _Moniera_, _Ilysanthes_, etc., mostly
+occurring in damp places, two or three species of _Sopubia_ may be taken
+as characteristic of the bush-lands.
+
+ACANTHACEÆ by a variety of weeds, etc., of the genera _Blepharis_,
+_Monechma_, _Justicia_, etc., to which the following may be added as
+characteristic of the Order in Hausaland: _Nelsonia campestris_, a soft
+herb of slightly acid taste, _Peristrophe bicalyculata_, an occasional
+fodder plant, and _Dyschoriste Perrottetii_, the mucilaginous seeds of
+which are used to remove spicules from the eye.
+
+PEDALIACEÆ by the locally cultivated Ridi, _Sesamum Indicum_, and other
+wild species of _Sesamum_, by the weed _Ceratotheca sesamoides_, and by
+the half-shrubby _Rogeria adenophylla_.
+
+LABIATÆ by several cultivated tubers, such as the Tumuku and Risga, by
+odorous species of _Ocimum_ and _Æolanthus_, e.g. the Dodoya, _Ocimum
+Americanum_, the weed _Acrocephalus polytrichus_, and by many common
+herbs of various other genera.
+
+AMARANTHACEÆ by the native spinage, Alayafu, _Amaranthus caudatus_, the
+Zaki banza, _A. viridis_, a wild species sometimes cultivated, and by
+several of the common weeds found in other countries—_Celosia argentea_,
+_Pupalia lappacea_, etc.
+
+THYMELÆACEÆ by the poisonous Tururibi, _Lasiosyphon Kraussii_, a yellow-
+flowered, low, suffruticose plant with a woody rootstock, and by two of
+three species of _Gnidia_.
+
+ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ by the twiner _Aristolochia albida_.
+
+LAURACEÆ by the leafless twiner _Cassytha Guineensis_.
+
+The Monocotyledonous Orders may be said to be represented as follows:
+
+HYDROCHARITACEÆ by the yellow-flowered aquatic herbs _Ottelia
+lancifolia_ and _Boottia Abyssinica_.
+
+ORCHIDACEÆ by a fair number of tuberous terrestrial orchids, of which
+_Lissochilus arenarius_ is the most typical, several _Habenarias_ and
+_Eulophias_, and a very few epiphytes, e.g. _Ansellia Congoensis_.
+
+SCITAMINEÆ abundantly by _Kœmpferia Æthiopica_ in open woods, _Costus
+afer_ in shady ravines, and Fitta, the food-wrapper leaf, _Clinogyne
+filipes_, in streams, etc.
+
+IRIDACEÆ by several species of _Gladiolus_, e.g. _G. quartinianus_, and
+of _Tritonia_.
+
+AMARYLLIDACEÆ by _Crinum yuccæflorum_, the red-flowered _Hæmanthus
+rupestris_, _Pancratium trianthum_, and _Curculigo Gallabatensis_.
+
+TACCACEÆ by the tuberous _Tacca involucrata_.
+
+DIOSCOREACEÆ by _Dioscorea prehensilis_ and other cultivated yams,
+chiefly in the South or on pagan hills, and by some species which are
+either wild or escapes.
+
+LILIACEÆ by several species of _Urginea_, e.g. _U. Nigritiana_, _U.
+Indica_, etc., by other bulbous species of the genera _Anthericum_,
+_Dipcadi_, etc., by the climbing lily, _Gloriosa superba_, several
+species of _Chlorophytum_, _Aloe Barteri_, and by prickly scramblers
+such as _Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi_, _Smilax Kraussiana_, etc.
+
+ALISMATACEÆ by some flowering water-plants, e.g. _Burnatia enneandra_,
+_Lophotocarpus Guyanensis_, etc.
+
+COMMELINACEÆ by various species of _Aneilema_—_A. lanceolatum_, _A.
+Sinicum_, etc., of _Commelyna_—_C. nudiflora_, _C. umbellata_, etc., and
+of _Floscopa_ and _Cyanotis_.
+
+PALMÆ by the Giginya, _Borassus flabellifer_, var. _Æthiopum_, the
+Goriba, _Hyphæne Thebaica_, chiefly in the North, and the Tukuruwa or
+Bamboo Palm, _Raphia vinifera_, in ravines only.
+
+AROIDEÆ by _Culcasia scandens_, by the Kinchia with yellow rhizome,
+_Stylochiton Dalzielii_, _Amorphophallus Barteri_ and _A.
+dracontioides_, _Anchomanes Dalzielii_, and other species.
+
+CYPERACEÆ by very numerous species of _Cyperus_, e.g. the edible Aya,
+_C. esculentus_, and the uncultivated Aya aya, _C. rotundus_, _C.
+Fenzelianus_, etc., and several of _Pycreus_, _Fimbristylis_,
+_Kyllingia_, _Bulbostylis_, etc.
+
+GRAMINEÆ by the predominant tribe, _Andropogoneæ_, with numerous other
+genera—_Eragrostis_, _Aristida_, _Digitaria_, _Pennisetum_, _Chloris_,
+etc., and by a single locally distributed bamboo, _Oxytenanthera
+Abyssinica_. The chief cereal is Guinea Corn, Dawa, _Sorghum vulgare_;
+both species of sugar-cane, Rake, _Saccharum officinarum_, and Takanda,
+_Sorghum vulgare_, var. _saccharatum_, are cultivated.
+
+The FILICES are poorly represented by the widely distributed Adder’s
+Tongue, _Ophioglossum vulgatum_, the water-fern, _Cratopteris
+Thalictroides_, by _Adiantum lunulatum_, _A. Schweinfurthii_, and a few
+species of _Nephrodium asplenium_, etc., by no means typical of the
+region.
+
+
+Having thus given a bird’s-eye view of the floral composition in the
+central region of Hausaland, one may proceed to examine the variations
+revealed in passing south to the semi-evergreen forests and north to the
+drier open savannahs.
+
+Southwards the transition is gradual, and nowhere abrupt, from forest
+savannah with annual bush-fires and consequent tendency to revert to
+grass, to forests in which the number of species is greater and the
+deciduous element is more mingled with evergreens, either by the
+persistence of species which in a drier region are deciduous, but retain
+their foliage where the increased rainfall allows of this variation, or
+by the appearance of species which always possess the evergreen habit.
+_Bombax buonopozense_ is an example of the former and probably also
+_Afzelia Africana_ and several others.
+
+Some of the added constituents either absent from or more rare in the
+area of lesser rainfall are:
+
+ANONACEÆ: _Xylopia parviflora_, _Hexalobus Senegalensis_, _Popowia
+Mannii_.
+
+CAPPARIDACEÆ: _Ritchiea sp._, _Capparis viminea_, etc.
+
+BIXINEÆ: _Oncoba spinosa_.
+
+STERCULIACEÆ: _Cola laurifolia_.
+
+RUTACEÆ: the Fasa kwari, _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_.
+
+MELIACEÆ: _Trichilia retusa_.
+
+ANACARDIACEÆ: _Spondias lutea_, _Hæmatostaphis Barteri_, and the
+cultivated mango.
+
+SAPINDACEÆ: _Blighia sapida_.
+
+CONNARACEÆ: scrambling shrubs, e.g. species of _Agelæa_ and _Cnestis_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.—=Marsh or “Fadama,” with islets of foliage,
+Benué overflow, near Yola.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.—=The Lower Niger in flood.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.—=Fringing Forest on River Benué in the rainy
+season.=]
+
+ To face p. 196.
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ: _Tetrapleura Thonningii_, _Piptadenia Africana_,
+_Erythrophlœum Guineense_, _Cynometra Vogelii_, _Pterocarpus
+esculentus_, _Dialium Guineense_, _Millettia sp._ near _M. Sanagana_ and
+other species of _Millettia_, _Cordyla Africana_, _Berlinia Heudelotii_,
+_Cæsalpinia Bonducella_, _Lonchocarpus cyanescens_, _Baphia pubescens_
+and _B. nitida_.
+
+ROSACEÆ: _Parinarium subcordatum_.
+
+COMBRETACEÆ: several species of scarlet-flowered _Combretum_ of climbing
+habit—_C. racemosum_, _C. constrictum_, etc.
+
+MYRTACEÆ: _Napoleona Vogelii_.
+
+RUBIACEÆ: _Morinda citrifolia_, _Cuviera acutiflora_, _Canthium
+Vanguerioides_, _Ixora radiata_, _Uncaria Africana_, _Oxyanthus
+unilocularis_, some species of _Mussænda_, etc.
+
+RHIZOPHORACEÆ: _Weihea Africana_.
+
+SAPOTACEÆ: _Mimusops sp._
+
+APOCYNACEÆ: _Voacanga obtusa_ and _V. Africana_, _Landolphia Owariensis_
+and other _spp._, _Carpodinus hirsuta_, _Pleioceras Barteri_, and the
+tree Wadda, _Rauwolfia sp._ near _R. Welwitschii_.
+
+LOGANIACEÆ: _Anthocleista Vogelii_.
+
+CONVOLVULACEÆ: _Calonyction speciosum_, _Merremia umbellata_, etc.
+
+BIGNONIACEÆ: _Spathodea campanulata_.
+
+ACANTHACEÆ: _Acanthus montanus_, _Asystasia Coromandeliana_, etc.
+
+VERBENACEÆ: _Vitex chrysocarpa_ and _V. Angolensis_.
+
+PIPERACEÆ: _Piper umbellatum_ and _Piperomia pellucida_.
+
+GESNERACEÆ: _Streptocarpus nobilis_.
+
+EUPHORBIACEÆ: _Alchornea cordata_, _Mallotus oppositifolius_.
+
+MORACEÆ: _Chlorophora excelsa_, _Ficus Vogelii_ and other _spp._,
+_Myrianthus serratus_.
+
+ULMACEÆ: _Trema Guineensis_.
+
+AMPELIDEÆ: _Leea Guineensis_.
+
+POLYGALACEÆ: the cultivated _Polygala butyracea_ and the dwarf species,
+_P. Clarkeana_.
+
+BALANOPHORACEÆ: the root-parasite _Thonningia sanguinea_.
+
+
+Amongst Monocotyledonous Orders the _Scitamineæ_ are more in evidence,
+_Palisota thyrsiflora_ (_Commelinaceæ_) appears (along with a _Begonia_
+on moist rocks—_B. rostrata_), and the water-loving Aroid, _Cyrtosperma
+Senegalense_.
+
+The Oil Palm, _Elæis Guineensis_, becomes locally common, ferns become
+epiphytic, and the Elk’s-horn fern, _Platycerium Æthiopicum_, appears.
+
+
+Northwards the savannah forests, with plenty of broad-leaved trees and
+shrubs, or the open park-like formations with surface well covered with
+grasses and herbs, give way in some places to still drier Acacia
+forests, and in others to open areas of scrub, nearly treeless, the soil
+possessed by grasses and low, scattered shrubs, often thorny.
+Nevertheless, good pastures are often to be found, frequented by the
+Fulani in the comparatively short rainy season, and only at some points
+towards the French boundary do the conditions approach those described
+by Barth in the latitude of Zinder and Timbuctoo. For example, part of
+North Bornu, with a rainfall sometimes not exceeding 10 inches, may
+exhibit features entitling it to rank with the upper region of
+Chevalier’s “Zone Sahélienne.” A typical association in these scrub
+regions is familiar to the Hausas in three of the plants mentioned
+below, viz. the Sabarra, _Guiera Senegalensis_, the Magariya, _Zizyphus
+jujuba_, and the Dashi, _Balsamodendron Africanum_. Sokoto, with an
+average rainfall of 25 or more inches, still possesses thinly treed
+savannahs and bush-lands, with a vegetation composed of grasses, small
+sedges, low shrubs and the commoner leguminous and other weeds.
+
+Nor does the transition occur evenly across the whole region. In the
+eastern part between Kano and North Bornu the Acacia type prevails, and
+whole areas may occur occupied largely by _Acacia Seyal_, with yellow or
+rusty ochrey bark. On the western side Acacias, though present, do not
+appear to prevail, and between Kano and Sokoto there exists a stretch of
+broad-leaved forest in which most of the species found in Central
+Hausaland reappear, but after all these differences may be found to hold
+only over limited areas.
+
+The wide and well populated circle around large northern towns, highly
+cultivated and more or less stripped of trees to supply fuel does not
+quite display the natural conditions of the bush, where uncontrolled
+fires prevent natural regeneration of forest on cleared land, and where
+open grassy formations with stunted vegetation tend to encroach on the
+higher types of tree savannah.
+
+The species more characteristic of the northern drier belt within the
+Soudan Zone—if an arbitrary limit is allowed we may place it about 12°
+North latitude—may now be briefly indicated, though it will be
+understood that many of them are already present farther south.
+
+CAPPARIDACEÆ: most of the species of _Capparis_, _Boscia_ and _Mærua_
+existing farther south here prevail; the low shrub _Boscia Senegalensis_
+is common, while _Cadaba farinosa_ is a characteristic shrub.
+
+SIMARUBEÆ: the Aduwa, _Balanites Ægyptiaca_, is a typical species of
+this region.
+
+BURSERACEÆ: the Dashi, _Balsamodendron Africanum_, a shrub yielding
+African Myrrh, is familiar, with its congener _B. pedunculatum_.
+
+RHAMNACEÆ: the Kurna, _Zizyphus Spina-Christi_, usually planted in
+towns, the Magariya, _Z. jujuba_, and the Magariyar kura, _Z.
+mucronata_, the last two being very characteristic of the open savannah.
+
+ANACARDIACEÆ: the Danya, _Spondias sp._, a fair-sized tree with yellow,
+plum-like fruit having a leathery rind, is abundant.
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ: Acacias are the most typical, but are not as a rule markedly
+flat-topped, e.g. _A. Seyal_, _A. Senegal_, _A. albida_ var.
+_saccharata_, _Dichrostachys platycarpa_, forming thorny thickets, while
+_Entada Sudanica_, _Acacia Sieberiana_, _A. campylacantha_, _Albizzia
+Chevalieri_ and others are also evident. _Parkinsonia aculeata_ is found
+in towns; the Tripoli or Senegal Senna, Filasko, _Cassia obovata_, is
+common, and the Tsamiya, _Tamarindus Indica_, becomes a predominant
+tree.
+
+ROSACEÆ: the Ginger-bread Plum, Gawasa, _Parinarium macrophyllum_, is
+more familiar.
+
+COMBRETACEÆ: the Geza, _Combretum sp._ near _C. altum_, a shrub or small
+tree, with several gum-yielding trees of the same genus; the low shrub
+Sabarra, _Guiera Senegalensis_, is perhaps the most typical plant of the
+nearly treeless savannah.
+
+CUCURBITACEÆ: the half-wild Gurji, _Cucumis Melo_, var. _agrestis_, is
+common, and the Bambus, a variety of water-melon, is known in the North.
+
+RUBIACEÆ: a characteristic species is _Randia Nilotica_, a thorny shrub;
+_Gardenia Sokotensis_ is a new species found on low rocky hills.
+
+APOCYNACEÆ: the Kariya, _Adenium Honghel_, an unarmed cactus-like shrub,
+deciduous, with rose-coloured flowers, planted in towns, is
+characteristic.
+
+ASCLEPIADACEÆ: the small milk-weed, _Glossonema Nubicum_, and the
+twiners _Oxystelma Bornuense_, _Pergularia tomentosa_ and _Leptadenia
+lancifolia_, are all abundant, while the Karan masallachi, _Caralluma
+Dalzielii_, generally planted farther south, is found wild on bare rocky
+places.
+
+EUPHORBIACEÆ: very typical are the two milk hedge Euphorbias, Aguwa, _E.
+sepium_, and Fidda sartsi, _E. lateriflora_.
+
+MORACEÆ: species of _Ficus_ planted for shade grow to a large size,
+especially the Chediya, _F. Thonningii_, and the Durumi, _F.
+syringifolia_; other species generally start as epiphytes.
+
+
+The GRAMINEÆ is the prevailing Natural Order of Monocotyledons, and
+includes all types—little annuals, perennial-rooted _Andropogons_, etc.,
+and the Burugu, _Panicum stagninum_, which blocks the streams. The
+fragrant Nobe, _Cymbopogon Sennariensis_, is a characteristic tufted
+species, whilst the bur-grass Karangia, _Cenchrus catharticus_, has long
+since spread far southward.
+
+Rice and wheat are cultivated; the Bulrush Millet, Gero, _Pennisetum
+typhoideum_, tends to displace _Sorghum_, and a wild rice, _Oryza
+silvestris_, is found. The cultivated sugar-cane is the Takanda,
+_Sorghum vulgare_, var. _saccharatum_.
+
+Of LILIACEÆ the onion and garlic are features of cultivation. Several
+bulbous herbs not peculiar to the North are common, e.g. _Dipcadi
+occidentale_, _Urginea spp._, etc.
+
+The Goriba or Dum Palm, _Hyphæne Thebaica_, is predominant, accompanied
+also by the Giginya or Deleb Palm, while the Date begins to appear.
+
+
+Within the limits of the Soudan Zone of vegetation many different types
+of savannah may be found, besides the expected alterations in botanical
+groupings resulting from the presence of perennial moisture or due to
+elevation and rocky outcrop. Leaving the latter out of account, a few
+notes may be made of some of the varieties familiar to travellers in the
+Northern Provinces.
+
+
+ 1. _Tree Savannah or Savannah Forest_.
+
+
+Across a considerable area of Central Hausaland, e.g. occupying a large
+part of the Zaria plateau west of the Bauchi Highlands, the country,
+where not cleared for farming, is covered with an open deciduous forest
+of fair height. This is a fairly closely wooded type, and although it
+contains few truly evergreen elements apart from those lining the
+streams, there is, perhaps owing to differing vegetative periods for
+different species and to the double flowering season noted for many
+trees in West Africa, practically always a fair amount of foliage
+present. A proportion of the trees have well developed stems and fairly
+high crowns, with a leafy canopy which filters but never excludes direct
+sunlight, and the average height of the larger trees is from 30 to 40
+feet. In the best developed portions of such forest the grasses do not
+predominate, but frequent clearings or patches of stony outcrop lead to
+the open conditions in which hardy perennial grasses take root, and
+annual burning results in the encroachment and multiplication of areas
+of the lower bush savannah referred to below.
+
+This variety of forest is typically seen in Zaria province, e.g. between
+the village of Ruka and the Koriga stream, near which point a sudden
+drop in elevation occurs, and is familiar in parts of South Sokoto,
+Kontagora and Nassarawa, etc. _Lophira alata_ has its chief habitat
+here, but perhaps the prevailing and most characteristic tree is one
+called Doka, which has been identified as _Isoberlinia doka_, Craib, et
+Stapf. It has broad, shining leaves, and large, flat 5-6 seeded pods
+which dehisce with curling valves. It seeds abundantly, and young
+seedlings spring up quickly in the forest or by wayside clearings, etc.
+Along with it will be found its congener, the Fara doka, _Isoberlinia
+Dalzielii_, Craib, et Stapf., less abundant, and differing as to its
+more obvious features in having leaves not shining, a paler grey bark
+and a general slight degree of pubescence of all parts. Both species
+exude a coarse red resin, which does not appear to be of value.
+
+Most of the arborescent species mentioned in the list of the average
+association detailed above are to be found, sometimes harbouring
+epiphytic _Ansellias_ and a few woody climbers but no typical lianes,
+and an undergrowth composed of Leguminous and Composite herbs and
+undershrubs with some grasses. This type of forest probably at one time
+covered a much wider area and had a greater extension northward than at
+present. As mentioned above, a large proportion of its constituents may
+again be found in the Duru forest between Sokoto and Kano, while within
+the memory of officials of the present administration areas of woodland
+previously visible from Sokoto have been denuded for firewood. It tends
+progressively to give place to the following more open variety of
+savannah.
+
+
+ 2. _Bush Savannah_.
+
+
+This is probably the form of “bush” with which travelling officials,
+hunters, and others are most familiar in every province, and is, when
+not overloaded with tall grass, deserving of the term “open orchard
+savannah.” It is composed of scattered shrubs and small trees of short
+growth and of a considerable sameness, the whole picture being
+practically filled in with grasses, which may grow to a height of 6 to 8
+feet in the rains, but which are swept off by bush-fires in the dry
+period, leaving bare the intervening spaces, soon to be reoccupied by
+suffrutescent plants with persistent rootstocks, and later by weeds and
+the same grasses as before. This resurrection is not due to seeding,
+which is itself abundant, but mainly to the fact that the majority of
+bush grasses have perennial underground stems, which, once given
+occupation, are difficult to dislodge, and, assisted by the recurrent
+fires, which kill off the seeds and the seedlings of broad-leaved trees,
+have everything in favour of their natural progress to predominance.
+
+The commoner bush grasses of this habit found here are: _Andropogon
+Gayanus_, _Cymbopogon Ruprechtii_, _C. diplandrus_, _C. giganteum_, _C.
+hirtus_, _C. rufus_, _Andropogon tectorum_, _A. apricus_, _Rottbœllia
+exaltata_, _Pennisetum pedicellatum_, etc. In clumps, generally found in
+special situations, e.g. near river banks, etc., are _Vetiveria
+zizanoides_, _Saccharum spontaneum_, _Arundo donax_, etc. It is possible
+that some of these species which now cumber the soil might be put to use
+in supplying the raw material for paper.
+
+The prevailing shrubs and small trees of this formation are generally
+somewhat as follows: _Bauhinia reticulata_ and _B. rufescens_, _Detarium
+Senegalense_, several species of _Combretum_ with the dwarf _C.
+herbaceum_; also _Afrormosia laxiflora_ and occasional _Acacias_, e.g.
+_A. Sieberiana_, _Entada Sudanica_, _Dichrostachys nutans_; bright
+flowering species, such as _Cochlospermum tinctorium_; several shrubby
+species of _Hibiscus_; _Cassia Arereh_, _C. Goratensis_ and other
+species, _Lonchocarpus laxiflorus_, _Securidaca longipedunculata_,
+_Grewia mollis_, _Feretia canthioides_; the _Gardenias_—_G. ternifolia_,
+_G. erubescens_, etc.; _Stereospermum Kunthianum_, _Sarcocephalus
+Russegeri_, _Parinarium curatellæfolium_, _Psorospermum Senegalense_,
+_Ximenia Americana_, _Anona Senegalensis_, _Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_,
+_Strychnos spinosa_ and other _spp._, _Bridelia ferruginea_,
+_Hymenocardia acida_, _Gymnosporia Senegalensis_. Occasional larger
+trees will often be species of _Terminalia_, _Prosopis oblonga_,
+_Butyrospermum Parkii_, _Lophira alata_, _Vitex Cienkowskii_, _Sterculia
+tomentosa_, _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, or even _Afzelia Africana_ and
+_Paradaniellia Oliveri_.
+
+In the above association remark must be made of the Taura, _Detarium
+Senegalense_, which is here rarely of dimensions meriting the
+designation of tree, and therefore very different from the large timber
+known in the southern forests and found also on the forested slopes of
+Patti at Lokoja; of the Makarfo, a tree of twisted habit, not often over
+30 feet high, with flaking bark, apparently much inferior to the
+_Afrormosia laxiflora_, if it is this species, in the greater mixed
+deciduous forests farther south; and of the Tsada, _Ximenia Americana_,
+which is here unarmed, has rather thin, glabrous leaves, sometimes
+almost shining, and thus differs in habit from the coastal variety, if
+the identity is certain, which is spiny, has dull leaves sometimes half-
+succulent, and is appropriately called by the French “Citron de la mer.”
+
+
+ 3. _Park Savannah._
+
+
+The open park-like formation is another which is typical of this region.
+It is, perhaps, best seen where the population is not quite sparse, as
+in the latter case the previous type tends to take possession. The Shea
+Butter Tree is the one which more than any other gives the tone to this
+type, but _Parkia filicoidea_ and, especially in the North, the Tamarind
+are perhaps equally representative. The two first-named, though not
+necessarily indicating the proximity of a village, have probably in most
+cases owners, and the intervening spaces may or may not be more or less
+cultivated. Open park-like country may, however, occur apart from any
+contemporary interference by man, and wide stretches of it appear
+alternating with scattered orchard bush or with open grass-land. The
+grasses are of the previously mentioned types, with many species of
+_Eragrostis_, _Aristida_, small annual tufted grasses and sedges, along
+with _Cassia mimosoides_, _Oldenlandia grandiflora_, _O. Senegalensis_
+and other Leguminous and Rubiaceous weeds. Other trees which well
+maintain the park-like appearance are _Terminalia macroptera_,
+occasional species of _Ficus_, _Vitex Cienkowskii_, _Acacia Arabica_ and
+_A. Sieberiana_.
+
+In flat, wide-stretching meadows which are often marshy in the rains,
+this formation also maintains its character, single trees or island-like
+clusters of tree and shrub dotting the expanse of heavy grass which is
+burnt to desolation by the yearly fires. These islets are generally
+found to be composed of Giyaiya, _Mitragyne Africana_, with shrubs such
+as _Feretia canthioides_, _Sarcocephalus Russegeri_, and scrambling
+undershrubs added thereto, while the edge of such a meadow or “fadama”
+is in some cases fringed with deciduous high woods, in which
+occasionally timbers like _Khaya Senegalensis_ and _Paradaniellia
+Oliveri_ may appear along with the vegetation characteristic of Type 1.
+
+
+ 4. _Evergreen Fringing Belts._
+
+
+Along the water-courses which intersect the savannah lands will be found
+dark evergreen strips of foliage, which, when extending beyond the
+stream-banks and forming a fairly dense canopy, whatever the nature of
+the underwood, are generally implied in the Hausa word “kurumi.” The
+streams may not be always truly perennial, but the verdure remains
+because the moisture in the soil persists long enough to maintain the
+non-deciduous type, although bush-fires may reach their very margins.
+Where a perennial stream of any magnitude occurs, species will be found
+whose distribution in the Soudan Zone is confined to such localities,
+but which are widely represented in the South.
+
+Instead of enumerating the constituents of these strips of fringing
+forest, we may briefly refer to the vegetation of the River Benué, which
+has been already indicated as in some degree marking the boundary
+between the semi-evergreen or mixed deciduous forests and the drier tree
+savannah and open bush lands. The evergreen galleries along the streams
+or fringing the swampy glades may be taken as on the whole botanically
+similar to the bank foliage of the Benué and its backwaters, creeks and
+tributaries. One feature of this type is the abundance of woody
+climbers, often concealing the foliage of their supports, and
+conspicuous to the eye in the flowering season are the _Combretaceæ_,
+which are here scrambling and climbing shrubs instead of erect trees,
+e.g. the flame-flowered _Combretum racemosum_, _C. constrictum_, etc.,
+_Quisqualis Indica_ and others; also two or three species of
+_Landolphia_ with other rubber vines, and of _Mussænda_, scarlet-fruited
+_Connaraceæ_, _Uncaria Africana_, climbing by its old flower-stalks
+becoming woody hooks, and _Alchornea cordata_, the most typical liane of
+these formations. Other twiners are the showy moon-convolvulus,
+_Calonyction speciosum_ (_Ipomæa bona-nox_), the Cowhage, _Mucuna
+pruriensis_, _Dioclea reflexa_, _Entada scandens_ and numerous
+_Ampelideæ_. These tend to form a dense and sometimes impenetrable
+tangle, but where trees of timber size occur the undergrowth is more
+scanty and a variety of forest weeds appear, in which the _Scitamineæ_
+may be prominent.
+
+The Benué region is rich in trees, of which the following species may be
+mentioned: Goron ruwa, _Irvingia Smithii_, and Gedar kurumi,
+_Pterocarpus esculentus_, _Trichilia retusa_, the large timber tree
+called Kiriyar kurumi (undetermined), _Erythrophlœum Guineense_,
+_Millettia sp._, _Sanagana_ and _M. sericeus_, _Cynometra Vogelii_,
+_Anthocleista nobilis_, _Berlinia Heudelotii_, _Baphia nitida_,
+_Chlorophora excelsa_, _Cola laurifolia_, _Parinarium subcordatum_,
+_Kigelia Æthiopica_, _Uapaca Guineensis_ (here a large tree and
+sometimes prop-rooted), _Ficus spp._ Smaller trees and shrubs are:
+_Spathodea campanulata_, _Voacanga obtusa_ and _V. Africana_, _Morinda
+citrifolia_, _Xylopia parviflora_, _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_, _Oncoba
+spinosa_, _Vangueria euonymoides_, _Ixora radiata_, _Polysphæria
+macrostyla_, _Garcinia ovalifolia_, _Myrianthus serratus_, _Elæis
+Guineensis_ and _Raphia vinifera_. Not all of these extend far beyond
+the Benué, but the majority of them will be found in one or other
+fringing belt far into the deciduous region, and perhaps the two which
+best represent this extension of the semi-evergreen to the savannah are
+the woody climber _Alchornea cordata_ and the tree _Irvingia Smithii_.
+
+In a general view, Northern Nigeria, thus lying beyond the equatorial
+belt, possesses plant features which, apart from river and stream
+fringes, range between the mixed deciduous and xerophilous habit, and in
+the dry season the prevailing character of the open savannah forests is
+a monotonous drab or grey, intersected by the dark lines of greenery
+following the streams or encircling the swamps. The climate is largely
+of the continental type, with a temperature ranging from 120° F. to 40°
+or less (exclusive of thermometer readings on the Bauchi plateau), and a
+rainfall which throughout will usually fall between 30 and 50 or 60
+inches, with diminution to 20 or even 10 inches in the most northerly
+provinces. Such a climate, with the concomitant regularity of two, not
+four, well marked seasons, the dry and the wet, is entirely that
+associated with the occurrence of savannah formations, scattered bush
+with prevailing grasses, suffrutescent herbs and small trees, much open
+grass or thinly timbered park-land, with stretches of thick woods which
+are generally not heavily grassed and never cumbered with impenetrable
+undergrowth.
+
+Trees which are valuable timber species in the moist southern forests
+often scarcely attain reputable dimensions in the deciduous zone.
+
+These conditions also, which are doubtless partly the result of ill-
+considered human operations, put certain definite restrictions on
+cultivated species and determine the character of the natural products
+of the wild. The staple cereal is Dawa or _Sorghum_, instead of maize,
+with Gero or _Pennisetum typhoideum_ in the North. Possibly the limit of
+Guinea Corn as a staple of native cultivation is also the limit of the
+savannah forests, i.e. of the region of trees of secondary size, short
+of the region of Acacias, of Geza, _Combretum altum_, and of scrub,
+where Bulrush Millet is the commoner. Both species are generally
+cultivated along with beans, _Vigna Sinensis_. The sweet potato
+displaces the yam and cassava; industrial cultivation is represented by
+cotton and indigo. Of forest products, the most representative are Shea
+nuts and gum arabic, rather than rubber and large timber; and lastly,
+both cattle-grazing and horse-breeding are important industries proper
+to the region.
+
+
+ VII. SOME TREES OF HAUSALAND.
+
+
+ BY DR. J. M. DALZIEL.
+
+
+A few notes on some of the better known trees of Northern Nigeria are
+here given, the Hausa name being appended in most cases.
+
+
+_Afrormosia laxiflora_, Harms (Leguminosæ). Makarfo.
+
+In the mixed deciduous forests towards the coast this appears as a large
+timber tree, in certain regions dominant both in abundance and size, and
+is also a constituent of the moist evergreen forests. In Northern
+Nigeria it never forms a straight stem, never attains the dimensions of
+a timber tree, and has generally a twisted stem and main branches. Its
+habit, therefore, rather than its mere presence, affords a striking
+instance of the changes accompanying the limited rainfall of the
+savannah forests, and its distribution probably does not extend beyond
+the northern boundary. The trunk has a somewhat pale piebald appearance,
+resulting from the flaking of large pieces of the bark exposing lighter
+portions below. The centre wood is so dark in colour as to have led
+European foremen of works to report it as lignum vitæ, and the wood is
+hard enough to earn for it in some districts, along with other trees,
+the designation “break axe.” It has shining leaves, whitish flowers and
+thin, flat pods.
+
+
+_Afzelia Africana_, Sm. Kawo; “African” or “Rhodesian” Mahogany,
+“Mahogany Bean,” etc.
+
+A large tree, common to nearly all types of forest in West Africa,
+tropical high forest, mixed deciduous and savannah. In Northern Nigeria
+large specimens may still be found, though these do not generally have
+tall, straight stems, but show the wide-spreading umbrella crown common
+in drier regions.
+
+
+_Paradaniellia Oliveri_, Rolfe. Kadaura or Maje.
+
+This has previously been classed with _Daniellia thurifera_, Bennett,
+the so-called West African Copaiba Balsam Tree.
+
+In the Northern Provinces of Nigeria it is one of the largest trees, 50
+to 80 feet, with strong, straight stems and affording good timber for
+local use. The chief native use of the oleo resin is to fumigate
+garments. Its distribution probably stops short of the northern
+boundary.
+
+
+_Isoberlinia doka_, Craib, et Stapf. Doka.
+
+A tree which is the prevailing type in the savannah forests of Central
+Hausaland, generally 30 to 40 feet high, with broad, shining leaves,
+rather small white flowers and large flat pods containing five or six
+discoid seeds. The valves of the pods curl up after dehiscence, and
+young seedlings spring up vigorously where not choked by grass, farm
+clearings in Zaria province being often quickly occupied by them.
+
+A coarse red resin exudes from injuries or punctures of the bark.
+
+
+_Isoberlinia Dalzielii_, Craib et Stapf. Fara doka.
+
+Another new species of similar occurrence and habit, differing in having
+a more grey appearance associated with a slight pubescence, leaves not
+shining and pods less smooth. A species of the wild silkworm, _Anaphe
+Moloneyi_, and perhaps others, are found on them.
+
+
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_, Poir. Madobia; “Senegal Rosewood,” “African
+Kino,” etc.
+
+A tree generally of 30 to 40 feet or more in open savannah forests,
+easily recognized by its bright yellow flowers, the regular venation of
+the leaves, and the bristly, flat, one-seeded pods. The blood-red resin
+is a variety of Kino, and in districts where the Camwood is not found,
+the bark of Madobia is sometimes sold as a substitute. The wood is hard
+and fine-grained.
+
+
+_Cassia Sieberiana_, DC. and C.; _Kotschyana_, Oliv. Marga or Gamafada.
+
+These are small trees with conspicuous yellow flower racemes, having a
+superficial resemblance to laburnum. They are abundant in the dry
+savannah regions as well as in savannah forest, and flower freely in the
+dry season. The pods are long and cylindrical and do not dehisce.
+_Cassia Arereh_, Del., is similar, but the leaves are more acuminated
+and the pods split up longitudinally.
+
+
+_Detarium Senegalense_, Gmel. Taura.
+
+A good timber tree in the mixed deciduous and higher savannah forests,
+as also in the mountainous peninsula of Sierra Leone. Fairly large
+specimens of timber dimensions occur in the rocky forest overlooking
+Lokoja, but the Hausa Taura, hitherto identified as botanically the
+same, is of a very different habit, abundantly represented in the open
+bush savannah as a shrub or small tree having somewhat flattened fruits,
+oval, less succulent than, and one-half or one-third the size of, those
+shed by the forest specimens.
+
+
+_Tamarindus Indica_, Zinn. Tsamiya; “Tamarind Tree.”
+
+A very familiar tree in the northern Hausa States and Bornu, as well as
+in French territory to the north, but much less common on parts of the
+border-line between Southern and Northern Nigeria, so that probably its
+actual distribution is local and interrupted. Barth places its limit at
+Tagalel, in Damerghu, or about 15° North latitude.
+
+In Hausaland it is a conspicuous tree, less from its dimensions than
+from the beauty of its foliage, sometimes umbrella-spreading and at
+others compact, and giving a good deal of shade when in full leaf. The
+ground becomes littered with the small leaflets in the dry months, and
+as a rule little undergrowth is to be found beneath it.
+
+In Sokoto and Kano provinces, and elsewhere in the North, specimens with
+a dense, compact and symmetrical crown are common, the branches often
+reaching to within 3 or 4 feet of the ground. The fruit has familiar
+medicinal and culinary uses, but rarely develops the soft rich pulp of
+the Indian specimens. One of the wild silkworms, _Anaphe sp._, feeds on
+the leaf, the silken nest being called “Tsamiyar Tsamiya.” A familiar
+association which did not escape the notice of Dr. Barth is that of
+tamarind and baobab, in which case the former is often without a proper
+bole and spreads itself half scandent amongst the stout branches of the
+baobab.
+
+
+_Parkia filicoidea_, Welw. Dorowa; “West African Locust Bean.”
+
+A characteristic tree of the savannah forests, and one of the most
+typical members of the open park-like formations. It appears to be
+scarce in Bornu, but abundant from Zaria to Katsina, and its northern
+limit is probably about 14° North latitude.
+
+The pods afford both food and fodder, the fermented cakes called
+Daudawa, made from the seeds, being an article of local commerce. In the
+bush, far from villages, Dorowa trees are ownerless, but elsewhere they
+are generally private property.
+
+
+_Burkea Africana_, Hook. Farin makarfo.
+
+A tree of 30 to 40 feet, of irregular distribution in open savannah
+forests, fairly common between Yola and Bornu as well as in Southern
+Sokoto. It has light, silky foliage, flowers in pendulous, creamy
+spikes, and dark, almost black, bark. The hard wood is used for handles
+of axes and hoes.
+
+
+_Prosopis oblonga_, Benth. Kiriya.
+
+A common tree of the savannah region, extending beyond the Anglo-French
+boundary, but better developed in the Benué region, where fair timber
+specimens occur. The wood is hard, with red centre wood, and takes a
+beautiful polish. It is recognized by its acacia-like foliage, spikes of
+creamy flowers and stout brown pods, with seeds sometimes used like
+those of Dorowa.
+
+
+_Bauhinia reticulata_, DC. Kargo.
+
+A shrub or small tree, one of the commonest constituents of the bush
+savannahs; readily recognized by the cleft leaves, rusty bark and flat,
+twisted pods. The tough bark forms an emergency tie-tie, and its long
+vast fibres furnish strong cordage, which is its chief use in Northern
+Nigeria. The bark and leaves, containing tannin, have astringent uses.
+
+
+_Acacia Sieberiana_, DC. Fara kaya, or “White Thorn Acacia.”
+
+A very widely distributed species in the deciduous zone, not usually
+gregarious and occasionally flat-topped. It is easily recognized by its
+generally dark foliage and pale bark, the flowers not yellow, but in
+small, creamy-white balls, and by the long white thorns. It yields a
+soluble gum, which is perhaps not of the best quality.
+
+
+_Acacia Arabica_, Willd. Bagaruwa; Indian “Babool.”
+
+One of the commonest species, especially in the northern Hausa States
+and Bornu, and a source of gum arabic. The flowers are in bright yellow
+balls and the foliage is a good camel food. The jointed pods are “Sant”
+or “Gambia” pods, used all over the Soudan for tanning.
+
+
+_Acacia Senegalensis_, Willd. Dakwora.
+
+Usually only a shrub, not often over 10 feet, sometimes gregarious, and
+characteristic of the thin bush savannahs; it has grey bark, flowers in
+white spikes, and three sharp recurved stipular hooks at the base of
+each leaf.
+
+This species yields probably the best gum from Senegal to Somali, and
+the root-bark affords a very tough fibre.
+
+
+_Acacia albida_, Del., var. _saccharata_, Benth. Gawo.
+
+A fair-sized tree, confined to the open dry country in the North,
+extending into French territory, and an important camel food, but not a
+gum yielder. The flowers are in creamy-white spikes and the pods are
+yellow and twisted. It is peculiarly deciduous in the wet season, and
+bursts into foliage just at the cessation of the rains.
+
+
+_Acacia Seyal_, Del. Dussa; “Talh of the Soudan.”
+
+A rather small tree, not often over 20 feet, but gregarious and very
+abundant in North-east Hausaland and Bornu, less common, but local, in
+Sokoto, etc. It has a yellow or ochrey bark, white thorns and brilliant
+yellow balls of flowers, and the pods are narrow, sickle-curved and
+constricted between the seeds. The gum is of good quality, but not equal
+to that of _A. Senegal_.
+
+
+_Acacia campylacantha_, Hochst. “Farichin shafu” (= Falcon’s claw).
+
+A fairly tall tree with white flower-spikes and strongly curved spines
+suggesting the native name. It is sometimes gregarious in limited forest
+patches, and the gum is said to be good in colour, cleanliness, etc.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.—=A Baobab (Adansonia digitata).=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.—=Giginya or “Fan Palm” (Borassus flabellifer,
+var. Æthiopum), with Water-lilies (Nymphæaceæ).=]
+
+ To face p. 208.
+
+
+_Albizzia Chevalieri_, G. et P. Katsari.
+
+A tree of 30 to 40 feet, common in the more open savannah formations,
+especially in the northern districts. It has whitish flower-balls, with
+long, pinkish stamens and thin, flat pods. The bark is sometimes used
+for tanning.
+
+
+_Entada Sudanica_, Schweinf. Tawatsa.
+
+A small tree of the savannah forests and open plains, easily
+distinguished by the peculiar jointed pods, each embossed seed section
+falling out and leaving the empty marginal frame. The flowers are in
+yellowish axillary spikes, generally two or three together.
+
+
+_Mimosa asperata_, Linn. Kaidaji.
+
+Forms dense thorny thickets fringing the open bush streams. The flowers
+are in pinkish balls, and the leaves possess the sensitive quality in a
+mild degree.
+
+
+_Lophira alata_, Banks (Ochnaceæ). Mijin kade.
+
+An “African Oak” and one of the most familiar trees of the savannah
+forests and open country. It is apparently very similar to _Lophira
+procera_, the “Red Ironwood” timber tree of the southern forests;
+frequently stunted by forest fires. The seeds yield an oil and the bark
+is medicinal. The flowers are in handsome white panicles, appearing
+about November or December, and the leaf and habit often give it an
+appearance resembling the Shea Butter Tree, but the leaf is beautiful
+and finely veined. An extraordinary fact is the widespread belief of
+pagan tribes in the efficiency of the leaf as a charm.
+
+
+_Eriodendron orientale_, Steud. (Malvaceæ). Rimi; “Silk-cotton Tree.”
+
+A giant in the evergreen forests, and still a comparative giant in the
+dry zone. In Northern Hausa towns the only very tall trees are Rimi; the
+wood is light and the stems are sometimes hollowed out for canoes: the
+floss of the seeds is Kapok, and has the usual local uses. Barth says
+its distribution eastwards stops at 11° East longitude, and that it is
+therefore absent from Bornu proper.
+
+Northwards it apparently scarcely extends beyond the Anglo-French
+boundary.
+
+
+_Bombax buonopozense_, Beauv. Gurjiya; “Red-flowered Silk-cotton Tree.”
+
+A member of the evergreen forests, but quite a common tree of the open
+country and savannah forests, sometimes more or less gregarious, and
+extending at least beyond the Anglo-French border. It reaches about 40
+feet or more in height, with crowded spines on the bark and tulip-like
+red flowers appearing during the deciduous period, generally after the
+middle of December and in January.
+
+
+_Adansonia digitata_, B. Juss. Kuka; “Baobab.”
+
+A characteristic tree of the dry savannah regions, often grouped in
+inhabited areas, with enormously stout stems, but in height limited to
+40 to 60 feet. Specimens of 30 to 40 feet girth are not quite uncommon,
+the swollen stem, with soft, spongy wood, being an adaptation to a dry
+climate, by storing water to meet excessive transpiration by the leaves.
+
+The bark is smooth and often has a shiny purplish tinge. Apart from
+fibre from both bark and wood, the dry fruit pulp and the seeds are
+prepared in various ways as food and drink. Large specimens are still
+found at Maradi, north of the Sokoto boundary, but chiefly stunted trees
+are met with at Zinder.
+
+
+_Sterculia tomentosa_, G. et P. (Sterculiaceæ). Kukuki.
+
+A member of the semi-evergreen forests and common also in the dry zone
+as a medium-sized tree with soft, palmate-shaped leaves and pods four or
+five together, splitting to expose the black seeds with yellow arils. A
+watery juice from the bark refreshes thirsty travellers and a kind of
+gum tragacanth exudes from the trunk.
+
+
+_Hannoa undulata_, Planch. (Simarubeæ). Namijin gwabsa or Takandar giwa.
+(One of two species called by the latter name, _vide_ _Cussonia_.)
+
+A common tree of no great size in the savannah forest. The leaves are
+pinnate, with five to seven leaflets on long stalks, the flowers, in
+creamy, fragrant panicles, appearing in October or November, and the
+fruit is a black plum with unpleasant taste.
+
+
+_Irvingia Smithii_, Hook. fil.
+
+A tree of evergreen and mixed deciduous forests which invades the
+ravines and fringing belts in the savannah region as far at least as
+Kontagora. In the Benué region it is a fairly large tree of 40 feet or
+more, often gregarious, as in a patch of moist forest opposite Katsina
+Allah, along with _Pterocarpus esculentus_. The scarlet fruits are known
+as Goron ruwa or Goron biri (i.e. Water or Monkey Kola), and are eaten
+by monkeys.
+
+
+_Balanites Ægyptiaca_, Del. Aduwa; “Desert Date.”
+
+Typical of the Soudan and of the northern drier provinces of Nigeria and
+extending into French territory; characterized by its bifoliate
+deciduous leaves, spiny habit in dry soil and evergreen bark. The yellow
+oval fruit has a thin layer of sugary, bitter-sweet pulp, and the kernel
+yields Betu oil.
+
+
+_Boswellia odorata_, Hutch., and _B. Dalzielii_, Hutch. (Burseraceæ).
+Hano or Ararabi.
+
+Two new species of “Frankincense Tree,” yielding a fragrant gum resin.
+They reach 30 feet or so in height, have white bark which peels off in
+thin sheets, racemes of white flowers and pinnate leaves with serrate
+leaflets.
+
+
+_Commiphora Kerstingii_, Engl. Dali or Bazana.
+
+A small tree, commonly used as a fence support around native compounds.
+The bark is smooth and green, and the soft wood can be hollowed out for
+quivers.
+
+
+_Balsamodendron Africanum_, A. Rich. Dashi.
+
+A shrub commoner in the northern regions, extending beyond the Anglo-
+French boundary. In arid regions it forms a good hedge, with some
+resemblance to the blackthorn. The leaves and bark are fragrant, and it
+yields a gum resin which is a variety of African myrrh.
+
+
+_Khaya Senegalensis_, A. Juss. (Meliaceæ). Madachi; “West African
+Mahogany” of the dry zone.
+
+A large tree for the dry savannah region, but one of the smaller of the
+mahoganies. In the North, where dry conditions prevail, it tends to
+favour the banks of streams or the edges of marshy meadows, and is never
+buttressed, but often acquires a good spreading crown. Good timber
+specimens have been found on the Gurara River, but apart from this, and
+perhaps some other favoured localities, it does not as a rule exceed
+about 4 feet to 4½ feet in girth. It occurs from Gambia to Nigeria and
+Kamerun, and is again found as a West African element in the flora of
+Uganda and Mozambique. Northwards it reaches North Sokoto, but
+apparently does not extend to Zinder. The bark is a reputed bitter tonic
+in native medicine.
+
+
+_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_, Harms. Toman or Tonas; “Dry-zone Cedar.”
+
+In Northern Nigeria this is rarely more than a small to medium-sized
+tree of 20 to 30 feet, and not usually of good straight growth, probably
+from the effect of annual fires, but yielding a fine wood. The leaflets
+are undulate-margined, the flowers are in graceful panicles, appearing
+about February and March, and the dry, erect capsules, full of winged
+seeds, split from above downwards in five valves. Occasionally little
+copses of the species occur, as it seeds freely and numerous seedlings
+arise—most of them, however, doomed to perish in the next bush-fire. In
+protected localities it might be fostered into a useful timber tree.
+Natives find various medicinal uses for the bark.
+
+
+_Trichilia emetica_, Vahl. Jan sayi.
+
+A fairly common tree across Central Hausaland, not often much over 20
+feet in height. It has medicinal properties; the white flowers are
+fragrant and used to rub the teeth, and the seeds yield a less important
+oil.
+
+
+_Trichilia retusa_, Oliv.
+
+A large timber tree with tall, straight stems, found in the Benué
+region. The flowers are white, appearing about January, in axillary
+racemes or below the leaves; the leaflets are generally five or three,
+with wide, shallow indentation at the tip.
+
+
+_Odina Barteri_ (Anacardiaceæ). Faru.
+
+A fair-sized deciduous tree of the savannah forests, with pinnate
+pubescent leaves and inconspicuous flowers in pendulous, clustered
+racemes. It yields a sort of resin, and the small fruits, tipped with
+four sharp points, are eaten by birds.
+
+
+_? Spondias sp._ Danya.
+
+A very common tree of the drier savannah forests, very abundant in the
+North; it has light foliage of pinnate leaves with small leaflets and a
+yellow, very pleasantly flavoured fruit, with a tough rind like that of
+the mango. The fruits litter the ground in the months of May and June.
+The wood is very hard and used for making a heavy kind of basin known as
+_akushi_.
+
+
+_Anogeissus leiocarpus_, G. et P. (Combretaceæ). Marike.
+
+This is one of the “Chew-sticks” of Yoruba, and while occurring in
+fringing forests and evergreen patches, it is very common in the open
+savannah regions, but probably does not extend beyond the northern
+boundary. It may be 50 feet in height, and possesses light, graceful
+foliage, pale bark and small yellowish flowers in globose heads, forming
+tiny dry two-winged fruits. It affords an inferior gum and is much used
+medicinally.
+
+
+_Terminalia sp._, near _T. macroptera_, G. et P. Baushe.
+
+A fairly large tree, 40 feet or more in height, with the oval winged and
+embossed fruits of the genus, along with its congeners, e.g. _T.
+Elliotii_, Engl. and Diels, _T. Baumanii_, Engl. and Diels, etc., very
+abundant and typical of the savannahs of Northern Nigeria. Bows and
+sticks are made from the roots.
+
+
+_Terminalia macroptera_, G. et P. Kandari.
+
+A smaller tree with much broader leaves, typical of open park-like
+formations.
+
+
+_Combretum spp._
+
+Several arborescent species of _Combretum_ are truly characteristic of
+the open and bush savannahs, and are well represented even in the
+northern parts, where, however, in some districts, they are replaced by
+Acacias. They are practically all gum-bearing; the flowers are small and
+yellowish in axillary spikes, but the genus is generally easily
+recognized by the fruits having four papery wings and the usually
+whorled arrangement of the leaves. The Northern Nigerian species have
+not all been fully determined, and the native names are at present
+somewhat confused and may include more than one species. Most of them in
+this region are shrubs or small trees, occasionally reaching 30 feet or
+so, with smooth or hoary foliage. The Taramniya is generally _C.
+leonense_, Engl. and Diels; the Chiriri of Sogoto includes probably _C.
+Hartmannianum_, Schweinf., and other species; the Dalo is _C.
+glutinosum_, Perr., or near it.
+
+
+_Parinarium curatellæfolium_, Planch (Rosaceæ). Rura.
+
+A small tree, very common in the bush and forest savannah, usually only
+about 10 to 15 feet high, with pale leaves and a dry, pear-like fruit.
+Of its congeners, _P. macrophyllum_, Sabine, the Gawasa or Gingerbread
+Plum, is its representative in most northerly provinces, and _P.
+polyandrum_, Benth., with grape-like bunches of purple not edible fruit,
+is common in the southern parts of the deciduous region.
+
+
+_Eugenia Owariensis_, Beauv. (Myrtaceæ). Malmo.
+
+A small tree, generally about 20 to 30 feet in height and always found
+in moist places, by streams, etc. It has shining, odorous foliage,
+white, fragrant flower-clusters, and a small black-purple, succulent
+fruit.
+
+
+_Cussonia Nigerica_, Hutch. (Araliaceæ). Gwabsa or Takandar giwa.
+
+A new species, occurring in the open and bush savannahs as a small tree
+from 10 to 15 feet in height, with peculiar bare, raking branches,
+producing at their ends clusters of digitate leaves or of long catkin-
+like spikes of inconspicuous flowers. Incisions in the rough, fissured
+bark yield a clear gum. (For the native name compare _Hannoa undulata_.)
+
+
+_Cratæva Adansonii_, G. et P. (Capparideæ). Ingidido.
+
+A small tree, occasionally 20 feet high, fairly abundant in the North,
+of local distribution and common in towns. The leaves are trifoliate and
+can be used as a vegetable; the flowers are white and the fruit yellow,
+spherical, and about the size of a small orange.
+
+
+_Zizyphus spina-Christi_, Willd. (Rhamnaceæ). Kurna.
+
+A small tree characteristic of the dry open regions and commonly planted
+in northern towns. It is generally about 10 to 20 feet high, spiny, with
+leaves three-nerved, and a rather dry, edible berry of pleasant taste.
+
+_Z. jujuba_, Lam., is the Magariya, and is similar, but in these regions
+generally has less of a stem and is more shrubby and thorny, and is not,
+as a rule, planted, though the fruit is even pleasanter.
+
+
+_Sarcocephalus Russegeri_ (Rubiaceæ). Tafashia.
+
+A shrub, or occasionally a small tree, common in moist meadows, but
+found also in the open dry bush. The flowers are in rather large creamy
+balls, and the coarse red, succulent fruit is the analogue of the Sierra
+Leone peach, _S. esculentus_, Afzel, which grows to a large tree in the
+evergreen forests.
+
+
+_Mitragyne Africana_, Korth. Giyaiya.
+
+This is a characteristic tree of swampy areas in the deciduous regions,
+found by streams and marshes or forming island-clumps with a few lesser
+shrubs and weeds in the grassy meadows, which dry up in the rainless
+months. It is generally from 20 to 30 feet in height and has close,
+spherical heads of whitish flowers and smooth, but not shining, leaves
+with regular venation.
+
+
+_Crossopteryx Kotschyana_, Fenzl. Kasfiya.
+
+A small tree of 15 to 20 feet, with foliage resembling that of Giyaiya,
+bunches of whitish flowers, and abundant small black, pill-like fruits,
+which remain attached long after they are ripe.
+
+
+_Adina microcephala_, Hiern. Kadanyar rafi.
+
+A fairly tall tree of 30 to 40 feet, found in stream-banks in the
+savannah region. It has whitish balls of flowers and tapering smooth
+leaves.
+
+
+_Morelia Senegalensis_, A. Rich. Innuwar bauna.
+
+An evergreen shrub 10 to 20 feet high, common on stream-banks, and found
+both in the semi-evergreen forests and in the fringing belts of the
+deciduous region. The flowers are white and somewhat fragrant, and the
+fruit is spherical, tipped by the tubular remains of the calyx.
+
+
+_Butyrospermum Parkii_, Kotschii. (Sapotaceæ). Kadanya; “Shea Butter
+Tree.”
+
+A typical tree of the savannah hinterlands, and one which gives the
+park-like character to many parts of Northern Nigeria, it barely extends
+to the northern boundary, and is rarer on the Bornu side. It is
+generally 25 to 30 feet high or more, with a dense crown and a curiously
+corrugated bark. Flowers, in white, head-like clusters generally appear
+about December. The brown, chestnut-like kernels are ripe about July.
+The milky juice and the coarser venation of the leaves readily
+distinguish this tree from _Lophira alata_.
+
+
+_Diospyros mespiliformis_, Hochst. (Ebenaceæ). Kanya or Kaiwa; “African
+Ebony.”
+
+A fairly large tree, up to about 40 feet in height, in the savannah
+forests and open country, extending north to beyond the Anglo-French
+boundary, larger in the mixed deciduous forests farther south and in
+fringing evergreen belts. The foliage is dark and the bark blackish; the
+inconspicuous whitish flowers, of separate sexes on different trees, are
+attractive to bees. The wood is white, with a black heartwood, and the
+spherical yellow fruits (“Monkey Guava”) have a crisp rind and sweet
+edible pulp, with four or five seeds.
+
+
+_Strychnos spinosa_, Lam. (Loganiaceæ). Kokiya.
+
+A small thorny tree with opposite three- to five-nerved leaves,
+conspicuous by its round yellow fruit, which is orange-like, but has a
+hard rind and flat seeds embedded in a pleasant acid edible pulp.
+
+
+_Cordia Abyssinica_, R. Br. (Boragineæ). Aliliba.
+
+A shrub or small tree with broad leaves and white flowers, valued for
+the sweet yellow berries, which are used in making sweetmeats.
+
+
+_Kigelia Æthiopica_, Decne.; var. _Bornuensis_, Sprague (Bignoniaceæ).
+Rahaina or Rawuya.
+
+A species of “Sausage Tree,” of irregular distribution in Northern
+Nigeria, known in Sokoto, etc., but commoner in the Benué region and in
+Bornu (possibly more than one species occurring). It grows to a fairly
+large size, with dense foliage and pendulous racemes of lurid purple and
+spotted flowers and large, yam-like fruits.
+
+
+_Stereospermum Kunthianum_, Cham. Jiri or Sansami.
+
+A small tree of the savannah forests, with smooth pale bark, beautiful
+pink caducous blossoms and long slender pods.
+
+
+_Vitex Cienkowskii_, Kotschii et Peyr. (Verbenaceæ). Dinya.
+
+A fairly large tree, chiefly of open forest country and extending at
+least as far as the Anglo-French border. The bark is somewhat smooth,
+the crown of digitate leaves fairly dense, and the black, damson-like
+fruits are used in making molasses and sweetmeats. The natives value the
+wood as strong and suitable for local use.
+
+
+_Uapaca Guineensis_, Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ). Ka Jafogo.
+
+In the open country a rather small tree, with the habit of a Ficus, but
+becoming a large tree, sometimes prop-rooted, in the Benué region and in
+some ravines.
+
+
+_Chlorophora excelsa_, Benth. and Hook. (Moraceæ). The “Iroko” or
+“Odum.”
+
+Some of the splendid Nupé canoes are made of this, but the tree really
+belongs to the southern forests, though it occurs in the Benué region
+and perhaps in some northward extensions in river valleys.
+
+
+_Celtis integrifolia_, Lam. Zuwo or Dukki.
+
+This is a fairly large tree of the savannah forest region, found as far
+north at least as Sokoto. The leaves are edible and are used as fodder.
+
+
+_Ficus_ or _Urostigma spp._
+
+This genus has not yet been fully elaborated, and the native names
+cannot in all cases be definitely applied to distinct botanical species.
+The following appear tp be fairly established: Chediya, _Ficus
+Thonningii_, Bl., one of the commonest shade trees, planted in towns and
+abundant far North in French territory; Durumi, _F. syringifolia_,
+Warb., perhaps equally common, with shining heart-shaped and pointed
+leaves; Baure, _F. gnaphalocarpa_, A. Rich. (the rough-leaved species
+with soft figs which are sometimes considered edible); Uwar yara, _F.
+Capensis_, Thunb. (_sensu lato_), recognized by the wavy or indented-
+margined leaves, and especially by the figs being borne in dense
+clusters on the trunk; Gamji, _F. platyphylla_, Del. (the source of “Red
+Kano Rubber” and the host of one of the wild silkworms, _Anaphe sp._).
+Kawuri probably includes _F. kawuri_, Hutch., and _F. glumosa_, Del. Wa
+is a species with broadly cordate leaves, strongly veined, and Shirinya
+is a narrow-leaved species. _F. Vogelii_, Mig., is a glossy-leaved
+rubber-tree, more abundant in ravines and in the moister forests farther
+South.
+
+The Gamji and Shirinya, and perhaps some of the others, almost
+invariably begin life as epiphytes.
+
+Most of the species have abundant aerial rootlets, and the latex of _F.
+Vogelii_, of Gamji, and perhaps of Kawuri and Shirinya, yields rubber of
+varying quality.
+
+
+_Raphia vinifera_, P. Beauv. (Palmeæ). Tukuruwa; “Bamboo Palm,” “Wine
+Palm.”
+
+This well-known palm is found in ravines in the savannah region as far
+as Zaria province, but is a proper member of swampy patches and moist
+forests of the South. Roofing poles and palm-wine are its products most
+used in the North.
+
+
+_Borassus flabellifer_, var. _Æthiopum_, Warb. Giginya; “Deleb,”
+“Palmyra” or “Fan Palm.”
+
+The most characteristic palm of Hausaland, with tall, straight and often
+beaded stems. The germinating shoots from the planted nuts are a
+vegetable called _muruchi_, and the wood and leaves have the familiar
+uses in house-building, mat and basket weaving, etc.
+
+
+_Hyphæne Thebaica_, Mart. Goriba; “Dum” or “Gingerbread Palm.”
+
+The typical palm of the more northerly Hausa provinces, characterized by
+its forked stems and obliquely fan-shaped leaves. The kernel and the
+rind of the nut are used in certain food preparations, and the fronds
+have the usual applications for plaited utensils, etc.
+
+
+_Phœnix dactylifera_, Linn. Dabino; “Date Palm.”
+
+Introduced by Arabs and confined (with a few exceptions, e.g. at Yola
+Mosque) to the Northern towns.
+
+In Kano it may be possible to see the three palms, Deleb, Dum and Date,
+together, but the last is in no sense a tree of Hausaland.
+
+ J. M. DALZIEL.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.—=Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 6½ years old, showing
+bent leader, owing to previous one being eaten out by the leading-shoot
+borer.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.—=1909 Mahogany (Khaya grandis and K. Punchii).
+Plantation after six years’ growth, near road to Chief Conservator’s
+House, Olokemeji Arboretum.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.—=The largest Mahogany (Khaya Punchii), seven
+years old, Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest Reserve.=]
+
+ To face p. 216.
+
+
+ APPENDIX I
+
+ NIGERIAN TREES.—A LIST OF TREES FOR THE NORTHERN PROVINCES
+
+
+ (Hausa names obtained from _Hausa Botanical Vocabulary_, by J. M.
+ Dalziel.)
+
+ _Botanical Name._ _English Name._ _Hausa._
+
+ GRAMINEÆ.
+
+ Oxytenanthera — Gora.
+ Abyssinica
+
+ PALMÆ.
+
+ Raphia vinifera Bamboo Palm, Tukuruwa Gongola or Gwongola
+ Palm or Wine Palm gwangwala (Nupe),
+ Tukuruwa; also Murli,
+ Gangame.
+
+ Hyphæne Thebaica Dum Palm or Goriba, Kaba or Kodago
+ Gingerbread Palm and Kwalo (nut).
+
+ Elæis Guineensis Oil Palm Kwakwa.
+
+ Cocos nucifera Coconut Palm Kwakwar, Attagura.
+
+ Borassus flabellifer, Deleb Palm, Fan or Giginya.
+ var. Æthiopum Palmyra Palm
+
+ SALICACEÆ.
+
+ Salix Willow Ba ruwana, syn. Rimni
+ (Sok.).
+
+ ULMACEÆ.
+
+ Celtis integrifolia Nettle Tree Dukki or Dunki, syn.
+ Zuwo (Kano, Zaria,
+ etc.); also Dinkin.
+
+ MORACEÆ.
+
+ Artocarpus incisa Breadfruit Barabutu (corruption
+ of Breadfruit).
+
+ Ficus gnaphalocarpa — Baure, Bauren fadama,
+ Bauren rafi.
+
+ Ficus sp. — Bijaje.
+
+ Ficus populifolia — Bishiyapl bishiyoyi,
+ generic.
+
+ Ficus Thonningii — Chediya, Gazari or
+ Gizeri (Hadeija).
+
+ Ficus sp. — Danko maiwari.
+
+ Ficus sp. Large Fig Dulu.
+
+ Ficus syringifolia Small Fig Durumi.
+
+ Ficus platyphylla Guttapercha Tree Gamji or Ganji (Kano).
+
+ Ficus Capensis — Garicha (Zanfara),
+ Haguguwa (Kano and
+ Bauchi), Uwar yara
+ (Kano and Katagum).
+
+ Ficus Kawuri and Ficus — Kawuri.
+ glumosa
+
+ Chlorophora excelsa — Loko.
+
+ Ficus sp. — Non gwanki.
+
+ Ficus sp. Narrow-leaved Fig Tree Shisinya, syn. Shiriya
+ (Sok.).
+
+ Ficus Vogelii — Taba ni ka samu, cf.
+ Kurnan nasara and
+ Zogalagandi.
+
+ Ficus sp. — Wa or Ya (Sok.).
+
+ Ficus sp. — Wan kurumi.
+
+ Ficus Capensis — Uwar yara (Kano,
+ Katagum), syn.
+ Haguguwa (Kano,
+ Bauchi).
+
+ ANONACEÆ.
+
+ Anona Senegalensis Custard Apple Gwandar daji.
+
+ Xylopia Æthiopica African, Guinea or Kimba.
+ Negro Pepper
+
+ CAPPARIDACEÆ.
+
+ Mærua Angolensis — Chichiwa (Sok.).
+
+ Cratæva Adansonii — Ingidido.
+
+ MORINGACEÆ.
+
+ Moringa pterygosperma Horse-radish Tree Samarin danga or
+ Zogalagundi, syn.
+ Bagarumar makka
+ (Sok.), Barambo
+ (Gobir); also Taba ni
+ ka saniu (cf. Kurnan
+ nasara).
+
+ ROSACEÆ.
+
+ Parinarium Gingerbread Plum Gawasa.
+ macrophyllum
+
+ Parinarium polyandrum — Kaikai.
+
+ Parinarium — Rura; also Gwanja kusa
+ curatellæfolium and Kaikai.
+
+ LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+ Sesbania leptocarpa — Alambo.
+
+ Sesbania aculeata — —
+
+ Sesbania Ægyptiaca — Sasabani and Zamarke.
+
+ Lonchocarpus Yoruba Wild Indigo Bahar tahki.
+ cyanescens
+
+ Acacia Arabica Egyptian Mimosa Bagaruwa, Gabaruwa.
+
+ Afrormosia sp. — Ba-jini, syn. Jina-
+ jina (Sok. and Zanf.).
+
+ Acacia Sieberiana — Bauji (E. Hausa), syn.
+ Fara kaya.
+
+ Swartsia Cassia Tribe Bogo zage (Zanfare),
+ Madagascariensis Bayama (Kontagora),
+ syn. Gwazkiya, Gamma
+ fada.
+
+ Cassia Occidentalis — Ba-Zanfare (Katagum),
+ syn. Rai dore, Sanga-
+ sanga (Sok. and West).
+
+ Tetrapleura Thonningii — Dawo (Hausa?), Ai-da
+ (Yoruba), cf. Kalangon
+ daji and Sandan mayu.
+
+ Isoberlinia doka — Doka.
+
+ Isoberlinia Dalzielii — Fara doka.
+
+ Parkia filicoidea African Locust Bean Dorowa, Dorawa.
+ Tree
+
+ Acacia Seyal “Tall” Gum Acacia Dushe (Kano), Dussa
+ (E. Hausa), syn.
+ Jimshi (Sok.), and (?)
+ Ishishiya (Zanfara).
+
+ Acacia Sieberiana Acacia Fara kaya, syn. Bauji
+ (E. Hausa).
+
+ Acacia campylacantha Acacia Catechu Farachin shafo or
+ Kumbarshafo. Karkara
+ (Kano), Karki (Sok.,
+ Kats., and Zanf.),
+ Kayar rakumi; also
+ Karo (Kano, Sok., and
+ Kats.).
+
+ Acacia macrostachys — Gardayi.
+
+ Acacia albida — Gawo.
+
+ Lonchocarpus — Farin sansami, syn.
+ laxiflorus Shunin Biri Zanfara
+ halshen sa.
+
+ Afzelia Africana African Mahogany or Fasa-daga, Kawo.
+ Mahogany Bean
+
+ Cassia Kotschyana — Gamma fada hada fuda
+ (Sok.).
+
+ Pterocarpus esculentus — Gedar, Kurumi.
+
+ Erythrophlœum Sasswood or Ordeal Gwaska or Itchen
+ Guineense Tree gwaska.
+
+ Bauhinia rufescens — Jirga (Sok. and
+ Kats.), syn. Tsatsagi
+ (Sok. Zaria, Kano,
+ etc.).
+
+ Paradaniellia Oliveri West African or Ilorin Kadaura (Kano, Zaria,
+ Copaiba Balsam Tree etc.).
+
+ Mimosa asperata — Kaidaji, Kardaji
+ (Sok.).
+
+ Tetrapleura — Kalangen daji.
+
+ Ambygonocarpus — Kashi Kashi (Kontagora
+ Schweinfurthii Kols).
+
+ Albizzia Chevalieri — Katsari.
+
+ Prosopis oblonga — Kiriya, Akiye or
+ Akwiye (seeds),
+ Kokara.
+
+ Burkea Africana Break-axe Tree Kurdi, Bakin makarfo,
+ Kariye gatari.
+
+ Acacia Caffra? Thorny Acacia Kwandariya.
+
+ Pterocarpus erinaceus Africa Rosewood or Madobia.
+ “Bloodwood”
+
+ Paradaniellia Oliveri Balsam Tree Maje (Sok.).
+
+ Syn. Daniellia West African Copaiba Syn. Kadaura (Kano,
+ Thurifera Balsam Tree Zaria, etc.).
+
+ Baphia pubescens Camwood Majigi.
+
+ Erythrina Senegalensis Coral Tree Majiriya (Sok. and
+ Kats.), Minjiriya
+ (Kano).
+
+ Afrormosia laxiflora Break-axe Tree Makarfo, also called
+ Kariye gatari.
+
+ Indigofera — Dan marike.
+ secundiflora
+
+ Cassia goratensis — Runhu or Rumfu.
+
+ Parkinsonia aculeata Jerusalem Thorn Dan sarikin itatuwa
+ (Sok. and Kats.),
+ Sasabani (Hadeija,
+ etc.), Sharan lobbi
+ (Sokoto), cf. Alambo.
+
+ Lonchocarpus — Shunim biri, syn.
+ laxiflorus Farin sansami (Sok.
+ and Kats.), Halshen sa
+ Zanfar.
+
+ Lonchocarpus West African Indigo or Talaki or Talakin
+ cyanescens Yoruba Wild Indigo Yarubawa.
+
+ Detarium Senegalense — Taura.
+
+ Entada Sudanica — Tawatsa or Tawassa.
+
+ Tamarindus Indica Tamarind Tree Tsamiya.
+
+ RUTACEÆ.
+
+ Zanthoxylum — Fasa-kwari.
+ Senegalense
+
+ Limonia — Kokuwa (Sok. and
+ West).
+
+ SIMARUBACEÆ.
+
+ Irvingia Smithii — Goron biri or Goron
+ ruwa.
+
+ Hannoa undulata — Takandar giwa (Kats.,
+ Sok. and Zanf.), syn.
+ Namijin gwabsa
+ (Kontagora, etc.);
+ also Raken giwa.
+
+ BURSERACEÆ.
+
+ Canarium “African Elemi Tree” Atillis.
+ Schweinfurthii
+
+ Boswellia odorata Frankincense Tree Basamu (Sok. and
+ Zanf.).
+
+ Boswellia Dalzielii Frankincense Tree Syn. Hano (Sok. and
+ Kats.), and Ararabi
+ (Kats.).
+
+ Commiphora Kerstingii — Dali and Dalu (Kano
+ and Katsina), syn.
+ Bazano (Kano and
+ Zaria), Gurzundali
+ (Katagum), Hana gobard
+ (Zanfara), Ka Ki ganin
+ bula (Zanfara); also
+ Bar nagada.
+
+ Balsamodendron myrrha Myrrh Jawul.
+
+ MELIACEÆ
+
+ Melia Azedarach Pride of India, Itchen kurdi, syn.
+ Persian or African Kurnan nasara, E.
+ Lilac, or Bead Head Hausa Kontagora.
+
+ Trichilia emetica — Jan saye (Sok., Zanf.,
+ Kontaga).
+
+ Khaya Senegalensis Species of African Madachi or Madwachi
+ Mahogany (Sok.).
+
+ Pseudocedrela Kotschyi — Tuna (often pronounced
+ Tunam or Tunas).
+
+ EUPHORBIACEÆ
+
+ Hymenocardia acida — Jan yaro or Jan
+ itache.
+
+ Uapaca Guineensis — Ka fafogo.
+
+ Euphorbia Barteri — Kerana.
+
+ Euphorbia Abyssinica — —
+
+ Phyllanthus — Majiriyar kurumi
+ floribundus (Kano); also called
+ Kumchi (Sok. and
+ Zanf.).
+
+ ANACARDIACEÆ.
+
+ Spondias sp. Yellow Plum Danya (fruit called
+ Nunu), C. Tsadar
+ Masar.
+
+ Odina Barterii — Faru, syn. Tudi
+ (Zanfara), Farum biri
+ (Sok.).
+
+ Anacardium Occidentale Cashew Kanju.
+
+ Mangifera Indica Mango Mangoro.
+
+ Spondias lutea Hog Plum, Yellow Tsadar Lamarudu or
+ Spanish or Jamaica Tsadar Masar.
+ Plum
+
+ Hæmatostaphis Barteri Blood Plum Tursuje.
+
+ SAPINDACEÆ.
+
+ Blighia sapida Akee Apple Alale, usually called
+ Gwanje kusa.
+
+ RHAMNACEÆ.
+
+ Zizyphus Spina-Christi — Kwina, cf. Magariya.
+
+ Zizyphus jujuba Jujube Tree Magariya.
+
+ Zizyphus mucronata Buffalo Horn Magariyar kura.
+
+ VITACEÆ.
+
+ Vitis quadrangularis — Dodoriya or Dadori.
+
+ BOMBACACEÆ.
+
+ Bombax buonopozense — Gurjiya, syn. Kuriya
+ (Sok. and Zanf.).
+
+ Bombax buonopozense Red-flowered Silk- Kuriya (Sok. and
+ cotton Tree Zanf.), syn. Guriya.
+
+ Adansonia digitata Baobab, Monkey-bread Kuka.
+ Tree, or Sour Gourd.
+
+ Eriodendron Orientale White Silk-cotton Tree Rimi (Kano) or Rini
+ (Sok.).
+
+ STERCULIACEÆ.
+
+ Cola acuminata Kola Nut Goro or Labuje goriya
+ (largest nuts).
+
+ Sterculia tomentosa — Kukudi.
+
+ FLACOURTIACEÆ.
+
+ Oncoba spinosa — Kokochiko.
+
+ COMBRETACEÆ.
+
+ Terminalia sp. — Baushe.
+
+ Nr. Terminalia — Kandari.
+ macroptera
+
+ Terminalia Elliotti — —
+
+ Terminalia Baumanii — —
+
+ Terminalia — —
+ Avicennioides
+
+ Combretum Kerstingii — Chiriri (Sok. and
+ Zanf.), syn. Dagera
+ and probably also
+ Zindi.
+
+ Combretum glutinosum — Dalo.
+
+ Combretum sp., — Geza.
+ probably Combretum
+ altum
+
+ Combretum sp. (?) — Goga jiki.
+ Combretum leonense
+
+ Anogeissus leiocarpus Chew-stick Tree Marike.
+
+ Combretum — Taramniya.
+ verticillatum
+
+ Combretum — —
+ geitonophyllum and
+ others
+
+ Combretum leonense — Wuyan damo.
+
+ Combretum sp. near — Zindi (Katagum,
+ Kanuri).
+
+ Combretum — Chiriri.
+ Hartmannianum,
+ probably same as C.
+ Kerstingii
+
+ MYRTACEÆ.
+
+ Eugenia caryophyllata Clove Kanumfari.
+
+ Eugenia Owariensis — Malmo.
+
+ ARALIACEÆ.
+
+ Cussonia Nigerica — Gwabsa (Sok., Kats.
+ and Zanf.), Raken
+ giwa.
+
+ SAPOTACEÆ.
+
+ Butyrospermum Parkii Shea Butter Tree Kadanya or Kadai.
+
+ EBENACEÆ.
+
+ Diospyros — Kaiwa (Sok.) or Kanya
+ mespiliformis (Kano).
+
+ LOGANIACEÆ.
+
+ Anthocleista nobilis Cabbage Tree Kwari.
+ (G. Don)
+
+ Anthocleista Vogelii — Kwari.
+ (Planch)
+
+ Anthocleista — Kwari.
+ parviflora (Baker)
+
+ APOCYNACEÆ.
+
+ Voacanga obtusa — Kokiyar biri
+ (Kontagora)
+
+ Rauwolfia Welwitschii — Wadda.
+
+ BORRAGINACEÆ.
+
+ Cordia Abyssinica — Aliliba
+
+ VERBENACEÆ.
+
+ Vitex Cienkowskii — Dinya (Kano), Dumya
+ (Sok.)
+
+ Vitex diversifolia — —
+
+ SOLANACEÆ.
+
+ Solanum sp. — Jaudari (E. Hausa),
+ syn. Gorgo.
+
+ BIGNONIACEÆ.
+
+ Newbouldia lævis — Aduruku, syn. Ba reshe
+ (?).
+
+ Stereospermum — Jiri or Sansami or
+ Kunthianum Sasami, syn. Jiri dan
+ sarikin itatuwa (Sok.
+ and Kats.).
+
+ Kigelia Æthiopica, Sausage Tree Rahaina, syn. Rawuya
+ var. Bornuensis (Sok.) and Nonon giwa.
+
+ RUBIACEÆ.
+
+ Randia malleifera Gardenia sp. Katambiri.
+
+ Randia Nilotica — Barbaji, syn. Tsibra
+ or Tsura (Sok.).
+
+ Mitragyne Africana — Giyeya or Giyaiya.
+
+ Crossopteryx — Kasfiya (Sok., Kats.
+ Kotschyana and Zanf.).
+
+ Sarcocephalus A common Chew-stick Tafashia.
+ Russegeri
+
+ Adina microcephala — Kadanyar rafi or
+ Kadanyar kurumi.
+
+ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+ Vernonia amygdalina — Fate fate.
+
+ Vernonia sp. — Shiwaka.
+
+
+ APPENDIX II
+
+ NIGERIA—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+ ----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------
+ | 1909. | 1910. | 1911.
+ Products. +-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+ |Quant. | £ |Quant. | £ |Quant. | £
+ ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+ Palm kernels |158,849|1,815,967|172,998|2,450,814|176,389|2,574,405
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm kernel | 853 | 1,512| 1,168 | 2,070| 943 | 973
+ shells | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm kernel oil | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm oil | 6,335 |1,447,163|76,850 |1,742,234|79,336 |1,696,876
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Kernel cake | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Rubber | 619 | 109,076| 1,175 | 311,691| 961 | 179,355
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Gum arabic | — | — | — | — | 373 | 6,559
+ | | | | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Gum copal | — | — | — | — |10 tons| 362
+ | | | | | |
+ Gutta-percha | — | — | — | — | 104 | 8,787
+ | | | | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Shea butter | 309 | 5,230| 340 | 6,804| 248 | 4,978
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Shea nuts | 9,728 | 78,029| 4,464 | 43,510| 3,629 | 35,518
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Kola nuts | — | — | — | — |79 tons| 2,377
+ | | | | | |
+ Coconuts | 2,240 | 71,916| — | — |20,500 | 82
+ | tons | | | | nuts |
+ | | | | | |
+ Kapok | — | — | — | — |2 tons | 152
+ | | | | | |
+ Copra |21 tons| 259| — | — |96 tons| 1,672
+ | | | | | |
+ Timber, mahogany| — | 46,372| — | 60,191|13,675 | 55,575
+ | | | | | logs |
+ | | | | | |
+ „ ebony | — | — | — | — |74 tons| 266
+ | | | | | |
+ „ other than | — | — | — | — |3 tons | 1
+ furniture | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Camwood | — | — | — | — | — | 1
+ | | | | | |
+ Mangrove bark | — | — | — | — | 504 | 671
+ | | | | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ Rafters | — | — | — | — | 280 | 28
+ | | | | | pkgs. |
+ | | | | | |
+ Beeswax | — | — | 256 | — |11 tons| 566
+ | | | tons | | |
+ ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+ TOTALS |178,955|3,574,524|257,252|4,617,314|262,767|4,569,211
+ | tons | | tons | | tons |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | |20,500 |
+ | | | | | nuts |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | |13,675 |
+ | | | | | logs |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | 280 |
+ | | | | | pkgs. |
+ ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ ----------------+-----------------+-----------------
+ | 1912. | 1913.
+ Products. +-------+---------+-------+---------
+ |Quant. | £ |Quant. | £
+ ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+ Palm kernels |184,624|2,797,411|174,720|3,109,820
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Palm kernel | 1,472 | 3,140| 649 | 1,313
+ shells | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Palm kernel oil | 499 | 16,341| 3,857 | 129,443
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Palm oil |76,994 |1,654,933|83,085 |1,854,384
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Kernel cake | — | — | — | 31,484
+ | | | |
+ Rubber | 705 | 25,022| 510 | 89,995
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Gum arabic | 307 | 1,785| 710 | 3,133
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Gum copal |72 tons| 1,686|19 tons| 322
+ | | | |
+ Gutta-percha | 106 | 5,419|74 tons| 4,424
+ | tons | | |
+ | | | |
+ Shea butter | 179 | 4,798| 120 | 4,044
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Shea nuts | 7,756 | 46,609| 9,420 | 70,427
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ Kola nuts |72 tons| 2,136|48 tons| 1,459
+ | | | |
+ Coconuts |15,550 | 51|147,745| 496
+ | nuts | | nuts |
+ | | | |
+ Kapok | 1 ton | 69|19 tons| 1,097
+ | | | |
+ Copra |94 tons| 1,628|96 tons| 1,890
+ | | | |
+ Timber, mahogany|15,565 | 78,006|19,152 | 105,440
+ | logs | | logs |
+ | | | |
+ „ ebony |37 tons| 102| 119 | 608
+ | | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ „ other than |5 tons | 2|10 tons| 5
+ furniture | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Camwood |13 tons| 46|67 tons| 314
+ | | | |
+ Mangrove bark | 213 | 448|48 tons| 200
+ | tons | | |
+ | | | |
+ Rafters | 95 | 8| 40 | 2
+ | pkgs. | | pkgs. |
+ | | | |
+ Beeswax |4 tons | 247|5 tons | 388
+ ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+ TOTALS |273,158|4,639,892|273,583|5,410,695
+ | tons | | tons |
+ | | | |
+ |15,550 | |147,745|
+ | nuts | | nuts |
+ | | | |
+ |15,565 | |19,152 |
+ | logs | | logs |
+ | | | |
+ | 95 | | 40 |
+ | pkgs. | | pkgs. |
+ ----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------
+
+
+ APPENDIX III
+
+ IMPORTS OF TIMBER INTO NIGERIA
+
+
+ -----------------+--------------------+--------
+ Wood and Timber, | |
+ Rough Hewn, Sawn | Superficial Feet. | £
+ and Split. | |
+ -----------------+--------------------+--------
+ 1910 | 5,754,135 | 34,166
+ | |
+ 1911 | 3,246,924 | 35,920
+ | |
+ 1912 | 3,915,004 | 37,904
+ | |
+ 1913 | 4,531,262 | 43,157
+ | |
+ 1914 | 6,094,126 | 54,673
+ | |
+ 1915 | 4,194,935 | 45,027
+ | |
+ 1916 |Information not yet | —
+ | available |
+ -----------------+--------------------+--------
+ TOTALS | 27,736,386 |£250,847
+ -----------------+--------------------+--------
+
+
+ APPENDIX IV
+
+ NIGERIAN TREES PROTECTED UNDER THE FORESTRY ORDINANCE
+
+
+With the gracious permission of the Nigerian Forest Department and the
+Nigerian Government a copy of the schedule of protected trees under the
+Nigerian Forestry Ordinance has been inserted here.
+
+
+ SCHEDULE A
+
+
+ PROTECTED TREES
+
+
+ 1ST CLASS TREES.
+
+ _Fee_, 46_s._; _Royalty_, 10_s._; _Total_, 56_s._ _per tree_.
+
+ (_a_) 11 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Khaya_. All species except _K. Senegalensis_. Mahoganies. Ogangwo
+(Yoruba); Gedu (Benin); Digiten (Brass); Dirinshi and Odala (Ibo);
+Efriyo-moniba (Efik).
+
+_Entandrophragma_. All species, scented Mahoganies. Ijebo (Yoruba);
+Onomokyukyu and Ikwapobo (Benin); Eden (Efik); Etori (Ekoi).
+
+_Chlorophora excelsa_. Iroko (Yoruba); Iroko (Benin); Odji (Ibo); Nsan
+(Ekoi); Efriyo (Efik).
+
+ (_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Gaurea Thompsonii_. Walnuts. Obobonikwi (Benin).
+
+_Gaurea_. All other species.
+
+_Lovoa Klaineana_. Anamomila (Benin).
+
+ (_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Moist forest form. Opepe (Yoruba); Obiache
+(Benin); Owessu (Brass); Awesu (Jekri).
+
+ (_d_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Funtumia elastica_. Rubber trees.
+
+_Ficus Vogelii_.
+
+ (_f_) No minimum girth limit.
+
+_Elæis Guineensis_. Oil Palm.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.—=Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation, Olokemeji
+Arboretum, showing it at the end of the dry season, March 1915; Captain
+Owens.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.—=Cedrela odorata (Cigar-box Cedar), three years
+old (seen close); R. E. Dennett, Esq.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.—=Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation, with
+H. N. Thompson, Esq., 1911.=]
+
+ To face p. 228.
+
+
+ 2ND CLASS TREES.
+
+ _Fee_, 28_s._; _Royalty_, 8_s._; _Total_, 36_s._ _per tree_.
+
+ (_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Mimusops Djave_. Efam (Efik); Mfam (Ekoi); Ungu (Ibo).
+
+_Canarium Schweinfurthii_. Eben-etridon (Efik); Njasun (Ekoi).
+
+_Detarium Guineensis_.
+
+_Piptadenia Africana_. Agboin (Yoruba); Chen (Ibo); Ekhimi (Benin);
+Sanga (Ijaw).
+
+_Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_. Anyan (Efik); Okan (Benin); Aja-igi or Olosan
+(Yoruba).
+
+_Agba_ of the Benis. Mobonran (Ijaw).
+
+ (_d_) 7 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Afzelia Africana_.[4] Apa (Yoruba); Kanwo (Hausa); Adja (Ibo); Ayin-
+bukbo (Efik); Aligna or Adya (Benin).
+
+_Blighia sapida_. Ishin (Yoruba); Alale or Gwanja-kusa (Hausa).
+
+_Lophira procera_. Eki (Yoruba); Eba (Benin); Kuru (Ijaw); Umowenek
+(Efik).
+
+_Tamarindus Indicus_.[5] Tsamia (Hausa).
+
+ (_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Mimusops multinervis_. Emido (Yoruba); Apassa (Efik).
+
+
+ 3RD CLASS TREES.
+
+ _Fee_, 18_s._; _Royalty_, 6_s._; _Total_, 24_s._ _per tree_.
+
+ (_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Santiriopsis Klaineana_. Incense Tree. Odonomo-kyu-kyu (Benin).
+
+_Poga oleosa_. Inoi (Efik); Inyere (Ekoi); Imonor (Ibo).
+
+_Brachystegia spicæformis_. Ako or Eku (Yoruba); Akpakpa (Ibo); Ukung
+(Efik).
+
+ (_c_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Carapa_. All species. Ibegogo (Benin).
+
+_Albizzia fastigiata_. Ayinre-eta (Yoruba).
+
+_Albizzia Brownii_. Ayinre-bonabona (Yoruba).
+
+_Pterocarpus tinctorius_. Camwood. Ukpa (Efik); Nkohen (Ekoi); Uhie
+(Ibo); Auchi (Brass).
+
+_Pterocarpus Osun_. Barwood. Osun (Yoruba); Ukpa (Efik).
+
+_Khaya Senegalensis_. Dry-zone Mahogany. Ogangwo (Yoruba); Madachi
+(Hausa).
+
+_Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Sasswood. Erun (Yoruba); Ifwan (Efik); Inyi
+(Ibo); Gwaska (Hausa).
+
+_Erythrophlœum micranthum_. Ihi (Ekoi); Iringi (Ibo).
+
+_Schrebera Golungensis_. Opele (Yoruba).
+
+_Afrormosia laxiflora_. Yellow Satin Wood. Ainyesan (Benin).
+
+_Parkia biglobosa_.[6]
+
+_Parkia filicoidea_.[6] Darowa (Hausa); Irugba (Yoruba).
+
+_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_.[7] Tuna (Hausa); Emigbegi (Yoruba).
+
+_Irvingia Barterii_. Oro (Yoruba); Okherli (Benin).
+
+_Mammea sp._ Bolo (Ijaw); Bolo (Brass).
+
+_Casearia sp._ Ebo (Yoruba).
+
+_Otutu_ of the Yorubas. Aiye (Ondo).
+
+_Klaineodoxa Gabonensis_. Alukon-raba (Yoruba); Ifainaki (Egba); Odudu
+(Ondo).
+
+_Diospyros_.[8] Ebonies. Kainya (Hausa).
+
+
+ 4TH CLASS TREES.
+
+ _Fee_, 9_s._; _Royalty_, 3_s._; _Total_, 12_s._ _per tree_.
+
+ (_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Terminalia_. All species except _T. Togoensis_.
+
+_Terminalia Superba_. Afara (Yoruba).
+
+_Uputtu_ of the Benis.
+
+_Diospyros dendo_. Obiletu (Efik).
+
+_Diospyros mespiliformis_. Kanran (Yoruba).
+
+_Diospyros Mombuttensis_. Ogan-pupa (Yoruba).
+
+_Diospyros atropurpurea_.
+
+_Diospyros crassiflora_. Aborpor (Benin).
+
+_Cordia Millenii_. Omo (Yoruba).
+
+_Triplochiton Johnsonii_. Arere (Yoruba); Obeche (Benin).
+
+_Triplochiton Nigericum_. Arere (Yoruba).
+
+_Mitragyne macrophylla_. Uwen (Efik); Ebar (Brass); Ebar (Ibo); Abura
+(Yoruba).
+
+_Daniellia Ogea_. Ojia (Yoruba); Udeni (Ibo); Ozia (Benin).
+
+_Yinrin-yinrin_ of Ijaws and Ikales.
+
+_Jebere_ of the Ondos. Alofin (Jebu).
+
+ (_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Berlinia acuminata_. Apado (Yoruba); Ekpogoi (Benin).
+
+_Berlinia auriculata_.
+
+_Cordia_. All species except _C. Millenii_. Aliliba (Hausa).
+
+_Pausinystalia sp._ Idagbon (Ondo); Wenren-wenren (Jebu).
+
+_Microdesmis sp._
+
+_Ohiomo_ of the Benis.
+
+_Ewai_ of the Benis.
+
+_Spondias sp._ Ekika-aja, Opon (Yoruba).
+
+_Saxoglottis Gabunensis_. Ndat (Efik); Tala (Ibo); Tala (Brass); Edat
+(Ekoi); Atala (Yoruba).
+
+_Sarcocephalus sp._ Opepe-ira (Yoruba).
+
+_Pycnanthus Kombo_. Akomu (Yoruba).
+
+_Ormosia monophylla_. Akoriko (Yoruba).
+
+_Ashasha_ of the Yoruba.
+
+_Alstonia Congensis_. Awun, Ahon (Yoruba); Dubu (Brass); Eba (Ibo).
+
+_Parkia filicoidea_.[9] Danowa (Hausa).
+
+_Parkia biglobosa_.[9]
+
+_Acacia_.[10] All species. Gabarua (Hausa).
+
+_Butyrospermum Parkii_. Shea Butter. Emi-emi (Yoruba); Kadanya (Hausa).
+
+_Pterocarpus erinaceus_. Apepe, Ara (Yoruba); Madobia (Hausa).
+
+
+ 5TH CLASS TREES.
+
+ _Fee_, 4_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 1_s._ 6_d._; _Total_, 6_s._ _per tree_.
+
+ (_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Eriodendron_. All species. Silk Cotton Tree. Araba (Yoruba); Ukum
+(Efik); Shakka (Brass); Okha (Benin); Akpe (Ibo); Rimi (Hausa).
+
+_Bombax_. All species.
+
+_Antiaris toxicaria_. Oro (Yoruba); Nuwo (Ekoi); Odjiwawa (Ibo).
+
+ (_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Iya-Igbo_ of the Yorubas.
+
+ (_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Tetrapleura Thonningii_. Aridan (Yoruba); Dawo (Hausa).
+
+_Erythrina_. All species except _E. Senegalensis_.
+
+_Paradaniellia Oliveri_. Balsam Copaiba Tree. Iya (Yoruba).
+
+_Pentaclethra macrophylla_. Apara (Yoruba); Ukana (Efik); Ukpakara
+(Brass).
+
+_Lonchocarpus Zenkeri_.
+
+_Daniellia_. All species except _D. Ogea_. Gum Copal Trees. Iya
+(Yoruba).
+
+_Cynometra_. All species.
+
+_Ricinodendron Africana_. Erimmado (Yoruba); Okwen (Benin).
+
+_Uapaca Guineensis_. Ile (Ibo).
+
+_Uapaca Staudtii_. Akun (Yoruba).
+
+_Garcinia sp._ Agberibede (Yoruba).
+
+_Scottelia Kamerunensis_. Okilolo (Ijaw).
+
+_Oropa_ of the Yorubas. Odoko (Yoruba).
+
+_Erohun_ of the Ikales.
+
+ (_f_) 4 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Xylia Evansii_.
+
+_Trichilia Heudelotii_.
+
+_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_.[11] Emigbegi (Yoruba).
+
+_Ukpi-nikwi_ of the Benis. Enyin Mbukpo (Efik).
+
+
+ 6TH CLASS TREES.
+
+ _Fee_, 2_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 6_d._; _Total_, 3_s._ _per tree_.
+
+ (_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Sterculia cordata_. Ogugu (Yoruba).
+
+ (_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Sterculia oblonga_.
+
+_Pentadesma butyracea_. Candle Tree. Udia Ebiong (Efik).
+
+_Adina microcephala_.[12] Kadanyar rafi (Hausa).
+
+_Anogeissus leiocarpus_. Ayin (Yoruba); Marike (Hausa).
+
+_Isoberlinia_.[12] Both species. Doka (Hausa).
+
+ (_f_) 4 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Chrysophyllum_. All species. Osan (Yoruba).
+
+_Polyadoa umbellata_.
+
+_Baphia nitida_. Irosun (Yoruba).
+
+_Baphia pubescens_. Ubara (Efik).
+
+_Baphia polygalacea_. Mbomo-nkuku (Efik).
+
+_Parinarium macrophyllum_. Gawasa (Hausa).
+
+_Parinarium mobola_.
+
+_Funtumia Africana_. Ako-ire (Yoruba); Bassa-bassa (Benin).
+
+_Tamarindus Indicus_.[13] Tsamia (Hausa).
+
+_Eugenia Owariensis_. Malmo (Hausa).
+
+_Vitex_. All species.
+
+_Sterculia Barterii_. Eso (Yoruba).
+
+_Lophira alata_. Ipawhaw (Yoruba); Namijin-kadai (Hausa).
+
+_Zanthoxylon Senegalensis_. Ata (Yoruba); Fasa-kwari (Hausa).
+
+_Spondias lutea_. Hog Plum. Iyeye (Yoruba); Tsada-Masar (Hausa).
+
+_Cola_. All species.
+
+_Ita_ of the Yorubas.
+
+_Hannoa Klaineana_. Igbo (Yoruba).
+
+_Macrolobium_. All species.
+
+_Ormosia laxiflora_.[14] Ba-fini, Makarfo (Hausa); Shedun (Yoruba).
+
+_Prosopis oblonga_. Kirya (Hausa).
+
+_Lonchocarpus sericeus_. Ipapo (Yoruba); Njassi (Ibo); Obong (Efik).
+
+_Dialium Guineense_. Awin (Yoruba); Ohiorme (Benin).
+
+ (_f_) 3 feet minimum girth limit.
+
+_Adina microcephala_.[15] Kadanyar Rafi (Hausa).
+
+_Isoberlinia_.[15] All species. Doka (Hausa).
+
+_Ormosia laxiflora_.[16] Makarfo (Hausa).
+
+ (_g_) No minimum girth limit.
+
+_Borassus Æthiopica_. The Fan Palm. Giginya (Hausa).
+
+
+ 7TH CLASS TREES.
+
+ _Fees, Nil, except when taken under a Fuel Permit._
+
+ (_g_) No minimum girth limit.
+
+_Acacia_. All species, when in Southern Provinces.
+
+_Anona_. All species. Afe (Yoruba); Gwandar-daji (Hausa).
+
+_Conopharyngia_. All species.
+
+_Deinbollia insignis_.
+
+_Erythrina Senegalensis_. Majiriya (Hausa).
+
+_Garcinia conrauana_. Efiari (Efik); Odji (Brass).
+
+_Hannoa undulata_. Ikwepokin (Benin).
+
+_Holarrhena Wulfsbergii_.
+
+_Kigelia pinnata_.
+
+_Millettia Thonningii_.
+
+_Musanga Smithii_. Umbrella Tree. Aga (Yoruba); Uno (Efik); Oro (Brass).
+
+_Pachylobus edulis_. Eben (Efik).
+
+_Parinarium_. All species except those detailed in 6th class.
+
+_Pterocarpus esculentus_. Gedar-kurumi (Hausa); Gbingbin (Yoruba).
+
+_Ochna multiflora_. Toi-tsi (Ibo).
+
+_Rauwolfia vomitoria_.
+
+_Spathodea_. All species.
+
+_Sterculia_. All other species except those detailed in other classes.
+
+_Terminalia Togoensis_.
+
+_Treculia Africana_. Afon (Yoruba).
+
+_Xylopia Æthiopica_. Eru (Yoruba); Kimba (Hausa).
+
+_Chrysobalanus Icaco_. Ikate (Yoruba).
+
+
+ 8TH CLASS TREES.
+
+ Minimum girth limit, 12 inches.
+
+ _Fees_—_On trees over_ 24 _inches in girth_, 6_d._ _per tree_.
+
+ _On trees_ 12 _to_ 24 _inches in girth_, 3_d._ _per tree_.
+
+_Rhizophora racemosa_. Red Mangrove. Egba (Yoruba).
+
+_Rhizophora mangle_. Red Mangrove.
+
+_Avicennia Africana_. White Mangrove. Ofun (Yoruba).
+
+For the purposes of this schedule, the girths must be measured at a
+vertical distance of 4 feet 6 inches from the ground at the foot of the
+tree, or in the case of buttressed trees at the place where the highest
+buttress merges into the stem.
+
+
+ SCHEDULE B
+
+
+ PROTECTED MINOR FOREST PRODUCE
+
+
+ 1ST CLASS.
+
+ _Fee_, 15_s._; _Royalty_, _5s._; _Total_, 20_s._ _per permit_.
+
+_Rubber_—taken from wild rubber-yielding trees and vines.
+
+
+ 2ND CLASS.
+
+ _Fee_, 7_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 2_s._ 6_d._; _Total_, 10_s._ _per
+ permit_.
+
+_Bamboo poles_—taken from the midribs of the Tombo palm (_Raphia
+vinifera_) or other species of Raphia. _Piassava fibre_ from the stem
+and midribs (leaf stalks) of the Raphia and other species of palms.
+
+And in the Northern Provinces:
+
+Poles, gofas, etc., not to exceed 6 inches in diameter, taken from
+_Isoberlinia sp._, _Anogeissus leiocarpus_, _Ormosia laxiflora_,
+_Lophira alata_ or _Pterocarpus erinaceus_.
+
+
+ 3RD CLASS.
+
+_Fee_, 4_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 1_s._ 6_d._; _Total_, 6_s._ _per permit_.
+
+_Chew-sticks_—or native tooth-brushes taken from the roots of the Iyin
+tree (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_).
+
+_Native sponges_—made from the bast fibres of various species of vines
+and lianes.
+
+_Pandanus_ fibre (from the screw pine) and the leaf stalk of all species
+of Phrynium, taken for the manufacture of mats.
+
+_Gum copal_.
+
+_Gum arabic_—and other gums procured from _Acacias_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.—=Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii)
+standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House, June 1915, after being
+protected from fire eight years.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.—=Teak (Tectona grandis), three years old,
+Compartment 2, Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.—=Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii) in
+fruit, April 1911, standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House. This
+tree has been protected from fire nearly four years.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.—=Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii)
+standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House. The same tree of which
+the fruit was photographed, April 1911.=]
+
+ To face p. 234.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER IX
+
+ THE NIGERIAN TIMBER TREES
+
+
+ INDIGENOUS TREES OF NIGERIA
+
+ B. SOUTHERN PROVINCES.
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Raphia Hookeriana_. Hooker’s Palm or the Piassava Palm. Aiko (Yoruba);
+ Iya (Efik); Angor (Benin); Ori (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ It is found chiefly in the Calabar, Warri, and Ondo provinces of
+ Nigeria, mixed with _R. vinifera_ at the edges of estuaries and rivers
+ in the evergreen forest zone.
+
+ One of the main differences between this palm and _R. vinifera_ is
+ that the fruit is much shorter (at the most 1½ inches long and ¾ inch
+ in diameter) and more stumpy in shape, coming abruptly to a point at
+ the tip. _R. vinifera_, on the other hand, is much longer, reaching 2½
+ to 3 inches in length and ¾ inch to an inch in diameter, and it is
+ very elliptical in shape. The bunches of fruit of this palm, _R.
+ Hookeriana_, are much smaller, rarely exceeding more than a foot in
+ length, and containing 50 to 75 nuts, whereas _R. vinifera_ may have
+ bunches 3 feet long, each containing 500 nuts or more. In the stem,
+ too, this palm is smaller, often not reaching more than 6 to 9 inches
+ in diameter, with a total height of 20 feet, whereas _R. vinifera_
+ will reach over a foot in diameter and a total height of over 60 feet.
+ The natural cleaning of the stem begins much later in this palm, and
+ does not reach anything like the height of that of _R. vinifera_. In
+ many specimens, in fact, the stem remains always more or less covered
+ with the very upward tending branches. In this respect it reminds one
+ a little of _R. Ruffia_. The leaves, however, are more similar to _R.
+ vinifera_, but only about half the size, especially in length; they
+ are not quite so wide, nor are the leaf stalks quite so large.
+
+ The timber is very similar, but more fibrous and of a looser texture
+ than that of _R. vinifera_. It is a little easier to cut. In the older
+ specimens the foliage still retains its dark green colour compared
+ with the dry, yellowish hue which _R. vinifera_ takes on as it gets
+ older. It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing tree. It likes a
+ somewhat rich soil, but can, however, stand in water, and apparently
+ withstands floods. Natural regeneration appears to be good.
+
+ The timber has not been cut for export nor for local use. The fronds
+ are occasionally used for a similar purpose as that of _R. vinifera_,
+ and sometimes the leaves also.
+
+ _Native Use_.—The fronds and leaves are used in a similar way to those
+ of _R. vinifera_. The base of the leaf stalk is cut off into lengths
+ up to 6 feet (it almost encircles the tree and extends much further up
+ than in the case of _R. vinifera_) and laid in stagnant water. After
+ the intervening substance between the fibres has got more or less soft
+ and partly rotted away, the whole is taken out and the fibres cleaned
+ with a kind of comb. These are then dried, and packed together in
+ bundles of 20 pounds upwards, and sold to the European factory as
+ Piassava. This industry is more widespread in the Eket district of the
+ Calabar province, but it has taken a great number of years of thought
+ and careful attention to bring it up to its present dimensions. The
+ cutting of the leaves is undertaken mostly by the men and the rotting
+ and cleaning of the fibre mostly by the women. Before the war Piassava
+ fibre was rarely worth more than £28 per ton. It is now worth over
+ £70. Unless, however, a price of at least £20 per ton is offered in
+ Liverpool market for this fibre, it is doubtful if the industry can be
+ made profitable for everyone concerned, producers included.
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_. The Palm Wine Tree, or Tombo Palm, or Bamboo, the
+ last named being the name used by the English-speaking Jekris. Ako
+ (Yoruba); Emmaha Augor (Benin); Oukot (Efik).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar
+ provinces and the Colony of Nigeria, at the edges of the streams and
+ rivers in the evergreen forest zone, where it grows in large groups
+ and pure forests.
+
+ It is a medium-sized palm, growing separately with one stem, which
+ clears itself of the leaf fronds for about half its height between the
+ twelfth and fifteenth year. The trunk then is comparatively smooth,
+ except for the very large scars of the leaf stalk. The fronds are the
+ longest of any of the African palms, reaching sometimes a length of 40
+ feet, roughly sickle shaped; in section they reach about 2 inches
+ diameter at the broadest part, and are a yellow-brown colour. The
+ leaves come out from the stalk almost at a right angle, thus making
+ them much wider and, owing to their greater length, much finer and
+ heavier foliage than that of the Oil Palm, or even the Coconut Palm.
+ In fact, an isolated specimen growing well could be not unfavourably
+ compared to the Royal Palm in the grandeur of its spread of leaf and
+ the beauty of the outward-spreading, fan-shaped bold crown. Both the
+ male and the female flowers are very conspicuous. The bunches of
+ fruit, up to 3 feet in length, hang down like enormous elongated
+ bunches of yellow grapes. The nuts are covered with a smooth yellow
+ hard skin, set in scales very similar to those of a cone, except that
+ each scale is tightly joined to the next. When the fruit decays, or is
+ boiled, the scales come off as well as the yellow, fibrous matter,
+ which gives a yellowish tinge to the water. The main difference
+ between the base of the Oil Palm and that of the leaf of this tree is
+ the extension of it more than half round the bole in the case of _R.
+ vinifera_, and also flatly and smoothly down the stem. On the other
+ hand, in the Oil Palm the leaf grows more abruptly out of and away
+ from the stem. Owing to the Tombo Palm stem being smaller (on the
+ average only 9 inches in diameter), the base of the frond extends
+ nearly all round the tree, the lower one overlapping the higher one,
+ and each placed in revolving fashion round the trunk, one above the
+ other. The leaf scars of the Oil Palm are much smaller. Owing to the
+ greater length of the leaf of this palm, the crown does not appear to
+ be such a tuft of leaves at the top of the tree as in the case of the
+ Oil Palm. In old age it appears more as a cylindrical mass of leaves
+ occupying the upper half or third of the tree.
+
+ The timber is more fibrous and soft than that of the Oil Palm. The
+ fibres, however, are dark brown, almost black when very wet or after
+ they have lain in water for any length of time.
+
+ On the whole the tree is slow-growing, even slower than the Oil Palm.
+ It stands a good deal of shade in the earlier stages, but later on is
+ apparently a light-demanding tree. It grows in freshwater swamps and
+ at the edges of such places. Although it thrives best in certain
+ localities, it can be planted and does grow on solid and comparatively
+ dry land near Calabar. In the Calabar province they are often planted
+ as an avenue leading up from the main road through the farm to the
+ house. It will stand floods. Natural regeneration is good, and with
+ the spread of propagation it tends to be more widely distributed. In
+ the Calabar and Ogoja provinces seeds were distributed to the natives
+ for planting for the production of palm wine to take the place of that
+ obtained from the Oil Palm. The timber has not been used for export,
+ nor has it been cut for local use. The leaf stalks, however, have been
+ used for building labourers’ lines and in some European houses. In a
+ similar way the leaves themselves have been used as a roofing material
+ after being made up into small mats.
+
+ _Native Use._—The tree is tapped near the base of the leading leaves,
+ or at the base of the male inflorescence, for the production of the
+ sap, which is collected in calabashes. These are placed in position
+ every evening and emptied every morning, and replaced in position.
+ Occasionally the chimpanzees climb up the palms, drink the wine in the
+ calabash and replace it. A native once shot a chimpanzee, finding it
+ was the thief of his palm wine and not a human being. The wine is of a
+ white, sometimes almost creamy colour, and when fresh is quite thin
+ and foamy. It has a rather pleasant, sweet, and almost sharp taste.
+ After being kept a few days it begins to ferment, and even moderate
+ quantities are intoxicating. Either fresh or fermented, it is sold in
+ bottles or calabashes in the local markets. The supply scarcely, if
+ ever, exceeds the demand. The natives often put pieces of the bark of
+ Tala, _Saccoglottis Gabunensis_, in the wine to give it a more bitter
+ taste. Occasionally also the bark of mahogany and other trees is used.
+ Tala, however, is the correct bark to use, and it forms an article of
+ local commerce for this purpose. Owing to the comparative
+ inaccessibility of some of the “stands” of this tree away in the
+ swampy regions near the estuaries of some of the larger rivers, such
+ as the Benin and the Siluko, there are still vast areas where neither
+ the leaves are cut nor the palms tapped for wine. The seeds are boiled
+ and placed in the bottom of a canoe, and when sufficient canoes have
+ been got together, each with its quota of boiled nuts, these are
+ trodden with the feet of those in the canoe, and both the nuts and the
+ scaly shell as well as the small amount of yellow flesh are thrown in
+ the water of a half-stagnant river. This yellow substance partly
+ blinds and stupefies the fish, the smaller ones of which come half
+ floating and swimming to the surface, the larger ones being washed
+ along near the bed of the river. These are caught in convenient places
+ where the river has been staked all across its width and bamboo
+ netting put down, except for an opening where a flexible net is used.
+ Some of the people go about in small canoes, netting the fish that
+ come to the surface. One of the most famous spots to see this is in
+ the Osse River, in the reach just below Noami, where the combined
+ fishery forces of the Jekris and, to a lesser extent, Sobos and Ijors,
+ for a day or two in succession in April each year, carry on this work.
+ The catch of fish obtained is enormous. Unless, however, it can be
+ soon smoked and dried, much of it goes bad. This method of getting
+ fish is also used by individual natives in stagnant backwaters of
+ rivers and in isolated pools. The poison apparently does not spoil the
+ taste or other quality of the fish. Occasionally this palm is also
+ used for getting out the Piassava fibre, but it appears to be more
+ difficult, and it is doubtful if it is as valuable as the fibre
+ obtained from _R. Hookeriana_. Owing, however, to the fact that both
+ species grow in the same locality and often quite mixed together, it
+ is highly probable that part of the Piassava obtained is taken from
+ this palm. In order to stimulate the flow of sap, a fire is often made
+ at the base of the tree, which burns all the lower leaves and even
+ part of the top, and thus induces an extra flow of sap, but of course
+ to the detriment of a continual yield, as the tree subsequently dies.
+
+ In many parts of the country there is a regular local industry in the
+ making of roofing mats from the leaves of this palm. The small ones,
+ about 3 feet long, are, however, sold 25 for 3d. and the big ones,
+ over 6 feet long, 25 for 6d. In some places they are cheaper. As a
+ roofing material they are very durable, and will last at least seven
+ years. If, however, they are put on very thickly, overlapping more
+ than two-thirds of their width, and the roof is thoroughly smoked from
+ the inside, it becomes nearly black, and will last fifteen years. For
+ native houses it is one of the most used roofing materials, except in
+ the Benin country, where the large Ewayon leaves are used. Roofing
+ mats are, of course, being superseded by galvanized iron in the more
+ civilized places. The leaf stalk is used both as a pole for pushing
+ lighters or heavily laden canoes through comparatively shallow water,
+ or as a boat-hook, or pushing and guiding pole for the smaller canoes
+ in getting up swift, winding and comparatively narrow rivers.
+
+ _Raphia Ruffia_. Roofing Palm.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It does not form a proper stem, like other
+ raphias; the long, thin leaves sprout out from the ground, and only
+ when the tree is some years old is there any trace of a stem, which is
+ quite short. The petioles are thin, compared to the length, and the
+ leaflets are thin and narrow.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Calabar and Ogoja Provinces of
+ Nigeria. It is often planted near watercourses in damp valleys to
+ provide roofing material for the natives, who make mats from the
+ leaves (Ikom, Obubra districts).
+
+ _Phœnix reclinata_. Swamp Date Palm. Elekikobi (Yoruba); Ukukon
+ (Benin).
+
+ A common tree of the Warri province of Nigeria. It is usually found in
+ or at the edge of the mangrove swamp, where it appears to thrive. It
+ is often rather bent in shape, and does not exceed 10 feet in height.
+ It is usually partially gregarious, though the groups of this species
+ are much smaller than those of _P. spinosa_. The natives in this
+ locality scarcely use it at all. The fruit is rather smaller, and it
+ bears in a less prolific manner than _P. spinosa_.
+
+ _Phœnix spinosa_. Wild Date Palm. Okun (Yoruba); Ukukon (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Ogoja, Benin, Ondo and Ibadan provinces of
+ Nigeria. In appearance more like a very thin stemmed Oil Palm, on
+ nearer approach the bluish-green, almost silvery, more open, shorter
+ and rather sharply pointed fronds readily distinguish it from the Oil
+ Palm group. The fruit is the shape of a very small date, many of which
+ are borne on thin fibrous twigs of a very stout stalk. It is usually
+ found in the open deciduous or savannah forest zone.
+
+ The natives use the stems for rafters and house-posts; the fruit and
+ bark are used medicinally; and the leaves are used for making sieves,
+ hats, mats and bags.
+
+ _Calamus deerratus_. Benin Cane or Rattan. Erogbo (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is one of the rarer
+ canes of the forest, has a yellow flower, and is found near Okenuhen.
+ The canes are used for fences and house-building.
+
+ _Eremospatha macrocarpa_ (Mann and Wenal). Small Benin Rattan. Ukan
+ (Yoruba); Ikan (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin, Calabar, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ It is a common ½-inch thick cane, which attains a length of nearly 200
+ feet. It grows in clumps and climbs up over the surrounding trees. The
+ fruit is yellow and rather like a small larch cone which has not
+ opened. It is used for making rope and baskets, tying timber rafts,
+ house-building, etc.; in fact, it is the best cane in West Africa.
+
+ _Eremospatha sp._ Large Benin Rattan. Okakan (Benin).
+
+ It is found in Ondo, Abeokuta, Benin, Warri, Brass, Owerri, Calabar
+ and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a large creeper, nearly an inch in diameter and attaining a
+ length of nearly 200 feet. It is usually found partly growing on other
+ trees in more or less open places at the edge of the forest, near
+ river banks, in the evergreen forest zone; it is also found at the
+ edges of swamps in the same region. It often forms dense cane brakes.
+ One of the most typical features of this cane is the reddish-orange
+ cone-like fruit, which is borne in large clusters on the terminal
+ shoot of the creeper.
+
+ The light-yellow, long spikes of the male flowers are most conspicuous
+ early in the season, especially when seen from a canoe when passing
+ down a river like the Osse.
+
+ The natives strip off the bark and long shoots of fish-hooklike
+ spines, and use the comparatively smooth canes as supports for the
+ canoe mats and for making tying material for house-building; it is
+ also used for making rope. When whole, it is used in making bridges as
+ well as for joining logs together for rafting purposes. When cut into
+ short lengths and bent at one end, it can be used for walking-sticks.
+
+ It is rather a slow-growing creeper, and usually ten or twelve grow
+ out of one root stock. In 1904 this cane was examined in England as a
+ substitute for rattan, but it was found to be more brittle, and the
+ internodes were found to be too close together to be attractive as
+ walking-sticks. Still later, in 1908, it was tried for basket work,
+ but was found to be too coarse both in structure and texture of grain.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_. The Oil Palm, the West African Palm. Ope, Ipa ukoro
+ (Yoruba); Udin (Benin).
+
+ It is found in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria and as far North
+ as Zungeru, in the Northern Provinces. It belongs to the evergreen
+ forest zone, though it will spread with cultivation into the mixed
+ deciduous and dry zones.
+
+ It is the common palm of all the farms and forests of the moist and
+ mixed zone of Nigeria. It bears a bunch of fruit containing as many as
+ two thousand individual fruits in one drupe. In the drier parts there
+ may be only as many as one hundred seeds. There is one forked palm on
+ the right-hand side of the line about seven miles from Ibadan, just
+ beyond Moor Plantation. This is a very rare occurrence, and I have
+ only seen one in twelve years’ travelling in Nigeria. The male
+ inflorescence is not unlike a very close horse’s tail, turned up on
+ end. The orange-brown-coloured female flowers are very small, and do
+ not last long (a few days). The male flowers always appear first, and
+ above the female in each case. The natives say some trees only bear
+ male flowers, but it is doubtful if this is ever true, except in very
+ isolated cases. It bears fruit in the fifth year, and will go on for
+ about a hundred years. There is a most marked difference in the height
+ of a tree which has grown up in the “high forest” and one which has
+ come up in an old farm, the former being fully 100 or even 150 feet
+ high and the latter only 20 to 30 feet in height. In a similar way the
+ bole of the forest-grown palm is only about 3 feet in girth, whereas
+ the farm-grown palm may be over 6 feet in girth. It goes without
+ saying that the latter bears larger bunches of fruit and the
+ individual nuts are larger and also more numerous.
+
+ Between the twelfth and fifteenth year the tree begins to clear itself
+ of the lower leaves, thus forming a clean bole up to the tuft of
+ fronds at the top.
+
+ Owing to the fact that the bunches of fruit form in the axis of the
+ leaf stalk, they are compressed very tightly, and thus ripen
+ comparatively slowly. By cutting off the leaf immediately below the
+ fruit, the ripening period is shortened by three weeks. This is, of
+ course, partly due to the increased amount of light. Cutting leaves,
+ however, above the fruit, or at all excessively in number, leads to a
+ deceleration in growth, so that pruning should only be moderate. Both
+ in the forest and in the open, epiphytic ferns, figs, and other plants
+ grow amongst the leaves on the stem, and more especially later at the
+ top of the tree. The trees are rarely, if ever, cleaned of these
+ hindrances to healthy growth, but naturally they retard the flowering
+ and ripening of the fruit. The leaves are also used for making brushes
+ for sweeping the ground.
+
+ _Native Use._—Oil is made from the pericarp of the fruit, and from the
+ kernels, for rubbing on the skin. The leaf stalk is used for roof-
+ poles.
+
+ Natural regeneration is good, although the Oil Palm thrives best in a
+ deep, moist soil with considerable mineral content. It is, however,
+ found growing amongst rocks on laterite and poor sandy land, and that
+ in such case the rainfall is deficient, i.e. below 40 inches. A few
+ small plantations have been made. It is noticeable that self-grown
+ seedlings grow much slower than those transplanted. In the first year
+ the self-sown seedlings grow only one pair of leaves, whereas those
+ transplanted grow five or six in the same period. Apparently the Oil
+ Palm does not thrive unless the soil is kept well covered and a good
+ surface tilth maintained. With a planting distance of 20 to 24 feet
+ there is considerable scope for the planting of other crops between.
+ The chief difficulty appears to be to grow these at a profit without
+ impoverishing the soil or hindering the quick development of the Oil
+ Palm. On suitable soil the most profitable crops appear to be the
+ following: ground-nuts, beans (three or four kinds), Egusi Bara,
+ _Citrullus vulgaris_.
+
+ A fuller consideration of this subject, and the Oil Palm generally,
+ will be found in the separate section about it.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_, var. _Thompsonii_. The Palm of Everlasting Life or
+ King Palm. Eviromilla (Benin). This is the meaning according to the
+ Benin name.
+
+ It is found in the Colony of Lagos, and Abeokuta and Benin provinces
+ of Nigeria. On the whole, it is an uncommon tree, but there is no
+ doubt of its being an indigenous tree to this part of Africa. The
+ leaves are long and very compressed, being set at an acute angle to
+ the leaf stalk and of smaller size than in any other species. It gives
+ the palm almost the appearance of a Cycad. It also looks as if the
+ leaves had closed up with the cold or were not fully developed. The
+ leaves also are of a much darker green (almost olive-green) than the
+ ordinary palm. Amongst the Benis it is considered the Sacred Oil Palm
+ Tree, the nut obtained from it being especially revered. From the
+ Resident’s office is seen one of these trees which was planted in the
+ Benin City Arboretum some nine years ago. It is a very slow-growing
+ palm, having scarcely one quarter of the rate of growth of the
+ ordinary oil palm. The stem is much thinner in proportion to the
+ height than the ordinary oil palm; and it does not attain more than
+ half the height of an oil palm. When growing in a group, it gives
+ quite a funereal appearance.
+
+ The nuts are used by the natives as “Ju-ju” of divination to see into
+ the future. It is said that “the nuts talk,” in the Benin country,
+ where the tree is held to be that of everlasting life.
+
+ _Elæis sp._ Ope trumfo (Yoruba).
+
+ Abeokuta province, Yoruba country.
+
+ _Elæis sp._ Small Oil Palm. Ope Ifu No. I (Yoruba); Ogiedi (Benin).
+
+ Abeokuta province, Yoruba country.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_, var. _Lisombe_. Palm, or Lisombe Palm, or Soft-
+ shelled Palm. Ogeddin (Benin).
+
+ The main difference of this species is in the small oblong, pointed
+ fruit on a much smaller drupe, and the larger quantity of oil obtained
+ from the pericarp and the very small kernel in the nut. It is also
+ much softer to crack. The foliage looks a fresher green than the
+ ordinary variety; also the leaflets are placed at an acuter angle to
+ the leaf stalk than the other.
+
+ It is not very prevalent in the Benin, Abeokuta, Calabar and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Silviculture._—The nuts, when sown, do not germinate true to species,
+ except for a few per cent. It is planted in the Indem country of the
+ Ogoja province.
+
+ _Native Use._—The oil is collected in a similar way to the other, but
+ is liked more by the natives of Benin. The kernels are used for making
+ oil as well.
+
+ _Hyphæne_. Dum Palm or Forked Palm. Kaba, Kodago, Kwalo (nut), Goriba
+ (Dr. Dalziel’s Hausa list).
+
+ It is found in the Zaria and Niger provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ The only branched palm in West Africa. It attains a height of 30 feet.
+ It is more or less gregarious in habit, though the individual groups
+ of palms are not very large. It is apparently somewhat fire-resisting,
+ though this may be due to its being found amongst the dry-zone
+ vegetation. The stem is short and the two forks often crooked, so that
+ little or no use is made of the wood by the natives. The seeds are
+ turned into buttons, and so have recently obtained a value for this
+ purpose. They were first sent to England from the Soudan, where
+ apparently the tree is much more common than in West Africa.
+
+ _Borassus flabelliformis_, var. _Æthiopica_. Palmyra or Black Run Palm,
+ Fan Palm, Bottle Palm, Arac Palm. Agbon, Olodu, Igoti (Yoruba); Oluwa
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the dry-zone forest regions of Ibadan, Benin,
+ Onitsha, and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. This palm, with the swollen
+ upper part of the bole making it appear more like a large inverted
+ bottle, is thus not to be mistaken for any other. The huge fan-shaped
+ leaves distinguish it from either the Coconut Palm or the Oil Palm. In
+ the distance, too, the leaves appear more silvery-green, and not the
+ yellow-green of the Coconut, or the bright, fresh green of the Oil
+ Palm, or the sombre dark green of the Wine Palm. A large mass of
+ coconut-shaped nuts, but with a smoother, more yellow surface, and
+ more cylindrical in shape, without the ridges of the coconut, are
+ another feature of this tree. At the base of each nut the old sepals
+ of the flower remain, appearing like large dark-brown leaf scars. The
+ young seedlings are easily seen amongst the grass, sticking up as they
+ do like little silvery-green fans of varying size, in detail showing
+ the folds of a fan most distinctly, the leaf opening out in a similar
+ way to a fan. The bole is dark brown and practically smooth, showing
+ no leaf scars, and only faintly lined vertically down the stem. The
+ base is only slightly swollen, and the roots do not form a large mound
+ round it, as is the case with the Oil Palm, and to some extent with
+ the Tombo Palm. Inside the fruit there are two or three large,
+ flattish nuts.
+
+ The timber is fibrous, hard, but very durable and quite termite proof.
+ Although the upper part of the stem is hollow, long sectional pieces,
+ four by two, and even thicker, can be cut out. It planes up with a
+ smooth surface, and the grain looks very pretty with the thick fibres.
+ It nails fairly well and splits longitudinally.
+
+ It is a light-loving tree, moderately fast growing for a palm. It is
+ usually found growing gregariously in groups of a few acres up to
+ hundreds of acres in extent. However, it is rarely thick enough to
+ thoroughly shade the ground. Natural regeneration is good, even though
+ in most areas annual grass-fires run through the trees and to some
+ extent char the fruit. No plantations have been made of these species.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, but locally it has been used for
+ house-building, as well as for fences near the railway. The natives
+ occasionally use it for house-building, but they do not know how to
+ tap it for the wine. The leaves are sometimes used for making
+ temporary shelters. The fruit is sometimes eaten, and has a pleasant
+ taste. The nuts might be exported for making into buttons.
+
+
+=Cyanastraceæ.=
+
+ _Cyanastrum cordifolium_. Ikoto.
+
+ It has an edible fruit. Found in the Benin province of Nigeria.
+
+
+=Liliaceæ.=
+
+ _Dracæna sp._ Dragon’s Blood. Ewanenimi (Benin).
+
+ It has a very long, thin leaf of the usual monocotyledonous type and
+ with a somewhat branched stem, with thin papery bark.
+
+ It is fairly common in the Benin country. It is one of the few
+ monocotyledonous trees of the forest, and thus easily distinguishable
+ from other trees. The parallel veins of the leaf are very long and
+ laid fairly close together. The stem is very porous and not woody,
+ being more fibrous in type. It reaches a girth of about 4 feet and a
+ height of 40 feet.
+
+ _Native Use._—The leaves are used by the natives medicinally; and
+ occasionally the sap is used to blind people.
+
+ _Dracæna surculosa_. Dragon’s Blood. Ope, Igbo.
+
+ Is found in Olokemeji.
+
+ _Dracæna cylindrica_. Boundary tree. Peregun (Yoruba); Ukpogun, Ogihu
+ (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Dracæna cylindrica_. Boundary tree. Peregun (Yoruba); Ukpogun, Ogihu
+ (Benin).
+
+ It has a wider and shorter leaf than the Ewanenimi tree, but again
+ with the parallel veins, which are, of course, typical of the
+ monocotyledon. It does not really form proper timber, but the stem is
+ of a spongy, fibrous nature. It reaches a girth of about 5 feet and a
+ height of about 50 feet. It usually has one stem, which is unbranched
+ for a very considerable length, but sometimes a whole group will grow
+ up in one place.
+
+ Both this and the former species are propagated very easily by
+ cuttings. In fact, it is possible to take the end of a branch complete
+ with the leaves and put it in the ground, when it will grow. It likes
+ a comparatively deep moist soil, though it will stand any amount of
+ drought without actually dying. It stands pruning well and grows
+ moderately rapidly.
+
+ It is useful for making live fences.
+
+ _Native Use._—Both Yorubas and Benis use the tree for boundaries,
+ simply sticking cuttings in wherever it is wished to mark a place.
+ “Ju-ju” places are also marked in this way. The leaves are used
+ medicinally in Benin.
+
+ _Dracæna Perrottetii_. Boundary tree. Ope, Kanakan (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Mamu Forest.
+
+ _Dracæna sp._ Boundary tree. Oro Igbo (Yoruba); Uruaro (Benin).
+
+ A common Dracæna found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+ It is often used for making fences to farms and boundaries for village
+ or farm land, and for marking special “Ju-ju” places. The Benin people
+ state that it has more latex than the other species of this genus.
+
+
+=Marantaceæ.=
+
+ _Clinogyne_, syn. _Donax cuspidata_. Yoruba Soft Cane. Toto (Y.).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small soft
+ cane which grows gregariously in groups from a quarter to half an acre
+ in extent in the Olokemeji Reserve, to a height of about 5 feet, and
+ has large, alternating, very fine parallel-veined leaves.
+ Inflorescence, raceme or panicle-like bracts, deciduous. Some species
+ yield starch or fibre. Toto is found quite abundantly in the middle of
+ the Olokemeji Reserve. It is used for mat-making, and considered most
+ valuable.
+
+
+=Orchidaceæ.=
+
+ _Polystachya sp._ (Lindl.). Eme-ela (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve in the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Polystachya odorata_. Afoma (Yoruba).
+
+ This is a parasitic plant, very similar to mistletoe, which attacks
+ many kinds of trees and has recently been found on the six-year-old
+ teak at Mamu and Olokemeji, in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Celtis solenostigma_. Hard Celtis (large). Ita (Yoruba); Ita, Uta
+ (Ikale); Ohianamemme, Ohia (Benin); Omoin, Itako, Ita gangan (Egba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is
+ usually very prevalent. In many places it is almost gregarious.
+
+ It is a large tree 10 feet in girth, with smooth stem and large, long,
+ thin buttresses. It has a bigger leaf (6 inches) than the other Ita,
+ with a very prominent mid vein on the leaf.
+
+ The fruit is dark coloured. The root buttresses are very long and
+ thin, extending sometimes 15 feet up the trunk of the tree. They are,
+ however, shallower and thinner than in the case of mahogany and cotton
+ trees. They merge gradually at an angle of about 15 degrees into the
+ stem. The bole may reach a length of about 90 feet, and is usually
+ very straight. The crown is compressedly spherical, rather shallow in
+ proportion to the size of the tree, but fairly wide-spreading.
+ Occasionally, if the bark has a yellow tinge, especially in smaller
+ specimens, the tree may be mistaken for Opele, _Schrebera
+ Golungensis_.
+
+ Timber is white and very hard, and splits well when it is dry. When
+ dry it is inclined to be brittle, though it shows considerable lateral
+ strength. The texture of the grain is fine, and it planes up with a
+ smooth surface. It is liable to split with nails, but it saws well.
+ Under cover it is durable; in the open, unless very carefully dried,
+ it is liable to decay. When thoroughly dry it hardens very
+ considerably, and is not attacked by white ants, especially when used
+ in a suitable place. When dry it will float, but the wood is liable to
+ become discoloured by contact with water.
+
+ As firewood it burns slowly, gently and steadily, giving out much
+ heat. It is a fairly rapid-growing tree, at first shade-bearing and
+ later somewhat light-demanding; in the older stages it scarcely
+ protects the soil. Up to the pole stage it is a soil-improving tree,
+ the leaves making a rich humus. Natural regeneration appears to be
+ good. It does not sprout from the stump. Considering its size it is
+ fairly wind-firm. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, not has it been sawn up for local
+ use. Considering its prevalence, it deserves a trial.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is considered the best firewood in Benin, and also
+ used as firewood among the Yorubas.
+
+ _Celtis sp.?_ Soft Celtis (small). Ita ita (Yoruba); Ohia (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, and Ogoja provinces
+ of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is very
+ prevalent.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree up to 4 feet in girth, with medium sized,
+ thin leaves and white-coloured twigs. The stem is slightly scaly and
+ yellowish-green in colour, especially in the upper parts. A very
+ common tree in the deciduous forest. With its yellowish-green bark in
+ the upper part of the bole it is very similar to Opele, _Schrebera
+ Golungensis_, and can often be mistaken for it. The trunk, however, is
+ not slightly pitted, as is the case with Schrebera. On the whole, this
+ tree is shorter, reaching a height of about 40 feet. The root
+ buttresses are much slighter than in the case of _C. solenostigma_,
+ though they are of a similar shape, being very thin and merging
+ gradually into the trunk to a height of about 5 feet from the ground.
+
+ Timber is white and fairly hard, but not durable. It hardens somewhat
+ on exposure to the air. The texture of the grain is fine, but
+ occasionally cross-grained. It planes moderately well, and takes nails
+ moderately well also, more so than _C. solenostigma_. It saws easily
+ and splits well.
+
+ As a firewood it burns steadily and slowly, giving out great heat. It
+ does not crackle nor cause sparks.
+
+ It is a moderately fast growing, at first shade-bearing, and
+ subsequently a light-demanding tree. During most of its life it is a
+ soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is good.
+ It sprouts a little from the stump, but not strong enough for purposes
+ of reproduction.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for planks
+ for local use. Being smaller than _C. solenostigma_, after trial it
+ may not be found so useful, but it could be used for similar purposes.
+
+ _Native Use._—Firewood of the best kind, and occasionally used as side
+ house-posts.
+
+ _Trema Africana_. African Elm. Ehunogo, Ehrunbogo (Benin); Affi (Ibadan
+ and Oyo); Afoforo (Egba); Offun (Lagos).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin provinces of Nigeria, in
+ the mixed deciduous forests, where it is moderately prevalent.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree with nettle-like leaves, which wither
+ rapidly. It has a very thin, smooth bark. The fruit is small, thin and
+ long, and is eaten by pigeons. It grows up where old trees fall in the
+ forest, and is also a common tree in old farms. Medium-sized specimens
+ are in general appearance, from a little distance, very similar to
+ Iroko, and it can be mistaken for this tree. The crown, however, is
+ narrower, and the foliage is somewhat thicker, and the leaves and
+ branches are placed rather closer together than those of Iroko. The
+ bark is slightly fissured, and does not show lenticels like the Iroko,
+ especially not on the roots. In proportion to the size of the tree,
+ the root spurns are larger than in the case of Iroko. It it usually
+ found growing singly, whereas groups of Iroko are often common, or
+ anyhow several are found in one locality.
+
+ The timber is white and of medium hardness, but very durable indeed.
+ It is termite proof. It planes well, but does not split easily. It
+ saws well and takes nails fairly easily.
+
+ It is of fairly rapid growth, at first shade-bearing, and later a
+ somewhat light-demanding tree, with soil-protecting and soil-improving
+ qualities. Natural regeneration only appears to be moderate. It
+ sprouts from the stump.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, not has it been sawn up for local
+ use.
+
+ _Native Use._—The timber is used amongst the Benis as rafters and
+ ceilings for house-building, as it is uncut or squared.
+
+ _Trema affinis_ or _T. Africana_. African Elm. Afofero (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Antiaris toxiaria_. False Oroko. Oro Aiyo, (Egba) (Yoruba); Ogiovu
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo,
+ Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a large tree, reaching a girth of 15 feet and a bole length of
+ 70 feet, of very cylindrical shape. There are large surface roots,
+ which stick up out of the ground on roadsides, but form only low root
+ spurns. The bark is grey, smooth and almost shiny in the sun. The
+ crown is heavier and less open than Iroko, but otherwise in habit it
+ is similar. The leaves on the whole are smaller and the foliage
+ generally is of a lighter green than the Iroko, except when the latter
+ puts on new leaves in February or March. The fruit is a little
+ spherically shaped nut with a papery covering easily removed,
+ disclosing a round nut with small markings all round it. Two kernels
+ are found inside on cracking it. The slash is yellowish white, and
+ gradually a little thin white latex exudes. The tree usually appears
+ after a few years on abandoned farms. The leaf is rough to the hand,
+ almost as bad as _Ficus asperata_, but there are no hairs on the under
+ surface. On the whole the branches are much flatter than Oroko, though
+ the top of the crown is round. The timber is soft and white all
+ through. Termites attack it. It is very light and might almost pass as
+ a substitute for cork. It has large and wide medullary rays, more
+ especially in the root. In cross section the root looks almost porous.
+
+ _Native Use._—Amongst the Yorubas the bark is used medicinally and the
+ wood for doors, benches and matchet handles.
+
+ It grows very fast and likes light. Scale insects like to make their
+ nests in a junction of a branch with the stem, where there is quite a
+ hollow. In youth the firm and almost horizontal branches are quite a
+ contrast to the long, up-shooting or drooping branches of Oroko. It
+ has not been cut either for local use or for export.
+
+ The roots are used for making corks in the Calabar district.
+
+ It is used often as a “Ju-ju” tree, like the Iroko, chiefly in the
+ Calabar Division. The hunters sit near the tree, when in fruit,
+ because the Maxwell’s Duika, Yellow-backed Duika, Red-headed Duika,
+ etc., eat the fruit. The bark is used in sections for making bags by
+ sewing the two ends together, as well as one side.
+
+ _Antiaris sp._ Ovu (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Benin and Ondo provinces of Nigeria. It is
+ medium-sized, reaching a girth of 9 feet and a bole length of about 50
+ feet. The leaf is larger, but the crown appears thicker and heavier
+ than _Antiaris toxiaria_. The seed is the same size as _Antiaris T._,
+ but the root spurns are very slight, even less than _Antiaris T._ The
+ branches spread out from the stem, thus making the crown longer and
+ narrower than _Antiaris T._ In this respect the _Antiaris sp._ is more
+ like the Oroko than the _Antiaris T._
+
+ The timber is white and soft. No proper heartwood. It splits well.
+
+ It is a shade-bearer and is often found in the thick forest. It grows
+ much slower than _Antiaris T._
+
+ It has not been cut for local use or exported to Europe. Perhaps it
+ could be tried for wood pulp.
+
+ In Benin the branches of this tree are used for making figures of
+ their ancestors, which are placed outside the house. The bark is used
+ for making bags in a similar way to that of _Antiaris T._ It is also
+ used for making rope or string for tying bags.
+
+ _Antiaris sp._ Cedar-like Lauro. Oregbon I (Yoruba); Opputtu (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria. It is very similar in habit and shape to the _Antiaris
+ toxiaria_, but it does not attain nearly such a large size. The tree
+ exudes very fine, white latex in a very small quantity. The timber is
+ soft and white and not durable.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53.—=Mature Opepe (Sarcocephalus esculentus), in
+middle of picture, across Ogun River, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54.—=Mature Oganwo (Khaya Punchii), near Dajopa,
+Olokemeji Reserve, showing base of stem for nearly 12 feet stripped of
+bark.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55.—=Large Emido (Mimusops multinervis), 10 feet in
+girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+ To face p. 250.
+
+ It is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree, and stands a good
+ deal of shade. The tree has not been cut for local use, nor has it
+ been tried as a timber for export.
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Common Fig. Obobo (Yoruba); Ohau (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree of the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo,
+ Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. One of the most typical
+ features of this tree is its free growth, open crown, and green,
+ yellow and orange-coloured bark from the base upwards. It is a medium-
+ sized tree, attaining a girth of 10 feet. The small red-coloured figs
+ attract pigeons especially, as well as other birds, to the trees in
+ the fruiting season. The leaf is small for a Ficus and oval in shape.
+ The wood is white and soft. The white latex which exudes from the
+ trunk when cut distinguishes this tree from the satinwood, _Afrormosia
+ laxiflora_, with which it might be confused owing to the similar
+ shades of green, yellow and orange-colour of the bark. It is chiefly
+ found in the secondary forest, also near villages in the evergreen
+ forest zone. Owing to the parrots and pigeons carrying the seed,
+ reproduction from this source, both in epiphytic and tree form, is
+ very good, but it is most usually found growing alone in an open
+ place, without any support from other trees. It is very fast growing
+ and impatient of shade.
+
+ The wood has not been used locally nor for export, nor does the native
+ apparently have any use for it, as it soon rots when cut down.
+
+ The native occasionally eats the ripe fruit.
+
+ _Ficus exasperata_. Emido, Oboba (Yoruba).
+
+ This tree is found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+ _Ficus Thonningii_. Opoto (Yoruba).
+
+ This is one of the smaller fig-trees of the mixed deciduous zone. As
+ with the others, it is not used as a timber tree, but occasionally for
+ fences.
+
+ _Ficus triangularis_. Abadan (Yoruba); Obadan-nikwi (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria. It is chiefly found in the mixed deciduous forests. It is of
+ no use as a timber tree, but is used occasionally for fences by the
+ natives.
+
+ _Ficus Vogelii_. Lagos, Abba or Abbo Rubber. Abadon (Yoruba); Obadan
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is the common tree of the Calabar, Ogoja, Onitsha, Benin, Ondo and
+ Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. This is the most common fig-tree, and
+ is usually found along the sides of roads in the native villages. The
+ very large, shiny leaf (not quite as glossy as _Ficus Indica_) is one
+ of the most typical features of this tree. In Benin it is usually
+ deciduous for about thirty-six hours, and the pinkish tips of the
+ fresh leaves and the great rapidity of their development are
+ remarkable. The bark is dark brown and rougher than the other species.
+ In the Benin Forestry Compound there is a large specimen. On the
+ whole, it is less common in the evergreen forest than near villages or
+ roads. In the forest it is most often found as an epiphyte growing on
+ oil palms, Sasswood, and oil-bean trees. The timber is white and soft;
+ it has not been used for local purposes nor for exports. The “Balata
+ rubber” of the Upper Niger district is obtained by roughly coagulating
+ the latex of this tree in the air, with or without reagents, such as
+ the latex of _Bauhinia reticulata_, or salt. The natives use the tree
+ for making fences by sticking in pieces of the stem of suitable
+ length, and in a similar manner it is used as a shade tree on the
+ sides of roads in the villages. This is more especially the case in
+ the villages in the dry zone, where other shade trees are scarce.
+ Pigeons and parrots spread the seed, and thus its reproduction is
+ assured.
+
+ _Ficus platyphylla_. Gambia Rubber.
+
+ It is also found in the upper reaches of the Ogan River, in the Ogo
+ province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Ficus asperata_. Sandpaper Leaf. Ekpin (Yoruba); Ameme (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Ogoja, Owerri, Benin, Onitsha, Ibadan, Ondo
+ and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is often found as a small, scrubby tree, though when fully grown it
+ reaches a girth of 8 feet, especially in the Benin province. The rough
+ leaves are harsh to the touch.
+
+ The pigeons are very fond of eating the fruit and seeds.
+
+ The wood is white and soft.
+
+ The leaf is of the usual Ficus style, with a short stalk and deeply
+ dentated, making almost a five-lobed leaf.
+
+ The leaves might be useful as a substitute for sandpaper. It has not
+ so far been cut for export or local use.
+
+ _Native Use._—The leaves are used for cleaning calabashes by the
+ Yorubas and Benin people.
+
+ _Ficus sp._ Ograw (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_. Cork-wood or Umbrella Tree. Agbawo or Aga (Yoruba);
+ Ogohen (Benin); Oro (Brass).
+
+ It is a very common tree, found growing in new clearings amongst the
+ evergreen and mixed forests of the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Onitsha
+ (?), Warri, Benin, Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree with an umbrella-shaped crown. It is the
+ most distinctly gregarious tree of any in the forest, often alone
+ covering many acres of land, supported on a series of aerial roots,
+ the centre one of which is really the tap-root. The tree looks
+ altogether top-heavy when mature (it is short-lived). It reaches a
+ girth of nearly 5 feet. The bark is thin and of a light brown colour,
+ spotted here and there with large yellow lenticels. The large pink
+ sheath containing the immature staminate flower is often found lying
+ on the forest pathway after the storm. The leaf is reminiscent of the
+ horse chestnut, but with about eight digits. The young leaflet is of
+ an orange-red colour. It is doubtful if it passes an age of thirty
+ years.
+
+ The timber is white and soft, with no distinguishing heartwood, but
+ with brown pith half an inch in diameter. When properly dried it has a
+ fine, smooth grain and is usually free of knots. It dries much harder
+ than when freshly cut. It splits well, but it is rather brittle.
+
+ It is the quickest growing of all the African forest trees, and
+ certainly reaches timber size before any other. Regeneration by seed
+ is prolific, seeds often germinating after lying dormant for over a
+ hundred years, when a heavy forest is cut down. It is a light-lover,
+ protecting the soil with its heavy foliage, and enriching it by making
+ a good mould when it falls to the ground. It will stand a little shade
+ as a young seedling. Very few trees will grow under it, though it is a
+ useful “nurse.”
+
+ The timber is used for floating other wood heavier than water, but it
+ has not been exported or cut for local use. The roots are used
+ medicinally, and hunters tap the tree for water in the dry season.
+
+ _Native Use._—As the Yoruba name implies, a group of the aerial roots
+ is used for a native chair. Young 6-inch stems, split in half, cut
+ about 4 feet long and dried, are used upright to form the walls of
+ temporary farm-buildings. The wood is also used in place of cork, and
+ for making matchets and knife scabbards in the Benin and Ibo countries
+ respectively.
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. African Oak, African Teak. Iroko (male), Iroko
+ (female), Oba’s Tree, Rock Elm. Iroko (Yoruba); Uloko, Oroko
+ Ulokoodigpe, Uloko-nushinogbon (Benin); Odji (Ibo, Asaba); Ofryio
+ (Efik); Nsan (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ It is a very large forest tree, reaching a girth of 30 feet and a bole
+ length of 90 feet under favourable conditions. The male tree is
+ usually thinner and of more compressed build, whereas the female shows
+ more spreading growth and larger size; it is also quicker growing than
+ the male. The female has stout, finger-thick, solid catkins, whereas
+ the male has thin, long, open catkins up to 6 inches long. The timber
+ of the male is darker brown and closer grained than that of the
+ female, and also harder. The sapwood is wider in the female tree, but
+ there is also a very wide difference between trees of both genders
+ when they are grown in the open, old farms, or in dense, high forest,
+ the latter yielding the hardest and closest-grained timber. The crown
+ is almost umbrella-shaped and open, so that the leaves appear large in
+ proportion, and it is usually possible to see through it. Three or
+ four large limbs form the mainstay of it (see plate No. 37). The
+ yellow lenticels on the stem, especially in younger specimens, and
+ also on the red roots, are typical of the tree. The slash is
+ yellowish, with little red spots in it. A little white latex flows out
+ too.
+
+ In proportion to the size of the tree the root spurns are not very
+ large, reaching 3 or 4 feet up the tree, and being well rounded, do
+ not spoil the shape of the base of the bole. In older specimens the
+ bark becomes brown, and finally almost grey in colour, and scales off
+ to a slight extent. Although it forms very large side roots, it has a
+ tap-root going to considerable depth. The loose seeds are small and
+ flat, being not unlike those of alder, but rather larger and thinner.
+
+ It is found in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, both in the
+ evergreen and mixed forest zones, where it is none too prevalent.
+
+ _Timber._—Sapwood is yellowish white, and the heartwood of a yellow
+ brown to dark brown (oak to teak brown). It is moderately hard, very
+ durable and termite-proof. It does not plane very well, being
+ sometimes cross-grained; it can, however, be worked up to a smooth
+ finish. The grain is rather open and the pores very long. It has,
+ however, an oily feel, and a certain amount of sheen. It takes nails
+ with difficulty, splits moderately well and saws easily. It soon
+ darkens on exposure to the air and light, becoming in this respect
+ much darker than oak in a similar period. When seasoned properly it
+ does not warp excessively. If taken green from the forest zone into a
+ drier climate it will split. In the past a good deal of timber has
+ been used in this state.
+
+ It is a moderately fast-growing, at first shade-bearing and
+ subsequently a light-demanding tree, with soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving qualities. It is deciduous for a few weeks in the year,
+ generally in February or March, but specimens vary a great deal in
+ this respect. Natural regeneration is very good, and in suitable
+ localities it tends to spread more and more with the advance of the
+ native farms into the forest. It stands transplanting very badly.
+ Nursery sowings, however, show an enormous percentage of germination,
+ the seedlings often coming up more thickly than grass. The ground pig
+ eats the roots of transplanted seedlings, especially in localities
+ where there are less desirable trees. It will grow as much as 6 feet
+ in one year, and wherever it has much light in the forest, self-sown
+ seedlings will grow 3 or 4 feet each year. The leaves are attacked by
+ a minute coccus which causes them to swell up into an irregular shape,
+ including the bud, thus stopping the growth for that season. Inside
+ each of these swellings there are several of the young insects. Only
+ the younger trees are attacked, and from the pole stage onwards trees
+ do not appear to suffer nearly so much. In localities, too, where the
+ trees grow very rapidly they appear to be less attacked, if at all. It
+ is not very susceptible to fire, though in the mixed deciduous the
+ base of the stem is often burnt. It is one of the most storm-firm of
+ all the African trees. The bole is very cylindrical, especially if the
+ tree which has been growing in the forest is given plenty of space to
+ grow. The increment put on the bole is very great, being as much as 11
+ inches in circumference in one year.
+
+ In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market
+ as Iroko at 5d. per superficial foot, sale measure. Since that date it
+ has been sold as African Oak and African Teak at a similar price, and
+ appears now to be fairly well established in the market. As there are
+ large supplies in many districts, such as the Yoruba country, Onitsha,
+ Ahoada and Ogoja districts, there should be no difficulty in keeping
+ the market supplied with moderate quantities year by year, at perhaps,
+ though, slightly increasing costs. Locally the tree has been felled
+ and sawn up for planks, scantlings, rafters, beams and general
+ constructional work. By the Railway Administration it has thus far
+ been considered the best wood for sleepers. Amongst the natives it is
+ often worth more than it is to the European, the price varying from
+ half a crown to 4s. 6d. per cubic foot for sawn boards 12 feet long,
+ 12 inches wide and 1 inch thick.
+
+ _Native Use._—The most valued of all woods for wall-plates and door
+ lintels, treasure-boxes, washing-basins for chiefs. Doors, too, are
+ made of it in Benin. Women place little pieces of chalk, yams,
+ plantains, cowries, coco yams at the base of the tree, and it is said
+ they will be blessed with children. Chiefs sacrifice a goat with a mat
+ and a fine white cloth to propitiate the witches, who are supposed to
+ hold their court in the Iroko tree and try to catch one of the sons of
+ the chief.
+
+ _Treculia Africana_ (Decne). African Breadfruit. Afon (Yoruba); Ije
+ (Benin); Ijeni (fruit).
+
+ This tree is usually found near the edge of the villages of the
+ Calabar, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It grows to a large size, with a bole length of 20 feet and a girth of
+ 9 feet, but it is usually a rather open-crowned, spreading tree. For
+ its size the foliage is not over-dense. The leaves are single and
+ roughly lanceolate, with a dark-green and rather shiny upper surface.
+ The most conspicuous feature of this tree is the huge green, perfectly
+ spherical-shaped fruit. Immature fruits of all sizes, from a cricket-
+ ball upwards to a size of 18 inches in diameter, are seen growing
+ close against the stem of the trunk and bigger branches of the tree.
+ Some years ago, one of these ripe fruits fell off a tree at the edge
+ of the Benin market and struck a woman on the shoulder with such force
+ that she died a few days later. The natives subsequently cut the tree
+ down.
+
+ The chief use of the tree is the fruit, which is placed in water to
+ rot so that the seeds can be more easily extracted from the
+ concentrically arranged fibres growing from the centre of the fruit
+ outwards to the periphery. These are subsequently cooked and eaten,
+ often being beaten up in a soup. From the outside the fruit looks as
+ if it were made up of thousands of little green fibres closely packed
+ together from the centre of the fruit, with the ends sticking out on
+ the surface, thus giving it a rough feeling to the touch and making it
+ appear as if it were full of holes.
+
+ The junction of a branch with the stem shows a large swelling all
+ round the base of the branch, which thins out to its regular size
+ about 6 to 9 inches away from the trunk.
+
+ The tree is comparatively slow-growing, but of a soil-protecting and
+ light-loving nature. In the dry season, great quantities of dew
+ condense on this tree, so that underneath the soil is kept moist.
+ Probably more dew falls on this tree than _Myrianthus arboreus_, which
+ shows a similar feature.
+
+ Thus far the wood has not been used for any purpose.
+
+ _Treculia sp._ Small-fruited African Breadfruit. Izenagan (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Morus sp._ Aye (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province in
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Shapo Obibere (Yoruba); Ihege (Benin).
+
+ It is a small to medium-sized tree, with short stem rarely exceeding 8
+ feet in height, and a much-branched, heavy crown, with very large
+ leaf, cut up in the form of a large digit, much more pronounced than
+ the horse chestnut. The leaves, on falling, rot and form a heavy layer
+ of black humus. In the dry season the dew condenses to such an extent
+ on the leaves that the tree drips in the morning, and the
+ neighbourhood of such trees is always moist when the rest of the
+ forest is dry.
+
+ The large, rough, elongated, pear-shaped fruit, like an overgrown
+ sweetsop, is quite characteristic of this tree.
+
+ It is found in the Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Warri, Calabar and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is scarcely big enough for timber, but would make a good
+ undergrowth for a light-loving species such as mahogany or teak, and
+ would kill all weeds on good soil. Usually found on good soil. The
+ timber is white and soft.
+
+ _No botanical name_. Iragbo-Amuje (Yoruba); Igogo (Benin).
+
+ It is a large tree with almost hard white wood, more the texture of
+ Triplochiton. The fruit is a drupe, with a small nut inside. Termites
+ do not attack the wood. It is a quick-growing tree, which comes up
+ very frequently in old farms.
+
+ It is a common tree in the Benin country.
+
+ It is a shade-bearer.
+
+ _Native Use._—In the Benin country it is used for door lintels and
+ cross-pieces in house-building.
+
+
+=Urticaceæ.=
+
+ _Urera_. Ela (Yoruba); Akinrankiri (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Yoruba and Benin countries.
+
+
+=Proteaceæ.=
+
+ _Faurea speciosa_. Red-brown timber.
+
+ Found in the Calabar province.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Heisteria parvifolia_. White Nut (?). Ikereoha (Benin).
+
+ It rarely exceeds the height of about 8 feet and a girth of about 1
+ foot.
+
+ This is a small shrub with red flowers of four petals at right angles
+ to each other, in the middle of which a white-coloured fruit forms. On
+ peeling off the white skin, a black nut is disclosed, which is edible.
+ It tastes more like a hazel-nut. The red flower is the most
+ distinguishing feature, and makes this plant show up amongst the
+ evergreen zone.
+
+ It is found in the Ondo, Benin, and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a shade-bearing and slow-growing shrub, with soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving qualities. It serves a very useful purpose amongst the
+ undergrowth in the forest. Natural regeneration appears to be fair,
+ but no plantations have been made with this species. The nuts have not
+ been tested in the export market. Amongst the natives the nuts are
+ very popular, and it is the only use which they have for this shrub.
+ This chiefly refers to the Benin district.
+
+ _Heisteria sp.?_. Benin Nut, Edible Nut. Evialegbi (Benin).
+
+ It is found chiefly in the Benin province of Nigeria, though probably
+ its area of distribution extends to the Ondo and Ogoja provinces as
+ well. It is a tall, comparatively thin-boled tree in proportion to its
+ height. Attaining a girth of about 8 feet, the bole is 40 feet in
+ length. The bark is dull green and not very thick, being more in the
+ nature of cortex than real bark. The most typical feature of the tree
+ is the fruit, which is a spherically-shaped nut with a pointed tip.
+ When dry, it is marked with shallow groves about half a millimetre
+ apart, all converging to the tip. When cracked, the kernel obtained is
+ rather pleasant to the taste, with plenty of oil. The timber is a
+ yellowish colour and moderately hard. It is fairly durable, though it
+ is attacked by a small wood-borer when it is left lying in the forest.
+ It is a moderately fast-growing tree, but is a shade-bearing, soil
+ protecting and improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be
+ poor. No plantations have yet been made with it, but its yield of nuts
+ should be tested. The timber has not yet been exported, nor has it
+ been cut for local use. So far, the chief use of the tree is the nut,
+ but even here proper tests have not yet been made, and it is only the
+ natives who really know the tree. The exact oil content has yet to be
+ tested.
+
+ _Coula edulis_. Nkula in the Gaboon, Gaboon Nut. Omumu (Benin).
+
+ An edible nut containing oil. It is nearly round in shape, but
+ slightly depressed at the top, with a soft shell.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The tree is of medium size, with narrow crown
+ and small leaves, the fruit being borne on the upper side of the
+ branches. It is moderately common near Ugo and also on the Siluko road
+ (both in Benin). This is apparently a rare tree in reality, and it may
+ be mistaken for Ivialegbi.
+
+ The timber is brown with a red tinge, almost hard.
+
+ _Native Use._—The nut decorticated is sold in the native markets and
+ eaten as a delicacy.
+
+ _Value._—According to report made some years ago, it was valued at £7
+ per ton in Liverpool. It was difficult to get sufficient for a sample.
+
+
+=Loranthaceæ.=
+
+ _Loranthus leptolobus_. African Mistletoe, or Red-flowering Loranthus.
+
+ Found in the Yoruba and Benin country.
+
+
+=Menispermaceæ.=
+
+ _Cissampelos Owariensis_. Ebewaki (Benin).
+
+ A medicinal plant.
+
+ _Cissampelos Pareira_ (L.). Jokoye (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Enantia polycarpa_ (Kew). Abeokuta Bark, Kanda or Canta Bark. Ghido
+ (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Egba province.
+
+ _Enantia chlorantha_. African Yellow Wood. Yaru (Yoruba); Ehranbabogo
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree of the Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Ogoja and Calabar
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, attaining a girth of 5 feet and a bole
+ length of 25 feet. The most peculiar feature of the tree is the fruit,
+ a bundle of reddish clubs all coming out of the twig at one point. The
+ stem is dull green, with scattered lenticels here and there. The bole
+ is uneven near the base and almost divided by large spurns, which
+ makes it difficult to cut out a square log. Standing in dense shade
+ usually, and often with a piece of the bark removed, showing the
+ yellow cambium layer or wood, it is easily distinguished from other
+ trees.
+
+ The yellow wood is similar both in the sap and in the heartwood. It
+ splits well, even into tiny thin, lath-like pieces. It is soft, but
+ planes up into a smooth surface. The medullary rays are often
+ prominent, and make the wood look very pretty. The sheen of the wood
+ also adds to its appearance.
+
+ The tree is a shade-bearer and rather slow-growing; perhaps in more
+ open localities it would grow faster. Natural regeneration does not
+ appear to be good, though more extensive observations on this point
+ may reveal more. Small quantities of seed are borne each year. It
+ sprouts a little from the stump, but this method of reproduction
+ cannot be relied upon. Cuttings have not yet been tried. It likes a
+ good moist soil of the evergreen forest and lower parts of the mixed
+ deciduous forest. It has not yet received a place in the forest
+ plantations.
+
+ Samples of the timber have been tried in England and used with good
+ effect as a substitute for American “Whitewood,” to which it is
+ similar in texture. Its small size rather hinders its more extensive
+ use. In the Benin district it is used as cross-pieces and rafters in
+ building; wooden shovels are also made from it. It is occasionally
+ used to make a yellow dye, especially the bark. Native caps are made
+ from the bark, which is fibrous. It is also used for verandah-posts
+ and door-frames.
+
+ _Dennettia tripetala_. Igberi (Yoruba); Ako (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Benin, Ondo (?) and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a maximum girth of 6 feet, with a
+ short bole and a much-branched crown. Most commonly seen as a shrub-
+ like tree in the mixed deciduous forest. The flower has three petals,
+ with red colour inside and brown outside. The flowers grow on the stem
+ or the twigs with little or no stalk, usually two or three in one
+ place.
+
+ The timber, which is white and soft, is eaten by termites. There is no
+ proper heartwood.
+
+ It is a shade-bearer, and rather slow-growing tree. It likes good
+ soil, and is rather an indication of a loose, good and deep soil.
+
+ It has not been exported or used locally.
+
+ _Native Use._—The fruit, which has a peppery taste, is eaten. The
+ chiefs only eat the fruit after it has become red and really ripe. The
+ small boys use the new young leaves uncooked to make the mouth warm
+ when the rain falls.
+
+ _Dennettia sp._ Agedegbo, Ako (Benin).
+
+ This tree was determined from specimens obtained in the early part of
+ 1917 from Olokemeji, where it is somewhat common. Owing to the fact
+ that only immature and mature fruiting specimens were sent, it may be
+ identical with _Dennettia tripetala_. It is, however, a much smaller
+ tree, and the fruit is not nearly so large and is a more oblong shape
+ than _D. tripetala_. It is a small, much-branched tree and yields a
+ hard, whitish-yellow wood which might be used as substitute for
+ lancewood. The Benis eat the fruit, but the Yorubas have no use for
+ the tree.
+
+ _Xylopia Æthiopica_. Negro Pepper. Eru (Yoruba); Unie (Benin); Atta
+ (Efik).
+
+ Is a medium-sized tree with silvery smooth, grey trunk, and found
+ growing near the banks of rivers in all the southernmost provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56.—=Large-leaved Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 14 feet
+in girth, with smaller Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) standing at the side,
+Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57.—=Arere (Triplochiton Nigericum), 120 feet high,
+thirty years old.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58.—=Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis), 7 feet 6
+inches in girth, on Dajopa Road, Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+ To face p. 260.
+
+ It is stated to be useful for oars and masts for small boats,
+ according to the report on the Exhibition of 1867. Since that date,
+ however, it has not been used for this purpose. The bole reaches a
+ girth of about 5 feet and a length of about 45 feet. The crown is
+ narrow and comparatively long, but rather compressed and compact. The
+ foliage is dense and comparatively close together. The root spurns are
+ slight and narrow, not extending very far up the bole. In proportion
+ to its height the trunk is thin and very cylindrical in shape, though
+ occasionally near the base it may not be absolutely round and tends to
+ bulge out rather more on one surface than the other. The fruit, when
+ ripe, is like a bunch of black keys, or little short, round-ended
+ pieces of wood, all projecting out of one central stalk or fork, which
+ is the most typical feature of the tree. The cortex is comparatively
+ thin, and remains smooth even in the mature trees. The bole tapers
+ only very slightly, and does not divide or send out any branches until
+ the crown is reached.
+
+ The sapwood is white, as also the heartwood, except that the latter
+ tends to have a very light yellowish-brown tinge, especially as it
+ seasons. It is moderately hard, showing great elasticity, planing with
+ a smooth surface, splitting moderately well, taking nails and not
+ warping or shrinking to any great extent. Even fresh it is
+ comparatively a dry wood. It saws well and shows considerable textile
+ strength, as also strength in compression, is moderately heavy and
+ termite-proof. The texture of the grain is very fine and even, and the
+ grain is very straight.
+
+ This tree is somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting,
+ and soil-improving. Natural regeneration is moderate. It does not
+ sprout from the stump. It stands a certain amount of flooding, but it
+ seems to demand a good soil with plenty of moisture, including a very
+ moist atmosphere. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+ The timber has not been felled for export, nor has it been cut for
+ local use, but it appears to deserve a trial as a substitute for
+ lancewood, or other woods which show considerable elasticity. It
+ should be noted that it belongs to the same family as that of the
+ lancewood. Owing to the straightness and comparative evenness of the
+ bole for a very considerable length, it might be suitable for shafts
+ or even telegraph poles.
+
+ The fruit is used as a kind of comestible amongst most of the natives,
+ as it has a peppery taste which is not unpleasant.
+
+ It is usually dried and sold in the native markets, several bunches
+ for a penny. By some it is almost looked upon as a medicine.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_ (Eng. and Diels). Small-flowering Negro Pepper.
+ Sesedo, Issa oku (Yoruba); Aghako or Oziza (?) (Benin).
+
+ This tree is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria,
+ where it is none too prevalent. It is a medium-sized tree with a very
+ straight, thin and tall bole. Except for its size it is very much like
+ _X. Æthiopica_; the fruit is much smaller and scarcely to be seen from
+ the ground. The timber is grey-white, and the heartwood, though
+ occasionally a light brown, is scarcely to be distinguished from the
+ sapwood. It is hard, durable, and said to be termite-proof. It does
+ not take nails easily, nor does it split well, but it saws
+ comparatively easily. Natural reproduction by seeds appears to be
+ poor. It scarcely sprouts from the stump. It is a shade-bearing, soil-
+ protecting and soil-improving tree.
+
+ The timber has not been exported. The bark and roots are used
+ medicinally.
+
+ It is used locally for house-building, as verandah-posts or supports
+ for the roof. It has considerable tensile strength and stands
+ compression better still.
+
+ _Anona Senegalensis_ (Pers.). Wild Custard Apple. Abo (Yoruba).
+
+ This is found in the Oyo and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is a
+ small, shrub-like tree, with a short stem of about 4 or 5 feet, and
+ has a very oval leaf, almost ovate in shape. It bears a yellow fruit
+ which divides up into the typical segments common to this family. It
+ resembles the Sugar Apple, has a delicious taste, and the fruit is
+ most refreshing on a hot day at the end of the dry season. The tree is
+ fire-resisting. Being deciduous, it is not a soil-improving tree. It
+ is soil-exacting, but is also found in rocky localities. The tree is
+ not very prolific, but sprouts very strongly from the stump and to a
+ less extent with root suckers. The small timber is occasionally used
+ for house-building.
+
+ _Anona palustris_ (Foster). Alligator Apple. Afe (Yoruba).
+
+ The wood is supposed to be soft, and to have been introduced into the
+ country some years ago.
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. The fruit is edible,
+ the foliage dense and heavy. In the dry season the dew condenses on
+ the leaves and towards morning drips off on to the ground, thus
+ keeping the immediate vicinity of the tree quite moist. The leaves,
+ when decayed, make a rich humus. It is one of the most valuable soil-
+ improving trees.
+
+ _Anona Mannii_.
+
+ It grows in the forest region of the Central and South Provinces of
+ Nigeria. It is a medium-sized tree bearing large green fruit close to
+ the stem.
+
+ _Popowia Mannii_.
+
+ A specimen of this Popowia has been found in Alasko, near the Oha
+ River in the Ibadan province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Anona Afzelii_. Probably the same as _Dennettia sp._ Ako, Aggedegbo
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Benin and Warri provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree of the more swampy parts or moister regions
+ of the evergreen forest zone. The leaves are a very large size, often
+ reaching a length of 1 foot. The wood is yellowish-white and soft and
+ not very durable. Owing to the very dense foliage, quite a thick layer
+ of humus is formed in the shade of the tree, so that its soil-
+ improving properties are very great. It would be a valuable tree for
+ underplanting mahogany or any deciduous tree, both with a view to
+ providing soil cover and improving the soil.
+
+ The natives do not use this wood.
+
+ _Hexalobus grandiflorus_ (Benth.) Afara (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+ _Uvaria Afzelii_. Gbogbonshe (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. A small tree with
+ hard wood.
+
+ _Uvaria Busgenii_. Paddlewood. Umaja or Umazza (Benin); Uruiju Arogu
+ (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja (?), Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a large tree, and reaches a girth of about 10 feet with a good
+ bole and limbs. The crown is narrowish, being formed by many small
+ branches. The bark is light green, scaling off and leaving yellow
+ patches with a red edge to each; otherwise it is smooth and almost
+ shining. It is a common tree of the evergreen forest. With the
+ exception of slight hollows near the base of the stem the bole is
+ quite round.
+
+ The timber is a faint orange-colour with a reddish tint. There is very
+ little difference between the heart and sap wood, except that the
+ former is a lighter colour. It splits well and planes into a smooth
+ surface. At the corner of a square block pieces are liable to split
+ off. The grain is a little open and the pores are rather long.
+
+ Termites (white ants) make no impression on it. The timber is hard,
+ with a certain amount of rigidity, and yet has no resilience.
+
+ It is a slow-growing tree and shade-bearer. Judging by the number of
+ small trees found, reproduction from seed must be good. It does not
+ sprout from the stool, and root suckers are thrown up after the trees
+ have been felled. It likes moist and deep soil, which must be
+ moderately good, e.g. the red soil of Benin and sandy loam of Badagry
+ district.
+
+ In 1906 samples of the wood were sold in the Liverpool market as
+ Sabicu and realized 1s. to 2s. per superficial foot. It has also been
+ used for European house-building in the Calabar province.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is chiefly used for making paddles. It is also used
+ for joists and posts by the Benin people.
+
+ _Uvaria Chamæ_ (Kew). Eruju (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a large shrub with sweet-scented flowers. Lagos Island.
+
+ _Artabotrys sp._ Ako gbogbonshe (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Monodora tenuifolia_. African Nutmeg. Lakosin (?) (Yoruba); Unyenghen
+ (Benin).
+
+ In younger trees there are a few narrow white streaks in the dull
+ green bark, which gives it quite a distinctive appearance.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized tree with yellow flowers
+ tinged with white, most conspicuous after they have fallen to the
+ ground. The flower has three petals with wavy edges, and reminds most
+ people of an orchid. In fact, many have asked whether it is not an
+ orchid. The leaves are light green, especially on the under-side,
+ though darker as the rainy season advances. The fruit is a spherical
+ drupe, containing several small nuts or seeds. The tree flowers before
+ the leaves come fully out, so that it looks very handsome indeed. It
+ is, in fact, one of the prettiest of all the flowering trees. It
+ flowers at the end of February or at the beginning of March. It
+ reaches a girth of about 2 feet and a bole length of about 10 feet,
+ though it is often much branched from about 4 feet from the ground.
+
+ It is quite common in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, especially in
+ the Olokemeji Reserve and on the road between that place and Mamu, in
+ the Benin province, as well as being found in the mixed deciduous
+ forest zone.
+
+ The timber is hard and white and fairly durable. It is tough and does
+ not split well.
+
+ Although it stands a little shade it is a somewhat slow-growing,
+ light-loving tree, but does not protect the soil. Natural regeneration
+ appears to be fair. It sprouts well from the stump, often in this way
+ forming quite a clump. On these stool shoots it bears flowers and
+ fruit early. It transplants badly, more especially when placed in the
+ open. It is somewhat exacting as to soil, demanding a certain amount
+ of moisture as well as depth. It is somewhat fire-resisting, sprouting
+ out again after such injury.
+
+ As it does not really reach timber size, it is not of much use for
+ local constructional purposes.
+
+ _Native Use._—The smaller trees are used as walking-sticks and the
+ larger ones are sometimes used for hoe and axe handles. In clearing
+ the land for farms, stool shoots are left standing, to act as supports
+ for the tendrils of the yams after they have been planted.
+
+ _Monodora myristica_, var. _grandifolia_. Calabash Nutmeg. Lakoshe or
+ Abo Lakoshe, Ilakosin, Igbo (Yoruba); Ukposa, Eddo Binoyoba (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the mixed deciduous forests of the Ibadan, Ondo, Benin,
+ Owerri, and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, where it is somewhat
+ prevalent.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a large tree, up to 7 feet in girth,
+ with open crown and thin foliage. The flowers are very conspicuous
+ when they fall, having three very large pointed red petals streaked
+ with white, almost reminiscent of an orchid. The edge of the petal is
+ wavy, too. On the tree, the flowers hang from the under-side of twigs
+ with very short petioles. It is the most handsome and largest
+ flowering tree amongst the Monodoras. It is, however, never quite so
+ much covered with flowers as the _M. tenuifolia_. The flowers are
+ considerably larger, being quite half to one inch longer. The bole
+ reaches a length of about 15 feet, but is often branched lower down.
+ The fruit is a large drupe, containing a number of small nuts.
+
+ The timber is whitish, hard and somewhat tough, and does not split
+ well.
+
+ It is a moderately fast-growing, light-demanding tree. With the
+ exception of the period when it loses leaves, it is a soil-protecting
+ and soil-improving tree.
+
+ Although it scarcely reaches timber size, it might be tried for
+ smaller constructional purposes, such as handles, posts, or rails. The
+ quantities, however, are not very large.
+
+ _Native Use._—The nut is ground up and used in soup.
+
+ _Monodora brevipes_. Yellow-flowering Nutmeg. Ause, Lakosin (Yoruba);
+ Iyoha (Benin).
+
+ Grows abundantly throughout the Tropics. The seeds are useful as
+ condiments or as medicine.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ sp.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_. White Cedar. Akomu (Yoruba); Omocham (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a very common tree, especially at the edges of roads and in old
+ farms. It is not so common in the original forest. It grows up to 15
+ feet in girth. It has a very cylindrical bole, with long, straight,
+ outstanding branches growing close together, more or less forming a
+ flat crown. The leaves are large and pinnate, and the small fruit,
+ which grows in clusters, half opens, disclosing a bright red interior
+ with one round seed covered with pink, mace-like fibre. The slash is
+ pinkish-white, and heavy, sticky white latex streaked with red exudes
+ very freely after it has been cut.
+
+ The timber is soft and white and not durable. It has not so far been
+ used either for export or locally.
+
+
+=Lauraceæ.=
+
+ _Ocotea_ cf. Egg-shaped fruit tree. Agkwokhau (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Benin province.
+
+
+=Capparidaceæ.=
+
+ _Cratæva Adansonii_ (Guill. et Perr.). Egun oran (Yoruba).
+
+ Tree 30 feet high with yellow flowers. Found growing at Fiditi, Oyo
+ province.
+
+ _Capparis Thonningii_. Ekkana, Awoa (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium sp._ Babu (Yoruba); Oria (Benin); Oko (Ibo, Owerri); Oguru
+ (Brass); Edat (Efik); Ukpoi, Edat, Mpuri (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria, and Asaba district, Benin province.
+
+ It is a large tree with irregular surface to the bole, muscular-like
+ protrusions being seen here and there, as well as similar shaped
+ depressions. The crown is wide and flattish, and of light foliage. The
+ fruit is a large, nasty-smelling, apple-shaped drupe.
+
+ The timber is white, with apparently little difference between sap and
+ heart wood, and it is hard and tough, not splitting at all easily.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree, said to be termite-proof. It has considerable
+ resiliency, and stands a certain amount of bending strain.
+
+ The timber has not been used for export, nor has it been sawn up for
+ planks for local use.
+
+ _Native Use._—The Yorubas use the timber for making mortars for food.
+
+ _Parinarium sp._ Red Mahogany. Abue (Egbado, Yoruba); Dabadogun
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is plentiful in the Benin and the Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It grows into a large tree, but is often seen
+ as a small tree, suppressed by other quicker-growing trees. The dense,
+ somewhat spreading crown is a typical feature of the tree. Its large
+ leaves attract attention, especially compared to the size of the tree.
+ The bole is often crooked and covered with dark green cortex, with
+ only a limited amount of fine bark.
+
+ It has a hard, red wood, not unlike mahogany, but with a more fibrous
+ grain. It is durable, especially when left in a wet place. It works up
+ with a good surface and very pleasing colour, making it thoroughly
+ worthy of being a substitute for mahogany. Being a shade-bearer, soil-
+ protecting and soil-improving tree, it should eventually find a place
+ in the forest plantations. Despite its slow growth, its other
+ silvicultural qualities are worthy of attention.
+
+ It has not yet been exported, not has it been felled for local use.
+ For the former it appears to deserve a trial.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is used for firewood.
+
+ _Parinarium robustum_. Sometimes called Mahogany Nuts, Nikko Nuts;
+ Benin Mahogany. Ugibisaro (Benin); Aiyeni (Egbado); Aiye, Aghaghe,
+ Aiyeni (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria, in the
+ evergreen forest zone, where it is not very prevalent. It is a large
+ forest tree, reaching a girth of over 12 feet and a bole length of
+ about 70 feet. In the dry season, in the distance, the leaves show the
+ typical dried-up yellow appearance of the Parinariums, especially
+ being somewhat shiny in appearance. The fruit is not unlike a very
+ large, very dark green plum, but rather more flattened and not so
+ round. The inside nut is compressedly spherical, showing five large
+ eyes or holes out of which seeds germinate.
+
+ The sapwood is yellowish-white and somewhat broad in proportion to the
+ size of the tree, and the hard wood is mahogany-red coloured, but with
+ more fibrous grain. It planes up with a smooth surface and splits
+ fairly easily, especially when nailed. It is moderately hard and quite
+ durable, and is not supposed to be attacked by white ants (termites).
+ Like most of the Parinariums, the fresh wood smells something like
+ honey, and the timber tends to darken on exposure to the air, thus
+ improving in colour.
+
+ On the whole it is a shade-bearing tree and not very fast-growing. It
+ has soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration
+ only appears to be very moderate. Like most of the Parinariums, the
+ kernels of the fruit are pecked out by various birds. No plantations
+ have been made of this tree.
+
+ Quite by accident, in 1906 some logs obtained from this tree were cut
+ and exported, and sold in the Liverpool market as Benin mahogany at
+ 4d. per superficial foot. Since then, however, none has been cut.
+
+ Amongst the Benin natives the timber is occasionally used for house-
+ building.
+
+ _Parinarium excelsum_. Essago (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Ondo, Benin, Owerri and Calabar provinces of
+ Nigeria, in the evergreen forest zone, where in certain localities it
+ is very prevalent.
+
+ In appearance it is like the rough-skin plum of Sierra Leone, but a
+ larger and taller tree. The leaf usually looks dry and grey,
+ especially underneath. The crown is oval and very dense, with a mass
+ of large limbs. The bark is covered with white lenticels, which make
+ it look grey. It usually bears a large crop of fruit each year.
+
+ It reaches a girth of over 12 feet and a bole length of about 50. In
+ proportion to the height, the bole is not so long as in the cases of
+ many other forest trees. The fruit is more uneven in surface than that
+ of _P. robustum_, and the surface is also more or less speckled with
+ little white raised lumps, giving it a roughness to the touch. The
+ fruit inside is yellowish-white, rather hard and not unpleasant to
+ taste. Where it is found, especially in the more swampy parts, it is
+ often almost gregarious in habit. It is an evergreen tree.
+
+ The wood when freshly cut smells like honey. The sapwood is yellowish-
+ white and the heartwood is brown. On the whole it is much harder than
+ _P. robustum_. Occasionally it appears cross-grained, and does not
+ plane up with such a smooth finish. It saws less easily, and it is
+ hard to drive nails into it. It does not split well. It is rather a
+ heavy wood and does not float.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing tree, which thoroughly
+ protects the soil and improves it with its leaf fall. Natural
+ regeneration appears to be none too good. No plantations have been
+ made of this tree.
+
+ It has not been felled for local use, but occasionally it has been
+ used for firewood, which is of somewhat high calorific power. The
+ fruit is occasionally useful to temporarily assuage hunger in the
+ forest.
+
+ It was sold as African greenheart at 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d. a cubic foot
+ in the Liverpool market in 1906.
+
+ _Native Use._—None, and the fruit is not eaten. Elephants eat the
+ fruit.
+
+ _Parinarium polyandrum_ (Benth.) (?). Plum. Ako Idofun (Yoruba).
+
+ Smaller fruit than _P. curatellæfolium_ and very hard; similar
+ flowers, the leaves rough and only slightly grey-green on the under-
+ surface. Stem reddish-brown with long lenticels, leaves larger and
+ longer.
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Native Use._—The tree is used by the natives for building farmhouses.
+
+ _Parinarium curatellæfolium_ (Planch.). Abo-Idofun (Yoruba).
+
+ A small tree 10 feet in height and 1 foot in diameter, with large
+ umbelliferous flowers of a white colour. The leaves are rough and
+ shiny on the upper surface, and with more white underneath than the
+ _P. polyandrum_.
+
+ _Native Use._—The fruit is edible, though not usually eaten. No use as
+ firewood. The wood is used for building farm-sheds.
+
+ _Parinarium Gabunense_. Mahogany Nut. Abere (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Ondo province.
+
+ _Chrysobalanus sp._ Niko Nut. Igata (Yoruba).
+
+ Found at Ebuttemetta.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ (Cæsalpineæ).=
+
+ _Cassia Sieberiana_. Cassia. Aridan-toro (Yoruba); Ezzi, Apagban
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is commonly found in Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria, more especially in the latter. It is a small tree bearing
+ large and long racemes of yellow flowers in February, making it very
+ reminiscent of the laburnum. The tree is leafless at the time, so that
+ the flowers are all the more conspicuous. The almost rectangular
+ branching habit of this tree, combined with the rather thin twigs, is
+ very typical. It yields a hard, red wood, but the sapwood is
+ yellowish-white. The natives use the fruit medicinally and the timber
+ for house-building. The pods are usually about a foot long and half an
+ inch in diameter.
+
+ _Cassia tora_. Cassia. Ako Kere (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found at Olokemeji, in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. Its
+ medicinal use as a remedy for ringworm is not known to the natives of
+ that locality.
+
+ _Cassia fistula_. Cassia. Bembedo (Yoruba).
+
+ It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria, one
+ specimen being found in the Idah district; the longer (1 to 2 feet)
+ and stouter (¾ to 1 inch) pod is most typical of this tree. It is
+ otherwise much the same size as _Cassia Sieberiana_. The natives use
+ the fruit medicinally, but look upon the tree as a “great medicine.”
+
+ _Cassia podocarpa_ (G. and P.). Cassia. Asunwon (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ Shrub with yellow flowers.
+
+ _Cassia occidentalis_. Blackwater Plant. Rere (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a small shrub-like herb with large upright flowers, which is
+ usually found growing in waste places at the edge of villages in the
+ Yoruba country, in the mixed deciduous forest zone. A medicine to cure
+ blackwater fever is made from this plant, though doctors now say it is
+ not an infallible cure.
+
+ _Ormosia laxiflora_ (Benth.). False Dalbergia. Shedun (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Onitsha and Ogoja provinces of
+ Nigeria, chiefly at the edge of the dry-zone forest.
+
+ It is a small tree, 12 feet high and 18 inches in girth, with almost
+ brick-red or orange-coloured bark, which is thin and often scarred by
+ natives. It has a long, thin pod with thin, flat seeds. It reminds one
+ very much of a small Dalbergia. It stands the annual fires well,
+ though it gets singed each year. The base of the bole is often
+ somewhat enlarged with the constant cutting of the bark both of the
+ stem and the uppermost roots.
+
+ The timber is yellowish-red and not very hard, but rough to work up,
+ being more in the nature of a turner’s than a joiner’s wood. The grain
+ is often by no means straight, and the wood shows a little figure.
+
+ Withstanding the fires so well, it serves, or should serve, as a nurse
+ for the introduction of more valuable species amongst the dry-zone
+ trees, especially on the laterite soils. Natural regeneration is good
+ and it sprouts well from the stump. Root suckers do not appear to be
+ so prevalent as in many dry-zone species. It is a light-loving
+ species, which does not protect the soil properly, though the foliage
+ is comparatively dense for that type of tree. It is slow-growing. No
+ plantations have been made.
+
+ It does not attain sufficient size for export, but it might be tried
+ for local turnery work. It is useful for local hut-building.
+
+ _Native Use._—House-building, and the roots when boiled are used in
+ medicine as a tonic.
+
+ _Afrormosia elata_. African Satinwood, Yellow Satinwood. Ayin (Yoruba);
+ Anyeran, Anyesan, Ehranobapotineddo (Benin); Egbi (Ibadan); Elo Uta
+ (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+ A very conspicuous tree, with its orange-red trunk near the base,
+ gradually shading off to yellow higher up, and towards the branches a
+ light-green colour. Large, irregular-shaped pieces of bark fall off
+ from time to time, in a similar way to the plane-tree of Europe,
+ though with its reddish trunk it is not so much like the plane as
+ _Afzelia Africana_. The root flanges or spurns are very thin and do
+ not extend beyond about three feet up the stem of the tree. In plate
+ No. 82 one of these trees, growing near Benin, shows the open, rather
+ narrow crown with its few main limbs supporting it.
+
+ It is commonest in the Benin, but also found in the Ondo, Owerri and
+ Calabar provinces in the moist evergreen forests. It is also seen in
+ secondary forests of the same zone.
+
+ The timber planes well, but does not split. It saws easily, but takes
+ nails with difficulty. It is sometimes figured, especially logs from
+ the base of the tree.
+
+ It is pretty easily killed by fire at the roots, though otherwise it
+ tends to spread with cultivation. The sapwood is almost white and the
+ heartwood a yellowish-green, when fresh, but a dull yellow when dry.
+ It is very hard and withstands the attacks of white ants (termites).
+ Even the sapwood of a young tree had not rotted after six years near
+ the bank of the Ogba, Benin province. It grows moderately quickly.
+
+ The flower is inconspicuous and small, and the pod is also small,
+ being about 2½ inches long and ½ inch broad, containing two or three
+ flat seeds. The tree does not bear very heavily, and in consequence
+ natural regeneration is not very good, though such seeds as actually
+ form properly seem to germinate well. In youth it bears some shade,
+ but in middle age seems to be almost a light-demander.
+
+ Although when freshly cut the wood does not float, when thoroughly dry
+ it would not be difficult to float it with a lighter species.
+
+ The timber was reported as satinwood and worth 3d. to 1s. per
+ superficial foot in the Liverpool market in 1906, and that moderate
+ quantities (of fair length and squares) would be taken.
+
+ _Pterocarpus esculentus_ (Schum. and Thon.). Edible-fruited Padouk.
+ Gbingbindo (Yoruba); Akpanagya, Uruhe (Benin); Nja (Efik).
+
+ It is one of the most common waterside trees of all the Southern
+ Provinces of Nigeria; some of the rivers on the banks of which it is
+ found are the Ovia, Ogun and Cross River. Belonging to the mixed
+ deciduous forest zone, it is in the middle reaches of these rivers
+ where it is most prevalent.
+
+ A typical feature of this small tree is the bright, yellow-coloured
+ flower, which quite brightens up the banks of the rivers at the end of
+ February or March. Another most peculiar feature is the odd, somewhat
+ kidney-shaped fruit with its rough surface corrugations, containing
+ inside a hardish nut about 1 inch in diameter. Either the nuts or the
+ fruit are often seen floating down the rivers, especially where they
+ are tidal. The leaves are more typical of the Pterocarps, otherwise
+ the fruit is most unlike either those of the genus or even of the
+ family. The bole of the tree is short, smooth and almost silver-grey
+ in colour, though it is often discoloured with the mud from the
+ perennial floods of the river. It is usually seen with more than one
+ stem.
+
+ The timber is white and not over-hard. It is not very durable.
+
+ The tree is not very fast-growing, but is an evergreen, with a short
+ period in which nearly all the leaves fall. It serves a most useful
+ purpose in holding the banks of the streams wherever it is found, and
+ it is noticeable that its roots appear to extend a long way back and
+ that it is one of the last trees to be washed out by floods. It
+ sprouts fairly well from the stump when cut, unless it is almost at
+ once submerged by the floods, which points to the fact that it should
+ be cut only at the beginning or towards the end of the dry season.
+ Natural regeneration appears to be fair, but no plantations have been
+ tried with this tree.
+
+ The nuts have not been examined to see what they contain, though they
+ are of nutritive value.
+
+ For export it does not yield large timber, and for local use it is
+ rather small, but for local huts it might occasionally be used where
+ other timber is scarce, as in the dry zone. It makes a fair firewood
+ in those places. Although the fruit is supposed to be edible, very few
+ natives have tried it, and apparently it is only used in times of
+ great scarcity.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59.—=Large Ayin (Anogeissus leiocarpus), 10 feet in
+girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60.—=Oil Palm in bearing, two bunches of fruit in
+view, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+ To face p. 272.
+
+ _Pterocarpus Osun_. African Padouk or Barwood. Osun, Osun dudu
+ (Yoruba); Ume, Ureben (Benin); Opepe (Ikala, Ijor).
+
+ It is found in the Ogoja and Calabar provinces of Nigeria, in the
+ mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is none too prevalent. A
+ specimen was found near Ibami, in the Obubra district. It is a small
+ tree with small yellow flowers and rather small leaves. The branches
+ are placed close together and the crown is very dark and thick. The
+ bole is short, rarely exceeding 15 feet in length, and the bark a dark
+ brown colour. The bole reaches a girth of about 5 feet.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood of a dull-red colour, but in
+ proportion the sapwood is rather wide. It is moderately hard, fairly
+ durable, but not termite-proof. It planes well, saws easily, takes
+ nails; it does not split very well.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration does not appear to be very
+ good. It is doubtful if it sprouts from the stump. It has not been cut
+ for export, nor has it been felled for local use.
+
+ On the Cross River the Camwood was sold to the European merchants, at
+ the rate of 409 billets per ton, for £4 10s., so that with the added
+ cost of river and ocean freight and sale charges, there was no profit
+ when it was being sold at £6 10s. per ton in the Liverpool market.
+ Better prices are always secured if it is shipped in squared logs, 24
+ inches square and 24 to 30 feet in length.
+
+ Apparently it is not the Camwood used by the natives, because plenty
+ of trees are seen scattered about in the neighbourhood of Obubra
+ untouched.
+
+ _Pterocarpus erinaceus_. African Rosewood. Apepe, Ara (Yoruba); Oyo,
+ Upeka (Benin).
+
+ This tree grows in the dry-zone savannah forests of the Ogoja province
+ of Nigeria. It is of small size; the flowers, which are yellow, appear
+ in March. The timber is of little value, the tree not being large
+ enough to yield a useful timber, but it has been sold as African
+ Rosewood. It has a beautiful rose-red colour.
+
+ _Pterocarpus sp._ So-called Camwood. Osun pupa (Yoruba); Akume (Benin);
+ also spineless fruited Camwood.
+
+ It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Benin and Ondo provinces of
+ Nigeria. On the bank of the Cross River, near the Ossizza factory,
+ there is a large specimen, standing about 20 feet away from the
+ water’s edge.
+
+ It is not very common, and chiefly found near river banks in the
+ evergreen forest towards their northern limit. It is a medium-sized
+ tree, reaching a girth of 9 feet at the most and a height of 70 feet.
+ The bole length does not exceed 40 feet. The bark is light-brown,
+ almost yellow-brown, with rough fissures and fibrous surface, more
+ like an elm, though thinner. The branches are thin and light-coloured.
+ In flower the tree is a mass of little yellow peaflowers, and numerous
+ bees swarm round the crown of the tree, indicating its presence.
+ Again, when the fruit ripens the crown is a mass of yellow-brown
+ winged fruits all fluttering in the wind. They are always in bunches
+ near the ends of the twigs. The fruit is round and flat, with no hairs
+ on it, with a thin papery wing completely surrounding and joined to
+ it, which makes it rather thicker and stiffer than the other species.
+ It is not at all typical of the Pterocarpus genus. The seed in the
+ centre has a rough surface. The trunk usually is not quite straight,
+ having a slight bend or two in its length. In habit, more like a
+ Combretum or young elm to look at. The crown is round, almost
+ spherical, and does not usually occupy more than one-third of the
+ height of the tree.
+
+ The sapwood is white; the heartwood is of a dull purply colour, which
+ is inclined to stain into the sapwood after the tree is cut down and
+ exposed to rain. On the whole the colour of the wood is deeper than
+ that of the other Pterocarpus, but it is said to yield a less fast and
+ poorer coloured red dye than that of the other species, _P. Osun_. It
+ is moderately hard. It planes well, and is sometimes cross-grained. It
+ takes nails easily, but does not split very well, though it saws with
+ comparative ease.
+
+ Although it stands a good deal of shade in its youth, it is apparently
+ a light-demanding tree with soil-protecting and soil-improving
+ qualities. It is not very fast-growing. Natural regeneration appears
+ to be poor, chiefly, perhaps, owing to the fact that the seeds are
+ quickly eaten by small boring insects soon after they fall to the
+ ground. It is rather exacting as to soil, and prefers the deep, moist,
+ sandy loam. Only isolated specimens are seen.
+
+ The timber has not been exported yet, and despite the fact that it
+ does not reach such a large size as _P. Osun_, it deserves a trial.
+ For local use it should find a place for house construction in a
+ similar position to which the Osun and others are used by the natives.
+
+ It has not been cut or used as a dye root, chiefly owing to its poorer
+ colour. It is, however, used in house-building.
+
+ _Pterocarpus_. Cross River Camwood.
+
+ It is found in the Obubra district of the Calabar province of Nigeria.
+ In habit it is very similar to the other Camwoods.
+
+ _Pterocarpus Soyauxii_. Large Fruited Camwood. Arakpa, Ume (Benin);
+ Ukpa (Efik).
+
+ It is found in the Ogoja, Benin, Warri (?), Ondo, Ibadan (?) and
+ Abeokuta (?) provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a common tree in the mixed deciduous forests, reaching a height
+ of 80 to 100 feet, with a bole length of 50 feet and a girth of 10
+ feet. The bark is a darker colour than _P. Osun_, but a little
+ rougher. The leaf is smaller than _P. Osun_, but is unarmed. The most
+ typical difference in this tree is the fruit, which is the largest of
+ all, 2½ to 3 inches in diameter, with plenty of prickly thorns in the
+ centre of each surface. The wood is a much darker red, quite a dull,
+ almost purple red. The root spurns on the whole extend higher up the
+ trunk than _P. Osun_ (up to 4 feet). The slash is white, but thin red
+ latex soon exudes out of it.
+
+ The wood is hardish, but the sapwood is very white and soft. The wood
+ does not make the same kind of stain as _P. Osun_, though apparently
+ it keeps its colour much better than _P. Osun_. When exposed to light,
+ _P. Osun_ loses it very quickly and becomes a dull-brown colour. The
+ grain is open and varies a little in colour, giving it a pleasing
+ effect. Termites do not attack it. It splits well.
+
+ It sprouts from the stump slightly, but such shoots do not attain any
+ size. Seedlings come up readily from fallen seeds. The seeds are
+ liable to be eaten by the “ground pig” almost at once. It grows
+ moderately quickly, but is a light-lover. It has an undivided stem.
+
+ Samples were sent to Liverpool in 1916 and sold as African Padauk, and
+ it was reported that “small quantities sell” satisfactorily. It has
+ been cut for local use for buildings.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is used for making wooden shovels, all out of one
+ piece. Also in house-building as wall-plates at the top of the mud
+ walls, also in the Oba’s house for uprights.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum sp._ Sasswood. Inyi (Benin).
+
+ This tree was determined from material from the Central Circle.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Sasswood, or Sassy Bark, or Ordeal Bark.
+ Erun obo (Yoruba); Oginyi (Benin); Akpa Etuidiwi (Efik); Arachi (Ibo,
+ Asaba); Inyi, Ibo (Onitsha, Ibo, Owerri).
+
+ It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Onitsha and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is
+ often very prevalent, more especially north of Ifon and Alabeta in the
+ Benin province.
+
+ It is a large tree, reaching a girth of over 10 feet and a bole length
+ of over 30 feet. The crown, however, is large and wide-spreading, but
+ generally spherical in shape. Comparatively low down, the bole divides
+ up into three or four main limbs. The trunk is seldom very straight,
+ usually having a twist in one direction or another. The root spurns
+ are moderately large, but are rounded in shape. The bark is dark-brown
+ and thick, scaling off to a slight extent in old age. The fruit is a
+ pod about 3 inches long and an inch wide, containing six or eight
+ flattish black beans, black to brown. These burst when ripe, but the
+ seeds only gradually fall to the ground. The fine pinnate leaves are
+ close together and open out into dense foliage most typical of the
+ Leguminoseæ. The upper part of the limbs and trunk is light-brown. The
+ flowers are minute and not often seen.
+
+ The sapwood is dull yellow and the heartwood a dull red-brown. It is
+ very heavy and hard, but not as hard as red ironwood or the Yoruba
+ ironwood. It is very durable and quite termite-proof; although
+ sometimes a little cross-grained, with good tools it can be worked up
+ to a smooth finish by planing. Holes have to be made in it for nails.
+ It saws well, but splits only moderately easily. In the saw mill it
+ was found that the hardness of the wood blunted the saws, which needed
+ constantly sharpening.
+
+ It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting, soil-improving
+ tree. Natural regeneration appears to be good, and it is moderately
+ resistant to fire. Tends to condense dew in the dry season. It
+ suppresses most other trees by shade. Amongst the dry-zone vegetation
+ it clings to the banks of rivers, and is common on the upper banks of
+ the upper reaches of the Ogun. No plantations have been made with this
+ tree.
+
+ In 1906 sample logs of the sister tree, _E. micranthum_, were exported
+ and sold in the Liverpool market as a species of oak, so that this
+ timber deserves a trial as a substitute for teak or oak.
+
+ It was cut for the Public Works Department at Onitsha and found very
+ suitable for decking of bridges. The small bridge over the Nkissi,
+ near Onitsha, was built entirely with this timber.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum micranthum_. Sasswood or Ordeal Bark. Ovinni (Benin);
+ Erinji (Ijor); Ihi (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+ It is found in the Warri, Benin and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ As a small tree, one of the first to appear when the mangrove swamp
+ gives way to the evergreen rain forest near the coast. On solid land
+ it attains a large size, even larger than that of _E. Guineense_. The
+ pod is a little larger than that of _E. Guineense_, and the bark
+ smoother. The crown is dense and very large, almost spherical in
+ shape, and reaching more than one-third down the length of the tree.
+
+ The timber is very similar in its qualities to _E. Guineense_, but has
+ a straighter grain in the larger specimens. It is very durable.
+
+ It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing tree, with soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration does not appear to be
+ very good, though numerous pods are borne on the tree almost every
+ year. No plantations have yet been made with it.
+
+ For local use, it has not been cut in a similar way to _E. Guineense_.
+ The natives occasionally use this tree for making canoes. In the 1906
+ timber report from the Liverpool market it was valued as a species of
+ oak at 1s. 9d. per cubic foot, and was not considered so good as
+ either red oak, _Lophira procera_, or white oak, _Ostryoderris
+ impressa_.
+
+ _Native Use._—The bark is boiled in water and a beautiful red-coloured
+ liquid is produced. It is administered as an ordeal trial for
+ witchcraft, and is not poisonous if given in large doses.
+
+ _Brachystegia spicæformis_. Agberigeddi, Ako (Yoruba); Okkwan (Benin);
+ Etare (Oban, Ekoi); Ungu (Ibo, Owerri); Mpanju, Akpanya, Ikpanya
+ (Efik).
+
+ This tree is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan (?), Ondo, Benin, Warri,
+ Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a rough, scaly-barked tree of huge size (see illustration),
+ reaching a girth of 30 feet and a height of 150 feet. The crown is
+ flattish, formed by a few wide-spreading limbs and numerous small
+ branches. The foliage is moderate for a Leguminous tree. The yellowish
+ flowers are almost unseen, being placed underneath the leaves. The
+ dark-brown woody pods burst with a bang not unlike a gunshot, and
+ release four or five flat black, shiny beans about ½ inch across. The
+ foliage goes almost black on reaching the ground, killing all the
+ small plants. A brownish gum exudes from the tree when cut, and this
+ hardens into a reddish, opaque mass similar to Almeidina, and in fact
+ is the source of this gutta percha-like substance.
+
+ _Timber._—It is a rather hard, light-brown wood with pretty, almost
+ evenly distributed streaks of darker brown shade in it. It is very
+ durable. The white sapwood soon rots on exposure to the weather. It is
+ suitable as a furniture wood.
+
+ _Silvicultural Characteristics._—It bears a good deal of shade. It
+ reproduces almost every year plentiful mature seed; grows fast, but
+ not so rapidly as the cotton-tree, Ricinodendron and others. It is
+ sometimes distinctly gregarious, as, for instance, south-west of Benin
+ City.
+
+ _European Use._—It has not been exported, but the P.W.D. have used it
+ for verandah-posts and planks. It has been much admired for the good
+ colour of the wood and the streaky grain.
+
+ _Native Use._—By the Benin people it is not considered a good wood,
+ but the gum is sometimes used.
+
+ _Daniellia ogea_. Gum Copal. Ogea (Yoruba); Ogea (Benin); Udeni (Ibo,
+ Owerri); Mpanju, Ikpanya, Akpanya (Efik). Also known as _D. oblonga_
+ and _Cyanothyrsus ogea_, but now called _D. ogea_.
+
+ This tree is found growing in the heavy-rain intermediary forest of
+ Benin, Ondo country and Mamu Reserve. It is a very fine tree with
+ straight rounded bole, often reaching a height of 120 feet before the
+ first branch. The bark is light grey and slightly ringed. The flowers
+ blue and not very noticeable.
+
+ _Timber._—Of no commercial value, as it is soft and rots quickly.
+
+ _Uses._—A good gum copal is obtained from it, the best in the ground,
+ after the tree has rotted. It is used for varnish making; worth 30s.
+ to 60s. a hundredweight.
+
+ _Daniellia Fosteri_. Gum Copal. Oguja or Ogea (Yoruba).
+
+ Found near Olokemeji and Ijebu-Ode. It yields a third-quality resin
+ according to Holland in _The Useful Plants of Nigeria_.
+
+ _Daniellia Punchii_ (Kew). Gum Copal. Ajia (Yoruba).
+
+ _Daniellia caudata_. Benin Gum Copal. Mogbara, Ashuwole (Yoruba); Ogea
+ (Benin); Agbara (Ikale.)
+
+ It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. The
+ bole is the straightest and most cylindrical of any of the African
+ forest trees. It often attains a height of over 100 feet before the
+ first branches are reached. The cylindrical shape is further enhanced
+ by the few quite concentric rings on the bark, horizontally arranged
+ round the trunk of the tree. The bark is otherwise quite smooth and of
+ a silvery-green or light-green colour; for the size of the tree it is
+ very thin, and the tree may reach a girth of 25 feet, and the bark
+ then is usually only ½ to ¾ inch thick. The slash is yellowish-white;
+ the sapwood is white and scarcely distinguishable from the heartwood,
+ which gradually takes a pinkish tinge when it is dry. The flowers are
+ blue and not unlike those of the fuchsia, and the tree is easily seen
+ at the end of the dry season by the bare crown with its blue flowers.
+ The path later on is covered with these. There are practically no root
+ spurns, the stem emerging straight away from the ground. The crown is
+ very flat, and does not usually occupy more than one-fifth of the
+ total height of the tree. The branches are few and of slight and
+ almost feathery build. The timber is soft, not durable nor termite-
+ proof. It saws easily, does not split very well, and considering its
+ softness it does not plane at all well nor with a very smooth surface.
+ Natural reproduction by seed appears to be poor, although plenty of
+ seeds seem to ripen; there is one seed in each pod. It is a light-
+ loving, deciduous tree, but for eleven months of the year it is
+ certainly a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. It demands a
+ deep, moist and somewhat rich soil, though judging by the various
+ localities in which it is found it is doubtful if it is really
+ exacting as to soil.
+
+ In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sent to the Liverpool market
+ and considered to be a species of mahogany, but of no value. Natives
+ have not used it to any extent for local purposes.
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_. Light African Greenheart. Agboin (Yoruba); Sanga
+ (New Calabar); Iteruku (Efik); Ebbome (Oban, Ekoi); Ekhimi (Benin).
+
+ This is a common tree in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri,
+ Onitsha, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the most
+ prevalent trees in the evergreen forests, but is also found in the
+ mixed deciduous forests, especially, in both cases, near the edges of
+ the waterways. It is a very large tree, attaining a height of over 120
+ feet and a girth of over 12 feet. The bole is often 80 or 90 feet in
+ length and perfectly straight. The crown is thin, ovally flat, but
+ wide-spreading. The thick, heavily foliaged and drooping appearance at
+ the ends of the branches makes the tree a most handsome ornament to a
+ station. At the root, flanges are comparatively long and
+ widespreading, reaching often over 6 feet up the stem, having root
+ spurns quite 12 or 15 feet away from the tree. The stem divides up
+ into a few large branches which form the crown; the bark is yellow-
+ brown and smooth, but when the tree is growing in the sunlight it
+ becomes a much lighter colour and sometimes almost grey. The slash is
+ yellow, with a light-brown tinge; the flowers are quite inconspicuous
+ when they appear in January or February, being formed of little narrow
+ spikes. One of the most conspicuous features of this tree is the thin,
+ flat pod, which may grow as much as 1 foot long and nearly 1 inch
+ broad. Six to eight seeds are contained in each pod, and these,
+ including the wing, are 2 inches in length. The flat seed, which is
+ found in the centre, is brown and shiny, and is only about one-
+ sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch in thickness. It has a tiny string-
+ like attachment to the centre, which distinguishes it from Newtonia on
+ the one hand and Cylicodiscus on the other. The young green foliage is
+ also most distinctive and attractive in its freshly salmon-pink
+ colour, also the greenish tips of the older leaves. The leaves
+ themselves are bipinnate; there are often twenty to twenty-four pairs
+ of pinnæ, each of which is about half an inch long.
+
+ The sapwood is white and comparatively wide; the heartwood is a pretty
+ light-brown colour, a little darker when fresh, but still retaining a
+ good light-brown colour when it is dry. Although at first rather heavy
+ and hard, it seasons as a comparatively light and scarcely hard wood;
+ it planes well and saws fairly easily; takes nails moderately well,
+ but does not split at all easily, especially when fresh; has an open
+ grain and the pores are comparatively long. It is a durable wood and
+ is almost termite-proof, especially when it is quite dry. When
+ moderately dry the logs float in water. It weighs 53 pounds per cubic
+ foot.
+
+ It is a light-loving species which does not protect or improve the
+ soil, except in so far as it is a leguminous tree and its roots thus
+ improve the ground. It is a moderately rapidly growing tree which
+ stands a little shade in its youth. Natural regeneration appears to be
+ only moderate. It sprouts well from the stump, and stump shoots appear
+ to be very persistent. It is rather sensitive to fire and is easily
+ killed by placing rubbish near its roots and then burning the heap. No
+ plantations have yet been formed for this tree. In the forest the
+ seeds fall to the ground and are soon eaten by a small boring insect.
+ It likes a comparatively good soil, but is found on sandy soil which
+ has great moisture; it does not like flooding, but will stand a
+ little.
+
+ Locally, it is occasionally used as a house-building timber. The bark
+ is occasionally chipped off for use medicinally. Europeans have cut it
+ up and used it as verandah-posts, joists and verandah handrails.
+ However, in an unseasoned state the sapwood was attacked by termites,
+ and thus it was not entirely satisfactory. The heartwood when quite
+ dry does not warp and appears to be very durable.
+
+ In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market
+ as “Greenheart” at 2s. 9d. per cubic foot. Since that date no regular
+ supplies have been sent to the market, so that it has not been
+ thoroughly tested as to its value as an export timber.
+
+ _Isoberlinia Doka_ (Kew).
+
+ It is found in the Ogoja, Abeokuta and Owerri provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree with rather large, widespreading pinnate
+ leaves. It is one of the few trees that are gregarious in habit,
+ groups from half an acre to an acre in extent being found. The tree is
+ used for house-building and withstands a certain amount of fire, as it
+ grows at the edge of the dry-zone forest.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_. Red Oak. Apado (Abeokuta), Ewon Pala (Ikale),
+ Adugbin (Ibadan) (Yoruba); Ekpagoi (Benin); Ajia (Ibo, Asaba); Obuba
+ (New Calabar); Hanabali (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ This is a common tree in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria.
+ Although it is found most frequently in the evergreen forest zone, a
+ small, bush-like variety is also found in the open deciduous forest.
+ The most conspicuous features of this tree are the large foot-shaped
+ unripe pods; these stick out, isolated, at right angles to the general
+ direction of the surface of the ground—this makes them appear all the
+ more prominent and most odd in appearance. When the pods burst, the
+ large flat beans are released, and each side of the pod curls up, but
+ appears speckled white with round dull spots along the middle. The
+ flowers are white, nearly 2 inches across, with one red streak in the
+ centre. In the evergreen forest zone these flowers do not seem so
+ conspicuous, but in the dry zone the tree is covered with blossom,
+ making it one of the most beautiful. In the heavy forest zone the bole
+ reaches the length of nearly 80 feet and the girth of over 20. With
+ its smooth, shiny grey bark, at the first glance it is not unlike a
+ beech-tree. The root spurns are usually quite small, and do not extend
+ beyond 2 feet up the stem. The slash is white and of a yellow colour
+ on the inner edge. The leaves are pinnate, with one odd leaf at the
+ end, being usually nearly 3 inches long; the total length of the leaf
+ is often over 1 foot. The freshly ripened beans are almost square in
+ shape, flat, and nearly a quarter of an inch thick. Each side of the
+ pod is usually the size of an average man’s foot, and sometimes
+ larger; it is also not unlike it in shape, but the curve where the
+ instep should be is very slight. The crown is spherical and very
+ large, often occupying one-third of the total height of the tree. The
+ foliage is comparatively dense, and it is not possible to see through
+ the top of it. The tree loses its leaves for a very short time each
+ year. In the dry zone it is often not much more than a shrub, or at
+ most a small tree 35 feet in height.
+
+ The sapwood is white and wide. The heartwood is of a deep-red colour,
+ especially when freshly cut; when dry it still retains a good red
+ colour, and from this feature it has been termed “red” oak. The timber
+ saws fairly well, but splits badly; it is somewhat hard to plane it up
+ to a smooth surface, as it is sometimes cross-grained. The heartwood
+ is termite-proof; it takes nails only moderately well. It is a
+ moderately hard and durable wood; it does not warp very much. When the
+ logs are dry they will float in water. The weight of the timber is 55
+ pounds per cubic foot.
+
+ Considering the prevalence of the tree, natural regeneration is
+ poor—rodents may account, of course, for many of the beans; it sprouts
+ well from the stump. In the dry-zone forest region root suckers appear
+ too. It is a shade-bearing and soil-improving tree; it does not grow
+ very fast. No plantations have yet been made with this tree, though it
+ deserves a place in experimental plantations. It demands a good soil,
+ and the roots go down to a greater depth than many of the other trees.
+
+ Locally it is used as a house-building timber, and occasionally the
+ dried pods are used as firewood.
+
+ In 1906 sample logs of this tree were sold in the Liverpool market as
+ red oak at 2s. per cubic foot. It was not considered as good as Aligna
+ or as Erumacie. Since that date no further shipments of this timber
+ have been made. A further testing of the market by small trial
+ shipments of logs would thoroughly reveal its value as an export
+ timber.
+
+ _Berlinia auriculata_ (Benth.). Red Oak. Ekpagoize (Benin).
+
+ Found near the Okwo River in the Siluko sub-district of the Benin
+ province. It is not quite such a large species as the _B. acuminata_.
+
+ _Parkia biglobosa_. African Locust. Aridan Abatta, Irugbo Abatta Iru
+ (Yoruba); Ubgori, Lakobemi, Enymi (Benin); Inya (New Calabar); Ekok
+ (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ It is a very common tree in the Calabar, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo
+ (?) and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a large tree, with wide spreading fruit flanges. It has darker
+ and heavier foliage and a wider crown than _Parkia filicoidea_. It
+ often shows up on river banks with its light-red young leaves. It
+ should be easily distinguished from other similar trees of this family
+ by its cluster of beans, similar to French beans, when ripe. These are
+ yellow, and the spice-like scent and the round balls of staminate
+ flowers of a crushed strawberry colour are not easily forgotten. Often
+ only the yellow pistil is found lying on the path. It likes a damp to
+ wet soil, and is usually found growing at the edge of, or actually in,
+ freshwater swamps.
+
+ _Timber._—The wood is hardish, but is said to rot easily, though it
+ appears to be rather doubtful, and probably only applies to unseasoned
+ wood.
+
+ Natural regeneration by seed is good. The tree stands a good deal of
+ shade in its younger stages of growth. No other trees will grow under
+ it, and few can stand any or much of its shade.
+
+ _European Use._—It has not so far been used by Europeans for export or
+ local use.
+
+ _Native Use._—The seeds are cooked and eaten to some extent by the
+ Yorubas and Benin people.
+
+ _Parkia filicoidea_. African Locust. Irugba (Yoruba name for fruit);
+ Igba the tree (Yoruba); Gumui (Mendi); Olibracha (Egba) (Yoruba).
+
+ This is a common tree in Abeokuta, Oyo, Benin, and Ogoja provinces of
+ Nigeria. It is found in the deciduous forests. It reaches a height of
+ over 60 feet, with a girth of 5 feet. One of the most distinguishing
+ features of this tree are the very feathery leaves, which appear after
+ the flowers. The large spherical balls of the red staminate flowers
+ enliven the tree in the early part of the year; later in the year
+ masses of pods, each about 9 inches long, hang down from the ends of
+ the twigs. The base of the bole is often gnarled, partly with the
+ slight root flanges and by the almost continual cutting of the bark by
+ the natives. Normally the bark is brown and comparatively smooth. The
+ bole is short, dividing about 20 feet from the ground into a large
+ number of small branches. On the whole, as the tree advances in age
+ the branches tend to become pendulous. The crown, spherical in shape,
+ is inclined to be irregularly broken up—partly by the different length
+ of the branches.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood a dull-brown colour; for the
+ size of the tree the sapwood is wide. It saws indifferently well,
+ splits badly; it is hard to plane; it is said to be termite-proof. The
+ wood is hard and tough.
+
+ The tree is a light-loving but not soil-improving species, except in
+ so far as the root globules take up nitrogen and free it for the use
+ of other plants. Naturally, generation is none too good. Root suckers
+ appear to some extent; it sprouts most readily from the stump. Perhaps
+ the lack of young self-sown seedlings is due to the fact that the
+ seeds are largely used by the natives. In a few places small
+ plantations have been made with this tree. It is very fire-resisting,
+ and apparently the fruit-bearing capacity of the tree is not reduced
+ to any extent by the prevalence of the annual grass-fires in the
+ localities where it is found. During the whole of its life it is a
+ slow-growing tree.
+
+ The yellow pulp in the pods is eaten by the natives. The bark at the
+ base of the tree is chipped off and used for making a tonic when
+ infused with water. The tree is occasionally used locally as a house-
+ building timber; for this purpose it is used chiefly as uprights in
+ the main buildings.
+
+ The timber has not been tried for export, and it is doubtful whether
+ its size warrants its use for this purpose.
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thonningii_. Angular Pod. Aridan (Yoruba); Igmikkia
+ (fruit), Ikhememi (tree) (Benin); Osshosha (Ibo, Asaba).
+
+ The dark-green feathery foliage on its oval crown is very typical of
+ this tree, especially when it is found near a roadside in the mixed
+ forests. It is also often found on river banks at the edge of the dry
+ zone or in other parts of the mixed forests. The indehiscent pods with
+ four edges, leaving practically no centre, are most typical of the
+ tree; they are shiny and have a peculiar medicinal smell. The fruit is
+ known as Igmikkia, by which name the tree is most usually called by
+ Europeans, in the Benin country.
+
+ The tree is prevalent in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Oyo, Benin, Onitsha,
+ Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a shade-bearer and thoroughly protects the ground all the year
+ round, except for about two weeks when the leaves fall. Natural
+ regeneration does not appear to be good, seedlings being rarely found,
+ and no plantations have been made with it, though if of more value it
+ might be mixed with teak. The seeds always command a ready sale at a
+ low price.
+
+ The wood is hard, brown, and splits badly. No use has yet been found
+ for it. It is sometimes cross-grained, the sapwood white.
+
+ The natives use the timber for making doors, window-frames and
+ benches. The seeds are sold in the Yoruba, Benin and Ibo markets; they
+ are cooked for soup, which acts as a slight aperient or is of other
+ medicinal value.
+
+ _Millettia Thonningii_ (Baker). Ito (Yoruba); Ebakwe (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. It is a
+ small tree really, reaching a girth of only 4 feet, with a short bole
+ and a few somewhat slender and drooping branches. The twigs and new
+ leaves are distinctly of weeping habit. In February, in the mixed
+ forest, the bare tree shows up with its beautiful clusters of lilac-
+ coloured, pea-shaped flowers, and later in delicate contrast to the
+ fresh, light-green leaves. The trunk is usually not quite straight,
+ being bent about 8 or 10 feet from the ground. The bark is smooth,
+ thin, and almost of a silvery-grey colour. The branches are very
+ whippy and difficult to break.
+
+ _Timber._—The wide sapwood is white and the narrow heartwood green-
+ brown when freshly cut. It is very hard, of fine grain and texture,
+ and planes with a smooth surface. It does not split; is very rough and
+ flexible.
+
+ It is a shade-bearer and grows slowly. The fruit is a small black and
+ pointed pod which opens when ripe, having about three or four beans
+ inside. It is easily killed by fire, but sprouts freely from the
+ stool. It does not crack nor warp.
+
+ It has not been exported nor cut for local use, but it should be a
+ good wood for turnery.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is used for knives and axe-handles.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61.—=Base of Bilinga (Afzelia Africana), 14 feet in
+girth, Dajopa Forest Reserve Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62.—=Shea Butter (Butyrospermum Parkii), 7 feet in
+girth, near Oniloku Road, Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63.—=Afara (Terminalia superba), base of mature tree
+over 12 feet in girth, Olokemeji Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64.—=Afzelia Africana, 14 feet in girth, showing
+bole and usual fork, Ijaiye Range, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]
+
+ To face p. 284.
+
+ _Cynometra Afzelii_. Waterside Cynometra. Akushunmajadin, Alade
+ (Ikale); Iku (seeds), Aka, Eggi (Yoruba); Ogabezzi, Ogikiomi Upakeka
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Benin province of Nigeria. On the whole it
+ is smaller than _C. Mannii_, though it has a similar habit. It grows,
+ too, in similar localities, though for the most part it is confined to
+ the evergreen forest zone. It also grows more or less in gregarious
+ groups. The shade of this species is just as dense, if not denser than
+ that of the foregoing. The leaf of the Cynometra is distinguishable
+ from most other leaves because the mid-rib of it is placed towards the
+ inner or almost straight-sided edge of the leaf. In fact, if two
+ leaves are held closely together, they almost look as if they were one
+ which had been cut in half. Benin natives have no use for this tree
+ except as firewood.
+
+ _Cynometra Mannii_. Waterside Cynometra. Ekkun (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a common tree on the banks of streams in the Ibadan and Abeokuta
+ provinces of Nigeria. One of the most characteristic features of this
+ tree is the pinkish-red colour of the fresh leaves, hanging at the
+ ends of the drooping branches. In November each year the large,
+ corrugated, single bean in each almost indehiscent pod is another
+ curious feature of this tree. The trunk is usually short—in fact,
+ often divided into three or four separate stems, almost at the base.
+ Narrow fringes consisting almost entirely of this species are found on
+ river banks. The dense shade cast by this tree prevents any other
+ species from growing underneath. The timber is hard and difficult to
+ split, and apparently it is not attacked by white ants. The tree is a
+ shade-bearer. Natural reproduction from the seed is good, it being
+ distributed often by water. It also sprouts from the stump. A few root
+ shoots also appear. The tree has not been cut for local use nor has it
+ been used for export. The natives use the wood for making posts and
+ doors.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_. African Greenheart. Osho, Aja, Iji (Il.),
+ Ajaigi (Yoruba); Okan (Benin).
+
+ _Distribution._—In the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri, Calabar
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a very large tree of the evergreen
+ forest zone, attaining a height of 200 feet and a girth of 30 feet. It
+ is armed in its earlier growth up to the pole stage, when all the
+ brown thorns disappear. Its long, brown pods, up to 3 feet long and 1½
+ inches wide, opening from one side only, with their long, thin, papery
+ seeds, are most typical of the tree.
+
+ Compared to its size the bark is thin, and in old age it is inclined
+ to scale off in small pieces. In the distance it looks practically
+ smooth. This is one of the most gigantic and impressive trees of the
+ forest, with its enormous bole stretching cylindrically up amongst and
+ over the other trees, with a large, widespreading, somewhat flatly
+ shaped spherical crown. The leaves are pinnate, with three of four
+ pairs of little ovate pinnæ, with one odd one at the end. The flowers
+ are minute, forming little, thin, knitting-needle-thick spikes of
+ yellow bloom. These last only a few days, and only once in thirteen
+ years have I seen the flower. The tree and pod are unmistakable, even
+ when it is a large one. The numerous brown pods hang down amongst the
+ foliage and appear to be much longer than those of any other
+ Leguminous tree. This feature alone distinguishes it from any similar
+ species. The bole divides up into a few large limbs and many small
+ branches, making the foliage lighter and thinner than many other
+ Leguminous trees, but not so thin as that of _Piptadenia Africana_.
+ The root spurns are very slight and rounded, merging into the bole of
+ the tree 1 foot to 3 feet above the surface of the ground. At the base
+ of the bole the bark is sometimes cut off by the natives for “Ju-ju”
+ purposes, and then an additional swelling appears there.
+
+ The sapwood is white and narrow, the heartwood greenish-brown when
+ fresh, and yellowish-brown after it has lain in the forest for a few
+ years. It is very hard—in fact, one of the very hardest of African
+ timbers. Under cover it is very durable. In the open it does not last
+ so long. It is termite-proof. The sapwood, however, rots in the open,
+ and the heartwood softens very considerably. It is somewhat fibrous,
+ but it planes up well, with a smooth surface. It does not take nails,
+ saws well, and splits moderately well. It has considerable elasticity.
+ It makes a very hot-burning firewood, but is inclined to crackle and
+ make sparks.
+
+ It is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be fair, but the
+ seeds are often eaten by little boring insects, soon after they fall
+ to the ground. It appears to be rather exacting as to soil, liking a
+ deep, moist loam sand with good drainage. It is scarcely a fire-
+ resisting tree, but very storm firm—in fact, one of the safest trees.
+
+ In 1906 sample logs of this tree were sold in the Liverpool market as
+ African Greenheart at 1s. 8d. per cubic foot, and were stated to be
+ good greenheart. Since then none has been cut or shipped to England.
+ With the exception of its use for verandah-posts for a public building
+ in Benin city, it has not been cut or sawn up in planks for local use.
+ Considering the comparatively large quantity available, it deserves a
+ fair trial both for export and local use, more especially for heavy
+ constructional work, such as bridges, piles, uprights.
+
+ Amongst the Benis it is sometimes a “Ju-ju” tree, and is said to
+ impart strength.
+
+ _Leptoderris_.
+
+ Owerri province of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized tree found growing
+ near the Imo River, but not very common. It has a hard wood.
+
+ _Baphia nitida_ (Afz.). Awenu or Irosun. Borri Borri (Yoruba); Otwa
+ (Benin); Ubara (Efik).
+
+ Is a small tree, which is usually found near villages, being left by
+ the natives when land is cleared. The white flowers are almost of pea
+ shape. It has a small leaf, and does not usually get any larger than
+ about four inches in diameter.
+
+ It is found in the Ondo, Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ The real Camwood of commerce.
+
+ It is very slow-growing, and is not a hard wood, with dark-red
+ heartwood of small size in proportion to the size of tree. It forms
+ late, too. If the stem is wounded, even the sapwood becomes a rich red
+ colour like the heartwood.
+
+ The probable origin of the word “Camwood” is taken from the Timani
+ name, Cam, of the _Baphia nitida_ tree in Sierra Leone. From another
+ point of view this is all the more interesting, as the original
+ exports of Camwood were made from Sierra Leone in the early part of
+ the nineteenth century, and this name “Cam” brings together the tree
+ from which the Camwood is obtained and the tree botanically known as
+ _Baphia nitida_.
+
+ _Native Use._—A piece of the wood and a leaf are placed on the ground
+ where a woman has borne a child, whether it be on a road or in the
+ house. Not used in Benin as a dyewood.
+
+ _Baphia polygalacea_. Walking-stick Camwood. Asana, Ossusu (Yoruba);
+ Aswen (Benin); Mbomokuku (Efik).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ A small tree of typical Baphia habit, which is common in parts of the
+ Benin district of the same named province. It has considerable
+ elasticity, though it dries rather hard and does not give much in that
+ state. It is a rather slow-growing tree, which lights the shade of the
+ forest, and is also a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural
+ regeneration appears to be good in several places. It sprouts slightly
+ from the stump, when felled. No plantations have yet been made with
+ this tree. The walking-sticks have not been exported to England for
+ trial in the market.
+
+ The curiously shaped single root, sticking out almost at right angles
+ to the stem, makes a good walking-stick; it is curved as well
+ slightly, too. When the bark is peeled off and the stem partially
+ charred, it looks very effective.
+
+ _Baphia pubescens_. Benin Camwood. Awewi (Lagos) (Yoruba); Ositwa
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a small tree, 30 feet high and 3 feet in girth, with usually
+ half the bole sapwood white, and dark-red heartwood, which is hard and
+ close-grained. The flowers are white, with yellow tips to the two
+ petals. It is often seen just outside villages, or where two paths
+ meet.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is not used for dye, though apparently the wood is
+ just as suitable as _B. nitida_.
+
+ _Baphia sp._ Camwood. Mogbara (Yoruba, Ikale); Owe, Aswen (Benin).
+
+ It has also been determined as _Carpolobia lutea_, and as one of the
+ Oleaceæ.
+
+ It is a shrub with a stem of about 4 feet in height. The fruit is a
+ small nut containing three small kernels. The wood is very hard.
+
+ _Native Use._—The seeds are eaten.
+
+ _Macrolobium palisoti_. Ogaba (Benin); Nya (Efik).
+
+ It is a common tree of the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Warri, Benin,
+ Owarri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It only reaches a girth of
+ about 2 feet and a height of 20 feet. The leaf has two pairs of pinnæ,
+ with one end leaflet. The small pod containing two or three flat seeds
+ is most typical of this tree; the seeds are ¾ inch in diameter and of
+ a dark-brown colour; the flowers are white; the timber is cross-
+ grained and rather hard; the sapwood is white and the heartwood of a
+ dark brown. The tree is a shade-bearer, soil-protecting and improving.
+ It is usually found amongst the undergrowth in the thicker parts of
+ the evergreen forest zone. Natural regeneration is usually good. The
+ wood is used locally in the Yoruba and Benin country for posts; it has
+ not been sawn up for planks, nor has it been exported to England.
+
+ _Macrolobium stipulaceæ_.
+
+ It was stated it was found in the Calabar province.
+
+ _Nr. Macrolobium sp._ Ogabeszi (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a small tree of
+ the evergreen forest zone. The foliage is very dense. The tree has a
+ short bole of about 15 feet, and the crown is much branched; the pod
+ is rather larger than _Macrolobium palisoti_. According to the
+ natives, this is the “Ogaba” of the waterside. The timber has not been
+ exported to Europe, nor do the natives use this somewhat hard wood to
+ any extent.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_. Pulley Wood, Velvet Tamarind. Awin (Ib.) (Yoruba);
+ Ohiorme (Benin); Amoyin (Egba).
+
+ It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin, Calabar and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria. In the mixed deciduous forests it is very
+ prevalent in certain localities. Of medium size, it rarely exceeds a
+ girth of 5 feet. Where found, it often comprises over 10 per cent. of
+ the standing stock of the forest.
+
+ The wood is used for small boats in Senegal. It exudes a red-coloured
+ sap in small quantities.
+
+ The fruit, with its flat and round, velvety little pods, is most
+ typical of this tree. These are of a very dark chocolate colour, and
+ in the distance appear almost black. The bole is usually silver-grey.
+ The slash is light-red, and the reddish, latex-like substance exudes
+ when the bark is cut. The crown is dense and compressed, being mainly
+ made up of a number of small branches. In proportion the leaves are
+ small and make a very dense foliage. The rusty-red slashing marks, or
+ other marks caused by damage to the trunk of the tree, show up most
+ distinctively, especially against the grey surface of the cortex, are
+ one of the most distinguishing features of this tree.
+
+ The sapwood is white, the heartwood is dull-red, rather larger in
+ proportion than we should suspect, compared with the size of the tree.
+ It is hard and tough, and does not split well. It planes up, however,
+ with a smooth surface, is very durable and termite-proof. It does not
+ take nails well, but saws fairly easily.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be good. It
+ appears to be a little exacting in regard to soil. It is slightly
+ fire-resisting, chiefly, perhaps, owing to the fact that few weeds or
+ grass grow in its shade. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+ It bears a good crop of fruit almost every year.
+
+ It has not been felled for export, nor has the timber been sawn up for
+ local use. It was formerly used in the Congo for pulley-blocks, for
+ which purpose it is said to be admirably suited. Amongst the natives
+ it is sometimes used for house-building.
+
+ _Nr. Newtonia_. Boji Albizzia or Giant Pod.
+
+ It is rather an uncommon tree of the Boji Hills forest; the enormous
+ flat, papery pod makes it easily distinguishable from any other tree.
+
+ The pod is about 15 inches long and 9 inches wide, with a slight
+ depression in the middle of one side.
+
+ _Pithycolobium altissimum_. Bent Pod or Gambia Pod.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, found at the edge of swamps near the sea
+ coast in the evergreen forest zone. It appears to stand a waterlogged
+ soil.
+
+ The pods are used for tanning hides and making ink (Moloney). It has
+ curious semicircular pods, which are typical of the tree, containing
+ eight to ten seeds.
+
+ _Afzelia sp._ Waterside Ekpagoize. Ekpagoize (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized
+ tree, reaching a girth of 7 feet and a bole length of 40 feet.
+
+ This tree has often been confused botanically with _Berlinia
+ acuminata_, but it is undoubtedly an Afzelia. The flowers are of a
+ reddish colour and very pretty; the foliage is not quite so heavy as
+ that of the other Afzelias; the pod is rather smaller than that of
+ either _Afzelia Africana_ or _Afzelia cuanzensis_. The wood is a
+ reddish-brown colour, a little cross-grained, but more durable than
+ the other Afzelias. It does not split well, and can only be planed
+ with difficulty; the grain is very coarse and fibrous. Samples of this
+ timber have been shipped to England and sold as red oak. The natives
+ scarcely ever use the wood, partly because the tree is not very
+ prevalent.
+
+ _Afzelia cuanzensis_. Bilinga, Red-arilled Afzelia. Aiyo (Yoruba);
+ Aligna (Benin); Igbin (Brass); Onuru, Oshoshi (Ibo, Owerri); Mbarakun
+ (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ It is found in the Benin, Ondo, Abeokuta, Calabar, Owerri and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, with a pod, which is usually slightly
+ crumpled or bent, containing about six or eight black nuts, with a red
+ aril at the base, and each nut is pointed more, and less rounded, than
+ in _A. Africana_. On the whole it is found more in the deciduous mixed
+ forest than on the edge or in the dry-zone forest region, where _A.
+ Africana_ abounds. The bark does not scale oft so much as that of _A.
+ Africana_. It stands more shade than _A. Africana_. It does not reach
+ such large dimensions, though logs up to 18 inches square and 24 feet
+ in length could be obtained.
+
+ Up to the present the tree has not been cut to the same extent as _A.
+ Africana_, though the wood is very similar and apparently just as
+ durable.
+
+ No separate report has been made on the timber as to its value in the
+ European markets.
+
+ _Afzelia bella_. Calabar Afzelia. Aligna (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Calabar province of Nigeria. It is more common in
+ the Cameroons.
+
+ It is a small tree, with large white flowers with a pretty, reddish
+ streak in each petal. The pod is of usual Afzelia size and appears
+ rather large for the size of the tree. The type specimen stands on the
+ Calabar Golf Course, between the seventh and eighth holes. It is
+ apparently uncommon, though more may be found on closer study of the
+ forests. The fruits appear to have the same qualities as those of
+ other Afzelias. In Nigeria it has so far not been utilized. The bark
+ is not so scaly as that of _A. Africana_.
+
+ _Afzelia pachyloba_ (_nov. sp._). Forest Afzelia or Yellow Aril. Apa
+ (Yoruba); Orodo (Benin).
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, with long, pointed nuts with a bright
+ sulphur-coloured aril instead of the orange-colour of Africana or red
+ of Cuanzensis. It does not appear to be such a common tree as _A.
+ Africana_, but much the same number of trees as that of _A.
+ cuanzensis_.
+
+ It is found in the evergreen forests of Ondo, Benin and Abeokuta
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood is brown. It is very hard,
+ almost as hard as Lophira, according to the natives. Self-sown
+ seedlings do not appear in large numbers.
+
+ It is used for similar purposes as _A. Africana_. It is a shade-
+ bearing and soil-improving tree.
+
+ No separate report has been made on the timber, and so far it has not
+ been exported to the English markets.
+
+ This may be the tree which yielded the so-called teak in the Benin
+ forests some years ago, and fetched a price of 5d. per foot
+ superficial.
+
+ The bark scales off in a similar way to _Afzelia Africana_.
+
+ _Afzelia bracteata_ (T. Vogel). Benin Bilinga. Ekpagoize (Benin).
+
+ It has a red flower, is found in the Benin province, but is apparently
+ rather rare.
+
+ The Benin name indicates that it is the Ekpagoi or Berlinia of the
+ waterside. It is usually found near or on the bank of a stream. It is
+ a large tree, which is otherwise similar to the other Afzelias.
+
+ The natives have apparently not tried it for building purposes.
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_. Yoruba Bilinga. Apa (Yoruba); Olokokima, Aligna
+ (Benin); Ayibukpo (Efik); Adja, Arachi (Asaba Ibo).
+
+ _Trade Name._—Bilinga, similar wood from the French Congo, so named
+ for some years.
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Onitsha and
+ Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ The round, orange-coloured aril at the base of the black nut is
+ typical of this tree. It sometimes has a reddish tinge, but it is
+ always round and completely surrounds the base of the nut, in
+ contradistinction to _A. cuanzensis_, in which the aril is red and
+ pointed and much thinner in build.
+
+ The spherically-shaped crown with its flattish top is most typical of
+ this tree. The largish leaves and the paucity of their number make the
+ foliage open, so that daylight can be seen through it. In the distance
+ it appears dense.
+
+ The sapwood is white, and the heartwood a rich oak-brown colour. It is
+ one of the most durable West African timbers. It planes well and can
+ be worked up with a good finish. It does not split well. It is
+ obtainable in logs up to 30 inches square and 30 feet in length.
+
+ Though slow in growth it would average that of many European trees. It
+ stands a good deal of shade in its youth, but it is really more of a
+ light lover than a shade-bearer. Self-sown seedlings are few;
+ apparently rodents eat them. In a similar way it is difficult to make
+ a plantation, many being eaten or dying in the transplanting. One of
+ the most successful methods evolved is that of sowing seeds in lines
+ about 4 feet apart; a large number then come up and provide ample for
+ a crop on the same land. They are not transplanted. When of middle age
+ it will stand fire and the shade of the tree keeps the ground moist.
+
+ It is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree; good crops of seeds
+ are borne almost every year. The flowers are reddish, with white edges
+ to the petals. The reddish tinge is quite distinctive in this genus,
+ the white being that of Berlinia.
+
+ The bark drops off in large scales in places on the trunk towards
+ middle and old age, in a similar fashion to the European plane.
+ However, they do not leave the stem as smooth, though the lighter
+ patches where the bark falls off brighten the bole up and make it
+ quite distinctive amongst the other trees.
+
+ The timber has been constantly used by the P.W.D. at Onitsha. In the
+ Liverpool market it was stated that it might be marketable as oak, at
+ a low figure, in 1906. A similar species was being shipped from Gaboon
+ in 1914 and fetched a fair price.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_ (Oliv.). East Indian Walnut. Ayinre langara,
+ Ayinre ogo (Eg.) (Yoruba); Uwowe Lugu, Uwowelabafun (Benin); Uyat
+ (Efik).
+
+ It is a large tree, up to 7 feet in girth and of corresponding height.
+ Fruit narrower than _A. sp._; only half an inch, with four or five
+ seeds in each. This species has the most durable wood of all the
+ Albizzias, but is not termite-proof, and has heartwood of a brown
+ colour and white sapwood. The smallest leaf of all the Albizzias is
+ met with in this tree, having very fine pinnæ.
+
+ Although not indigenous to Africa, it is now found almost everywhere
+ in all the mixed deciduous forests of the Southern Provinces of
+ Nigeria. The bark is rather rougher than that of _A. Brownii_. The
+ basal root spurns are narrower, though they do not project more than 2
+ feet up the stem. On the whole the foliage is thicker, and the crown
+ gives the appearance of being a little denser and not so feathery as
+ that of _A. Brownii_.
+
+ The wood planes well, splits fairly easily, takes nails and saws well.
+ It is what the carpenters would call a wood easy to work. The grain is
+ of fine texture and has a certain amount of lustre.
+
+ It is a fast-growing, light-loving tree, which does not protect the
+ soil. The leaves, however, form a rich humus, which enriches the soil.
+ Natural regeneration appears to be good, and with the spread of farms
+ this tree tends to increase its area of distribution. It will stand a
+ little shade in its youth. A few plantations have been made with this
+ tree.
+
+ Up to the present the timber has not been exported, but deserves a
+ trial as an African Walnut, though it is difficult to obtain large-
+ sized logs. It has occasionally been cut for local use. It is used by
+ the natives for firewood, and occasionally, when split, for temporary
+ house-building in the farms.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownii_. African Walnut. Ayinre, Ayinre Bona Bona (Yoruba);
+ Owewe nolemare, Ikpawudu (Benin).
+
+ It is a large tree, up to 7 feet in girth, with wide fruit 2 inches
+ across, containing four or five seeds. There are three or four pairs
+ of pinnæ to each leaf, which is the largest of all the Albizzia
+ leaves. The heartwood is more like walnut in colour, though of course
+ softer and with more open grain. It could no doubt, however, be used
+ as a substitute for walnut.
+
+ It is a common tree in the mixed deciduous forests of the Abeokuta,
+ Ibadan, Benin, Owerri, and Ogoja provinces, where it is tending to
+ widen its area of distribution with the spread of cultivation.
+
+ The fruit is very papery and almost transparent. It is rather larger
+ than _Albizzia sp._, Shemusholoshi, but of about the same length. Its
+ smooth, almost orange-coloured bark in the earlier stages is almost
+ typical of the tree. As it gets older, a somewhat more corky bark
+ forms in large scales which can be stripped off. The lop-sided shape
+ of the pinnæ is very typical of the tree, making the leaves look
+ almost like those of a true Gum Copal. The main vein is near the
+ straighter side of the leaf.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood a mahogany brown. It has rather
+ an open grain, but a good deal of lustre, and is easily worked. It
+ planes well and takes nails easily. It splits fairly well and saws
+ quite easily. It is not quite so durable as _A. fastigiata_, but it is
+ more durable than the other Albizzias, except _A. sp._, Shemusholoshi.
+ It is not termite-proof. It has considerable tensile strength compared
+ to the other species, and a certain amount of elasticity.
+
+ It is the fastest growing of all the Albizzias and a light-loving
+ tree. It scarcely protects the soil, but the leaf fall makes a good
+ humus. It stands a little shade in its youth. Natural regeneration is
+ very prolific. No plantations have been made with this tree. It
+ appears to be a little more exacting as to soil than the other
+ Albizzias, but will grow on almost any soil.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, but deserves a trial as a substitute
+ for walnut. Owing to the fact that there are considerable supplies,
+ and that it reaches a size to produce logs of the requisite
+ dimensions, it appears to offer some possibilities as an export wood.
+ Locally it has often been used for cutting up into planks, and is
+ liked among the Yorubas for this purpose. In other places it has been
+ used as a house-building wood, as well as for firewood. It has also
+ been used for making beams, planks and doors. The roots, leaves and
+ bark have been used amongst the Yorubas for medicinal purposes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 65.—=Khaya Ivoriensis, 14 feet 8 inches in girth,
+Ilaro Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 66.—=Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), 8 feet in girth,
+standing in Ilaro Forest Reserve after forest was cleared.=]
+
+ To face p. 294.
+
+ _Albizzia sp._ Walnut. Owewe nolemare (Benin); Ayinre (Yoruba);
+ Semusholoshi (Jebu); Akkihien, also Owewe lagebon (Benin).
+
+ According to Mr. H. N. Thompson, Chief Conservator of Forests in
+ Nigeria, who has seen the fruit of this tree, it is most certainly an
+ Albizzia.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It has been described by a German as not
+ unlike a solitary-standing pine, with its dark foliage of small
+ pinnate leaves, which are larger than _Piptadenia Africana_ and yet
+ smaller than _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_. In the above description it is
+ very similar in habit to _Piptadenia Kerstingii_. The dark brown bark,
+ which is roughish, is light-brown on the upper part of the stem. The
+ crown is flat, consisting of two or three wide, outspreading branches.
+ It has the usual flat, papery pod. The leaves are used by the Benin
+ people for soup.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Timber._—It is fairly close-grained, though not nearly so hard as
+ either _Piptadenia Africana_ or _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_.
+
+ _Use._—The Yorubas use the bark medicinally as a stomachic, and the
+ trunk is usually swollen at the base owing to the cortex being removed
+ so often.
+
+ _Albizzia rhombifolia_. Walnut. Ayinre, Ayinre langara, Ayinre ogo
+ (Yoruba); Owowe (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Ibadan and Benin provinces of Nigeria, in the mixed
+ deciduous forests, where it is quite prevalent. It is a medium-sized
+ tree, attaining a girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of 30 feet.
+ It is commonly seen in old farms, and usually more than one is found
+ in the same locality. The thin, yellow, spiky flowers are rather
+ pretty. The fruit is rather smaller than that of the other species.
+
+ The sapwood is white, and the heartwood is a light yellow-green. It is
+ soft and not very durable; it is attacked by white ants (termites).
+ However, it saws well, planes well, takes nails easily and splits
+ moderately well. It can be cut into good-sized planks.
+
+ Timber, yellowish-green, and yields large planks.
+
+ It is a fast-growing, light-loving tree, which scarcely protects the
+ soil, and only slightly improves it with its leaf fall. Natural
+ regeneration is good, the seedlings growing up rapidly in any open
+ place in the mixed deciduous forests.
+
+ The timber has not been tried for export, nor has it been used to any
+ extent for local use. It deserves a further trial both as an export
+ wood and as a wood for local floor-boards. Its qualities are far from
+ properly known.
+
+ Among the natives it is used as firewood.
+
+ _Albizzia sp._ Walnut. Ayinre Ayinre, Ayinretta (Yoruba); Ikpawudu,
+ Owawelugu (Benin).
+
+ It is a large tree, up to 6 feet in girth. It has rather narrower
+ pinnæ, but of similar round shape to _A. Brownii_.
+
+ It is a common tree of the mixed deciduous forests in the Abeokuta,
+ Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Onitsha, Owerri and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ The root spurns are very small. The bark gets rougher than that of _A.
+ Brownii_ in old age, the crown is longer and more feathery, and the
+ leaves appear to be more of a silvery green.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood is of a yellowish-brown colour,
+ tending to become a light brown when exposed to the air. It is
+ comparatively soft; is not termite-proof. It is easy to work, planing
+ and sawing well, and taking nails easily and splitting fairly well. It
+ is, however, less durable than _A. Brownii_ or _fastigiata_. When
+ split and dried it is more durable than when cut up in the ordinary
+ way. The wood hardens very considerably on exposure to the sun.
+
+ It is a light-loving, fast-growing tree. It scarcely protects the
+ soil, but the leaf fall enriches it. Natural regeneration appears to
+ be good. It tends to spread with the increase of farms, more
+ especially on the poorer laterite soils. A few plantations have been
+ made with this tree. The volume of produce per acre is less than in
+ the case of _A. Brownii_, but apparently greater than any of the
+ others. It is less rapidly growing than _A. Brownii_, but faster than
+ the others.
+
+ The timber has not been used for export, and it is doubtful if it
+ would repay the cost. Locally it has been used for planks, but it is
+ not liked so much as that of _A. Brownii_ or _fastigiata_. By the
+ local people it is used for firewood, and occasionally for building
+ temporary houses.
+
+ _Anglocalyx ramiflorus_ (Taub). Ekiyawa (Benin).
+
+ It is a large tree, attaining a girth of 8 feet, but the trunk is not
+ over-long in proportion. It is a shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. The bark is a dark olive-green and smooth. It is
+ found in the Benin province of Nigeria. Natural regeneration appears
+ to be poor. The wood is yellowish-brown and floats when quite dry. The
+ timber was valued at nothing in 1906 and stated to be a whitewood in
+ the Liverpool market.
+
+ _Native Use._—None.
+
+ _Ostryoderris impressa_. White Oak. Awaw or Erumacie (Yoruba); Ori,
+ Ehrurumesi, Erurunuesi, Awaw, (Usshin) (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Benin, Owerri and Abeokuta
+ provinces of Nigeria. To be seen along the Benin-Siluku Road, as also
+ in the Badagry district on the Ayobo-Osuke Road.
+
+ It is a straight-boled, tall tree, with flattish crown made up of few
+ straight branches with large pinnate leaves, making it appear flatter
+ than it really is. The bark is slightly scaly with fine fissures. The
+ slash is red, exuding a red latex. It reaches a height of 150 feet
+ with a girth of 12 feet. The white, papery, pointed, flat, lozenge-
+ shaped fruit, with a small kidney-shaped seed attached to the centre
+ of the surface of one side, is most typical of the tree. The spurns
+ are almost non-existent, so that the tree can be felled near the
+ ground without trouble.
+
+ The timber is white in the sap and brown-white in the heartwood, but
+ not over-hard, very tough and not splitting easily. It is hard to
+ fell, being very flexible. It planes moderately well. The colour
+ darkens with age.
+
+ It is a light-loving tree after the first few years. It grows
+ moderately rapidly. It is a soil-improving and covering tree. Natural
+ regeneration appears poor, though many seeds are usually seen on the
+ ground. Insects appear to eat them rapidly. No plantations have been
+ made with this tree, but experiments would show whether it grows well
+ from seed.
+
+ In 1906 a sample log was exported and sold in the Liverpool market as
+ white oak at 2s. per cubic foot, and it was recommended for shipment
+ by the brokers.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is used as posts for frames on which yams are tied in
+ the Benin farms. In temporary houses, small trees are trimmed and
+ squared for the forming of the walls, instead of dried mud.
+
+ _Dalbergia saxatilis_. West African Blackwood (?). Awow (Benin).
+
+ It is a small tree of the mixed deciduous forest of Benin; it is
+ occasionally used by the natives for hoe and axe handles.
+
+ _Dalbergia sp._ West African Blackwood. Emosobegan, Paran (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Dalbergia sp._ North Benin Blackwood.
+
+ This is found near Aroko, in the Onitsha province, and near Ishoka, in
+ the Benin province. It is a small tree with very hard wood. In habit
+ very similar to _Ormosia laxiflora_, with its orange-coloured bark,
+ which is rougher than _O. laxiflora_ and not so scaly. The wood is
+ used for axe and hoe handles by the natives.
+
+ _Dalbergia hostilis_ (Benth.). Yoruba Blackwood. Ogan Oga (Yoruba).
+
+ This Dalbergia is fairly common in the Olokemeji Reserve, in the
+ Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Copaifera sp._ True Benin Gum Copal.
+
+ This tree is found near the Uhi, close to the source of the Ossiomo
+ River, Benin province. This apparently is rather an uncommon tree. The
+ Benin natives do not know how to tap the tree for gum, nor how to use
+ the gum.
+
+ _Cf. Copaifera_. Enyenewu. Enyenewu (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Copaifera sp._ Boji Hills Copaifera.
+
+ So far it has not been tapped for the gum, the local people apparently
+ not knowing its value.
+
+ _Bauhinia rufescens_ (Kew).
+
+ Found in the Oyo province.
+
+ _Bauhinia reticulata_ (D.C.). Dry-zone Bauhinia. Abafe (Yoruba).
+
+ This Bauhinia grows in dry, open country. It is a small, spreading
+ tree bearing white flowers.
+
+ _Uses._—The fibrous bark is used for tying, and an infusion from the
+ leaves is used in coagulating rubber latex. The stem is occasionally
+ used for making house-posts. It is a fire-resisting tree and shades
+ the soil.
+
+ _Bauhinia Thonningii_ (Schum.).
+
+ This is a small shrub-like tree of the upper part of the Benin
+ province of Nigeria. It is found near Agbede. It has red flowers. The
+ sap of this tree has sometimes been used for coagulating rubber.
+
+ _Physostigma venosum_. Calabar Bean or Ordeal Bean. Eseri (Efik).
+
+ It is found growing in the Calabar district. The seed is poisonous;
+ used in ordeals and medicinally.
+
+ The most noticeable feature is the furrow (about ⅛ inch wide and deep)
+ in the upper side of the bean. None of the closely allied Mimosa
+ species show this peculiarity.
+
+ _Entada scandens_. Sword Bean, Match-box Bean, Mackay Bean. Kakoba,
+ Akhuro (seed) (Benin).
+
+ This large creeper is found in the Benin and Calabar provinces of
+ Nigeria. It is not very prevalent. The most remarkable features about
+ it are the stoutness of the stem, which attains a diameter of nearly 1
+ foot and the total length of over 100 feet, and its immense pod, which
+ is often over 3 feet in length. The pod is divided into segments, each
+ nearly 2 inches square, and each containing one large bean, almost a
+ square in shape, 1½ inches and nearly ¾ inch thick. These beans have
+ occasionally been used for making match-boxes, for which they are
+ admirably suited. The outer part of the stem of the creeper is very
+ rough and almost corrugated, especially near its base; the leaves are
+ very small, considering the size of the whole creeper. It is
+ comparatively slow-growing. It grows in the dense evergreen forest,
+ and when drawn taut over the first branches of one of the large trees
+ it is not unlike the bole of a small tree itself. When cut, the two
+ ends part with a bang, like the breaking of a ship’s hawser. The
+ natives use the smaller parts of the stem for fly-switches, for which
+ they are very good and durable. The creeper is, however, not
+ cultivated.
+
+ _Entada Soudanica_. Ogurohe (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Ibadan province.
+
+ _Entada Abyssinica_. Unwanwanis (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the upper part of the Benin province near Ishoka. It is
+ a large creeper with rather smaller bean than _E. scandens_. The beans
+ have been used for making small match-boxes in Europe. The natives
+ consider the bean a “Ju-ju.”
+
+ _Dioclea reflexa_. Ishe, Agbarin (Yoruba).
+
+ A climber, found in the Ibadan province.
+
+ _Mucuna urens_. Ox-eye Bean. Awipu (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces.
+
+ _Mucuna sp. Preussii_. Yerepe (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji Reserve and Benin province.
+
+ _Acacia pennata_ (Willd.). Acacia. Okwekwe (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the upper part of the Benin, Ibadan, Ogoja and Abeokuta
+ provinces. It is a small, scandent shrub with very sharp thorns, but
+ which yields one of the strongest fibres for making fishing lines or
+ native rope. It forms almost impenetrable masses which are very
+ unpleasant to go through without a matchet.
+
+ _Acacia Sieberiana_. African Rosewood. Sie (Yoruba).
+
+ This is a somewhat uncommon Acacia of the Oyo province of Nigeria.
+ Being of medium size, its very handsome racemes of yellow flowers show
+ up to great advantage. The bark is rough, the bole short, and usually
+ divided 8 or 10 feet from the ground. The sapwood is white and the
+ heartwood a rose-pink colour, which makes it not unlike the typical
+ rosewood of commerce. The heartwood is comparatively wide, and it is
+ very hard, durable and termite-proof. It saws well and splits
+ moderately easily, but does not take nails at all well. Reproduction
+ by seed is apparently poor; it sprouts fairly well from the stump. It
+ is a light-loving species, but being of the leguminous family it is a
+ soil-improving tree. The wood has not yet been exported, but locally
+ it has occasionally been used for house-building, the forked stem
+ being much appreciated by the natives.
+
+ _Acacia Farnesiana_ (Willd.). Farnesian Acacia. Bonni (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small tree
+ growing up to 6 feet in girth. It has a small pod containing eight
+ seeds inside. The inside of the pod is white and the seed is brown.
+ The flower is yellow, and is used by girls in decorating their ears.
+ Usually found in towns, where it is planted. The seeds are sold in the
+ market.
+
+ The timber is dark-red, surrounded by a narrow white sapwood. It is
+ hard, like ebony. The bark is very much fissured and peels off in
+ large scales.
+
+ The seeds of this tree and Jagiri are used with water for scraping the
+ leather for making the fells smooth. Sold at Itaku and Shapon markets.
+
+ _Acacia campylacantha_. Confectioner’s Gum or African Catechu. Ede
+ (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Oyo, Borgu, Niger, and Nassarawa
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a very common tree, growing almost everywhere in groups. The
+ stem is of a whitish to slight yellow colour, almost reminding one of
+ the larch, but the whole tree is armed with short, sharp thorns. It
+ reaches a girth of nearly 4 feet and a height of over 50 feet. The
+ slash is light-brown, and a pale, yellowish-pink gum exudes from it.
+ The tree usually forks about 20 or 30 feet from the ground, the other
+ branches being rather crooked in shape. In February or March a mass of
+ small yellow flowers appear, and in the autumn small pods cover the
+ tree. The sapwood is white, and the heartwood varies from a dull red-
+ brown to a rich, almost rosy red. In the latter case it is exceedingly
+ pretty wood. The wood is moderately hard; it splits and planes badly,
+ saws fairly well, and only takes nails indifferently. The wood dries
+ rather harder and is more durable than when freshly cut and than would
+ be expected. It is said to be termite-proof. A reddish colouring
+ matter exudes from the heartwood, but this feature is typical of the
+ cutch which is obtained from a similar tree in India.
+
+ Natural regeneration by seed appears to be good, hosts of young trees
+ being found near the older ones. In fact, in localities of low
+ rainfall it is tending to spread and fill up all vacant spaces after
+ the annual grass-fires have burnt all the vegetation. It is a light-
+ loving tree which does not protect the soil. The leaves are not unlike
+ conifer needles, and enrich the soil to a certain extent, more
+ especially as the tree is deciduous.
+
+ As a timber it has not been cut for export, but certainly the better-
+ coloured wood, and that which has been more slowly grown, deserve a
+ trial.
+
+ So far, the greatest use of this tree has been the production of the
+ pink-coloured transparent gum which is one of the best of the
+ confectioner’s gums in Great Britain. Very large quantities are
+ exported every year from the Northern Provinces. Large round tears or
+ lumps form on the stem of the tree when it is cut. Locally the tree is
+ used for house-building, but it is not considered a durable wood.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ (Mimoseæ).=
+
+ _Acacia ataxacantha_. Benin Rope Acacia. Ewon (Yoruba); Okwenkwen
+ (Benin).
+
+ A common creeper of the mixed deciduous zone. It is found in the
+ Abeokuta, Oyo, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Onitsha, Owerri, Calabar
+ and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is usually found growing in large impenetrable masses 3 to 4 feet
+ high. It is armed throughout with short but very sharp, bent prickles.
+
+ It often grows up in waste places where the bush has been cleared in
+ the mixed deciduous forest zone.
+
+ Both the Yorubas and Benis use the inside fibres of this creeper for
+ making a very strong kind of rope—in fact, it is the strongest of all
+ native-made ropes. It does not get so stiff or harsh as that made of
+ Eso from the _Firmania Barteri_.
+
+ _Distemonanthus Benthamianus_ (?) (Baill.). Alinyan (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Erythrina suberifera_ (Kew). Attagbo (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a moderately common tree of the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+ Its most distinguishing feature is the size of the leaf, which is
+ similar to the tulip-tree. It reaches a much larger size than _E.
+ Senegalensis_ and has a girth of over 6 feet. The bark is a dark duck-
+ egg-green colour, with a few white, shallow longitudinal fissures. The
+ prickles on the stem are more scattered and much larger than those of
+ _E. Senegalensis_. The slash is white and the bark thin when compared
+ to the size of the tree. The wood is white and soft, and not durable.
+ It cuts and saws easily, but does not plane well. It is a light-loving
+ tree which does not protect the soil. It has not been cut for local
+ use, nor for export. As a soft whitewood for interior use it ought to
+ find a local market.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ (Papilionaceæ).=
+
+ _Erythrina Senegalensis_ (D.C.). Coral-flower. Ologun she-she (Yoruba);
+ Esanigbakhehe, Ohehe (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the upper part of the Onitsha, Benin, Ondo,
+ Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. One of the most typical
+ features of this small tree are the small, pink, coral-like flowers
+ which appear in February. The tree is armed with a few thin but very
+ sharp thorns; the foliage is slight and open. On suckers or stool-
+ shoots the leaf is much larger and almost lyre-shaped. It is usually
+ found in waste places or in open clearings in the mixed deciduous
+ forest. It yields a soft wood which is not durable. It is sometimes
+ used for making fences.
+
+ _Tephrosia Ansellii_ (Hook). Boro (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Tephrosia Vogelii_ (H. K. F.). Fish-poison. Were, Igun, Laye Igu
+ (Yoruba).
+
+ This small shrub is apparently indigenous to Africa, but is usually
+ seen planted in the fields of the Abeokuta, Oyo, Benin, Owerri and
+ Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is not unlike a large upright vetch,
+ but with a strong, green stem, almost woody in growth. It reaches a
+ height of about 3 feet and flowers very profusely, and bears a large
+ number of pods, not unlike those of the runner bean. The plant is cut
+ down and placed in the water where it is desired to catch all the
+ fish, chiefly in stagnant pools of rivers or ponds. The effect of the
+ poison from it blinds and stupefies the fish so that they are easily
+ caught. Under the Game Preservation Ordinance, its use has been
+ prohibited, but with its widespread cultivation and general utility it
+ has been found very difficult to eradicate the custom or the plant.
+ Incidentally it is a very good green manuring crop for agricultural
+ land. However, most natives are unaware of this fact, and it is
+ usually only planted for the purpose of using it as a fish-poison.
+
+ _Burkea_.
+
+ A species of Burkea was found near the Oyan River in the Oyo province
+ of Nigeria.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sericeus_. African Wisteria. Ipapo, Apapo (Yoruba).
+
+ This tree is found in the Olokemeji, Ibadan, Ilesha and Calabar
+ districts. It is a medium-sized tree, which bears lilac-coloured
+ flowers. As the flowers appear before the leaves in the dry season, it
+ is then very ornamental, and is in fact one of the prettiest flowering
+ trees. The wood is very hard and the heartwood green when freshly cut.
+
+ _Timber._—This is not of much service.
+
+ _Uses._—Hoe-handles are made from the branches, and the bark is used
+ in medicine.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus sp._ Mamu Lonchocarpus.
+
+ Found in the Mamu Forest.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus cyanescens_. Yoruba Indigo. Elu or Ela (Yoruba).
+
+ This is one of the intermediate forest climbing shrubs, but has been
+ cultivated throughout the country.
+
+ _Uses._—The well-known Yoruba blue dye is made from the leaves. The
+ stem is sometimes used for house-building posts. It is a shade-
+ bearing, soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be poor.
+
+ _Cæsalpina Bonducella_. Shayo (Yoruba).
+
+ The bean of this creeper is used in games amongst the Yoruba boys.
+
+ _Mundulia suberosa_ (Benth.). Lakuta (Yoruba); Ugbehen (Benin).
+
+ It is rather an uncommon tree, found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the
+ Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small tree, a part of which is
+ used for killing fish.
+
+ _Indigofera hirsuta_. Indigo. Epa ile (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Mamu Reserve of the Ibadan province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Indigofera stenophylla_. Indigo. Aro Boro (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_. The Oil Bean. Apara (Yoruba); Opagga,
+ Ukpagga (Benin); Ataka (Ibo, Asaba); Opochala (Ibo, Niger).
+
+ It is a large-sized tree, reaching a girth of about 12 feet and a bole
+ length of 40 feet. The root spurns are very extensive and often reach
+ 4 or 5 feet up the stem, thus quite breaking up the base of the bole.
+ The bark at first is a light yellow-brown, darkening in old age to a
+ deep brown, and scaling off somewhat.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It has dense foliage and a heavy, branched
+ crown, and very flat pods about 1 foot long and up to 2½ inches broad,
+ containing seven or eight large, flat brown beans about 1 inch in
+ diameter and ¼ inch thick. The pods open with a loud report not unlike
+ the sound of a 12-bore gun.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Lower Province of Nigeria, near the
+ watercourses outside Abeokuta, Jebu, Ode, Benin, Onitsha, Owerri,
+ Calabar and Ogoja.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—The tree grows readily from self-sown or
+ artificially sown beans, as is seen in the Avenue at Benin City, which
+ was sown at stake in 1904. It bears pods in the twelfth year in the
+ open, but later in the forest. It is usually very prolific, bearing at
+ least some pods every year. The bole is not always very straight, and
+ it has a distinct tendency to form strong side branches, and the crown
+ is therefore a large oval one. The flowers are little yellow spike,
+ which are very inconspicuous; they are borne on the old wood rather on
+ the underside of the twig, in November or December and later. The tree
+ stands dense shade, and it thoroughly covers the ground and prevents
+ the growth of weeds.
+
+ It has a tendency to branch comparatively low down, when growing as an
+ avenue tree, and thus does not grow so tall. This, however, has an
+ advantage that the large pods have not so far to fall to the ground,
+ and thus are not so dangerous to passers-by. The oil-beans have been
+ collected and sold in England in small quantities.
+
+ The sapwood is of a dirty white colour and the heartwood of a dark
+ brown, forming comparatively early in the life of a tree. The wood is
+ very hard, but sometimes rather soft-grained, rather fibrous in
+ texture, and the pores are somewhat wide and deep. It does not plane
+ well, splits with difficulty; holes have to be made before nails can
+ be put into it, and it saws none too easily. It is very durable and
+ termite-proof. Considering its hard wood and comparatively early
+ production of seed, and the huge pods, it is by no means a slow-
+ growing tree. It reaches a height of 9 to 12 feet in twelve years. The
+ pod is the stoutest and largest, but not the longest, of all African
+ timber trees. The beans are collected in boxes and sold to the
+ factories at 6d. to 9d. each. To be made quite safe for eating they
+ have to be boiled nearly twelve hours, the outer husk of the bean
+ being rather hard, though not very thick. The future will alone show
+ whether this tree will prove of greater value for timber or oil
+ production.
+
+ _Uses._—The timber has been shipped to Europe and sold as greenheart
+ at 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d. per cubic foot. Locally, in the Benin City
+ district and elsewhere, it is used for making mortars for beating yams
+ and other food. The beans are eaten by the natives in most parts,
+ though they are not considered a delicacy. The empty pods are used
+ where firewood is scarce, as they burn well. It is, and has been, very
+ extensively used as a shade-tree for public roads in the Owerri
+ district, as well as in Afikpo and Benin. Some people object to the
+ falling pods, but it is an excellent shade-tree, especially in the dry
+ season, as it is an evergreen tree. It is a soil-protector, and would
+ do for underplanting or interplanting teak.
+
+ _Pterogopodium_. Agba, Pink Mahogany. Asokale, Asu Kole (Ikale); Asre
+ (Yoruba) (Egbado); Agba (Benin).
+
+ The scattering of the white flowers on the path or roadway is an
+ indication of the presence of the tree, quite apart from the wonderful
+ bole, exceeding nearly all others in cylindrical shape.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a very large forest tree, with clear
+ bole of 90 feet and open crown formed with two or three large,
+ upspreading limbs, flatly oval on the top. It is quite reminiscent of
+ an old elm in the shape of the crown. The single-seeded winged fruit
+ is most typical, no other species of Leguminoseæ having a similar seed
+ except the nearly related _Pterolobium_ (?). The bark is comparatively
+ thin, silvery-grey in colour, with a few more or less well-defined
+ ridges running horizontally round the trunk here and there. These are
+ most typical, and it is the only tree which shows them. In some places
+ they amount to small nodules of bark.
+
+ This tree is found commonly in the Benin and Ondo provinces of
+ Nigeria, where it is prevalent, and in the northern part of the Benin
+ province, and seen in almost gregarious patches in the secondary
+ forest. The slash is yellowish-white, and in the younger trees a dirty
+ pinkish sap exudes, but later on, especially from deep cuts, the gum
+ copal forms and gradually hardens into solid lumps of various size.
+
+ _Silvicultural Peculiarities._—It loves a deep soil with plenty of
+ moisture, which may even be flooded or partially waterlogged during
+ the rainy season. A chalky or limy soil seems to suit it best. It is a
+ fast-growing, light-loving tree, though it stands a little shade in
+ its youth. The light, feathery foliage does not shade the ground,
+ though when in falls it enriches it. The root spurns are most slight,
+ extending only from a few inches to 1 foot above the surface of the
+ ground; in fact, sometimes the trunk appears to come straight out of
+ the ground, like a round log on end. Natural regeneration is none too
+ good, but this is chiefly due to lack of light in the mixed forests.
+ No plantations have yet been made with this tree.
+
+ It has not been exported, but it deserves a trial as a furniture-wood
+ for drawing tables and office equipment generally. It is sawn up into
+ planks and boards at Koko Town, and contains a gum which makes the
+ saws stick a little. It makes a good, soft wood for table tops, of a
+ pinkish colour and clear, close grain. The gum is sold.
+
+ _Native Use._—It has been used for canoe making in the Ondo province.
+ The gum is used for an illuminant, and was at one time used entirely
+ for this purpose. In 1906 logs of this timber were sold in Liverpool
+ market as a kind of mahogany of light colour.
+
+ _Prosopis oblonga_. Yoruba Charcoal Wood.
+
+ It is found in the Ibadan and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, and may yet
+ be found in the Onitsha and northern part of the Benin provinces. On
+ the whole, it is not common, and is seen singly. Two typical specimens
+ of this tree stand in the Olokemeji Reserve Arboretum. It has small,
+ pinnate leaves, very much like tamarind, but they are almost silvery-
+ grey and hang down, instead of being green and rigid, as the tamarind.
+ The twigs and branches are very slight, compared to the thick ones of
+ the tamarind. The bark of the trunk is grey, too, with thin cortex,
+ which becomes slightly fissured in old age. The trunk is straight and
+ tall, compared to tamarind. The crown is longish and thin, with a few
+ small branches. It is somewhat feathery in habit and is delicate in
+ build compared to most dry-zone trees. It is one of the most typical
+ of dry-zone trees. The seed is small, about the size of apple-pips,
+ contained in a papery pod, from 1 inch to 1½ inches long. It stands
+ the annual grass-fires comparatively well, despite the fact that the
+ bark is none too thick.
+
+ _Timber._—Hard, white wood, termite-proof and very durable. The bark
+ is thin but rough, and small pieces can be pulled off with the
+ fingers. It is a deciduous tree, though it does not lose its leaves
+ for a long period. It is a light-loving tree, which does not protect
+ the soil, though the leaves (few as they are) make a good leaf-mould.
+ It is slow-growing, and does not reach a girth exceeding 5 feet.
+ Natural regeneration appears to be poor, but further observations on
+ this point may disclose more. No plantations have been made with this
+ tree, though, with its desirable qualities, some experiments seem to
+ be indicated. It does not sprout well from the stump, nor do any root
+ shoots appear before or after it is cut down.
+
+ It has not been exported, and has only been used occasionally locally.
+
+ _Use._—The timber has been used for sleepers in Togo, where it has
+ proved the most durable of all timbers for that purpose. In the Yoruba
+ country it has been used for making charcoal of the best kind for
+ iron-smelting.
+
+ _Detarium Senegalense_. Hard Mahogany. Ogwega (Benin).
+
+ This is none too prevalent a tree of the Benin and Ogoja provinces,
+ where it is found in the mixed forests. It reaches a girth of over 12
+ feet and a bole length of over 40 feet, but in proportion to its
+ height, the crown usually occupies more than half of it. The crown is
+ usually widespreading and spherical in shape. The fruit is like a
+ mango in form, but after the surface begins to decay, the fibres,
+ instead of being fine and all coming out from the central nut, as in
+ the mango, spread out vein-shaped all round the nut, starting more or
+ less as thick veins at the base, and then subdividing into thinner
+ ones, spreading round the nut in an irregular manner. The decaying
+ fruit has a most unpleasant, not to say distinguishing, smell.
+ However, this is more than compensated for by the pleasant taste of it
+ when served as stewed fruit.
+
+ The sapwood is whitish-yellow, and the heartwood brown-red. It is
+ hard, with somewhat fibrous grain, yet planes up with a good surface.
+ Takes nails, but does not split well. It is durable, and supposed to
+ be termite-proof, except for the sapwood, which the white ants often
+ destroy. It saws moderately easily. In older trees the wood sometimes
+ shows a little figure.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing tree and a shade-bearer, with soil-
+ protecting and soil-improving qualities. In fact, in most cases it is
+ only found on comparatively rich soil, and in this respect appears to
+ be more exacting than many other trees. Natural regeneration does not
+ appear to be very good, but this may be due to the fact that animals
+ eat the seeds. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+ mahogany at 2¾d. per superficial foot, 3s. per cubic foot. It was
+ reported to be of very hard texture, a dirty brown colour, and only
+ one log sold. Since that date, however, none has been exported. It has
+ not been felled for local use. The fruit can be stewed, and makes a
+ nice addition to the other African fruits.
+
+ _Native Use._—The shell of the nut is used for making prayer-beads and
+ strung on a wire.
+
+ _Ormosia laxiflora_. Shedun (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji Reserve and Ibadan province.
+
+ _Paradaniellia Oliveri_. Ilorin Balsam, African Balsam of Copaivi,
+ Balsam. Iya (Yoruba); Osia (Benin); Ozia (Ishan); Ozaba (Ibo Asaba).
+
+ Found in the dry zone of the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. A common
+ tree, growing to a height of 40 or 50 feet.
+
+ _Use._—Balsam of Copaiba.
+
+ _Xylia Evansii_. Bentpod.
+
+ It is found in the Ogoja province of Nigeria in the mixed deciduous
+ forest zone, but it is by no means a very common tree.
+
+ A medium-sized tree, with the curious bent-shaped pod typical of the
+ Xylia, found in the Obubra and Ikom districts of Nigeria, on the left
+ bank of the Cross River. It has a hard, red wood, which splits well.
+ The sapwood is white, but not very wide in an average-sized tree.
+
+ It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing tree, which thoroughly protects
+ the soil and improves it with its leaves decaying year after year.
+
+ The natives have not used the tree, nor has it been felled for local
+ use by Europeans. It has also not been tried for export.
+
+
+=Pandanaceæ.=
+
+ _Pandanus candelabrum_. Screw Pine. Ebbo (Benin).
+
+ In some rivers of the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Onitsha, Owerri
+ and Calabar provinces of Nigeria it is a common watershrub or small
+ tree. Often it is seen only a tangled mass of long prickly leaves,
+ armed with spikes all down each side and half floating in and above
+ the surface of the water. Sometimes, again, it is seen as a tree with
+ two or three more or less complete whorls of branches on the uppermost
+ part of the stem and a mass of drooping leaves from the crown. The
+ white stem is supported by several soft, corky-looking aerial roots.
+ It seldom exceeds 2 feet in girth and 30 feet in height. The white
+ flower is very conspicuous, with its cone-like shape, which becomes
+ more pronounced as the fruit begins to ripen and turns green. The
+ scent is very pungent and overpowering. The trees form almost
+ impenetrable thickets at the edge of the more sluggishly flowing
+ rivers. These often impede navigation and have to be cut away.
+
+ The stem is very porous when dry, and cannot be said to yield timber,
+ though the cork-like material might serve for a light substitute for
+ it.
+
+ Natural regeneration appears to be very good.
+
+ The fibre has not been exported in any quantity, but it is very tough,
+ and apparently very durable and of moderate length (average 3 feet).
+
+ _Native Use._—When dried the leaves are used for making mats for
+ wrapping goods as well as for sleeping-mats. In the Benin and Jekri
+ country, long (2 feet) thin receptacles are made which are used for
+ salt, which is sold in these bags in the market. The bag keeps the
+ salt dry. It is sometimes planted near villages in damp places for the
+ purpose of obtaining the mat material locally, where it is not found
+ naturally in the swamps.
+
+
+=Humeriaceæ.=
+
+ _Aubrya Gabunensis_. Brass Mahogany-bark Tree.
+
+ This is a very large forest tree of the Brass district, with a bark
+ very similar to that of mahogany, but to which it bears no
+ relationship.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 67.—=Khaya Senegalensis, 1910, on bank of Ogun
+River, near Iporin, Oyo Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 68.—=Locust Tree (Parkia filicoidea), in bearing,
+Oyo District, 1910.=]
+
+ To face p. 308.
+
+ The trees are sometimes cut down by the natives and used for large
+ dug-out canoes. The timber is termite-proof, and the natives say that
+ canoes made from this timber are very durable, though rather heavy,
+ and liable to become waterlogged when filled with water. It is of a
+ dull reddish-brown colour and has rather a coarse grain.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_. Dry-zone African Satinwood. Ata, Odan
+ (Yoruba); Ughahan (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin, Onitsha and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria, at the edge of the mixed deciduous zone and the
+ lower part of the dry-zone forest region. It is only a medium-sized
+ tree, attaining a girth of about 4 feet and a height of about 50 feet.
+ The bole always remains armed with short, woody protrusions, each
+ having a black thorn at the apex. In the upper part of the bole and
+ the branches there are only thorns. The pinnate leaf has usually three
+ pairs of pinnæ and one end-leaf. All the leaves are broader and about
+ only half as long as those of _Z. macrophyllum_. On the whole, this
+ makes the foliage appear thicker, and, in fact, gives greater shade
+ than _Z. macrophyllum_. In proportion the bole is shorter and the
+ crown larger and more spread out than in the case of _Z.
+ macrophyllum_. The bole has a greater tendency to divide lower down
+ into three subsidiary stems, thus spoiling the length of it for
+ timber. The bunches of small, black seeds are smaller than those of
+ _Z. macrophyllum_, and if anything the seeds are also smaller too.
+
+ The timber is very similar to that of _Z. macrophyllum_, the sapwood
+ and heartwood being the same colour, except that the heartwood is
+ often of a little darker shade, and bears a greater proportion to the
+ diameter of the tree than in the case of _Z. macrophyllum_. On the
+ whole it is harder, and more often shows a little figure. Although it
+ does not reach such a large size, in many ways it is superior, the
+ grain being rather finer, and showing more sheen, and if anything it
+ works up to a finer texture when planed. It is just as durable and
+ termite-proof. It is a light-loving tree, but will stand a certain
+ amount of lateral shade. Owing to the prevalence of grass-fires, it is
+ slower-growing than _Z. macrophyllum_, but if anything it shades the
+ ground better, and considering where it usually stands, it is a slight
+ soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is fair. No plantations have
+ been made with this tree. Samples of this timber have not yet been
+ exported, though, as it is a sister tree to the West Indian Satinwood,
+ it ought to command a similar price. It has not been felled for local
+ use. The natives occasionally cut it for house-building timber, but it
+ is not at all popular, owing to its being armed with spikes.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_ (Oliver). True Benin Satinwood. Atagbo
+ (Yoruba); Ughahan, Okor (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin and Calabar provinces of
+ Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is very
+ prevalent, especially in old farms.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It has a very large leaf, up to 6 feet long,
+ with forty pairs of leaflets, each rather smaller than those of _Z.
+ Senegalense_. There are no thorns on the branches, but many on the
+ stem, which is thoroughly armed until old age, when most of the woody
+ spikes drop off. It bears a large bunch of small, black, spherical-
+ shaped seeds. It is a common tree in abandoned farms of the mixed
+ deciduous forest zone. The thorns are more sharply pointed than _Z.
+ Senegalense_ and not so woody at first, but later form a thorn at the
+ top of each wooden protrusion. One specimen found in the Olokemeji
+ Reserve had very few wooden protrusions, each armed with a thorn, but
+ there were larger leaves than _Z. macrophyllum_, though in all not
+ quite so long. In old age the stem is almost smooth, and may reach a
+ girth of nearly 6 feet and a length of over 30 feet. The crown is
+ slender and broken up with three or four main branches. The base of
+ the bole in old age is spotted with yellow lenticels.
+
+ It is a light-loving, quick-growing tree, which does not protect the
+ ground, and only to a certain extent acts with its leaves as a soil-
+ improving tree. Natural regeneration is very good, and on the whole,
+ at the edge of the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zone, with the
+ increase of farms it is tending to spread in greater numbers than
+ before, and in some places groups of them are found, whereas in the
+ original forest only isolated specimens are obtained. No plantations
+ have been made with this tree.
+
+ The sapwood is light-yellow and the heartwood of a darker yellow
+ shade. In quickly grown trees it is not very large, but in the older
+ trees comprises more than two-thirds of the diameter of the tree. The
+ timber is hard, fine-grained, planing up smooth in texture. It does
+ not take nails well, nor split well, saws, however, cleanly, and
+ occasionally shows a little figure.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+ Sabicu at 2s. to 2s. 6d. per foot, and reported of a very hard nature.
+ Since then, however, none has been cut or exported. Locally it has not
+ been used in any form. It should be noted, however, that this is a
+ sister tree of the West Indian Satinwood, and considering that it
+ grows to a larger size than that one, the timber should demand a still
+ higher price.
+
+ _Use._—In the Benin country the timber is used for making door-plates
+ before putting dried clay on the top, and also used for doors.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum sp. n._ Dwarf Satinwood. Boji.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The fruit is a mass of red berries very
+ similar to the Mountain Ash of Europe, but a small tree armed with a
+ few scattered spines of short length, but not very woody, more in the
+ nature of thorns. It attains a girth of 10 inches and a height of 15
+ to 20 feet.
+
+ _Distribution._—It was only found on the summit of the Boji Hills from
+ an elevation of 4,500 to 5,000 feet, where other vegetation gave out
+ and only grass grew otherwise.
+
+ It has a very hard, yellow wood of the usual satiny nature. It made
+ very good firewood on the mountain top.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum sp._ (Kew). _Pterocarpus sp._ African Satinwood. Urueben
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin and Ondo provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a common tree near the banks of rivers in the evergreen forest.
+ It is of medium-size, reaching a girth of about 7 feet; the bole is
+ long (40 feet); the root buttresses reach up the bole about 3 feet.
+ The stalk has a few prickles, especially when it is small, but they
+ disappear in old age. The leaf is smaller than _P. osun_, but much the
+ same as Akume, _Pterocarpus sp._ The habit is typical of a Pterocarpus
+ and not of Zanthoxylum. The bark is quite smooth and always unarmed.
+ The fruit is ovoid and flat, with the seed at one end, rather
+ different in this respect to Pterocarpus, and without the prickles on
+ it. The slash is white, and soon red drops of latex-like fluid exude
+ from the tree. The branches are upspreading and the crown is large,
+ though narrow, the bole being about two-thirds of the total height.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood is yellow when young and dark-
+ red, like _P. osun_, when old. It is hard, but splits well. Termites
+ attack it. It is cross-grained and stands a little bending; otherwise
+ it is brittle, when bent far.
+
+ It is slow-growing and a light-lover. It likes a good soil which is
+ moist and has depth. It does not sprout from the stool. Seed
+ reproduction is good, and the seedlings are found in the neighbourhood
+ of old trees. It is a deciduous tree for three months in the year (dry
+ season).
+
+ It has not been cut for local use or exported to Europe. It is used
+ for making shovels for mud-puddling in the building of Benin houses;
+ also for pegs in the walls of a chief’s house.
+
+ _Toddalia sp._ Oie (Yoruba).
+
+ A climbing shrub common in Tropical West Africa. The fertile stamens
+ are equal in number to the petals. Leaves digitate.
+
+ _Uses._—Condiments and medicine.
+
+ _Ægle Barteri_. Calabash Orange. Shange, Bale (Yoruba).
+
+ This is a small tree growing near the villages, cultivated for its
+ shade and for medicinal purposes. The fruit looks like an orange, but
+ the shell is hard and it is not edible.
+
+ _Clausena Anisata_ (Oliv.). Alapari, Obuko (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Irvingia Barteri_. Dika Nut, Wild Mango. Oro, Auro (Yoruba); Ogwi
+ (tree), Okherli (seed) (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Onitsha, Owerri,
+ Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ With its smooth, shining, small dark-green leaves it is quite
+ distinguishable from other forest trees. The very spherical shape of
+ the crown and the short bole are also most typical of the tree. It is
+ often found near river banks or in damp localities. Wherever found, it
+ is usually preserved by the natives, though not actually cultivated or
+ tended.
+
+ The flower is inconspicuous, but the fruit is like a small mango,
+ becoming quite yellow when ripe, though much harder and of a much
+ sharper flavour.
+
+ The wood is hard and durable; the sapwood is yellowish-white and the
+ heartwood yellow. It is impervious to white ants.
+
+ The tree is a shade-bearer, especially in youth, but grows very
+ slowly. Those planted near Leopardstown, Calabar, were only 6 to 8
+ feet high after ten years’ growth. It is true they received little or
+ no attention and occasionally the grass was burnt near them.
+
+ No regular plantations have been made, though one plot was planted in
+ the Mamu Reserve in 1910. Further experiments in cultivation, and
+ especially pruning and tending to see how early the tree will bear
+ fruit, are worth undertaking. A method to increase the size of the
+ fruit, and with it the size of the kernel, might be discovered and
+ thus make it a profitable tree to grow in plantations.
+
+ Reported on by the Imperial Institute in 1904, and kernels worth £14 a
+ ton then in London.
+
+ _Native Use._—House-building. The fruit is eaten, and then the nut is
+ cracked and the kernel beaten up and served as soup. Fruit or nuts or
+ both are sold in the markets of Benin and Yorubaland.
+
+ _Irvingia Smithii_. Benin Dika Nut (?). Akwekwe (Benin).
+
+ It is found occasionally in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a
+ tree with similar growth to _Irvingia Barteri_, but reaches a larger
+ size, up to 12 feet. The bole length is also greater, 40 feet. The
+ fruit is larger than _Irvingia Barteri_, but of the same shape. It is
+ rather uncommon in the evergreen forest. The crown is smaller and
+ occupies only the upper third of the stem. The branches are larger,
+ too, and of lesser number in proportion than _Irvingia Barteri_.
+
+ The wood is yellow in the sapwood and brown in the heartwood, and
+ hard. It is hard to split. The heartwood is very small, being only
+ about 1 foot out of a diameter of 4 feet. Termites do not attack the
+ wood.
+
+ It is a shade-bearer and grows slowly. It does not sprout from the
+ stool, but reproduction by seed is good. The duikas eat the fruit.
+
+ It has not been cut for local use nor exported to Europe.
+
+ It is used, by tying four seeds together like Ogwega, for a game. The
+ fruit is not eaten because it is not sweet.
+
+ _Irvingia sp._ Pwekupweku (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a large
+ tree, reaching a girth of 15 feet and very tall. The fruit is yellow,
+ and large as an African mango, but with a very much sweeter smell and
+ sweet taste. The branches are flattish, and so the crown is wide, with
+ a long bole and shallow crown. It has a long, lanceolate leaf with
+ insignificant veins. The wood is hard, with white sapwood and brown
+ heartwood. It grows on good soil, which is moist and deep in the
+ evergreen forests. It is a shade-bearer and grows moderately fast.
+
+ _Native Use._—The fruit is used for killing rats after it has been
+ cooked and mixed with palm oil chop. It is then given to them, and
+ they at once fall down dead.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ= (Planch).
+
+ _Hannoa undulata_. Whitewood. Igigun (Egba); Igbo (Lagos); Orisi
+ (Igbado, Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Calabar, Owerri, Benin, Warri, Ondo, Ibadan and
+ Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a very large tree, reaching a girth of 12 feet and a bole length
+ of about 50 feet, which grows up very readily in old farms or
+ clearings in the evergreen forest and lower parts of the mixed
+ forests. It has a large, broad leaf, which is deciduous for about a
+ month in the year. The flower, which is white in colour, is in the
+ form of racemes (?). The bark is green, with grey streaks up and down,
+ and the slash is white with yellow markings; it smells sweet, too. The
+ fruit is oblong and black, more like a plum. The spurns are very
+ slight.
+
+ The wood is very soft and white all through. It dries without warping,
+ but if not cut properly is liable to be attacked by small borers of
+ the furniture kind. It planes with a smooth surface. It is very light,
+ more so even than Musanga wood. The grain is fine, though such pores
+ as there are, are long. It splits well and adzes well too. It shrinks
+ considerably in drying, but this might be obviated by girdling and
+ drying very gradually in shade when cut green.
+
+ It is a very quick-growing tree, almost as fast as Ricinodendron. It
+ is a light-lover, and is rather intolerant of shade, except in its
+ youth. It grows best from seed reproduction, as the power from the
+ stool is very slight and soon dies back.
+
+ It was sampled in 1912 at Degema, but has not been exported to Europe.
+ A trial as a wood for making pulpwood seems indicated. It is split up
+ into flat pieces for doors and mantelpieces, also for making the walls
+ of temporary houses, each piece being set upright to the other, with
+ any round edge on the outside.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Pachylobus edulis_. Native Pear (Ohan), Incense Tree, Elemi Gum.
+ Ibagho (Yoruba); Onumu (Benin); Eben (Efik).
+
+ It is found in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, chiefly as a
+ planted tree in the neighbourhood of villages, and on the sides of the
+ roads leading to them, being more prevalent in the Benin and Oban than
+ the other districts. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of
+ about 7 feet and a height of about 70 feet.
+
+ The gum, which exudes when the tree is cut with a matchet, smells very
+ much like incense when burnt, and is of a white colour. It is always
+ planted in the villages, partly for shade, chiefly for food,
+ especially in the Oban country.
+
+ The fruit is first of all a grey, and then a purple colour, and a very
+ cylindrical plum shape, in all about 2½ inches long and rather more
+ than 1 inch in diameter. It is very much like turpentine to taste,
+ especially when not quite ripe, and in the centre of the fruit there
+ is an oblong nut rather more than 1 inch in length, more or less
+ round, with four ribbed edges, all culminating at the apex. The leaves
+ are large, consisting of four to six pairs of pinnæ, which are shiny
+ and dark-green on the upper surface, and almost silver-grey
+ underneath. The trunk is often very much cut about and chipped, and
+ little pieces of the white gum are often seen in the old scars. It
+ usually bears fruit heavily every year.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood is of a faint pink colour. It
+ is not very hard, but more like mahogany in texture and character.
+ Owing to its irregular growth and branching habit, it is often rather
+ knotty and cross-grained.
+
+ It is a shade-bearing, somewhat slow-growing tree, which only
+ partially protects the soil, but on the whole improves it with its
+ fall of leaves. Natural regeneration appears to be rare, chiefly
+ perhaps owing to the fact that the natives pick the fruit even before
+ it is quite ripe, and take it away to eat in their houses. It is
+ usually planted by the natives as a transplanted seedling, about 3
+ feet high. Considering the poor flavour of the fruit, it is rather
+ surprising that it is so widely planted and comparatively speaking so
+ much tended by the natives in certain districts. It is moderately
+ fire-resisting and dew-collecting, especially in the dry seasons, the
+ ground in the vicinity of the trees often being quite damp with the
+ condensed dew falling off the leaves.
+
+ It has not been felled for export or for local use. The tree, however,
+ provides grateful shade in the more open parts of the country, in the
+ neighbourhood of villages.
+
+ The gum has not been collected for export, but is considered of value.
+ However, no tapping experiments have been tried.
+
+ _Native Use._—The fruit is called a pear, and is liked by most
+ natives, who eat it raw. It is sometimes sold in the markets at five
+ for one penny.
+
+ _Canarium Schweinfurthii_. Pink Mahogany, Bastard Mahogany. (Sometimes
+ sold as Gaboon Mahogany or African Elemi. Anikantuhu, Ako, Ibagbo
+ (Yoruba); Onumukyukyu (Benin); also known as Ikwapbo. (The Benin name
+ means Kyukyu or bird, Onumu or Incense-tree.)
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—Evenly striated bark of orange to light-
+ yellow colour, turning grey on exposure to full rays of the sun. The
+ seed is small and similar to that of _Pachylobus edulis_, but much
+ smaller.
+
+ _Distribution._—A few in the Western, more in the Central west and
+ south of Benin, and most common in the Eastern Circle, especially
+ north of Calabar, in the mixed deciduous forest zone, and to lesser
+ extent in the evergreen forest zone.
+
+ It is a large forest tree, with a girth of over 12 feet and a bole
+ length of about 90 feet. Being more or less preserved by the natives
+ when found in the forests, in clearing for their farms, it is often
+ now seen on the roadsides. The slash is white, and as the roots beside
+ the road are often cut by the natives, the yellowish-white gum exudes,
+ forming a small white layer on the surface of the root. This has a
+ most pleasant smell, and is not unpleasant to taste. It is closely
+ allied to, if not much the same character as, the “Balsam of Tolu.”
+ The leaf is comparatively small, with three or four pairs of pinnæ,
+ and growing more or less in tufts, this being reminiscent of the
+ Mahogany family. The root spurns are very slight, and in this respect
+ it is more like the European Ash, and usually there are one or two
+ main roots which spread out, down the slightly enlarged bole at the
+ base. Otherwise the tree is one of the most cylindrical in shape,
+ falling away with the increasing height less than almost any other. It
+ is a deciduous tree. The pores are very fine and rather longer than in
+ the ordinary mahogany, and the wood is not so sheeny.
+
+ The sapwood is white, and in fast-grown trees often 6 inches through.
+ The heartwood is of a delicately pink mahogany colour, darkening to a
+ light-brown mahogany on exposure to the air and sunlight. It is not
+ very hard, and splits fairly well. It planes up with a smooth surface.
+ It saws well and also takes nails fairly well. It has very
+ considerable elasticity. It is lighter than most kinds of mahogany.
+ The logs will float as soon as at all dry.
+
+ In youth it stands a good deal of shade, but later on it is on the
+ whole a light-demanding tree. It is a fairly quick-growing tree, but
+ tends to become very slow when left alone in the open. It needs a rich
+ soil, but is also found on poorer land. It needs more moisture than
+ many others. Although not a soil-protecting tree, the leaves yield a
+ fair amount of humus in their annual fall. Natural regeneration is
+ fair, but it is rather susceptible to fire, and much of it is thus
+ killed. No plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+ In 1906 a sample was sold in the Liverpool market as Gaboon Mahogany
+ at 1s. 6d. per cubic foot full measure, and in 1907 sample logs of
+ this tree were exported to the Liverpool market, where they were sold
+ as light Benin Mahogany at 2d. per superficial foot. Since then none
+ has been felled.
+
+ The natives occasionally cut the tree for planks, and use the wood for
+ making canoes, chiefly owing to its lightness and elasticity.
+
+ _Canarium sp._ Rough-barked Canarium. Ekugbi, Ekugbo (Yoruba);
+ Onumukyukyu (Benin).
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—A large tree, with larger fissures than _C.
+ Schweinfurthii_, about 6 inches apart; the bark is inclined to scale
+ off in between. The leaves are a little larger, but the gum is very
+ similar and used for similar purposes.
+
+ _Distribution._—It was found in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve.
+
+ It is deciduous for about three weeks in the year, chiefly November,
+ but otherwise it is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.
+
+ The tree has not been felled for export or for local use. Nor do the
+ natives appear to have used it for any purpose.
+
+ _Canarium Mansfeldii_. Gaboon Mahogany.
+
+ This species is found on the banks of the Upper Cross River.
+
+ _Canarium sp._ Oyife (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Canarium sp._, syn. _Schweinfurthii_. Incense Tree. Anikantuku
+ (Yoruba); Onumukyukyu (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Ilaro district and Benin.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Carapa procera_. Scented Mahogany Cedar, Crab Wood, Touloucouna Oil.
+ Efu Iya, Abo-oganwo (Yoruba); Ibbegogo (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree, found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri,
+ Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a small tree, growing to a girth of about 6 feet. The pinnæ and
+ the whole leaf are both much larger than the mahogany leaf, even
+ including that of _grandifolia_. It often grows with a divided bole,
+ two small stems shooting upwards from about 3 feet from the ground.
+ The leaves grow in very distinct tufts on the edge of the branches.
+ The bark is smooth and a light-green colour, with a few vertical
+ uprights when the tree is old. The fruit is a large, roughly round,
+ woody drupe. The covering shell dehisces into eight parts, releasing
+ about twenty hard, brown, round-cornered, almost square nuts. The
+ seeds are eaten by porcupines. It is found in the freshwater swamps in
+ the evergreen forest and in damp places of the mixed deciduous forest.
+ The timber is pink when freshly cut, and the heartwood has the red-
+ brown typical of the Mahogany family. The small size of the timber
+ rather militates against its reaching the high value of mahogany.
+
+ The tree is a shade-bearer in its younger stages of growth, and even
+ when older it still stands a considerable amount of shade. Self-sown
+ seedlings are not often seen. Perhaps this is due to so many of the
+ seeds being eaten by animals. The stump scarcely sprouts after it has
+ been freshly cut. Considering the size of the tree, a very fair number
+ of nuts ripen each year.
+
+ No use has been made of the seeds, though they yield a similar oil to
+ that of the Crab Oil Tree of South America.
+
+ In 1906 a sample of the timber was sold in the Liverpool market as
+ Mahogany Cedar, scented, at 2½d. and 3½d. per superficial foot.
+
+ _Native Use._—The bark is used by pregnant Yoruba women and for sores
+ and as a cough mixture. It is used underneath palm leaves as a roofing
+ material in the Benin country.
+
+ _Khaya grandifolia_, later _grandis_ (Stapf.). Big-leaf Mahogany, Benin
+ Mahogany. Akor, Oganwo (Yoruba); Gadeau, Ogwangu (Benin); Odala (Ibo
+ Asaba); Digiten (Brass); Dirinshi, Diki (Ibo Owerri); Asamogo (Ibibio);
+ Upono (Efik); Obon (?) (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, at the
+ edge of the mixed deciduous forest zone, where it is very prevalent in
+ some places, such as at the edge of the Ifon Owo-Akure Road.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a large tree of the mixed forests. It
+ attains a girth of 14 feet and a corresponding height. It is, however,
+ taller in proportion than _K. Punchii_. It has long, upward-tending
+ root flanges, though not so large as those of _K. Ivoriensis_ or the
+ Coast Mahogany. The crown is open compared to the other Khayas, except
+ _K. Senegalensis_. It has conspicuously large pinnate leaves, with
+ three or four pairs of leaflets quite 10 inches in length, each
+ leaflet being 4 inches long. The stem is smoother than _K. Punchii_,
+ and in that respect more like _K. anthoteka_. The leaves of this
+ species are the most shiny of all; in fact, the others appear dull
+ beside them. The bole, on the whole, is cleaner than _K. Punchii_ and
+ longer, though it forks or divides into a head in the characteristic
+ Mahogany way. The shininess of the leaves is one of the greatest
+ characteristics of this tree. The capsule is somewhat larger than _K.
+ Punchii_. It is also a little thicker, and the tip is not so long or
+ sharp. It opens out into five segments, as a rule, but sometimes there
+ may be only four. The seeds themselves are a little oblong in shape
+ and not quite so square as in _K. Punchii_, although they are just as
+ thin and flat.
+
+ The timber is the typical Benin Mahogany, with somewhat long pores,
+ first of all rather pink, then a rich mahogany-brown colour.
+ Occasionally the sapwood is very wide in proportion to the size of the
+ tree, but this is more in the case of very quickly grown trees. It
+ sometimes shows very rich figure of a “roey” nature as well as
+ “fiddleback,” more especially in the root buttresses. Here, owing to
+ the storms to which the tree is exposed, the fibres of these
+ buttresses become fractured and compressed, thus giving a broken and
+ mottled appearance to the grain after it has been cut up lengthways.
+ In this species the wood of the “curls” often shows a rather bolder
+ roe than in the case of those obtained from _K. Punchii_ or
+ _Ivoriensis_.
+
+ On the whole this is the most quickly growing of all the Khayas. In
+ its youth it stands a certain amount of shade, and, in fact, always,
+ but it would appear to demand a good deal of light for its full and
+ quick development. It is a thoroughly soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving tree. The leaves make a rich humus. Natural regeneration is
+ good, and, in fact, appears to be much better than in the case of the
+ other Khayas. It sprouts from the stump a little. It appears to be
+ somewhat exacting as to soil, preferring somewhat deep, rich and moist
+ sites. In plantations it has already found a place. It has also been
+ planted, mixed with other species of Khaya, in the small nurseries,
+ plantations and lines of trees made by the timber-lease holders. It
+ does not seem to be attacked so severely by the leading-shoot borer as
+ in the case of _K. Punchii_. Owing to the fact that the seeds usually
+ fall on more open ground, it is not eaten so quickly by the little
+ boring insects.
+
+ The timber is being constantly exported and mixed up with the other
+ species of Khaya. Being lighter, it floats higher on the water than
+ the other species, more especially Entandrophragma. It has
+ occasionally been used by the natives for making canoes, as also for
+ sawing up into planks.
+
+ _Khaya Punchii_. Uhi Mahogany, Benin Mahogany. Oganwo (Yoruba); Ogwangu
+ (Benin); Eggi (Ibo Asaba).
+
+ This tree does not attain such a large size as either _K. grandis_ or
+ _K. Ivoriensis_, but it often exceeds a girth of 12 feet and a bole
+ length of 70 feet. The bottom log of a tree is often found to show
+ figured wood. This is perhaps owing to the bark being constantly
+ removed, and to the succeeding occlusion of the wounds following at
+ different times, according to when the bark is removed.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It has a comparatively small leaf, with five
+ or six pairs of leaflets. It has slight root spurns, or protuberances,
+ or even in some cases none at all. It is generally particularly rough
+ at the base, owing to the bark having been continually removed by the
+ local people. Higher up, the stem is covered with brown-coloured bark,
+ which is slightly pitted. The leaves are in tufts, though to a lesser
+ extent than either _K. grandis_ or _Ivoriensis_. The large masses of
+ small white flowers remind one of lilac. It is of the same white
+ colour. It flowers in February, when it is also in new leaf. Compared
+ with _K. grandis_ it usually has a shorter and somewhat more curved
+ bole.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ The capsule is of medium size, splitting open into five segments which
+ remain attached at the base. On the whole it is rather thinner than
+ _K. grandis_ or _Ivoriensis_, but does not come to such a sharp point
+ as either of those two.
+
+ The timber is very similar in grain and texture to the other Khayas,
+ but if anything it is a little heavier and a little closer texture
+ then either _grandis_ or _Ivoriensis_, especially in those districts
+ where it grows in the mixed deciduous forests, and where the base of
+ the trunk is burnt with an occasional grass-fire.
+
+ Although not quite so fast-growing as the other Khayas, it is a fast-
+ growing tree with soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities.
+ Natural regeneration is fair, though the little thin, flat seeds are
+ very soon attacked by a little boring insect when they fall to the
+ ground. However, when rapidly gathered after having fallen, they
+ retain their germinative capacity for a greater length of time than in
+ the case of the Entandrophragmas. On the whole, if the locality is not
+ too dry or fires too prevalent, this tree tends to widen its area of
+ distribution with the spread of farms. The leading-shoot borer attacks
+ this tree in its younger stages perhaps even more than the other
+ Khayas, more especially when it is planted pure. In this connection it
+ should be noted that this Khaya, as well as the others, is not
+ gregarious in habit, being always found singly, though varying much in
+ number per square mile. This factor rather indicates that pure
+ plantations should not be made, or at any rate that it should only be
+ planted in small groups mixed with other species, also in small
+ groups, from a quarter to one acre in extent. In leased timber areas
+ it has been planted mixed with other species. On the whole, it has not
+ been exported so much as the other Khayas. It has been sold as Niger
+ Mahogany.
+
+ _Value._—3d. to 6d. per superficial foot from Sapoba, in the Benin
+ province. The natives occasionally cut it for sawing into planks.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 69.—=Mature Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) and Teak,
+one year old, Mamu Forest Reserve, Ibadan Forest, in 1915.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 70.—=Large full-grown Iroko Tree (Chlorophora
+excelsa) standing near Ibadan, Jebu Ode Road, Mamu Forest Reserve, in
+May 1910. Same tree as Fig. 69.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 71.—=Untouched Forest on Summit of Ado Rock, Oyo
+Province, 1910.=]
+
+ To face p. 320.
+
+ _Khaya anthotheca?_. White-barked Mahogany or White Mahogany, King of
+ the Timber. Funfun (Yoruba); Ogwangu Nufwa, Ogigedu (Benin).
+
+ Many specimens of this tree are found in the mixed forests on the
+ banks of the Ovia River in the Ifon district of the Benin province,
+ and also isolated trees near the banks of the Owena River in the Ondo
+ province.
+
+ The chief characteristic of this tree is the speckled white bark,
+ which gives the stem generally a light, almost white or grey colour.
+ The white patches in the bark occur irregularly scattered all round
+ the bole, being chiefly confined to the lower half of it. In young
+ trees the four very strong lateral roots show up prominently above the
+ ground, leading away from the tree more or less at right angles and
+ remaining above the surface of the ground for two or three feet. This
+ feature to some extent persists even in old age, but then it is not so
+ pronounced, as these roots tend to form more or less stout buttresses
+ similar to the others, but coming out more abruptly and forming a more
+ shelf-like protuberance from the stem.
+
+ The timber is supposed to be lighter, and of a lighter colour than
+ that of the other Khayas. However, it appears to be only rather more
+ of a pinkish-brown when freshly cut, taking on the typical mahogany-
+ brown once it is exposed to the air. So far, it has always been sold
+ mixed up with the other species cut in the same area, and realizes
+ similar prices. It may perhaps have even helped towards the scoring of
+ the higher average price of 6d. per superficial foot which was
+ obtained from one area where this species is found.
+
+ _Khaya n. sp._ Mahogany. Ogwangu (Benin).
+
+ This was found in the Benin province of Nigeria. In the wood, it shows
+ a considerable difference to the other Khayas, being a much lighter
+ red-brown colour and of more open texture.
+
+ _Khaya Ivoriensis_. Coast Mahogany. Obi, Oganwo, Akpakor (Yoruba).
+
+ This species is supposed to be that from which most of the coastal
+ mahogany is obtained, more especially in the more low-lying regions.
+ The wood is of a richer and darker colour and somewhat heavier than
+ that of the other species. The most typical feature, though, is the
+ very sheeny nature of the wood and the very considerable size of the
+ medullary rays, which, however, are not conspicuous, as in the wood
+ from Nigeria.
+
+ _Khaya Senegalensis_. Dry-zone Mahogany. Oganwo (Yoruba); Ogwangu
+ (Benin).
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The tree has an open crown with a few
+ upspreading branches, and apparently much less foliage than its
+ “confrères.” The leaves are small, very grey, specially on the under-
+ surface, giving them almost the character of Eucalyptus leaves. The
+ bole is shorter than the other Khayas, with a slightly scaly bark and
+ only a small thickening of the base and no root buttresses at all. The
+ bark is darker than _Khaya Punchii_, though the scales are often grey.
+ The capsule is almost frequently four-sectioned, though this is not an
+ absolute rule, as other Khayas have been found bearing capsules
+ dividing into three, four and five sections. It does not exude gum so
+ readily as _Khaya Punchii_, and the gum is of a redder colour.
+ Illustration No. 67 shows the lower part of the bole of a tree 10 feet
+ in girth.
+
+ _Distribution._—It grows on the banks of the Ogun River above the
+ Iseyin-Oyo Road, Ibadan province, Akure, Benin and Ogoja provinces of
+ Nigeria. It is found as one of the most prevalent trees near Obudu and
+ in the Onitsha province north of Ogrugu.
+
+ _Timber._—It is of redder brown colour than either _Khaya Punchii_ or
+ grandis, and has a greater sheen. The texture of wood is a little
+ closer, and, owing to the annual grass-fires burning the stem, is
+ slightly figured. Logs could not be cut much more than 20 feet in
+ length, owing to the bole not always being straight, though the large
+ branches would make small ones and curls.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It stands a great deal of drought, though
+ in its drier area of distribution it is usually to be found near river
+ banks. The seed keeps a high percentage of germination for some months
+ after being picked. It demands more light than either of the other
+ Khayas, and grows freely from the beginning. It has also a greater
+ tendency to branch than the other Khayas, but this may be due to its
+ being attacked more by the leading-shoot borer than the other species,
+ as more of these insects are found in the open than in the mixed
+ forests. It is almost gregarious, as groups of trees are usually found
+ together.
+
+ _Khaya sp._ Orro (Yoruba); Geduloha (Benin).
+
+ This tree is found in the Ilaro district of the Abeokuta province.
+ There appears to be some doubt as to whether this is really a distinct
+ species, but the fact remains that the wood is very much darker and of
+ rather a duller colour than most of the other Khayas. It shows also a
+ very rich, wide roe, and in this respect the wood is more valuable
+ than that of many other species. It is somewhat similar to the best
+ counter-top wood obtained from the Entandrophragmas. It does not
+ appear to be a very common tree, but it attains a girth of over 12
+ feet, and the bole is straighter and considerably taller than most of
+ the Khayas.
+
+ _Pseudocedrela Kotschyii_. Dry-zone Cedar. Hard Cedar Mahogany. Emi
+ gbegeri (Yoruba, Ibadan).
+
+ It is found in groups and isolated specimens in the Ibadan province of
+ Nigeria, in the dry-zone forest and at the edge of the mixed deciduous
+ areas, more especially in the Olokemeji Forest. With its somewhat
+ regularly fissured bark, showing a criss-cross pattern, it is
+ distinguishable from the other dry-zone trees. The silvery pinnate
+ leaves in tufts and the charred base of the stem, combined with the
+ grey trunk, all help to identify it. The little mahogany-like capsule,
+ covered with silvery hairs when unripe, is another feature. When these
+ burst open, leaving the empty capsule on the tree for a time, there is
+ no doubt about its being of the Mahogany family. In the distance the
+ grey, almost silvery-coloured bark makes it stand out as compared to
+ others such as Dwarf Ironwood or the Shea Butter Tree. Reaching a
+ girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of 25 feet, it is one of the
+ largest dry-zone trees.
+
+ The sapwood is pinkish-red, when fresh, and the heartwood a rich red-
+ brown, darkening slightly on exposure to the light. It is harder than
+ mahogany and heavier. The grain is closer and on the whole finer, but
+ with a similar sheen. It often shows a little figure. It saws well,
+ planes smoothly, takes nails, and has a good appearance in the plank.
+ It is said to be termite-proof. It is considerably stronger than
+ mahogany.
+
+ Somewhat slow-growing, even from naturally growing root suckers, it is
+ a light-loving tree, giving scarcely enough shade to protect the soil.
+ In its youth it is a soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is
+ poor, root suckers being the strongest form of reproduction. It
+ sprouts slightly from the stump, but not sufficiently for reproduction
+ of a crop. A fair crop of seeds is found each year, but usually, owing
+ to grass-fires, much of this is destroyed. Plantations are being made,
+ but natural growth has been encouraged in places, and gives further
+ promise of better growth.
+
+ It has not been exported, but it is occasionally felled for local use.
+ It is one of the most valuable trees of the dry zone.
+
+ _Entandrophragma utilis_. Short-capsuled Mahogany, Sapeli or Heavy
+ Mahogany. Ijebbo, Jebu, Ashuwole, Papala (Yoruba); Ogipogo, Ubilesan
+ Onamakyuku, Plekkogo (Benin); Eplekgo (Jekri); Edem (Efik); Atori
+ (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ This tree is found in the evergreen and mixed forests of the Ondo,
+ Benin, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the most
+ common mahoganies of the forest, and reaches the largest girth of any
+ of the African trees. The biggest of all showed a girth of 56 feet,
+ measured above the top of the buttresses, and one which showed 437
+ rings of growth had a girth of 52 feet, measured at 20 feet above the
+ ground. This one, too, yielded 15 logs of various sizes.
+
+ The leaves are rather smaller and show the ribs rather more
+ prominently than in _E. cylindrica_, but the growth, which is in
+ tufts, is similar. It is deciduous for about three weeks in the year,
+ in November, when inconspicuous flowers first appear and then the
+ leaves. The capsule is about 3 inches long and nearly 1 inch in
+ diameter. It is of the usual pentagonal shape, and there are five
+ seeds, placed one over the other on each side of the central
+ pentagonal core. The seeds are nearly square in shape, with a rounded
+ back about an eighth of an inch thick. The wings are four times the
+ length of the seed, making each about 2½ inches long. The seeds lose
+ their germinative power in about three weeks, and are always attacked
+ by a small boring insect.
+
+ The bole has comparatively slight root spurns, which terminate at
+ about a maximum height of 20 feet from the ground. It is very
+ straight, and may attain a height of 90 feet. The stem is, however,
+ much more pitted than that of _E. cylindrica_. The bark is of a green
+ to grey colour, very reminiscent at times of a beech-tree, especially
+ at a distance. The crown is flatly spherical, being composed of a few
+ very large limbs. The slash is white and brown; the sapwood is white
+ and the heartwood of a red-brown colour, with a very strong cedar-wood
+ scent when freshly cut. Even when the wood is seasoned and freshly
+ planed, this scent is very noticeable. It saws and splits easily,
+ planes up moderately, and takes nails fairly easily. It is not
+ termite-proof, but the most common attack is by a lymexylon, if the
+ logs are left lying unsquared in the forests. Many figured logs have
+ been obtained from this species of tree. In the younger stages, the
+ sapwood is comparatively wide. Natural regeneration is very good in
+ some places. The tree grows very rapidly indeed. In its youth it
+ stands a certain amount of shade, but later on it is a light-loving
+ tree. It is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. Isolated trees
+ have been planted and small plantations made in various parts of the
+ country. Planted under proper conditions and with favourable seasons,
+ an average growth of 6 feet in height may be expected. The young trees
+ are occasionally attacked by the leading-shoot borer, but this is not
+ very serious, particularly if a suitable mixture with other trees has
+ been formed.
+
+ This timber has been one of the main export products of the Sapeli and
+ South Benin forests. The chief market for this wood was, previous to
+ the war, in Hamburg. However, from Hamburg, the markets of Copenhagen,
+ Sweden, Finland, Russia and Austria were also supplied. Being almost
+ half as heavy again as Khaya Mahogany, it costs more in proportion to
+ bring over to Europe. Owing to the better and larger size of the logs
+ which can be obtained from these huge trees, there was in these
+ markets a greater demand for this timber for counter-tops than for
+ Khaya timber. This to some extent counterbalanced the disadvantage of
+ the extra weight. This timber was also considered of a duller colour
+ and more liable to split than the Khaya wood. However, as many of the
+ trees from which the largest logs have been obtained are mature, and
+ over-mature, it is natural that the wood cannot be in a prime
+ condition.
+
+ The timber is very popular amongst the local people for the making of
+ canoes and for house-building.
+
+ _Entandrophragma cylindrica_. Heavy Mahogany or Cedar Mahogany. Jebu,
+ Oro, Issisi, Alepo, Alopa (Yoruba); Ikwabobo, Agiekpogo (Benin); Atore
+ (Efik).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Oyo, Ondo, Benin, Calabar and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the common mahogany-trees of the
+ evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zone. It is the tallest of all
+ African trees, the bole alone often attaining a height exceeding 100
+ feet. It is also one of the straightest and most cylindrical trees in
+ Africa. The root spurns are very slight compared to the size of the
+ tree, and do not extend usually more than 10 feet up the stem. The
+ bark is smooth and not unlike the beech; in old age, however, it
+ becomes slightly pitted and the bark scales off in places. The crown
+ is deeper and more spherical than in the case of _Entandrophragma
+ utilis_. The ends of the branches are most conspicuous, with their
+ most pronounced tufts of leaves. The leaf is often about 4 inches
+ long, but in young shoots may attain a length of nearly 3 feet, with
+ over thirty pairs of pinnæ. The slash is white, with small, yellow,
+ stone-like granules in it. The bark is thick.
+
+ The capsule is nearly 6 inches long and an inch in diameter. It is
+ similar in shape to that of _Entandrophragma utilis_, and opens in a
+ similar way. The seeds are rather larger and the wings considerably
+ longer. It is deciduous for about a week in November, when the
+ flowers, which are of a light-greenish colour, appear, and then the
+ leaves.
+
+ The sapwood is white and comparatively wide, except in very old trees.
+ The wood, when freshly cut, smells slightly like a red herring, and in
+ colour is not unlike the flesh of kippered herring.
+
+ The heartwood is of a red-brown colour, rather dulling on exposure to
+ the air and becoming a dark-brown colour. The pores are very long,
+ much more so than either in the _E. utilis_ or the Khaya genus. The
+ timber splits well, saws easily, and takes nails moderately well. It
+ is not always easy to plane it down to a smooth surface. It has a
+ distinct tendency to warp unless properly seasoned. It is not termite-
+ proof, but the attacks of the white ants are slow. The sapwood is more
+ commonly attacked by a lymexylon. For interior work it is very
+ durable; sometimes it has a very pretty, dull-brown wavy sheen.
+
+ Natural regeneration is good in many places. Isolated trees have been
+ planted and small plantations made in different parts of the country.
+ The growth on the whole is even more rapid than in the case of _E.
+ utilis_. In favourable localities it will exceed an annual height
+ growth of 7 feet. Although it will stand a considerable amount of
+ shade in its youth, it is more of a light-loving tree in old age. It
+ is a soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.
+
+ This is one of the chief mahoganies exported from the Benin and Sapeli
+ forests, but it does not attain such an average high price as that of
+ the Khaya genus. However, from all accounts it appears that the
+ majority of figured logs have been obtained from this species; this
+ compensates to some extent the disadvantage of this being the heaviest
+ wood of all the mahoganies. It often floats just level with the water,
+ and has sometimes been known to sink. In pre-war days it used to fetch
+ 4d. per superficial foot, and the best market for it was in Hamburg;
+ but, as also in the case of _E. utilis_, the wood was supplied to the
+ markets in Austria, Russia, etc. It is common to make three logs each
+ 30 feet long from the bole. Both this tree and _E. utilis_ yield some
+ of the best curls which are obtained from the mahogany.
+
+ The local people used to be very fond of using this tree for making
+ canoes, and I have seen a canoe over 80 feet long and having a draught
+ of over 6 feet. It has also been largely used in house-building.
+
+ _Lovoa Klaineana_. African Walnut. Abuwe (Yoruba); Ikwahobo, or usually
+ known amongst the timber men and forest officers as Anamomilla in
+ Benin, Apobo (Jekri, Ijor).
+
+ It is one of the most prevalent trees on the banks of the Ogba stream
+ in the Benin province, and it is also found in the Ondo, Abeokuta,
+ Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ This tree grows to a large size, reaching a girth of over 12 feet and
+ a bole length of over 60 feet. The root spurns are slight compared to
+ Mahogany, extending only from 4 to 6 feet up the stem.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The small, almost quadrangular-shaped
+ capsule, which splits open with four sides and centre square in
+ section with only eight seeds, two placed on each face, is about the
+ size of a little finger. At its base the bole is not entirely circular
+ in shape, but tends to form four distinct narrow small buttresses,
+ giving it almost a quadrangular shape. The bark is a dark brown
+ colour, which gets rougher with old age and scales off to a small
+ extent. Compared to the size of the tree it is not very thick. In the
+ younger trees it is quite smooth and more of a yellow-brown colour.
+ The leaves are pinnate, with three or four pairs of pinnæ. The four-
+ sided capsule is a most typical feature of this tree, and
+ distinguishes it from Entandrophragma. The leaves are of a dark
+ colour.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood is a good walnut-brown,
+ sometimes with very striking dark-brown or black streaks in it. The
+ sapwood is comparatively narrow and the heartwood forms comparatively
+ early in the life of the tree. The wood is only moderately hard; it
+ planes well, and takes nails; it saws easily, and splits moderately
+ well. It is, however, attacked by termites, but not when used for
+ interior work. It shrinks but little and does not warp very much. The
+ grain is rather finer than that of the ordinary mahogany, but the
+ pores are often much longer. It has a pleasant lustre, but tends to
+ darken a little with age, especially when not exposed to the brightest
+ light. The tree is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing species,
+ with soil-protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural
+ regeneration appears to be moderate. It sprouts slightly from the
+ stump. Seed years are none too frequent. The seeds themselves are soon
+ eaten by boring insects when they lie on the ground; even when picked
+ up they soon lose their germinative capacity, and should be planted
+ within a month of being gathered, as they are so liable to get dry.
+ The tree is a little exacting in regard to soil, apparently demanding
+ plenty of moisture, depth and a good deal of humus. No plantations
+ have been made with this tree, but a great number of isolated trees
+ have been planted by timber-lease holders in their areas.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+ African Walnut at 1d. per superficial foot. Since then, however, the
+ qualities of this timber have become better known, and it now finds a
+ ready sale at rates varying from 2d. to 5d. per superficial foot.
+ Although it is a mahogany by family, it is usual to sell it as African
+ Walnut, as the colour and texture of the wood are very similar to
+ walnut.
+
+ _Native Use._—In the Benin province it has been used for canoe-making.
+
+ _Guarea Thompsonii_. Cedar Mahogany, Cedar or Close-grained Mahogany.
+ Sidu (Yoruba); Obobonikwi (Benin); Akpaku (Ibo Asaba).
+
+ It is a large forest tree of the evergreen forest zone, attaining a
+ girth of 12 feet, which is most commonly found in the Benin district
+ of Nigeria.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The trunk is dark-brown with smoothish bark,
+ which has a tendency to scale off a little. The pinnate leaves are
+ shiny and form very distinctive tufts at the ends of the branches,
+ though not quite so much as in Entandrophragma.
+
+ The fruit, which is quite soft, is a dehiscent capsule, of a dark
+ brown colour; when ripe, three black seeds covered with red pulp are
+ released. The seeds are ellipsoid in shape and smaller than those of
+ _G. sp._, Obobonufwa. The seed is nearly half an inch long and covered
+ with white streaks following round its narrowest circumference. The
+ crown is very thick and dense compared with _G. sp._, Obobonufwa. The
+ bole length is shorter, and the shape of it is not so regular nor so
+ round as that of _G. sp._, Obobonufwa. The crown is flatly spherical
+ in shape, reaching fully a third of the total height of the tree. The
+ flowers are yellow and borne in long spikes about 1 foot in length.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heart of a mahogany-brown colour, with a
+ slightish red tinge when freshly cut, which rapidly goes a light brown
+ colour, though not such a light brown as in the case of _G. sp._,
+ Obobonufwa. It has a strong cedar scent when freshly cut, and even the
+ old wood retains this scent when planed up afresh. The grain is fine,
+ though a little fibrous. The pores are long and open. It has, however,
+ a nice sheen, giving a better appearance than that of _G. sp._,
+ Obobonufwa. It planes easily, but does not split very well. It takes
+ nails fairly easily and saws without difficulty. It is not termite-
+ proof. It has considerable tensile strength and elasticity. In
+ proportion the heartwood is very large and forms comparatively early
+ in the life of the tree. It has a closer grain than any of the
+ mahogany of the Benin district.
+
+ The tree is a fast-growing one, at first shade-bearing, and later a
+ more light-demanding species, with soil-improving and soil-protecting
+ qualities. Natural regeneration appears to be fair, though the seeds
+ are eaten by insects, and they do not appear to keep their generative
+ capacity for a great length of time. It appears to be rather exacting
+ as to soil, liking one with a fair degree of moisture, mineral content
+ and of considerable depth. No plantations have yet been made of this
+ tree, but isolated specimens have been planted by the timber-lease
+ holders. It bears good crops of seed every few years.
+
+ Owing to the comparative shortage of mahogany trees on some areas,
+ this tree is now felled as a timber for export, and is sold as Scented
+ Mahogany at 3d. to 6d. per superficial foot. Locally it has been cut
+ for planks.
+
+ _Guarea sp._ Cedar Mahogany, Scented Mahogany. Sida, Sendar, Odogbo,
+ Akokogbo (Yoruba); Obobonufwa (Benin); Akpaku (Ibo Asaba).
+
+ It is a large forest tree of the evergreen zone, attaining a girth of
+ over 12 feet, which is most commonly met with in the Benin district of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The bole is covered with smooth grey bark,
+ which peels off very gradually in large pieces more like a plane; it
+ is sometimes relieved by patches of yellow or red lichens. It has
+ tufts of pinnate leaves at the end of the branches.
+
+ The fruit is a greyish-brown coloured, dehiscent capsule, which
+ contains three large seeds covered with orange-coloured flesh. The
+ seed is black, and wider and thicker than the _G. Thompsonii_, though
+ the length is about the same; this makes it flatly ovate. The seed is
+ covered with white streaks in the same way as _Guarea Thompsonii_. The
+ root spurns are narrow and extend further up the stem than in the case
+ of _G. Thompsonii_, though in the younger trees the stem is very
+ cylindrical. The silvery-coloured bark is most typical of this tree,
+ thus distinguishing it most clearly from _G. Thompsonii_. It is very
+ similar in appearance to _Sideroxylon Aylmeri_ of Sierra Leone, so
+ that indeed it may be a species of Sideroxylon, or even the same.
+
+ It is found in the Ondo, Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ The sapwood is white and narrow and the heartwood light-brown, rapidly
+ darkening to a more mahogany brown. When freshly cut it has a strong
+ cedar scent, which goes off to a certain extent when it is dry, but on
+ planing the wood up again there is always a slight cedar scent. It is
+ closer grained than _G. Thompsonii_, but it has not so much sheen. On
+ the whole the colour is poorer. It is not considered quite so durable
+ as _G. Thompsonii_, nor is it termite-proof. It planes well and saws
+ easily, splits moderately well, and takes nails without difficulty. It
+ is of a very light colour for mahogany. It has a good, mellow texture.
+
+ It is at first slightly shade-bearing, but later a light-demanding
+ tree. It grows comparatively rapidly. It thoroughly protects the soil
+ and enriches it with its leaf fall. Natural regeneration appears to be
+ only moderate, perhaps owing to the fact that the seeds soon lose
+ their germinative capacity or are eaten by animals. It appears to be
+ somewhat exacting as to soil, liking one with considerable depth,
+ mineral content and a fair degree of moisture.
+
+ In 1906 sample logs of this timber were considered of a lower value
+ than mahogany, and were sold as Scented Mahogany at 3½d. to 3¾d. per
+ superficial foot. Since that date the timber has been regularly
+ shipped from the Benin district and sold as Scented Mahogany, and it
+ is usually worth from 2½d. to 6d. per superficial foot. Owing to the
+ comparative scarcity of large girth mahoganies (_Khaya sp._) in some
+ localities, it is being felled in increasingly large quantities.
+
+ _Trichilia Heudelottii_. Rere, Ako Irere, Asana (Yoruba); Ovallo
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It has a smaller leaf than _Trichilia sp._, and is rather a smaller
+ tree than _T. Prieuriana_. The heartwood is brown-red and very hard;
+ the sapwood is white.
+
+ It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving tree of the mixed forest zone.
+
+ Occasionally it is used as a house-building timber, when there is
+ nothing else available.
+
+ _Trichilia sp._ Iseko (Yoruba); Ogiovalo (Benin).
+
+ It has a larger leaf than _T. Heudelotii_. It is found in the
+ Abeokuta, Ondo and Benin provinces of Nigeria. The heartwood is
+ brownish-red and the sapwood is white. It reaches rather a larger size
+ than _T. Heudelotii_, attaining a bole length of about 15 feet and a
+ girth of 5 feet. The seeds are very similar to those of _P.
+ Prieuriana_. It is termite-proof.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be slight. It
+ apparently demands a good soil, and is found in the mixed deciduous
+ forest.
+
+ It has not yet been tried as an export timber, but it might be useful
+ as a hard mahogany, both for export and for local use.
+
+ Amongst the natives it is occasionally used as a house-building
+ timber, the tree having a fork at a convenient distance from the
+ ground.
+
+ _Trichilia Prieuriana_. Awe, Eriagbo (Yoruba); Igogo (Benin); Somabari
+ (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a dark-foliaged tree, usually found
+ dominated in the mixed forest, with thin, scaly bark and thin, long
+ leaves, with four or five pairs of pinnæ. The seeds are reminiscent of
+ Guarea.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the mixed deciduous forests of the
+ Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Timber._—It has a hard, red heartwood of close grain and white
+ sapwood; it does not shrink nor warp to any extent.
+
+ It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be poor, perhaps owing
+ to the fact that the seeds decay very rapidly when lying in the
+ ground.
+
+ In the dry season the dew condenses very readily on this tree, and
+ thus makes the ground very moist underneath.
+
+ It does not reach really export timber size. It has not been used
+ either for export or locally. However, for smaller constructional work
+ it deserves a trial.
+
+ _Turræa Vogelii_. Asha omode (Yoruba); Ovioza (Benin).
+
+ It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+ quite small, only attaining a girth of about 2 feet. It usually stands
+ in the shade as part of the undergrowth of the evergreen forest.
+
+ The natives have no particular use for it.
+
+ _Turræa heterophylla_.
+
+ This tree is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small
+ tree which has been specially noticed in the Ilaro Forest Reserve. The
+ Yorubas do not have any special use for this species of Meliaceæ. It
+ is considerably harder than either mahogany or cedar mahogany.
+
+ _Ekebergia Senegalensis_ (Juss.).
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+ It is distinguished by its white flowers, and is found growing in the
+ Olokemeji Arboretum. The leaves are large for Meliaceæ, but the
+ position of the flower-stalk and the bark are typical of this family.
+ The natives have not used the wood thus far. It would make rather an
+ ornamental shrub-like tree in a garden.
+
+ _Melia Azedarach_. Bead Tree or Persian Lilac. Eke Oyinbo (Yoruba).
+
+ A tree found growing plentifully. It is of medium size, bearing a very
+ ornamental flower. It yields timber, gum, oil and medicaments, and is
+ also used in the preparation of liquors. The fruit is poisonous.
+
+ _? Mahogany_. Onyemo (Benin).
+
+ This tree is somewhat uncommon in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+ closely allied to the African Walnut. It is apparently a mahogany, so
+ far as the texture of the timber is concerned, and the grain is very
+ similar too. It is a medium-sized tree with a bark less pitted than
+ that of the Entandrophragmas and with a more greenish tinge. The slash
+ is white, the sapwood whitish-yellow and the heartwood light-brown,
+ becoming darker on exposure to the air. It has occasionally been cut
+ in Benin and used as mahogany.
+
+
+=Polygalaceæ.=
+
+ _Carpolobia lutea_ (Don). Oshunshun (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of Nigeria. A shrub-
+ like tree.
+
+ _Polygala arenaria_. Okuturupu (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+
+=Dichapetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Chailletia floribunda_ (Planch). Kukumarugbo (Yoruba).
+
+ This is a small tree of the mixed deciduous forest zone. It is a
+ shade-bearing and soil-protecting tree.
+
+ The timber is hard and durable. Locally it has not been used to any
+ extent, though it might find a place in temporary buildings as
+ verandah-posts or window-frames. The timber is said to be termite-
+ proof. The flowers are very conspicuous and quite enliven the forest
+ with their bright colours.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanus_. African Wood Oil Nut. Erimado, Ekku (Ib.);
+ Funfun Puttuputtu (Yoruba); Okkwen, Okwen-seva (Benin).
+
+ It is a large or more often medium-sized tree with smooth grey bark,
+ rather thin branches in more or less whorls, and open crown. The fruit
+ has two lobes, with one seed in each lobe. The leaf is digitate, with
+ a varying number of digits, from three to five. The leaves are rather
+ smaller and much thinner and finer in texture than those of _R.
+ Rautenii_. The root spurns are smaller, and do not appear much more
+ than 1 foot to 2 feet above the ground, nor do the roots themselves
+ usually extend above the ground. It reaches a girth of about 8 feet.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 72.—=Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking
+downstream, Oshun Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 73.—=Large Arere Tree (Triplochiton Nigericum),
+already girdled and dead.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 74.—=Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking
+upstream, Oshun Forest Reserve, Jebu Ode District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 75.—=Ride between Compartments C and D, Mamu Forest
+Reserve, Funtumia seedlings on either side, six to eight years old.=]
+
+ To face p. 332.
+
+ The timber is a little more closely grained than that of _R.
+ Rautenii_, but otherwise very similar. On the whole the bole has a
+ less good shape, tapering rather more in proportion to its height. The
+ timber length of the tree does not usually exceed 25 feet. Natural
+ regeneration is very good, though this tree does not bear seed so
+ heavily as the sister species. It sprouts well from the stump, but the
+ stump does not last. In its youth it will stand a little shade, but is
+ really a light-loving tree, with soil-protecting, soil-improving
+ qualities. It is not quite so rapid a growing tree as _R. Rautenii_,
+ even though it is one of the quickest growing trees. It appears to
+ like a moist, comparatively rich soil.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as a
+ species of mahogany. It is, however, probable that these were logs
+ from a different kind of tree, as the wood is too dull a brown colour
+ to be really like mahogany. Locally it has not been sawn up for
+ planks, but deserves a trial as a box-making and pattern-making wood.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is felled indiscriminately with _R. Rautenii_ and
+ used for a similar purpose.
+
+ _Ricinodendron Rautenii_. Yoruba Coffin Wood. Ekku, Puttuputtu
+ (Yoruba); Okwen-seva, Okkwen nebo (Benin).
+
+ A large tree, up to 12 feet in girth, with stout branches and roughly
+ fissured bark reminding one of oak. The fruit is slightly three-lobed,
+ containing three seeds. The leaf is digitate, with the number of
+ digits varying from five to seven. The leaves are larger and thicker
+ and with a rougher surface than those of _R. Africanus_. The crown is
+ thicker, more widespread, and roughly spherical in shape. The roots
+ usually come out of the ground near the base of the tree and form
+ rough root spurns, extending 3 or 4 feet up the bole of the tree. The
+ bole reaches a length of 30 feet.
+
+ It is one of the commonest trees in the moist secondary forests and at
+ the edge of the mixed deciduous forests in Benin, Abeokuta, Calabar.
+
+ The timber of this tree was described as a “species of mahogany” and
+ suitable for the Liverpool market in 1906.
+
+ _Native Use._—By the Yorubas it is cut down and sawn up into planks
+ for making coffins. Mostly medium-sized trees are used for this
+ purpose. None of the natives apparently know how to use the nuts.
+
+ _Ricinodendron sp._ Species of Mahogany. Okwen seni (Benin).
+
+ The African oil-nut, with four nuts in each fruit, appears to be the
+ same, but this larger number of nuts is the specially distinguishing
+ feature, and has been given a distinct name by the Benin people. It
+ is, however, rather doubtful if it is really a different species from
+ _R. Rautenii_.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is used in much the same way as the other two
+ species.
+
+ _Uapaca Heudelotii_. Mahogany. Yeye (Yoruba); Oyen (Benin); Ile (Bonny
+ and New Calabar).
+
+ It is found in the Owerri and Yoruba provinces of Nigeria. With its
+ slightly curved trunk and large mass of widespreading aerial roots,
+ extending almost to a quarter up the height of the tree, it is
+ distinguishable from other trees of this zone. Usually found growing
+ near water, or in regions that are flooded periodically. It sends out
+ fresh red-coloured aerial roots. The leaves are somewhat shiny and
+ give a greyish appearance in the distance. The bark is finely fissured
+ and dark brown. Often covered with moss at the base. It attains a
+ girth of about 10 feet and a bole length of about 25 feet.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing tree. It protects the
+ soil and enriches it with the fall of its leaves. Its mass of aerial
+ roots tends to moderate the speed of the flooded river and holds the
+ banks up, preventing corrosion, and in many cases tends to help the
+ formation of higher and more solid banks, owing to the deposit of sand
+ between and near the network of aerial roots.
+
+ The timber is very similar to mahogany in grain, though a little
+ harder. It has considerable elasticity. It is finely fibrous, and does
+ not plane up with such a smooth finish, nor does it split well. It is
+ termite-resisting and moderately tough. It saws with difficulty. The
+ sapwood is stained with reddish colouring matter, and the heartwood is
+ a dull red-brown. The pores in the timber are longer, and resemble
+ mahogany in this respect; though, being fibrous to the touch, the
+ difference is shown.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for local
+ use. Occasionally it is used by the natives for house-building, and
+ some of the crooked roots and branches are used as ribs for boats and
+ building up canoes.
+
+ _Uapaca Guineensis_ (Muell. Arg.). False Mahogany. Abo Emido, also
+ known as Yeye and Yere (Yoruba); Onye (Benin).
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—Large aerial roots supporting the bole at a
+ height of 8 to 10 feet from the ground. When cut, the slash is red;
+ the sapwood is whitish, tinged with the red colouring matter of the
+ heartwood, which is a dull red.
+
+ _Distribution._—Banks of the Ogun, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.
+
+ In most respects the timber is similar to that of Heudelottii. On the
+ whole, however, this species is a little harder than the other.
+
+ This tree is somewhat slow-growing and stands less shade than the
+ Heudelotii. It is of the greatest value, with its aerial roots, in
+ protecting and increasing the height and stability of the river banks
+ at the edge of the dry forest zone. It is one of the few trees that
+ are not washed out of the banks in the flood season, and even when
+ they do fall over into the river they remain attached to the bank and
+ lessen the force of the current. Natural regeneration is none too
+ good.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, nor has it been felled locally for
+ conversion into planks. Occasionally the natives use the smaller trees
+ for house-building. They also consider the places in the rivers
+ immediately near or overhung by one of these trees as the best
+ localities for fishing.
+
+ _Bridelia micrantha_. Yoruba Ironwood. Ira Odan, Asa Gidi (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a small tree or shrub up to 8 feet high, with a large alternate
+ leaf. The bark tends to be fibrous and can be stripped off in a
+ similar way to the other Bridelias.
+
+ The timber is very hard, moderately durable, and said to be termite-
+ proof. Its small size and somewhat crooked nature hinders its more
+ extensive use.
+
+ It is occasionally of use for house-poles in temporary buildings, and
+ makes good firewood, giving intense heat. The leaves yield a rich
+ humus and improve the soil.
+
+ _Native Use._—The bark is mixed with Hausa salts and then drunk with
+ lime and water as an aperient.
+
+ _Bridelia Zenkeri_, syn. _atroviridis_. Yoruba Ironwood. Asha, Asha
+ ragha (Yoruba); Oviaruza, Assivi, Ogangan (Benin).
+
+ It is a comparatively common tree of the Abeokuta, Oyo, Benin and
+ Owerri provinces of Nigeria. The roughly fissured bark, scaling off in
+ criss-cross fashion, in papery or fibrous layers, is most typical of
+ the tree. The bole is short, seldom reaching a greater length than 15
+ feet. It is usually forked about this height and then spreads out,
+ rather reminiscently of the elm. It yields the hardest wood of all the
+ African trees, except perhaps Okuta (the stone).
+
+ It is occasionally used for house-building by the natives.
+
+ _Bridelia stenocarpa_. Benin Ironwood. Arasha, Asha, Aroro Ashasha
+ (Ondo), Aiveygbo (Eg.) (Yoruba); Assivi (Benin).
+
+ This tree is found in the Benin and Calabar provinces of Nigeria,
+ where it is somewhat prevalent, but found always singly in the forest.
+ In habit it is not at all unlike the wych elm. The leaf is of similar
+ size and shape, the bark peels off in fibrous layers, but is otherwise
+ fissured in lattice-work fashion. For the size of the tree the bark is
+ comparatively thin; the slash is light-brown, sometimes a whitish-
+ grey. The sapwood is white and the heartwood is dark-brown and very
+ hard. It saws well, but is almost impossible to split, and it will not
+ take nails. It has a short bole of about 20 feet, is deciduous for a
+ few days in the year, but is otherwise a soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving tree. Samples were at one time on the way to be exported,
+ but were sunk by accident, the wood, of course, being much heavier
+ than water.
+
+ The natives occasionally use it for house-building.
+
+ _Excœcaria sp._ Orupa (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a small tree, up to 18 inches in girth, with smooth, yellowish-
+ red bark, and has maple-like seeds in pairs joined at the base. The
+ stem gives a greyer impression than that of _Ormosia laxiflora_, and
+ it is also much smoother.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the dry-zone forest of the Ibadan,
+ Abeokuta and Onitsha provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Timber._—Not very hard and of a yellowish colour.
+
+ _Native Use._—The bark and roots are used medicinally. It is sold in
+ the Lagos medicine market.
+
+ _Antidesma venosum_. Aroro (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a small tree, about 9 feet high. Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Antidesma sp._ Ogbamaton (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Tragia Manniana_. Esisi (Yoruba); Ogangan (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Ondo and Benin provinces.
+
+ _Microdesmis puberula_ (Hook.). The Benin Apata Wood. Apata (Yoruba);
+ Ehranpata, Esanpata, Omomeran (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a small tree with hard wood of a brown colour. It reaches about
+ 15 feet high with a girth of about 12 inches.
+
+ On the whole this is a slow-growing, soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving shrub. It serves a useful purpose in the undergrowth and is
+ of local value as well.
+
+ _Native Use._—The wood is used for making the musical instrument known
+ to the Benin as Apata, a kind of harp-shaped frame made of wire, but
+ much smaller.
+
+ _Microdesmis sp._ Essunsun, Ubelluname, Ubellunowe (Benin); Njorgora
+ (Oban, Ekoi); Akiti (Ibo Owerri).
+
+ It is a common tree of the Benin, Ondo, Ogoja and Calabar provinces of
+ Nigeria. A medium-sized tree of about 6 feet in girth, attaining a
+ bole length of about 40 feet. Its small, pretty five-petalled flowers
+ fall off the tree and cover the path or neighbouring bushes; their
+ scent is very pleasant and is reminiscent of honey and flowers.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood light red brown, rather hard,
+ of close grain and close texture; it planes moderately well, but it is
+ rather hard to saw and does not split. It is durable under cover, but
+ does not last when exposed to the weather. It hardens very
+ considerably when exposed to the air. The timber was used for
+ verandah-posts in the Calabar district, but did not prove very
+ suitable, as a large borer often attacked it. The timber is not
+ absolutely termite-proof. The natives occasionally use the wood for
+ house-posts.
+
+ _Phyllanthus reticulatus_. Iranje (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Phyllanthus sp._ Awe, Erigaba (Yoruba); Eghogho (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Cyclostemon_. Oyen (Benin). This may be the same as _Uapaca
+ Heudelotii_.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree of the Abeokuta and Benin provinces of
+ Nigeria. It has aerial roots and likes a damp, moist soil. It has red
+ flowers which come out in February. It yields a hard, reddish wood,
+ which is rather fibrous.
+
+ _Manniophyton Africanum_. Ebumen (Benin).
+
+ This is a small creeper similar to that known as Okwe by the Benis.
+
+ _Manniophyton sp._ Okwe (Benin).
+
+ This is a long creeper found in the Benin and Ogoja provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ The nut of this creeper is most commonly seen in the cooked state in
+ the markets, when it appears like a dark-coloured marble. The soft
+ shell can be cracked between the fingers, and the hardish white nut is
+ seen inside, being about 1 inch in diameter and very meaty. A few of
+ these almost take the place of a meal. Thus far the plant has not been
+ cultivated, the natives only picking the fruit as they find it in the
+ forest. The fruit is four-cornered and contains one nut.
+
+ _Palissya cordata_. Ipa (Yoruba); Unwonwen (Benin); Abo Asha (Ibadan).
+
+ It is found in the Benin forest. A medium-sized tree, which might be
+ examined with a view to being a source of dyeing material.
+
+ _Macaranga Barteri_. Arasa (Yoruba).
+
+ A small tree or shrub found in Tropical West Africa.
+
+ _Claoxylon Barteri_ (Hook.). Itakun, Okare (Yoruba).
+
+ It has small flowers. Found near Ipetu.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Spondias lutea_. Non-indigenous Hog Plum or Yellow Plum. Iyeye, Akika
+ Aka (Yoruba); Ogikan or Ogege (Benin); Nsukakara (Efik).
+
+ Although indigenous to India, it has become very widespread in its
+ area of distribution in Africa, where it is found, partly planted or
+ as a “garden escape,” in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. It is
+ a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of about 5 feet and a height of
+ about 50 feet. The very evenly and comparatively deeply fissured bark,
+ in comparison to the size of the tree, is the most typical feature of
+ it. A very open crown, and few straight upward- and outward-tending
+ branches, with very slight side branches and twigs also distinguish
+ this tree from many of the forest trees. The little yellow fruit,
+ about 1 inch long and ¾ inch in diameter, is very much like an
+ elongated Mirabel plum. It is between an eighth and a quarter of an
+ inch of yellow flesh when the nut or stone is reached inside. The
+ leaves are thin and pinnate, with ten to twelve pairs of pinnæ on each
+ leaf. Sometimes the bark is rough and almost prickly. The branches and
+ cortex in smaller trees are more or less covered with little nodules
+ which sometimes develop into small thorns. The fruit is sweet, but
+ rather sharp to the taste, almost tart. It is, however, refreshing in
+ the hot weather whilst on the march.
+
+ The timber is whitish-yellow, not very hard, although it is scarcely
+ attacked by white ants, chiefly perhaps owing to the fact that any
+ green piece of wood with some bark on it will grow when lying on the
+ ground. It planes well, splits easily, and takes nails.
+
+ It is a rapid-growing, light-loving tree which does not thoroughly
+ protect the soil nor enrich it very much with its foliage. Natural
+ regeneration is poor. It is most readily propagated by means of
+ cuttings, which may even be about 6 inches in diameter and quite as
+ long as posts. With the spread of farms and other buildings it tends
+ to become more widely distributed over the country. It demands a moist
+ soil with a fair amount of depth.
+
+ The timber does not show such qualities as to justify its export, but
+ occasionally the larger trees might be sawn up for planks for local
+ use. It is very useful for making live fences, which grow fast and do
+ not cast much shade. In fruit the tree also looks very pretty.
+
+ _Native Use._—The tree is used for live fences for gardens and farms.
+ The fruit is eaten, but not to an enormous extent, as it is said to
+ form tartar on the teeth. Amongst the Yorubas, parts of the roots and
+ branches are used for axe and hoe handles.
+
+ _Spondias sp._ Ekika Aja (Yoruba).
+
+ This tree may be the same as _Pseudospondias microcarpa_, but it has
+ only been determined from a specimen obtained from the Oshun Reserve.
+ This is somewhat further south and in a moister region than the
+ _Pseudospondias microcarpa_.
+
+ _Pseudospondias microcarpa_. Okika (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a somewhat rare tree in the Abeokuta and Ibadan provinces of
+ Nigeria. Apparently there is a small-fruited tree of this species in
+ the Olokemeji Reserve. The tree itself attains a larger size than _S.
+ lutea_, reaching a girth of 8 feet and a bole of 20 feet. The growth
+ is less free and the bark is much darker and more fissured than _S.
+ lutea_. It has not been felled for export; the natives have no
+ particular use either for the wood or the fruit.
+
+ _Anacardium Occidentale_. Non-indigenous Cashew Nut. Kaju (Yoruba).
+
+ This tree has become a garden escape on the Ekoi plains near Lagos,
+ where it forms dense thickets. It is not indigenous to West Africa.
+ The tree bears well, and the Brazilians resident in Lagos make a jam
+ out of the fruit. The nuts are roasted and regularly sold in the
+ market, to Europeans chiefly. The branches of the tree are sometimes
+ lopped off and cut into short pieces for firewood. It is usually of
+ very sprawling habit, with a short bole only 3 or 4 feet long. It is
+ not found in the forest proper.
+
+ _Botanical name unknown_. Blacksmith’s Charcoal Wood. Akkun (Yoruba);
+ Azimommon, Onyenu (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria, Obagie
+ Reserve and Oyon River.
+
+ It is a large tree, with large leaves and compact crown. It has a very
+ small, berry-like fruit; found growing on moist soil in the evergreen
+ forest, sometimes found in the fringing forest of river banks of a dry
+ zone.
+
+ _Timber._—The timber is very hard, grey in colour and perhaps
+ flexible. The bark is rough and finely fissured. It is inclined to
+ peel off. The slash is pink. The wood is very fibrous, and in the
+ cross-cut section the pieces between the fibres look like very small
+ pinholes. The wood when freshly cut has a sweet, rather pleasant
+ smell.
+
+ _European Use._—It has not, so far, been sold for export or local use.
+
+ _Native Use._—The stems of the small trees are used for axe-handles,
+ and this tree is esteemed by the blacksmith for making charcoal. It is
+ also cut into planks.
+
+ _Anacardia sp._ Rat Poison Mango. Akkum (Yoruba); Pweku Pweku, Azemome
+ (Benin).
+
+ The Benin native name means literally “Rat-kill, rat-kill,” but I have
+ never been able to discover exactly how the poison is used. It is
+ rather a rare tree of the Benin forest of the Benin province. It
+ reaches a height of about 80 feet and a girth of 9 feet. It bears a
+ large fruit about the size and shape of a good mango. This is
+ certainly one of the best fruits of the native trees. It has a much
+ sweeter scent than that of the mango, and the taste is also much
+ sweeter. From experiments made it is not poisonous to chickens, goats
+ nor sheep, but none of them, except the chickens, took it at all
+ willingly. The fruit is said to be very poisonous to man, but its
+ delicious flavour tempts the tasting of it. Certainly, in very small
+ quantities it is not poisonous, and it would be interesting to know in
+ what quantities it is so. The slash is yellowish-white. The sapwood is
+ white and the heartwood of a dull brown colour. It is a hard and heavy
+ wood. It saws with difficulty. It is a shade-bearing and soil-
+ protecting tree. The natural reproduction appears to be poor.
+
+ The timber has not been used locally, nor has it been sampled for
+ export.
+
+
+=Celastraceæ.=
+
+ _Gymnosporia Senegalensis_. Shepolo-hun (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+
+=Icacinaceæ.=
+
+ _Pyrenacantha sp. nov._ Abara (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Epe Colony of Lagos, Nigeria.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Lecaniodiscus cupanoides_. Akika. Aka-Ishin (Yoruba); Utan-tan
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Warri, Ogoja and Calabar
+ provinces of Nigeria. It is a small, shrub-like tree, reaching a girth
+ of about 1 foot and a height of 15 feet. The leaves are very small,
+ the timber extremely hard and cross-grained. The wood is used by the
+ natives for rafters, hoe-handles and sometimes mortar-pestles; the
+ root is said to have medicinal properties.
+
+ _Blighia sapida_. Akee or Akee Apple. Ishin Ishin-oka (Yoruba); Ukpi
+ nufwa (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. It has an edible
+ aril, which is yellow in colour. It is cooked before being consumed.
+ It is a very ornamental tree, and bears fruit when quite young, which,
+ being orange-coloured, looks very pretty amongst the green foliage.
+
+ The fruit is more or less triangular in shape, and when ripe splits
+ open up to the base, releasing three black nuts with a yellow aril.
+ The fruit is orange-coloured with a pink flush. It is a medium-sized
+ tree, reaching a girth of about 6 feet and a height of about 60 feet.
+ The bark is smooth and grey in colour and comparatively thin. The
+ crown is oval in shape and much more open than is the case with
+ _Phialodiscus sp._ It has a moderately large pinnate leaf with two
+ pairs of pinnæ. The flowers are small and comparatively inconspicuous.
+ It is found chiefly in the mixed deciduous forest zone. It is most
+ frequently seen in the neighbourhood of villages, where it has
+ probably been planted.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood brown, moderately hard, durable
+ and termite-proof. It planes well, though occasionally it is cross-
+ grained. The wood is of fine texture and has a certain amount of
+ sheen. It saws well, but does not split easily. It takes nails only
+ moderately well. It tends to darken a little on exposure to the air.
+
+ This tree is moderately fast-growing, at first shade-bearing and
+ subsequently light-demanding. It is also a soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving tree. It appears to like comparatively rich soil, though it
+ may also be seen on poor ground, where it does not thrive. Natural
+ regeneration is not good, chiefly owing to the fact that many animals
+ eat the seeds, besides human beings. It will bear fruit in the fifth
+ year, more especially from stump shoots. It sprouts well from the
+ stump and stands a great deal of pruning.
+
+ The timber has not been cut for export, and only occasionally has it
+ been sawn up for local use. It is, however, worthy of further
+ attention as a local building timber. As an ornamental tree it is
+ worthy of a place in a large garden. With its open crown it is a
+ comparatively clean tree, and does not harbour flies and insects.
+
+ _Native Use._—In places of timber scarcity it is occasionally used for
+ house-poles. The aril of the fruit is eaten after being cooked, but
+ apparently this custom is much more prevalent in the West Indies
+ amongst the descendants of the African slaves. In many parts of
+ Nigeria it is quite unknown as an edible fruit.
+
+ _Phialodiscus sp.?_. Bush Akee. Awewe, Ishin Oko, Isinko (Yoruba); Ukpi
+ nikwi (Benin).
+
+ Identified from a specimen in the Forestry Arboretum, Calabar.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The capsule splits into three and allows
+ three black seeds to escape, with small yellow aril round the base.
+ The whole fruit and the individual seeds are much smaller than
+ _Blighia sapida_, though, as the Benin name indicates, this is so
+ similar that it is called the black variety of Ukpi. The fruit is
+ triangular in shape, otherwise very much the same size as African Oak,
+ _Oldfieldia Africana_.
+
+ Found in the Calabar, Owerri, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Blighia sp._ Ishin Oko, Oko Ishin (Yoruba); Ukpi nikwi (Benin).
+
+ _Distribution._—Ibadan, Abeokuta, Jebu Ode, Benin, Owerri and Calabar
+ provinces of Nigeria. Probably same as _Phialodiscus sp._
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The very insignificant white flower-spikes,
+ hidden away amongst the leaves, but attracting numerous bees in
+ February and March, characterize this variety. It is a medium-sized
+ tree, with light-green foliage, thin, lanceolate leaves, a thin grey
+ bark, smooth and close and oval-shaped crown, through which one cannot
+ see. The capsule is dehiscent, with three black seeds with yellow
+ arils, smaller than _Blighia sapida_, but otherwise quite similar in
+ shape, except that the capsule is more triangular than that of _B.
+ sapida_, and shorter also and of a dark brown colour. It is not unlike
+ the fruit of the real African Oak, _Oldfieldia Africana_, except that
+ this is quite spherical in shape.
+
+ _Timber._—White sapwood and light-brown heartwood, which is moderately
+ hard. It does not plane well, and is sometimes cross-grained; the
+ texture of the wood is fine, but is a little fibrous. It saws easily,
+ but does not split well. The bole being very cylindrical in shape,
+ comparatively long, even-widthed planks can be cut out of it.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration does not appear to be good.
+ It is somewhat exacting as to soil, and does not thrive in a moist
+ sand. It is somewhat fire-resisting. In the dry season a good deal of
+ dew is condensed on the leaves, but not so much as in other genera,
+ such as Anona.
+
+ The timber has not been cut for export, nor has it been sawn up for
+ local use. It deserves, however, further trial as a local building
+ timber. A specimen, from which the tree was determined, stands in the
+ forest region of Calabar.
+
+ _Use._—Native implements of various kinds.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 76.—=Path in Iwoye Forest, Western Circle, showing
+parts of four Mahogany Trees in the picture.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 77.—=Mature Cocoanut Grove near stream in the middle
+of Idanre Town, 1910.=]
+
+ To face p. 342.
+
+ _Deinbollia pinnata_. Oju Agbigbo (Yoruba); Ebegogogbo (Benin).
+
+ It is a small, shrub-like tree found in the Abeokuta and Benin
+ provinces. The small orange-brown-coloured seeds are of similar shape
+ to, though smaller than, _Blighia sapida_; they are, however, more
+ elliptical. The stem of the tree, if found with the proper crook in
+ it, is used for making hoe-handles. The leaf is pinnate. This tree
+ only attains a small size, and is found as undergrowth in the mixed
+ deciduous forest zone.
+
+ _Cupania akeesia_. Small Ukpi nufwa. Ishin-jeje, Ishin-gege (Yoruba);
+ Ukpi nufwa (Benin).
+
+ This is a small, shrub-like tree, common in the Abeokuta and Benin
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+
+=Rhamnaceæ.=
+
+ _Zizyphus mucronata_ (Willd.). Walking-stick Wood. Ekanesie adie
+ (Yoruba).
+
+ This is a shrub-like tree of the dry-zone forest, but does not bear
+ such a nice fruit as that of _Z. jujuba_.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Glyphea Grewioides_ (Hook.). Atori (Yoruba); Uwenyriotan, Uwemriotan
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a small tree, not much more than a large shrub, with small
+ leaves, and very common in the undergrowth of the evergreen forest. It
+ is not a hard wood.
+
+ It is found in the Benin, Calabar, Abeokuta, Ondo and Ibadan provinces
+ of Nigeria. It is usually found as one of the smaller trees forming
+ the undergrowth in the evergreen forest. It yields a strong, hard wood
+ near the junction of the roots with the stem, though otherwise it is
+ soft.
+
+ It is a shade-bearer, and usually grows in a moist place. Reproduction
+ by seed, judging by the amount of self-grown seedlings found, must be
+ good. It thoroughly protects the soil and enriches it. It thus serves
+ a useful purpose in the undergrowth of evergreen forests.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is used as a “Ju-ju” whip in Benin and for walking-
+ sticks. Small stump shoots can also be used for yam supports and for
+ making hoe-handles.
+
+ _Cistanthera sp._ False Hill Mahogany. Oro, Apata (?) (Yoruba); Abolo
+ (?) (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta and Benin (?) provinces of Nigeria. It is
+ a very common tree on the hill-sides of the Olokemeji Reserve, and to
+ a lesser extent in the Ilaro Reserve. It is a medium-sized tree,
+ reaching a growth of 8 feet and the bole length of about 40 feet. The
+ bark is very curious, with occasional very small, long and narrow
+ fissures and tiny pits scattered more or less a foot apart up and down
+ the stem. It is almost gregarious in habit.
+
+ The timber is a red-brown colour with a white sapwood. It is very
+ similar to mahogany and could probably be sold as such. It is
+ moderately durable. A tree which fell down in the Olokemeji Reserve
+ during 1910 was not absolutely unsound in 1915.
+
+ It is apparently a slight shade-bearer and rather slow grower.
+ Reproduction by seed is evidently rather doubtful, as few or no self-
+ sown seedlings are found in the neighbouring forest. It has not been
+ cut for local use, nor for export, though sample logs should be tried
+ on the Liverpool market to test its value.
+
+ The natives use the roots for medicinal purposes, but they do not use
+ the timber.
+
+ _Grewia carpinifolia_. Itakum Okere (Yoruba).
+
+ Olokemeji.
+
+ _Grewia tetragastris_. Ora-Igho (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a shrub, reaching a height of about 5 feet, of the mixed
+ deciduous forest in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria (Olokemeji
+ Reserve).
+
+ _Triumfetta rhomboidea_. Boko pupa, Akobolobolo, Ilasa omodo (Yoruba);
+ Nesuwa (Benin).
+
+ _Triumfetta cordifolia_. Esura (Yoruba).
+
+ _Triumfetta sp._ Apiko (Yoruba).
+
+ _Corchorus acutangulus_. Abo-jaga (Yoruba).
+
+ _Corchorus olitorius_. Eyo, Ganbe (Yoruba).
+
+ These are common plants in the Ogoja and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ They yield long-stapled fibre worth about £27 a ton. Owing to the fact
+ that they grow wild and are not cultivated by the natives, the
+ difficulty is to be able to collect sufficient quantities in one
+ locality to pay for the cost of retting, baling, etc., to make the
+ fibre production a paying proposition.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Hibiscus esculentus_ (F.). Okra or Achro (fruit).
+
+ In most provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Hibiscus Grewioides_.
+
+ Yoruba country (?).
+
+ _Hibiscus quinquilobus_ (G. Don). Onegozi (Benin).
+
+ Benin.
+
+ _Sida carpinifolia_ (Linn.). Oshopotu Dudu (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in Abeokuta province of Nigeria, and is used by the local
+ people for making fibre.
+
+ _Urena lobata_. Bolobolo Fibre. Bolobolo (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ It is a comparatively well-known fibre-plant, but has not, however,
+ been cultivated, the natives having many other profitable crops to
+ grow.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Eriodendron Orientale_. White Silk-Cotton Tree, Blind Wood or Kapok,
+ Cotton Tree. Araba, Eggun (Yoruba); Okha (Benin); Ukum (Efik); Akbo
+ (Ibo, Asaba); Shakka (Brass).
+
+ It is a common tree in all the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, though
+ it is not found in the most northerly part of the drier ones. With the
+ exception of a few scented mahoganies, this is the largest African
+ forest tree. Its huge root buttresses reach up over 20 feet from the
+ ground. Its giant limbs, as thick as an ordinary tree-trunk, stretch
+ out almost 100 feet from, and are supported on, the great column of
+ the bole, often itself over 100 feet high. Large muscular-like
+ protrusions join up the limbs with the trunk and the latter with the
+ root buttresses, giving the tree a peculiar look. The flowers are
+ white, with yellow stamens. The fruit is a soft, oblong, dehiscent
+ capsule, opening when ripe and releasing black seeds about twice the
+ size of B.B. shot. Attached to this seed is a ball of white fluff.
+ This last is known commercially as Kapok. At the time of the bursting
+ of the capsule of this tree the whole air near by appears filled with
+ white flakes, and the ground later is white as if after a fall of
+ snow. It is almost the quickest growing of all the African forest
+ trees. It grows in the evergreen forest as well as in the mixed
+ deciduous forest.
+
+ The timber is white and soft and inclined to have little yellow
+ streaks. When dry it is brittle, though very fibrous to cut when fresh
+ by either axe or saw. It soon rots when exposed to the weather.
+ Natural regeneration by seed is good, especially on the banks of
+ rivers. It tends to extend its area of distribution with the clearing
+ of the heavy forest area in making farms. It is a light-demanding
+ tree.
+
+ In Germany, before the war, African Kapok found a ready sale at about
+ 9d. per pound. Samples of Kapok were sent to England and were valued
+ at less than those of the East Indian variety.
+
+ The timber has been used as a “blind” wood for furniture, and had a
+ regular market at Hamburg before the war. It has been tested in
+ England for pulp-making, but the fibre is stated to be too short, and
+ so it is of no use for this purpose.
+
+ _Native Use._—The Kapok is used for stuffing pillows, for which 1s.
+ apiece is charged. Large oblong pieces of the root buttresses are used
+ as native doors and as drying slabs for fresh dyed clothes. Whenever
+ timber fails it is used for fishing canoes (the cheapest kind).
+
+ _Eriodendron anfractuosum_. Cotton Tree, similar to Orientale. Araba
+ Eggun (Yoruba); Okha (Benin); Shakka (Brass).
+
+ Was determined from Western Province material, but it is doubtful
+ whether it is a different species from that found in other parts of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Bombax reflexum_. Red-flowering Cotton Tree. Ponpola, Lauro (Ibadan,
+ Yoruba); Obokha (Benin); Onihokha, Benin (when in flower); Titiro
+ (Egbado).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Owerri and Ogoja provinces
+ of Nigeria, where it is often seen in the mixed forests and in
+ clearings in the evergreen forest zone.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It has a larger leaf and thorns than the
+ other Buonopozense (?) (Onikokha of Benin). The most typical feature
+ is the very thick, tulip-like red flower of this tree. This falls to
+ the ground, and is seen on roadways and pathways, indicating the
+ presence of this tree. In February or March, when the flowers appear,
+ the tree is bare, so that the bright-red flowers make it all the more
+ striking. The tree is smaller than the _Eriodendron Orientale_,
+ attaining a girth of about 12 feet and a bole length of 50 feet. The
+ root spurns are much slighter, in most cases scarcely amounting to
+ small buttresses. The cortex is more soft and spongy than _E.
+ Orientale_.
+
+ The timber is white, very soft, not quite so tough nor fibrous as _E.
+ Orientale_, but rather more porous. It planes more easily, dries
+ rather better, splits with less difficulty than _E. Orientale_, and
+ saws with less trouble.
+
+ It is a very fast-growing, light-loving tree, which does not protect
+ or enrich the soil very much with its leaf fall. Natural regeneration
+ appears to be fair, though, considering the enormous number of flowers
+ almost each year, it is surprising that the tree does not spread more
+ rapidly in new clearings in the forest.
+
+ The timber has not been tried for export nor for local use.
+
+ The bark, roots and leaves are used amongst the Yorubas for medicinal
+ purposes. The bush deer eat the flowers, when they fall: the Benin
+ native says if he does not call the tree Onihokha, the deer will not
+ come and eat it.
+
+ _Bombax sp.?_, _Bombax buonopozense?_. Ponponla (Ibadan, Yoruba);
+ Obokha, Onihokha (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ogoja and Benin provinces of
+ Nigeria, in the mixed forests, where it is not very common.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—Compared to _Bombax reflexum_ it has a
+ smaller leaf, smaller thorns, but not so many on the stem. It has a
+ similar red flower, opening, however, much more widely. It reaches
+ about the same size as the Bombax.
+
+ The timber appears to be very similar in most ways to _B. reflexum_.
+ It has not been felled for export, nor has it been used for planks for
+ local use. Occasionally the leaves are used for medicinal purposes.
+
+ There appears to be some doubt as to whether this is really a separate
+ species from that of _B. reflexum_. It is, however, sufficiently
+ different to be considered quite a distinct variety, though perhaps
+ not actually a different species.
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_. Monkey Bread, Baobab. Ose (Yoruba); Usi (Benin).
+
+ It is a moderately common tree in the Onitsha and Abeokuta provinces
+ of Nigeria. Isolated specimens are also found elsewhere. The most
+ typical feature of this tree is the huge thick trunk, tapering up into
+ the branches, out of all proportion to the length of these and the
+ twigs. These are much thicker than the branches and twigs of other
+ trees. The green, elongated spherical-shaped fruits hang by a stalk,
+ giving the tree the appearance of one decorated for a Christmas
+ festival. The leaves are truly digitate and not unlike those of the
+ cotton-tree, though they are thicker and darker in colour. The bark is
+ very thick, spongy and fibrous, and of a light-grey colour. The bark,
+ seeds and roots are used medicinally. The fruit is eaten in time of
+ scarcity.
+
+ The fibre is used in England for paper-making.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia Rhinopetala_. False Chestnut. Ekko Okpon, Orodu or Orodo
+ (Yoruba); Enwiwan (Benin); Otutu (Jebu); Awraw (Egbado).
+
+ It has a smooth, light-green bark, which remains soft, but is whitish
+ with age. The wood is white and soft, and apparently there is no
+ difference in the heartwood. It has a small seed with a wing on each
+ side of it. For external work it is not durable, but when seasoned for
+ internal fittings, such as doors or ceilings, it is more useful.
+
+ It is common in the Oyo, Benin, Calabar and Abeokuta provinces. It is
+ found in the mixed deciduous forests, especially in the Mamu and Ilaro
+ Forest Reserves. Also, wherever it is found there is a comparatively
+ large number, though it is not gregarious in habit.
+
+ It was stated to be of no commercial value in the Liverpool market in
+ 1906, but in a subsequent report it was said to be worth 1s. to 1s.
+ 6d. a cubic foot, as walnut, though there must have been some mistake
+ in the name.
+
+ _Native Use._—The mushrooms which grow on its stem after it is cut
+ down are used for soup. These are known as Epweperu.
+
+ _Sterculia tomentosa_. Okagbo (Yoruba); Ukpiwenwan (Benin).
+
+ This tree is found in the Abeokuta and Benin provinces. It reaches a
+ height of from 40 to 50 feet. The fruit is ripe in December and
+ January; it is kidney-shaped and covered with a dense collection of
+ very fine reddish hairs. It grows in clusters.
+
+ _Sterculia sp._ Iwu (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria and is a medium-sized
+ tree which yields a white wood which is none too hard nor soft.
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_. African Tragacanth. Owun, Omunu, Omar, Ogidu
+ (?) (Yoruba); Oporipor, Iporipor, Okoko (Benin).
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It shows a brown slash when cut. The bark is
+ very fibrous and the white sapwood is full of large open pits, which
+ gives the wood the appearance of being entirely fibrous. It yields a
+ pink-coloured gum, which hardens after a few days. It bears large
+ oval-shaped leaves, which tend to be bunched at the end of the twigs.
+ The pods are less than half the size of _Sterculia cordifolia_ and are
+ covered with light-brown velvety hairs on the outside. These pods
+ open, making each appear coracle-shaped, with eight to ten small brown
+ seeds attached to the bottom rib of the pod. The foliage looks almost
+ grey-white from underneath. The bole of the younger trees is greyish-
+ white and usually for 30 to 40 feet free of branches. It reaches a
+ girth of about 8 feet. The wood is white and softish, planes easily
+ and works up to a neat finish. Silviculturally, the tree stands
+ between the light-lovers on one hand and the shade-bearers on the
+ other, although it is usually seen growing comparatively free from
+ other than natural shade. It does, in fact, stand a considerable
+ amount of shade in the younger stages of growth as well as later, when
+ it may be overgrown by larger growing trees. It is usually found in
+ groups at the edge of the forest.
+
+ It sprouts again from the stump, but almost each year large crops of
+ seeds are borne on the tree, and this would seem to be the chief
+ method of reproduction.
+
+ The tree has not been cut for local use, nor has it been exported. The
+ Yorubas and Benis use the smaller trees as poles for house-building,
+ but it is not considered a good wood.
+
+ _Sterculia cordifolia_. Heart-shaped-leaved Sterculia. Okporoporo,
+ (Akure); Ogugu, Ogungun or Ogrugru, Oburuburu (Yoruba); Idogoho, Okoko,
+ Okokwo (Benin); Dikir (Efik); Ibitoto (Bembi).
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Jebu Ode, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin,
+ Onitsha, Owerri, and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the
+ most common trees in the mixed deciduous forests.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The large heart-shaped leaves and the curious
+ twist to the lower part of the stem, which makes the root
+ protuberances quite angular. It is never quite straight and forms a
+ heavy oval crown.
+
+ The very large, oval, soft, almost fleshy, dehiscent pod, with its
+ large winged seeds, is most typical of this tree. The crown is
+ supported by three or four large limbs with comparatively few side
+ branches. The foliage is very dense, though even in a tall tree the
+ individual heart-shaped leaves show up quite distinctly. It is almost
+ gregarious in habit, usually groups of four or five being found in one
+ place. It is nearly always found on the banks of small streams which
+ may dry up in the dry season. It is a shade-bearer, though moderately
+ quick in growth. The wood is cross-grained, and emits rather an
+ unpleasant smell when cut. The sapwood and the heartwood are both
+ white, with a reddish tinge through it. It is soft, but becomes much
+ harder when dry. It sprouts from the stump when cut down. Reproduction
+ by seed is moderate. It has not been used locally, nor has it been
+ exported. The natives in the Benin and Yoruba countries use the butt
+ of medium-sized trees, especially those with a fork, for house-
+ building. It is not attacked by white ants.
+
+ _Sterculia_ nr. _oblonga_. Opepe (?) (Yoruba); Orodo (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree of the Benin province of Nigeria, found in the
+ evergreen forest.
+
+ It is a question whether this species is the one with a very hard,
+ leathery, half-dehiscent pod, showing about ten orange-coloured oblong
+ seeds inside it. These seeds have sometimes been termed Okoko by the
+ Benis, but they are, no doubt, not obtained from the fruit of
+ _Sterculia cordifolia_. These seeds also are not winged, and are
+ comparatively fleshy and soft compared to the dry, rather hard, large
+ winged seeds of _Sterculia cordifolia_.
+
+ _Sterculia cinerea_. Tartar Tree. Lakole (Yoruba); Ururata (Benin).
+
+ It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is
+ found at the edge of the mixed deciduous forest with the dry-zone area
+ of vegetation.
+
+ _Firmania Barteri_. Rope Tree. Eso or Esho (Yoruba); Akoko, Nihau (?)
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a large tree with duck-egg-green bark and an uneven buttressed
+ base, with a bole length of 30 or 40 feet and a girth up to 12 feet.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is one of the most prevalent trees in the Olokemeji
+ Reserve in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, and found all through the
+ mixed forests of the Western Circle and also in the Obubra division of
+ the Calabar province, but it has so far not been found in the Benin
+ province.
+
+ _Use._—A fibre, worth £14 to £20 a ton, is made from the bark of young
+ trees attaining 3 inches in diameter.
+
+ A most conspicuous tree in October and November, as it is covered with
+ small red flowers and is leafless at the time. It has a papery fruit
+ with a small round seed attached to the base. These fruits are also
+ most conspicuous in February and March, making the tree look as it
+ were covered with red flowers for a second time. The large, poplar-
+ shaped leaves with comparatively long stalks often tremble in the
+ slightest breeze in a similar way to the aspen. The wood is soft,
+ white and fibrous, with no distinguishing colour between sapwood and
+ heartwood. It splits comparatively easily, though, once it is dry,
+ with difficulty. It is easy to plane, though difficult to obtain a
+ smooth surface owing to the grain often being twisted. The light seeds
+ almost float in the air, the result being that they are spread
+ everywhere, and thus come up chiefly in the open spaces and at the
+ edges of rides and roads, almost to the detriment of any other
+ species. It is one of the fastest growing of all the African trees,
+ and being a light-lover as well, rapidly covers all the available
+ ground. In fact, in the mixed deciduous forests it tends to gain in
+ its area of distribution year by year. In an enumeration in the
+ Olokemeji Reserve, instead of finding a few thousand trees, as in the
+ case of most species, hundreds of thousands of this one were found.
+
+ The branches of the young tree grow more or less in whorls at right
+ angles to the trunk, and, combined with the comparatively large
+ leaves, thoroughly cover the ground near by. Stump sprouts grow after
+ a tree has been felled, though natural reproduction by seed is by far
+ the most prevalent method. It has not been felled for local use nor
+ has it been exported. The Hausas living in Nigeria cut down the small
+ trees (saplings 1 to 2 inches in diameter), peel off the bark, dry it,
+ and spin it into rope, which is used for tying loads of Cola or other
+ produce. When freshly made it is soft and pliable, but when it is dry
+ the fibre becomes very harsh and rather difficult to tie.
+
+ The wood is used for floats for fishing on the Niger.
+
+ _Heritiera sp?_. Oviegikwe (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin and Ondo (?) provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ The tree is large, reaching a girth of about 12 feet. The seed is
+ papery and full of air, so that when trodden upon it collapses. The
+ leaf is of medium size, more or less pinnate. The timber is white and
+ soft; termites attack it. It has not been exported or used for local
+ buildings.
+
+ _Native Use._—The leaf is used medicinally, and the timber is used for
+ making drums (the frame) by hollowing out the trunk of a tree. It is
+ also used as walls for a temporary house (when dried or not); for this
+ purpose it is split in pieces.
+
+ _Heritiera sp.?_. Igoso (Benin).
+
+ It is an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is found
+ in the evergreen and mixed deciduous forests. The fruit is
+ considerably smaller than Oviegikwe.
+
+ The natives apparently have no use for this tree. However, timber
+ obtained from trees of this genus has proved so useful and durable
+ that a trial of the wood of this species seems advisable.
+
+ _Triplochiton Johnsonii_ (Ch. Wright). African Maple, Bush Maple. Arere
+ (Yoruba); Obechi (Benin).
+
+ This is one of the common trees of the Abeokuta, Ondo and Benin
+ provinces of Nigeria; it is found in the mixed deciduous forest zone,
+ more especially in the moister regions of these forests. Like _T.
+ Nigericum_, it is one of the largest of all the forest trees, reaching
+ a height of over 120 feet and a girth of 25 feet. The leaf has five
+ lobes, and is thus distinguishable from _T. Nigericum_, which has
+ seven. The bole is long and clean and most cylindrical in shape; the
+ buttresses, as a rule, do not reach such a great height as in the case
+ of _T. Nigericum_. On the whole the bark is smoother and, especially
+ in the younger specimens, almost shiny. The flowers and fruit are very
+ similar to _T. Nigericum_.
+
+ The timber is white, both heartwood and sapwood, and shows a
+ considerable amount of elasticity; rather liable to warp when
+ seasoned. It works up well and takes a satiny sheen. The grain is
+ comparatively fine—in fact, a little finer than that of _T.
+ Nigericum_; the pores are long and very narrow; it works up well with
+ a plane, takes nails easily, does not split well; it saws with great
+ ease; it is not termite-proof. If freshly cut and placed under cover,
+ it suffers most severely from the attacks of a very small weevil which
+ reduces the wood to a fine powder; it is noticeable that when the
+ timber is entirely dry the surface hardens very considerably and it is
+ less liable and almost immune from attack. When thoroughly dry the
+ wood weighs 35 pounds per cubic foot.
+
+ It is a very rapid-growing, at first slightly shade-bearing and of
+ recent years an eminently light-loving tree. It has soil-protecting
+ and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration appears to be very
+ good. Self-sown seedlings show a height-growth of over 6 feet per
+ year. It likes a moist soil, which need not be very rich, but it must
+ have considerable depth. It is rather liable to be blown by the wind
+ or sometimes broken, if in an exposed locality.
+
+ Locally it has been used for boxes and other articles, which have
+ proved quite durable; it has been used as inside planking and other
+ interior work, and so long as it is carefully seasoned it does not
+ warp very badly; it is probable that it is one of those timbers that
+ would yield better results by kiln drying. In the Central Circle it
+ has been sawn up as planks for a considerable time, but they have been
+ attacked to a great extent by a small weevil. The local people use the
+ bark for making roofs and the wood for doors for their houses.
+
+ In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market
+ as Satinwood, but were not considered equal to Anyeran (_Afrormosia
+ elata_). Since that date no more trial shipments have been made, so it
+ remains to be seen whether under the altered conditions and the
+ pressing demands for timber in Europe a market cannot now be found for
+ the vast quantities of this timber from Nigeria and other West African
+ countries.
+
+ _Triplochiton Nigericum_. Soft Satinwood. Arere (Yoruba); Kpa (Efik).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Owerri and Calabar provinces of
+ Nigeria; it is a common tree of the mixed deciduous forests. One of
+ the distinguishing features of this tree are the maple-like leaves.
+ This species has seven lobes to the leaf; the leaf itself is softer
+ and almost velvety compared to the true maple leaf. The lobes
+ themselves are not quite so sharply pointed and the leaf stalk is
+ considerably thicker. The fruit also is very much like that of the
+ maple, but is a quadruple samara instead of being only a double one.
+ The tree is one of the largest of the whole forest, reaching a height
+ under favourable conditions of nearly 150 feet; the bole alone may
+ reach a height of 90 feet with a girth of over 20 feet. The trunk is
+ very cylindrical in shape, showing a well formed figure, but not so
+ good as either that of Agba or Gum Copal. It is only broken up by the
+ root buttresses, which often reach 10 to 12 feet from the ground
+ before they merge into the stem; the bark is grey, sometimes almost
+ white and almost smooth; in old age, shallow fissures sometimes form.
+ The slash is greenish-white, and a little watery sap moistens the cut
+ after a short interval. The crown is ovally spherical and occupies
+ over one-third of the height of the tree. The flowers are mottled pink
+ and white.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood is the same colour, with no
+ great distinction between them except the greater dryness of the
+ heartwood. The timber is soft and not durable, and is not termite-
+ proof; it does not split very well, saws easily, and planes fairly
+ well and takes nails comparatively well; does not plane up to a very
+ smooth surface.
+
+ It is a very rapid-growing, at first shade-bearing, and during the
+ last few years a light-loving tree; it has soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving qualities. It is deciduous for a short time each year;
+ flowers in February or March, and the seeds are borne towards the end
+ of the rainy season. Natural regeneration is very good; it sprouts
+ very strongly from the stump. It is really somewhat exacting as to
+ soil, liking a moist soil of good depth and with plenty of drainage;
+ it will not stand in waterlogged ground, though an occasional flood
+ does not hurt it. Plantations have been made with this tree, and the
+ growth thus far has been very rapid; self-sown seedlings, however,
+ show greater development in the same period of time.
+
+ Locally, the root flanges are used for making doors and occasionally
+ the tree has been cut for planks; it is said that the timber is not
+ supposed to be quite so durable as that of _T. Johnsonii_, but in
+ reality there is very little difference between them.
+
+ _Triplochiton n. sp._ Bush Maple. Obechi (Benin).
+
+ This tree was found in 1906 in the forest near the Anwai, not far from
+ Onitsha Olona, in the Asaba district of the Benin province, and is
+ very similar in habit and growth to the other two species.
+
+ _Buettneria_. Obechi (Benin).
+
+ Benin.
+
+ _Pterygota_. Poroporo (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is not very
+ prevalent in the mixed forests of the Olokemeji Reserve, and is a
+ large tree, 8 to 10 feet in girth. The wood is said by the natives to
+ be durable.
+
+ _Cola cauliflora_ (F.). Cola Mahogany. Isienwe (Benin).
+
+ It is common in the Benin province of Nigeria, in the mixed deciduous
+ forest zone, where it is not very prevalent. It is a medium-sized
+ tree, reaching a girth of 6 feet.
+
+ The seed is a small nut. The leaves are very dark and are
+ comparatively large. The bole reaches a length of about 20 feet.
+
+ The sapwood is whitish and the heartwood of a red-brown, similar to
+ mahogany. The texture is, however, not quite so fine and a little more
+ fibrous. It planes fairly well and takes nails fairly easily, but it
+ does not split well. It is durable and is said to be termite-proof. It
+ is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving tree. Natural regeneration is only moderate, and it sprouts
+ slightly from the stump. It is somewhat exacting as to soil, and is
+ usually found in a loamy sand, with plenty of moisture and depth.
+
+ It was valued at 2d. to 2½d. a superficial foot as mahogany of fair
+ character in the Liverpool market in 1906. But since then no more has
+ been felled or exported.
+
+ The natives use it as firewood in the Benin country. It has not been
+ felled for local use.
+
+ _Cola laurifolia_. Laurel-leaved Cola. Foma (Yoruba).
+
+ It is an uncommon tree, found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta
+ province of Nigeria. A small tree with small flowers.
+
+ _Cola acuminata_ (Beauv.). Common Cola. Obi Abata (Yoruba); Eve
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree of the Calabar, Ogoge, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo,
+ Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is the ordinary Cola of the Benin villages, but it is also found in
+ the forest. In other parts of the country it has been planted along
+ the sides of the roads leading into Egbado, Jebu, Ode, Ondo, Ikale and
+ Ilesha villages.
+
+ Always standing in the shade and with a heavy evergreen foliage, the
+ cream-coloured flowers with a pink streak on each petal show up very
+ clearly when the tree comes into bloom in February or March. According
+ to the native ideas, the tree must never be pruned, nor, in fact,
+ should it be cut either partially or wholly under any circumstances.
+ However, in passing to and from their farms, boys and young men often
+ chip the trunk of the tree with a matchet. This, they say, has the
+ effect of making it produce more fruit; otherwise the tree always
+ looks very dirty, and often the trunk and the branches are covered
+ with epiphytic ferns or orchids. Occasionally, once a year or once in
+ two or three years, the branches of the trees standing nearest to a
+ Cola are cut away and the ground immediately surrounding a Cola tree
+ is cleared of undergrowth. The crop of fruit borne varies very much
+ from year to year. One year a native may make a pound or so from his
+ Cola tree, whereas in another he perhaps makes very little.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 78.—=Osse River, looking downstream, edge of the
+Pool, Ifon District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 79.—=Mixed Forest near Osse, looking upstream, Ifon
+District.=]
+
+ To face p. 354.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood a dull whitish-yellow. It is
+ moderately hard, very close grained and of fine texture, with a dull
+ lustre; is moderately durable, but is liable to be attacked by a very
+ small furniture borer. It is termite-proof. It planes well, does not
+ split easily, takes nails and saws well. It is apparently an excellent
+ wood for carving. It does not shrink nor warp very much. It is more
+ durable for interior work than for outside, where it is liable to get
+ soft and to crumble away. It is sometimes brittle; it does not burn
+ well.
+
+ _Native Use._—The fruit is eaten and is used as an article of export
+ both to the Northern Provinces and also to the Continent. The wood is
+ used for making “Ju-jus” (Esu—the Devil) (Images of the King);
+ otherwise it is not cut in the Benin country.
+
+ _Cola Afzelii_. Monkey Cola Tree. Obidu, Obiedun, Ebidun (Yoruba);
+ Awohebitan (Benin).
+
+ The brilliant red fruits, about twelve joined together in a spherical
+ bunch, are usually quite a feature of the small tree. The leaves are
+ digitate, but joined at the base, so in reality only a single leaf. It
+ is a much-branched tree with yellowish-grey bark. The crown is much
+ divided, and sometimes the branches almost appear as if in large
+ whorls.
+
+ It is found in the Oyo, Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Calabar and
+ Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ The wood is white and softish and not durable. It is most common at
+ the edge of the evergreen forest. It attains a girth of about 6 feet
+ and a bole length of about 15 feet. It is a light-lover, though it
+ stands a considerable amount of shade in its youth.
+
+ _Native Use._—The wood is used for the stock of a cross-bow in the
+ Benin country, and the seeds are eaten at any time.
+
+ _Cola sp._ Obiedum (Yoruba); Ewoha (Benin).
+
+ This is a comparatively common tree of the Benin, Abeokuta and Ondo
+ provinces of Nigeria. It is the original Cola of the forest; a medium-
+ sized tree with the typical Cola foliage, found growing singly. It
+ does not appear to bear very heavily, and apparently in some places
+ the local people utilize the fruit, while in others they say it is of
+ no value. It appears to be a whiter and softer Cola than that of the
+ other species, and it does not seem to have such a strong flavour.
+
+ The timber is hard and white; it is a shade-bearing and soil-
+ protecting tree. Natural regeneration appears to be poor.
+
+ The wood is occasionally used by the local fetish-maker for certain
+ types of fetish in the Benin country. It is considered the most
+ suitable and, in fact, the only wood for this purpose. Although the
+ ordinary Cola which is planted may not be cut, this species is not
+ immune, but it is certainly considered most proper if only the image-
+ maker cuts it.
+
+ _Dombeya Buettneri_. Ewe ofo (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, especially in the
+ Olokemeji Forest Reserve. It is a small, shrub-like tree, varying from
+ 7 to 15 feet in height. The bark is fibrous. In 1908 samples of the
+ fibre were submitted to the Imperial Institute for valuation. Owing to
+ its being rather harsh, woody and weak, it was stated to be worth from
+ £7 to £8 a ton.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Ochna multiflora_. Canoe Tree. Uruk (Efik); Tei tei (Ijor); Tei tei
+ (Brass); Elili (Ibo Owerri).
+
+ It is found in the Owerri, Warri and Ondo (?) provinces of Nigeria. It
+ is one of the prevalent trees in the evergreen and brackish swamp
+ forest zone. The tree reaches a girth of 15 feet and a bole length of
+ about 60 feet. It has a large digitate leaf, making the foliage of the
+ tree very heavy and dense. The bark is thick and fissured
+ longitudinally. The crown is long and egg-shaped. The fruit is large,
+ roughly spherical in shape, but ribbed in five places on the surface.
+ It is a shade-bearer, and reproduction is chiefly by seed. The wood is
+ reddish-brown and moderately hard. This is one of the most favourite
+ trees for canoe-making amongst the Brass people. Having a straight
+ grain, the log opens out well into a canoe once it has been hollowed
+ out in the centre.
+
+ _Ochna sp._ Sama (?), Duma name.
+
+ It is found near Obudu, in the Ogoja province of Nigeria. It is a
+ small tree of the open deciduous forest, growing at an altitude of
+ about 1,500 feet. The flowers are umbellate and of a pretty red
+ colour. It is a light-lover and grows at the edge of the forest.
+
+ The natives apparently have no use for either the wood or other parts
+ of the tree.
+
+ _Lophira procera_. Red Ironwood, African Oak, Red Oak. Ela, Ekki
+ (Yoruba); Eba, Ebba (Benin); Eleba (Jekri); Kuru (Brass); Okikopom
+ (Ibibio); Enwan, Umpenek (Efik); Okut Okot (Oban, Ekoi); Kuru (Ibo
+ Owerri); Okut (Kwa).
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a very large tree, up to 6 feet in
+ diameter, with orange-coloured bark, when in the shade of the
+ evergreen forest where it is found, but this soon becomes quite grey
+ when exposed to the sun. The flowers are white, with five petals, and
+ are very fragrant, smelling like musk, covering the ground and
+ scenting the forest in November and December. In October and November
+ the tree is very conspicuous with its brilliant new red foliage, which
+ almost appears like flowers in the distance. On the banks of the
+ Calabar River, above the town of the same name, this is seen to
+ advantage. The fruit is winged, but with one wing twice as long as the
+ other and also broader; the seed is sharply pointed and almost conical
+ in section, and not so meaty as that of _L. alata_. The crown is
+ spherical, but open; the branches are very twisted and reminiscent of
+ oak. The trunk reaches a length of 90 feet and is almost perfectly
+ cylindrical in shape, with only the slightest indication of spurns at
+ the base.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Abeokuta, Jebu, Ode, Benin, Owerri,
+ Ogoja (?) and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is one of the commonest
+ trees in the very moist parts of the evergreen forest zone.
+
+ _Timber._—The sapwood is whitish red, but the heartwood is of a dull
+ red colour with large, long, open pores, partially filled with
+ siliceous salts. This often gives the wood an almost speckled
+ appearance. In a tree of 12 feet girth, the sapwood is usually only 3
+ or 4 inches thick, making it a very full-wooded tree and thus reducing
+ the amount of wood wasted in squaring the logs. It planes well, with a
+ smooth, shiny surface. Strong shoots often come up from the stump,
+ though owing to the natural seed distribution being good, this latter
+ is the chief means of reproduction. It is a light-lover, with a
+ natural tendency to grow straight up. It is a slow-growing tree, and
+ the leaves, nearly a foot long and almost tongue-shaped, are very
+ large for such a hard-wooded tree. Even when planted 16 feet apart it
+ grows up straight, with only three or four perpendicular branches or
+ even only a fork in the stem. It resists white ants, and the teredo
+ worm does not bore into logs when lying in the water. It is almost
+ gregarious in habit, usually groups being found in one locality, or,
+ as in the moister regions, it is next to mahogany the commonest tree
+ found in the forest. It will withstand floods—in fact, there is an
+ island several square miles in extent in the Oshun River covered with
+ only this species of tree. It is also found again on the upper edge of
+ the mangrove forest where the first solid land begins.
+
+ The seeds have not been tested as to the proportion of oil contained
+ in them, but no doubt they contain a similar quantity, in proportion
+ to the size, as those of _L. alata_.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber in the round were sent to the Liverpool
+ market, where it was valued as red oak at 2s. to 3s. per cubic foot.
+ It was also stated to be worth shipping in good lengths. Owing to its
+ weight and the hardness of the wood, and thus the extra cost of
+ squaring logs, little or none has been shipped to Liverpool since this
+ report was made. Locally it has been used for piles for wharves and
+ bridges, decking for bridges, wall-plates for bungalows, and
+ occasionally as verandah-posts. It can be floated with Musanga logs or
+ those of _Hannoa undulata_. Canoes made of this wood are of the most
+ durable kind, so that perhaps it might be tried for boat-building.
+
+ The people of Benin use the wood for making pestles for their Fufu
+ mortars, and occasionally it is used as wall-plates. Amongst the Brass
+ people it is sometimes used for making canoes, and amongst many tribes
+ for making food-mortars. Near Lagos it is used for house-building.
+
+ _Lophira alata_. Niam Fat, Small Red Ironwood, Meni Oil, African Oak.
+ Ipawhaw, Ponhon, Ipahan (Yoruba); Awigbi, Ugbeberi, Ishan (Benin).
+
+ Small or dry-zone Red Ironwood.
+
+ It is found in the Ogoja, Owerri, Onitsha, Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a very common tree in the open deciduous forest of the dry-zone
+ form of vegetation. Often found in groups, but it anyhow is the most
+ prevalent tree wherever found. It does not usually grow straight, but
+ the stem is gnarled and crooked, reaching a girth of about 5 feet. The
+ tree itself only grows to a height of about 30 feet. In appearance it
+ looks like a small oak, but the Shea Butter Tree, _Butyrospermum
+ Parkii_, is still more like it. However, with its reddish-green
+ tongue-like leaves with wavy edges, it is in reality quite different.
+ The branches spring out of the stem in a more upward direction than
+ _B. Parkii_, and are more irregular in growth. The bark is orange-
+ coloured and almost scaly on the younger trees, though it goes a grey
+ or black colour when exposed to the light or the annual grass-fires.
+ The flowers are white, sweet-smelling and much more conspicuous than
+ on _L. procera_. The seed is placed between two wings, one nearly
+ three times the width of the other. The smaller wing is more pointed
+ than the larger; the seed, while being pointed, is stoutly cone-shaped
+ and rather more than a quarter of an inch in diameter at the base, and
+ of a light brown colour.
+
+ _Timber._—The sapwood is narrow and white in colour and the heartwood
+ is a dull red. It is very hard and tough, but not so heavy as _L.
+ procera_. It planes only with a rough surface.
+
+ _Silvicultural Characteristics._—This is one of the few trees which
+ successfully resist the annual grass-fires. Its otherwise prolific
+ seed-bearing capacity is, however, often very much diminished, if not
+ completely spoilt, by the flowers being burnt in January and February,
+ the usual time of the grass-fires. It is a light-lover, but for the
+ reasons already given is a very slow-growing tree. On the whole,
+ although the seeds germinate well, stool and root shoots are probably
+ the chief means of reproduction. The soil under these trees is only
+ partially protected during the growing, and quite exposed to sun and
+ wind during the dry season.
+
+ _Commercial Value._—Samples of these seeds were sent in 1909 to the
+ Imperial Institute for valuation, when they were found to be worth
+ about £10 a ton; 43 per cent. of oil can be obtained from the kernels,
+ and this is said to be suitable for soap-making and to be worth £25
+ per ton. Commercial quantities, however, have not yet been exported.
+
+ Meni oil was formerly obtained from the seed.
+
+ _Native Use._—Amongst the Yorubas the tree is used for house-posts,
+ especially when the stem is forked about 10 feet above the ground. The
+ leaves, bark and roots are all sold in the native markets for
+ medicinal purposes. An infusion of the bark of the roots is supposed
+ to be a cure for jaundice (yellow fever, according to the natives).
+ Strangely enough, the seeds are not used as a source of oil.
+
+ _Gomphia insculpta_.
+
+ Found at Olokemeji.
+
+ _Gomphia glaberrima_.
+
+ It is a shrub found at Olokemeji.
+
+ _Gomphia_ nr. _affinis_.
+
+ Found at Ilugbro.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Garcinia conrauana_. False Cola, Bitter Cola. Orugbo (Yoruba); Edun
+ (Benin); Odji (?) (Brass); Efiori Efrie (Efik); Efrie (Kwa).
+
+ It is found in the Calabar, Benin, Ogoja and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree with close, spherical-shaped crown. The
+ branches and leaves are comparatively small. The bole is short and the
+ branches very persistent. The most typical feature of the tree is the
+ large apricot-like fruit, of an orange-yellow colour. The bark is
+ smooth and brown in colour. It is found in the evergreen forest. The
+ nut is oblong, of a very dark brown colour with small white streaks
+ all over it. It grows in moist soil.
+
+ The timber is very hard and close-grained, with yellow-sapwood and
+ light-brown heartwood. It is said to be durable and planes with a
+ smooth surface. It is often found at a considerable elevation—up to
+ 3,000 feet towards the northern part of Calabar province.
+
+ It is a shade-bearer, though it is often found growing alone, having
+ been left isolated when the original forest was cleared to make a
+ farm. The tree grows very slowly but bears comparatively early, and
+ trees are often seen quite laden with the yellow fruit.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, but has been cut for local use. It
+ was used by the Public Works Department, Calabar, and proved useful
+ for wall-plates. The nuts have occasionally been exported, but they
+ are comparatively valueless compared to the real Cola.
+
+ _Native Use._—The nuts are sold in the Yoruba and Calabar markets and
+ 100 to 200 for 3d. in the Benin market. The fruit is also eaten. The
+ roots are used for chewing-sticks (the best in Benin), and taste like
+ quinine. The nuts are ground and used medicinally for headache.
+
+ _Garcinia Kola_.
+
+ A little known species, found in the Eastern Provinces, Uwet. It was
+ subsequently determined as _Garcinia conrauana_.
+
+ _Garcinia Mannii_.
+
+ This tree is found in the Western Provinces.
+
+ _Uses._—Chew-stick is made from the root.
+
+ _Garcinia_, var. nov. _brevipedicellata_.
+
+ This tree grows in the Eastern Circle.
+
+ _Pentadesma sp.?_. Hardwood, Duika’s Chop Fruit. Ogbia (Yoruba); Ekuso
+ or Ikujo, Efiari (Benin).
+
+ This tree is found in the mixed forests of the Benin province of
+ Nigeria. One of its chief characteristics is that it has little or no
+ bark, but the cortex is comparatively thin, and remains of a duck-egg-
+ green colour even in trees of comparatively large size. It reaches a
+ girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of about 20 feet. However, it
+ is usually very much forked comparatively low down, and often the stem
+ is by no means straight. The root spurns are not very large, but spoil
+ the shape of the bole at the base.
+
+ It is a slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving tree. Natural regeneration is poor, chiefly perhaps because
+ the Duika eat the fruit; in fact, the Benin name means the chop or
+ food of Uso or Duika.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as a
+ hardwood, which was considered hard and heavy. Since then none has
+ been shipped, nor has it been felled for local use. Perhaps with the
+ changed conditions in the demand for timber, both hard and soft, a
+ further trial would now show whether it was of any value as an export
+ timber.
+
+ _Pentadesma grandifolia_.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Oban Reserve of the Calabar
+ province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized tree, with large oblong leaves
+ having numerous glands and lateral nerves which are about a tenth of
+ an inch apart. The leaves are larger and the exterior sepal shorter
+ than in _P. butyraceæ_.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It grows in the evergreen forest, is a
+ shade-bearer, and comparatively slow-growing tree.
+
+ _Utility._—Although the fruit has not yet been collected, it is
+ probable that the nuts would contain a similar oil to those of _P.
+ butyraceæ_.
+
+ _Pentadesma butyraceæ_. Butter or Tallow Tree. Okarora, Ossa (Ondo);
+ Ekuso (Yoruba) (Ikale); Ijeni Udegbu, Agba (west side), Udegbi (Benin);
+ Orugbo erin (Ondo); Amu Ne (New Calabar); Ikakama Udia Ebian (Efik);
+ Ikakama Udia Ebian, Igbofia (Ibibio); Ntini Nyok (Kwa).
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the evergreen forests of the Jebu, Ode,
+ Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. It is quite
+ prevalent in its typical locality and very damp, almost swampy,
+ regions of the forest near small waterways, even comparatively near
+ the sea.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a thin, tall tree, with dark bark and
+ flatly compressed crown consisting of four or five tiers of branches,
+ very close together in almost true whorls. The foliage is very thick
+ and the leaves thick and leathery. It exudes a mass of gamboge-like
+ latex as soon as slashed, and the slash is orange-red. The latex
+ solidifies on exposure to the air. The large pear-shaped fruit has a
+ soft rind, which usually is pierced by the fall to the ground, and the
+ Cola-shaped seeds are embedded in a soft, yellowish-white pulp. The
+ large sepals at the base of the flower are quite typical, in their
+ persistency often being found at the base of unripe fruit.
+
+ _Timber._—It has yellowish-white sapwood and light-red heartwood of
+ firm texture, with a certain amount of waviness in it, especially if
+ the tree has been barked in its earlier years. It is not hard, and is
+ easy to work; it does not appear to warp or shrink.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer with very persistent
+ evergreen leaves. It will stand in waterlogged land and grow almost to
+ perfection. The branches are also very persistent, and it is only when
+ growing in close proximity to other heavy foliaged trees that the bole
+ clears itself of branches for two-thirds of its length. The stump
+ shoots sprout up when the tree is cut down. The more prevalent form of
+ reproduction is by seed. The mature tree bears quite prolifically
+ almost every year. The timber has not been felled for export, but the
+ seeds are worth £8 a ton on account of the oil that they contain,
+ which is considered suitable for soap-making.
+
+ _Pentadesma Nigritana_. Odgebu (west side) (Benin).
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Oban Reserve of the Calabar
+ province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized tree with black bark on the
+ branches. The leaves are glabrous coriaceous, 3½ to 4½ inches long and
+ 1 to 1½ inches broad.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It grows in the evergreen forests, is a
+ shade-bearer and comparatively slow-growing tree.
+
+ _Utility._—The fruit has not yet been collected, but, judging by the
+ locality in which this tree is found, the seeds would contain similar
+ quantities of oil to those of _P. butyraceæ_.
+
+ _Haronga Madagascariensis_ (Kew). Benin Roof-pole. Itue (Benin).
+
+ It is a non-indigenous tree (exotic) which is now found in the
+ Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri, Ogoja and Calabar
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is commonly seen growing up in old farms in the heavier soils of
+ the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest zones. The slash, which is
+ brick-red and exudes a yellowish-red latex, is most typical of this
+ tree. The tree is almost gregarious, forming groups nearly half an
+ acre in extent; the bark peels very easily, leaving a clean white stem
+ which hardens very much on exposure to the air. It is a small tree,
+ attaining a girth of about 2 feet and a height of about 40 feet. The
+ wood is quite white, with a small pink pith about a quarter of an inch
+ in diameter; it is a very light wood and most durable when under
+ cover.
+
+ The leaves are of a medium size and rough to the touch. When 2 to 4
+ inches in diameter the natives cut the trees, clean and strip off the
+ bark, and use them for rafters in house-building, especially in the
+ Benin and Yoruba countries.
+
+ _Symphonia globulifera_ (Kew). Hog Gum.
+
+ It was reported from the Calabar province.
+
+ _Allanblackia floribunda_. Orogbo erin (Yoruba); Izeni or Iyockan
+ (Benin); Atta (Efik); Egba (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the evergreen forests of the Jebu Ode,
+ Benin, Owerri (?) and Calabar (?) provinces of Nigeria. This tree
+ usually grows on less moist soil and further away from water than _P.
+ butyraceæ_, though it likes a moist and deep soil.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—The long, hard, brown, enlarged sausage-
+ shaped fruit hanging on a stalk shows, when cut, large seeds scattered
+ in white pulp, and is thus different in this respect to Pentadesma,
+ which has dark-brown seeds embedded in a soft, yellowish pulp. The
+ slash is yellow, but only exudes a little yellow latex at first. The
+ branches are not so verticillate in form as Pentadesma, but are more
+ pendulous, especially when the tree is in fruit. They also are further
+ apart and give the crown a more open appearance. The fruit is three
+ times the length and the diameter rather more than that of _P.
+ butyraceæ_.
+
+ _Timber._—The sapwood is whitish-yellow and the heartwood yellowish-
+ red and moderately hard. It is not attacked by white ants; it does not
+ split easily, but planes with a smooth surface. It is a medium-sized
+ tree, reaching a height of about 80 feet, with a bole length of 20
+ feet and a girth of 8 feet.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer and grows
+ comparatively slowly. Natural reproduction is chiefly by seed, though
+ fine and succulent stump shoots appear when a tree is cut down.
+
+ The timber has not been exported nor has it been used locally; the
+ natives occasionally cut the bark for medicinal purposes, but
+ otherwise apparently have no use for the tree.
+
+ _Ochrocarpus Africanus?_ sp. of Allanblackia. African Mammee Apple,
+ Mahogany (Calabar). Igoda (Benin); Ereruku, Edeng Edem (Calabar);
+ Baulan Bolo (Degema, New Calabar); Okut and Otun (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Calabar, Owerri and Ogoja provinces
+ of Nigeria, occurring sparsely in the evergreen forests in several
+ localities, where it takes the place of Khaya, which is not prevalent
+ in such places.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a large tree, with orange-coloured
+ bark, especially in young specimens, and a little scaly. In habit
+ otherwise rather like Mahogany, after which the timber has been named.
+ It is much harder and has little resin canals typical of the order. It
+ is not attacked by white ants. It reaches a height of 100 feet, with a
+ bole length of about 40 feet and a girth of 12 feet. The root spurns
+ are only slight. The large, elongated, spherical-shaped fruit, with
+ rough, pale orange-coloured rind, speckled brown in several places, is
+ most typical of this tree. Generally speaking, it could easily be
+ mistaken for Mahogany Entandrophragma by anyone not very familiar with
+ both species.
+
+ _Timber._—The sapwood is white, with a pinkish tint, and the heartwood
+ a dark red, with small medullary rays as well as very prominent resin-
+ like canals which, when dry, are filled with a yellow substance.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer, but likes a certain
+ amount of overhead light in middle age. On the whole it is slow-
+ growing, except for a short period when the chief height-growth is put
+ on. A few stump shoots sprout when the tree is cut down, but the more
+ common form of reproduction is by seed.
+
+ _Utility._—It has not been felled for export, but the Public Works
+ Department felled and converted a good deal at the Etehetem sawmill,
+ and it was favourably reported on as a hard mahogany. It has
+ occasionally been used by the natives for making canoes.
+
+ _No botanical name_. Oshusi (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Owerri province of Nigeria. It is a
+ comparatively common tree in the evergreen swamp forest.
+
+ _Characteristics._—The timber is not over hard, but it reaches a
+ height of 100 feet and a girth of 8 feet. The bark is smooth.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer and a comparatively
+ slow-growing tree. The most prevalent form of reproduction is by seed.
+
+ _Utility._—It has not been felled for export, but was used in the
+ construction of the Imo railway bridge as piles.
+
+ _Buronona_ (New Calabar).
+
+ This is a medium-sized tree of the Owerri province, and is found near
+ the Imo, not far from the railway bridge. Several piles of the
+ temporary bridge were made from the timber of this tree.
+
+ _Ochrocarpus sp.?_. Ebattan, Ehranezi (Benin); Buronona (New Calabar).
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Owerri, Benin (?) and Ondo (?)
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a very straight, thin-stemmed tree,
+ with several whorls of branches near the top of the tree, very much
+ compressed together. The flowers are red sprays, which look very
+ pretty at the beginning of the dry season. It occurs near the
+ freshwater swamps, comparatively close to the sea. In many places it
+ is almost gregarious in habit, more especially near Degema. It reaches
+ a height of 100 feet, and a girth of 6 feet, often with a bole length
+ of 50 feet.
+
+ _Timber._—The sapwood is white and the heartwood is light brown; both
+ appear to be equally durable. It is termite-resisting. It planes with
+ a smooth surface; the grain is very fine. A red latex exudes when it
+ is cut.
+
+ _Utility._—It is chiefly used for door and window frames, and does not
+ warp nor crack, even when put in green. It attains a large enough size
+ to be used as piles, some of which were used in the construction of
+ the temporary railway bridge at Imo. The natives do not use the wood,
+ and it has not been felled for export.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer and a comparatively
+ slow-growing tree, though on less wet soils it seems to grow faster.
+ The more prevalent form of reproduction is by seed. Weak stool shoots
+ also come up after the tree is cut down. The foliage is dense and
+ persists for several years.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 80.—=Heavy Sapeli Mahogany (Entandrophragma utilis)
+standing near the road between Uyeri and Benin City, Benin Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 81.—=Agba (Benin), (Pterogopodium), standing near
+Ifon Road, South of Uyeri, Benin Province.=]
+
+ To face p. 364.
+
+
+=Bixaceæ.=
+
+ _Bixa orellana_.
+
+ This tree grows well in the Olokemeji Arboretum. It is found up to a
+ height of 10 feet, and is cultivated for the sake of its seeds, which
+ yield the orange dye called “annatto.” The tree bears pods very
+ freely. Samples were sent to the Imperial Institute in 1906 and were
+ valued at about 5d. a pound.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Smeathmannia pubescens_. Moyida (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a medium-sized shrub found in the Western Provinces.
+
+ _Soyauxia sp._ Ogohomeh, Oyohomeh (Benin).
+
+ This tree was found on the mountain slope above Ogabi in the Obudu
+ district. The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Soyauxia sp._ Aye (Yoruba); Owowe, Owawe (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, growing
+ at the edge of the evergreen forest. It is a medium-sized tree, with a
+ bole length of about 30 feet and a girth of 6 feet; on the whole, it
+ is of more slender build and habit than the Terminalia, to which it is
+ apparently closely allied. The flower is very small, white and
+ spherical, being only a quarter of an inch in size; it is most
+ frequently seen lying scattered about in patches on the path or
+ roadway, giving out a very sweet scent. The seeds are double winged,
+ like Bougainvillea. The leaf is smaller than that of the Terminalia
+ and the foliage generally less dense; the sapwood is white and
+ somewhat wide, the heartwood of a light-brown colour, and on the
+ border-line of being a hardwood. The wood is not very durable unless
+ under cover; it is not very common, though where it is found there are
+ a fair number of trees which would form a good supply of timber for
+ local purposes. The natives do not use this wood, as they say it is
+ liable to attacks by white ants.
+
+ _Oncoba dentata_ (Oliv.). Parisha (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria. It is a small, shrub-
+ like tree, armed with moderately long thorns. It belongs to the
+ evergreen forest zone. The flowers are large, white and conspicuous.
+
+ _Oncoba glauca_ (Foster). Kakandika (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji and Abeokuta provinces.
+
+ _Oncoba spinosa_ (Rich). Kakandika (Yoruba).
+
+ This is a small, shrub-like tree found in the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria. It is moderately common, and several hedges have been made
+ with it in the Olokemeji Arboretum. The most distinguishing feature of
+ this plant is the large, spherical-shaped white flowers. The petals
+ are large and conspicuous, with a mass of yellow stamens in the
+ centre. In habit it is not unlike the thorn; the ends of the twigs are
+ armed with a short spike.
+
+ It stands trimming pretty well. Each year it flowers fairly regularly,
+ so that it makes quite an ornamental plant. It bears green fruits with
+ a conspicuous bunch of the old sepals at the top. This fruit is rather
+ smaller than a tangerine orange, but quite spherical in shape, with a
+ hard, woody rind.
+
+ _Flacourtia Ramontchii_. Abeokuta Plum. Oshere (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Flacourtia flavescens_ (Kew). Niger Plum.
+
+ Found in the Western Provinces.
+
+ _Uses._—Edible plums, medicine and hedge plants.
+
+ _Homalium_, cf. _H. Africanum_ (Benth.). Atu or Abo Ako (Yoruba).
+
+ This is a hard-wooded tree of the Yoruba country, which is used to
+ some extent locally. It is also found in Benin.
+
+ Being a shade-bearing and soil-protecting tree, it is of value in the
+ forest, apart from the production of timber. It is a slow-growing tree
+ apparently.
+
+
+=Lecythidaceæ.=
+
+ _Napoleona Whitfieldii_. Ito (? Yoruba); Uruhe (Benin).
+
+ It is doubtful if these are the correct native names for this species.
+
+ _Napoleona imperialis_. Speckle-fruited Napoleona. Boi Boi (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found near Ode district, Oban and Igbeshe, in the Ibadan and
+ Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a deciduous shrub with pretty white flowers, very shiny leaves,
+ which are alternate, and bears a spherical, orange-coloured fruit
+ (with a russet-like surface having white lenticels scattered nearly
+ all over it), which ripens in March at the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ This shrub protects and enriches the soil with its fall of leaves.
+ Considering the attractiveness of the flower and the fruit, it is
+ surprising that it has not more frequently been planted in gardens,
+ where it should be placed in a shady corner. It is slow-growing, and
+ does not need much light. It likes a moist, fairly deep good soil,
+ especially near a river bank.
+
+ _Native Use._—The stem is occasionally used for making hoe or axe
+ handles, for which it is suitable, as the wood is comparatively tough,
+ close-grained and hard. The knottiness of it is an advantage either
+ for the handle or for fixing the hoe or axe head.
+
+ _Napoleona Vogelii_ (Hook). Orokwa, Ogemme (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Calabar, Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized shrub-like tree, with
+ orange-shaped fruit, though not quite spherical, having small white
+ lenticels on the surface and roughness like a russet apple. It does
+ not attain a girth of more than 3 or 4 feet. It is usually found in
+ the mixed deciduous forests, though more often in clearings in the
+ forests; however, it stands a good deal of shade. The wood is
+ comparatively hard, but it does not reach much size. The tree protects
+ and enriches the soil with its fall of leaves, and serves a very
+ useful purpose as a shrub amongst the undergrowth of the forest. It
+ might be planted in gardens, where both the flower, which is large and
+ white, and the fruit would be admired. It usually bears a large number
+ of both. It is rather a slow-growing tree. The natives use the wood
+ for making matchet handles.
+
+ _Napoleona Owariensis_. Adere, Isiurem (Lagos).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Weihea sp._ (Spreng). Odu (Yoruba).
+
+ This tree is found in tropical West Africa.
+
+ The flowers have an involucre of two bracteoles. The fruit is fleshy;
+ seeds with an aril.
+
+ _Weihea sp._, cf. _Africana_. Odu (Yoruba); Itobo (Ibibio); Munon
+ (Efik).
+
+ This tree grows near Lagos.
+
+ _Rhizophora racemosa_. Red Mangrove or Salt Mangrove. Egba Ibadudu
+ (Jeb. Yoruba); Ehrodo, Ibadudu (Benin); Odo (Jekri).
+
+ _Poga oleosa_. Inoi Nut, African Brazil Nut. Iku (Yoruba); Inoi
+ (Benin); Inoye (Efik); Ikoi (Oban); Inoi (Ekoi); Ekom (Ibo Owerri);
+ Imonon (New Calabar).
+
+ It is found in the Benin (?), Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja (?) provinces
+ of Nigeria, in the evergreen zone, both of the level and hill country.
+ On the whole, it is more prevalent as the eastward side of the country
+ is approached. In the forest its presence is usually indicated by the
+ heaps of broken shells left lying near the roots of neighbouring
+ trees, on the path or roadside. The reddish-brown interior and cross-
+ section of the inner covering of the shell is a most typical feature.
+ The nut itself is roughly spherical in shape, with a surface almost
+ evenly covered with little nodules, giving the nut very considerable
+ resiliency against cracking. It is nearly half an inch thick, and
+ inside there are two or three kernels. Each of these is a chocolate-
+ brown colour with thick (almost three thirty-seconds to one-eighth of
+ an inch) red-brown shell. Each is about ½ inch long and rather more
+ than ¼ inch thick. This thick shell quite spoils the flavour of the
+ nut, which is sweeter and contains more oil than the Brazil nut. It
+ can, however, be removed with a pen-knife. The trunk of the tree is
+ light-grey, with comparatively thin cortex. It reaches a girth of
+ about 12 feet and a bole length of about 60 feet. It usually forks at
+ about 50 or 60 feet from the ground, and this is one of the typical
+ features of the tree. The crown is rather open, with several main
+ limbs and comparatively few branches. Another place where it is
+ commonly seen, both in the Degema and Calabar districts, is in the old
+ farms, standing as isolated specimens, or standards overshadowing all
+ the secondary growth. It is one of the few trees that are preserved
+ when a fresh clearing is made for a farm. The fruit is the shape of a
+ large greengage, the fleshy part of which soon breaks away, leaving
+ the hard nut inside. The fleshy pericarp is about a quarter of an inch
+ in thickness.
+
+ The sapwood is white, tinged with pinkish stripes, and the heartwood
+ pinkish-red, with very wide and numerous medullary rays, which are
+ most numerous, and in fact more so than in any other tree, and are
+ very typical of this timber. The wood is soft, splits well, is of
+ somewhat open texture and rather fibrous grain. It planes up well with
+ a smooth surface, takes nails well, and saws well. It is liable to be
+ attacked by white ants. The sapwood is fairly narrow.
+
+ It is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration only appears to be slight,
+ chiefly owing to the fact, perhaps, that most of the nuts are gathered
+ and eaten by the natives. It is somewhat exacting with regard to soil.
+ It appears to like one that is somewhat rich, deep, moist and with
+ good drainage. In waterlogged areas it becomes stag-headed. No
+ plantations have been made of this tree.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, not has it been cut for local use.
+ It appears, however, to be worthy of a trial as a substitute for light
+ cedar or mahogany, especially from wind falls, which are not
+ infrequent owing to the way it is left standing in the forests.
+
+ _Native Use._—The nuts are used by the natives, and are considered
+ very valuable, in the most out-of-the-way parts of the forest, as a
+ source of food. They used to be sold in the Calabar market 250 for 3d.
+ Further notes as to the oil-bearing properties of this nut will be
+ found in the section dealing with the oil seeds and nuts.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Terminalia sp._ Yellow Terminalia, Black-bark Terminalia. Idigbo,
+ Opepe, Epepe (Yoruba); Egoyn nebbi, Egoyn nikwi, Egoyn lukan (Benin).
+
+ According to the Yorubas this is the Idi of the forest.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Ondo and Benin provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It has a slightly fissured bark, increasing
+ in age, light-brown in colour in youth, but darkening with age, almost
+ appearing black in the distance, rather forming a criss-cross pattern.
+ It flowers in May with small spikes or thin, stiff racemes, each with
+ little yellow balls of staminate flowers. It has a compressed crown of
+ two or three whorls of branches, but not so typical as that of _T.
+ scutifera_. It is, however, much more widespreading, chiefly due to
+ the fact that the tree on the whole is shorter and stouter than _T.
+ scutifera_. The trunk is much more cylindrical, and the root spurns
+ are very slight, and not buttress-shaped as in _T. scutifera_. The
+ contrast between the light-green foliage and the dark-coloured bole is
+ so great that the tree is quite unmistakable in this respect. The only
+ one at all similar in this is False Shea Butter, _Mimusops Djave_, but
+ even the trunk of this one appears lighter than the former. The slash
+ is dark-brown, almost black, on the outer edge and yellow on the
+ inside. The fruit is not unlike a large hazelnut, but the shuck is of
+ looser build, and the interior seed can be more easily seen than in
+ the case of the nut.
+
+ The sapwood is a faint yellow colour and the heartwood a good yellow.
+ It is of the hardness of an ordinary softwood, with a straight, even
+ grain and somewhat open pores. It planes well, takes nails, splits
+ very easily and saws well. For outside work it is not durable unless
+ very thoroughly dried. For interior fittings it is very durable. It is
+ liable to attacks by termites outside. It seasons well, with only a
+ small amount of shrinkage and slight liability to warping.
+
+ It is a fast-growing, slightly shade-bearing tree, with strong soil-
+ protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration appears
+ to be fair. It sprouts from the stump, but is not very strong. It
+ likes a good soil, with fair drainage but a good deal of moisture. It
+ will stand a certain amount of flooding. It is occasionally almost
+ gregarious. No plantations have been made with this tree. It reaches a
+ girth of over 14 feet and a bole length of about 70 feet.
+
+ The timber has not been cut for export, but occasionally it has been
+ sawn up for planks for local use. It deserves, however, a further
+ trial for export as a floor-board and for local use for a similar
+ purpose. There are comparatively large supplies, and the dimensions of
+ the tree are such that large planks and boards could be cut out of it.
+
+ _Native Use._—The tree is occasionally felled for making canoes, but
+ it is not taken unless there is a shortage of other harder kinds.
+
+ _Terminalia sp._ Orange-barked Terminalia. Ayo, Aiyo (Yoruba); Ayo,
+ Ulazo (Benin).
+
+ _Distribution._—Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. It is one of
+ the typical trees of the mixed deciduous forest zone, though it
+ appears to be confined to certain localities, such as the Olokemeji
+ Forest Reserve and other places.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—Moderately thick bark, rather reminding one
+ of Triplochiton, but with a certain amount of roughness and slight
+ fissures. The crown is very pointedly oval and long, the leaves
+ appearing only slightly terminal and not typically so. The branches
+ tend to flatten out in old age, though they are slightly pendulous at
+ the tips. The bole reaches a girth of about 10 feet and a height of 50
+ feet. The light patchy, orange-coloured bark is a most typical feature
+ of this tree. Satinwood is the only one at all similar in this
+ respect, but it is much smoother.
+
+ _Timber._—White, with a faint yellow tint; the pores are much shorter
+ than those of the other Terminalias, such as _T. scutifera_ and
+ _Togoensis_. The grain on the whole is finer and of closer texture.
+ The timber is somewhat harder than either _T. scutifera_ or _T. sp._,
+ but not so hard as that of _T. Togoensis_. It planes well, takes
+ nails, saws easily, but does not split so well. It is attacked by
+ termites, but is durable for interior work. It is somewhat more
+ brittle than _T. sp._
+
+ It is a moderately rapid growing, light-demanding tree, with soil-
+ protecting and soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration does not
+ appear to be good. It sprouts, but poorly from the stump, and if at
+ all shaded dies away. It likes a moderately good soil, with a fair
+ amount of moisture and depth.
+
+ The timber has not been cut for export, and only occasionally has it
+ been felled for cutting into planks for local use. It deserves,
+ however, a trial as a local flooring board. The available quantities
+ so far discovered are not large enough to justify its trial as an
+ export wood.
+
+ _Utility._—The wood is used for planks and for canoes. It is likely to
+ furnish timber for the home markets.
+
+ _Local Use._—It has been used for making canoes, and also for sawing
+ up into planks for house-building.
+
+ _Terminalia scutifera_. Shingle Wood. Afara (Yoruba); Oaha Egoyn, Egoyn
+ nufwa (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri, Benin, Ondo
+ and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ The chief characteristics of this tree are the thin and far up-
+ reaching root flanges and its thin, grey-coloured bark. It attains a
+ height of about 200 feet and a girth of about 16 feet. The bole length
+ often exceeds 100 feet. The crown is compressed and flat, with few
+ main branches. It is usually found near water.
+
+ The timber is light-brown to almost yellowish-white, with darker
+ streaks. The sapwood is almost white, but when dry is barely
+ distinguishable from the heartwood, though when freshly cut the
+ heartwood appears drier, and thus shows up against the damper sapwood.
+ The wood is soft and planes easily, though not always giving a smooth
+ surface. It is also easy to saw or cut with a chisel and splits well.
+ It is attacked by termites.
+
+ On the whole the tree is a light-lover, and even the young self-sown
+ seedlings only grow in comparatively open places near rivers, where
+ there is no shade directly over them, though there may be trees to one
+ side or the other. It is one of the typical trees of the evergreen and
+ mixed deciduous zone, growing always on damp and deep soil. Natural
+ reproduction by seed is good. Stool shoots grow, but do not persist
+ for a great length of time. It often forms small pure groups in the
+ secondary forest, and in suitable localities tends to be more
+ prevalent in the secondary than in the primeval forest.
+
+ In Nigeria it has been used as planks, but is not considered very
+ good. On the Gold Coast it has been used for shingles.
+
+ The natives occasionally use the tree for making canoes, also for
+ bowls, plates, and native doors in the Benin country, but owing to its
+ softness it is not considered of much account.
+
+ In figure No. 108 there is a picture of a very large specimen found in
+ the Ikrigon Forest Reserve.
+
+ _Terminalia Togoensis_. Dry-zone Terminalia. Idi, Idi Odan (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Oyo, Benin and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is a very
+ common tree, with slight foliage and small stem, which is usually
+ forked about 10 feet from the ground. The slash is yellow and almost
+ dry, which is most typical of the tree.
+
+ The wood is soft, though harder than most of the other Terminalias. It
+ works easily, but does not split well. The sapwood is white and the
+ heartwood of a pale yellow colour. The bark is rough and widely
+ fissured. Natural regeneration by seed does not appear to be good,
+ though stump shoots appear when the tree is cut down. It stands a
+ considerable amount of fire, but it is a light-loving tree.
+
+ The local people find the stem useful for house-building posts, as it
+ is comparatively durable and forked in shape.
+
+ _Terminalia avicennioides_.
+
+ It was stated it was found in the Calabar province.
+
+ _Terminalia Brownii_. Inya joko (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+ _Combretum racemosum_. Ogan pupa (Yoruba); Akoso, Orsorsor (Benin).
+
+ Found in Olokemeji and Benin. Climbing shrub with red flowers and
+ white bracts.
+
+ _Combretum Lawsonianum_. Ome (Benin).
+
+ It has red flowers and is found at Agege.
+
+ _Combretum mucronatum_. Okan pupa (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Mamu Forest.
+
+ _Combretum Zenkeri_. Ogan (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Combretum micranthum_. Okan (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Combretum glutinosum_.
+
+ _Combretum paucinervium_.
+
+ _Combretum Hartmannium_.
+
+ These are climbing Combretums found in the Yoruba country.
+
+ _Anogeissus leiocarpus_ (G. and P.). Yoruba Chew-stick. Ayin (Yoruba).
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Oyo and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—This tree reaches a height of about 70 feet
+ in favourable localities and a girth of 9 feet. With its birch-like
+ foliage and the drooping and sweeping of the pendulous branches in old
+ age, it is certainly the “Lady” of the African “open woods.” The
+ little spherical fruits cover the ground in the early part of the dry
+ season. The comparatively smooth bole, giving way to small scales of
+ light-brown bark as the tree gets older, is a typical feature. It is
+ often forked, especially low down. The bole is thin and slender in
+ build, with upward tending branches, also very slender in build, but
+ dark in colour. A blackish gum exudes when it is cut. The slash is
+ yellow before the gum runs out.
+
+ _Timber._—The sapwood is yellowish-white and the heartwood dark-brown
+ to almost black in some specimens. It is hard, durable and termite-
+ proof. It does not plane nor split well, takes nails with difficulty,
+ but saws fairly easily.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a light-loving species, though in its
+ youth it will stand a little shade. It is one of the first trees to
+ appear on disused land, so long as the soil is good. Its foliage is a
+ little acid, as it kills all grass, even Ekon, and for this purpose is
+ invaluable as a tree for admixture with more valuable species. It is
+ somewhat exacting as to soil.
+
+ Once it gets started after being planted, or as a self-sown seedling
+ on good soil, it is a rapid-growing tree, which is only hindered in
+ its growth by the annually recurring grass-fires. Wherever it is
+ protected it develops into a straight-boled, large tree. The branches
+ are very persistent, so that close planting is most necessary. Several
+ plantations have been made with this tree.
+
+ _Utility._—The tree is burnt for its ashes for fixing native dyes; the
+ roots are used for chewing-sticks, and the bark is used medicinally by
+ the natives.
+
+ It yields a good firewood which gives great heat. The smaller poles
+ make very useful hut-building timber, as it is so often forked.
+
+ It should find a place as an avenue tree, owing to the delicate green,
+ the drooping nature of its foliage, and the moderate amount of shade
+ cast on the road.
+
+ The timber has not been tried for export, but with its dark black and
+ sometimes streaky coloration it is worthy of a trial. Locally it has
+ occasionally been cut for planks and for house-building. It is not
+ liked because it is so hard. The sapwood is rather wide. The timber is
+ sometimes rather knotty, especially containing dry knots. It is
+ sometimes attacked by a large borer, making large holes in it.
+
+ _Laguncularia racemosa_. White Mangrove or White Button.
+
+ This species is found growing in the swamp regions, also on the coast.
+ It yields timber, tanning, dyeing materials and medicaments.
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eugenia Owariensis_ (Beauv.). West African Allspice. Adere (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a common tree of the Olokemeji Reserve and the Abeokuta and Oyo
+ provinces.
+
+ With its comparatively short bole (about 8 feet) and wide, almost
+ spherically-shaped crown, it is one of the largest and most
+ conspicuous of the dry-zone trees. The tree attracts the pigeons, but
+ not so much as the wild fig. The flowers are very minute and
+ insignificant. The fruit is very small and poor.
+
+ Reaching only a girth of about 4 feet, it does not yield very large
+ timber. Although moderately hard and durable, it has not yet found a
+ place in the local market. It is doubtful if it is termite-proof. It
+ might be used for making boxes or for small articles of furniture in
+ localities where wood is scarce.
+
+ It is a comparatively slow-growing tree, almost soil-improving, and of
+ a light-loving nature.
+
+ Owing to its comparatively dense foliage partially shading the ground
+ and thus killing the grass, it is a distinctly helpful species in the
+ protection from fire of a dry-zone forest.
+
+ Natural reproduction by seed is only moderate, but stump shoots are
+ strong, and it appears that root suckers also come up in certain
+ places.
+
+ _Eugenia Owariensis_. Isinren (Yoruba).
+
+ This tree is found in the dry-zone forests—a spreading tree which
+ flowers in February.
+
+ It yields timber, edible fruits and medicaments.
+
+
+=Melastomaceæ.=
+
+ _Memecylon sp._, nr. _Barterii_.
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve in the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+
+=Araliaceæ.=
+
+ _Cussonia Nigerica_ (Hutch.). Elephant Sugar-cane. Sigo (Yoruba).
+
+ This is an evenly and rather deeply fissured small tree of the dry-
+ zone forest, which has in the main only a great tuft of large digitate
+ leaves at the top of the stem. It is occasionally branched, when it
+ gives an appearance of bearing all the leaves at the end of the stem.
+ It is fairly common in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve of the Abeokuta
+ province. This tree is one of the few digitate-leaved trees of the dry
+ zone, and is certainly one with the largest; it is a fire-resisting
+ tree. The natives occasionally use the stem for house and verandah
+ posts.
+
+
+=Umbelliferæ.=
+
+ _Heptapleura Mannii_. Found in the Oban Reserve.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Mimusops multinervis_. Emido or Sleeper Wood. Ako Emido (Yoruba);
+ Aganokwi (Benin).
+
+ This species is found in the Abeokuta and Oyo provinces of Nigeria; it
+ is most common, and, in fact, forms almost half the crop in the belt
+ of forest just on the south side of the railway four to six miles east
+ and west of Olokemeji Station. The most distinguishing feature of this
+ tree is the grey, thick, deeply-fissured bark. With its comparatively
+ short bole and stout, crooked branches, it is not unlike an oak. It
+ reaches a height of about 80 feet and a girth of about 15 feet. The
+ root spurns are practically non-existent. The trunk tapers off quite
+ abruptly after each series of branches. The crown is rather long and
+ sometimes almost pear-shaped. The foliage is dense, and, for the size
+ of the tree, the leaves are small. The flowers are small and white and
+ conspicuous. The fruit is a small round nut, about half an inch in
+ diameter. The leaves are a very dark green colour, but on the upper
+ surface are often shiny.
+
+ The sapwood is white and, for the size of the tree, comparatively
+ narrow. The heartwood is a deep red colour, which it retains even
+ after the wood is dry. In sections from older trees it exhibits
+ isolated white streaks, scattered here and there through the
+ heartwood. This is made of a small mineral deposit which is closely
+ allied to apatite. It is one of the hardest of the African woods and
+ also the most durable; it splits most satisfactorily; it saws very
+ cleanly, planes well, but owing to its extreme hardness takes nails
+ with difficulty. It is termite-proof. It is just as durable in, as out
+ of the ground. It burns with a fierce heat and, in fact, makes the
+ hottest fire of any of the West African woods. The grain is very
+ close, though sometimes it shows some figure. The knots in the wood
+ produce some pretty “curl” effects.
+
+ The tree is a shade-bearing, soil-improving species of the mixed
+ deciduous forest. It is very slow-growing, often not showing a greater
+ height-growth than 6 inches per year. In its youth the branches grow
+ more or less in whorls of three or four branches; these branches are
+ very persistent. Natural generation good; it demands a good soil, but
+ will stand a great deal of moisture, not to say flooding of the area
+ for several months of the year. It flowers in February; the roots are
+ comparatively deep-growing and there is a distinct tap-root. Some
+ plantations have been made with this tree. It has been tried as a
+ species to mix with ebony, and for this it seems suitable. In similar
+ localities this species and ebony are often found.
+
+ Locally it is used as a house-building wood and occasionally for
+ firewood. The timber has been cut up into sleepers and found to be
+ most durable. When it was used in an unseasoned state, and in very dry
+ territory, it was found to split—but this was scarcely a fair test of
+ the wood. It has also been used as joists and for the framework of
+ buildings, for which purposes it has proved very useful. Local
+ carpenters have complained about its hardness, but usually the tools
+ used have not been of such high quality necessary to give the best
+ results when working on this wood.
+
+ The timber has not been used for export, but it deserves a trial,
+ especially for railway sleepers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 82.—=Benin Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora) standing
+in the Ogba Plantation, Benin District.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 83.—=Mixed Mahogany Plantation, Khaya grandis on
+left, Khaya Punchii in centre and Entandrophragma in the right
+foreground, six years old, near Ogba, Benin Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 84.—=Ogea, Gum Copal (Daniellia caudata), standing
+in the Ogba Plantation, Benin Province.=]
+
+ To face p. 376.
+
+ _Mimusops Djave_. African Pearwood, False Shea Butter Nut, Cross River
+ Nut. Aganokwi No. I. (Benin), Nyam (Efik).
+
+ It is found in the Benin, Owerri, Calabar and Ogoja provinces of
+ Nigeria. It is also known as Cherry Mahogany. It is a moderately
+ common tree in the evergreen forest zone, up to the end of the mixed
+ deciduous forest zone. It is one of the giant forest trees, attaining
+ a girth of over 30 feet and a height of over 200 feet; its bole is one
+ of the straightest of African trees, the trunk often reaching over 100
+ feet without a branch. The crown is flattish and almost symmetrical in
+ its roundness; it is formed with three or four main limbs spreading
+ out at almost right angles to the trunk. The foliage is heavy and the
+ sword-shaped leaves almost appear as though they were digitate,
+ looking at them from the base of the tree. From a short distance the
+ trunk looks almost black, but on closer inspection the bark is seen to
+ be deeply fissured in a comparatively even lattice-work fashion. The
+ slash is white and a thick white latex exudes. The root spurns are
+ only slight, except in old age; otherwise the bole is one of the most
+ cylindrical of African trees. (In illustration No. 100 a tree of about
+ 8 feet in girth shows the very straight and even thickness of the
+ bole.) The fruit falls to the ground about the beginning of November,
+ and crushes on contact with the ground, showing the yellow floury pulp
+ inside. The pulp has an extremely dry, sweet, almost nauseating taste
+ and is inclined to stick in the throat. This huge fruit, the size of a
+ man’s fist, is almost like a huge plum, with rough opaque surface and
+ almost spherical in shape; inside, embedded in the pulp, are two,
+ three or four lobed nuts, smooth and shiny on the more rounded face
+ and rough on the other; in some respects they are roughly kidney-
+ shaped when looked at sideways. The flowers are white and small; the
+ tree loses its leaves for three or four days, when fresh ones come out
+ again.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood of a rich red colour, often
+ showing figured rosy grain; it is very hard, heavy and very durable,
+ and is sometimes cross-grained, though usually the texture is fine and
+ planes up with a smooth surface; it saws well, but is too hard to take
+ nails, except in very thin wood. The sapwood is usually only two or
+ three inches wide; the heartwood forms comparatively early in the life
+ of the tree. On the whole, this tree has a more open grain than the
+ other Mimusops.
+
+ Although the tree can stand a little shade in its youth, it is really
+ a light-loving species: after the first year the height-growth rapidly
+ increases when trees standing in a plantation have plenty of light. In
+ illustration No. 93 some trees only twelve years old show how rapidly
+ they develop under suitable conditions. None of these trees have yet
+ come into the nut-bearing stage, but it appears that in favourable
+ localities the trees will bear fruit between the fifteenth and
+ twentieth year.
+
+ It is a soil protecting and improving tree—in fact, the thick leaves
+ form some of the finest soil found in the forest. Natural regeneration
+ is not usually very good, because the seedlings have little or no
+ light, growing as they do from seeds which have fallen under the
+ parent tree. Duika and various other animals spread the seeds in old
+ farms where the trees have a chance of growing up. The timber has
+ occasionally been shipped to Europe and has been sold at Hamburg as
+ pearwood at 6d. per superficial foot, but the more rosy and figured
+ wood has also found a sale in Liverpool, as it sometimes looks almost
+ like a pinkish mahogany; it is, however, by no means well known, and
+ further trials with the wood should certainly be made. Small
+ consignments of the nuts have been exported from the Cross River and
+ sold in Liverpool as a substitute for Shea nuts; they are found to be
+ of a similar nature and of similar value for making an edible oil. The
+ original cost was rather high, so that the nuts did not yield a profit
+ on the transaction; however, with greater quantities being brought the
+ cost should not be so high, and also, since this first experiment was
+ made, the price of all oil nuts has risen enormously, so that at the
+ present time there is an ample margin between the cost of production
+ and the selling price. In the Cameroons the Balong natives dry the
+ nuts, which they split open in two pieces, pick off the thin shell and
+ boil out the thick buttery-like substance, which is used for cooking.
+
+ On our tour through their country we also tried it in place of lard,
+ and found it quite suitable and quite pleasant to the taste and only
+ about half the cost. In Nigeria, only the Oban people apparently know
+ anything about making this butter from the nuts; in other parts it is
+ quite unknown. The tree is not felled, but, on account of its size and
+ all-inspiring form, is considered “Ju-ju”; pieces of the bark are
+ chipped off and used as medicine to increase a person’s strength.
+
+ By the way, the constant cutting away of the bark at the base of the
+ tree and the continual struggle of the tree to overgrow these wounds
+ causes the grain to grow quite unevenly and wavering, thus forming
+ figured wood.
+
+ _Mimusops lacera_. Benin Pearwood. Aganokwi (Benin).
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+ mahogany of a good, rich colour. It is found in the swamps near the
+ Osse and Cross Rivers.
+
+ _Dumoria Heckeli_ (A. Chev.). Oban Mahogany.
+
+ It is found in Tropical West Africa. It yields a fair timber. An
+ immense tree of the Oban Reserve, similar to _Mimusops Djave_.
+
+ _Omphalocarpum procerum_. Ikassa (Benin), Apassa, Ukpassa (Efik).
+
+ It is found in the Calabar, Benin and Ondo provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a common tree of the evergreen forest. It reaches a height of 60
+ feet with a girth of 28 feet. The bole is short and the crown long,
+ but narrow. The huge, flatly spherically-shaped fruits, quite 9 inches
+ in diameter and 6 inches thick, are most characteristic of the tree.
+ These protrude just from the trunk or heavy branches with little or no
+ stalk. The depression in them, top and bottom, is quite an inch deep.
+ There are about sixty seeds inside, more like nuts. The leaf is large.
+
+ The sapwood is white and heartwood is brown-red. It is very hard.
+
+ It grows slowly and stands the shade. The seeds germinate well. It
+ does not sprout from the stump nor do root shoots appear. Elephants
+ and other animals, porcupines especially, eat the fruit.
+
+ The seeds are used in playing Ikbo, a Benin game. The seeds also are
+ used, tied in front of Apata sticks, for making a musical instrument,
+ or tied to the ankles of small boys to make a noise like a rattle when
+ they start to walk.
+
+ _Butyrospermum Parkii_. Shea Butter Tree, Dry-zone Oak. Emi-emi or Emi-
+ gidi (Yoruba).
+
+ This is one of the most prevalent trees of the Oyo province of the
+ Southern Provinces of Nigeria and of the Borgu, Niger and Nassarawa
+ provinces of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria. In places it is almost
+ gregarious, but it is most commonly found in mixture with the Dwarf
+ Red Ironwood, _Lophira alata_. In appearance it is most like a gnarled
+ old oak, except that the base is often burnt and partially hollow. It
+ is a large tree, reaching a height of about 40 feet and a girth of
+ over 10 feet. The root spurns are comparatively short and rounded; the
+ bole is short, attaining a length of up to 25 feet; the crown is
+ almost spherical, but rather inclined to be broken up by three or four
+ main branches; these are very thick in comparison to the size of the
+ tree, but not so much in proportion as in the case of the Baobab. The
+ bark is grey and very deeply fissured, more or less in criss-cross
+ fashion, and even with deeper and wider fissures than that of the oak.
+ The slash is white, and a small amount of thick white latex exudes
+ very slowly from the cut. In the case of the Dwarf Ironwood scarcely
+ any ordinary sap exudes and no latex. The leaves are about 10 inches
+ long, a very dark green and shiny, and not unlike the hart’s-tongue
+ fern, but somewhat broader at the end; the greenness of the leaves,
+ their shininess, and the greater thickness distinguish them from those
+ of the Dwarf Red Ironwood. The under surface of the leaf is whitish,
+ sometimes almost grey; the flowers are white and come out in December;
+ the fruit is like a small green plum and ripens in May. The leaves
+ persist over one season. The green pericarp covering the nut can be
+ eaten and is not unpleasant to the taste. The nut itself is not unlike
+ a chestnut in its being brown and shiny; the shape, however, is more
+ oval, with one comparatively sharp ridge.
+
+ The sapwood is white and comparatively wide; the heartwood is a rich
+ dark-red colour; it is very hard and durable; it is termite-proof; it
+ splits very badly, does not take nails well; it is hard to plane and
+ is sawn none too easily. It does not warp or crack to any extent while
+ it is seasoning under proper conditions; it burns with great heat, but
+ rather less than in the case of Emido.
+
+ It is a rather slow-growing tree, with soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving qualities; as a light-loving species takes up a good deal of
+ space. Natural regeneration appears to be poor, and may be due to the
+ fact that the flowers appear, or before the young fruit has only just
+ set, as the annual grass-fires run through the open deciduous forests
+ where this tree is found. On the other hand, root suckers grow in
+ great profusion. It also sprouts well from the stump. It is one of the
+ most fire-resisting trees, and the thick bark no doubt protects it
+ from its worst ravages. It may be considered one of the most typical
+ trees of the drier parts of the open deciduous forests. A few sample
+ plots have been tried with this tree, but it does not stand
+ transplanting at all well. Rodents such as the cut-grass (ground pig)
+ are very fond of the nuts, and no doubt destroy a great number whilst
+ they are germinating. Fire-protecting root suckers and other young
+ trees have thus far proved the most effective method of increasing the
+ number of mature trees. It does not appear to be very exacting as to
+ soil, but no doubt the growth is best on moist alluvial flats so long
+ as they are well drained.
+
+ Locally the most valuable part of the tree is the nut, from which the
+ Shea butter is boiled out after three days; it is a general article of
+ diet instead of palm oil, in those districts where the latter is hard
+ to obtain. Locally, also, the largest trees are cut down and made into
+ mortars for beating food; these fetch a price of 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d.
+ apiece; they are considered not only the most suitable, but also the
+ most durable, except those made of the wood of the Oil Bean
+ (_Pentaclethra macrophylla_). In other places it is used as a house-
+ building timber.
+
+ As far as Europeans are concerned, the chief value of the tree lies in
+ its nuts, which are either exported quite unprepared or in the form of
+ the butter as the natives make it, in large elliptical-shaped sausages
+ about 2 feet long and 9 inches in diameter. For these purposes it has
+ become a regular article of commerce, and only lack of suitable means
+ of transport prevents much greater quantities being collected and
+ exported to the European markets. In Europe its most suitable use is
+ said to be as a medium or inside substance of chocolate creams. The
+ butter itself has a most peculiar and rather nauseating flavour, which
+ is removed on its being refined and purified. The timber has not been
+ tried for export.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp.?_. Round Star Apple. A species of Star Apple. Agoma
+ (Benin).
+
+ The fruit is quite spherical and supposed to be larger than _C.
+ Africanum_. It is somewhat similar to _C. Kainato_. The natives
+ squeeze the fruit in order to eat it.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum Africanum_. African Star Apple or Edible Star Apple.
+ Osangbalumo (Yoruba); Otien (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri, and Calabar
+ provinces of Nigeria. It is a medium-sized tree, often found growing
+ at the roadside at the edge of the villages or as an avenue leading up
+ to them.
+
+ The most characteristic feature of this tree is the silvery underside
+ of the leaf, which is formed by minute white hairs. In the fruiting
+ season, another characteristic is the golden-coloured, pointedly pear-
+ shaped fruit, which bursts on falling to the ground. A white latex
+ exudes from the fruit; this latex is sucked out and is tartly sweet to
+ the taste. Inside the fruit are five thin, elliptic-shaped seeds;
+ these are brown and very shiny. Their position inside the fruit
+ probably gave rise to the English name.
+
+ The wood is white and soft; it cuts easily and planes well, but does
+ not split well. The grain of the timber is fine and the texture
+ smooth. It is a moderately fast growing tree and the wood is not
+ durable. The slash is white, and the tree exudes a white latex when
+ cut; the foliage is very dense, and the dark upper surface of the
+ leaves is a great contrast to the underside. It is a soil-protecting
+ and soil-improving tree. The timber has not been exported to Europe.
+ It is occasionally used by the natives for making “Ju-jus” such as the
+ devil.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum sp._ Monkey Star Apple or Monkey Otien. Osang Palambi,
+ Osang Edan (Yoruba); Ekuso (?), Ekpuro, Otiemmie (Benin).
+
+ This is a moderately prevalent tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Benin, Ondo
+ and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree with a small leaf. It attains a girth of
+ about 8 feet. The golden-brown of the underside of the leaves is most
+ typical of this tree and makes it easily distinguished from
+ _Chrysophyllum Africanum_; in fact, in passing through the forest this
+ is one of the few trees having brown tomentose hairs on the underside
+ of the leaf. The crown is broad and flat and heavy. The bole is not
+ too long and is covered with a smooth light-brown-coloured bark.
+
+ The Benin native name means that it is the Monkey Otien, that is to
+ say, not the one that men may eat. It is usually found in the
+ evergreen forest.
+
+ The timber is white, light and soft, and is attacked by termites. It
+ has not so far been cut for export or local use.
+
+ _Native Use._—The fruit is sometimes eaten by the Benins.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum albidum_ (Don.). White Star Apple. Osum Agbalumo
+ (Yoruba).
+
+ This is one of the Star Apples of the Yoruba Forest, where it is found
+ chiefly in the Abeokuta province. It is not very prevalent. The fruit
+ is not so esteemed by the natives as that of Osangbalumo. The bole is
+ somewhat straighter and less branched than that of _C. Africanum_. The
+ wood is white and soft; the stem is not absolutely round, being
+ somewhat fluted at the base, with narrow and thin spurs which extend 4
+ to 6 feet up the stem. The natives occasionally use the wood for
+ household utensils. It has not been cut for export.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum Welwitchii_.
+
+ This so-called Forcados Star Apple was found in the forest just behind
+ the station of Forcados. It is not a very common tree.
+
+ _Malacantha sp. nov._ Akala (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve and neighbouring parts of the
+ Abeokuta and Ibadan provinces. In many places it is very prevalent,
+ though it does not grow actually gregariously. It reaches up to a
+ medium size. The bole does not exceed a length of much over 15 feet
+ and a girth of 5 feet. With its four narrow, somewhat long (up to 4
+ feet) buttress root spurns, the base of the stem forms a rather
+ irregular shape. The bark is roughish and scales off to a slight
+ extent as the tree becomes older.
+
+ The leaves are inclined to be placed at the terminals of the shoots
+ and twigs, and the main veins are very prominent, giving the
+ impression that the leaf has only comparatively recently opened. The
+ leaf is a little rough to the touch, and rather dry and thickish. It
+ is a distinctly yellowish-green colour. The foliage is very sparse.
+
+ With its none too straight stem and comparatively slight amount of
+ foliage it presents a poor appearance.
+
+ The wood is of a pleasant light-yellow colour and comparatively hard.
+ It planes up with a smooth surface and saws easily. It does not take
+ nails well, nor does it split easily. It is termite-proof.
+
+ Natural regeneration appears to be slight, but stool and root shoot
+ reproduction seem to be strong. The seeds are very small and appear
+ like little round, spherical nuts. Although it will bear a slight
+ amount of shade in its youth, it is a light-loving species later on.
+
+ Occurring as it does in the mixed deciduous forests, near the lower
+ edge of the dry-zone vegetation it should prove a useful tree,
+ especially as it is comparatively fire-resisting.
+
+ Although comparatively slow-growing it attains sufficient size to be
+ cut up into verandah-posts and banister rails and uprights.
+
+ On the whole, quite a respectable quantity of timber could be obtained
+ in the aggregate from the large number of trees found growing in the
+ forests.
+
+ _Pachystela cinereum_ (Pierre). Osan odo, Orban igba (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Abeokuta province.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros Mombuttensis_, syn. _Sinensis_. Walking-stick Ebony or
+ Yoruba Ebony. Ogan pupa, Aggan Egbo (Egba) (Yoruba); Ungungmekkan
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a small tree with reddish-coloured stem and very thin, scaly
+ bark, often branching near the base and usually forming several stems
+ up to 18 inches in girth instead of one main stem. It has a large,
+ alternate leaf, with large leaf scars, amounting to projections from
+ the twigs. The fruit is like an acorn, but of reddish colour, with a
+ very small, low-rimmed cup. The twigs are reddish colour too, which is
+ most typical of the tree.
+
+ It is common in the Benin, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo and Ondo provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Timber._—Very hard, whitish-brown wood.
+
+ _E. Use._—Walking-sticks, as it often grows forming a natural handle.
+
+ _Native Use._—Walking-sticks.
+
+ _Diospyros sp._ Benin Ebony. Owegbo (Benin).
+
+ A medium-sized tree, yielding a black ebony, which is prevalent in the
+ Benin forests. The bark scales off like _D. atropurpurea_. It is a
+ larger tree, though, than the last named. It likes the dense forest
+ with a deep, damp soil.
+
+ In proportion the sapwood is white and very wide.
+
+ The tree is slow-growing, shade-bearing, with soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving qualities. Natural regeneration is weak.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for local
+ use.
+
+ _Native Use._—Firewood.
+
+ _Diospyros mespiliformis_. Monkey Guava or Yoruba Ebony, Kanran, Etini
+ (Yoruba); Igedudu (Benin).
+
+ From the similarity of its fruit to a medlar it obtains its botanical
+ name.
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta and Ibadan provinces of Nigeria, in the
+ mixed deciduous forest zone. In places such as the Olokemeji Forest
+ Reserve and neighbourhood it is very prevalent and almost gregarious
+ in habit. As regards height, and almost always as regards girth, it is
+ the largest of almost all the ebony-trees, with the exception of one
+ species found near the Niger, reaching a girth of over 14 feet and a
+ bole length of 70 feet. At the pole stage, and as it gets older, the
+ bark is evenly fissured, vertically and horizontally, breaking up into
+ small black-edged sections of about 2 inches long and ½ inch wide.
+ Until it is much over 2 feet in girth the cortex is smooth, dark-green
+ or black. After this it becomes rather rough, with small fissures.
+ Although often very cylindrical in shape, the bole sometimes has very
+ considerable taper—in fact, more so than many other trees. The
+ branches come out almost at right angles to the stem and are very
+ persistent, still remaining as short snags for many years after they
+ have been broken off by storms or other agencies. The leaves are
+ smallish and lanceolate in shape, and almost appear to be silvery on
+ the under surface and very dark green on the upper surface. The
+ thinner branches appear silvery-grey, though they are very similar,
+ but thinner in comparison to _M. multinervis_, which are found in the
+ same locality growing side by side. The leaf has a few fine veins. The
+ fruit is flatly spherical, and is like a little medlar with its
+ russet-brown rough surface and the dried-up sepals of the flower on
+ it. It is, however, larger than than of Multinervis.
+
+ The sapwood is white and narrow and the heartwood dark-brown to black,
+ sometimes even green-black. It is very hard—in fact, almost the
+ hardest of all African woods, with perhaps the exception of Yoruba
+ Ironwood, Red Ironwood, and African Greenheart. It splits fairly well.
+ It is inclined to be brittle, especially in timber from larger
+ specimens, planes well and saws well, but is difficult to nail. It is
+ termite-proof. Occasionally a large boring beetle burrows into the
+ wood when it is lying on the ground. However, the grubs which do this
+ damage are considered a delicacy by the natives, so that wherever
+ found they are soon collected and eaten. The younger tree grows with
+ branches more or less in whorls, but not so regular as those of _M.
+ multinervis_. When fresh it is liable to warp. It keeps its colour
+ better than most of the ebonies. It occasionally shows a little
+ figure. In proportion it has the largest heartwood of any of them, and
+ for this reason is a most valuable tree.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 85.—=Khaya anthoteca, 16 feet in girth, Obagie
+Forest Reserve, Benin Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 86.—=Okan (Cylicodiscus Gabunensis), African
+Greenheart, 24 feet in girth, standing in Obagie Forest Reserve, Benin
+Province.=]
+
+ To face p. 384.
+
+ _Diospyros Kamerunensis_. Cameroon Ebony.
+
+ This tree has been found in the Boji Hills Forest as well as in the
+ Cameroons. Although not of great size, it yields a comparatively large
+ and black-hearted ebony. The fruit is much larger than that of most
+ other species. It is comparatively prevalent at an elevation of about
+ 1,000 feet in the Boji Hills. Up to the present it is doubtful if it
+ has been worked at all. The natives have no use for the tree.
+
+ _Diospyros Barteri_. Ebony Nut or Yam Stick. Ivioha (Benin).
+
+ Small ebony-shrub of the Benin province of Nigeria, found near Okomo
+ in rather moist ground. The natives have no use for the wood.
+
+ _Diospyros bipendensis_. South Cameroon Ebony.
+
+ It is supposed to be found in the Oban Reserve.
+
+ _Diospyros crassiflora_. Benin Ebony. Aborkpor (Benin).
+
+ It yields the black ebony of the Benin country and is somewhat
+ prevalent. Found in the Benin, Abeokuta and Onitsha provinces of
+ Nigeria. A tree with a small leaf.
+
+ It forms almost pure groups or even small stands, of half a mile and
+ less in extent, near the banks of the Niger. It can stand swampy
+ ground. It used to be cut in the Onitsha district.
+
+ _Diospyros sp._ Benin Ebony. Isanhianme or Ehrenyegbo (Benin).
+
+ A common tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It is supposed to
+ yield a good ebony. It does not reach a very large size. It is a soil
+ protecting and improving tree. Locally it is used for house-building.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+ mahogany at 1s. 6d. per cubic foot. Since that time it has not been
+ exported.
+
+ _Diospyros atropurpurea_ (Gurke). Brown Ebony. Igedudu (Yoruba);
+ Igedudu (Benin).
+
+ It is a small tree, attaining a girth of about 4 feet. The heartwood
+ is usually brown with black streaks, giving it a curious and diverse
+ streakiness, not unlike black marble or Indian Blackwood. The flower
+ is reddish-purple coloured and quite conspicuous, growing out of the
+ upper surface of the twig without a stalk of any kind. The bark is
+ almost black and peels off in very thin, oblong-shaped flakes; the
+ cortex underneath is green. In old age it is hollow at the first
+ branch joint.
+
+ It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. About one-
+ third of the diameter of a mature tree is heartwood. Apparently a
+ slow-growing tree, though none have been planted. It is a shade-bearer
+ in the evergreen and mixed forest; natural regeneration is not good. A
+ large cerambix or other borer makes finger-thick holes in the sap and
+ heartwood of old trees.
+
+ It should be an export timber of value, but it was only valued at £5
+ to £10 a ton in 1906. It has been used for mirror frames.
+
+ _Native Use._—For firewood in the Benin country, where it is
+ considered very good.
+
+ _Diospyros suaveolens_. Benin Ebony. Oohoo (Benin).
+
+ It is a small-sized tree, with very small heartwood and a small,
+ oblong, almost lanceolate leaf. The bark, which is quite black, has
+ slight fissures and is much harder than that of _D. atropurpurea_.
+
+ It is prevalent in the Benin country, Nigeria.
+
+ It likes to grow near water, but not in a swampy place. It is a slow-
+ grower and shade-bearer, being found as an undergrowth in the high
+ forest. It is not attacked by white ants. The wood is hard and
+ durable.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is used for house-building as rafters, as well as for
+ axe-handles of any kind. Small trees are used for making bows (long)
+ for shooting birds.
+
+ _Diospyros verrucosa_.
+
+ This tree, although named from the Cameroons, is found in the Abeokuta
+ and Benin provinces of Nigeria. The twigs are very rough compared to
+ the other species.
+
+ _Diospyros dendo?_. Cross River Ebony. Ebubri etu, Obiliteto (Efik);
+ Itiuyang (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree with dark-green, smooth bark, with large
+ lanceolate leaves and strong upward-spreading branches, which makes
+ the bole shorter than it would otherwise be. The fruit is almost pear-
+ shaped, containing four long, thin, wedge-shaped seeds, brown outside
+ and white inside.
+
+ It is found in the Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria, in the
+ evergreen forest zone of the hill forests.
+
+ The crown is rather irregular in shape, being supported with two or
+ three main limbs from the bole. It reaches a girth of about 6 feet and
+ a bole length of 12 feet.
+
+ The sapwood is wide and white and the heartwood black. The tree is
+ occasionally attacked by a large borer, which makes large holes nearly
+ ¾ inch in diameter. The timber is very hard, but if the tree is killed
+ by fire it becomes a little more brittle than is usually the case. In
+ old trees which may be left lying in the forest, the middle of the
+ heartwood often decays away with ground-rot. It planes well and saws
+ well. Nails often split it. It splits moderately well, especially when
+ free of knots.
+
+ It is a very slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving tree. On the whole, it is more exacting as to soil than most
+ other trees, being usually found on a good loam rich in humus, which
+ is moist and with fair drainage. Natural regeneration is none too
+ good. Stump shoots are very weak, and often do not occur. It has not
+ yet been planted. It is very susceptible to fire—in fact, more so than
+ perhaps any other tree. The timber has been exported for many years
+ from Calabar, but of late in decreasing quantities, owing to the
+ exhaustion of the nearer sources of supply, and to the fact that only
+ small billets under 3 feet in length, not square, and only 3 or 4
+ inches in cross-section were cut. The usual native method of procedure
+ is very curious. On making a clearing for a farm, any ebony standing
+ there gets killed with the fire, and having comparatively few roots
+ and being very heavy, the tree falls down. Before abandoning the farm
+ the native may put a mark on this tree, or at any rate make a mental
+ note of its existence. After a year or two, if he is in need of money
+ to buy clothes, or wishes to purchase anything, he goes back to this
+ old farm, finds this tree, perhaps externally somewhat charred, and
+ perhaps the centre of the heartwood rotted away; he proceeds to cut it
+ into lengths of about 10 or 12 feet. These he then splits lengthways
+ into segments with a rounded side of about 5 inches, the two split
+ sides about 4 inches, and the inner surface about 3 inches. In order
+ to get these long pieces of suitable dimension to carry to the nearest
+ factory or trading station, he cuts them into three or four billets;
+ two or three of these, according to weight, are tied together and
+ carried to the factory. It is sold by weight, and sometimes 200
+ billets go to the ton, though a smaller quantity of a larger size
+ would be better and secure a better price. This method should be
+ compared with the superior one adopted by the natives of the
+ Cameroons. Compared to the usual price of £6 or £7 per ton for Calabar
+ ebony, Cameroon wood usually fetches £10 to £12.
+
+ _Diospyros xanthochlamys_. Okahimi (Benin).
+
+ This is one of the Benin ebonies and is not very prevalent. It is said
+ to yield a good ebony.
+
+ _Maba Mannii_. Benin Maba.
+
+ It is a common tree in the Benin and Ondo provinces of Nigeria. It
+ only reaches a girth of 4 feet and a short bole of about 10 feet. It
+ is much branched, even low down, the branches being persistent and
+ crooked. The leaves are small, rather less than ebony itself. The leaf
+ is really a long, pinnate one, with thirty pairs of pinnæ. The fruit
+ is white, soft and oblong, with small seeds.
+
+ The tree has a white sapwood with a black heartwood, rather small in
+ proportion to the size of the stem. It does not split well. Termites
+ do not attack it, but occasionally the gigas borers make holes in it.
+ It grows slowly and stands a good deal of shade. It sprouts well from
+ the stool and the seed also grows fairly well. It grows in the damp,
+ deep soil and does not stand fire at all. It belongs to the evergreen
+ forest zone.
+
+ This tree has not been cut for local use or exported to Europe. It is
+ used as firewood, and is considered better than most other woods, even
+ _Ohia_, _Celtis sp._
+
+
+=Oleaceæ.=
+
+ _Schrebera Golungensis_. Hard Yellow Wood. Opele (Yoruba); Udegwoga (?)
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, Olokemeji and Ilaro
+ Reserves.
+
+ It is a large tree, reaching a girth of about 10 feet. The smooth,
+ light-green bark with yellow patches differs from the Celtis species,
+ which is rougher, and the Afrormosia species, which is orange-red and
+ peels off. The leaves are small for the size of the tree. The crown is
+ narrow and long and the branches forming it slender. The curious small
+ pear-shaped dehiscent fruit, showing four oblong niches for seeds, is
+ most typical of the tree. In other respects the habit and build of the
+ tree is similar to the Celtis species, especially with the root spurns
+ slightly corrugating the base of the bole. It is not a common tree,
+ but usually a fair number of specimens are seen in any locality where
+ it has been found. The bole is very straight and free from branches
+ for quite a height of the tree.
+
+ The timber is a dull-yellow colour, fine grain, of smooth texture and
+ moderately hard. It planes to a smooth, almost shining surface. It
+ scarcely shrinks or warps when drying.
+
+ It sprouts slightly from the stump, though the shoots do not seem to
+ have much strength.
+
+ The timber has not yet been exported, though its valuable quality
+ should assure it of a market. Sample planks used at Olokemeji proved
+ most durable.
+
+ _Native Use._—The fruit is used by the Yorubas for divining the
+ future.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Strychnos densiflora_ (Baill.). African Strychnos Tree. Attako
+ (Yoruba); Egbeda (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the dry-zone forest of the Ibadan and Benin provinces
+ of Nigeria, where it seems to be very prevalent.
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a small tree or shrub, up to 12 feet
+ high, with small leaves and very hard wood.
+
+ It is of slow growth, but on the whole is a shade-bearer and soil-
+ protecting and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration appears to be
+ poor.
+
+ It has not been planted.
+
+ Apparently the seeds have not yet been examined as to their value. The
+ timber is too small for export or local use, except for hut-building.
+
+ _Use._—The Benin natives use the stem for making snares for Duika and
+ the branches for making brooms, as they are very tough.
+
+ _Anthocleista nobilis_. Ogugu, Sapho, Apa Oro (Yoruba); Orrimogungun,
+ Oriweni (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Ibadan, Abeokuta, Benin and Ogoja provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ It has huge soft leaves, and is one of the first plants to appear on a
+ clearing in the dry-zone or mixed forests. In old age the leaf is much
+ smaller, and the mass of white flowers along the uppermost branches is
+ most typical of the tree. It is often almost gregarious, and in most
+ places more than one tree is found in the immediate neighbourhood.
+ Reaching a girth of about 3 feet, its stem does not exceed 20 feet in
+ height. There are usually two or three main branches into which it
+ divides. The wood is soft and white.
+
+ It is a light-loving, rapid-growing tree, which is soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving in youth, but is too open in crown after a few years.
+ It should, however, prove a useful nurse for superior species in the
+ dry zone.
+
+ _Native Use._—Firewood in places where wood is scarce.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_ (Eng.). Pattern Wood, Stool Wood. Ahun, Awun,
+ Ogudugbu (Yoruba); Ukhu (Benin); Ekuri Ebu (Ibo Owerri); Abo, Idu
+ (Efik); Ofemm (Bembi); Etiap, Oguk (Oban, Ekoi).
+
+ It is a large tree, growing up to a height of 100 feet and 10 feet
+ girth. The white lenticels on the bark are very typical of the tree,
+ and give it the appearance of having a rust disease. The crown is
+ formed of two or three whorls of branches and is very flat in old age.
+ The tree grows always in whorls, though it may have more than one
+ stem. In the distance the leaves appear to be digitate, but in reality
+ three to seven are found to be growing out of the end of one stalk,
+ all being much the same size. The crown is flatly umbrella-shaped. It
+ has comparatively few branches. The root flanges are slight, soon
+ merging into the trunk. At the base of the bole, however, they are not
+ absolutely round in shape, but have two or three large ridges,
+ sometimes almost subdividing it. The slash is white, with yellow
+ spots. A chalky white latex exudes when it is cut, rapidly running
+ down the stem like a streak of whitewash.
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri, Calabar and
+ Ogoja provinces of Nigeria in the evergreen and mixed deciduous forest
+ zone. It is a very common tree throughout this region and is usually
+ found growing singly.
+
+ The timber is white, there being little or no difference between
+ sapwood and heartwood. When dry, it is very light and soft. It splits
+ and planes easily, saws well, and takes nails easily. The grain is
+ close and fine and very even in texture. Although dull, it works up to
+ a smooth finish. It is attacked by termites. It is not durable in the
+ open, but under cover it lasts quite well. In drying it is liable to
+ shrink and warp a little, but with care this can be avoided. It
+ seasons comparatively quickly. It cuts easily with a knife or chisel
+ and might take the place of lime as a carving-wood. From its texture
+ it should take stains very well.
+
+ It is a very fast-growing, at first slightly shade-bearing and
+ latterly a light-loving tree, which thoroughly protects the soil and
+ enriches it with its leaf fall. Natural regeneration appears to be
+ good, as it sprouts well from the stump. It seems to like a good soil
+ with plenty of moisture, and will even withstand floods. It is not
+ fire-resisting. The crown and branches are liable to be broken with a
+ high wind.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as a
+ whitewood, but it was considered to be of no value. It deserves a
+ further trial as a pattern-wood, comparatively large quantities being
+ available. Locally it has not been sawn up for planks.
+
+ In Calabar the timber is used for stools, which are carved out of
+ large solid blocks of this wood in one piece, without a joint.
+
+ _Native Use._—In the Benin country the timber is used for doors and
+ the roots for medicine.
+
+ The box of the musical instrument Asologun, a kind of zither, is made
+ of this wood in the Yoruba country. The latex is used for mixing with
+ real rubber latex of the Anyo or _Funtumia elastica_ tree.
+
+ _Voacanga Africana_ (Stapf.). Cloth Shrub. Dodo, Giwini (Yoruba); Igbo
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a common shrub-like tree in the Ogoja, Onitsha, Benin, Warri,
+ Ondo, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. The tree is usually
+ noticeable from its white wax-like, trumpet-shaped flowers, which have
+ a very fragrant scent, and which very rapidly wither when cut. The
+ bark is thin and extremely fibrous and hard to break, so much so that
+ the natives of the Asaba district make grass-like fibre out of it and
+ mix it with a silk fibre to make a very durable kind of cloth, which
+ the natives wear. It grows in waste places and requires light. It
+ sprouts well from the stump.
+
+ _Conopharyngia durissima_.
+
+ This tree is found in the Western Provinces. It is of a similar size
+ to _C. pachysiphon_, and the timber is just as durable.
+
+ _Conopharyngia pachysiphon_. False Boxwood. Dodo? (Yoruba); Ibbu
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Calabar, Warri, Benin and Ondo provinces of
+ Nigeria. A small tree, attaining a girth of only 4 feet, with a large
+ leaf, bearing large spherical-shaped fruits in pairs. The large
+ creamy-white, strongly scented flowers are conspicuous to both sight
+ and scent. The bark, even in its younger stages, is covered with small
+ yellow lenticels. The wood is hard and yellow in colour, and there is
+ no difference between sapwood and heartwood. The latex has sometimes
+ been used as an adulterant for rubber. It is a shade-bearer, and is
+ found at the border of the evergreen and mixed deciduous forests.
+
+ The natives of the Benin country use the roots for medicinal purposes.
+
+ _Farquharia elliptica_. Onanisankianmon (Benin).
+
+ This is a member of the new genus of Farquharia found by Mr. Farquhar
+ in the Benin province of Nigeria, near Ugumu. It is not stated whether
+ the natives use this as a source of rubber or not.
+
+ _Landolphia florida_ (Benth.). Rubber Vine. Ibugidi, Ibo-akitipa
+ (Yoruba).
+
+ A vine found throughout Southern Nigeria, though most abundant in the
+ dry-zone fringing forests and in the intermediate forests, and at
+ Ottoa, Benin province. It bears white flowers having yellow centres.
+
+ _Uses._—Milky juice is obtained from this vine, but it is not good
+ rubber, and has no market value.
+
+ _Landolphia scandens_. Ibo (Yoruba); Ubamiogon (Benin); Otopoi, Otanta
+ (Ibo Asaba).
+
+ Ilaro.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis_, var. _rubiginosa_.
+
+ Found Anwai River, Asaba district.
+
+ _Landolphia Owariensis_. White Vine Rubber. Ibo tabong (Yoruba);
+ Ubamiogon, Ubgo (Benin); Otta farfridi (Ibo Asaba).
+
+ Found Benin City and Mamu.
+
+ _Landolphia Senegalense_. Ibo akitipa (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Oyo province of Nigeria, and it is supposed to be
+ one of the sources of vine rubber.
+
+ _Landolphia Thompsonii_ (Chev.). Corrugated-fruited Rubber. Ibogidi
+ (Yoruba); Ugbamiogun (Benin).
+
+ Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ A vine growing abundantly throughout the rain and fringing forests. It
+ has white flowers with yellow centres and a bright-yellow edible
+ fruit. No rubber is obtained from it, but only a pasty mass from the
+ latex.
+
+ _Landolphia Petersiana_. Large-fruited Landolphia.
+
+ Found in the Oban Reserve and Benin province.
+
+ _Landolphia bracteata_. Autopoi (Ibo Asaba).
+
+ Found at Idanre, Anwai, Asaba district.
+
+ _Carpodinus hirsuta_ (Stapf.), var. _djenge_. Flake or Paste Rubber,
+ Root Rubber, Brown Cluster, or Brown Medium. Ibo Ilecki (Yoruba);
+ Uboto, Obo, Ubanakwi, Ake, Abache (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Onitsha, Benin and Warri provinces of Nigeria. It
+ has a mauve-coloured flower with a musk-like scent.
+
+ The rubber was bought near the Niger until the vines from which it was
+ taken were destroyed.
+
+ _Carpodinus Barteri_, syn. _Clitandra Barteri_. Mauve-flowered Vine
+ Rubber. Ibo (Yoruba); Akhe (Benin); Akwarri, Offonkwari (Ibo Asaba).
+
+ Anwai River.
+
+ _Carpodinus fulva_. Pear-shape-fruited Rubber. Ikwian (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Asaba district, Benin province.
+
+ _Clitandra elastica_. Brown Medium Rubber. Ubabikpan (Benin);
+ Beckindanko (Hausa).
+
+ Benin province.
+
+ A vine of the dry zone, found in the Okwoga district and at Adani in
+ Awka district. It also yields root rubber.
+
+ It yields a good rubber, sold on the Niger for 1s. 3d. to 1s. 6d. per
+ pound (1911). Extracted by tapping and coagulated by boiling, also
+ with salt.
+
+ _Clitandra visciflua_ (Hall. Fil.). Ubake (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Clitandra Togolana_ (Hall). Ibo, Agba (Benin).
+
+ It is a large tree, up to 60 feet high (?). Olokemeji.
+
+ _Clitandra cirrhosa_. Oban Rubber.
+
+ This is one of the commoner vines of the Oban Forest Reserve. In
+ recent years, owing to the low price of rubber, it has not been tapped
+ to any extent. The cost of collection to the natives is rather high,
+ with the extended preparations and amount of food they must take with
+ them in this forest. Added to this there is the cost of the licence
+ and the cost of taking it over the long distance to the market, so
+ that they do not think it pays to collect this rubber.
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_ (Afzel). Swizzle-stick. Iraigbo, Asofeyeje
+ (Yoruba); Akata (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri and
+ Calabar provinces of Nigeria, in the evergreen and mixed deciduous
+ zone, where it is very prevalent.
+
+ It is a small tree of 12 feet in height and 18 inches in girth, with
+ almost always four branchlets to each branch, forming regular whorls
+ in this manner. It has a soft, thin leaf and a round, small green
+ fruit. The stem is usually forked near the ground, and each side
+ branch is forked again and the uppermost branches divided into four
+ separate twigs, making thus a most convenient shape for a swizzle-
+ stick. The stem is more or less dotted with a few white lenticels. The
+ bark peels off very readily and cleanly with a knife, leaving the bare
+ white stem, especially in the smaller branches.
+
+ The wood of the smaller branches is soft, showing a small pith in the
+ centre, but that of the stem in the larger specimens is comparatively
+ hard, and more like an inferior type of boxwood. The sapwood is
+ usually a little softer than the heartwood.
+
+ It is a moderately fast-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is good. It sprouts well
+ from the stump, and a certain number of root suckers appear. It stands
+ pruning well.
+
+ The tree does not really reach a large enough size to yield export
+ timber, or to be of much value for local use. It is, however, commonly
+ used as a swizzle-stick.
+
+ In places where building timber is scarce, it is occasionally used in
+ house-building. It could be, and sometimes is, used as a live fence.
+
+ _Polyadoa umbellata_ (Stapf.). Oak or Boxwood. Aini (Egba); Erm
+ (Yoruba); Osu (Benin).
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree which grows to a girth of 4 feet. The young
+ stem is easily recognized by the longitudinal strips of lenticels,
+ joined together with the dark-green cortex, showing between each
+ strip. When older, lenticels appear on the stem and it may be quite
+ grey or white.
+
+ The wood is a dirty yellow colour and very hard, resembling box in the
+ fineness and the hardness of its grain. It is used by the natives for
+ making combs for the hair; these combs have six prongs about 6 inches
+ long and are sold at 6d. to 1s. apiece. It is used for house-building,
+ and is considered the most durable timber for this purpose; it is
+ forked about 15 to 20 feet from the ground. The bark is used
+ medicinally by the natives (Yorubas).
+
+ The leaves are a yellowish-green, gradually turning a rich dark-green.
+ The small greengage-sized fruits appear in pairs at the ends of the
+ shoots, and occasionally in threes, but this is rare.
+
+ It likes moist ground, though it will stand a long dry season, so long
+ as it has the shade of other trees. It is a distinct shade-bearer,
+ though it grows a fair height when it has a chance. The flowers are
+ white and have a very pleasant smell.
+
+ Only a very small quantity of latex exudes when the tree is cut, and
+ so does not give the impression of belonging to the rubber family of
+ Apocynaceæ.
+
+ The sapwood is a similar colour to the heartwood. It is not always
+ straight, but this is owing to its slow growth causing it to be
+ amongst the dominated trees. In older trees the stem is usually quite
+ white, except where the bark has been removed.
+
+ A sample was sent to England in 1914 and was said to be valueless as a
+ substitute for boxwood. In 1906 samples were shipped to Liverpool,
+ where it was sold as a species of oak at 1s. 9d. per cubic foot, but
+ it was not considered as good as that obtained from Awaw, Eba,
+ _Lophira procera_ or _Ostryoderris impressa_.
+
+ _Native Use._—The chief tree for all tool-handles and house-posts. The
+ most durable kinds are in Egba, and they are not attacked by white
+ ants.
+
+ _Alafia Landolphioides_. Ubamiagon (Benin); Ata frifridi (Ibo Asaba).
+
+ Found at Illushi, Asaba district, Oke Igbo, Ilesha district.
+
+ _Carissa edulis_.
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria. The fruit is edible.
+
+ _Motandra Guineensis_ (A. D.C.). Bodekadun (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ It has not been used for making rubber.
+
+ _Strophanthus Preussii_. Elephant Poison. Isha gere, Isha kekere
+ (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Shagamu, Lagos and Calabar districts.
+
+ A climbing shrub, attaining the height of 12 feet. The flowers are
+ creamy in colour, deepening to orange, with purple spots and streaks.
+
+ _Strophanthus hispidus_ (A. D.C.). Isha fere (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Ilesha district, Oyo province.
+
+ _Holarrhena Wulfsbergii_ (Stapf.). The Male Rubber Tree or False Rubber
+ Tree, according to the Yorubas, or sometimes known as the False Ireh
+ Tree. Ireh-ibeji, Ireh-ako, Ako-ireh (Yoruba).
+
+ This tree being found in the Abeokuta and Oyo provinces of Nigeria, it
+ is not very prevalent, nor does it grow in large numbers in any one
+ place. With its smooth, dark-green bark, speckled irregularly all over
+ with white spots and lenticels, it is easily distinguishable from the
+ almost silver-white or grey beech-like stem of the true West African
+ Rubber Tree.
+
+ At a height varying from 10 to 15 feet the bole sometimes divides and
+ forms two very straight stems, one much smaller than the other. In the
+ African Rubber Tree (_Funtumia elastica_) usually only one stem is
+ formed.
+
+ Again, in its sparse and rather drooping foliage it is very different
+ from the real rubber-tree. The leaves are much longer, more sharply
+ pointed, and in fact more lanceolate than those of _F. elastica_. The
+ foliage often gives the appearance of being withered or that the tree
+ is drying up.
+
+ Large raceme-like masses of small flowers appear in February or March,
+ which are much more prominent than those of _F. elastica_, these being
+ more hidden among the leaves, although individually having larger
+ blossoms. Later on, a thin round pod, nearly 2 feet in length, forms
+ in pairs, which hang down and make the tree look most grotesque. On
+ the other hand, _F. elastica_ pods are stout and short and almost
+ hidden by the foliage.
+
+ The tree reaches a girth of 36 inches and a total height of about 50
+ feet.
+
+ The slash is greenish-white, and a very little white, rather watery
+ latex exudes from the cut. The wood is white, soft, planes easily, and
+ splits comparatively easily. It saws fairly well and takes nails with
+ comparative ease. It is not termite-proof.
+
+ It is a moderately fast-growing tree of a light-loving nature. Natural
+ reproduction by seed appears to be fair. It sprouts slightly from the
+ stump.
+
+ Being found in odd and poor places in the mixed deciduous forests at
+ the edge of dry-zone vegetation, it should prove useful for temporary
+ house-building purposes and for cutting up as cratewood for bananas,
+ etc.
+
+ _Pleiocerus Barteri_ (Baill.). Irena, kekere (Yoruba).
+
+ The fruit is very much like a Cola and fairly common in the forest. It
+ is very sticky to the taste.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, in habit similar to the Cola-tree, and most
+ people would classify it from its external appearance as a species of
+ Cola.
+
+ It is found in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Picralima Klaineana?_. Agege (Yoruba).
+
+ Found at Agege, Yoruba country.
+
+ _Oncinotis gracilis_. Ornamental Rubber Vine. Allerle (Benin).
+
+ Found in Ogodo Dry-zone Forest.
+
+ _Name unknown_. Ikwian (Benin).
+
+ An uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It attains a
+ medium-size and bears large fruits. The wood is used as firewood.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Ehretia cymosa_ (S. and H.). Ija oke (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji.
+
+ _Cordia sp._, _? Platythyrsa_. Drum-wood Cordia. Ako Ledo (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ _Cordia Irvingii_. Acorn-like-fruited Cordia.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, similar to _Cordia Millenii_. It is found
+ in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Cordia Millenii_. Omon or Omo (Yoruba); Omah (Benin).
+
+ This tree is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ondo, Benin, Owerri,
+ Calabar and Ogoja provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is an irregularly shaped tree, often with more than one stem. The
+ light-coloured bark, especially when it is scaly, often gives the
+ impression that the tree is luminous at night. The leaf is large. It
+ is a common tree in the Benin district, of medium-size.
+
+ It yields a softwood, which has a certain amount of resonance. The
+ sapwood is white and the heartwood a mid-brown colour. It is not very
+ durable, except under cover.
+
+ It stands a good deal of shade. It sprouts well from the stump. It
+ bears fruit irregularly, and seedlings are scarce in the forest. The
+ wood has not been exported, and none of its qualities so far assure it
+ of finding a good market in Europe.
+
+ _Native Use._—The natives use the wood for making drums.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 87.—=Koko Town, with raft of mahogany logs moored
+near the bank.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 88.—=Mahogany logs floating in the river above Koko
+Town.=]
+
+ To face p. 396.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Avicennia Africana_. White Mangrove. Ogbun (Lagos); Ede, Eyhrodo
+ (Benin); Odonumon (Efik).
+
+ It is found in the Colony, Ondo, Warri, Owerri and Calabar provinces
+ of Nigeria. It is seen partly in pure groups, and also mixed more or
+ less in groups with the other areas of Red Mangrove and _Laguncularia
+ sp._
+
+ It is a small tree, growing up to 2 feet girth and about 40 feet high.
+
+ The bole appears silvery grey and the branches very slender. The
+ leaves are of a lighter green than those of the Red Mangrove. The
+ aerial roots are smaller and not so extended as in the case of
+ Racemosa. On the whole, it occurs in the quieter and less exposed
+ localities, away from the sea, and it seems to appear only secondary
+ to _R. racemosa_, which is the first tree to appear in the mangrove
+ formation. The slash is white; the cortex is thin.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood a light brown when freshly cut.
+ Is moderately hard, and durable when dry and used away from water. It
+ is termite-proof. In structure it is similar to teak, being a member
+ of the same family, but the grain is more open and the pores are
+ considerably larger and longer, giving the wood a more open texture.
+ It planes up with a smooth surface, splits well, takes nails
+ moderately well and saws easily.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing, at first shade-bearing, and later on a
+ light-demanding tree. Natural regeneration is good, but it does not
+ appear to be extending as fast as _R. racemosa_. It sprouts from the
+ stump; root suckers and aerial root shoots grow in considerable
+ numbers. On the whole, it tends to die out sooner when the ground
+ becomes dryer than _R. racemosa_, and its area of distribution from
+ the coast inland is much less wide.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for local
+ use. For the natives this tree forms what is considered the best “salt
+ bush” in the Jekri country. It is still used for the manufacture of
+ salt, which is considered much stronger than and superior to imported
+ salt. It is also used for poles, house-building, boat and canoe houses
+ and wharves.
+
+ _Vitex grandifolia_. Ori (Yoruba); Owenkundignon, Oriri Ogikiomi (?)
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin, Onitsha, Owerri and Ogoja provinces, in the
+ open deciduous forest zone.
+
+ The digitate leaf is much larger than that of _V. Cienkowski_, and on
+ the whole the tree is larger too, reaching a girth of 10 feet and a
+ bole length of 30 feet. The fruit is rather larger, but similar in
+ shape and taste to the former. The branches are very persistent, and
+ coming out more or less in whorls from the bole, give the tree a most
+ distinct appearance.
+
+ The sapwood is white and the heartwood at first light-brown, and then
+ darker brown. It is rather more open-grained than the teak. It does
+ not split very well, but can take nails; neither does it plane easily,
+ but can be worked up to a smooth finish. It is very durable and
+ termite-proof.
+
+ At first fast growing and later rather slower, it is on the whole a
+ little faster growing than _V. Cienkowski_. It withstands the fires in
+ an extraordinary manner, and only occasionally does the bole get so
+ deeply burnt that the tree becomes hollow. It bears a large crop of
+ fruit almost every year.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, nor has it been sawn up for local
+ use. It deserves further attention than it has received up to the
+ present, more especially as it is of the same family as the teak.
+
+ _Native Use._—The fruit is eaten, and occasionally the smaller trees
+ are used for house-building.
+
+ _Vitex Cienkowskii_. Ori, nla (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, attaining a girth of about 8 feet and a
+ bole length of about 25 feet. The bark is rough, divided up with long,
+ narrow vertical fissures, which are more or less regular in their
+ distribution. The crown is spherical, somewhat widespreading, and
+ usually occupies about half the height of the tree. The large, shiny,
+ dark-green digitate leaf is most characteristic of the tree. The
+ fruit, not unlike a large acorn without the cup, is edible and has a
+ slight honey taste. It attracts the bees from far and near.
+
+ This tree is found in the Oyo and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Timber._—Hard, brown wood, very similar to teak. It is often rather
+ knotty and sometimes cross-grained.
+
+ At first fairly fast-growing, later on it is rather slow. It is very
+ fire-resisting, but does not thoroughly protect the soil. It has not
+ been felled for export, nor has it been sawn up for local use. It
+ serves a useful purpose amongst the dry-zone vegetation, and is one of
+ the larger trees of that zone.
+
+ _Vitex Fosteri_. Ori-eta (Yoruba); Obuban, Ibang (Benin); Ogi
+ (Calabar).
+
+ _Chief Characteristics._—It is a medium-sized tree with thin, white
+ bark and voluted stem, which is not overstraight beyond 15 or 20 feet,
+ soft and fibrous; one of the common trees in the mixed forest, though
+ also found in the evergreen forest. It has a thin, digitate leaf. It
+ usually stands as one of the dominated trees in either forest. The
+ leaves often look silvery, but this is an optical illusion, owing to
+ their being so thin and white on the underside.
+
+ _Distribution._—It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Jebu, Ode, Benin
+ and Calabar provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ _Timber._—It is a hard, white wood of even texture and smooth grain,
+ which is apparently durable for interior work. It is somewhat like
+ hornbeam, though not quite so hard. It works up with a smooth surface.
+
+ _Silvicultural Qualities._—It is a shade-bearer, though, if planted
+ pure, it is doubtful whether its foliage would thoroughly protect the
+ ground, owing to its being so thin. Natural regeneration by seed is
+ apparently good.
+
+ _Use._—It would probably make good verandah-posts, door-frames and
+ window-frames, but so far has not been tried. As there is plenty of
+ it, proper supplies could be obtained in the provinces named.
+
+ _Value._—At present doubtful, as it is an untried wood; however,
+ belonging to the same family as teak, it should find a place amongst
+ the valuable small timbers for local use.
+
+ _Vitex diversifolia_.
+
+ It has been noted from the Oban Reserve.
+
+ _Clerodendron Thonningii_. Egwa, Oriakuku (Benin).
+
+ It is an ornamental shrub of the Benin province of Nigeria, found near
+ the Osse River.
+
+ _Clerodendron Thompsonii_. Egwa oviakuku (Benin).
+
+ A medium-sized shrub with woody stem found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Clerodendron scandens_ (Beauv.).
+
+ It is a large shrub with hard wood of the Benin province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Clerodendron volubile_. Ebenote (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Clerodendron splendens_ (Kew). Adabi (Yoruba).
+
+ A medium-sized shrub found in the Abeokuta province. The stem yields
+ small wood for farm implements.
+
+
+=Labiatæ.=
+
+ _Ocimum viride_ (Willd.). Efinrin (Yoruba); Aramoho (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Yoruba and Benin country.
+
+
+=Scrophulariaceæ.=
+
+ _Cycinium camporum_ (Engl.). Arojoku (Yoruba).
+
+ Flowers white. Found at Obba on the Hill, Ondo province.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathoidea campanulata_. Red Tulip Tree. Oruru (Yoruba); Okokwi
+ Okwekwe (Benin); Essenim (Efik); Osukaregigi (Bembi).
+
+ This tree grows in the fringing and intermediate forests. It is of
+ medium size and has large trumpet-shaped flowers, not unlike those of
+ the tulip.
+
+ _Uses._—This tree is often used for ornamental purposes. Timber,
+ edible seeds and medicaments are obtained from it.
+
+ _Stereospermum acuminatissimum_. Osualong (seed), Okwekwe, Aguana
+ (Benin).
+
+ This is a somewhat common tree of the Benin province of Nigeria, and
+ certainly with its red flowers it is one of the most handsome. It is
+ not unlike the so-called African Tulip Tree, _Spathoidea campanulata_.
+ On the whole, it is a smaller tree, with a round, almost spherical
+ crown; the wood is soft and white and not durable. It bears a large
+ number of seeds, but few appear to germinate. It sprouts feebly from
+ the stump, is a light-loving tree, and also a soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving species. It deserves greater attention for planting in
+ gardens and at the edges of recreation grounds of all sorts.
+
+ _Stereospermum Kunthianum_ (Cham.). Ayagdo (Yoruba).
+
+ This tree is found in the Abeokuta province and Erin, Ilesha. It is
+ very similar to the tulip-tree, but has a more orange-coloured flower.
+
+ _Kigelia Africana_. Sausage Tree. Orora, Pandoro (Yoruba); Ogiahimi,
+ Esiskwi (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree of the Ogoja, Owerri, Onitsha, Benin, Ondu, Ibadan
+ and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. The most typical feature of this
+ tree is the long sausage-shaped fruit, which hangs by a stalk about 10
+ inches long; the flowers are red, the leaves large and open. It is a
+ small tree, often very much branched. It is usually found in old
+ clearings at the edge of the mixed deciduous forest. The wood is not
+ durable. The natives use it for fences, and the roots are mashed and
+ used by Benis for cuts in the fingers. The bark and fruit are also
+ used medicinally by the Yorubas.
+
+ _Markhamia tomentosa_. Iru, Aya, Iwe (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta province of Nigeria, in the mixed
+ deciduous forest zone.
+
+ It is a tree 4 to 6 feet in girth, with a large leaf having five pairs
+ of pinnæ, the lowest being very small, like stipules. A deciduous tree
+ bearing small fruit. A very common tree.
+
+ The timber is a soft, white wood, which is not used. It is attacked by
+ white ants, and is not durable except under cover.
+
+ The tree is a light-lover, quick-growing, and non-soil-improving.
+ Natural regeneration is moderate, so that it does not spread too much.
+ The tree has not been felled for export timber, nor has it been cut
+ for local use.
+
+ _Newbouldia lævis_. Benin Ju-ju Tree. Akkoko (Yoruba); Ikhimi (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Calabar, Ogoja, Owerri, Warri, Onitsha, Ondo,
+ Benin, Ibadan and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a small tree, scarcely exceeding 4 feet in girth. It has a
+ large, oblong, dark leaf. It is most commonly seen in the middle of a
+ compound with a pot at the base of it. The flowers are trumpet-shaped,
+ white-coloured at the base and rose-red at the mouth. The fruit is a
+ long, thin black pod, which opens releasing many flat, winged seeds.
+ The seed is yellow and in the middle of the wing.
+
+ The timber is white and soft.
+
+ It has not been exported or cut for local use.
+
+ _Native Use._—The tree is used to mark boundaries. It is a “Ju-ju”
+ tree, both in and outside the compound. It is sometimes used for
+ fences. It is used by the Yorubas for rafters.
+
+
+=Acanthaceæ.=
+
+ _Thunbergia Vogeliana_ (Benth.). Blue Benin Thunbergia. Ohwohiro
+ (Benin).
+
+ This is a shrub with handsome blue flowers; it is moderately common in
+ the Central Circle.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sarcocephalus eu-esculentus_. Sierra Leone Peach. Egbesi (Yoruba);
+ Aragbaihi (Benin); Amellaky or Egbessye of Sierra Leone.
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin, Onitsha, Owerri and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria, where it is common in the open deciduous forest.
+
+ In habit it usually takes more of the shape and form of a shrub rather
+ than a tree, though where it is protected a longish main leader grows
+ up, but even this droops. It rarely attains a height of more than 15
+ feet and a girth at the base of about 18 inches. The leaf is large and
+ oval, opposite, and rather leathery to the touch. The fruit is not
+ unlike a peach, except that its surface is not smooth, but is pitted
+ in small depressions, giving it a more special peach colour. The flesh
+ is very woody and tough, interspersed with small seeds not unlike
+ those of the strawberry. When ripe the birds eat them. The roots are
+ of a yellowish-brown, especially when the cortex is rubbed. The slash
+ is yellow. The leaf is very shiny.
+
+ It does not really reach timber size, but the sapwood is a light
+ yellow and the heartwood a darker yellow.
+
+ It is a moderately quick growing, light-demanding, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration is poor, but reproduction by
+ root suckers and stool shoots is very strong. It is very fire-
+ resisting, and recovers easily from any effects of fire.
+
+ _Native Use._—In cases of scarcity of building-timber, occasionally
+ short sections are obtained from it for hut-building. It is, however,
+ usually too short. The roots are used medicinally in the following
+ way: roots about a ¼ inch in diameter and upwards to ¾ inch are
+ thoroughly washed in water and cut up into sections of about 4 inches
+ long and boiled in water. The solution thus made is strained off, and
+ is drunk either hot or cold in fairly large doses for the relief of
+ venereal disease (G.) in its earlier stages. Most of the natives
+ affirm that it gives great relief, though they acknowledge that it
+ does not prove a cure for it.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Weatherboard Wood. Opepe (Yoruba); Obiache
+ (Benin); Awessu (Jekri).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin and Calabar provinces of
+ Nigeria, where in certain localities it is very prevalent.
+
+ It is a large tree of the evergreen forest zone, which attains a girth
+ of 12 feet and a corresponding bole length. The bark is slightly rough
+ and scaly, but in an even manner. It bears a large edible fruit 2
+ inches in diameter. The fruit is not unlike a peach in shape and
+ colour, but with a rougher and softer skin. It is very closely and
+ finely pitted with tiny holes in its surface. Inside, the flesh is
+ pinkish-white. It is commonly seen at the edge of freshwater swamps in
+ the Benin, Ifon and Ondo districts. It likes soil with good drainage,
+ but it may be very moist.
+
+ The bole is very straight, and not unlike that of real African Oak in
+ appearance. The leaves are rounded and moderately large, and inclined
+ to be leathery in texture, with two stipules at the base. In the young
+ seedlings the stem is more quadrangular in shape than round, and there
+ are a few almost straighter furrows running vertically up it.
+
+ It tends to spread with the opening up of the evergreen forest. The
+ root spurns are very slight and round, merging into the stem a foot or
+ so above the ground. The slash is yellowish-white, and a rather dirty
+ colour. Mucilage-like latex gradually exudes from the cut.
+
+ _Timber._—The wood is very durable indeed, both for exposed places and
+ for interior work. It is moderately hard, a little open and fibrous in
+ grain, of a yellow to orange colour, with slight variations in its
+ distribution through the wood. It planes well and saws easily; splits
+ fairly well, takes nails, and does not warp or shrink very much. There
+ is only a slight difference in colour between the sapwood and
+ heartwood, but the sapwood is not quite so durable. It is termite-
+ proof. It is usually very straight-grained, free of knots and other
+ internal defects—in fact, it is one of the cleanest of all the African
+ timbers.
+
+ It is a very fast-growing, at first slightly shade-bearing and later
+ light-loving tree, which thoroughly protects and enriches the soil
+ with its leaf fall. In fact, after the first two years it is very
+ impatient of shade, and grows very slowly, if it is at all under large
+ trees. In suitable places natural regeneration is very good. Fair
+ crops of seeds are borne almost every year. In some places, notably
+ north of the Ikoha in the Benin province, it is almost gregarious in
+ habit. It sprouts well from the stump. Here again, unless there is
+ sufficient light, it does not grow rapidly, and even tends to die
+ down. In the nursery, seeds generate readily, but often fall a prey to
+ the Duika, which eat the young seedlings. The tree does not stand
+ transplanting very well, as it throws back its development very
+ considerably. Small plantations have been made in one or two places.
+ Close planting appears to be the correct method, as the branches are
+ rather persistent and liable to form knots or places of decay in the
+ stem, if they do not drop off when they are quite small.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold as a hardwood in Liverpool
+ market, where it was considered to show little or no merit. However,
+ since that date there have been increased demands for all good
+ timbers, so that it seems worthy of a further trial. Locally it has
+ been used for making canoes, or has been cut up for planks. It has
+ also been used for bridge-building and other constructional work, and
+ being one of the most durable, ever wider use is being found for it,
+ quite apart from any likely demands for export.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is felled for sawing up into planks and making
+ canoes, and is considered one of the best of all local timbers, except
+ Iroko.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus sambucinus_ (?). Yellow Wood. Opepe (Yoruba); Ebengiku,
+ Obiache (Benin); Eben (Jekri).
+
+ It is found in the Ondo, Benin and Warri provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree of the swamps, both near rivers and near the
+ sea coast—in fact, it will grow in waterlogged places—whereas the
+ _Sarcocephalus esculentus_, to attain large dimensions, likes drained
+ soil.
+
+ The fruit is only an inch in diameter, but of the same colour as the
+ former. The pitting of the surface is more widely distributed and the
+ pits are shallower. The bark is less scaly, with a very slight
+ roughness or fissured surface. The wood is not so durable as the
+ former, especially in exposed places. On the whole, the leaves are
+ larger than _S. esculentus_ and a little thinner.
+
+ The sapwood is whitish-yellow and the heartwood of a deep yellow
+ colour. It is more fibrous and rather more open-grained than that of
+ _S. esculentus_. The pores, too, are longer. On the whole, it is
+ easier to work, a little softer, planes well, takes nails, splits well
+ and saws easily. It is doubtful if it is termite-proof.
+
+ Although really a light-loving tree, it can stand more lateral shade
+ than _S. esculentus_. It is a thoroughly soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving tree, the foliage making a very rich humus. It is much more
+ slow-growing than _S. esculentus_, though on the whole it will stand
+ closer together, and yet grow well. It sprouts well from the stump.
+ Natural regeneration appears to be good. It is sometimes almost
+ gregarious in habit, and in some places one of the few valuable trees
+ in the swamp region. It is also often one of the few of merchantable
+ size. No plantations have been made with this tree.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as
+ cedar, but it was only considered of poor quality. It deserves,
+ however, further trial now. Locally it is occasionally sawn up for
+ planks.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is sometimes used for making canoes, but it is not
+ liked by the natives, because they say it is not so durable as _S.
+ esculentus_.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus sp._ Swamp Opepe. Oppepera (Yoruba); Eben Obiache
+ (Benin). Perhaps the same as the foregoing species.
+
+ _Morinda sp._ Brimstone Wood.
+
+ Ekiti district, Ondo province.
+
+ _Morinda lucida_. Brimstone Wood. Oruwo (Yoruba); Obiache (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Yoruba and Benin country.
+
+ _Morinda longiflora_. Ekiti Morinda.
+
+ Found in the Ekiti district, Mamu Reserve.
+
+ _Pausinystalia sp._
+
+ It is found in the Eastern Calabar province of Nigeria. It is a
+ medium-sized tree found growing in old farms. It has globular-shaped
+ flowers with yellowish-red anthers, making it very pretty and
+ conspicuous. It has a hard, yellowish-white wood.
+
+ _Saccoglottis Gabunensis_. Mahogany, Tala. Ugu (Benin); Attalla
+ (Jekri); Edat (Efik); Tala (Brass); Tala (New Calabar); Edat (Oban,
+ Ekoi).
+
+ It is a large tree, attaining a girth of 15 feet and a height of 150
+ feet. Nearly always found on swampy ground, or anyhow where the
+ rainfall is high, as, for instance, in the Oban district. One of the
+ first trees to be seen in the forest immediately behind the mangrove
+ swamps. The bark is roughly fissured like elm, but more regularly, and
+ the slash is red. The fruit is an indehiscent nut with small nodules
+ on it, about the size of a walnut, which exudes a liquid not unlike
+ honey. Bees often frequent the tree for that reason. A reddish sap
+ exudes when the tree is cut.
+
+ It is found in the Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ The wood is hard and dark-red, with a fairly close grain, though easy
+ to work. The sapwood is usually very narrow and yellowish-red.
+
+ It is evidently a shade-bearer, and stands a good deal of shade in its
+ youth. Natural regeneration is fairly good where the rainfall is high.
+ It seems a moderately fast grower, though no actual measurements have
+ yet been taken. It is almost gregarious, especially in Oban. In 1906
+ it was valued in the Liverpool market at 3d. to 6d. a superficial foot
+ as a mahogany of mild texture and fairly good colour. It has, however,
+ not been used by the Public Works Department.
+
+ _Native Use._—In the Benin, Warri and Calabar provinces the bark is
+ stripped off in rolls about 3 feet long and sold for making gin
+ bitter, by placing it in the liquid. A bundle of bark is sold for 5s.
+ at Calabar. In the Degema and Brass districts it is one of the common
+ canoe trees.
+
+ _Mitragyne macrophyllum_. False Opepe. Burokossa, Bulokossa,
+ Ugbodokossa (Benin); Ebar (Brass); Ebar (New Calabar); Ubuen (Efik).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ondo, Benin, Warri, Owerri and Calabar
+ provinces of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a large tree, attaining a girth of over 12 feet and a height of
+ over 100 feet. It has a very large leaf. The tree is often more or
+ less gregarious, more especially in the moister or almost swampy parts
+ of the evergreen forest zone. The bark is of a dull-green colour,
+ comparatively thin, and only slightly fissured in a large tree.
+
+ The sapwood is yellowish-white and the heartwood of a pale yellow
+ colour. It is almost a hardwood, does not split well, planes up
+ smoothly and saws comparatively easily. It hardens considerably on
+ seasoning and is very durable under cover, but not so much on exposure
+ to the air. The dense foliage makes a thick layer of humus under the
+ trees, as a few of the leaves fall off each year. It is thus a soil-
+ improving and soil-protecting tree. It would probably be found to make
+ a good mixture, in groups of about half an acre in extent, with
+ mahogany in the evergreen forest zone. In the Brass district it is one
+ of the commonest trees which is used for making canoes; it has also
+ occasionally been sawn up for planks. It has not yet been exported to
+ England, but at any rate locally it should command a wider use in
+ house-building of all kinds.
+
+ _Mitragyne Africanum_. Akpakossa (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin, Ondo, Warri and Calabar provinces of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ It is a somewhat common tree on the borderland of the mixed deciduous
+ forest and the dry-zone vegetation. The tree is of small size,
+ attaining a girth of about 6 feet and a bole length of 25 feet; the
+ leaf is very large, but does not reach the size of _M. macrophyllum_.
+ It is most frequently found in the swampy places at the edge of the
+ deciduous forest; like the sister tree, it is more or less gregarious,
+ though the groups are usually not very large.
+
+ The timber is of a dull yellowish-white colour, and planes well; it
+ does not split very easily and is very durable.
+
+ This species is a shade-bearing tree of soil-protecting and soil-
+ improving qualities, owing to the dense bed of leaves, which in turn
+ makes a bed of humus at the base of the tree, and thus grass-fires are
+ very much hindered in spreading. The timber has not been exported to
+ Europe and the natives scarcely ever use this wood.
+
+ _Randia malleifera_. Buje nla (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Olokemeji Reserve.
+
+ _Randia octomera_ (Hook.). Buje (Yoruba); Assun (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin province. It is a shrub with spherical-shaped
+ fruit like an apple, with the sepals projecting from the top. The
+ fruits yield a black dye which is used by the natives.
+
+ _Randia cladantha_ (K. Sch.).
+
+ It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It is a woody shrub
+ having a hard wood, and rather pretty red flowers in the autumn, which
+ brighten the evergreen forest very much.
+
+ _Randia maculata_ (Kew). Buje, Buji dudu (Yoruba).
+
+ A shrub having large, trumpet-shaped flowers. It is very ornamental.
+
+ _Randia caudata_. Blue Dye. Buje (Yoruba).
+
+ It is a small tree, 15 to 20 feet high. Found in the Olokemeji
+ Reserve.
+
+ _Randia macrantha_. Kan Kan (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Ondo province.
+
+ _Nr. Randia_. Ukape (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Benin province.
+
+ _Mussænda erythrophylla_ (Sch. and Thonn.). Kamatete (Ibo, Owerri).
+
+ Found in Obudu, Ogoja province.
+
+ _Mussænda tenuiflora_ (Benth.). Mamu (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in the Mamu Reserve.
+
+ _Mussænda Isertiana_. Igi Ira (Lagos) (Benin).
+
+ Lagos.
+
+ _Pavetta Baconia_ (Hiern). Idofun, Igbo (Yoruba); Akapano Iyokheze
+ (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Calabar, Warri, Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta
+ provinces of Nigeria. A small, shrub-like tree, reaching about 3
+ inches in diameter, most common as an undergrowth plant in the
+ evergreen forest zone. Many specimens are found in the Obagie Forest
+ Reserve. It stands the shade well, is moderately hard, and sprouts
+ well from the stump. The natives of the Benin country cut young
+ specimens very largely for use as yam-sticks.
+
+ _Hymenodictyon bracteatum_. Obadon (Benin).
+
+ Found in the Benin province of Nigeria.
+
+ _Corynanthe paniculata_ (Welw.). Olikiba Anikiba (Benin).
+
+ So far it has been found in the Benin province of Nigeria, but either
+ this species or Johimbe should be found in the Calabar and Ogoja
+ provinces.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree of the mixed forest zone, which is
+ moderately prevalent in certain localities.
+
+ The timber is brown, hard and durable. It planes well and splits
+ moderately well. It takes nails and saws moderately easily for hard
+ wood. It is considered termite-proof by the natives.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing tree, a shade-bearer, a soil-protecting
+ and soil-improving tree. Natural regeneration only appears to be
+ slight. It does not sprout very prolifically from the stump. No
+ experimental plantations have yet been made.
+
+ This is a sister species to _C. Johimbe_, which yields the bark
+ containing the very useful alkaloid Johimbin, but as yet the bark of
+ this tree has not been tested for a similar substance.
+
+ In the timber report of 1906 it is valued at 2½d. to 3½d. a foot as a
+ species of gummy mahogany, and in another case as fancy wood at 1d.
+ per superficial foot or 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d. a cubic foot.
+
+ Amongst the Benin natives it is used for wall-plates, for which
+ purpose it is highly esteemed.
+
+ _Crossopteryx Kotschyana_. Ayeye (Yoruba).
+
+ A small tree found in the dry-zone forests, of no special value. The
+ fruit is leathery; the flowers grow in panicles.
+
+ _Native Use._—Parts of the tree are used in medicine by the natives.
+
+ _Sabicea calycina_ (Benth.). Agan Aparo (Yoruba).
+
+ Found in Iro.
+
+ _Canthium glabriflorum_ (Hiern). Attan (Benin).
+
+ It is a common tree in the Calabar, Ogoja, Warri, Benin and Ondo
+ provinces of Nigeria, also in the Cameroons.
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of 9 feet, but with a bole
+ length of about 60 feet, rather longer in proportion to the girth. The
+ flat, wide crown is typical of this tree, as are also the large
+ tripinnate leaves and the brown, stringy bark with slight fissures.
+ The branches spread out almost in two or three whorls near the top of
+ the tree. The light can be seen through the crown. The flower is
+ white, in large, umbel-like masses of small flowers, borne on the
+ upper side of the branches. It flowers in November.
+
+ The sapwood is white and fairly broad and the heartwood is brown, like
+ cedar. Termites attack in the open.
+
+ It is a light-lover and grows quickly, in old farms especially. It
+ sprouts well from the stump, but there are no root shoots. Seed
+ production is good, and seedlings appear in near open spaces.
+
+ It has not been cut for local use or exported to Europe.
+
+ The branch is used. It has to be placed on a boy’s head and is said to
+ make him grow. The boys do it themselves in the Benin country. The
+ wood is also a firewood in Benin.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 89.—=Funtumia Rubber Plantation on both sides of the
+road, Igwoshudi, Benin.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 90.—=Mahogany Plantation (Khaya Punchii), twelve
+years old, near Noami, on the banks of the Osse River, Benin Province.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 91.—=Entandrophragma log with three sides already
+squared and fourth partially cut ready for squaring.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 92.—=Stump of Khaya Punchii with log at base, left
+in the Benin Forest.=]
+
+ To face p. 408.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia conferta_. Big-leaf African Cabbage Tree. Onimagugun, Shapo
+ (Yoruba); Orimagugu, Oriweni, Onamagungun (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan, Benin, Onitsha and Ogoja
+ provinces of Nigeria, in clearings at the edge of the mixed deciduous
+ and dry-zone forests. It is a very common small tree or large shrub,
+ springing up in all old farms. The very large bright-green leaves, set
+ opposite to each other on a small, comparatively, stout, green,
+ succulent stem, are most typical of this plant. The fresh leaf,
+ especially on the smaller plants, is not unlike a very open cabbage
+ leaf, but of a lighter green hue. As the plant gets older the leaves
+ do not attain such a size. The flowers are small, but grow on large,
+ open and much-branched spikes. The stem is comparatively soft and
+ pithy, scarcely forming a real woody tissue. When dried they can be
+ used for firewood and kindle easily. Occasionally it is used for
+ making live fences.
+
+ _Vernonia Nigritana_ (O. and H.). Bitter Leaf. Ewuru or Oko (Yoruba);
+ Ihagobo (Benin).
+
+ This is found in the upper part of the Benin province of Nigeria, near
+ Sabongida, in the deciduous zone. A small shrub-like tree, the leaves
+ of which are used for soup. The dried stem is used for kindling wood.
+ The roots are sometimes used as chew-sticks.
+
+ _Vernonia amygdalina_. (Del.). The Bitter Leaf. Ewuru (Yoruba), Oriwu
+ (Benin).
+
+ Yoruba Chew-stick, also known as the Chew-stick of Ewuro, thereby
+ clearly showing the Yoruba origin of some of the inhabitants of Sierra
+ Leone, as Ewuro is also the name of it in the Sierra Leone country.
+
+ It is found in the Abeokuta, Ibadan and Benin provinces, where it
+ grows in openings in the mixed forests.
+
+ It is a small shrub, reaching a height of about 5 feet, having soft
+ leaves, with rather a greyish tint, which are covered with very fine
+ silvery hairs. It is commonly found in old farms and by the side of
+ the roads, usually in small bushes or clumps.
+
+ It sprouts up when cut down, and thoroughly shades the ground.
+ However, it is sometimes so thick that it rather hinders plantation
+ operations, though once the other plants are established it acts as a
+ useful little “nurse.” The leaves are picked off by the natives and
+ cooked in water for making soup. They have a distinctly bitter
+ flavour, but make a very healthy vegetable soup. The leaves are often
+ sold in the local markets. This shrub is occasionally left more or
+ less in line as a small living fence.
+
+ _Vernonia cinerea_ (Les.). Ash-coloured Fleabane. Elegbe Oju (Yoruba).
+
+ It is found in the Olokemeji Reserve of the Abeokuta province of
+ Nigeria. A large, woody shrub, one of the chewstick family, the leaves
+ of which are sometimes used for making soup.
+
+
+=Lycopodaceæ.=
+
+ _Lycopodium phlegmaria_ (Linn.).
+
+ This is a small Lycopodium found in the Benin province of Nigeria. It
+ was obtained from the uppermost branches of a very tall tree, growing
+ at the edge of a deep valley about 8 miles north of Benin City.
+
+
+ NON-INDIGENOUS TREES OF NIGERIA
+
+
+=Myrtaceæ.=
+
+ _Eucalyptus amygdalina_.
+
+ A specimen of this tree stands on the old beach at Akassa, Warri
+ province.
+
+ _Eucalyptus tereticornis_.
+
+ Lagos Island.
+
+ _Eucalyptus rudis_.
+
+ Lagos Island.
+
+ _Eucalyptus tesselaris_.
+
+ Lagos Island.
+
+ _Eucalyptus citriodora_.
+
+ A specimen of this tree stands in the Botanical Gardens at Calabar.
+
+
+ NOTES ON NIGERIAN TREES OF WHICH THE BOTANICAL NAMES ARE NOT KNOWN
+
+
+ _Itufiak_ or _Etufiak_ (Efik). Essunwoi (Yoruba); Ilako (Benin).
+
+ It is a medium-sized tree of the freshwater swamps, with heavy dark-
+ green foliage; it grows quite gregariously in stands of one to ten
+ acres in extent. The trunk reaches a girth of about 7 feet and a bole
+ length of about 30 feet. The roots spurns are comparatively slight,
+ and do not extend much over a foot up the bole. The foliage is very
+ heavy and it casts a most dense shade, making patches of this forest
+ the darkest of almost any in Africa.
+
+ It is common on the banks of the Itunkpe Creek, a tributary of the Kwa
+ River, near Calabar, in the same named province, and also in the
+ Owerri province of Nigeria. It belongs to the evergreen forest zone.
+
+ The timber is a reddish-brown hardwood of close grain, which would saw
+ into sizeable planks. It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing,
+ soil-protecting and soil-improving tree. The leaves yield a thick bed
+ of humus. It appears to be one of the most valuable trees in this
+ respect. It is moderately hard, with even, close-textured grain. It
+ planes well, saws fairly easily, takes nails, but does not split well.
+ Natural regeneration appears to be good. It also sprouts from the
+ stump.
+
+ The timber has not been exported, nor has it been cut for planks for
+ local use. It appears to deserve a trial as a local timber for floor-
+ boards or for the making of boxes. Considering that so often many
+ trees are found in the same place, it should not be difficult to
+ obtain adequate supplies.
+
+ _Native Use._—Building, but it is attacked by the insect called Efiak.
+
+
+ _Musk Tree_. Owi (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin province of Nigeria, in the evergreen
+ forests. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a girth of about 8 feet
+ with a short bole of about 10 feet. The crown is large but rather
+ elongated, and reaches down two-thirds of the height of the tree. The
+ fruit is large and more like an avocado pear in shape and colour. The
+ leaf is very large and wide, more like a teak leaf, but of stronger
+ texture, the midrib especially being very thick.
+
+ The timber is hard, with white sapwood and green heartwood. It splits
+ well and takes nails fairly well. It is a little fibrous in texture,
+ but can be planed; it saws fairly easily.
+
+ It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting and
+ soil-improving tree. The leaves make a rich humus. Natural
+ regeneration is none too good. Stump sprouts do not appear to be very
+ strong.
+
+ It has not been exported or cut for local use, but would be worth
+ trying for house-building.
+
+ _Native Use._—The fruit is kept for four days and then the inside
+ large kernel is eaten. The young leaves are used for curing boils, as
+ an external plaster to draw the poison.
+
+
+ _Ekkiowa_ (Benin).
+
+ It is a small shrub which is found in the Benin district of the same
+ named province. It is not very common.
+
+ _Native Use._—The seed is used medicinally for the hands in case of
+ sores which are red or raw.
+
+
+ _Satinwood_. Okwaba (Benin).
+
+ This tree is found in the mixed forests of the Benin province of
+ Nigeria.
+
+ In 1906 sample logs of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market
+ as satinwood, but were not considered worth shipping. Since then,
+ however, none has been cut for export or for local use. Perhaps owing
+ to the increased demands for all kinds of timber a further trial
+ should be made with this one for satinwood. Natural regeneration is
+ poor. It is a somewhat slow-growing, shade-bearing, soil-protecting
+ and soil-improving tree. It reaches a large size.
+
+
+ _Ubellu_, genus? Annamamilla (Benin).
+
+ It is found in the Benin province, Nigeria.
+
+ It is a small tree, the name often confused with the mahogany-walnut,
+ _Lovoa Klaineana_, which is also sometimes known as Annamamilla in the
+ Benin country. The leaves are imparipinnate. It is a softwood with
+ light-brown heartwood and little black, spherically-shaped fruit,
+ unarmed.
+
+ _Native Use._—Firewood of good quality. Not used otherwise.
+
+
+ _Big Hardwood_. Arugbo (Yoruba); Eto (Benin).
+
+ It is a very large tree with a wide crown. The timber is of a brown
+ colour, but the sapwood is white. It is extremely hard and durable;
+ even when felled in the farms it will be six years before it has
+ rotted away. The bark is a dark-green with white lenticels scattered
+ over it.
+
+ It is rather a rare tree in the Benin province of Nigeria. Standing a
+ good deal of shade, it is a soil improver and protector. Natural
+ regeneration does not appear to be very plentiful.
+
+ It does not sprout up when coppiced.
+
+ _Native Use._—None.
+
+
+ _Ifon_ (Yoruba). Owehe (Benin).
+
+ Is a small tree which has scented wood. It reaches a girth of 20
+ inches only. Before going to market, according to the natives, the
+ feet, hands and body should be washed with a solution prepared from
+ the bark of this tree mixed with soap. The object of this operation is
+ to effect quick sales at the market.
+
+
+ _Ewayron_ (Yoruba).
+
+ A leaf for wrapping up food, found in the Yoruba country, also used in
+ Benin for roofing houses.
+
+
+ _Mahogany_. Alode (Benin).
+
+ This tree is found in the mixed deciduous forests of the Benin
+ province of Nigeria.
+
+ In 1906 samples of this timber were sold in the Liverpool market as a
+ species of mahogany of a soft nature. Since that date none has been
+ felled. Perhaps with the changed conditions with regard to the demand
+ for all timbers similar to mahogany a further trial with the timber of
+ this tree should be made. Natural regeneration is not very good. It is
+ a rather slow-growing, soil-protecting and soil-improving tree.
+
+
+ _Spiny Tree_. Oaha (Benin).
+
+ It is a small tree found in the Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria. The small, rather thin and longish spines on the stem are the
+ most typical feature of this tree. It usually grows with aerial roots.
+ It reaches about 3 feet in girth, and on the whole is more common in
+ the secondary forest than in the primeval. The wood is moderately
+ durable, especially when used for inside work, such as verandah-posts.
+
+ _Native Use._—It is sometimes used for small poles for hut-building.
+
+
+ _House Post_. Ewai (Benin).
+
+ A common tree in the Benin and Abeokuta provinces of Nigeria. It is a
+ slow-growing tree which has a very hard brown wood; it is a shade-
+ bearer. The seed is a small nut. The wood is used by the natives of
+ Benin for building-posts, rafters and small planks.
+
+ It is found in the moist evergreen forest zone and is somewhat common
+ in the Obagie Reserve of the Benin district.
+
+
+ _Ussehin Chew-stick_. Okuta (Yoruba); Okuta, Opahan (Benin).
+
+ It is rather a rare tree of the Benin, Ondo and Abeokuta provinces of
+ Nigeria. The name means “a stone,” and has apparently been given
+ because of the hardness of the wood. It is a medium-sized tree,
+ reaching a girth of about 5 feet. The wood is almost white, and there
+ is little difference between sapwood and heartwood. In the Ussehin
+ country of Benin it is used as a chew-stick. The Yoruba states that it
+ is the hardest of all native woods.
+
+
+ _Akpo_ (Benin). Hardwood.
+
+ It is rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria, also a
+ very hard wood, a medium-sized tree. The brown heartwood is used by
+ the natives for planks. It is thought rather highly of by the Benin
+ natives, especially for wall-plates and joists. In the past it has
+ been only hewn by them, but not sawn.
+
+
+ _Ukpaigwi, Okpaigwi_ (Benin).
+
+ Rather an uncommon tree of the Benin province of Nigeria. It grows to
+ 10 feet in girth and yields a soft wood which is attacked by white
+ ants. It is a shade-bearer and soil-protecting tree. The roots are
+ used by the natives for medicinal purposes.
+
+
+ _Oruru_ (Benin).
+
+ It is a tree found in the Benin province of Nigeria.
+
+ It is a small tree, reaching a girth of 2 feet. After three years it
+ comes up in an old farm. The slash is red and a little red sap exudes
+ slowly. It is usual to find thirty small ones in one place, from root
+ suckers, but also from stool shoots if a tree has been cut down
+ before. It is similar to Eranpata in this respect. The fruit is round
+ and small and like peas, only a little larger. The flower, which is
+ white and quite small, grows in small clusters.
+
+ The wood is not hard and white all through. It is attacked by
+ termites, except when placed in the house, where it is more or less
+ protected.
+
+ Reproduction by stool shoot is the best method.
+
+ It is a shade-bearer and grows slowly. It grows in good soil of some
+ depth and also in the evergreen forests. When it appears in old farms,
+ it stands the fires well.
+
+ It is a soil-improving and soil-protecting tree, and tends to spread
+ with the extension of cultivation, especially in the evergreen and
+ mixed deciduous forest zone.
+
+ As it does not reach timber size, it is not worth trying as a building
+ timber.
+
+ The fruit is edible; after eating it the tongue becomes almost of a
+ blue colour. The root is used medicinally. The branches are used as
+ pegs in the top of the walls of the houses in Benin, partly for fixing
+ the roof.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 93.—=Mimusops Djave, about twelve years old,
+standing near Prison, Degema Station, Eastern Circle.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 94.—=Mature Light African Greenheart (Piptadenia
+Africana) standing in the middle of Degema Station.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 95.—=Young Oil Bean Tree in bearing (Pentaclethra
+macrophylla), Degema Station.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 96.—=Red Oak (Berlinia acuminata), 20 feet in Girth,
+standing near the Sombreiro River, Degema Station.=]
+
+ To face p. 414.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER X
+
+THE FORESTS AND TIMBER PRODUCTION OF THE BRITISH SPHERE OF THE CAMEROONS
+
+
+Running parallel with the Nigerian boundary, a strip averaging 75 to 90
+miles in width, and running back from the coast about 300 miles, we have
+the British sphere of the Cameroons, in all, an area of about 31,000
+square miles. From the forest-zone point of view this land area can be
+divided into really three different zones. First of all, nearest the
+coast, there is Victoria, the Cameroon Mountains, followed by the bank
+of the Mungo. Past the crest of Kuppe and the Manengube Mountains and
+onwards along the Mbo, Foto and Bambuto Ranges round to the headquarters
+of the Cross River and to the Nigerian boundary, we have about 7,000
+square miles of an almost unbroken evergreen forest zone.
+
+The second area comprises a beautiful open grassland with only scattered
+trees, covering largely the Chang, Bamenda, Kontsha and more northern
+districts of the British sphere, in all about 17,000 square miles.
+
+The third section comprises the heavy evergreen and deciduous forests on
+the banks of the more northern rivers, such as the Mo, the Cam, and
+covers approximately an area of 7,000 square miles.
+
+From the forestry point of view, the most accessible, and therefore the
+most valuable, of these areas are situated in the first-named zone,
+therefore we will consider this area more in detail.
+
+To begin with, it can be subdivided into three almost distinct forest
+divisions; following the watersheds or basins of (1) the Mungo River,
+(2) the Cross River, (3) the Akwayefe, Ndian, Moko, Meme Rivers and the
+Rio del Rey district. Taking the third area first, we have comparatively
+large areas of forest covering both level and hilly country up to an
+elevation of about 3,000 feet, but with the sides of the valleys less
+timbered than in the Mungo River forest zone. Amongst the species of
+trees which have been felled and exported from this area are the
+following: Mahogany Sarcocephalus, Bitter Bark, _Saccoglottis
+Gabunensis_, Light Mahogany, _Khaya Euryphylla_, Ebony, _Diospyros
+Kamerunensis_, Red Ironwood or Bongossi, _Lophira procera_, Long-
+capsuled Mahogany, _Entandrophragma Rederi_.
+
+Amongst the more prevalent trees of the lower lying land, including the
+Tiko plain, are the following: Mahogany, _Khaya Klainei_, Long-capsuled
+Unscented Mahogany, _Entandrophragma Candollei_, Scented Mahogany,
+_Entandrophragma utilis_, Cedar, _Guarea sp._, Red Ironwood, _Lophira
+procera_, _Canarium Schweinfurthii_, Brown Ebony, _Diospyros sp._,
+_Terminalia scutifera_, _Afzelia pachyloba_, _Berlinia sp._, two kinds
+of Camwood, Walnut, _Lovoa Klaineana_, _Pterocarpus tinctorius_, as well
+as the valuable orange-coloured wood of _Sarcocephalus sambucinus_ and
+Mahogany-like species of Guttiferæ and _Uapaca Staudtii_.
+
+Some of the “stands” of this timber, and especially on the hill slopes
+of the Cameroon Mountains, are very thick and dense, more especially
+near Debundscha, with its annual rainfall of 423 inches.
+
+One of the most interesting and unique stands on the mountainside is
+that of tree-fern, about 30 feet high, as an undergrowth, and heavy
+mahogany, _Entandrophragma Rederi_, and _Ongekea Kamerunensis_, chiefly
+at an altitude of 3,500 to 4,000 feet, also quite untouched except in
+the neighbourhood of Buea.
+
+Only the smallest part of all this area, and in fact only that on the
+bank of the Meme, had been at all operated upon before the war, and the
+forests on the banks of the Akwayefe were quite untouched. All the
+higher slopes and the northern sides of the Cameroon Mountains, and
+beyond as far as Mount Gonistan, were also quite unused. All through
+this part the villages are comparatively few and far between, and even
+in those parts where they are closer together, the population in each is
+very small, and the forest growth is so thick that they make little
+impression upon it. Added to that, the chief crop grown by the natives
+is the cacao-yam, for which only comparatively small areas are
+necessary, and in many cases this is grown in small spaces in the shade
+of giant forest trees. Also, all through this area only comparatively
+small patches, compared to the whole, have been cleared and planted with
+cacao. Again, the area occupied by the European-owned cacao and rubber
+plantations is very small, and chiefly found near Victoria and a little
+both westward and eastward at the base of the Cameroon Mountain (Mount
+Fako).
+
+Turning now to the Mungo River region, we have in some ways an even more
+valuable forest area. Here, indeed, one German firm had actually made a
+felling over an area of nearly one square mile and had sold nearly all
+the timber in Germany.
+
+Amongst the more prevalent species found are the following: Bush Oak,
+_Chlorophora excelsa_, Black Ebony, _Diospyros Gilgiana_, Pearwood,
+_Mimusops Djave_ (which is found in immense specimens on the edge of the
+Kumba road), Inoi Nut, _Poga oleosa_, with its light-reddish wood with
+wide medullary rays; African Greenheart, _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_, a
+magnificent tree; Shinglewood, Scented Mahogany, _Guarea glomerulata_,
+Brown Teak, _Brachystegia cynometroides_, Long-capsuled Mahogany,
+_Entandrophragma Candollei_, the Oil Bean, _Pentaclethra macrophylla_,
+Red Ironwood, not quite so prevalent; _Lophira procera_, Paddle Wood,
+_Uvaria Busgenii_, Gum Copal, _Pterogopodium sp._, Wild Mango, _Irvingia
+Barteri_, Light African Greenheart, _Piptadenia Africana_, Camwood or
+Barwood, _Pterocarpus santalinoides_, Wood Oil Nut, _Ricinodendron
+Africanum_, Hard Yellow Wood, _Coula edulis_, and Ironwood, _Bridelia
+stenocarpa_. Although the Bakundu and Balong natives are more active in
+their farming operations near the banks of the Mungo, there are still
+very large areas of comparatively untouched forests, and more especially
+in the upper regions of the river. In four separate places beyond the
+crossing of the Bakossi Road there are four different rapids or
+waterfalls on the river, which would provide water-power for saw-mills,
+or other wood-using industries. On the left bank of the river, beyond
+the Bakossi crossing, there is an area almost without population in
+which there are large numbers of Oil Palms, as well as other forest
+trees. On this road, too, is seen the very picturesque waterfall and
+narrow gorge of a tributary of the Mungo, which is also suitable for
+generating power for one kind of mill or another.
+
+Turning now to the Bakossi forests, which culminate in the more or less
+isolated peak of Mount Kuppe (altitude 6,300 feet), the land is all
+covered with forest with the exception of some rocky points on the
+eastern side. A small amount of land has been cleared at an altitude of
+about 3,000 feet, for the making of tobacco plantations, but the rest,
+with the exception of the taking of a few trees for local felling,
+remains intact. The Bakossis have made large farms in the valleys, and
+are very industrious, but still the forests situated higher up are
+largely untouched. It is interesting to notice that the walls of the
+round and conically roofed houses are made with about five circular rows
+of tree-fern stems, cut to the length of the height of the wall and
+placed one behind the other. These are most durable and are a most
+unique example of the utilization of the produce of these forests,
+although many of the tree-fern “stands” have been cut down and have
+quite disappeared; a few remain in isolated places.
+
+Some of the more common species found in this forest are the following:
+Bush Maple, _Triplochiton scleroxylon_, Ebony, Diospyros, Mahogany,
+_Khaya Euryphylla_, Bush Teak, _Chlorophora excelsa_, Gum Copal
+(_Copaifera Demeusii_), Bilinga (_Afzelia Zenkeri_), Hardwood
+(_Millettia sp._), Scented Mahogany (_Entandrophragma Candollei_), Light
+Mahogany (_Canarium Schweinfurthii_), Hardwood (_Dialium Staudtii_ and
+_Newtonia Zenkeri_), Yellow Hardwood (_Ongokea Kamerunensis_), African
+Whitewood (_Enantia chlorantha_), Camwood (_Pterocarpus Soyauxii_).
+
+There is less forest near the Manenguba Mountains, most of it being
+situated on the banks of the Mo and Mbu Rivers (tributaries of the Cross
+River). Continuing along the boundary line between the grass country and
+the tree-fern forest, we have the Mbo and Foto Ranges, with their dense
+evergreen forests up to an altitude of 5,000 feet. Amongst the more
+valuable trees are the Cola (_Cola laterita_), Camwood (_Pterocarpus
+Soyauxii_), Albizzia species, Ibadan, _Ficus Vogelii_. Below this point,
+at about 4,000 feet, Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, Corkwood, _Musanga
+Smithii_, and tree-ferns reappear, as well as _Acacia Farnesiana_. The
+Wild Date, _Phœnix sp._, occurs again about this altitude. The Oil Palm
+occurs again in the valleys. On the lower slopes there are
+Ricinodendron, Bombax, Sarcocephalus, and Trema.
+
+Continuing farther northwards we have the Bambuto Ranges, with their
+fringing forests on the banks of the streams, and the bamboo groves at
+an elevation of about 8,000 feet. Willows and small Abyssinian plants
+are found, and with the flowering of Delphiniums in the grass we might
+almost be in Europe. Toward the Cross River side, the mountains are very
+steep, and isolated peaks, such as that of Monkwa Rock, stand out in
+solitary grandeur amongst the lower forested mountains of the Cross
+River. In the Cross River basin we have mainly six large rivers, all
+joining the Cross River. On the right or northern bank these are the
+Manyu, Mo, Manya, and Oyi, above Mamfe, and on the left or southern bank
+the Mbu and Manja, as well as the Awa, joining below Mamfe. All except
+one of these rise amongst the forests, and it is on the banks of these
+that the finest forests are situated, although in some parts, such as
+near Tinto, the natives have been more active in farming and have
+cleared large areas of them. This is more the case nearer the villages,
+and nearer the roads, even where the forest has been cut down, there are
+almost continuous groves of Oil Palms, less than a quarter of its
+produce having as yet been collected or sold. Amongst the most valuable
+timber trees of these forests are the Ebony (_Diospyros_), Bush Teak
+(_Chlorophora excelsa_), African Whitewood (_Enantia chlorantha_),
+Camwood (_Pterocarpus Soyauxia_), Bilinga (_Afzelia Africana_), Hardwood
+(_Millettia sp._), Sapeli Mahogany (_Entandrophragma Candollei_), Light
+Mahogany (_Canarium Mansfeldii_), Hardwood (_Newtonia Zenkeri_), Wild
+Mango (_Irvingia Barteri_), Mukonja (_Terminalia superba combretaceæ_),
+White Cedar (_Pycnanthus Kombo_), Red Oak (_Berlinia acuminata_),
+Berlinia species with very large pod, three species of Walnut,
+Albizzias, Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_), African Wood Oil Nut Tree
+(_Ricinodendron Africana_), _Parinarium sp._ (_Dialium_).
+
+The range of hills Nda Ali is also forest-covered and is situated in the
+Cross River basin.
+
+More or less adjacent to these areas, and partly between these and the
+Meme River forest, are those of Gonistan and the Rumpi Mountains. These
+again are quite untouched, although, lying some distance away from
+navigable rivers, they may subsequently prove of greater value when
+eventually opened up with the forest tramway or other means of
+transport. The species of trees found here are very similar to those
+found in other parts. On the whole, Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_) is
+most prevalent in Ogu and Mbu, as also both Mahoganies, Camwood
+(_Pterocarpus sp._), African Greenheart (_Piptadenia Africana_),
+Corkwood (_Musanga Smithii_), False Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_), Hog
+Plum (_Spondias lutea_), Wild Mango (_Irvingia Gabonensis_), Hard
+Mahogany (_Detarium Guineense_). Numerous small Oil Palms occur in
+places. On the banks of the Fi, Cedar (_Carapa procera_), Hard Mahogany,
+Trichilia, an anacardiaceous tree; the hard whitewood Akboro (Benin),
+the brown hardwood, Microdesmis, African Greenheart (_Piptadenia
+Africana_), _Heritiera sp._, Scented Mahogany, _Guarea Thompsonii_,
+_Chrysophyllum Africanum_, and a very hard wood known as Alikongeba by
+the Yorubas are found. Near the Rumpi Mountains the following are more
+prevalent; the _Sarcocephalus sp._, Berlinia, _Piptadenia Africana_,
+_Cylicodiscus Gabonensis_, Oroko, _Lophira procera_, Satinwood,
+_Zanthoxylum macrophyllum_, Pattern-wood, _Alstonia Congensis_, Shingle-
+wood, _Terminalia scutifera_, Pear-wood, _Mimusops Djave_, Corkwood,
+_Musanga Smithii_, Scented Mahogany, _Guarea sp._, White Cedar,
+_Pycnanthus Kombo_, Camwood, _Pterocarpus sp._, brown hardwood,
+Microdesmis, Wild Mango (_Irvingia Gabunensis_), Gaboon Mahogany,
+_Canarium Schweinfurthii_, Bilinga (_Afzelia pachyloba_), and Walnut.
+
+Out of the total of 14,000 square miles of forest, 6,000 must be
+deducted as being inaccessible for many years to come. Again, out of
+this 8,000 square miles, 4,500 square miles will be made accessible as
+soon as those areas lying nearest the rivers have been opened up for
+timber extraction. Therefore only these last areas will be taken into
+consideration at the present time.
+
+The chief timber forests comprised in this area are those situated
+between the Mfu and Fi, the Fi and Mbu, and the Manja and Mak Rivers.
+
+On the whole, in the Cross River basin there is an area of fully 2,000
+square miles of exploitable forests, within reach of streams or rivers
+deep enough to float logs in the rainy season. In the Akwayefe, Ndian,
+Moko, and Meme River valleys there is another 700 square miles. Again,
+on the banks of the Mungo and its tributaries there is an area of about
+800 square miles suitable for the extraction of timber. In all, then,
+there is an area of 3,500 square miles of forest which could be utilized
+at the present time. Assuming that only one tree on every four acres is
+of value for export, and that each tree is worth a nominal amount of £1,
+therefore the whole forest is worth £575,000. In addition to these there
+are many other trees which would become valuable either for export or
+for local use as soon as the forests were opened up and utilized, and
+this would at least double the value of the forest. This, also, is one
+of the last remaining large tracts of forest where the population is
+smaller and the requirements for forest products less than those to be
+had in the forest. There is thus a surplus for export. Up to the
+outbreak of war, out of all this area only 47,000 acres, or 73½ square
+miles, had been, or was being, leased as timber areas. Outside these
+areas some 285,000 acres, or 445 square miles, had been alienated,
+chiefly on the lower slopes of the Cameroon Mountains and in the
+neighbourhood of Mount Kupe. Under the old German law, ten marks per ton
+was charged on Ebony, Mahogany, Bush Oak, and one or two other species,
+and five marks on all soft woods, except certain trees which had proved
+unprofitable to export. Compared with those in force in Nigeria, these
+fees were very low, and despite the fact that on the average the
+Cameroon forest would be more difficult to exploit than the average one
+in Nigeria, there should still be more profit in the former; also, with
+the considerable number of water-power sites available, timber
+conversion could be undertaken, and thus the cost of transport cheapened
+in comparison with the value of the product to be transported. Well-
+squared logs, large flitches or planks of timber could be cut and
+transported. Under the German Colonial land law, with the exception of
+15 acres per head allowed to each native, all the land could be declared
+Crown land, so that no difficulty would be involved in leasing land to
+timber companies; that is to say, it was first declared to be Crown land
+and then subsequently leased to timber companies. The natives, however,
+then received no royalties on the trees which were felled. Thus those in
+the immediate neighbourhood had no incentive to work in the forests as
+they do in Nigeria. Sufficient emphasis was not laid on the fact that a
+timber company should possess ample capital.
+
+In afforestation a great deal had been planned, but only a small amount
+had been executed. In the north, at Fontwans, in the Dschang district, a
+40-acre teak plantation had been made. At each of the stations
+themselves, Dschang, Mbo, Djutisha, various experimental plots of trees
+had been planted. Nearer the coast, at Kumba, valuable test plantations,
+aggregating some 400 acres, had been planted with Ebony, _Diospyros
+suaveolens_, Umbrella Tree, _Musanga Smithii_, Casuarina, _Casuarina
+equisitifolia_, Cigar-box Cedar, Cedrela, Iroko (_Chlorophora excelsa_),
+Djave Nut (_Mimusops Djave_), Teak (_Tectona grandis_), Para Rubber
+(_Hevea Braziliensis_), Cacao (_Theobroma cacao_), and Oil Palms (_Elæis
+Guineensis_), Red Ironwood (_Lophira procera_), Mahogany (_Khaya
+euryphylla_), and Heavy Mahogany (_Entandrophragma sp._).
+
+At Mussake at an elevation of 6,000 feet on the side of the Cameroon
+Mountains, there was a quinine plantation. At an elevation of 3,000 feet
+at Buea there were small experimental plantations of tea, Ceylon and
+ordinary, quinine and Casuarina. Several of the roads had been planted
+with avenues of cypress and Biota trees. On the coast at Victoria, small
+Casuarina plantations had been made. For the furtherance of all
+agricultural and forestal interests, the very extensive Botanical
+Gardens had been made. Not only is it the largest, but it contains the
+most extensive collections of plants of economic value and for ornament
+of any place on the West Coast of Africa. The very numerous test plots
+of most of the tropical commercially known plants, such as Nutmeg,
+Rubber, Cocoa, Cola, Cocoanut Palms, Oil Palms, Vegetable Ivory Palms,
+demonstrated how these grew in the Cameroons.
+
+Then the agricultural areas of Cacao-yams, Casada, Sugar-cane, Rice, one
+and all were destined to demonstrate the value and possibilities of
+growing these products in the Cameroons. Then again the forest tree
+plots of Teak, Casuarina, Mahogany (_Swietenia macrophylla_),
+Trinkomalee Wood (_Berrya ammomilla_), Gum Copal (_Copaifera Demeusii_),
+Candle Nut (_Aleurites Moluccana_), Balsam of Peru (_Toluifera
+Pereiræ_), _Terminalia sp._, _Dillenia Indica_, show how these trees
+will thrive in this locality. In growth, an avenue of Indian Almond,
+_Terminalia Catappa_, could not be compared with those at Lome.
+
+Again, all showed what forest products and forest trees were most
+suitable to that climate.
+
+In the garden Museum, there were collections of timbers, fibres, rubber,
+gums, resins, as well as mineral products; also very full collections of
+the seeds, nuts and fruits of the trees and plants. Finally, there was
+the large and well-equipped building of the Experimental and Agronomical
+Institute, where chemical analyses of the soil and other processes could
+be undertaken and tested. Here also all the very full meteorological
+results were tabulated, as well as other observations on the spot. This
+served also as a centre to which planters or Government officers could
+send specimens or material to be named or to be examined as to their
+value. Allied with this, but having a separate building, was the
+Agricultural School, where pupils were trained in the elements of
+agriculture and forestry, so that they might subsequently act as
+instructors at the different Government stations and also serve as
+assistants on the plantations.
+
+Although economically much more backward than Nigeria, and with a
+smaller population in a proportionate area than that in the Southern
+Provinces, the possibilities in the development of the forest products
+are even greater, especially in regard to that of palm kernels and all
+the various kinds of timber for which West Africa is gradually becoming
+well known. The main difference in working would appear to be that owing
+to the lack of population, much greater use of animal and mechanical
+means of transport, and especially mechanical appliances, as well as
+machinery, are necessary to make the labour most productive, as well as
+to economize without upsetting the present agricultural system and the
+very necessary production of food-stuffs for the local population, as
+well as for sending to the larger towns.
+
+
+ THE CONGO FRANÇAISE, OR THE FRENCH GABOON
+
+To English-speaking mahogany producers and users the latter name conveys
+more, and reminds them of one of the chief products, Gaboon Mahogany,
+_Oukoumea Klaineana_, which had but a poor name in the London market.
+This rich French colony, however, should mean a great deal more to us
+with its huge extent, upwards of 300,000 square miles, and its
+comparatively large open waterways all flowing into the giant Congo. Its
+comparatively thin population per unit of area, and its almost
+impenetrable forests make it one of the largest of the last remaining
+primeval forests of Africa. Already before the war it was the largest
+timber exporting country of the West Coast of Africa. However, its
+somewhat ill-regulated timber trade had one or two drawbacks and
+laboured under several disadvantages. Most of the timber was shipped in
+the round—i.e. round logs. This means, of course, that in stowing these
+logs in the ship space is lost between them, and that space is charged
+for by the shipping company, despite the fact that it is often filled
+with “dunnage” in the shape of Ebony billets or even Camwood. In the
+round log, too, there is all the sapwood, and for this the merchant does
+not expect to pay much, if anything, and there is no doubt that it tends
+to depress the value of the timber, whatever it may be. The mere fact
+that the log is in the round is sufficient. Quite apart from that
+factor, too, a round log, even when it is a beautiful bit of redwood,
+never looks so well nor so workmanlike as a hewn squared log with clean-
+cut sawn ends. The sapwood, being softer than the heartwood, is more
+easily damaged than the heartwood in the squared log, so this is an
+additional reason why the round log often does not look as well as a
+squared one.
+
+Amongst the most important timbers exported from the French Gaboon which
+are known and have been found suitable to the English market are the
+following:
+
+1. Okoume or Angouma. Gaboon Mahogany. _Oukoumea Klaineana_.
+
+2. Zaminguila or Ombega. Mahogany. _Canarium?_.
+
+3. Duika. Mahogany. _Irvingia Barteri?_.
+
+4. Kambala. Oak. _Chlorophora excelsa_.
+
+5. Mandji or Bilinga. _Afzelia Africana_, or sometimes said to be
+_Sarcocephalus Pobeguinii_.
+
+The first named has always sold at a cheaper rate in the London market
+than the timber obtained from the other genii of West African Mahogany,
+such as Khaya, Entandrophragma, Pseudocedrela and Lovoa. First of all,
+as with other timbers, the Gaboon Mahogany is shipped in round logs,
+which are cut none too straight at the ends, owing to the rough usage
+they get in the long transport by water; before and when reaching the
+port of shipment they are often much damaged externally, which gives
+them a bad appearance. The wood is not only lighter in weight but also
+lighter in colour than the other West African Mahoganies, and both these
+qualities detract from its value. The grain is more open; it rarely if
+ever shows any figure, in comparison to the highly figured logs from
+Benin and Bassam. Having been tested very thoroughly as to tensile,
+torsion and compression strengths since the beginning of the war, it has
+not proved to be nearly as strong as the other West African Mahogany.
+These tests having been conducted with scientific accuracy and
+impartiality, they are to be trusted. Thus, for some purposes, such as
+aeroplane propellor construction, Gaboon Mahogany has proved unsuitable.
+However, it is only the very best, very strongest and most durable kinds
+of mahogany that will stand the most severe strains, such as wood is
+subject to when used in this work. However, that does not preclude the
+wood from being used for similar purposes as the other kinds of West
+African Mahogany, where the strains and stresses are not so great and
+where the lighter colour is no advantage. In fact, in many positions a
+greater lightness in the weight of the wood would be a distinct
+advantage, which should be pressed for all it is worth.
+
+Zaminguila is becoming better known, though previous to the war it could
+not be said that it had an established place in the market.
+
+Duika Mahogany is scarcely known, and may be the wood of _Irvingia
+Barteri_.
+
+Kambala or Oak, which is also known as African Teak, is much better
+known now, and in fact there is a steady demand for it, chiefly under
+the Nigerian name Iroko, which has been exported from Benin and Lagos in
+Nigeria in the form of “squared” logs.
+
+Thus far very few forest regulations have been issued in the Congo
+Française and very little replanting has been done. However, for the
+present, the supplies appear to be very large, but they will no doubt
+get more costly as the timber has to be cut and obtained from the much
+more distant and inaccessible forests. Apparently there is little or no
+Khaya Mahogany in those regions, so that there is little fear of real
+competition between the main species of Mahogany found in the different
+West African countries. The natives work the timber chiefly, cutting and
+bringing it to the ports themselves.
+
+
+ THE BELGIAN CONGO
+
+This, the greatest and largest river system in Africa, gives its name
+also to the largest compact forest area of that country. Of the 800,000
+square miles, probably 700,000 are covered with forests of one type or
+another. From the mangrove swamps on the islands at the mouth of the
+Congo, through the dense evergreen forests of the Upper Congo to the
+dry-zone open deciduous or almost treeless areas of Katanga, an almost
+illimitable amount of unused sylvan wealth is to be found. Despite the
+obvious advantage of the Congo River, with its 3,000 miles suitable for
+timber transport and its hundreds of tributaries with many more thousand
+miles of streams, capable of floating logs, only the smallest quantities
+of mahogany are exported from the Belgian Congo.
+
+No doubt the large size of the river and the great distance of some of
+the forests from the sea have hindered a more rapid and intensive
+exploitation of the forests. In fact, Mahogany (_Khaya sp._) as an
+export timber is not really so well known as Redwood (_Pterocarpus
+sp._), though the former has been shipped in the round. In the past a
+better known Belgian wood was blockwood or boxwood, known as _Polyadoa
+umbellata_ or _Dialium Guineense_. Other forest products, however, such
+as Gum Copal (_Daniellia sp._), are found in huge quantities, in large
+blocks weighing over a hundredweight, and have been exported for many
+years.
+
+Large quantities of rubber, too, have been exported, and Oil Palm
+products, such as kernels and oil, are of increasing export importance,
+especially since Les Huileries de Congo have started working up the Oil
+Palm forests with modern means of transport and machinery on three
+different tracts of 10,000 hectares each.
+
+The railways of the Congo, supplementing as they do the waterways, have
+also not been used to any extent for the shipment of timber, though vast
+quantities of firewood have been burnt on them as well as conveyed to
+the various stations both near and on the River Congo. To some extent
+the paucity and low density of population per unit of area has tended to
+hinder the working of heavy produce such as timber, which is difficult
+to transport compared to rubber, with its higher value per unit of
+weight. Owing to this fact, too, near the mouth of the Congo there is an
+almost savannah forest on the banks of the river, which has given the
+country the appearance of not being an afforested one. In the past the
+system of huge, exclusive trading concessions over specific areas being
+granted only to one firm also hindered any free development of the more
+lower-priced forest produce such as timber.
+
+
+ SPANISH GUINEA
+
+From Eloby, a little-known port situated in the middle of the coast of
+the Spanish possession south of the Cameroons, a great deal of Gaboon
+Mahogany (_Oukoumea Klaineana_), Redwood (_Pterocarpus Soyauxia_), and
+several other timbers have been exported. Despite the fact that the
+forests are not extensive, but almost untouched, and very rich in
+mahogany, a comparatively small number of firms have been working these
+areas. Apparently there are no forest laws, and there is little or no
+security for any forest rights one may acquire from the natives. It
+would be perhaps advisable to work areas here in conjunction with those
+in the Southern Cameroons. It is supposed to be more unhealthy in this
+part than in others, though probably this is due to the local
+conditions. Khaya is less common than elsewhere, while Redwood
+(_Pterocarpus Soyauxii_), Gaboon Mahogany (_Oukoumea Klaineana_) and
+Bilinga (_Afzelia sp._) are common woods. Again, _Canarium
+Schweinfurthii_ and other species are also very prevalent.
+
+
+ NOTES ON THE CAMEROON TREES
+
+
+=Palmæ.=
+
+ _Raphia vinifera_ (Raph.). Wine Palm.
+
+ It is found in the district of Victoria. The leaves are 60 feet long.
+ Palm wine (called Mimbo) is obtained from this tree, also piassava
+ fibre.
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_ (Jag.). The Oil Palm.
+
+ It is found in the Buea and Victoria districts chiefly, but is one of
+ the most widely spread trees of the Cameroons. Oil, kernels and cake
+ are obtained from it, also palm cabbage from the growing shoots at the
+ top. The oil is collected by the primitive efforts of the natives.
+
+ _Phœnix reclinata_. Swamp Palm.
+
+ It is largely used in the Dschang and Ossidinge districts for making
+ palm wine, by tapping near the root.
+
+
+=Commelinaceæ.=
+
+ _Palisota hirsuta_.
+
+ Found in the Victoria district.
+
+
+=Iridaceæ.=
+
+ _Antholyza Zenkeri_.
+
+ Found in the district of Dschang.
+
+
+=Ulmaceæ.=
+
+ _Trema Africana_.
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+
+=Moraceæ.=
+
+ _Chlorophora excelsa_. Bush Oak. Vai (Bali); Abwang (Bare); Ntong
+ (Fontem and Bangwa); Emang (Bakossi); Obang (Bafo); Bobang (Balong);
+ Mokongo or Momangi (Bakundu); Momangi (Bakwiri); Bang (Duala).
+
+ One or two found on an area of 2½ acres in the districts of Johann
+ Albrechts Höhe and Mbo. Height, 97½ to 162 feet. Time of flowering,
+ December to February.
+
+ _Musanga Smithii_ (R. Br.). Umbrella Tree. Ikomba (Bare); Ekombo
+ (Bakossi); Ekomba (Bago); Bokombo (Bakundu); Lisengi (Bakwiri); Bosenge
+ (Duala).
+
+ The wood is soft and like cork in texture. Found in the district of
+ Dschang and along the coast. Height, 97½ feet.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Bokukulende (Bakossi); Wokeku (Bakwiri); Bokeku
+ (Duala).
+
+ Found in the Undu districts of Buea and Dschang.
+
+ _Treculia mollis_ (Engl.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Treculia Africana_. Boembe (Bakundu); Bwembi (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the districts of Buea and Dschang.
+
+ _Myrianthus arboreus_. Wokaka (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the district of Fako, Buea.
+
+ _Ficus populifolia_.
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Ficus Capensis_. Ekol (Bakossi); Ekolo (Bakundu); Monja (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the districts of Buea and Dschang.
+
+ _Ficus courania_. Wotenge (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Ficus Schimperia_. Njondji (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the districts of Dschang and Buea.
+
+ _Antiaris toxicaria_.
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+
+=Olacaceæ.=
+
+ _Ongokea Kamerunensis_ (Engl.).
+
+ It grows to the height of 97½ feet and has a yellowish heartwood.
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Strombosiopsis tetrandra_.
+
+ Height, 32½ feet to 97½ feet. Found in the district of Johann
+ Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi.
+
+ _Coula edulis_. Bokumia (Bakundu); Bonwula or Woula (Duala); Wokomea
+ (Bakwiri).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 97½ feet. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts
+ Höhe. Time of flowering, October. This is a good building wood.
+
+ _Strombosia grandifolia_ (Hook.). Ifondo or Wofondo (Bakwiri).
+
+ Grows in the Dschang district chiefly, but spreads over the Cameroons.
+
+ _Strombosia glaucescens_ (Engl.).
+
+ Height, 32½ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Anonaceæ.=
+
+ _Enantia chlorantha_ (Oliv.). The Yellow-wood Tree. Bopalo or Bololo
+ (Bakundu); Woyoyo (Bakwiri); Nje or Banuke (Duala).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. The wood is a beautiful yellow and is used in
+ furniture-making and carpentering, and the bark for building native
+ houses. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Uvaria Busgenii_. Bopanda (Bafo); Bopande (Bakundu); Wofe (Bakwiri);
+ Bope (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Uvaria microtricha_ (Diels).
+
+ Height, 65 to 97½ feet.
+
+ _Monodora myristica_ (Dun.).
+
+ Found in the district of Fako, Buea.
+
+ _Hexabolus megalophyllus_ (Engl. and Diels).
+
+ Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Hexabolus salicifolius_ (Engl.).
+
+ About 65 feet high. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Hexabolus grandiflorus_ (Benth.).
+
+ 65 to 81¼ feet high, widely spread over the Cameroon country.
+
+ _Xylopia parviflora_ (Guill. and Perr.), (Engl. and Diels).
+
+ 65 to 81¼ feet in height. Found in Bipindi and Johann Albrechts Höhe
+ districts.
+
+ _Isolona pleurocarpa_ (Diels).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Myristicaceæ.=
+
+ _Pycnanthus Kombo_ (Warb.). Nutmeg. Ngitsa (Fontem or Bangwa); Pitchong
+ (Ossidinge); Ngosame (Bakossi); Bosambe (Bakundu); Esamba (Bakwiri);
+ Bokondo (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. It is a tall tree.
+ Used for building purposes.
+
+ _Staudtii stipitata_ (Warb.).
+
+ Height, 97½ to 123½ feet. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts
+ Höhe. The wood is hard.
+
+ _Staudtii Kamerunensis_ (Warb.).
+
+ Height, 97½ to 113¾ feet. Found in West Africa. This tree has a hard
+ reddish wood.
+
+
+=Lauraceæ.=
+
+ _Tylostemon crassifolius_ (Engl.).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. This tree has a very hard
+ yellowish-brown wood.
+
+
+=Rosaceæ.=
+
+ _Parinarium chrysophyllum_ (Oliv.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in the Bipindi and Johann Albrechts
+ Höhe districts.
+
+ _Parinarium_ (small). Ndikombo (Fontem or Bangwa).
+
+ Found in the Ossidinge district.
+
+
+=Leguminosæ.=
+
+ _Piptadenia Africana_ (Hook.). Redwood. Erundu or Wunga (Bakundu);
+ Edundu (Balong); Jondo (Bakwiri); Bolondo (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. It flowers in October
+ and changes leaf December to January. Height, 97½ to 195 feet.
+
+ _Piptadenia Winkleri_ (Harms.).
+
+ 9¾ to 39 feet in height. Found in the Duala district.
+
+ _Millettia sp._ Bongongi (Bakundu); Bongongi (Duala); Bongongi (Sanaga
+ River).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Hylodendron Gabunense_ (Taub.). Bokata (Bakundu).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe, Bipindi, Minifia and
+ Gabun. Height, 65 to 97½ feet.
+
+ _Platysepalum_. Djengu (Bakwiri); Tada (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Lonchocarpus Zenkeri_. Sosong (Bakossi); Epuepue (Bakwiri).
+
+ _Macrolobium Preussii_ (Harms.).
+
+ 65 feet in height.
+
+ _Macrolobium Mannii_. Mokowa (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Macrolobium Zenkerii_ (Harms.).
+
+ 65 feet in height. It grows in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Oxystigma Mannii_ (Baill.), (Harms.). Softwood. Bosipi (Duala).
+
+ Height, 130 feet. Found in the district of Victoria. The wood is used
+ in building.
+
+ _Pterocarpus Soyauxii_ (Taub.). Bo (Balong); Boa (Bakundu); Muenge
+ (Duala); Hiol or Mbia (Bakoko).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Height, 81¼ feet to
+ 97½ feet. The wood is mediumly heavy, blood-red in the heartwood,
+ difficult to plane; used in making heavy furniture.
+
+ _Copaifera Demeusii_. Bobanja (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Height, 97½ feet.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 97.—=Base of Red Oak (Berlinia acuminata), showing
+smooth bark with comparatively few large scales, Degema Station.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 98.—=Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) Nursery Bed, with
+seedlings two years old, at the side of Forest House, Degema.=]
+
+ To face p. 428.
+
+ _Tetrapleura Thonningii_ (Benth.). Kombolo (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Height, 48¾ feet.
+
+ _Pentaclethra macrophylla_ (Benth.). Combolo (Duala).
+
+ A huge tree, over 65 feet in height, with tough, fibrous, reddish
+ wood. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe, Bipindi and
+ Jaunde. It yields Owala oil.
+
+ _Albizzia Welwitschii_ (Welw.). Goo (Bali); Esang (Bakossi); Elund
+ (Balong); Isaka (Bakundu); Esakasaka (Bakwiri); Bobai (Duala).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Albizzia Brownii_ (Walp.), (Oliv.). Isaka (Bakwiri).
+
+ Height, 65 to 97½ feet. The wood is hard and much used in building. It
+ grows in the districts of Bipindi, Mimifia and Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Albizzia fastigiata_ (E. Mey.), (Oliv.).
+
+ Height, 97½ feet. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. The
+ wood is moderately hard.
+
+ _Berlinia auriculata_ (Sol.).
+
+ Height, 32½ to 65 feet. Found in the Batanga and Bipindi districts.
+
+ _Berlinia acuminata_ (Sol.). Mbava (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the district of Teko (Buea). Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum micranthum_ (Harms.).
+
+ 65 to 130 feet in height. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum sp._
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Erythrophlœum Guineense_ (Don).
+
+ Height, 97½ feet. Widely found through West Africa. The wood is much
+ used for house, bridge and ship building.
+
+ _Ostryoderris impressa_.
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Cynometra Mannii_ (Oliv.).
+
+ A high tree found in Victoria and Bimbi and on the coast.
+
+ _Cynometra multynge_ (Harms.).
+
+ Over 65 feet in height. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts
+ Höhe and Bipindi.
+
+ _Scorodophlœus Zenkerii_ (Harms.).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe, Bipindi and Urwald.
+ Height, 48¾ feet.
+
+ _Parkia Zenkerii_ (Mim. Harms.).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi. Height,
+ 48¾ to 65 feet.
+
+ _Wacuminata_.
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Baphia_.
+
+ Found in the district of Rio del Rey.
+
+ _Baphia Barombiensis_.
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Pterogopodium sp._
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Afzelia Africana_ (Smith).
+
+ Height, 32½ to 65 feet. Found in the Batanga, Lokundje, and Bipindi
+ districts.
+
+ _Afzelia Zenkeri_. Lom (Bakoko); Bobolo (Malimba).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. A giant tree with
+ edible seeds.
+
+ _Brachystegia cynometroides_ (Harms.).
+
+ Height, 113¾ feet. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+ Mimifia.
+
+ _Erythrina excelsa_. Mokamu (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the district of Buea. Height, 65 feet. Time of flowering is
+ December and January.
+
+ _Dialium Staudtii_ (Harms.).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Dialium Guineense_ (Willd.).
+
+ Height, 81¼ to 97½ feet. Widely spread through the Cameroon country.
+
+ _Dialium Zenkeri_ (Harms.).
+
+ About 32½ feet high. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Distemonanthus Benthamianus_ (Baill.).
+
+ Height, 97½ to 130 feet. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts
+ Höhe and Mimifia.
+
+ _Distemonanthus sp._
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Calpocalyx Dinklagei_ (Harms.).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi. Height,
+ 32 to 48¾ feet.
+
+ _Newtonia Zenkeri_ (Harms.).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Bipindi. Height,
+ 97½ to 113¾ feet.
+
+ _Adenocarpus Mannii_.
+
+ District, Fako, Buea.
+
+ _Detarium macrocarpum_ (Harms.).
+
+ Height, 81¼ to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Indigofera Atriceps_.
+
+ Found in the district of Fako, Buea.
+
+ _Phutophyllum mirabile_.
+
+ Found in the district of Rio del Rey.
+
+ _Galium aparine_.
+
+ District, Victoria.
+
+ _Daniellia caudata_.
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Afrormosia laxiflora_.
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_ (Harms.). Edum (Bafo); Emang (Bakossi).
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe. A tree with enormous trunk and bark
+ resembling the pine; the wood is reddish. Height, 97½ to 130 feet.
+
+ _Trachylobium sp._
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Fillæopsis discophora_ (Harms.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ feet. Found in the Bipindi district. Called by the
+ Kameroon Holz Syndicate “Milletia.” A big tree with huge paper-like
+ pods.
+
+ _Stemonocoleus micranthus_ (Harms.).
+
+ Height, 81¼ to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Pithecolobium altissimum_ (Oliv.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in Bipindi.
+
+ _Stachyothyrsus Staudtii_ (Harms.).
+
+ Height, 81¼ feet. Found in the Mimifia and Bipindi districts.
+
+
+=Linaceæ.=
+
+ _Phyllocosmus sessiliflorus_ (Oliv.).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Height, 48¾ to 81¼
+ feet.
+
+
+=Erythroxylaceæ.=
+
+ _Erythroxylon Mannii_ (Oliv.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ feet. Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and
+ Bipindi.
+
+
+=Rutaceæ.=
+
+ _Fagara Rederi_ (Oliv.). Wongo (Bakundu); Woongo (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Fagara altissima_ (Engl.).
+
+ Found in the Bipindi district. Height, 48½ to 81¼ feet.
+
+ _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_. Nitone (Fontem or Bangwa).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+
+=Simarubaceæ.=
+
+ _Irvingia Barteri_ (Hook.). The so-called Wild Mango. Bope (Bafo);
+ Bopek (Balong); Weke (Bakundu); Bwiwa (Bakwiri); Bwiba ba mbale
+ (Duala).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district specially, but widely
+ spread through West Africa.
+
+ _Irvingia Gabunensis_. Etue or Etu (Bakossi); Botuba (Bafo); Bopala
+ (Bakundu).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Odyendea Gabunensis_ (Pierre).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. Height, 65 to 97½ feet.
+
+ _Klainedoxa Gabunensis_ (Pierre).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. Height, 65 to 97½ feet.
+
+ _Klainedoxa grandifolia_ (Engl.).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Pierreodendron grandifolium_.
+
+ Found in the Rio del Rey district.
+
+
+=Burseraceæ.=
+
+ _Pachylobus Zenkeri_.
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Pachylobus edulis_ (G. Don). Bosao (Bakundu); Sao or Bosao (Duala);
+ Bokuka (Etam).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. A fruit tree of about 65
+ to 97½ feet in height, having dark-green, alternating, bipinnate
+ leaves, smooth bark and reddish to grey-yellow wood. The wood is used
+ to make axe-handles; the tree also yields resin.
+
+ _Pachylobus var._ (Mbafo according to Engler). Bosao (Bakundu).
+
+ A fair-sized tree with reddish and greyish-yellow wood. It has a good
+ heartwood, used for the axles of wheels; also for calabashes. Found
+ throughout West Africa.
+
+ _Canarium auriculatum_. Bweii (Bali); Wotua (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the Victoria district.
+
+ _Canarium Schweinfurthii_ (Engl.).
+
+ Height, 113 to 130 feet. Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district
+ principally, but is fairly common throughout West Africa. The wood is
+ white and is used for building.
+
+ _Canarium Mansfeldianum_.
+
+ Found in the Ossidinge district.
+
+
+=Meliaceæ.=
+
+ _Entandrophragma Rederi_. Njokubwele (Bakundu); Won (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Entandrophragma utilis_.
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Entandrophragma Candollei_ (Harms.).
+
+ Height, 97½ to 130 feet. Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+ The wood is similar to mahogany.
+
+ _Guarea glomerulata_. Bobe ba ndiko (Bakundu); Lilualamombe (Bakwiri);
+ Timba or timba nundi (Duala).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. This wood is, like
+ mahogany, used for furniture, also window-wood. This tree is
+ frequently attacked by boring insects.
+
+ _Trichilia rubesilus_ (Oliv.). Ifassoa (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the Buea district. Height, 17½ to 32½ feet.
+
+ _Trichilia Prieureana_ (Juss.).
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. Height, 32½ to 39 feet.
+
+ _Khaya Klainii_ (Pierre).
+
+ The most valuable mahogany is obtained from this tree.
+
+ It is abundantly found in West Africa.
+
+ _Khaya euryphylla_ (Harms.).
+
+ From 97½ to 130 feet in height. Found in the districts of Johann
+ Albrechts Höhe and Buea.
+
+ _Khaya Senegalensis_.
+
+ Found in the district of Victoria.
+
+ _Turraeanthus Zenkeri_ (Harms.).
+
+ Found in the Jaunde and Buea districts. Height, 65 feet.
+
+ _Carapa procera_ (D.C.).
+
+ Height about 65 feet. Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district. It
+ yields a wood very like mahogany, useful in building and carpentry.
+
+
+=Euphorbiaceæ.=
+
+ _Ricinodendron Africanum_ (Mull. Arg.). Esango (Bakossi); Wonjasanga
+ (Bakundu); Wonjangasanga (Bakwiri); Njangsang (Duala); Ehan (Bakoko).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Lepidoturus occidentalis_. Longoso (Bakundu); Longoso (Bakwiri);
+ Joloso (Duala).
+
+ District, Mbo.
+
+ _Macaranga sp._
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Macaranga rosea_. Boka (Bakundu); Njon bwele (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. Time of flowering,
+ November.
+
+ _Bridelia stenocarpa_ (Mull. Arg.). Esenge (Bakundu); Mosenge
+ (Bakwiri); Tata (Duala).
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe. It flowers in February and changes
+ leaf in December and January. The wood is light yellow with large,
+ open pores.
+
+ _Bridelia macrocarpa_. Esenge (Bakundu).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Alchornea floribunda_ (Mull. Arg.).
+
+ Sometimes found over 81¼ feet in height. It is widely spread over the
+ Cameroons.
+
+ _Alchornea cordifolia_. Dibobonga (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Antidesma laciniatum_. Liwoma (Bakwiri).
+
+ It grows in the Buea district.
+
+ _Claoxylon Preussii_ (Pax.).
+
+ It is found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Croton pyrifolius_.
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Phyllanthus discoideus_.
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Uapaca Staudtii_ (Pax.). Bosambi (Bakundu).
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+ _Hevea_.
+
+ A rubber-tree which needs less soil than the Funtumia. Its extension
+ has been hampered by lack of seed. It suffers much from root diseases.
+ The tree is found in the Buea district.
+
+ _Sapium Mannianum_ (Mull. Arg.), (Bth.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 97½ feet. Widely spread over the Cameroon country.
+
+ _Grossera paniculata_ (Pax.). Nama tubave (Bakundu).
+
+ It grows in the Bipindi district. Height, 48¾ to 65 feet.
+
+
+=Anacardiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sorindeia trimera_ (Oliv.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ feet. Very plentiful throughout the Cameroons.
+
+ _Pseudospondias microcarpa_ (A. Rich., Engl.).
+
+ Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. Found in the Buea district and throughout the
+ Cameroons.
+
+ _Trichoscypha Bipindensis_ (Engl.).
+
+ Height, 65 to 97½ feet. It is found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Sapindaceæ.=
+
+ _Phialodiscus Zambesiacus_.
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Deinbollia pycnophylla_ (Gilg.).
+
+ Height, 65 feet. It is found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Tiliaceæ.=
+
+ _Desplatzia Dewewrei_.
+
+ Found in the (Boanda) Buea district.
+
+ _Grewiopsis globosa_. Ebonga evodi (Duala).
+
+ This is a small tree having yellow fruit, the size of a man’s fist,
+ used as food for elephants.
+
+ District, N.W. Africa.
+
+ _Grewiopsis discophora_.
+
+ District, N.W. Africa.
+
+
+=Malvaceæ.=
+
+ _Pavonia Schimperiana_.
+
+ Dschang and Buea district.
+
+
+=Bombacaceæ.=
+
+ _Ceiba pentandra_. Silk-cotton Tree. Monga (Balong); Mungongo (Duala).
+
+ Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for stuffing, oil, etc.;
+ fruit woody.
+
+ _Adansonia digitata_. Baobab. Sometimes called “Asses Bread.”
+
+ It yields timber, fibre, tanning materials, etc. The pulp of the fruit
+ and the seeds are edible. Found in the savannah forests and also near
+ villages.
+
+ _Eriodendron_. Silk-cotton.
+
+ District, West Africa.
+
+ _Bombax buonopozense_. Silk-cotton.
+
+ District, West Africa. The tree yields timber, wool for stuffing,
+ fibre, oil, etc.
+
+
+=Sterculiaceæ.=
+
+ _Sterculia oblonga_ (Mast.). Engele or Ongele (Balong); Bongele
+ (Bakundu); Ekonge (Bakwiri); Bongele or Bopum ba nji (Duala).
+
+ It grows in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. A large tree having
+ opposite leaves and smooth bark, which rapidly turns red when exposed
+ to the air. The wood is much used for planks.
+
+ _Sterculia tragacantha_. Poose (Bakundu); Ndototo (Bakwiri); Pio
+ (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. It flowers in
+ November.
+
+ _Sterculia grandifolia_. Kamdjok (Ossidinge).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Ossidinge.
+
+ _Sterculia cordifolia_. Lom (Bakoko).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Ossidinge.
+
+ _Sterculia acuminata_, syn. _Cola acuminata_ (?).
+
+ Much cultivated in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district and on the
+ mountain slopes. The nut of this tree is very much used in chocolate-
+ making and is very refreshing.
+
+ _Sterculia rhinopetala_ (K. Schum.).
+
+ Height, 81¼ to 113¾ feet. This tree yields an excellent building wood.
+
+ _Cola sp._
+
+ Found in the districts of (Muea) Buea.
+
+ _Cola sulcata_.
+
+ It is found in the district of (Boanda) Buea.
+
+ _Cola altissima_ (Engl.).
+
+ Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Cola marsupium_.
+
+ Found in the district of (Boanda) Buea.
+
+ _Pterygota Kamerunensis_.
+
+ Found in the district of Mungo River.
+
+ _Xeropetalum Dombeya_.
+
+ Found in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Triplochiton scleroxylon_ (K. Schum.). Nkom (Bakossi); Ejuong
+ (Jaunde).
+
+ This tree yields a good timber and furniture wood. The leaves are very
+ similar to those of the maple. Found very plentifully in the Cameroon
+ country.
+
+ _Theobroma cacao_. Cocoa Tree.
+
+ There are about twenty species of this tree. The Cameroon country is
+ the richest in the world for cocoa. It grows chiefly in the low-lying
+ country of the Mungo, Wari and Sanaga Rivers, in the Duala and Yabassi
+ districts and Edea; also on the slopes of the Cameroon mountains. It
+ is much attacked by cockchafer grubs (brown rot) and bark bugs. The
+ world’s supply from _T. cacao_ has been going on for five hundred
+ years, and consequently has developed varieties showing a marked
+ difference from the original type.
+
+
+=Scytopetalaceæ.=
+
+ _Oubanguia Klainei_ (Teigh.).
+
+ District, Buea. Height, 48¾ to 65 feet.
+
+
+=Ochnaceæ.=
+
+ _Lophira alata_ (Banks). Ironwood. Boko (Bakundu); Ndonge (Bakwiri);
+ Bongossi (Duala).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Mbo. Diameter, 7½
+ to 10½ feet. Height, 162½ feet. The time for flowering is December and
+ January and February for ripe fruit. A good, very hard wood, used for
+ stair treads.
+
+ _Ouratea monticola_.
+
+ Found in the Buea district.
+
+
+=Guttiferæ.=
+
+ _Endodesmia calophylloides_ (Bth.).
+
+ Height, 81¼ to 130 feet. It grows abundantly throughout the Cameroon
+ country.
+
+ _Garcinia punctata_ (Oliv.).
+
+ Height, 65 to 81¼ feet. Plentiful in Cameroon, specially in the Johann
+ Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Pentadesma butyraceum_ (Dom.).
+
+ A very high tree. Common throughout Cameroon.
+
+ _Haronga paniculata_. Konkwa (Bali); Worolongo (Bakwiri); Tolongo
+ (Duala).
+
+ Found in the districts of Dschang and Buea.
+
+ _Symphonia globulifera_ (L. fil.).
+
+ Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found throughout the whole of West Africa.
+
+
+=Flacourtiaceæ.=
+
+ _Flacourtia Ramontchii_. Wondo (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Barteria aromatica_.
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Barteria fistulosa_. Ant-trees (Musimba).
+
+ Found in the Buea district.
+
+ _Lindackeria dentata_.
+
+ Found in the Buea district.
+
+ _Scottellia Mimfiensis_ (Gilg.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 97½ feet.
+
+
+=Caricaceæ.=
+
+ _Carica papaya_.
+
+ Found in the district of Victoria.
+
+
+=Thymelaceæ.=
+
+ _Lasiosiphon glaucus_.
+
+ Found in the district of Victoria.
+
+
+=Rhizophoraceæ.=
+
+ _Poga oleosa_. Njove or Njole (Rio del Rey).
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Poga conophora_ (named after Muller). Njove or Njole (Rio del Rey).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Rhizophora mangle_ (Roxb.). Mangrove. Tanda (Duala).
+
+ It grows freely on the coast of West Africa. The bark is much used in
+ tanning.
+
+
+=Alangiaceæ.=
+
+ _Alangium begonifolium_.
+
+ District, Buea.
+
+
+=Combretaceæ.=
+
+ _Combretum cinerea_.
+
+ It grows in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Terminalia superba_ (Engl. and Diels). Nkom (Bakossi); Bokome (Bafo);
+ Bokome (Bakundu); Djombe (Bakwiri); Mukonja (Duala).
+
+ Height, 65 to 97½ feet. It grows abundantly throughout the Cameroon
+ country, but especially at Johann Albrechts Höhe. The wood is hard,
+ light yellow and close grained; much used for making windows and
+ shutters.
+
+
+=Melastomaceæ=
+
+ _Amphiblemma polyneuron_.
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Memecylon macrodendron_ (Gilg.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Araliaceæ.=
+
+ _Schefflera Hookeriana_ (Harms.).
+
+ Found in the Buea district.
+
+
+=Myrsinaceæ.=
+
+ _Mæsa lanceolata_.
+
+ Found in the Dschang district.
+
+
+=Sapotaceæ.=
+
+ _Mimusops sp._
+
+ _Mimusops Djave_ (Laness), (Engl.). Nsab (Bare); Bonjabi (Bakundu);
+ Njabi (Duala).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Mbo. Height, 178¾
+ feet. Diameter, 6½ feet. There is frequently a clear bole of 97½ feet,
+ containing 6,380¼ cubic feet of wood (181 cubic metres). The nuts are
+ much valued locally as food.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum Africanum_.
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Chrysophyllum macrophyllum_. Wonjanja (Bakwiri).
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe and Buea.
+
+ _Omphalocarpum Radlkoferi_ (Pierre).
+
+ Height, 65 feet. Found throughout West Africa. This tree yields timber
+ and a sort of gutta-percha.
+
+ _Butyrospermum Parkii_ (Kotschy.). Shea Butter.
+
+ District, N. West Africa. This tree yields a gutta-percha-like resin,
+ edible fruits, and from the seeds a fat (Shea butter).
+
+ _Omphalocarpum Pierreanum_ (Engl.).
+
+ Height, 65 to 81¼ feet. Found in the district of Bipindi.
+
+
+=Ebenaceæ.=
+
+ _Diospyros suaveolens_ (Gurke). Ebony.
+
+ Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. Found in the district of Johann Albrechts
+ Höhe.
+
+ _Diospyros atropurpurea_ (Gurke). Ebony. Efindofindo (Bafo); Findefinde
+ (Balong); Epindepinde (Bakundu); Findefinde (Bakwiri); Epindepinde
+ (Duala).
+
+ District, Johann Albrechts Höhe, Bipindi and Buea, and Muyuke. The
+ tree flowers in April and May; the fruit is ripe in October. It yields
+ timber, tanning and dyeing materials, mucilage, edible fruit (date-
+ plums), fish-poison and medicaments. The wood is very hard and of a
+ yellowish colour, the bark black. It is principally used for
+ furniture.
+
+ _Diospyros megaphylla_ (Gurke).
+
+ Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. It grows near Bipindi.
+
+ _Diospyros Bipindensis_ (Gurke).
+
+ Height, 48¾ feet. It is found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros Kamerunensis_ (Gurke).
+
+ Height, 48¾ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros Dendo_ (Welw.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. It is found throughout the Cameroon country.
+
+ _Diospyros Gilgiana_ (Gurke).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros nsambensis_ (Gurke).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros mamiacensis_ (Gurke).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 65 feet.
+
+ _Diospyros aggregata_ (Gurke).
+
+ Over 65 feet in height. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros incarnata_ (Gurke).
+
+ Height, 32½ to 39 feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Diospyros mespiliformis_ (Hochst.).
+
+ The sapwood is yellowish-white and close-grained. It is very useful in
+ turnery. The tree is found widely spread over West Africa.
+
+
+=Loganiaceæ.=
+
+ _Nuxia Mannii_ (Oliv.).
+
+ District, (Fako) Buea.
+
+ _Anthocleista Zenkerii_, also known as Bopolo-polo.
+
+ Found in the Johann Albrechts Höhe district.
+
+ _Strychnos gnetifolia_ (Gilg.).
+
+ Height, 65 to 97½ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+
+=Apocynaceæ.=
+
+ _Kicksia elastica_. Dinjongo (Bafo); Dinjongo (Bakundu); Manjongo
+ (Bakwiri); Ebonga manyongo (Duala).
+
+ Found in the districts of Johann Albrechts Höhe and Buea.
+
+ _Rauwolfia macrophylla_ or _gonioclada_. Enonge (Bakundu); Kanja
+ (Bakwiri); Bandonge (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. The time of flowering
+ is October and March.
+
+ _Rauwolfia vomitoria_.
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Alstonia Congensis_. Kuge (Bakossi); Bokuk (Balong); Kanja (Bakundu);
+ Wokuka (Bakwiri); Bokuka ba mhale (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe. The wood is used for
+ making stools in the Kamerun country.
+
+ _Polyadoa umbellata_.
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Funtumia elastica_. Ireh Tree. (Lagos rubber.)
+
+ Found widely throughout West Africa. The chief rubber-yielding tree.
+ The tree suffers from the attacks of stag-beetles.
+
+ _Landolphia Dawei_. (Savannah rubber.)
+
+ Found in the primeval forests of West Africa. Several species yield
+ rubber, dyes and edible fruits (from which drinks are made).
+
+
+=Convolvulaceæ.=
+
+ _Ipomæa involucrata_.
+
+ District, Rio del Rey.
+
+
+=Borraginaceæ.=
+
+ _Cordia Irvingia_. Bola (Bakundu); Womba (Bakwiri); Bomba (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Cordia yombomba_. Jom (Ossidinge); Yombomba (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+
+=Verbenaceæ.=
+
+ _Avicennia tomentosa_ (Jacqu.). White Mangrove. Bunja (Duala). Found in
+ the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe and very frequently among coast
+ vegetation. Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. The wood is very beautiful.
+
+ _Vitex cuneata_.
+
+ Found in the district of Johann Albrechts Höhe.
+
+ _Vitex Bipindensis_ (Gurke).
+
+ Height, 32½ to 48¾ feet. Found in the Bipindi district.
+
+ _Clerodendron_. Mumbambe (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the district of Buea.
+
+
+=Scrophulariaceæ.=
+
+ _Selaginella Vogelii_.
+
+ Found in the district of Victoria.
+
+
+=Bignoniaceæ.=
+
+ _Spathoidea campanulata_. Jon (Bali); Etutu (Bakundu); Mbako (Bakwiri);
+ Bwele ba Mbongo (Duala).
+
+ Found in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Kigelia acutifolia_. Sosong (Bakossi); Wulule (Bakwiri).
+
+ Found in the Dschang district.
+
+ _Markhamia lutea_. Abbe (Bakossi); Mawelu (Bakwiri); Mabanga (Duala).
+
+ Found in the Dschang district.
+
+
+=Acanthaceæ.=
+
+ _Thomandersia laurifolia_.
+
+ District, Rio del Rey.
+
+
+=Rubiaceæ.=
+
+ _Adina macrophylla_ (Lepr. and Guill.), (K. Schum.).
+
+ Found in the district of Victoria. Height of tree, 48¾ to 81¼ feet. A
+ yellowish wood, used in building and very good for furniture.
+
+ _Sarcocephalus sambucinus_ (Wint.). Tabu (Bali).
+
+ A very common tree in West Africa. It is a good building wood.
+
+ _Plectronia glabriflora_.
+
+ District, Dschang and Buea.
+
+ _Oxyanthus speciosus_. Wyfongo (Bakwiri).
+
+ District, Dschang and Buea.
+
+ _Canthium glabriflorum_.
+
+ District, N.W. Africa. This tree has grey bark and is like a palm in
+ appearance. It yields resin, and calabashes are made from the fruit.
+
+ _Morinda citrifolia_ (L.).
+
+ Height, 48¾ to 65 feet. It has a yellowish wood. A very common tree in
+ West Africa.
+
+ _Randia cladantha_ (_K. cladantha_).
+
+ Height, 65 to 81¼ feet. Very common throughout the Cameroon country.
+
+
+=Compositæ.=
+
+ _Vernonia frondosa_ (Oliv.). Bopolopolo (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Rio del Rey.
+
+ _Vernonia conferta_. Bopolopolo (Duala).
+
+ Found in the district of Rio del Rey.
+
+ _Helichrysum fœtidum_ (Cass.).
+
+ Found in the districts of Victoria and Buea.
+
+
+ SOME CAMEROON TREES ONLY KNOWN BY NATIVE NAMES
+
+
+ Abange (Jaunde).
+
+ Adom (Jaunde).
+
+ Akaka (Jaunde); Ikaka (Bakundu). The wood is soft and nut-brown; it
+ smells like pencil-wood.
+
+ Akondog (Jaunde).
+
+ Ase (Jaunde); Njokubore (Bakundu). The fruit is similar to the
+ Entandrophragma (Meliaceæ), the root buttressed, and the leaves with
+ rosettes on the branches.
+
+ Awong (Jaunde).
+
+ Bosambai (Jaunde).
+
+ Dibanga (Jaunde). A mediumly hard, greyish-brown wood with brown
+ medullary rays; it is used for making furniture.
+
+ Ebe (Jaunde); Borimba (Bakundu). A giant tree with oval leaves, smooth
+ on the top and having brownish hairs underneath.
+
+ Ehemba (Jaunde).
+
+ Ejan (Jaunde).
+
+ Ekoah (Jaunde).
+
+ Enjog (Jaunde).
+
+ Esang (Jaunde).
+
+ Lawonong (Jaunde).
+
+ Lobog (Jaunde).
+
+ Otungue (Jaunde).
+
+ Ebunja (Bakundu).
+
+ Ekambamba (Bakundu).
+
+ Enjenju (Bakundu).
+
+ Esok (Bakundu).
+
+ Idjnake (Bakundu).
+
+ Mbonda pondo (Bakundu). A very close-grained, hard wood.
+
+ Mondoa (Bakundu).
+
+ Bowasa (Duala).
+
+ Bwiba ba njon (Duala). A hard wood used for stair treads. At the Basel
+ Mission the timber worked at was £2 per 35 cubic feet—Steyer and
+ Pingel, at the rate of 10 shillings per 35 cubic feet—the latter firm
+ working all kinds of wood of medium size.
+
+ Ebon (Duala).
+
+ Etotum (Duala).
+
+ Palambanja (Duala).
+
+ Tabako (Duala).
+
+ Eselebaka (Bakoko).
+
+ Ewnon (Bakoko).
+
+ Mpang (Bakoko and Basa).
+
+ Sibugang (Basa).
+
+
+ APPENDIX I
+
+ CAMEROONS—FOREST EXPORTS
+
+
+ -----------+----------------+----------------+---------------
+ | 1908. | 1909. | 1910.
+ Products. +------+---------+------+---------+------+--------
+ | Tons.| £ | Tons.| £ | Tons.| £
+ -----------+------+---------+------+---------+------+--------
+ Palm |11,198| 107,776|13,244| 130,550|13,689|177,678
+ kernels | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Palm oil | 2,983| 48,388| 3,305| 548,500| 3,140| 62,996
+ | | | | | |
+ Rubber | 1,214| 238,987| 1,517| 377,096| 1,961|553,534
+ | | | | | |
+ Cocoa | — | — | — | — | 475|152,769
+ | | | | | |
+ Gum Arabic | 261| 7,049| 272| 4,827| 329| 2,866
+ | | | | | |
+ Timber | 1,442| 7,953| 1,912| 8,855| 1,632| 7,193
+ (buildings,| | | | | |
+ etc.) | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Bark | 1| 6| 2| 19| 3| 31
+ | | | | | |
+ Dyewood | 2| 10| — | — | 8| 21
+ | | | | | |
+ Ivory | 53| 45,018| 53| 43,941| 37| 31,269
+ | | | | | |
+ Horns | — | 48| 2| 238| 1| 94
+ | | | | | |
+ Honey and | — | — | — | 8| — | 20
+ beeswax | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Shea nuts | 123| 430| 198| 1,144| 186| 710
+ and Shea | | | | | |
+ butter | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Kola nuts | 83| 1,213| 42| 1,391| 54| 900
+ | | | | | |
+ Djave nuts | 182| 1,023| 30| 160| 343| 1,628
+ | | | | | |
+ Copal | 5| 179| 3| 100| 3| 114
+ -----------+------+---------+------+---------+------+--------
+ TOTALS |17,547| 458,082|20,580|1,116,833|21,861|991,827
+ -----------+------+---------+------+---------+------+--------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ -----------+----------------+----------------
+ | 1911. | 1912.
+ Products. +------+---------+------+---------
+ | Tons.| £ | Tons.| £
+ -----------+------+---------+------+---------
+ Palm |14,937| 208,393|15,742| 220,307
+ kernels | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Palm oil | 3,333| 71,215| 3,537| 81,119
+ | | | |
+ Rubber | 2,664| 551,513| 2,766| 573,611
+ | | | |
+ Cocoa | 3,525| 165,368| 4,479| 212,114
+ | | | |
+ Gum Arabic | 259| 2,135| 221| 2,218
+ | | | |
+ Timber | 7,089| 19,409|11,109| 34,793
+ (buildings,| | | |
+ etc.) | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Bark | 6| 127| 32| 29
+ | | | |
+ Dyewood | 11| 36| 4| 11
+ | | | |
+ Ivory | 40| 29,038| 34| 31,809
+ | | | |
+ Horns | 2| 138| 2| 204
+ | | | |
+ Honey and | — | 5| — | 6
+ beeswax | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Shea nuts | 65| 232| 105| 645
+ and Shea | | | |
+ butter | | | |
+ | | | |
+ Kola nuts | 87| 953| 235| 8,348
+ | | | |
+ Djave nuts | 45| 254| 189| 1,258
+ | | | |
+ Copal | 2| 97| 2| 63
+ -----------+------+---------+------+---------
+ TOTALS |32,065|1,048,905|38,457|1,166,539
+ -----------+------+---------+------+---------
+
+
+ APPENDIX II
+
+THE CAMEROONS—EXPORTS OF BUILDING AND OTHER USEFUL TIMBERS ACCORDING TO
+ PORT OF SHIPMENT
+
+
+ [Qu.: Quantity]
+
+ ---------------+------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
+ |Rio del Rey.| Victoria.* | Nsanakang.* | Duala.
+ | * | | |
+ Kind of Timber.+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ | Qu.,|Value,| Qu.,|Value,| Qu.,|Value,| Qu.,|Value,
+ |Tons.| £. | Tons.| £. | Tons.| £. | Tons.| £.
+ ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ Abochia | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Arajon, | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ Mahogany, | | | | | | | |
+ Entandrophragma| | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Afzelia, | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13| 32
+ _Afzelia | | | | | | | |
+ Africana_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Pear-tree } | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ (Orella), } | | | | | | | |
+ Adja-tree, } | | | | | | | |
+ } | | | | | | | |
+ Njabi, } | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24| 74
+ _Mimusops } | | | | | | | |
+ Djave_ } | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Cotton-tree, | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1| 1
+ _Bombax ceiba_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Bilinga | — | — | — | — | — | — | 53| 149
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Bongossi, | — | — | — | — | — | — | 700|18,144
+ _Lophira alata_| | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Bimbwa, | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2| 4
+ _Irvingia | | | | | | | |
+ Barteri_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ _Chlorophora | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16| 20
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Ebony, | 14| 41| — | 3| 205| 530| 1,503|13,308
+ _Diospyros sp._| | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Mahogany, | 11| 44| 2| 4| — | — | 6,672|18,485
+ Meliaceæ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Mbang, | — | — | — | 2| — | — | 1,426| 3,114
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Momangi, | — | — | — | 27| — | — | — | —
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ African | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2| 1
+ Walnut, | | | | | | | |
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ _Okoumea | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ Klaineana_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Odiki | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Olim | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Olong | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Owango | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Palmwood | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Poana-Poana | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Redwood, | 1| 2| — | 2| — | — | 59| 232
+ _Pterocarpus | | | | | | | |
+ sp._ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Soppo | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 18
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Satinwood | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Misc. parcels | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ of wood | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Terminalia | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25| 176
+ (Mukonja of | | | | | | | |
+ Duala) | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Zimingela, | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ _Terminalia | | | | | | | |
+ superba | | | | | | | |
+ Combretaceæ_ | | | | | | | |
+ ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ TOTALS | 27| 88| 5| 37| 205| 530|10,503|53,763
+ ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ ---------------+------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
+ | Kampo. | Koibi. | Uroko. | Total.
+ | | | |
+ Kind of Timber.+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ | Qu.,|Value,| Qu.,|Value,| Qu.,|Value,| Qu.,|Value,
+ |Tons.| £. | Tons.| £. | Tons.| £. | Tons.| £.
+ ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ Abochia | — | — | — | — | 40| 17| 40| 17
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Arajon, | — | — | — | — | 100| 500| 100| 500
+ Mahogany, | | | | | | | |
+ Entandrophragma| | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Afzelia, | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13| 32
+ _Afzelia | | | | | | | |
+ Africana_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Pear-tree } | — | — | — | — | 62| 54| 62| 54
+ (Orella), } | | | | | | | |
+ Adja-tree, } | | | | | | | |
+ } | | | | | | | |
+ Njabi, } | — | — | — | — | 240| 137| 264| 212
+ _Mimusops } | | | | | | | |
+ Djave_ } | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Cotton-tree, | — | — | — | — | 12| 4| 14| 6
+ _Bombax ceiba_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Bilinga | — | — | — | — | — | — | 53| 149
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Bongossi, | — | — | — | — | — | — | 700| 1,814
+ _Lophira alata_| | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Bimbwa, | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2| 4
+ _Irvingia | | | | | | | |
+ Barteri_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ _Chlorophora | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16| 20
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Ebony, | — | 3| 29| 110| — | — | 1,753|13,994
+ _Diospyros sp._| | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Mahogany, | 1| 90| — | — | 156| 275| 6,845|18,900
+ Meliaceæ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Mbang, | — | — | — | — | 3| 2| 1,431| 3,116
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Momangi, | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 27
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ African | — | — | — | — | 897| 684| 899| 685
+ Walnut, | | | | | | | |
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ _Okoumea | — | — | — | — |10,992| 6,832|10,992| 6,832
+ Klaineana_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Odiki | — | — | — | — | 24| 16| 24| 16
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Olim | — | — | — | — | 12| 5| 12| 5
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Olong | — | — | — | — | 10| 9| 10| 9
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Owango | — | — | — | — | 3| 6| 3| 6
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Palmwood | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Poana-Poana | — | — | — | — | 1| 3| 1| 3
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Redwood, | 1| 13| — | — | 13| 10| 76| 260
+ _Pterocarpus | | | | | | | |
+ sp._ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Soppo | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 18
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Satinwood | — | — | — | — | 33| 21| 33| 21
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Misc. parcels | — | — | — | — | 7| 2| 7| 2
+ of wood | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Terminalia | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25| 176
+ (Mukonja of | | | | | | | |
+ Duala) | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Zimingela, | — | — | — | — | 264| 145| 264| 145
+ _Terminalia | | | | | | | |
+ superba | | | | | | | |
+ Combretaceæ_ | | | | | | | |
+ ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ TOTALS | 3| 107| 29| 110|12,877| 8,728|23,651|47,033
+ ---------------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+
+* These ports are in the English portion of the country.
+
+
+ APPENDIX III
+
+ THE CAMEROONS—EXPORTS OF TIMBER ACCORDING TO DESTINATION, 1913
+
+
+ [Qu.: Quantity]
+
+ --------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
+ | Germany. | England. | France. | Holland.
+ Kind of +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ Timber. | Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,
+ | Tons.| £. | Tons.| £. | Tons.| £. | Tons.| £.
+ --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ Abochia | 40| 17| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Arajon | — | — | — | — | 100| 500| — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Afzelia, | 13| 32| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ _Afzelia | | | | | | | |
+ Africana_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Pear-tree | 300| 225| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ (Orella), | | | | | | | |
+ _Mimusops | | | | | | | |
+ Djave_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Cotton-tree, | 14| 6| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ Ceiba and | | | | | | | |
+ Bombax | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Bilinga | 53| 149| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Bongossi, | 600| 1,580| 100| 234| — | — | — | —
+ _Lophira | | | | | | | |
+ alata_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Bimbwa, | 2| 4| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ _Irvingia | | | | | | | |
+ Barteri_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Ebony, | 135|11,402| 397| 2,592| — | — | — | —
+ _Diospyros | | | | | | | |
+ sp._ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Mahogany, | 4,153|12,259| 2,622| 6,291| 13| 17| 57| 331
+ Meliaceæ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Mbang, | 1,428| 3,103| 3| 13| — | — | — | —
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Momangi, | — | 27| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ African | 545| 472| — | — | 21| 20| 152| 12
+ Walnut? | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Okumme, | 8,847| 4,881| — | — | 690| 526| — | —
+ Gaboon | | | | | | | |
+ Mahogany, | | | | | | | |
+ _Okumea | | | | | | | |
+ Klaineana_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Odiki | 24| 16| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Olina | 12| 5| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Olong | 10| 9| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Owango | 3| 6| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Palmwood | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Poana-Poana | 1| 3| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ African | 7| 2| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ Lignumvitæ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Redwood, | 76| 260| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ Pterocarpus | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Soppo | — | 18| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Satinwood | 24| 7| — | — | 8| 13| — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Terminalia | 25| 176| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Choraschora, | 1| 20| — | — | — | — | — | —
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ Zimengela, | 157| 127| — | — | 2| 2| 54| 7
+ _Terminalia | | | | | | | |
+ superba | | | | | | | |
+ Combretaceæ_ | | | | | | | |
+ --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ TOTALS |17,716|34,815| 3,123| 9,131| 834| 1,069| 264| 351
+ --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+
+ [Continued]
+
+ --------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
+ | America. | Belgium. | Total.
+ Kind of +------+------+------+------+------+------
+ Timber. | Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,| Qu., |Value,
+ | Tons.| £. | Tons.| £. | Tons.| £.
+ --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ Abochia | — | — | — | — | 40| 17
+ | | | | | |
+ Arajon | — | — | — | — | 100| 500
+ | | | | | |
+ Afzelia, | — | — | — | — | 13| 32
+ _Afzelia | | | | | |
+ Africana_ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Pear-tree | — | — | 26| 40| 327| 266
+ (Orella), | | | | | |
+ _Mimusops | | | | | |
+ Djave_ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Cotton-tree, | — | — | — | — | 14| 6
+ Ceiba and | | | | | |
+ Bombax | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Bilinga | — | — | — | — | 53| 149
+ | | | | | |
+ Bongossi, | — | — | — | — | 700| 1,814
+ _Lophira | | | | | |
+ alata_ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Bimbwa, | — | — | — | — | 2| 4
+ _Irvingia | | | | | |
+ Barteri_ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Ebony, | — | — | — | — | 1,753|13,994
+ _Diospyros | | | | | |
+ sp._ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Mahogany, | — | — | — | — | 6,845|18,900
+ Meliaceæ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Mbang, | — | — | — | — | 1,431| 3,116
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Momangi, | — | — | — | — | — | 27
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ African | — | — | 180| 180| 899| 685
+ Walnut? | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Okumme, | 513| 1,199| 941| 236|10,991| 6,842
+ Gaboon | | | | | |
+ Mahogany, | | | | | |
+ _Okumea | | | | | |
+ Klaineana_ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Odiki | — | — | — | — | 24| 16
+ | | | | | |
+ Olina | — | — | — | — | 12| 5
+ | | | | | |
+ Olong | — | — | — | — | 10| 9
+ | | | | | |
+ Owango | — | — | — | — | 3| 6
+ | | | | | |
+ Palmwood | — | — | — | — | — | —
+ | | | | | |
+ Poana-Poana | — | — | — | — | 1| 3
+ | | | | | |
+ African | — | — | — | — | 7| 2
+ Lignumvitæ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Redwood, | — | — | — | — | 76| 260
+ Pterocarpus | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Soppo | — | — | — | — | — | 18
+ | | | | | |
+ Satinwood | — | — | — | — | 33| 21
+ | | | | | |
+ Terminalia | — | — | — | — | 25| 176
+ | | | | | |
+ Choraschora, | — | — | — | — | 1| 20
+ _Chlorophora | | | | | |
+ excelsa_ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Zimengela, | — | — | 50| 8| 263| 144
+ _Terminalia | | | | | |
+ superba | | | | | |
+ Combretaceæ_ | | | | | |
+ --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+ TOTALS | 513| 1,199| 1,200| 66|23,651|47,033
+ --------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 99.—=The temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo, on
+the Eastern Division, Nigerian Railway. Note, only native, locally grown
+timber used in its construction.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 100.—=Medium-sized African Pearwood (Mimusops Djave)
+standing in the middle of the road outside Degema Station, on the road
+to Illimema, since felled, and logs sold in England.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 101.—=Inoi Tree (Poga oleosa) standing at the edge
+of the Degema Station grounds.=]
+
+ To face p. 446.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER XI
+
+ THE OIL BEANS, SEEDS AND NUTS OF THE FOREST
+
+
+In a separate chapter the Oil Palm and its produce are more fully
+considered, so that we give here a detailed account of the other
+important Oil Seeds and Nuts. Oil-bearing nuts and seeds are usually
+found in great profusion in the Tropics, and West Africa is no exception
+to the rule.
+
+Amongst the botanical families in which the plants yield oil-seeds or
+nuts are the Palmæ, Leguminosæ, Euphorbiaceæ, Ochnaceæ, Sapotaceæ,
+Rhizophoraceæ, Meliaceæ and Guttiferæ. As far as the Protectorates of
+Nigeria and Sierra Leone are concerned, the “Oil Bean” (_Pentaclethra
+macrophylla_) is one of the most important. According to the data in the
+Niger district, oil beans have been bought for some ten years from the
+natives. They are also known as Owala beans. The natives prefer a price
+of 1s. per case, but the minimum of 6d. and the maximum of 9d. per case
+was about the limit for the nuts in pre-war days. Even then only a small
+profit was made by the European merchant at the prices then ruling for
+the nuts in England. With the much greater, almost universal demand for
+all kinds of oil-nuts and seeds, it is probable that higher prices will
+be paid for these nuts now that the war is over, provided a reasonable
+charge for freight can be arranged. The natives themselves say that the
+nuts should be cooked for twelve hours to be good for eating. There are
+six or seven beans in each pod.
+
+Now that many roadsides in the Owerri province and other districts have
+been planted with Oil-bean trees as a shade tree, there will be a
+continual supply of nuts each year. The tree starts bearing in the tenth
+year, and almost every year bears a fair crop. An example of one of
+these avenues is seen on the Ikpoba Road, just outside Benin City. The
+pods are used as a firewood, which makes a hot, rapid fire. In Sierra
+Leone they are known as Fai beans. The beans are large and flattened,
+covered with a hard brown seed-coat. They may be from one and a half to
+two and three-quarter inches in length, and from one to one and three-
+quarter inches in breadth, and one-third to nearly half an inch in
+thickness. The kernels are white and soft and contain a quantity of oil.
+
+According to the very valuable investigations of the Imperial Institute:
+
+ The proportion of hard seed-coat (by weight), 20·7 per cent.
+
+ The proportion of kernel in bean (by weight), 79·3 per cent.
+
+ The amount of oil contained in the whole, 31·2 per cent.
+
+ The amount of oil contained in the kernels, 39 per cent.
+
+When the oil is left to stand it deposits a quantity of solid fat. On
+trial, the oil was found to yield rather a soft soap, and was stated to
+be worth only about £21 per ton. The cold-pressed oil was of a golden
+yellow colour, and the hot-drawn oil a dull yellow and rather thick.
+From analysis it was found that the meal was very nutritious, containing
+over 39 per cent. of proteids, and if it could be used as a feeding-cake
+it would be worth from £5 to £5 10s. per ton (pre-war rates).
+
+The constants of the oil from the Southern Nigerian seeds are:
+
+ Iodine value 87·07
+
+ Acid value 14·3
+
+ Titer test 50·15° C.
+
+The composition of the meal after extraction of the oil is as follows:
+
+ Per cent.
+
+ Moisture 12·9
+
+ Ash 3·5
+
+ Proteins 34·8
+
+ Fibre 6·8
+
+ Sugar (dextrose) 6·2
+
+ Carbohydrates (other than sugar) 33·7
+
+The oil on analysis gave the following results:
+
+ Specific gravity at 15·5° C. (60° F.) 0·9194
+
+ Saponification value 184·2
+
+ Free fatty acids, per cent. 0·7
+
+Analysis of pressed cake:
+
+ Per cent.
+
+ Oil 12·0
+
+ Moisture 9·9
+
+ Crude proteins 33·2
+
+ Carbohydrates 34·8
+
+ Fibre 5·7
+
+ Ash 4·5
+
+The oil would make a first-class edible oil. The value of the beans is
+stated to be about £6 per ton c.i.f. London, August 1909, and subject to
+being shipped in lots of fifty to one hundred tons at a time. No regular
+plantations have been made with this tree, but it is probable that with
+cultivation an earlier and quicker yield of nuts could be obtained, also
+with further grafting and seed selecting the thickness of the shell over
+the kernel could be considerably reduced, and also the thickness of the
+pod, and thus make the product more valuable in proportion to its size.
+A small tree will bear half to one bushel of beans, and a large tree
+will bear two. On the smaller and younger trees the pods are narrower
+and shorter than on the older trees, and the beans are much smaller,
+being only about half the size and a third of the bulk of those from
+fully-grown trees. The pods, which also contain a certain amount of oil,
+are not to be despised as a source of fuel, especially as time goes on
+and the population increases.
+
+In this place also should be considered the beans of _Xylia Evansii_.
+This is also a Leguminous tree. The natives apparently have no use for
+the small, flattened round beans, which are about half to three-quarters
+of an inch in diameter and an eighth of an inch thick, and sometimes
+less. The beans have not been collected or sold, neither have they been
+examined chemically as to their oil or other content.
+
+Another oil-bean-bearing tree of this family is _Berlinia acuminata_,
+which has large beans rather more than an inch and a half long, an inch
+broad, and a third of an inch thick. Further examination would show
+whether the oil content is such as to justify their commercial
+exploitation. The Benin name is Ekpagoi and Yoruba Apado.
+
+Closely allied to this one is _Macrolobium palisoti_, the Ogaba of the
+Benis, which also yields a flat, almost square-shaped bean, nearly an
+inch in length and an inch in width. The exact oil content of this bean
+is unknown.
+
+The beans of _Cynometra Afzelii_ and _Cynometra Mannii_ are much larger
+and stouter, but also contain a certain amount of oil of unknown value.
+The Benin name is Upakeka and Yoruba Eggi or Ekku.
+
+Then we have the small, almost black, button-like beans of _Brachystegia
+spicæformis_, which, despite their large quantity, have remained
+uncollected and unused. A proper chemical examination would reveal the
+oil or other content of the beans. The Benin name is Okwan and the
+Yoruba Ako.
+
+Still considering this same family of plants, the Leguminoseæ, there are
+the brown beans of _Erythrophlœum Guineense_ and _E. micranthum_. These
+are of a brown colour, about half an inch long, one-third of an inch
+wide, and an eighth of an inch thick, and of a more or less round shape.
+Here, again, further investigation would reveal the oil content of these
+beans. The Yoruba name is Oginni or Inyi and Yoruba Erunor Obo.
+
+It is also not known whether the nuts of the various Afzelias, known as
+Apa by the Yorubas and Aligna by the Benis, contain a valuable oil or
+other commercial product.
+
+It has been stated that the beans and pods of _Pithecolobium altissimum_
+have been used as a kind of “Dividivi” for tanning leather, but further
+experiment with these would prove or disprove the point.
+
+Finally, there is the Calabar bean or Eseri bean, _Physostigma
+venenosum_. It is known to the Efiks as Eseri. The deep furrow on the
+upper side of the bean is most typical of it, and differentiates it thus
+from the various Mucuna species. It contains two alkaloids, Calabarine
+and Eserine. These beans are comparatively well known. Besides being
+used locally as a medicine and for witchcraft, they are collected and
+sold for export. The bean used in games, _Mucuna urens_, has yet to be
+examined as to its value.
+
+Amongst the other important families containing nut-bearing trees are
+the Rhizophoraceæ. The Inoy nut, _Poga oleosa_, is obtained from a
+common tree in the Owerri and Calabar provinces of Nigeria. The local
+people of the Oban and Calabar districts are very fond of the nut, and
+leave the tree standing when making their farms. The nuts sell in the
+Calabar market at the rate of 250 for 3d. They were examined in England
+and favourably reported on by the Imperial Institute in June 1905. The
+hard shell is against their general use, as it is so particularly tough
+and hard to crack. The shell on the nut itself is about one-fifteenth of
+an inch thick. The kernel is soft, white, and very oily. It has a better
+flavour than even the Brazil nut, and is pale-yellow in colour. The
+kernels were valued in May 1906 at from £9 to £10 in England. They
+contain about 60·8 per cent. of oil, which showed the following
+constants according to the investigations of the Imperial Institute:
+
+ Specific gravity of 15° C. 0·896
+
+ Saponification value 184·49
+
+ Iodine value 89·75
+
+ Hehner value 93·00
+
+ Reichert-Meissl value 1·45
+
+ Acid value 39·7
+
+ Titer test 22° C.
+
+After extraction of the oil the meal gave the following result:
+
+ Expressed on Dry Material.
+ Per cent.
+
+ Proteins 41·51
+
+ Sugars, reducing 1·32
+
+ „ non-reducing (sucrose) 2·50
+
+ Other carbohydrates 36·92
+
+ Crude fibre 9·00
+
+ Ash 8·75
+
+“Inoy” kernels would yield a nutritious cake for feeding cattle.
+
+Thus far no use has been found for the round small, pear-shaped, nut-
+like fruits of the Red Mangrove, _Rhizophora racemosa_. Considering the
+large quantity found floating about in the creeks and rivers, further
+investigation seems warranted.
+
+In the Euphorbiaceæ family the Nsa-sana (Efik) or Okkwen nuts of the
+Benis have been found to contain 45·2 per cent. of oil by the Imperial
+Institute.[17] This nut is obtained from _Ricinodendron Africana_ and
+_R. Rautenii_, and is known to the Yorubas as Erimado. In each fruit
+there are two, three, or even four nuts. The flesh of the fruit soon
+dries or rots away, leaving the uncracked nuts among the debris. The
+shell of these is hard and thick, and the inside a bright white colour.
+In some experiments carried out on a comparatively large scale at the
+end of 1907 and at the beginning of 1908, in Benin, it was found that
+more than half the kernels were broken in the cracking of the nut.
+However, in the Cameroons, where the nuts are used for alimentary
+purposes, they are boiled for a short time, and then it is possible to
+crack them quite easily without damaging the kernel inside. Further
+experiments at Benin showed that six boxes (gin cases) of green fruit
+yield one box of nuts containing actually 7,528, which weigh 35 lb. 4
+oz. One box of fruit contains 418 seeds and yields 720 nuts. An average
+of 7,419 seeds is contained in each box, 155 nuts weighing 1 lb. Each
+fruit contains on the average two and one-ninth seeds. On the average
+9d. per box was paid for fruit, and 1s. per box for uncracked nuts.
+Twenty boys cleaned and got ready 2½ boxes of uncracked nuts per day at
+the cost of 5s. Paying at the rate of 1s. a case for the uncracked nuts,
+the cost would be £17 per ton. However, with regular quantities being
+brought in, no doubt this cost could be reduced. In a similar way, if
+the nuts were boiled in quantity and immediately cracked, the kernels
+would be got out at a cheaper rate. The native working for himself, as
+with the palm nuts, would turn out greater quantities in a shorter time.
+
+The yield of the oil pressed from the kernels was 47 per cent., or 14
+per cent. on the whole nut. It is light yellow in colour and has a
+pleasant taste, very much like that of the ground nut. The chemical
+examination showed a resemblance to Tsung oil (Chinese wood oil). It
+possesses the same property of drying on exposure to air under ordinary
+atmospheric pressure. The oil could be used for similar purposes, or for
+the making of soft soap, and would be worth from about £18 to £20 per
+ton for this purpose, and it appears that the oil would have a ready
+sale in England, and have a value, equal to linseed oil, of about £21
+per ton. According to the investigations at the Imperial Institute, the
+analysis of Nsa-sana kernels and Tsung oil showed:
+
+ ---------------------+-------------------+--------------------------
+ | Oil from Nsa-sana | Commercial Tsung Oil.
+ | Kernels. |
+ ---------------------+-------------------+--------------------------
+ Specific gravity |0·9320 (at 20° C.) |0·933-0·942 (at 15·5° C.)
+ | |
+ Saponification value | 191·6 | 190-197
+ | |
+ Iodine value | 147·7 | 149-165
+ | |
+ Hehner value | 95·2 | 96·3
+ | |
+ Titer test | 35·7° C. | 37·1-37·2° C.
+ ---------------------+-------------------+--------------------------
+
+Despite the large quantities of nuts available, especially in the
+Abeokuta, Benin and Calabar provinces, the difficulty of cracking the
+nuts satisfactorily and buying them cheap enough has so far precluded an
+export trade from being built up. Owing to the low percentage of oil in
+the whole nut it is evident that it would not pay to ship the uncracked
+nuts. So far no plantations have been made with this tree, but it comes
+up very readily and plentifully in old abandoned farms of the mixed
+forest zone. In open localities, with plenty of light, the tree begins
+to bear between the seventh and tenth year, and almost each year there
+is a large crop of fruit. From larger trees the yield appears to be over
+one bushel of nuts per tree per annum.
+
+The curious nut-like fruits of Ubellu, Benin, supposed to be a species
+of Microdesmis, have not been examined as to their oil or other content.
+Soon after falling to the ground they break up into a white putty-like
+substance, which has a very peculiar, almost sulphurous, smell, and
+sometimes rather phosphoric. The nuts are spherical and rather more than
+half an inch in diameter. The tree is found chiefly in Benin, also in
+the Abeokuta and Calabar provinces.
+
+Among the Euphorbiaceæ is the creeper, _Manniphyton sp._, known as Okwe
+to the Benis. The spherically shaped fruit with four raised ribs on its
+surface is cut open and contains one large round nut. It is about one
+inch in diameter. This is boiled for a few hours and is then edible,
+after the thin dark-brown husk has been removed. It can be peeled off
+with the fingers. The nut has a pleasant mealy taste and is very
+satisfying. Further examination would show whether it contains a
+valuable oil, and in what quantity. So far it has not been cultivated.
+
+Of the Cucurbitaceæ, the seeds of _Citrullus vulgaris_, known as Ikpan
+by the Efiks or Egusi bara by the Yorubas, have been examined at the
+Imperial Institute[18] and found to contain from 40 to 41 per cent. of a
+pale-yellow oil. It is a common plant in the more open farms of the
+forest and does not demand a very high rainfall—45 inches. The natives
+use the kernels, after they have removed the hard skin, for making soup.
+It makes an excellent dish with rather a sweet taste. According to the
+investigations of the Imperial Institute[19] an analysis of the oil gave
+the following results:
+
+ Specific gravity at 15° C. 0·9184
+
+ Acid value 5·5
+
+ Saponification value 194·0
+
+ Iodine value 106·0
+
+ Hehner value 95·5
+
+ Titer test 36·0° C.
+
+The oil could be used for soap-making, and was valued at £29 per ton.
+
+In the family Moringeæ there is _Moringa pterygosperma_, the Ben oil-
+seed tree. It is a common tree of the upper part of the Oyo, Benin and
+Ogoja provinces of Nigeria. It is also found in Borgu and other of the
+Northern Provinces. On examination by the Imperial Institute the kernels
+were found to contain 38 per cent. of oil, pale-yellow in colour and of
+a pleasant taste. The kernel is difficult to extract. At the Imperial
+Institute[19] the analysis showed:
+
+ --------------+---------------------+---------------------+-----------
+ | No. 1 from | No. 2 from |No. 3 from
+ | Extracted Oil. | Decorticated Seed. |Undecorti-
+ | | |cated Seed.
+ +----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------
+ | Liquid. | Solid. | Cold | Hot | Hot
+ | | | Pressed. | Pressed. | Pressed.
+ --------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------
+ Specific | 0·914 | — | 0·902 | 0·898 | 0·913
+ gravity at | | | | |
+ 15/15° C. | | | | |
+ | | | | |
+ Acid value | 15·3 | — | 49·7 | 100·5 | 2·3
+ | | | | |
+ Saponification| 189·2 | 194·4 | 179·2 | 178·7 | 186·0
+ value | | | | |
+ | | | | |
+ Iodine value | 70·7 | 68·3 | 100·3 | 88·0 | 67·7
+ | | | | |
+ Unsaponifiable| — | — | 1·67 | 2·69 | —
+ matter | | | | |
+ --------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------
+
+ COMPOSITION OF CAKE FROM BEN SEEDS.
+
+ --------------------------------+-------------+---------------
+ | No. 2, | No. 3
+ |Decorticated.|Undecorticated.
+ --------------------------------+-------------+---------------
+ | Per cent. | Per cent.
+ | |
+ Moisture | 5·96 | 7·5
+ | |
+ Albuminoids | 24·12 } |
+ | } | 30·8
+ Other nitrogenous substances | 34·81 } |
+ | |
+ Fat | 11·27 | 14·5
+ | |
+ Fibre | 4·32 | 21·9
+ | |
+ Ash | 5·66 | 4·5
+ | |
+ Other non-nitrogenous substances| 13·86 | 20·9
+ --------------------------------+-------------+---------------
+
+From the Simarubeæ there is _Balanites Ægyptica_, Betu oil-tree of the
+Northern Provinces of Nigeria. Although it yields 58·7 per cent. of oil,
+the exploitation of it is almost impossible, owing to the difficulties
+in removing the husk, the external sugary pulp, and then the thick
+fibrous shell under the pulp. At the Imperial Institute,[20] Betu oil on
+analysis showed:
+
+ Specific gravity 0·919
+
+ Acid value 5·0
+
+ Saponification value 196·7
+
+ Iodine value 92·5
+
+ Hehner value 92·5
+
+ Reichert-Meissl value —
+
+ Unsaponifiable matter 0·6
+
+ Titer test 34·6° C. (approx.)
+
+The oil is a mixture; the results of analysis are as follows:
+
+ Per cent.
+
+ Olein 33
+
+ Linolein 33
+
+ Stearin and palmitin 34
+
+The family of Simarubeæ also contains the trees _Irvingia Barteri_ and
+_I. Smithii_. These yield the Dika nut, or, as it is sometimes called,
+Gaboon chocolate. The sun-dried kernels keep in a perfectly good
+condition for some time. According to the investigation of the Imperial
+Institute[20] the kernel contains about 43·5 of “Dika fat.” It would be
+useful either for soap or for candle making, and be worth from £25 to
+£27 per ton, and the Dika kernels are valued at from £10 to £12 per ton.
+Locally, however, they are often worth as much as this, but no doubt
+increased production would mean a reduction in price. So far the tree
+has only been planted in isolated instances, and otherwise is a forest
+tree which has been protected by the native for the value of its fruit.
+The decortication usually takes place near the tree, or in an open place
+where the nuts are split in half with a sharp matchet, which releases
+the kernel in the centre, and though often cut in half by this method,
+it apparently does not mean a large loss of oil to the kernel. According
+to the analysis of the Imperial Institute[20] the kernel showed:
+
+ ------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------
+ | Sample | Sample | Sample
+ | No. 1. | No. 2. | No. 3.
+ ------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------
+ Yield of fat (on kernels) per cent. | 54·3 | 60·1 | 66·3
+ | | |
+ Specific gravity at 100/15° C. | — | 0·863 | —
+ | | |
+ Acid value | 6·6 | 12·6 | 1·8
+ | | |
+ Saponification value |244·5 | 250·0 |243·8
+ | | |
+ Iodine value | 5·2 | 3·3 | 4·2
+ | | |
+ Unsaponifiable matter | 0·7 | — | —
+ | | |
+ Titer test | 34·8° C.| — | —
+ | | |
+ Melting-point of fat | — | — | 39·2°C.
+ ------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------
+
+Apparently an oil seed, probably Philiodiscus, a member of the
+Sapindaceæ family, has been examined at the Imperial Institute and has
+been found to contain a non-drying oil, which was free from taste and
+smell. It should, therefore, be of value for eating or for making a
+white soap.
+
+Sapotaceæ, _Butyrospermum Parkii_.—In recent years larger quantities of
+Shea nuts, which are the product of this tree, have been exported from
+West Africa, especially Nigeria, as also Shea butter, which is
+manufactured locally from the nuts. In the varieties Tengba and Bomo the
+quantity varied from “54·5 per cent. to 48 per cent.,” and these were
+obtained from the Southern Provinces of Nigeria. In the two varieties
+exported from the Northern Provinces, those known as Eko showed a length
+of nut varying from 1·5 to 2·5 inches, and the Giddouchi variety 1·4
+inches long. Owing to the wide prevalence of this tree much larger
+quantities could be exported, but many of the forests containing it are
+situated far away from means of transport, and no very suitable method
+has yet been found of manufacturing the butter on a big scale locally.
+At present it is made by certain women who know the process, which takes
+nearly three days to complete. According to the Imperial Institute the
+results of the analysis of Shea butter are:[21]
+
+ ---------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------
+ | From | Fat from | Fat from
+ | Lagos. |Untreated |Kiln-dried
+ | | Kernels. | Kernels.
+ ---------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------
+ Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C. | 0·862 | — | —
+ | | |
+ Acid value | 18·0 | 33·9 | 26·2
+ | | |
+ Saponification value |179·0 | 181·2 | 180·2
+ | | |
+ Iodine value | 58·7 | 59·4 | 55·8
+ | | |
+ Hehner value | 96·5 | — | —
+ | | |
+ Unsaponifiable value | 1·7 | — | —
+ | | |
+ Titer test | 52·0° C.| — | —
+ ---------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------
+
+The fat obtained from the Northern Provinces and the Gold Coast shows
+very similar contents.
+
+_Mimusops, sp. Djave?_.—The nuts of this species closely resemble those
+of the Shea Butter Tree. The nuts are a light-brown colour, about two
+inches long, and one to one and a half inches in diameter, with roundly
+pointed ends. Rather more than half the surface of the nut is smooth and
+shiny, and the other half is rough and dull, and the whole of it is very
+hard. When dry it is, however, comparatively easily separated from the
+kernel. The fresh kernels are cream-coloured. According to the Imperial
+Institute[21] the yield of fat extracted by solvents is 60·2 per cent.,
+or 37·7 per cent. from the whole nut. The fat is solid at ordinary
+temperatures. In 1913 some of these nuts were shipped from the Cross
+River and were valued in Liverpool as Shea nuts, only at a rather lesser
+rate. According to the Imperial Institute the analysis showed:
+
+ Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C. 0·860
+
+ Acid value 25·3
+
+ Saponification value 187·6
+
+ Iodine value 56·2
+
+ Hehner value 95·4
+
+ Reichert-Meissl value Nil
+
+ Unsaponifiable matter 2·6 approx.
+
+ Titer test 47·8° C.
+
+_Dumoria Heckeli?_ (Baco or Abaku).—Although the Gold Coast name is
+given, these nuts are also found in the Oban forest. The nuts are large,
+considerably longer than those of Mimusops, but rather thinner. They are
+of a pale-brown colour, with a thick, hard, woody shell, most of which
+is smooth and shiny, only one small part of the surface being rough and
+forming almost a nodule. According to the Imperial Institute[22]
+analysis of the Gold Coast samples, the whole nuts contain 21 per cent.
+of fat or 60·5 per cent. in the kernels alone. The fat is solid and of a
+creamy white colour. The soap-makers reported that it was about equal to
+middling quality palm oil. It is also stated that dried kernels in good
+condition would be worth £13 per ton. According to the Imperial
+Institute[22] analysis the fat showed:
+
+ Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C. 0·855
+
+ Acid value 34·7
+
+ Saponification value 188·4
+
+ Iodine value 51·3
+
+ Titer test 51·2° C.
+
+ Unsaponifiable matter 1·3
+
+The small nuts of _Mimusops multinervis_ and _M. lacera_ have not been
+examined as to their oil or other content. The hard nuts of _M. lacera_
+appear to contain a fair proportion of oil.
+
+In this family, too, are the nuts of _Chrysophyllum Africanum_ and other
+species, for which a use has yet not been found. Finally, there are the
+numerous and fine seeds of _Omphalocarpum elatum_, known as Ikassa by
+the Benis, which are probably also oil-bearing.
+
+The next important family is the Olacaceæ, _Heisteria parvifolia_, known
+as Ikereoha by the Benis. It yields an edible nut which is white on the
+exterior and has a black-coloured shell over the actual nut inside. It
+has not yet been exported or valued. The Benin and other natives are
+very fond of eating it.
+
+Then there is the nut of Ivialegbi (Benin), which is edible and has a
+pleasant taste. It is rather smaller than the Gaboon nut, and its
+surface is slightly striated from the sharp point of the nut to the
+base.
+
+In this family is found, too, _Coula edulis_, or the Gaboon nut. This is
+chiefly found in the Cameroons, but owing to similarity in the
+vegetation it is very probably growing in the Oban forest of the Anom
+range. The shell of the nut is very rough, and the outside is smoother
+than the inside. The shell can be cracked comparatively easily with a
+somewhat powerful blow with a hammer or axe-handle.
+
+From the Anonaceæ:
+
+ _Monodora tenuifolia_, African Nutmeg.
+
+ _M. myristica_, var. _grandis_, Calabar Nutmeg.
+
+ _M. brevipes_, Yellow-flowering Nutmeg.
+
+None of these nutmegs have yet been placed on the European market.
+Although they are all much smaller in size than the nutmeg of commerce,
+a proper examination would reveal any value they might possess.
+
+Although the Myristicaceæ, _Pycnanthus Kombo_, yield fat-bearing nuts,
+they have not been exported to the English market. The nut is the size
+of a small oval plum. The outer husk is hard and thick, but is
+comparatively easily broken. The inner nut is covered with a red aril
+spread out over it, similar to the mace over the common nutmeg
+(_Myristica fragrans_). The kernel is white inside, with dark rays
+penetrating it from the outside. The tree is very prevalent, and yields
+a large number of nuts. According to the investigation of the Imperial
+Institute[23] “the yield of solid fat was 54 per cent. It has an orange
+colour and a bitter taste.” The fat was stated to be suitable for soap
+and candle making and the meal as a manure. In Sierra Leone the nuts
+were known as Kpoye, and are identical with those known as “Kafu.”
+According to the chemical analysis made at the Imperial Institute the
+following results were obtained:
+
+ Specific gravity at 100/15° C. 0·886
+
+ Melting-point 48·5° C.
+
+ Saponification value 235 to 245
+
+ Acid value 21·0
+
+ Hehner value 90·8
+
+ Iodine value 48·9
+
+ Titer test 45·8° C.
+
+ ANALYSIS OF FAT FROM SIERRA LEONE KOMBO SEEDS.
+
+ ---------------------+--------+----------------
+ | | Fat Extracted
+ | Fat as | from Kernels
+ | Sent. | at Imperial
+ | | Institute.
+ ---------------------+--------+----------------
+ Specific gravity | 0·887 | 0·880
+ | |
+ Acid value | 33·0 | 31·4
+ | |
+ Saponification value |231 | 236
+ | |
+ Iodine value | 67·6 | 59·0
+ ---------------------+--------+----------------
+
+Of the Meliaceæ there is _Carapa Guineensis_ (_C. procera_, D.C.), which
+yields the Carapa oil. The nuts are roughly tetrahedral in shape, having
+a rough reddish-brown shell enclosing one large kernel covered with a
+pale-brown papery skin. Good kernels yield about 57 per cent. of oil by
+extraction with solvents and 46·7 per cent. by pressure (27 per cent. on
+cold and 22 per cent. on heating); it is of a pale-yellow colour and has
+a bitter taste. The commercial value of the oil was stated in 1907 to be
+£20 10s. per ton according to the valuations made by the Imperial
+Institute,[24] and from the same authority we find the Carapa cake is of
+a very low manurial value, and is only stated to be worth about £2 per
+ton. Some dark-coloured kernels were bought in 1909 at £11 5s. per ton,
+and light kernels at £11 10s. per ton. According to the Imperial
+Institute the results were as follows:
+
+ ---------------------------+-----------------+----------------
+ |Cold Pressed Oil.|Hot Pressed Oil.
+ ---------------------------+-----------------+----------------
+ Specific gravity at 40° C. | 0·9179 | 0·9174
+ | |
+ „ „ 15° C. | 0·9272 | 0·9327
+ | |
+ Saponification value | 197·1 | 196·4
+ | |
+ Iodine value | 75·6 | 71·2
+ | |
+ Reichert-Meissl value | 3·5 | 3·1
+ | |
+ Unsaponifiable matter | 1·5 | 2·0
+ | |
+ Titer test | 35·4° C. | 36·1° C.
+ ---------------------------+-----------------+----------------
+
+ CARAPA CAKE.
+
+ Per cent.
+
+ Moisture 9·8
+
+ Ash 5·9
+
+ Nitrogen 2·9
+
+The ash contained:
+
+ Per cent.
+ (calculated on Cake).
+
+ Potash, K₂O 1·91
+
+ Lime, CaO 0·18
+
+ Phosphoric anhydride, P₂O₅ 0·51
+
+Apocynaceæ.—Although the seeds of _Funtumia elastica_ yield oil, it was
+not favourably reported on. Perhaps now, with the greater value of all
+the oil seeds, some use could be made of it.
+
+Ebenaceæ, _Diospyros Barteri_.—This yields the Ebony nut, which is
+small, but edible. The Benin natives are very fond of it. It has not
+been exported.
+
+_Diospyros crassiflora_ or _Diospyros dendo_ have a fruit about the size
+of a large green plum, which contains four long, thin, almond-like nuts,
+which have rather a bitter taste. Although evidently oil-bearing, they
+have not been properly examined or tested as to the exact content of oil
+or other products.
+
+Rosaceæ.—Although the _Chrysobalanus sp._, or Niko nut, is comparatively
+well known, it is by no means fully utilized. Then there is _Parinarium
+Gabunense_, yielding the Mahogany nut, of uncertain value.
+
+Anacardiaceæ.—The _Anacardium occidentale_, yielding the Cashew nut, is
+so far only utilized near Lagos, where it is growing as a garden escape.
+No proper plantations have yet been made of this tree.
+
+Amongst the Palmæ, besides the Oil Palm, we have the Bottle Toddy or Fan
+Palm, _Borassus flabellifer_, yielding three or four nuts in each fruit.
+These are oil containing, but of unknown value. Considering the large
+areas in all the West African Colonies where the Fan Palm is found, some
+use should be made of the large number of nuts produced.
+
+Then we have Hyphæne, the Doum Palm, which yields a nut used for making
+buttons. Here, again, the large quantities which are found in Africa
+ensure a steady amount of produce being placed on the market, provided a
+remunerative price is always paid for the nuts. Finally there is _Phœnix
+dactylifera_, the Date Palm. Although this is more of a fruit than a
+nut, it is included here, as it is found in the forest groves of the
+North. Considering the value of its produce and the constant demand
+there is for it, a wide extension of its area of cultivation is to be
+recommended.
+
+Ochnaceæ, _Lophira alata_.—This is the dwarf Red Ironwood tree, which
+yields the “Niam” fat or “Meni” oil. The fruit is roughly conical,
+consisting of a reddish-brown fibrous shell, enclosing one kernel. The
+kernel is conical in shape, and about five-eighths of an inch in width.
+The inside is a pale-yellow colour. The fruit has two uneven-sized
+wings, the larger being over an inch in length and nearly half an inch
+in width. According to the Imperial Institute[25] the fat is semi-solid
+and of a yellowish colour. The kernel contains 31·1 to 43 per cent. of
+fat. The fat is suitable for soap-making.
+
+According to the analysis of the Imperial Institute the results were as
+follows: For soap-making it is considered to be of the same value as
+palm oil, i.e. in November 1911, at Liverpool, £30 to £31 per ton. The
+cake obtained from it closely resembled Shea-nut cake and was of a
+similar value, i.e. about £3 per ton in Liverpool. The decorticated
+kernels, which contained about 40 per cent. of oil, were valued at about
+£10 per ton c.i.f. at Liverpool in October 1911. These kernels should
+find a ready market in Europe for soap-making, and the cake to be used
+as a manure. As the tree is one of the commonest in the dry-zone
+forests, ample supplies of the nuts should be always forthcoming,
+providing an adequate price to pay for the cost of production is paid
+for them.
+
+ TABLE I.
+
+ _Yield of Fat._
+
+ ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+ | A. | B. | C. | D. | E.
+ ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+ Product received | Fruits |Kernels | Fruits | Kernels |Kernels
+ | | | | |
+ Condition of kernels | Mostly | Good | Many | Good | fairly
+ | sound | | partly | | good
+ | | |decomposed| |
+ | | | | |
+ Yield of fat (per | 31·19 | 43·0 | 39·6 | 41·16 | 41·76
+ cent. calculated on | | | | |
+ weight of kernels | | | | |
+ used) | | | | |
+ ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+
+ TABLE II.
+
+ _Constants of Fat._
+
+ ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+ | A. | B. | C. | D. | E.
+ ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+ Specific gravity | 0·9105| 0·9044| 0·9044 | 0·9019 | 0·9016
+ | | | | |
+ Acid value | 18·54 | 25·9 | 33·2 | 47·5 | 48·0
+ | | | | |
+ Saponification value |195·6 |181·5 | 194·6 |180·7 |183·3
+ | | | | |
+ Iodine value | 68·4 | 69·8 | 70·3 | 72·1 | 72·5
+ | | | | |
+ Reichert-Meissl value | — | 0·9 | 0·9 | 0·8 | 0·8
+ | | | | |
+ Unsaponifiable matter | 1·49 | 0·5 | — | — | 0·86
+ | | | | |
+ Titer test | — | 49·0°C.| 47·0° C.| 47·5° C.| 48·5°
+ | | | | | C.
+ ----------------------+--------+--------+----------+---------+--------
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 102.—=Oil Palm (Elæis Guineensis), eight years old,
+in bearing, showing nine out of the twenty-one bunches of fruit on the
+tree.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 103.—=Seven-year-old Oil Palm in bearing, rather
+over-pruned, showing male inflorescence just below boy’s finger and
+bunch of fruit in the middle of the picture.=]
+
+ To face p. 460.
+
+Closely allied to the above is _Lophira procera_, the Red Ironwood Tree,
+which yields the Kaku or Ebba kernels. The fruit is usually more sharply
+conical in shape than that from _L. alata_. The fruits are small, owing
+to the fact that these large forest trees grow closely amongst others,
+and the fruits are not so fully developed or filled out as those of _L.
+alata_. _L. alata_ usually grows in the open freely, or at most only
+just touching a neighbouring tree, and thus the fruit has ample light
+for its development. According to the investigations of the Imperial
+Institute, the nuts were found to yield 55·2 per cent. of fat, which was
+solid and cream-coloured. Owing to the fact that this is a larger yield
+than that obtained from the nuts of _L. alata_, the decorticated kernels
+were valued at £12 per ton c.i.f. Liverpool. This tree is one of the
+most prevalent in the evergreen forests of Nigeria, the Gold Coast, and
+Sierra Leone, so that very considerable amounts of the seeds could be
+obtained, provided a remunerative price is paid to cover the cost of
+production. According to the analysis made at the Imperial Institute[26]
+the kernels contain:
+
+ Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C. 0·859
+
+ Acid value 11·6
+
+ Saponification value 190
+
+ Iodine value 60
+
+ Unsaponifiable value 0·8
+
+Guttiferæ, _Pentadesma Butyracea_.—The Tallow Tree. From this a large
+number of fat-yielding kernels are obtained from each fruit. The nuts
+are irregular tetrahedral shape. The shell is not very thick and easily
+broken when the nuts are dry. When fresh the kernel is lightish-yellow
+in colour, and the nut is brown. According to the investigations of the
+Imperial Institute the fat obtained is of a pale-yellow colour, and has
+a pleasant smell and taste. In smell, in fact, it is very much like Shea
+butter.
+
+On analysis it showed:
+
+ Specific gravity at 100/15·5° C. 0·859
+
+ Acid value 3·6
+
+ Saponification value 190·1
+
+ Iodine value 41·8
+
+ Titer test 50·7° C.
+
+ Hehner value 95·0
+
+ Unsaponifiable matter 1·7
+
+ Reichert-Meissl value Nil
+
+The samples from the Southern Provinces of Nigeria showed rather a lower
+saponification and iodine value.
+
+From its appearance and chemical constants it seems possible that this
+fat might be used in the manufacture of edible fats. The kernels were
+valued, when in good and dry condition, at from £8 to £10 per ton in the
+United Kingdom.
+
+_Allanblackia floribunda_.—The numerous nuts or kernels from the large
+fruits of this tree have not yet been used for any commercial purpose.
+They appear to contain an oil. In this family, too, there is
+_Ochrocarpus Africanus_, which has the large edible fruit known as the
+African Mammee Apple. This also yields large nuts of an uncertain value,
+which are apparently oil or fat bearing.
+
+_Garcinia conrauna_.—The nuts of this, the false or bitter Cola, besides
+yielding an edible fruit, are used locally, but further investigations
+would show whether they would obtain a regular market as an export
+product.
+
+Polygalaceæ, “Cheyi” seed, _Polygala butyracea_, Heck.—This is a common
+herbaceous plant of West Africa. The seeds yield a valuable edible fat.
+They are about a fifth of an inch long and a tenth of an inch broad. The
+seeds are of a brownish-black outside and a greenish-yellow inside.
+According to the investigations of the Imperial Institute “the seeds
+yielded 39·7 per cent. of a soft yellowish fat. The taste of it was
+pleasant, and there was no odour.” According to the Imperial Institute
+analysis the “Cheyi” fat showed:
+
+ ------------------------+---------------+------------------
+ |Present Sample.|Results previously
+ | | Recorded.
+ ------------------------+---------------+------------------
+ Melting-point | 36° C. | —
+ | |
+ Specific gravity at | 0·866 | —
+ 100/15·5° C. | |
+ | |
+ Acid value | 1·24 | 11·4
+ | |
+ Saponification value | 251·0 | 253·0
+ | |
+ Iodine value | 52·5 | 49·4
+ | |
+ Titer test | 37·85° C. | —
+ | |
+ Hehner value | 85·6 | —
+ | |
+ Reichert-Meissl value | 45·6 | 45·5
+ ------------------------+---------------+------------------
+
+“The edible fat manufacturers stated that ‘Cheyi’ fat was suitable for
+their purpose if it could be proved that it did not contain a poison,
+and valued the seeds at £13 to £14 per ton. The oil-seed crushers valued
+the seeds at £12 per ton in the United Kingdom.”
+
+N.O. Bixaceæ, according to Thonner, Flacourtiaceæ, _Oncoba echinata_,
+Oliver.—This tree bears a large number of seeds, which are known as
+“Gorli” seeds. The seeds are long and irregularly shaped, and vary from
+a quarter to three-eighths of an inch long, and from one-eighth to
+three-sixteenths of an inch broad. The stiff husk is brown in colour.
+The seeds without husks are white, waxy and soft. According to the
+Imperial Institute investigations the seeds contain 46·6 of fat, which
+is hard, white and crystalline. Although the soap made from it was
+satisfactory, it did not lose the very peculiar odour which the fat has.
+The cake and fat cannot be used as a food because of the large amount of
+chaulmoogric acid contained in it, an acid which causes vomiting. The
+fat might possibly be of value in candle-making. According to the
+Imperial Institute analysis the seeds showed:
+
+ ANALYSIS OF “GORLI” SEEDS.
+
+ -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+ |Sample I.|Sample II.
+ -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+ |Per cent.|Per cent.
+ | |
+ Moisture | 5·8 | 5·8
+ | |
+ Fat | 46·6 | 46·6
+ | |
+ Crude proteins | 17·5 | 18·1
+ | |
+ Consisting of— | |
+ | |
+ True proteins | 11·3 | 10·2
+ | |
+ Other nitrogenous substances | 6·2 | 7·9
+ | |
+ Soluble carbohydrates | Nil | Nil
+ | |
+ Starch, etc. | 11·8 | 12·1
+ | |
+ Crude fibre | 15·6 | 14·7
+ | |
+ Ash | 2·7 | 2·7
+ -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+
+ ANALYSIS OF “GORLI” FAT.
+
+ -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+ | No. I. | No. II.
+ -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+ Specific gravity at 15·5° C. | 0·898 | 0·896
+ | |
+ Acid value | 4·5 | 22·4
+ | |
+ Saponification value |192·4 |193·9
+ | |
+ Iodine value | 99·7 | 96·8
+ | |
+ Titer test | 57·8° C.| 57·8° C.
+ | |
+ Hehner value | 96·5 | 96·5
+ | |
+ Reichert-Meissl value | Nil | Nil
+ | |
+ Unsaponifiable matter | 1·6 | 1·3
+ -------------------------------+---------+-----------
+
+The nut of Ogbogo, a Benin tree, is as yet unvalued, though it appears
+to be an oil-yielding fruit. There is, too, the long almond-shaped nut
+of Oktobun. Although it has a somewhat hard shell, the nut is very large
+in proportion, and the kernel seems to be rich in oil. So far no use has
+been made of it.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER XII
+
+ THE OIL PALM AND PALM KERNEL INDUSTRY
+
+
+1. ÆSTHETIC ASPECT.—A most familiar sight to everyone visiting a farm in
+the southern part of Nigeria is the charming grace of the fronds of the
+Oil Palm in the clearings near the house. The long, straight,
+cylindrical, undivided stem, crowned by a large tuft of broad green palm
+leaves, easily distinguishes the Oil Palm (_Elæis Guineensis_) from the
+Tombo (_Raphia vinifera_), which has a thinner stem, clothed from the
+base to the top with 40-feet long heavy fronds, the undersides being
+silvery and the upper part light green. In certain times of the year
+huge bunches of yellow grape-like fruits hang quite 4 feet down from the
+narrow crown of this tree. It is most noteworthy that the Tombo Palm is
+found growing in or near a swamp, and only occasionally planted as an
+avenue tree on drier land, whereas the Oil Palm is usually found in the
+hard and drier ground and only occasionally in the swamp. The Oil Palm
+is much larger than another Wine Palm, _Raphia Hookeri_, which is
+similar but smaller than _Raphia vinifera_, the growth being similar but
+the seeds smaller.
+
+_Raphia Ruffia_ is a small swamp palm, with practically no stem, but a
+large number of long, thin, and somewhat light, pendulous fronds.
+
+Most visitors to West Africa are quite familiar with the huge casks of
+orange-coloured or yellow oil, which often leaks on to the deck of the
+ship, and the peculiar, rather nauseatingly pungent odour of the
+“sweating” kernel bags.
+
+1_a_. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE OIL PALM TREE, FRUIT AND NUT.—From the
+railway carriage we can see numerous groves of Oil Palms, as well as
+isolated specimens, almost continuously for the first 60 miles from
+Lagos, and more isolated for the next 180 miles. With few exceptions the
+Oil Palm is a single stemmed tree, one notable forked tree being seen on
+the northern side of the Nigerian Railway, a little more than three
+miles before reaching Ibadan. In this case an oil palm nut may have
+become embedded in an old leaf stalk sheath and subsequently sprouted,
+thus forming a separate tree growing on the other, which in the course
+of time has become joined up.
+
+It will be noticeable that in passing through the heavy forest near
+Olokemeji few or no Oil Palms are seen. This forest, however, is
+situated really within the area of the natural distribution of the Oil
+Palm. The Oil Palm, however, needs a good deal of light for its
+development, and those trees seen in the heavy forest are very tall,
+often over 100 feet high, with comparatively short leaves and a small
+number of them forming the crown of the tree (see illustration 102). On
+the other hand, wherever a clearing has been made in the forest, for
+instance near Awowo, the older Oil Palms are shorter in stem, often
+being not more than 20 feet in height. Another instance of this is seen
+in the farms near Badagry, where the trees are often only 15 to 20 feet
+high, and the stem itself only 10 feet in length. In each of these cases
+it will be noticed that the trees are standing quite free, with no
+overhanging vegetation. From the first they have been in this position,
+and the leaves have had room to spread almost 20 feet all round, thus
+giving the tree the maximum amount of moisture and other food material.
+
+Amongst these trees, Oil Palm seedlings will be seen to spread out over
+the ground almost at once, even when only the secondary and tertiary
+leaves have grown. In the forest, however, the leaves go almost straight
+up, and only after some years have elapsed spread more as they dominate,
+or try to overgrow, other seedling forest trees.
+
+2. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF TREE, FRUIT, ETC.—An Oil Palm starts male
+flowers when three years old, and these are borne one to three years
+before the female flowers appear. The male and female flowers are both
+found on the same tree, the male above the female in the axils of the
+leaves. There are two cycles of leaves younger than the female flower.
+The Oil Palm fruit is formed first by the kernel surrounded by shell,
+then the fibrous pulp containing the palm oil. The ripe fruit is of a
+brilliant brick-red colour, the unripe fruit being always black at the
+point and only red near the base, where it is covered by neighbouring
+fruits. When ripe they fall from the bunch, and it is especially
+noticeable that each bunch of fruit grows out of alternate leaf axils,
+alternating also with the whorls or cycles of growth (illustration 60).
+
+The female flowers are very minute, and in the earlier years each bunch
+is rather smaller than a man’s hand. The centre of the flower is orange,
+coloured with a bluish tip, and scarcely lasts a week. On the other
+hand, the male inflorescence is like a compact horse’s tail, composed of
+closely packed pollenated stamens. Owing to the different years in which
+the male and female inflorescence appear, it is probable that cross-
+fertilization takes place.
+
+2_a_. DISTRIBUTION OF THE OIL PALM.—The Oil Palm is found from Sierra
+Leone to Lake Chad, down to Ambriz, and eastward to the borders of
+German East Africa.
+
+The Palm Belt, according to Millbourne, is 3,000 miles in length, and
+varies from 150 to 300 miles in width.
+
+It is estimated that there are six or seven million Oil Palms behind
+Loanda inland, though this sounds rather exaggerated.
+
+In Nigeria it is most widely distributed in the Southern Provinces, and
+the densest “stands” are found in each of the river basins wherever the
+forest has been cleared (see illustration 103).
+
+Wherever the dry season is very prolonged and the locality shows a
+shallow soil, overlying laterite or rock, the Oil Palm first of all
+appears after the forest has been cut down. After a few years the trees
+are subject to annual grass-fires, and while still bearing fruit they
+begin to fail and scarcely last half the ordinary period of their life.
+Localities of that nature are found in the Afikpo, Onitsha, Ifon, and
+parts of the Ibadan districts.
+
+The Oil Palm is also one of the first trees to appear after the mangrove
+swamp and Tombo Palm region is passed in going through the forest zones
+from the coast inwards.
+
+2_b_. VARIETIES OF THE OIL PALM.—These, according to Professor O.
+Beccari, of Florence, are as follows:
+
+ _Elæis Guineensis_.
+
+ Var. _albescens_. White Oil Palm. Abe-fita or Abe-fufu (Gold Coast).
+
+ _Angulosa_. Oleporo Eyop (Old Calabar).
+
+ _Ceredia_. Adi-be (Gold Coast).
+
+ _Communis_. Udin (Benin).
+
+ _Communis forma, dura_. Ade-pa (Gold Coast).
+
+ _Idolatrica_. Sacred Palm. Abe-Obene (Gold Coast).
+
+ _Intermedia_.
+
+ _Macrocarpa_.
+
+ _Macrocarya_. Abubube (Gold Coast).
+
+ _Pisifera_.
+
+ _Repandra_. Kessede.
+
+ _Rostrata_. Mbana Oyop (Old Calabar).
+
+The Benin people differentiate the Udin or ordinary palm from Ogedin or
+the King Palm on account of its having smaller bunches of fruit, each
+fruit being longer and having a softer shell. They also treat
+Evirommilla or the Palm of Everlasting Life as a separate species. The
+Yorubas, however, consider that there are three species of Oil Palm.
+
+According to the German experiments in the Cameroons, the Lisombe or
+soft-shell Oil Palm does not come up true to type, approximately only 5
+to 10 per cent. growing to the true variety. From the locality in which
+the Lisombe Palm was and is found, it looks as if the high rainfall
+(over 300 inches) had really been one of the main factors in evolving
+this type of Oil Palm. In fact, natives who know the ordinary Oil Palm
+and the soft-shell Oil Palm say it is rather a matter of taste as to
+which is the better of the two. Apparently it depends on what commodity
+the native is dealing in, kernels or oil, as to whether it pays better
+to get plenty of oil, and obtain the kernels more easily from the soft-
+shelled Oil Palm, or an average amount of oil and larger kernels
+obtained with more difficulty from the ordinary Oil Palm. On the whole,
+the Lisombe Palm does not seem to yield on an average more pericarp oil
+than the ordinary Benin or Yoruba Oil Palm growing in a farm in the
+usual moist-zone climate. Certainly the kernel of the Lisombe Palm is
+much smaller than the ordinary Oil Palm. A further point to be
+considered, too, is that the bunch of Lisombe Oil Palm fruit is smaller
+on the average than the bunch of the ordinary Oil Palm.
+
+However, it may be noted that the natives of the southern part of the
+Ogoja district, especially the Ndeh and Befun people, plant a species of
+soft-shelled palm near the villages. Of course, in this locality the Oil
+Palm is not found in very large quantities, and the seeds for these
+groves were obtained from a good distance away, probably near the Cross
+River.
+
+3. THE GROWING OF THE OIL PALM—DISTRIBUTION OF SEED BY FARMERS, PARROTS,
+MONKEYS.—In the forest country a clearing is made some distance away
+from the village by the native to make a new farm. In clearing and
+cutting down the forest, few or no Oil Palms are met with, so that the
+farmer’s wife brings palm fruit or oil to the new farm, in order that
+they may have palm oil to eat. Having made the oil, the nuts are put out
+in the open to dry, with the intention of their being cracked later on.
+However, they lie about some months, and rodents of various kinds, such
+as rats and the hyrax (a squirrel-like animal), carry some of these away
+into the farm. Some farmers, too, pick up a few and scatter them over
+the farm. In the course of a year or two Oil Palm seedlings appear,
+where they are left amongst the other vegetation when the farm is
+abandoned. In this way, instead of the original thick forest there is a
+more or less dense grove of young Oil Palms. In other places the parrots
+may bring nuts from the neighbouring forests or other old farms, and
+these, falling in the clearing, also help to make a palm forest.
+
+The native also, after he has picked the bunches of fruit, puts them
+down in some convenient place on the roadside. Some of the nuts become
+scattered, which subsequently sprout and form additional groves of
+palms, especially where the larger trees near the roadside fall, or are
+cut down, thus giving more light to the young seedlings.
+
+Again, when the bunch of fruit is ripe on the tree, it is not often
+immediately cut off, and many of the ripe nuts thus fall to the ground.
+These subsequently grow, forming almost thickets of Oil Palms, instead
+of the one from which the original seed was obtained. A similar process
+takes place on a bigger scale in the more distantly situated forests,
+where the natives do not collect the fruit at all. Here, all the nuts
+gradually fall off the tree, more or less forming a circle 10 to 15 feet
+away from the trunk. If any clearings take place in these localities,
+they rapidly appear to become filled up with Oil Palms, which in reality
+were already there as little tiny seedlings amongst the herbs and
+undergrowth, ready to make use of any additional light or growing space
+to develop fully.
+
+4. FRUIT-BEARING AGE OF OIL PALM.—Under these conditions, where the
+seedling Oil Palms stand only a few inches, or at the most 4 or 5 feet
+apart, the growth is very constricted, with the result that no flowers
+or fruit appear before the fifteenth or twentieth year. Each stem is
+excessively thin, and tends to grow upwards like an ordinary forest
+tree, rather than forming a very short, almost negligible length of
+stem, but nearly 1 foot in diameter, as is typical of the palm family in
+the earlier years of its growth. Contrary to the above, where the Oil
+Palm comes up in a more open place the leaves do not tend upwards, but
+outwards, arching over with the leaf stalk at an angle of about 45° to
+the ground. The leaves themselves, instead of being long and thin and
+with a long length of green stalk, soon spread out fully 20 inches on
+either side of the main stalk, thus giving the plant more food material
+and making it grow more quickly. Then, in the fourth or fifth year,
+bunches of fruit, each containing from twenty-five to thirty nuts, are
+formed out of the female flower. Each bunch, which is the size of a
+man’s fist at this age, increases to nearly 2 feet in length and 1 foot
+in diameter at maturity. However, each bunch of fruit, having been
+formed against the stem of the palm and in the axil of the leaf stalk,
+is very much compressed, especially at the base. As an experiment, when
+the fruit is beginning to ripen, the leaf stalk just immediately below
+the base of the fruit stalk is removed; gradually then the bunch of
+fruit droops a little and develops more fully at the base, owing to
+having more space. More light thus reaches the fruit sideways, and the
+period of ripening is accelerated by three weeks.
+
+5. OIL PALM PLANTATIONS AND CROPS.—As a result of the greater spreading
+out of the leaves of the young palm and the more sessile habit of the
+stem in the earlier stages of growth, light penetrates more intensely
+into the fruit-bearing axils of the tree, thus increasing the size of
+each bunch.
+
+In the Calabar Arboretum, some Oil Palms were cleaned and the ground
+thoroughly cultivated in two successive years. In the first year one
+tree bore fourteen bunches of fruit, and in the second year it bore
+twenty-two bunches. No manure was placed on the ground, and the soil was
+distinctly poor and sandy—in fact, the natives in the locality said the
+land was of no use and could not be used for farms (see illustration
+102).
+
+In another case, in Benin, the Oil Palms, which were first sown at stake
+and subsequently transplanted, bore fruit in the fifth year. Contrary to
+expectation, the transplanted Oil Palm seedlings developed the secondary
+and tertiary leaves within a few months after the transplanting had
+taken place, whereas those sown at stake continued with only two spiky
+leaves for almost the first year of their growth. As the tree gets
+older, the number of bunches of fruit borne gets less, though each bunch
+is fully five times the size of the first fruiting bunches of the fifth
+year.
+
+In most districts about five bunches of fruit ripen each year, and each
+bunch bears from 1,200 to 2,000 nuts (from the best trees). It is always
+noticeable that the palms growing in the open, free from surrounding
+trees, produce the finest bunches and the greatest number of nuts. On
+this point of the yield of bunches per annum further investigations are
+necessary, as it is by no means proved that an average of five bunches
+per annum is the maximum number for a mature Oil Palm.
+
+In the Togo Plantations (251 acres), it was noticeable that in the more
+favourable climate of Atakpame and Bassari the Oil Palm bore in the
+fifth year, whereas in the drier climate of Jendi the trees first bore
+fruit in the seventh year. In illustration No. 19 the amount of growth
+shows clearly from year to year, more especially in the difference in
+the size of the leaf. The relative shortness of the stem is distinctly
+seen, showing up when compared with the natural forest-grown Oil Palms
+in illustration 20. In addition, there is the Agu Plantation in Togo.
+Thus far very few Oil Palm plantations have been made, those in the
+Cameroons being the most extensive. However, these are almost too young,
+or to some extent mixed up with the original forest-grown Oil Palms, for
+conclusive results to be shown.
+
+In the Central Circle in 1906 a communal plantation was made at Okokwo,
+but the natives have not yet found the necessity of extending it.
+
+Between the Kwa and the Akwayefe Rivers, going along the Akpaboyo Road,
+the Oil Palms are so evenly distributed that they almost appear to be
+one great plantation. However, the locality is very favourable to the
+Oil Palm; the original forest has been largely cut down and the natives
+have allowed the Oil Palms to stand wherever they did not hinder farming
+operations. Owing to the fact that the Oil Palm has spread, and is
+spreading, in those parts of the Southern Provinces of Nigeria and
+elsewhere where the rainfall is between 60 and 150 inches per annum,
+there has thus far, from the native point of view, been no incentive to
+plant more Oil Palms. In fact, with the increasing amount of general
+work going on, combined with the comparatively high price obtained for
+palm oil and kernels, there is less necessity for the native to gather
+all the palm fruit that has grown. It has been noticed that the
+cultivated Oil Palm, or Oil Palms growing in an open place, only reach
+about one-quarter the height of the forest-grown Oil Palms, which attain
+a height of over 100 feet (see illustrations 60).
+
+With cultivated trees it is possible in the earlier fruiting years to
+stand on the ground and gather the fruit from the palms, and even in
+later years only a short ladder is necessary in order to reach it. It is
+really on this problem of the height of the palm-tree that the chief
+collection of the fruit depends, and also the total output from the Oil
+Palm forests. Further investigations are necessary to decide as to how
+far it is possible to retard the height-growth of the Oil Palm for as
+long as possible, while accelerating the radial growth, or at any rate
+increasing the thickening of the stem. Varying planting distances have
+been tried, such as 16 feet 3 inches each way, 17 feet 9 inches in the
+German experiments in Togo, but 23 feet each way in the Cameroons. In
+one case teak (_Tectona grandis_) had been mixed with it. On the whole,
+in ordinarily favourable localities, a planting distance of 24 feet each
+way appears to be the most suitable. For the first five to ten years at
+least agricultural crops could be grown in between, until the Oil Palms
+had spread out so as to cover the ground almost entirely. Few or no
+experiments have yet been undertaken in selecting and planting only the
+biggest nuts of the most prolific variety, which, according to Mr.
+Farquhar’s report, _The Oil Palm and its Varieties_, is the A-sog-e-jub,
+which contains 48 per cent. of pericarp oil.
+
+It has at any rate been demonstrated by the natives that Oil Palms which
+have been tended yield bigger bunches and bear larger nuts, but only by
+actual experiments in selected areas or plantations can it be proved
+exactly how much more produce is obtained, and the extra financial yield
+over and above the increased cost of cultivation, etc.
+
+According to various commercial calculations, it has been estimated that
+only £1 per ton can be paid for the ripe fruit at the oil or kernel
+crushing mill.
+
+Owing to the comparative wide distance (24 feet) at which the Oil Palm
+should be planted, for the first few years it is possible to plant some
+catch crops. One of the cheapest ways of forming Oil Palm plantations
+would be to take over an area fairly well covered with self-sown Oil
+Palms up to 12 or 15 feet in height. After choosing the best and marking
+these, the rest should be gradually thinned out by tapping them for palm
+wine, which could be sold. A crop of water-melon, or Egusi bara
+(_Citrullus vulgaris_) of the Yorubas, could be planted over two-thirds
+of the ground between the Oil Palm plants and trees, leaving sufficient
+space for their growth and about equal to the spread of their foliage in
+each case. After this crop has been gathered in August or September, a
+crop of Awuje (Yoruba name) beans could be planted, which would again be
+ready for picking by December. In each case the haulms and dried leaves
+of the plants, after the crop is gathered, should be burnt in small
+heaps and the ashes scattered over the soil. At the beginning of the
+following year the ground could be got ready again and a crop of maize
+sown in a similar way, covering a half to two-thirds of the ground
+between the plants. This could be followed by another crop of water-
+melon, which would act as soil-covering during the rainy season, and
+again another crop of beans in the autumn. In turn this could be
+followed, after similar treatment as before, at the beginning of the
+third year, by a crop of yams (_Dioscorea sp._). Probably owing to the
+growth of the palms it would only be possible to have one row down the
+middle of the line between the palms. The species of yam should not be
+too large, so that the ridges or yam heaps could be heaped up if
+necessary with a plough and not by hand, as is usually done. The
+following autumn another crop of beans could be planted, and the next
+year, if the soil was light and suitable, a crop of ground nuts could be
+grown as a double row between the Oil Palms. In the following autumn a
+crop of beans could be grown again. In the following year, the fifth,
+some of the Oil Palms would be in bearing and yield the first returns.
+Bananas could then be planted as a single row between the lines of Oil
+Palms and would bear in the following year, thus supplementing the
+second yield of oil and kernels. By these means the whole cost of
+cultivation should at any rate be covered by the sale of the produce
+grown, partially to the labourers and otherwise outside, for export, and
+perhaps even a profit made over and above the cost. In the eleventh or
+twelfth year the bananas would be practically or entirely covered by the
+Oil Palms, and thus have to be cut down and to some extent uprooted.
+Their leaves, however, would form a good mulch for the soil, and at any
+rate act as an effective soil-covering, thus preventing the growth of
+weeds.
+
+It is doubtful whether it would be wise to plant bananas right from the
+start in even one line, not to speak of two amongst the Oil Palms, owing
+to the extraordinary amount of moisture taken from the ground by the
+banana. In some cases, on the better soils, they might be introduced in
+the third year. Cassava, _Manihot utilissima_, is rather too exacting a
+crop to be suitable for planting amongst the Oil Palms. It is very
+liable to impoverish the soil. Then, too, as far as Nigeria is
+concerned, it is not a very paying crop, yielding at the most about 14s.
+per acre after all expenses have been paid. In all the above cases we
+are taking it for granted that the Oil Palm has been planted at, or
+thinned out to, a distance of 24 feet between each tree. On the poorer
+soils the distance might no doubt be 18 to 20 feet, and on the very best
+probably a distance of 30 feet will not be found excessive. Where lime
+or other manure is available and comparatively cheap, and in some cases
+heaps of humus from the outskirts of villages, it would pay to put this
+on the land in the late autumn when the ashes from the previous crops
+are being spread on the land. In addition to these crops, careful
+surface cultivation round each Oil Palm is essential, not only to
+prevent the growth of weeds but also to keep the aeration of the soil
+good, prevent the desiccating effects of the dry season, and accelerate
+the growth of the Oil Palm. Besides planting these crops by directly
+paid labour under European supervision, using as many modern labour-
+saving appliances as possible, parts of a plantation could no doubt be
+let out at a nominal rent to the natives, even to some of the labourers,
+to work it in their own time, but only planting such crops as would fit
+in with the rotation and not lead to the impoverishment of the soil.
+Apparently the greatest danger to the tropical soil is to leave it bare
+for any length of time. In the rainy season all the mineral matter and
+tilth is liable to be washed away, and in the dry season fissures are
+formed in it, and if it is at all argillaceous it is liable to be dried
+out for a depth of over 2 feet. Constant covering is thus necessary to
+ensure the growth of the Oil Palm.
+
+6. DESTRUCTION OF OIL PALMS.—This is carried out for the following
+purposes: For farming (Onitsha) and making palm wine. Sometimes many of
+these trees are destroyed by fire in the Ahoada Okigwi, North Owerri,
+Afikpo, Abakaliki, Ogaya, and Obudu. Grubs, too, are a very frequent
+source of destruction among them. The trees are tapped in the Yoruba
+country to obtain palm wine, but it is not known exactly to what extent
+this reduces the yield of palm oil and kernels. On the whole it is
+harmful, owing to the fact that insect and other pests can obtain
+entrance to the tree through the holes made in tapping it. With the
+steadily rising price of gin the tapping of the Oil Palm is increasing
+annually, resulting in a destruction of many thousand trees each year,
+chiefly in the Obubra and Ikom districts, and to a lesser extent by
+tapping the trees in the Yoruba country. Wherever the rainfall does not
+exceed much over 50 inches and the soil of the locality is shallow over
+laterite or some rock formation, the fires become usually an annual
+occurrence. The Oil Palms which at first come up on the clearing of the
+forests then get burnt, and after a few years cease to grow faster than
+the leaves are burned each year, and subsequently die. In a similar way
+the young seedlings which may come up are very easily killed by these
+annually recurring fires, and thus the whole district is impoverished.
+This process can be seen going on in parts of the Afikpo, Owerri,
+Abakaliki, Onitsha, Ifon and Ibadan districts. It is a serious menace to
+the future development of the Oil Palm industry.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 104.—=Mature Brachystegia spicæformis standing at
+the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing the typical shape of the
+crown and branches.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 105.—=Base of Mature Brachystegia spicæformis
+standing at the side of the Calabar Road showing both the scaly
+untouched bark and the wounded section covered with nodules.=]
+
+ To face p. 472.
+
+6_a_. NATIVE METHOD OF COLLECTING FRUIT.—The native, to collect the
+fruit, climbs the tree with a specially made rope round his waist, by
+which he gradually hoists himself up. With a rough chisel, like a piece
+of iron with a handle, he first cuts off the leaf just above the fruit
+and then severs the bunch, letting it fall to the ground. Many of the
+fruits drop out in the transit, but these the native does not trouble to
+gather up.
+
+It is usual for the Chief to close the forest for a certain time until
+the Oil Palm fruit is more or less ripe, and then the natives can gather
+it all at the same time. Owing to the difference in the time of the
+ripening of the individual fruits at the top of the bunch and those at
+the base, many fall to the ground before the bunch is actually cut off
+the tree. These are not gathered up, and are taken away by rodents or
+birds, or come up in the same place.
+
+7. NATIVE METHOD OF MAKING OIL AND KERNEL INSPECTION.—The native cracks
+the palm kernel almost entirely by hand, the nuts being first dried in
+the sun on the ground in open spaces, surrounded roughly with little
+billets of wood, or in small sheds. When dry, they are taken out and
+cracked on rocks (if they happen to be in the neighbourhood) with a
+piece of stone in the cracker’s hand. Should the spot be devoid of rock,
+a piece of wood or stone takes its place, and then a piece of iron or
+stone is used by him in the right hand. Good workers, usually small
+girls or women, can crack about 15 to 20 lb. a day in this manner.
+
+An inspection fee on palm kernels and oil has undoubtedly helped to
+improve the product immensely and not reduced the output.
+
+The kernels are picked out at the same time, the shell remaining more or
+less where the nut is cracked. A certain amount of shell adheres to the
+kernel, and if it is an excessive amount the native picks it off.
+Anyhow, when he reaches the factory the shell contents must not exceed 5
+per cent. Although they are not actually dried, they are usually kept in
+a dry, cool place, until sufficient have been collected to sell either
+in the local market or straight to a European factory. The inspection of
+the palm produce, both oil and kernels, takes place at the factory,
+where the produce is bought by the Inspectors of Produce under the
+Customs Department.
+
+7_a_. KINDS OF OIL.—Most of the oil is soft, but as some hard oil is
+made which is worth £3 or £4 less per ton than the former, owing to its
+having about 8 per cent. less of glycerine, and both are made by a
+different process, both methods will be described.
+
+_Hard oil_ is made chiefly near Onitsha and Ikpa markets, east of the
+Niger, by the Ibos, and the following is the process employed in those
+districts.
+
+The fruit is left on the bunch in the bush, covered with leaves, for ten
+days; it is then brought into the village or place where the fruit is
+cut or knocked off the bunch. Large earthenware pots with a little water
+in the bottom are then filled with the fruit; this is then heated, but
+the water does not actually boil, or even steam very much. The fruit is
+then taken out and beaten in an old canoe or hard mud trough until all
+the fibre is fairly well macerated and detached from the nut. The whole
+mass is then placed in a shady place for four days to enable the oil to
+“get strong,” as the local people say. On the fifth day the oily fibre
+and nuts are placed in the trough again, and cold water is poured in
+until it is about a foot deep. The whole mass is pounded with the bare
+feet of children, girls or women, so that gradually the oil becomes
+detached from the fibre or from adhering to the nuts, and floats on the
+surface of the water, especially near the edges of the trough. It is
+then skimmed off with the hand and put into calabashes. The nuts and
+fibre having sunk to the bottom of the trough, the oil is left
+comparatively free from impurities. The oil in the calabashes hardens to
+much the same degree as dripping, and is ready for sale.
+
+On the banks of the Niger, where it is sold to European firms, the
+natives are often obliged to boil it to purify it still further, and to
+enable it to be poured into the puncheon in which it is shipped to
+England. This oil, even when cleaned and boiled, has a bitter taste,
+which the natives do not like when they have been accustomed to soft
+oil. When this oil arrives in England it is quite hard again.
+
+Soft oil is made in Nigeria, as well as in Sierra Leone and the Gold
+Coast Colony. The Lagos and Benin oil is the best, so the method
+employed in that part of the country will be described. The fruit is cut
+off the tree in much the same way, but the loose fruit is generally
+collected from the ground as well as the bunches, which are then carried
+to the oil-making place, which is usually situated near a running stream
+for the convenience of the manufacture of the oil. The fruit is cut or
+knocked off the bunch, cleaned of any extra stalk or dirt, and placed in
+earthenware pots, in the bottom of which is a little water. These pots
+are then put over a bright fire until the water not only boils, but has
+quite steamed away. It is then considered that the fruit is thoroughly
+soft and ready for crushing, when it is placed in earthen troughs or old
+tree trunks which are used for this purpose. Cold water is then poured
+over the fruit to about a foot in depth, and the fruit is pressed by the
+feet of women or girls standing in the trough. The oil rises to the
+surface of the water, is skimmed off with the hand or a flat piece of
+wood, and put into earthenware calabashes; all fibre is thoroughly
+squeezed and rinsed to obtain the oil out of it. The oil is now
+thoroughly boiled, and when quite thin and of a reddish-orange colour is
+poured off carefully into clean pots. A fine residue of fibre and
+particles of dirt remain in the pot in which the oil was boiled; this is
+used for native lamps by dipping a twisted fibre into it.
+
+The clean soft oil is now ready for sale, and is carried in old kerosene
+tins or other receptacles to the nearest market. Despite the very large
+loss which occurs, owing to the breaking of calabashes on the road to
+market, still very large amounts are carried in vegetable calabashes or
+earthenware pots. By the time this oil reaches Europe it is partially
+hardened in the cask, though usually there is a certain amount of liquid
+on the top.
+
+_Sale of Produce._—The palm oil is sold by the kerosene tin (one
+gallon), by the keg, or by the puncheon. It is also sold by the bottle
+in the markets for local use.
+
+The palm kernels are sold by the calabash in the districts further away
+from the markets, but more usually by the coulah (Jekri). They are also
+sometimes sold by the bag, weighing either 25 lb. or nearly 50 lb. in
+weight. The natives find old salt bags of different sizes very
+convenient for this purpose, more especially when the kernels are to be
+conveyed some distance to the nearest factory.
+
+7_b_. At the beginning of 1915 hard oil was worth £32 per ton, and soft
+oil £36 10s. per ton, whereas at the beginning of 1918 soft oil was
+being sold at £36 5s. to £47 10s. per ton, whilst the official maximum
+price for unbleached palm oil is £44 per ton, and £50 per ton bleached.
+
+7_a_ and 11. UTILITY OF THE OIL PALM.—From the Oil Palm are obtained the
+following products: Palm oil, palm kernels, palm wine and yeast from the
+fermented palm wine. The shells of the nuts are used by blacksmiths, as
+they give out great heat. The growing head of the palm is used as a
+vegetable—palm cabbage. The stems of the leaves are useful as rafters or
+house posts in the Yoruba country, the leaves for making mats for
+roofing, and the midribs as brooms.
+
+To obtain the wine, the tree is either tapped below the male
+inflorescence in Ibadan, Yoruba, etc., or when the tree is felled and
+the crown cut off. A calabash is placed so as to catch the outflowing
+sap, which is the palm wine.
+
+The natives frizzle the kernels in an iron pot and obtain an oil which
+is used as an emollient for wounds and rubbing on bruises or sprains. It
+has a burnt smell. Only small quantities of kernels are used for this
+purpose in Nigeria.
+
+Tapping is sometimes effected at the base of both inflorescences, but
+this is a more unusual method.
+
+So far no use has been found for the wood, though it is uncommonly tough
+and very fibrous.
+
+8. AMOUNT OF PRODUCE USED, EATEN, AND AMOUNT GROWING.—There is probably
+only 5 per cent., or at most 15 per cent., of the total possible trade
+done in this product from West Africa.
+
+The amount of the oil used by the natives per annum is as follows:
+
+Three gallons of oil per head per annum for food.
+
+Half-gallon of oil per head per annum for illuminant in the Eastern
+Circle, according to Gilman, and half-gallon used mixed with camwood for
+rubbing on the skin per head per annum.
+
+Allowing this amount for the total population of 8,000,000, we have a
+total of 32,000,000 gallons used locally per annum. This means the
+produce of at least 128,000,000 trees, taking into consideration the
+very poor or underbearing state of many of the trees. Some also are
+immature and not in full bearing when utilized. Even so, this represents
+only a part of the total possible crop, which might be 100,000,000
+gallons and 500,000 tons of kernels. Although the above small percentage
+of the amount of trade done will eventually prove to be an exaggeration,
+partly owing to the cutting down of Oil Palms in making farms, there is
+nevertheless clear evidence that a great many more palm kernels
+especially could be obtained if there were an increased number of plants
+available for cracking the nuts in various parts of the country. Then,
+too, in those places where the trees stand too closely together, an
+increased yield would be obtained after they had been thinned out.
+Allowing for an area of about 7,000 square miles in the dry zone, where
+the Oil Palms are not found, and 12,000 square miles for mangrove
+swamps, rivers, roads, railways, town and village sites, also where
+there are no Oil Palms, and about 10,000 square miles of heavy evergreen
+and mixed deciduous forest areas where there are few or no Oil Palms,
+this leaves an area of about 50,000 square miles on which they are found
+growing. The density varies from over 200 per acre down to only one, or
+in isolated cases to one to ten acres. With the increased amount of the
+tapping of the Oil Palm, as well as cutting it down both to get the palm
+wine and for making farms for food as well as cocoa crops, there is a
+great danger of the total amount being reduced. Everywhere on the West
+Coast of Africa where other produce has been introduced, such as in the
+Congo and in the Gold Coast, the export of palm produce tends to fall
+very rapidly. Owing to the fact that such a large amount of palm oil is
+used for alimentary or other purposes locally, and a great deal is
+exported to the Northern Provinces, the export of palm kernels to Great
+Britain and Europe generally forms the better basis in calculating the
+amount of palm produce now actually produced in the country. The small
+number of kernels used for making an oil for local use is really quite a
+negligible quantity, and will no doubt almost die out when there are
+larger amounts of pomade and other skin emollients available for the
+natives to buy.
+
+9. EUROPEAN MACHINERY FOR EXTRACTION (PERICARPING).—Mr. E. W. J. Trevor,
+of 87, Maida Vale, claims two machines for detaching and removing the
+pericarp of palm fruit with abrading, and has devised also a means by
+which the fruit is held in place and has along in line, an endless band
+or chain. It is not stated, however, if this is successful.
+
+Another apparatus with knife-blades for decorticating the pericarp has
+been patented by Mr. H. Beckwith, of 2, Rumford Street, Liverpool. It is
+called the depericarping machine. Dr. Hupfeld’s oil process is carried
+out at Agu (Togo).
+
+Haake, a Berlin firm, constructed a machine called the wet process. The
+fruit is heated with water and freed from the pulp in special machines.
+The pulp is allowed to drain, and then heated again and put under
+presses. The nuts are cracked in a large centrifugal machine, and the
+shell is separated by a drum-like sieve or by brine. With this process
+100 lb. of fruit yield 15 lb. of oil and 14 lb. of kernels. Four or five
+tons of fruit can be treated daily by fifteen or twenty men. The natives
+only extract 7 per cent. of the pericarp oil. This oil contains over 30
+per cent. of fatty acid and is only used for soaps.
+
+The Government has set up kernel-cracking machines in various places in
+West Africa.
+
+10. EUROPEAN NUT-CRACKING.—Several plants have been put up latterly to
+deal with the cracking of kernels by machinery.
+
+One of the first of such factories was started at Benin River, Warri
+province, where the shells after the nuts had been obtained from them
+were used for firing the engines of the machinery. Another factory
+exists at Abonnemma, Owerri province, and yet another was started at
+Yenagoa in 1914. The natives seem very willing to bring in the nuts to
+be cracked, especially where the population is not large enough to both
+make the oil and crack the kernels, as in the Brass and Degema
+districts. Brine is often used for separating the kernels from the
+shell.
+
+Some hand-machines have been brought out by Miller Brothers which crack
+the nuts, but both shell and kernels fall to the ground at the same
+time. A certain number of the kernels are broken in the process, but of
+recent years an improvement has been made in this respect. The cost of
+the hand-machine, amounting as it does to £30, is almost prohibitive for
+the native, unless a system of hire-purchase were to be adopted. Only a
+few of these machines (comparatively) have been sold to them.
+
+_Yield of Oil and Kernels from Whole Fruit by Machinery._—It has been
+variously estimated that out of a hundred tons of whole fruit the native
+obtains by his methods:
+
+ 7 tons of oil worth (pre-war rates) £12 per ton = £84.
+
+ 15 tons of kernels worth (pre-war rates) £6 per ton = £90.
+
+Again, out of the whole fruit, the result of various investigations
+shows that the pericarp comprises 30 per cent., shell 56 per cent., the
+kernels 14 per cent., and that there is 50 per cent. of oil in the
+pericarp. It has also been estimated that out of a hundred tons of whole
+fruit, a maximum of 15 tons of oil and 14 tons of kernels can be
+obtained by machinery. These at the pre-war rates would be worth
+approximately £600 and £200—in all, £800. It has also been estimated
+that the crushing of the fruit, the various freights, the carriage by
+rail and ocean, cost of bags, shipping, landing charges, insurance and
+general expenses would amount to £4 per ton, or in all about £400. This
+leaves about £400 to pay for the fresh fruit and allow for a profit;
+thus, paying £1 per ton for the fresh fruit, there would still be £300
+left for profit, or in the case of paying £2 per ton there would be £200
+left. However, so far £1 per ton has proved too low a rate for the
+natives to accept, and in most places it has been refused. It is
+doubtful whether £2 per ton will attract them sufficiently to bring in
+the large bulk of farm produce which is available. From an average
+closely stocked Oil Palm area the fruit could not be collected at a cost
+of £1 per ton, and it is very doubtful if it could be done for £2 per
+ton. So far, it appears that the native working for himself in his own
+time will always do things at a cheaper rate than paid labour under
+European supervision. Further investigations will, however, prove what a
+high price can be paid for the fresh fruit at the factory and yet leave
+sufficient margin to make a profit on the extraction of the pericarp
+oil, and also of the cracking of the nuts. In this connection the
+crushing of the kernels is considered rather a separate economic
+problem, as several other market factors come in which do not apply to
+the case of the pericarp oil and the uncrushed kernels. The machinery
+for the crushing of the kernels on the whole is much more intricate,
+costly, and requires much more highly-trained European supervision.
+
+10_a_. PERCENTAGE OIL AND KERNELS.—According to the investigations of
+the Imperial Institute, the composition of the fruit is as follows:
+
+ Per cent.
+
+ Pericarp oil 18
+
+ Fibre and moisture 12
+
+ Shell and disk 58
+
+ Kernel 12
+
+ Cake for fattening hogs 100
+
+The kernel contains 46 to 53 per cent. of oil.
+
+10_b_. PERICARP PALM OIL ANALYSIS.—This is as follows:
+
+ Specific gravity 15/15° C. 0·9209-0·9245
+
+ Melting-point 24°-42·5° C.
+
+ Saponification value 196·3-205·5
+
+ Iodine value 53-57·4
+
+ Reichert-Meissl value 0·86-1·87
+
+ Hehner value 94·2-97
+
+The solidifying-point of fatty acids varies from 35·8° to 46·4° C.
+usually 44·5° to 45° C.
+
+(See also 7_a_, Uses; see also 12_a_.)
+
+11. EUROPEAN USES OF OIL AND KERNELS, PALM WINE, PALM CABBAGE, ETC.—From
+46 to 53 per cent. of oil is contained in the kernel.
+
+Palm oil is used in Europe for making margarine, vegetable butters,
+chocolate and cooking fats. It makes a good butter-substitute. Palm oil
+is chiefly used for making soap and candles in England, according to Mr.
+Dennett’s paper. Tin plates are covered with palm oil to prevent
+oxidization. The leakage from the casks of oil on board ship is used for
+making metal polish. Railways use it for greasing axle-boxes on railway
+carriages.
+
+11_a_. NIGERIAN EXPORTS, OIL AND KERNELS.—The exports of palm kernels
+have been increasing almost continuously for years, owing to the gradual
+opening up of the country to trade, and also to the natives finding out
+the value of the kernel as an article of barter; nevertheless, more
+still could be obtained if hand-cracking machinery and more nut-cracking
+mills were introduced at suitable spots.
+
+The following table shows the exports for the years 1909 to 1916 of
+
+ PALM KERNELS.
+
+ Year. Tons. £ Price.
+
+ 1907 — 1,658,000 —
+
+ 1908 — 1,425,000 —
+
+ 1909 158,869 1,815,967 —
+
+ 1910 172,998 2,450,814 —
+
+ 1911 176,389 2,574,405 £18 6s.
+
+ 1912 184,624 2,797,411 £19 15s.
+
+ 1913 174,720 3,109,820 £23 5s.
+
+ 1914 162,452 2,541,149 —
+
+ 1915 153,319 1,692,712 —
+
+ 1916 161,439 1,739,706 —
+
+ PALM OIL FROM COLONIAL REPORT, NIGERIAN EXPORTS.
+
+ Year. Tons. £ Price.
+
+ 1911 79,000 1,696,875 £13 15s.
+
+ 1912 77,000 1,654,933 £29 18s.
+
+ 1913 83,000 1,854,384 £32 15s.
+
+The following is quoted from Sect. 2, Mr. R. E. Dennett’s paper on
+British Trade in Nigeria. Valuable notes have been obtained from this
+paper with regard to the palm products.
+
+ PALM KERNEL EXPORTS TO GERMANY.
+
+About £5,000,000 worth went to Germany before the war.
+
+ Year. Tons.
+
+ 1911 262,680
+
+ 1912 283,536
+
+ 1913 241,961
+
+12. VALUE OF OIL AND KERNELS.—Since the war, the price of oil first went
+down £5 per ton and kernels £15 per ton up.
+
+With kernels at £17 to £18 per ton, the oil is worth £36 15s. per ton.
+
+Glycerine is worth £50 per ton, and pericarp oil contains about 8 per
+cent.
+
+At the beginning of 1918 the price of palm kernels varied from £25 to
+£26 per ton, the latter figure being the official maximum for it.
+
+12_a_. DESCRIPTION OF KERNEL OIL.—It is white or pale-yellow in colour,
+with a pleasant nutty taste. By suitable treatment kernel oil can be
+divided into liquid oil, olein, and solid palm-kernel oil, stearin. It
+is used for soap and candles, edible fats—such as palmine,
+margarine—cooking fats, vegetable butters and chocolate fats.
+
+13. IMPORT PORTS IN ENGLAND AND U.S.A. FOR OIL AND
+KERNELS.—_Hull._—Congo kernels go to Hull by the Cie Congo du Belge
+line, run by Elder Dempster & Co. In the first six months of 1915,
+20,821 tons of kernels were imported into Hull. In most statements on
+Hull the price of palm kernel cake is omitted, whilst those of linseed,
+Bombay cotton-seed, and Saga Bean are always quoted. Hull imported
+between 40,000 and 50,000 tons in 1915 (from January to November only,
+31,723 tons); 200,000 tons were taken by Germany before, and hence are
+available now.
+
+_Bristol._—Bristol as a port is prepared, according to its seed-
+crushers, to try kernels, but they asked the Colonial Office for
+protection from Germany.
+
+_Liverpool._—For the first six months of 1915, 87,366 tons of palm
+kernels were imported into Liverpool, against 73,000 tons in 1914.
+
+_U.S.A._—In 1915, 4,000 tons of kernels were shipped direct to the
+States.
+
+14. THE CRUSHING OF PALM KERNELS IN AFRICA AND ENGLAND.—The largest
+seed-crushing and oil-extracting centre in Great Britain is at Hull.
+
+Most of the crushing used to be done in Harburg, near Hamburg, Germany,
+and only a little at Liverpool—some 70,000 tons out of 300,000 tons.
+Since the war began Hull and London (Erith) have taken up the crushing
+of kernels. Bristol and Manchester have both thought about it.
+
+Crushing has been tried in Africa, but has not been very successful so
+far, the cost of the operations having proved too high. In the Congo,
+however, it is still being done.
+
+The crushing plants in Nigeria are situated at Opoba and Apapa, near
+Lagos.
+
+14_a_. OTHER METHODS OF KERNEL CRUSHING—SOLVENTS.—Commercially, kernels
+are heated with solvents or pressure is used to extract the oil.
+According to Mr. Dennett the first expression takes place at a
+temperature of 45° to 50° C., and the second at 55° to 60° C. The double
+pressing is necessary owing to the amount of fat in the oil. By
+solvents, all or only a part can be taken out of the kernels. If all is
+taken, then they are almost valueless as cake, owing to its lack of oil.
+
+15. PALM-KERNEL PRODUCE.—Palm-kernel cake used to contain 20 to 22 per
+cent. of fibre and 10 per cent. of oil, which went rancid, so was not
+liked here.
+
+This was the main reason why palm-kernel cake was not used to any extent
+by farmers in England before the war.
+
+15_a_. YIELD OF OIL, KERNELS AND CAKE.—From 46 to 53 per cent. of palm-
+kernel oil is obtained from the kernels.
+
+Roughly speaking, a ton of kernels yields half a ton of cake, according
+to Mr. R. E. Dennett.
+
+According to the _Bulletin_ of the Imperial Institute 1 ton of kernels
+yields 1,000 lb. of oil.
+
+_Palm-kernel Cake and Oil Exports._—Palm-kernel cake was exported to
+Denmark in September 1915-18, 863 bags.
+
+15_b_. ANALYSIS OF KERNEL CAKE.—This, according to a recent analysis in
+the _Field_ by Frank J. Lloyd, is:
+
+ Per cent.
+
+ Fibre 14·80
+
+ Mineral matters 3·55
+
+ Nutrients—
+
+ Oil 6·17
+
+ Albuminoids 16·12
+
+ Carbohydrates 48·51
+
+ Water 10·85
+ ------
+ 100·00
+
+A further analysis shows:
+
+ Per cent.
+
+ Oil 5·5-10
+
+ Albuminoids 15·8-18·5
+
+ Carbohydrates 36-50
+
+or per food unit it works out to £4 16s. per ton. Indigestible fibre
+reaches 10 per cent., or in older samples of ten years ago 28 per cent.,
+which is far too high. As a unit it costs 1s. 4d., against 2s. 7d. for
+cotton-seed meal.
+
+According to E. D. News the analysis is:
+
+ Per cent.
+
+ Albuminous matters 17-30
+
+ Fatty matter 10-18
+
+ Gum, sugar and starch 30-40
+
+15_c_. KERNEL ANALYSIS.—According to the investigations the analysis
+showed:
+
+ Specific gravity at 90/15° C. 0·873
+
+ Iodine value 10·3-17·5
+
+ Saponification value 242-255
+
+ Titer test 20·0-25·5° C.
+
+ Hehner value 91·1
+
+ Reichert-Meissl test 5·0-6·8
+
+16 and 17. VALUE OF PALM-KERNEL OIL AND CAKE.—Palm-kernel cake is sold
+at 7s. per cwt., and only 10 per cent. of the food ration is given to
+cows or calves for the first time.
+
+According to the _Oil and Colours Journal_, in September 1915 palm-
+kernel oil was worth £37 10s. per ton first hand, and £48 in March 1916.
+According to this journal it is the lowest priced of all the cakes.
+
+The price of the cake is £7 to £7 5s. per ton.
+
+The cake is sold at £7 5s. free on rail per ton at Hull. At the
+beginning of 1918 it was worth £13 15s. per ton, but in Surrey it could
+not be obtained under £21 per ton.
+
+Palm-kernel oil is worth about £40 per ton.
+
+At the beginning of 1918, palm-kernel oil extracted by solvents was
+worth £51 per ton; crushed, £52 per ton; refined, £67 per ton—which were
+the official maximum prices.
+
+17. USES OF PALM-KERNEL CAKE.—Kernels worked by solvents make a more
+digestible meal—80 per cent. against 73 per cent. of crushed kernels,
+and containing 19 per cent. of protein and 2 per cent. of fat, against
+18 per cent. of protein and 8 per cent. of fat for crushed kernels. It
+is used for feeding young pigs and milch cows in Germany.
+
+18. RESULTS OF FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH KERNEL CAKE.—The weekly gain in
+live weight with kernel cake ration was 8 lb. at the West of Scotland
+Agricultural College. The cost worked out at 4½d. per lb., and 3 lb. of
+kernel cake gave better results than 4 lb. of bran.
+
+At the East of Scotland College, a gain of 2·04 lb. per day was
+recorded, the cost being £6 6s. per ton.
+
+Experiments conducted in Scotland showed that cattle increased 1·95 lb.
+per day with palm-kernel cake, against only 1·84 lb. with linseed cake.
+No difficulty was found in keeping the cake, and it did not go rancid.
+
+The cattle fed on palm-nut cake were stated to look glossier, carry more
+bloom, and have a looser skin than those fed on cotton-seed cake. It is
+also claimed that the fat content of the milk is increased, though the
+amount of extra butter-fat produced per day cannot be demonstrated.
+
+A mixture containing 3 lb. of palm-nut cake is recommended per day for
+milch cows, and one containing from ¼ lb. to ½ lb. for sheep and pigs.
+
+Ten per cent. of the ration should be given to cows or cattle the first
+time. Only 2 lb. of cake per day is given to animals.
+
+According to the Cambridge University Department of Agriculture the
+feeding value of palm-kernel cake for bullocks is practically the same
+as that of linseed cake.
+
+The feeding experiments demonstrated that the palm-kernel cake gave
+equal results to linseed or cotton-seed cake, and paid better because of
+the lower price of palm-kernel cake for milch cows and cattle. It is
+recommended for pigs too. The cost of feeding for eighty-four days was
+43s. 4d. for palm-kernel cake against 51s. 6d. for linseed, and a gain
+of 164·5 lb. in weight against 167 lb. flesh weight with linseed cake.
+Cattle do not take to it readily at first, but afterwards like it.
+
+According to Wyndham R. Dunstan, palm-kernel cake costs 1s. 5½d. per
+food unit as compared to 2s. 4d. for hay, hay being £5 per ton.
+
+According to Thomas Fawcett, L.M.R., A.S.E., it is a question of what is
+relatively cheaper. British farmers have always bought linseed cake at
+£10 10s. per ton, when beef was only 10d. to 1s. per lb. Relatively, it
+would be better to go in for more cows being fed with palm-kernel cake.
+He also states that kernels only came in irregular quantities.
+
+The cake, according to Lancashire County experiments, must be given as
+part ration, as milk yield goes down with kernel cake alone.
+
+18_a_. PALM-NUT MEAL: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF FEEDING.—In 1879, in
+_Agricultural Chemistry_, by Johnson and Cameron (2nd edition), palm-nut
+meal from England and the Continent is mentioned and recommended as the
+cheapest meal for cattle, especially calves. The Royal Agricultural
+Society of England in 1878 also published a pamphlet for the Paris
+Exhibition, in which a mixture including a large proportion of palm-nut
+meal is recommended, and the experience in feeding young animals is
+given, showing that it is far cheaper and that linseed cake is really
+very expensive. Fourteen beasts fed on linseed cake averaged at eighteen
+months old 13·5 lb. live weight the week, or only ¾ lb. less than the
+heaviest at the show, on less food, especially using palm-nut meal.
+
+According to others, meal is not recommended owing to its going rancid
+and its indigestibility.
+
+19. MANURIAL VALUE OF KERNEL CAKE.—The manurial value of palm-kernel
+cake is £1 4s. for the ration as given per ton.
+
+20. WEST AFRICAN SHIPPING IN RELATION TO FARM PRODUCE.—Before the advent
+of the German line, the West Coast was at the mercy of the Shipping
+Combine, as it is now, freights being arranged accordingly.
+
+Since the Government has fixed maximum freight rates, shippers now know
+the largest amount they will have to pay, but even so freights are
+extremely high, and with no outside competition are unlikely to be
+brought down very much.
+
+21. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE OIL PALM.—Monsieur Chevalier’s _Les Végétaux
+Utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française_, Fasc. VII (1e partie),
+“Documents sur le Palmier à Huile,” contains a great deal of valuable
+information on the subject of the Oil Palm. _The Oil Palm_, by J. H.
+Farquhar, summarizes the results of a year’s investigations as to the
+growth and yield of the Oil Palm in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria.
+
+In the monograph _Oil Seed and Feeding Cakes_, issued by the Imperial
+Institute, a complete account is given of the new British palm-kernel
+industry.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER XIII
+
+ THE FOREST IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE
+
+
+The intimate and very important connection between Agriculture and
+Forestry is not at all widely recognized, so it is desirable to bring
+out more fully exactly how the one reacts on the other: the value of
+forests from the climatic point of view to agriculture, the economic
+effects on it, as well as the population connected with it.
+
+In all the older civilized countries, such as France, England and
+Russia, and the United States and Canada of the newer ones, definite and
+almost exactly fixed quantities of land are used for agricultural
+purposes on the one hand and for Forestry on the other.
+
+In the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast and Nigeria, however, with
+the exception of about 1,500 square miles of forest reserves and certain
+native land planted with rubber or cocoa, all the land (even when
+covered with finest mahogany forests) is liable to be farmed for a time
+and then abandoned for another piece of forest-land under the system of
+shifting cultivation. In practice, this means that every year thousands
+of square miles of forest are ruthlessly cut down, in order that the
+land may be used for agricultural crops, for one, two, or at the most
+three years’ crops. In the drier parts of the countries named, through
+such forests as exist, grass-fires annually burn, and destroy many trees
+in order to provide poor grazing for herds of the nomads’ cattle.
+
+It might be argued that in the comparatively damp and hot climate which
+attains in a great part of the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast and
+Nigeria, which are also to some extent still covered with forest, it
+would be most advantageous to clear as much land as possible. This,
+however, is a delusion resting on false impressions, notably that the
+countries named are so much covered with thick forest. In most places
+this so-called “forest” is in reality an almost worthless secondary
+growth, consisting chiefly of umbrella trees (_Musanga Smithii_), soft-
+wooded Hannoa, creepers, grass, with isolated half-burnt or decayed
+trees from the original forest. Again, too, this system of clearing new
+land is quite haphazard, so that, after the first crop has been taken
+off, the land may be found to be too poor to be planted again; the
+natives then abandon it. In some places, chiefly in the Benin and Oban
+districts, they even go so far as to put a “Ju-ju” on the land, which is
+in effect a notice to say that the land is of no use for a farm.
+However, this is usually forgotten in a generation, so that the same
+thing may happen again, only that insufficient time has elapsed for a
+proper forest to be grown, as the cutting of the original forest may
+have so altered the climatic factors of the locality that not only
+different species of trees but also grasses have come in, and choked
+nearly all the self-sown forest-tree seedlings. The main beneficial
+effects of the forest may be summarized as follows:
+
+1. The rainfall of the locality is increased, according to the figures
+of the Indian rainfall stations. This may amount to as much as 16 to 28
+per cent. increase on the annual rainfall.
+
+Afforestation on the Russian steppes has shown that more rain now falls
+on the planted area than in former years.
+
+In Western Canada it is generally said that its climate is altering, and
+a general increase of rain has been noticeable since plantations have
+been made on thousands of farms and what forests there were originally
+have been rigorously protected from annual fires.
+
+2. The rainfall both above and in the ground is more regularly
+distributed.
+
+First of all, nearly 23 per cent. of the rain which falls on the trees
+in a forest is re-evaporated into the air and does not reach the ground
+at all. This in itself increases the humidity of the atmosphere, tends
+to form clouds, and thus induces further rainfall. The clouds tend to
+protect the plants from excessive sun at what may be a critical period
+in the growing season. The extra humidity of the atmosphere does not
+necessitate the plants transpiring so much moisture as they would
+otherwise have to do, to keep them in growing condition. Compared to
+that in the open, only 22 per cent. of the amount of evaporation takes
+place in the forest, added to the fact that it occurs under the canopy
+of the trees, thus creating the more humid atmosphere which is so
+suitable, for instance, for the growth of cocoa and other such crops. In
+other words, we can take one hundred parts as the amount evaporated in
+the open, of which not a quarter is evaporated in the forest. Again, as
+we have seen, twice as much of the rainfall soaks into the ground in the
+forest as in the open, and owing to the tree-roots and general covering
+of the soil the water can only flow away gradually. On the other hand,
+in the open, if the ground is at all sloping, more than half of the rain
+which falls to the ground runs away immediately, or lies on the land,
+flooding it and making planting impossible.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 106.—=Rest House Teak Plantation at Ndeh, showing
+rows of trees 9 feet apart and 4 feet between.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 107.—=View between the lines of one-year-old Teak
+Plantation at Ndeh, in which trees were planted 4 feet apart.=]
+
+ To face p. 486.
+
+The trees then act as a rainfall distributer and also as a rainfall
+regulator. The roots of the trees act like a sponge, absorbing a great
+deal of the rainwater besides preventing it from running away. It has
+been calculated that it takes nearly six months for the rainfall to come
+out in the springs of a forest. This also to some extent accounts for
+the saying that if the wells are full in October in the Temperate Zone,
+or at the end of March in the Tropical Zone, there will be sufficient
+water the whole year round. With a varied distribution of forests in the
+country, the above two effects are naturally felt on neighbouring
+agricultural land, and in many cases make possible the growing of
+certain crops, such as cocoa, Cola and rubber, which otherwise could not
+be attempted. An interesting example of this is seen in the way in which
+the natives of Ilobe, in Nigeria, have planted Cola trees just inside
+and on the edge of the Ilaro Forest Reserve boundary.
+
+3. The forest protects the land against corrosion. In most countries,
+wherever the ground is sloping and bare the annual fall of rain washes
+away large masses of good soil as well as stones and other debris, in
+many cases destroying pasturage or agricultural land, and in any case
+silting up the rivers with sand-banks and bars, thus hindering
+navigation. It has often been said that, for its size, the Cross River
+carries in the rainy season much more material in suspension and rolled
+along its bed than many other African rivers. The main reason apparently
+for this fact is that several of its tributaries, such as the Mbu, the
+Fi, the Mfu and the Bago, rise at what are now partially grass-covered
+mountain slopes, but which no doubt were a short time ago covered with
+fine evergreen forests.
+
+The immediate effect of clearing such slopes is that the water, to the
+extent of nearly 90 per cent., rushes unchecked down the mountain slope,
+gaining momentum with every mile and taking grass, soil and even whole
+mountain slopes (1,500 feet in height) along with it. On the other hand,
+if such slopes are covered with forest trees 25 per cent. of the
+rainfall is re-evaporated into the air before reaching the ground, 10
+per cent. is evaporated from the ground into the air of the forest, and
+fully 65 per cent. soaks into the ground.
+
+An instance of this last effect can be seen in the Cross River Divide
+from the Bambuto Mountains, on the Nigerian border. In a few places the
+native farmers understand this effect and make the terraces on which
+they plant parallel with the contour of the hill-side; however, this is
+insufficient when the whole mountain slope has been cleared of forest.
+Only a definite distribution of the land between forest and farm would
+prevent the undue corroding of hill-sides. The unrestricted rush of the
+rainwater off the hill-sides has yet a further effect on the lower
+ground of the country, in that it causes the streams and rivers to flood
+and overflow their banks. This, in turn, prevents huge acreages of land
+from being cultivated for many months in the year, and other large areas
+lower down from being cultivated at all.
+
+Yet another effect is that a vast mass of water hurries down into the
+sea where it is not required, and where there is already plenty of
+evaporation; whereas the greater part of it might have been stored up in
+the forest to form perennial, almost unaltering springs, streams and
+rivers. Two interesting examples of this are seen in the slight, almost
+negligible rise in the Okwo and the Igbagon streams of the Benin
+province. Both of these rivers rise in thick forest, and thick forest is
+also found on their banks.
+
+In a similar way, instead of the water of the rivers being used for
+irrigating land which is sandy and dry in the dry season, it rushes away
+into the ocean for nothing. The flooding of much of the land near the
+rivers also kills many large forest trees and causes a rank growth of
+shrubs, creepers and grass, which form the breeding-places for tsetse
+and other harmful flies. It is rare to find any infected tsetse flies
+near a clear perennial stream in the forest.
+
+4. The forest improves the soil of a locality, whether in the primeval
+or the planted forest. The trees stand at least eighty years, and
+sometimes for several hundred, on the same land, before being cut down.
+During this period the tree roots with their root-hairs are penetrating
+far and wide into the soil, subsoil, and even underlying rock, gradually
+causing the two latter to weather into finer and better constituent
+parts. For instance, nothing appears so solid as a mountain of granite;
+nevertheless, at the base and to the lee-side of each boulder, more
+especially if there is any tree-growth there, a beautiful little bed or
+pocket of blackish soil will be found. Then, again, besides this
+weathering of the subsoil and rock, the tree leaves, even from evergreen
+trees, fall down, gradually decay, and form a thick layer of humus. This
+in itself forms an almost ideal seed-bed. At the edge of forests this
+humus is washed out on to the agricultural lands and thus enriches them;
+furthermore, dry leaves are blown out of the edge of the forest on to
+neighbouring agricultural land, become dug in, or drawn into the land by
+insects, and so tend to enrich it. In many civilized countries a regular
+business is done in taking litter and leaf-mould out of the forest to
+neighbouring garden and farm lands.
+
+It is a well-known fact that when a forest is cut down after some
+hundreds of years many plants appear in the clearing which did not exist
+in the forest before, or, in fact, were not known in that locality, the
+seeds having lain dormant during the whole period of time. This clearly
+shows that the forest soil is an ideal medium for preserving seeds, and
+that it improves rather than deteriorates, which is the case with bare
+land. An instance of this from the Tropics is seen in the way in which
+the Corkwood or Umbrella Tree (_Musanga Smithii_) comes up after the
+mahogany and evergreen forest has been cleared. No Musanga trees are
+usually found in the primeval forest. A parallel example from Europe is
+seen in the way in which _Atropa belladonna_ almost invariably appears
+when a beech forest is cut down.
+
+Planting trees and thus forming a forest, though expensive, is another
+way of clearly proving the beneficial effect of the forest, or
+ameliorating the condition and plant-food content of the soil. On the
+comparatively worn-out and poor soil near Ibadan a firewood plantation
+was started some years ago; now already, in the shade of the Ayin,
+_Anogeissus leiocarpus_ and _Cassia Siamea_ trees, the fallen leaves
+have decayed and formed a layer of humus, killing out the lalang grass
+at the same time. Needless to say, it is a very expensive method to wait
+until the forest has been destroyed, the soil impoverished, and trees
+again planted, before an improvement in the soil conditions can be
+expected.
+
+5. Individual trees, and thus trees in the aggregate, viz. forests, take
+less mineral matter out of the soil than agricultural crops covering a
+similar area. It has been calculated that the trees on an acre of land
+only take one-twelfth of the amount of mineral matter out of the ground
+which is required by an agricultural crop on the same area. It follows
+from this that trees, and in the same way forests, may be left standing
+upon or be grown on land which is nearly or absolutely worthless from an
+agricultural point of view. In the more civilized countries this is
+seen, for instance, in the way in which the mountain ranges of Germany
+have remained covered with forest and the sandy Landes district of
+France has been planted with forests of pine. In Canada, the Spruce
+Hills Reserve, near the Canadian Pacific Railway in Manitoba, is another
+example of the setting aside of poor, almost worthless agricultural land
+as a permanent forest area. In Nigeria, the Oban Forest Reserve and the
+forest-covered hills of Olokemeji are further examples of the practice
+of this principle.
+
+Generally speaking, in fact, in most civilized countries there are
+really three types of land, viz.:
+
+(_a_) Absolute farm-land, which comprises the very richest and best land
+of the country, in which forests should only be allowed to stand, as an
+exception.
+
+(_b_) Relative forest-land, comprising land which can be used
+permanently for agriculture, but requiring a great deal to be spent on
+improvements or manures to make it suitable for the purposes, but which
+in its natural state carries a heavy stand of timber, could be used for
+forests indefinitely.
+
+(_c_) Absolute forest-land, comprising land which, owing either to its
+elevation, aspect, soil or position, cannot be used for the permanent
+cultivation, or in some cases even the temporary cultivation, of crops.
+
+6. The forest protects agricultural land against storms and insect
+pests. In many places, owing to very strong winds, certain crops cannot
+be grown. For instance, it is said bananas cannot be grown at Zaria
+owing to the prevalent strong winds. In the Chang district of the
+Cameroons the natives only plant plantains near their houses or behind
+the very high fences or hedges which mark off one man’s compound from
+another. Apparently this is done in order to protect the plants from the
+wind, which otherwise tears their large leaves into shreds and prevents
+their proper growth.
+
+Some years ago, in the Ibadan district, a fierce tornado cut a path
+about 100 feet wide and nearly a mile long through a forest, but the
+agricultural land beyond was untouched. It goes without saying that had
+all the land been under crops in this locality most of them would have
+been destroyed, whereas the forest took the brunt of the storm, and the
+force of the wind outside was thus weakened and comparatively harmless.
+
+7. The forest protects the soil and its physical properties. In the open
+it is noticeable that the native rarely clears the land properly, many
+stumps both of forest trees and shrubs being usually allowed to remain
+standing. It is true some of the shoots from the stumps are left on
+purpose to be used as supports for the yam tendrils or other crops which
+may be grown. Nevertheless, it is a fact that the native always says
+that the land must not be absolutely cleared of all stumps and roots or
+it will be useless for the growing of crops. Then, again, the native
+speaks of a piece of ground as being “spoilt,” and that he cannot stay
+there any longer. As an example of this, in the Oban district, the
+people of Ekong left the village site because they said the ground was
+too stony and was no good, and they went right away into the forest. On
+an examination of the land being made, it was found that where they had
+cleared the forest and farmed for a few years all the humus, tilth and
+other soil had been washed away, with the result that boulders as well
+as the underlying rock had to some extent come to view. Needless to say
+no attempt had been made at farming under a rotation of crops, nor had
+any manure, green or otherwise, been applied to the soil. On the other
+hand, in the forest the soil is not washed away, the aeration of it is
+almost perfect, the mineral content is always high, and it usually has
+considerable depth, even where there are rock outcrops, for these become
+covered with dead leaves or humus, which in their turn help to weather
+the rock and thus make more soil.
+
+8. The forest tends to regulate the temperature, almost preventing
+extremes of heat and cold. Accurate measurements taken over a period of
+forty years have established the fact that in the warmest season the
+temperature of the forest is 5° to 10° lower, according to species
+(altitude taken to be the same), than the air in the open over
+agricultural land. In a similar way, in the coldest season of the year
+the temperature of the forest is 5° to 10° higher than in the open over
+agricultural land. Most readers will have experienced the feeling of
+freshness and coolness in passing through the forest zone near Olokemeji
+on the Nigerian Railway, or, if on leave in England, in passing through
+the New Forest on the Bournemouth road. This is only the effect which is
+expressed in this difference of temperature: as with other effects, so
+this one affects the neighbouring lands near the forest. Even a dry wind
+on reaching a forest must take up some moisture, and thus be less dry
+when it reaches agricultural land farther on. It can often be seen how
+the grain in the drier parts of the country planted near the edge of a
+forest sprouts up sooner than that right in the open. Again, certain
+crops, such as cacao-yams, cocoa, and Cola trees thrive best amongst
+trees. Without the forests the Cola plantations of the Ilesha district
+would cease to exist, or at any rate bear very small crops.
+
+9. The forest increases the humidity of the air. According to accurate
+measurements taken over a period of forty years, it has been proved that
+the forest increases the humidity of the air up to 10 per cent. No doubt
+in many of the Southern parts of Nigeria and the Gold Coast, people
+travelling in the forests have often thought that there was far too much
+moisture, not only coming from above and below, but also in the air
+around them. However, this should not blind us to the fact that further
+up country this greater humidity of the air of the forest is spread over
+the adjacent lands, and thus makes possible the growth of agricultural
+crops, such as cocoa, Cola, yams, and cacao-yams, which would not
+otherwise be possible. This greater humidity also tends to induce local
+minor rainstorms, which in their turn benefit the adjacent agricultural
+land. This greater humidity of the air also tends to prevent the
+excessive drying in the dry season of the land situated very near, and
+taken in conjunction with the other factors, such as the regulating of
+the temperature and the rainfall, makes it possible to put in crops
+earlier and almost ensures their growing successfully.
+
+10. The forests prevent the spread of insect and fungoid pests. So often
+we read that the crops in South Africa or the Argentine have been
+destroyed by locusts, and on the Gold Coast we read that various pests
+are destroying cocoa-trees in large numbers. Here, again, a forest or a
+belt of forests with large numbers of different species of trees
+interpose a living barrier of green leaf food or woody tissue which
+these pests may attack, owing to the diversity of the species of trees.
+Most pests only find a few trees on which they can thrive or reproduce
+themselves; thus on reaching the forest the scourge tends to lessen, or
+even die out. Even in the worst case of large hordes of locusts, it is
+cheaper to allow them into a forest, perhaps sacrificing it, rather than
+they should spread further and further over agricultural lands.
+
+Having shown that it is necessary in a new and comparatively unsettled
+country to preserve a certain proportion of the forests, it remains to
+be considered what proportion is desirable and necessary to fulfil the
+conditions outlined before and give free play to all the beneficial
+effects of the forests.
+
+Taking the proportion of permanent forest to other land in the more
+civilized countries, we get the following ratios:—
+
+ Forest per cent.
+
+ Finland 80
+
+ Russia in Europe 42
+
+ Austria 33
+
+ Hungary 29
+
+ Germany 26
+
+ France 16
+
+ Sweden 42
+
+ Switzerland 19
+
+ Norway 25
+
+ U.S.A. 10
+
+ India 38
+
+Special note should be made of the fact that in all these countries the
+agricultural development has gone hand in hand with the preservation of
+the forest, and especially with no detriment to the development of
+agriculture in any direction in which it seemed desirable. Russia has,
+for instance, enormous exports of timber and enormous exports of wheat.
+Austria-Hungary had before the war considerable exports of hardwood
+timber, such as oak, as well as grain, both wheat and other kinds.
+Judging by the experience gained in Germany with its hundred and seventy
+years of forestry practice, a proportion of 25 to 33 per cent. of the
+land area of any country can reasonably be retained under forest, or
+afforested if bare. Such a proportion allows sufficient timber trees to
+be grown to cover the large quantities of wood used in industrial
+development and also a considerable surplus for export to other
+countries.
+
+Turning specifically to the West African Colonies, it would mean, out of
+a total land area of 4,500 square miles, that in the Gambia, for
+instance, an area of between 1,100 and 1,500 square miles should be
+permanently set aside as Forest Reserves or Forest Reserve Afforestation
+Areas. In the latter case, when all were planted up they would gradually
+become forests.
+
+In Sierra Leone, with a total land area of 34,000 square miles, the area
+would vary from 8,500 to 11,000 square miles.
+
+In the Gold Coast, out of a total land area of 80,000 square miles, the
+permanent forest area would vary between 20,000 and 26,000 square miles.
+
+In the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, with a total area of 79,000 square
+miles, the permanent forest area would reach between 19,000 and 26,000
+square miles.
+
+In the Northern Provinces of Nigeria, out of a total area of 250,000
+square miles, the permanent forest area, including the afforestation
+areas, would reach between 62,000 and 83,000 square miles.
+
+Large though these forest or afforestation areas appear to be, it can,
+however, be shown that most of them do not at all trench on existing
+farm-land. First of all, in Nigeria, taking the protective forests,
+comprising all those lands or forests situated in most inaccessible
+places on mountain ranges and hill-sides and the sources of streams,
+they cannot be said to be desirable localities for extending farming
+operations. Typical instances of this kind of land are seen in the Boji
+Hills (Ogoja province), and on the rocky hills near the Cross River in
+the Afikpo district (Owerri province). In Sierra Leone the peninsular
+mountain forests and the hills near Kennema are similar typical examples
+of this type of land or forest.
+
+At the other extreme we have the dry-zone or desert formation, with its
+sandy soil or bare rock outcrops. In either region, in order to make
+agriculture possible and permanently profitable, afforestation areas are
+most necessary. Near the sea, especially in Nigeria and to some extent
+in Sierra Leone, there are the mangrove forests standing on land which
+is never used for agricultural purposes. In Nigeria alone these comprise
+several thousand square miles of land. Again, in Nigeria there are the
+freshwater swamp forests, either near rivers or in other localities.
+Although such lands produce quite a profitable amount of timber from
+many excellent species of trees, no farms have ever been made in such
+areas.
+
+In other parts of the country, often comparatively level, there are
+variations in the strata and soil formation, such as that of the
+laterite formation. Over wide areas most of these lateritic soils are
+nearly useless for permanent agricultural crops, so at any rate it would
+certainly pay better in the long run if it were permanently covered with
+forest. In a similar manner all forests found growing on or near rock
+outcrops or otherwise stony formations, such as old gravel beds formed
+by rivers, would be treated in the same way. One or two agricultural
+crops may be raised on such land, but all the soil is soon washed away
+in the rainy season each year, so that little is left after a short time
+except boulders and stones. Many typical instances of this kind of
+formation are found in the Ibadan and Oyo districts of the Oyo province.
+In other parts of the country, where practically all the land is covered
+with some sort of forest (either high forest, secondary growth or
+scrub), the same proportion as before, viz. 25 to 33 per cent., should
+be set aside in convenient blocks, well distributed over the area, as
+permanent forests (so-called Forest Reserves).
+
+Strange as it may sound, there is comparatively little, at the most an
+area estimated at 7,000 square miles, of real high forest left in the
+Southern Provinces of Nigeria. As is well known, the natives have a
+special name for this type of forest; amongst the Efiks it is called
+Ekai, the Yorubas term it Igbo, and the Benin people Egbo. Considering
+the size of these last remnants of the real high forest, agriculture
+cannot justly claim the right to clear and farm even this area when so
+much (estimated at 28,000 square miles), apart from the area already
+mentioned, has been cleared during the last fourteen years. In the above
+estimate, areas even of 500 square miles for roadways and railways,
+1,000 square miles for town, village and factory sites, and 2,500 square
+miles for inland waterways were allowed for when computing the whole
+area of forest land.
+
+At the present time in Nigeria, with the exception of certain specified
+trees, and less so in the Gold Coast, Sierra Leone and the Gambia, there
+is nothing to hinder a native from cutting down any forest he pleases
+for making a temporary farm. In fact, the difference between farming as
+practised in civilized countries and in these tropical West African
+Colonies is that the former partakes of a permanent cultivation of the
+same land every year, whereas the latter is shifting cultivation of a
+different piece of land almost every year. At the most, the Yoruba
+returns to the land in five or seven years, and the native of Benin
+after ten or twelve years.
+
+Another point which bears on this question is really the comparatively
+small amount of land which a native actually farms every year. For
+instance, an energetic Yoruba farmer will make 2,000 yam heaps a year,
+which, allowing for the distance of 6 feet between each heap, amounts to
+1·6 acres per year. This also includes the help which he may receive
+from his family.
+
+Out of a total population of 8,000,000, at the most 2,000,000 are
+actually men who make farms. It follows, then, that some 2,560,000
+acres, or 4,000 square miles, are cleared and planted each year. Now,
+allowing sufficient land for the native to be able to return to the
+original piece cleared after seven years, the total amount of land
+necessary for the existing farming population would be 28,000 square
+miles, or rather more than a third of the total area of the country.
+Even after allowing 19,000 or 26,000 square miles of forest in the
+country, there would still remain nearly a third, or 25,000 square
+miles, for the future development of agriculture and the natural
+increase of the population. It should be especially noted that it is
+under a system of shifting cultivation that this 28,000 square miles is
+required. No doubt under permanent cultivation less would be necessary.
+Quite apart, however, from this consideration, owing to the greater
+heat, moisture and humidity in the Tropics generally, and in the
+Southern Provinces of Nigeria particularly, agricultural crops grow much
+more rapidly and are much more prolific than in the more temperate
+zones, even without manures. Yet in another way there is not such an
+enormous demand on the amount of land required per unit of population,
+in that over an area of fully 30,000 square miles it is possible to
+raise two crops a year on the same land, and over roughly an area of
+10,000 square miles of the country it is possible to raise three crops
+per year (in each case under a rotation of crops). In this manner less
+land is required per person than in a temperate climate in order to grow
+food either for local consumption or for export.
+
+So far we have dealt with shifting cultivation. However, in most
+civilized countries, sooner or later a system of permanent cultivation
+is started instead of shifting farms. In England this was begun at a
+time in which the population was less dense to the square mile than it
+is now in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria (average 101 persons per
+square mile). In Germany the density of population is 323 persons per
+square mile, yet they had (before the war) 25 per cent. of the land area
+of their country covered with permanent forests. If it were possible to
+start permanent cultivation with a rotation of crops in England when the
+population was less dense than in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria, it
+should be feasible in Nigeria now. Again, if it is found possible for
+Germany to retain 25 per cent. of the land area under permanent forest
+crops, with a density of population three times greater than that of
+Nigeria, at the same time maintaining a prosperous system of permanent
+agricultural cultivation, it should also be much easier to have a
+similar proportion of permanent agricultural cultivation in the Southern
+Provinces of Nigeria; at the same time, taking into consideration the
+more favourable climatic factors, it should be possible not only to grow
+sufficient foodstuffs for local use, but also to grow sufficient to
+develop into a large export trade for ground nuts, maize and beans,
+besides cocoa and rubber.
+
+
+
+
+ CHAPTER XIV
+
+ BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICAN FORESTS
+
+
+ 1. HISTORICAL.
+
+
+One of the first books was _Forestry in West Africa_, by Sir Alfred
+Maloney, a former Governor of Lagos, which was published in 1887. This
+is a most interesting and readable book, and, for the time it was
+written, gives a very good account of many of the forest trees. It is
+also much to Sir A. Maloney’s credit that teak, _Tectona grandis_, was
+introduced into Nigeria at that time.
+
+In _The Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and Termination
+of the Niger_, by Richard and John Lander, only very vague descriptions
+of the forests are given, and it is therefore not of much value from the
+Forestry point of view, though it is a most entertaining description of
+the people and their doings at that time.
+
+
+ 2. BOTANICAL.
+
+
+From 1868 onwards, _Flora of Tropical Africa_ appeared; so far eight
+volumes have been published. This work was planned by the late Sir
+William J. Hooker and edited first of all by Daniel Oliver, and
+subsequently by Sir W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., and now by
+Lieut.-Colonel D. Prain, the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
+It is, of course, very scientific, accurate and botanical, but has very
+dry descriptions of many of the African trees and plants and no
+illustrations are contained in these octavo volumes. What also makes it
+harder to use this _Flora_ is the fact that since 1868 many new plants
+have been named, and some of the names of the old plants have been
+altered. A most useful chapter on Elementary Botany is contained at the
+beginning of Vol. I. This is to some extent also a glossary of botanical
+terms, but of course it cannot take the place of _A Glossary of Botanic
+Terms_, by D. G. Jackson, 1905.
+
+In many ways a much more useful book to the forester is Engler’s
+_Monographien der Pflanzenfamilien_, of which eight volumes have
+appeared:
+
+ I. Moraceæ, excluding Ficus.
+
+ II. Melastomaceaæ.
+
+ III. Combretaceæ Combretum.
+
+ IV. Combretaceæ, excluding Combretum.
+
+ V. Sterculiaceæ.
+
+ VI. Anonaceæ.
+
+ VII. Strophanthus.
+
+ VIII. Sapotaceæ.
+
+The full-page black-and-white drawings of the various plants are very
+valuable, and as they are all done on the same system, comparison both
+with the plants and with other books is not very difficult. The expense
+of these volumes is not excessive, considering the very large number of
+illustrations and the authority of the text. It is a pity that this
+series has for the time being come to an end.
+
+In Engler’s _Pflanzenfamilien_, of course, a very complete account of
+all plants is given, and the additions to it made almost monthly make it
+quite possible to find out the latest-named additions to the plant-
+world. The only disadvantage to these volumes is their number, size, and
+lack of illustrations.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 108.—=Shinglewood (Terminalia scutifera), 12 feet in
+girth, standing in the Ikrigon Forest Reserve, Eastern Circle.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 109.—=Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), 15 feet in girth,
+standing in Ikrigon Forest Reserve.=]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 110.—=Mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis) standing at the
+edge of Ikrigon Forest Reserve, showing base of trunk with old bark
+wounds already healed over.=]
+
+ To face p. 496.
+
+In a similar, though in a less complete way _The Kew Bulletin_ gives the
+latest list of plants identified at Kew, amongst which are usually some
+from Nigeria, and occasionally special bulletins appear on the plants
+from Nigeria—as, for instance, _Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information_,
+Additional Series No. 9; _The Useful Plants of Nigeria_, Part I, 1908,
+Part II, Additional Series No. 10, 1912, Part III.
+
+_The Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, edited by Sir W. Dunstan,
+which appears quarterly, always contains the most recent information
+with regard to tropical products, including those of the forest. In
+recent years, too, much more has appeared on the subject of the timber,
+gum and oil-seed resources of Nigeria.
+
+_Die Blütenpflanzen Afrikas_, by Franz Thonner, 1908, arranged as it is
+in the form of a key, is most useful in identifying many of the plants
+and trees. The black-and-white illustrations add immensely to its value.
+Additions and corrections to this have also been made in _Die
+Blütenpflanzen Afrikas_, 1913. The last edition is in English, and
+entitled _The Flowering Plants of Africa_.
+
+Among more recent books is a _Catalogue of Plants_ collected by Mr. and
+Mrs. Talbot in the Oban district, South Nigeria, identified by A. B.
+Rendle, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., and others, and brought out by the British
+Museum in 1913. In this book the flora of Oban is specially dealt with,
+and clearly shows the difference between it and the rest of the flora
+and silva of Nigeria. Although this is mainly a description of newly
+discovered plants, the black-and-white illustrations by Mrs. Talbot show
+most accurately their salient features.
+
+_Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants_, by E. W. Foster, late Senior
+Conservator of Forests, contains accurate descriptions of the most
+useful trees, and the native names from the Yoruba country will be most
+useful to anyone working timber in that part of Nigeria.
+
+_The Agricultural and Forest Products of British West Africa_, by G. C.
+Dudgeon, Director-General of Agriculture in Egypt, 1911, gives a short
+description of the main forest and agricultural products of the country,
+which is more useful to the trader than the forester or timber merchant.
+The illustrations showing the making of palm oil and other country
+products are very interesting, but Fig. 21, p. 112, supposed to be of an
+Iroko tree, is in reality that of _Terminalia superba_.
+
+For reference purposes Dr. Adolf Engler’s _Syllabus der
+Pflanzenfamilien_, 1904, which takes special account of the medicinal
+and useful plants, is most valuable.
+
+For a proper introduction to Botany, Strasburger’s _Text Book of Botany_
+is hard to beat.
+
+_Kulturgewächse der Deutschen Kolonien_, by R. Sadebeck, 1899, gives a
+very good account of most of the useful West African forest products;
+the very clear illustrations add immensely to its value, although the
+book is now somewhat out of date.
+
+
+ 3. TIMBERS.
+
+
+In _The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification_, by Herbert Stone,
+F.L.S., F.R.C.I., 1904, a few of the West African timber trees are
+mentioned, but only very cursorily, with but few illustrations.
+
+In _Timber_, by J. R. Baterden, A.M.I.C., a few of the West African
+timber trees are described, and a few photographs show how the timber is
+worked. Their inclusion amongst the South African timbers does not
+exactly enhance their value or give a true view of their place in the
+economy of the timber trade.
+
+_Wood_, by G. S. Boulger, gives an excellent system for classifying
+woods by using all their various characteristics, such as taste, smell,
+hardness, structure of the timber, and the various pith rays and other
+peculiarities. A very complete list of all the various timbers used in
+commerce is given, together with the various synonyms of each, and the
+botanical names of each so far as they are known. The uses of the timber
+and the supplies of each country are given, and in this way it is a most
+important book of reference for any Forest Officer.
+
+
+ 4. FORESTRY GENERALLY.
+
+
+In _Sylviculture in the Tropics_, by A. F. Broun, Director of Woods and
+Forests, Soudan, 1912, some references are made to West African trees.
+Some very typical photographs of forest vegetation in various parts of
+the Tropics are very useful, and demonstrate several forest theories far
+better than pages of words.
+
+_A Dictionary of the World’s Commercial Products_, by J. A. Slater,
+B.A., LL.B., 1907, is very useful for looking up the lesser known forest
+products. The descriptions have to be used with discrimination, as some
+of them are rather cursory and no authorities for botanical names are
+given.
+
+_Gold Coast Report of Forests_, by Mr. H. N. Thompson, Chief Conservator
+of Forests, South Nigeria, 1910, is the authoritative work on the
+Forestry problems of the Gold Coast. Full descriptions of the chief
+forests are given, together with the important plants and trees found in
+each. The laws of South Nigeria as modified to suit Gold Coast
+conditions are also quoted. Forest policy as suitable for this country
+is given; the different types of forest and their relation to the
+climatic formations are also mentioned at length. A suitable
+establishment carrying out these suggestions is laid down. The black-
+and-white drawings which illustrate this book, especially those of
+mahogany, are invaluable to either the Forestry student or the timber
+merchant.
+
+_The Oil Palm and its Varieties_, by J. H. J. Farquhar, Conservator of
+Forests, Nigeria, is an interesting and useful preliminary monograph on
+that most valuable tree. It gives a summary of all the information of
+the Forest Department on that subject up to that date.
+
+_List of Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of the Gold Coast, Ashantee, and
+North Territories_, T. F. Chipp, B.Sc., F.L.S.; _Der Tropenwirt_, by Dr.
+S. Loskin, Hinstorff’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wismar i. U., 1913; _The
+Principal Forest Trees_, by H. N. Whitford, Ph.D., Bulletin No. 10,
+Manila Bureau of Printing, 1911, are three useful books.
+
+_The Kew Bulletin_ and the _Journal of the Imperial Institute_ always
+contain most valuable notes on the botanical and technical qualities of
+the various African trees and plants.
+
+_The Indian Forester_, which appears monthly, is a most necessary
+periodical for every Forest Office or Timber Camp, containing as it does
+not only original articles on sylvicultural and other forest problems,
+but also much information on the uses of timbers, similar kinds of which
+are found here, and thus gives one an indication in what direction to
+exploit new timbers.
+
+_In the Guiana Forest_, by Jas. Rodway, is a very readable book on the
+tropical forest scenery found in Demarara. It is, of course, written in
+very popular style, but gives one a very good introduction to the
+tropical forest, showing both by beautiful descriptions and good
+illustrations what one should observe in these forests. Much tropical
+scenery is very similar, and therefore, though this book deals with
+British Guiana, much of it is applicable to West African forests.
+
+_Forestry_, by Dr. Adam Schwappach, gives a short, concise account of
+what is included under the term Forestry in Europe. One obtains a clear
+view of the divisions under which this subject is treated.
+
+_The Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Sierra Leone_, by C. E. Lane
+Poole, Government of Sierra Leone, is the most important collection of
+notes yet issued on this subject. It should prove of greatest use to
+Forest Officers, and to all others interested in the forests and
+afforestation.
+
+Much useful information has been obtained from the annual Reports on the
+administration of the Forest Department from the years 1906 to 1913,
+more especially from that of 1906, which practically summarized the
+results of the Department’s work up to that date. Data on Togo are
+contained in the report of the afforestation of Togo with teak and other
+African timber trees. This was the result of a long tour in that country
+made by the author in 1911. From Sierra Leone much valuable knowledge
+was acquired as a result of a five months’ tour made in 1908-9, and this
+was embodied in a report which appeared in 1909. Very useful information
+is contained in the reports by the Conservator of Forests there, which
+have appeared since. A most extensive account of the forest trees and
+plants, including the Oil Palm, is given in _Les Végétaux utiles de
+l’Afrique tropicale française_, by M. Chevalier, Parts I and II, 1909,
+1910 (A. Challamel), chiefly in connection with the Ivory Coast.
+
+In the _Notizblatt_ of the Berlin Botanical Station are some useful
+notes on _Die Nutz Holzer der Kamerun_, 1909. Also in the pamphlets _Die
+Nutz Holzer Togos_, Parts I and II. In this manner it is possible to
+make a comparative study of the timber trees found in the different
+parts of West Africa. The addition of the native names in most cases is
+also very valuable.
+
+
+
+
+ INDEX
+
+
+ Abá, (Tschaudjo), 127
+
+ Ababele (Appolonian), 96
+
+ Abache (Benin), 392
+
+ Abadan (Yoruba), 251
+
+ Abafe (Yoruba), 298
+
+ Abakaliki District, 472, 473
+
+ Abange (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Abara (Yoruba), 340
+
+ Abari (Appolonian), 108
+
+ Abba, or Abbo Rubber (Lagos), 251
+
+ Abbis (Mendi), 441
+
+ Abe (Fanti), 93; A. fita or A. fufu (Gold Coast), 466; A. Obene, 466
+
+ Abeletia (Appolonian), 93.
+
+ Abeokuta Province, 152, 154, 158, 160, 236, 240, 243, 246, 247, 249,
+ 251, 252, 259, 260, 262, 263, 266, 269, 270, 275, 277, 279, 280, 282,
+ 284, 286, 287, 288, 291, 294, 296, 299, 300, 303, 306, 309, 310, 313,
+ 317, 322, 325, 329, 330, 333, 335, 336, 339, 340, 342, 343, 345, 347,
+ 348, 350, 353, 362, 366, 370, 371, 374, 381, 383, 389, 391, 395, 400,
+ 401, 409
+
+ Abere (Yoruba), 269
+
+ Abi or Yar River, 82
+
+ Abilu (Tschaudjo), 145
+
+ Ablari (Fanti), 107
+
+ Abo (Attie), 86, 262, 366; (Yoruba), 334; (Efik), 390; A. Asha
+ (Ibadan), 337; A. Idofun (Yoruba), 269; A. jaga (Yoruba), 344; A.
+ Lakosha (Yoruba), 265; A. oganwo (Yoruba), 317
+
+ Aboboë (Atakpame), 144
+
+ Abochia, 445, 446
+
+ Abolo (Benin), 343
+
+ Abonnemma (Owerri Province), 477
+
+ Abono (Mbonoi), 83
+
+ Aborkpor (Benin), 385
+
+ Aborpor (Benin), 230
+
+ Abragba, 168
+
+ Abubube (Gold Coast), 466
+
+ Abue (Egbado, Yoruba), 267
+
+ Abugie (Mendi), 57
+
+ Abura (Yoruba), 230
+
+ Aburese baka (Agni), 89
+
+ Aburuhi (Fanti), 88
+
+ Abuwe (Yoruba), 326
+
+ Abwang (Bare), 425
+
+ Acacia, 19, 204, 212, 232, 234, 299
+
+ Albida, 199; (_var._ saccharata), 191, 208, 220
+
+ Arabica, 132, 148, 202, 208, 219
+
+ Ataxacantha, 301
+
+ Benin Rope, 301
+
+ Caffra, 220
+
+ Campylacantha, 191, 199, 208, 220, 300
+
+ Catechu, 98, 122, 125, 131
+
+ de Gabon (Colons), 85
+
+ Farnesiana, 300, 418
+
+ Forests, 197
+
+ macrostachys, 220
+
+ pennata, 299
+
+ Senegalensis, 199, 208
+
+ Seyal, 198, 199, 208, 220
+
+ Sieberiana, 98, 191, 199, 201, 202, 208, 219, 220, 299
+
+ Suma, 131
+
+ Thorny, 220
+
+ Whitethorn, 208
+
+ Acalypha, 193
+
+ Acantha montana, 113, 197
+
+ Acanthaceæ, Gold Coast, 113; Nigeria, 194, 197, 401; Cameroons, 441
+
+ Acrocephalus polytrichus, 195
+
+ Adabi (Yoruba), 400
+
+ Adadasé (Ewe), 144
+
+ Adadawa (Wassaw), 96
+
+ Adani (Akwa), 393
+
+ Adansonia digitata, 53, 105, 116, 118, 138, 190, 210, 223, 347, 435
+
+ Adder’s tongue, 196
+
+ Adema or Baba (Ewe), 132
+
+ Adenium Honghel, 199
+
+ Adenocarpus Mannii, 430
+
+ Ade-pa (Gold Coast), 466
+
+ Adere (Lagos), 367; (Yoruba), 374
+
+ Adiantum lunulatum, 196; A. Schweinfurthii, 196
+
+ Adi-be (Gold Coast), 466
+
+ Adido (Ewe), 138
+
+ Adina microcephala, 145, 192, 214, 225, 231, 232, 233; A. macrophylla,
+ 441
+
+ Adja or Adza (Ewe), 137; (Ibo), 228; (Ibo, Asaba), 292; Adja tree, 445
+
+ Adjonde (Ebrie), 83
+
+ Adom (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Adowa (Appolonien), 94; A. and Dupain (Ashanti), 94
+
+ Adua or Aduwa (Hausa), 198, 210
+
+ Adube (Fanti), 93
+
+ Adudze (Ewe), 135
+
+ Adugbin (Ibadan, Yoruba), 281
+
+ Aduruku, 192; A. _syn._ Ba reshe, 225
+
+ Adyanyapeso (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+ Adyokŭkola (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+ Adzadze (Ewe), 137
+
+ Ægle Barteri, 312
+
+ Æolanthus, 195
+
+ Aeyedi (Quitta), 94
+
+ Afana (Twi), 101
+
+ Afara (Yoruba), 179, 230, 263, 371
+
+ Afe (Yoruba), 233, 262
+
+ Affi (Ibadan and Oyo), 248
+
+ Affram (Twi), 96; A. River, 98
+
+ Afikpo District, 466, 472, 473, 493
+
+ Afoforo (Egba) or Abo-fero (Yoruba), 249
+
+ Afoma (Mistletoe-like parasite), 170; (Yoruba), 246
+
+ Aforwa (Wassaw), 103
+
+ Aframomum, 128
+
+ Africa, British East, 189; Forest, Central, 189; Forest escape, 175;
+ Africa, 293
+
+ African (West) Allspice, 374
+
+ Apricot (Colons), 88
+
+ Barwood, 178
+
+ Blackwood, 26, 46; W. African B., 297
+
+ Brazil nuts, 368
+
+ Bread fruit, 123, 256
+
+ Cabbage Tree, 62; Big leaf C.T., 409
+
+ Catechu, 300
+
+ Coffee, 63
+
+ Copaiba Balsam Tree or Copaivi, 205, 221, 307
+
+ Ebony, 192, 214
+
+ “Elemi Tree,” 221, 315
+
+ Elm, 248, 249
+
+ Greenheart, 48, 153, 269; Light G., 279, 286, 287, 384, 416, 419
+
+ Indigo, 221
+
+ Kapok, 345
+
+ Kino, 206
+
+ Lignumvitæ, 446
+
+ Lilac, 222
+
+ (West) Locust Bean, 207, 282, 283
+
+ Mahogany, 20, 120, 135, 149, 175, 205, 222; Togo Plantations of M.,
+ 149; Nigeria, 175
+
+ (West) Mahogany, 211, 422, 423
+
+ Mammee or Mammy Apple, 29, 55, 363, 462
+
+ Maple, 351
+
+ Mistletoe, 259
+
+ Myrrh, 198, 211
+
+ Nutmeg, 264, 457
+
+ Oak, 26, 27, 32, 42, 51, 54, 67, 70, 75, 77, 86, 179, 209, 253, 255,
+ 342, 356, 358, 403
+
+ Padowk, 273, 274
+
+ Palm, 236
+
+ Pearwood, 28, 29, 57, 67, 68, 375
+
+ Pepper, 219
+
+ Redwood, 178
+
+ Rosewood, 31, 34, 221, 273, 299
+
+ Rubber tree, 58, 68, 395
+
+ Satinwood, 371; Dry Zone Satinwood, 309, 311
+
+ Star apple, 58, 69, 381
+
+ Strychnos Tree, 389
+
+ Teak (English name), 86, 253, 256; small-fruited, 256
+
+ (West) Timbers, 293
+
+ Tragacantha, 54, 348
+
+ Tulip tree, 400
+
+ Violetwood, 26, 46
+
+ Walnut, 28, 49, 67, 74, 75, 101, 177, 328; West African W., 178,
+ 293, 326, 445, 446
+
+ Whitewood, 418
+
+ Wisteria, 302
+
+ Wood-oil nut, 163, 332, 333 418
+
+ Yellow wood, 259
+
+ Afrormosia elata, 271, 352; A. laxiflora, 66, 73, 97, 119, 158, 191,
+ 201, 202, 221, 230, 251; A. sp., 219
+
+ Afzelia, 19, 117, 124, 125, 132, 290, 450; Calabar A., 291; Forest A.,
+ 291
+
+ Africana (Rhodesian Mahogany), 17, 26, 47, 97, 117, 118, 120, 121,
+ 159, 179, 190, 191, 202, 205, 220, 229, 271, 290, 291, 292, 418,
+ 422, 430, 445, 446
+
+ bella, 291
+
+ bracteata, 47, 67, 292
+
+ Brownei, 97
+
+ Cuanzensis, 290, 291
+
+ fastigiata, 97
+
+ (Kontah), 32
+
+ microcarpa, 82, 84
+
+ Nov. sp., 291
+
+ pachyloba, 291, 416, 419
+
+ red-arilled, 290
+
+ sp., 47, 290
+
+ Zenkeri, 430, 417
+
+ Aga (Yoruba), 233 or Agbawo, 252
+
+ Agan Aparo (Yoruba), 408
+
+ Aganokwi (Benin), 17, 375, 378; A. No. I, 376
+
+ Agave rigida, 117; A. Sisalana, 128
+
+ Agba, 159; A. of the Benis, 229; (Ikale, Benin), 304, 353; (West
+ Side), 361, 393
+
+ Agbana (Ewe), 129
+
+ Agbara (Ikale), 278
+
+ Agbarin (Yoruba), 299
+
+ Agbede, 298
+
+ Agberibede (Yoruba), 232; Agberigeddi, 277
+
+ Agboin (Yoruba), 229, 279
+
+ Agbon (Benin), 244
+
+ Agedegbo (Benin), 260, 263
+
+ Agege (Yoruba), 396; A. Yoruba Country, 396
+
+ Agelæa obliqua, 96, 196
+
+ Ageratum conyzoides, 194
+
+ Aggan Egbo (Egba), 383
+
+ Aghaghe (Yoruba), 267
+
+ Aghako (Yoruba), 262
+
+ Agiekpogo (Benin), 325
+
+ Agkwokhau (Benin), 266
+
+ Agniere (Ebrie), 83
+
+ Agnon (Abe), 83
+
+ Ago (Quitta, Krepi, Accra), 93
+
+ Agoma (Benin), 381
+
+ Agome Mts., 142
+
+ _Agricultural Chemistry_, by Johnson and Cameron, 483
+
+ Agricultural College, E. and W. Scotland, 482
+
+ Agricultural land fixed by the older civilized countries, 485
+
+ Agricultural Society of England, Royal, 483
+
+ Agu (Togo), 477; A. Plantation, 469; A. Valley, 125
+
+ Aguana (Benin), 400
+
+ Aguaya (Ebrie), 86
+
+ Agui (Ebrie), 83
+
+ Agumua (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+ Agutesi (Krepi), 105
+
+ Aguwa, 199
+
+ Ahedua (Twi), 97
+
+ Ahoada District, 173, 255, 472
+
+ Ahon or Ahun (Yoruba), 231, 390
+
+ Ai-da (Yoruba), _cf._ Kalango daji and Sandan Mayu, 220
+
+ Aiko (Yoruba), 235
+
+ Aini (Egba), 394
+
+ Ainyere (Appolonian), 100
+
+ Ainyesan (Benin), 230
+
+ Aiomiti (Kirikiri), 141
+
+ Aiu (Krepi), 94
+
+ Aiveygbo (Egbado, Yoruba), 335
+
+ Aiye (Ondo), 230; (Yoruba), 267
+
+ Aiyeni (Egbado, Benin), 267
+
+ Aiyo (Egba), 249; (Yoruba), 290, 370
+
+ Aja-igi or Aja-iji (Yoruba), 229, 286
+
+ Ajama (Krepi), 95; (West Coast), 95
+
+ Ajasso Reserve, 160
+
+ Ajia (Yoruba), 278; (Ibo Asaba), 281
+
+ Ajumkobi (Ashanti), 99
+
+ Ajurlo (Krepi), 103
+
+ Aka (Yoruba), 285, 340; A. Ishin, 340
+
+ Akak (Timani), 46
+
+ Akaka (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Akala (Yoruba), 382
+
+ Akapano (Benin), 407
+
+ Akara (Atakpame), 141
+
+ Akassa (Warri Province), 410
+
+ Akata (Twi, Denkira), 105; (Benin), 393
+
+ Akbo (Ibo, Asaba), 345
+
+ Akboro (Benin), 419
+
+ Ake or Akhe (Mbonoi), 83; (Atakpame), 146; (Benin), 392
+
+ Akede (Abe), 83
+
+ Akee (Tree), 61, 69, 76; A. Apple, 222, 341; Bush A., 342
+
+ Akhuro (seed, Benin), 298
+
+ Aki (Asante), 137
+
+ Akika or Aka, 338, 340
+
+ Akiko or Agliko (Atakpame), 136
+
+ Akilla Timber Works, 160
+
+ Akinale (Tschaudjo), 144
+
+ Akinrankiri (Benin), 257
+
+ Akion (Ebrie), 83
+
+ Akiti (Ibo Owerri), 336
+
+ Akiye or Akwiye (seeds), 220
+
+ Akkihien (Benin), 295
+
+ Akkun (Yoruba), 339, 340
+
+ Aklo (Anecho), 133
+
+ Ako (Benin), 260, 263; (Yoruba) 179, 229, 236, 270, 277, 315, 330,
+ 366, 375, 489; A. bolobolo (Yoruba), 344; A. gbogbonshe, 264; A.
+ Idofun (Yoruba), 269; A.-ire, 233, 395; A. ledo (Yoruba), 396
+
+ Akodiombi or Zakuebiembi (Attie), 88
+
+ Akodo (Mbonoi), 85
+
+ Akoima (Agni), 88
+
+ Akoko (Benin), 350; (Yoruba), 401
+
+ Akokotsua (Fanti), 88
+
+ Akomu (Yoruba), 231, 266
+
+ Akondog (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Akoriko (Yoruba), 231
+
+ Akorüe (Indenie), 88
+
+ Akosica (Abe), 88
+
+ Akoso (Benin), 372
+
+ Akotompo (Fanti), 84
+
+ Akouibia (Fanti), 88
+
+ Akpaboyo Road, 469
+
+ Akpakpa (Ibo), 229
+
+ Akpakossa (Benin), 406
+
+ Akpakpla (Anago), 139
+
+ Akpaku (Ibo, Asaba), 328
+
+ Akpanagya (Benin), 272; Akpan Etuidiwi (Efik), 274
+
+ Akpanya (Efik), 277, 278
+
+ Akpe (Ibo), 231
+
+ Akplẽ or Loloẽ (Ewe), 138
+
+ Akpo, 413
+
+ Akpoklo or Bofuti (Ewe), 138
+
+ Akposso, 131
+
+ Akronkron (Accra), 105
+
+ Aku (Atakpame), 136; Akus, 61
+
+ Akuana (Agni), 85
+
+ Akũgre (Kpedyi), 133
+
+ Akukan (Quitta) (Krepi), 103
+
+ Akukobasa (Ewe), 146
+
+ Akumasse (Fanti), 86, 87
+
+ Akume (Benin), 273, 311
+
+ Akun (Yoruba), 231
+
+ Akuosi, Ambi (Fanti), 85
+
+ Akure Province, 322
+
+ “Akushi” (native basin), 212
+
+ Akushunmajadin (Ikale), 285
+
+ Akwabohori (Fanti), 100
+
+ Akwabu (Mbonoi), 85
+
+ Akwankusuma (Fanti), 85
+
+ Akwantanuro (Fanti), 101
+
+ Akwarri (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+ Akwayefe District, 415, 416, 419; A. River, 151, 152
+
+ Akwekwe (Benin), 313
+
+ Ala (Ewe), 127
+
+ Alabata (Atakpame), 131
+
+ Alabenum, 87
+
+ Alabeta Province, 275
+
+ Alade (Ikale), 285
+
+ Alãfe (Ewe), 134
+
+ Alafia Landolphioides, 395
+
+ Alale (Hausa), 222, 228, 229
+
+ Alambo, 219, 221
+
+ Alangiaceæ (Cameroons), 438
+
+ Alangium begonifolium, 438
+
+ Alapari (Yoruba), 312
+
+ Alasko, 263
+
+ Alati (Quitta, Krepi), 93
+
+ Alayafu, 195
+
+ Albert Lake, 189
+
+ Albizzia, 26, 48, 73, 125, 172, 293, 294, 295
+
+ Albruana, 98
+
+ Amara, 148
+
+ Angolensis, 98, 131
+
+ Boji, 290
+
+ Brownii, 48, 78, 98, 163, 175, 178, 229, 293, 294, 296
+
+ Cæsalpinia, 123
+
+ Chevalieri, 191, 199, 208
+
+ fastigiata, 48, 73, 84, 98, 131, 229, 293, 294, 296
+
+ ferruginea, 84
+
+ Lebbek, 29, 175
+
+ rhombifolia, 84, 295
+
+ sp., 73, 293, 294, 295, 296, 418
+
+ stipulata, 148; A. Welwitchii, 429
+
+ Alchornea cordata, 197, 203, 204; A. cordifolia, 136, 434; A.
+ floribunda, 434; A. sp., 86
+
+ Alembole (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+ Alensuneku (Atakpame), 138
+
+ Alepo (Yoruba), 325
+
+ Aleurites Moluccana, 421
+
+ Ali (Timani), 46
+
+ Aligna (Benin), 79; A. (or Adya), 229, 282, 290, 291, 292, 450
+
+ Alikongeba (Yoruba), 419
+
+ Aliliba or aliliba, 215, 224, 230
+
+ Alinyan (Benin), 301
+
+ Alismataceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+ Allahbanunu (Agni), 88
+
+ Allanblackia floribunda, 55, 107, 363, 461; A. parviflora, 87
+
+ Allerle (Benin), 396
+
+ Alligator apple, 71, 262
+
+ Allophyllus Africana, 76, 137
+
+ Almeidina, 277
+
+ Almond Tree, 122; A. wood (Coula edulis), 33; Indian A. Tree, 421
+
+ Alobla (Kpedyi), 134
+
+ Alode (Benin), 413
+
+ Aloe Barteri, 128, 195; A. Buettneri, 128
+
+ Alofin (Jebu), 230
+
+ Alongua (Bondoukou), 89
+
+ Alsodeia, sp., 55, 108
+
+ Alstonia Congensis, 26, 58, 88, 111, 119, 143, 231, 390, 419, 440
+
+ Alu (Ewe), 135
+
+ Alukon raba (Yoruba), 230
+
+ Alum bark, 61
+
+ Amaké (Ewe), 146
+
+ Amanoa bracteata, 51
+
+ Amaranthaceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+ Amaranthus caudatus, 195; A. viridis, 195
+
+ Amaryllidaceæ (Togo), 128; (Nigeria), 195
+
+ Ambriz, 465
+
+ Ameliki (Timani), 62
+
+ Amellaky (or Egbessye of S. Leone) (Benin), 401
+
+ Ameme (Benin), 252
+
+ Amerere (Agni), 85, 88
+
+ America (S.), 185; A. exotics, 175; A. “whitewood,” 260
+
+ Amhio (Bondoukou), 87
+
+ Amizi Agni, 84
+
+ Ammannia Senegalensis, 192
+
+ Amorphophallus Barteri, 195; A. dracontioides, 196
+
+ Amoyin (Egba), 289
+
+ Ampelideæ (Nigeria), 193, 197, 203
+
+ Ampelocissus, 193
+
+ Amphiblemma polyneuron, 438
+
+ Amu-ati (Ewe), 144; A. Ne (New Calabar), 361
+
+ Amuan (Attie), 85
+
+ Ana River (Togo), 117
+
+ Anacardiaceæ (S. Leone), 52; (Liberia), 75; (Ivory Coast), 86; (Gold
+ Coast), 103; (Togo), 136; (Nigeria), 191, 196, 198, 212, 222, 338,
+ 459; (Cameroons), 434
+
+ Anacardium occidentale, 136, 222, 338; A. sp., 340
+
+ Anaküe (Mbonoi), 84
+
+ Anamolum (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+ Anamomila or Anamomilla (Benin), 226, 228, 412
+
+ Ananas, 127
+
+ Anane (Axim), 107
+
+ Anaphe Moloneyi (Wild silkworm), 206; A. sp., 207, 216
+
+ Anaphrenium, 191
+
+ Anchi (Fanti), 101
+
+ Anchomanes Dalzielii, 196
+
+ Ancistrophyllum, 70; A. sp., 93
+
+ Andira inermis, 134
+
+ Andoni River, 151
+
+ Andropogon apricus, 201; A. Gayensis, 201; A. sorghum, 127; A.
+ tectorum, 201
+
+ Andropogoneæ, 196, 199
+
+ Aneilema, A. lanceolatum, A. sinicum, 195
+
+ Anglo-French saw-mills, 159
+
+ Anglocalyx ramiflorus, 296
+
+ Angowma, 422
+
+ Angular pod, 284
+
+ Anikantuhu (Yoruba), 315
+
+ Anikiba (Benin), 407
+
+ Anisophyllea laurina (monkey apple), 33, 54
+
+ Ankent (Timani), 41
+
+ Ankump (Timani), 41
+
+ Annatto (orange dye), 364
+
+ Anogeissus, 56; A. leiocarpus, 108, 120, 123, 140, 167, 179, 192, 212,
+ 223, 232, 234, 373, 489; A. sp., 88
+
+ Anona, 342; A. afzelii, 263; A. Mannii, 263; A. muricata, 71; A.
+ palustris, 71, 95, 262; A. Senegalensis, 59, 190, 201, 202, 219, 262;
+ A. sp., 130
+
+ Anonaceæ (S. Leone), 43; (Liberia), 71; (Ivory Coast), 84; (Gold
+ Coast), 95; (Togo), 129; (Nigeria), 190, 196, 219, 259, 457
+
+ Anopyxis ealænsis, 108
+
+ Ansellia, 201; A. Congoensis, 195
+
+ Ant Trees (Musimba), 437
+
+ Anthericum, 195
+
+ Anthocleista Kerstingii, 142; A. magnifica, 110; A. nobilis, 58, 88,
+ 110, 203, 224; A. parviflora, 58, 224; A. sp., 110; A. Vogelii, 197,
+ 224
+
+ Antholyza Zenkeri, 425
+
+ Anthostema Senegalense, 51
+
+ Antiaris, 70, 249; A. Africana, 95, 129; A. sp., 95, 250; A. toxiaria,
+ 83, 129, 231, 250, 426
+
+ Antidesma anbryanthum, 103; A. laciniatum, 51, 103, 434; A. sp., 336;
+ A. venosum, 103, 336
+
+ Anwai District, 392; A. River, 353, 392
+
+ Anyan (Efik), 229
+
+ Anyeran (Benin), 158, 271, 352
+
+ Anyesan (Benin), 271
+
+ Anyi (Anago), 140
+
+ Anyo, 391
+
+ Anyolo (Timani), 60
+
+ Apa (Rhodesian Mahogany), 120, 159; (African Oak, Yoruba), 179, 229,
+ 291, 292; A. oro (Yoruba), 389, 450
+
+ Apado (Yoruba), 230, 449; (Abeokuta), 281
+
+ Apagban (Yoruba), 269
+
+ Apakka (Anago), 132
+
+ Apapa (near Lagos), 481; A. Saw mill, 159, 160
+
+ Apapo (Yoruba), 302
+
+ Apara (Yoruba), 178, 231, 303
+
+ Apassa, 159; (Efik), 229, 379
+
+ Apata, 336, 343, 379; A. Wood (Benin), 336
+
+ Ape (Attie), 87
+
+ Apepe (Yoruba), 231, 273
+
+ Aphania, 104
+
+ Aphanocalyx sp., 84
+
+ Apiko (Yoruba), 344
+
+ Apobo (Jekri, Ijor), 326
+
+ Apocynaceæ (S. Leone), 58; (Liberia), 78; Ivory Coast, 88; (Gold
+ Coast), 110; (Togo), 142; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 199, 224, 390, 394,
+ 459; (Cameroons), 440
+
+ Apodytes Beninensis, 104
+
+ Apokpo (Anecho), 138
+
+ Appapayi or Wausauwah (Twi), 101; (Fanti), 101
+
+ Apple tree compared with Fagara, 134
+
+ Appolonia, 95; Appolonians, 109
+
+ Apukur (Mbonoi), 88
+
+ Apurro (Twi), 101
+
+ Aqua egbua (Agni), 88
+
+ Ara (Yoruba), 231, 273
+
+ Arab, 217
+
+ Araba (Yoruba), 231, 345, 346
+
+ Arabmetu (Adionkron), 84
+
+ Arac Palm, 244
+
+ Arachi (Ibo, Asaba), 275, 292
+
+ Arachis hypogæa, 192
+
+ Aragbaihi (Benin), 401
+
+ Arajon, 445, 446
+
+ Arakpa (Benin), 275
+
+ Araliaceæ (S. Leone), 56; (Togo), 140; (Nigeria), 192, 213, 224, 375;
+ (Cameroons), 438
+
+ Aramoho (Benin), 400
+
+ Aranhe (Mbonoi), 85
+
+ Ararabi (Hausa), 221
+
+ Arasa (Yoruba), 337
+
+ Arasha (Ondo), 335
+
+ Areca catechu, 177
+
+ Arenga saccharifera, 177
+
+ Arere (Appolonian), 93; A. Tree, 153, 178; (Yoruba), 230, 351, 352
+
+ Argemone Mexicana, 193
+
+ Argentine, 491
+
+ Aridan (Yoruba), 231, 284; A. Abatta, 282
+
+ Aril, yellow, 291
+
+ Aristida, 196, 202
+
+ Aristolochia alba, 195
+
+ Aristolochiaceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+ Aroba (Mbonoi), 84
+
+ Aro Boro (Yoruba), 303
+
+ Aroid, 197
+
+ Aroideæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+ Arojoku (Yoruba), 400
+
+ Aroko (Onitsha Province), 297
+
+ Aroro (Benin), 335; (Yoruba), 336
+
+ Arquane (Mbonoi), 88
+
+ Arrow-poison climber, 192
+
+ Artabotrys sp., 264
+
+ Artocarpus incisa, 122, 148, 218
+
+ Arugbo, 412
+
+ Arundo donax, 201
+
+ Asa bogüie (Agni), 86; A. Gidi, 338
+
+ Asaba District, 189, 266, 353, 391, 392, 393, 395
+
+ Asama (Mbonoi), 85
+
+ Asana (Yoruba), 288, 330
+
+ Asclepiadaceæ (S. Leone), 59; (Gold Coast), 112; (Nigeria), 192, 199
+
+ Asclepias lineolata, 192
+
+ Ase (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Asemigniri (Mbonoi), 84
+
+ Ash (European), 316
+
+ Asha (Yoruba), 335; (Oudo), 335; (Ibadan), 337; A. omode (Yoruba),
+ 331; A. ragha (Yoruba), 335
+
+ Ashanti, 95; A. natives, 105; Ashanti Report (Gold Coast and Northern
+ Territory), by Mr. H. N. Thompson, 91
+
+ Ashasha of the Yorubas, 231, 355
+
+ Ashuwole (Yoruba), 278
+
+ Asia, 185
+
+ Asihuë (Atakpame), 131
+
+ Askale (Ikale), 304
+
+ Asofeyeje (Yoruba), 393
+
+ Asogedaka (Atakpame), 136
+
+ A-sog-e-jub, 470
+
+ Asokoru (Apollonian), 102
+
+ Asologun (musical instrument), wood of Alstonia, 391
+
+ Asoma (Fanti), 102
+
+ Asoroa (Aowin), 102
+
+ Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi (Tree), 42, 195
+
+ Aspidosperma Quebracho, 123, 124, 148
+
+ Aspillia, 194
+
+ Asre (Yoruba, Egbado), 304
+
+ Asses bread, 435
+
+ Assi (Benin), 335
+
+ Assihato (Agni), 85
+
+ Assinie River and Town, 81, 82
+
+ Assivi (Benin), 335
+
+ Assomah (Twi), 102
+
+ Assoro (Twi), 109
+
+ Assun (Benin), 407
+
+ Astragalus gummifer, 54
+
+ Astrochlæna, 194
+
+ Asuaindokun (Aowin), 107
+
+ Asukole (Ikale), 304
+
+ Asunwon (Yoruba), 270
+
+ Aswen (Benin), 288
+
+ Asystasia Coromandeliana, 197
+
+ Ata (Anago), 134; (Yoruba), 232, 233, 309; A. frifridi (Ibo, Asaba),
+ 395
+
+ Ataka (Ibo, Asaba), 303; Atakapuresossi (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+ Atakpame, 117, 122, 123, 131, 469
+
+ Atakpati (Atakpame), 135
+
+ Atakpla (Atakpame), 132
+
+ Atawa (Ashanti), 103
+
+ Atawah or Altawah (Twi), 97
+
+ Atidje (Atakpame), 135
+
+ Atikuzẽ (Ewe), 131
+
+ Atillis (Hausa), 221
+
+ Atisiā (Ewe), 136
+
+ Atite (Ewe), 133
+
+ Atiyi (Ewe), 134
+
+ Atolaie (Mbonoi), 83
+
+ Atont (Timani), 46
+
+ Atore (Efik), 325
+
+ Atori (Oban, Ekoi), 323; (Yoruba), 324
+
+ Atropa Belladonna, 488
+
+ Atsan (Attie), 83
+
+ Atta (Eflk), 260, 363
+
+ Attagbo (Yoruba), 301; (Benin), 310
+
+ Attagura, 218
+
+ Attan (Benin), 408
+
+ Attenli (Aowin), 96
+
+ Atwen (Mbonoi), 83
+
+ Atwaba (Fanti), 103
+
+ Au River (Togo), 117
+
+ Aubrya Gabunensis, 308
+
+ Augor (Benin), 179, 235, 236
+
+ Augwameatee (Aowin), 97
+
+ Auro (Yoruba), 312
+
+ Ause (Yoruba), 265
+
+ Austria-Hungary, 492
+
+ Austrian Markets, 325, 326
+
+ Autopoi (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+ Auwolo (Akposso), 132, 138
+
+ Avenya (Ewe), 147
+
+ Avicennia Africana, 60, 113, 144, 234, 397; (allied to A.
+ officinalis), 144; A. tomentosa, 440
+
+ Avogola or Awogolu (Ewe), 129
+
+ Awa (Attie), 87
+
+ Awabima (Twi), 106
+
+ Awasse (Abe), 87
+
+ Awaw District, 394; A. (Yoruba), 297; (Benin), 297
+
+ Awe (Yoruba), 331, 337
+
+ Awenu (Yoruba), 287
+
+ Awesu (Jekri), 228
+
+ Awessu (Jekri), 402
+
+ Awewe (Yoruba), 342
+
+ Awewi (Lagos, Yoruba), 288
+
+ Awigbi (Benin), 358
+
+ Awin (Ib.), 289
+
+ Awipu (Benin), 299
+
+ Awka Plantation, 167
+
+ Awoa (Yoruba), 266
+
+ Awolo (Atakpame), 136
+
+ Awong (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Awow (Benin), 297
+
+ Awowo, 465
+
+ Awraw (Egbado), 347
+
+ Awshun, 170
+
+ Awun (Yoruba), 231, 390
+
+ Axim Forests, 17
+
+ Aya, 196; Aya Aya, 196
+
+ Ayagdo (Yoruba), 400
+
+ Aye (Yoruba), 256
+
+ Ayeye (Yoruba), 408
+
+ Ayibukpo (Eflk), 292
+
+ Ayin (Yoruba), 179, 232, 271, 373, 489
+
+ Ayinre (Yoruba), 178, 294, 295; Ayinre Ayinre (Yoruba), 296; A.
+ bonabona (Yoruba), 229, 294; A. eta (Yoruba), 229; A. langara (Egba,
+ Yoruba), 293, 295; A. ogo, 293, 295; Ayinretta (Yoruba), 296
+
+ Ayo (Yoruba), 370
+
+ Ayobo-Osuke Road, 297
+
+ Azimommon (Benin), 339
+
+ Azodo (Abe), 87
+
+
+ Ba-fini, 233; Ba-jini, _syn._ Jina-jina (Sok. and Zanf.), 219; Ba-
+ reshe, 225; Ba-ruwana, _syn._ Rimni (Sok.), 218; Ba-Zanfare (Katagum),
+ _syn._ Rai dore, 220
+
+ Baba (Ewe), 132
+
+ Bäbäle (Atakpame), 134
+
+ “Babool,” Indian, 208
+
+ Baboon Kola, 54
+
+ Babu (Yoruba), 266
+
+ Baccaurea Bonneti, 86
+
+ Bada, 193
+
+ Badagri, Trading Station, 151
+
+ Badagry, 465; Badagry District, 264
+
+ Bagarumar makka (Sok.), 219
+
+ Bagarwa (Hausa), 208, 219
+
+ Bagi (Mendi), 56
+
+ Bago, River, 487
+
+ Baka-biringui (Abe), 86
+
+ Bakahehessi (Agni), 85
+
+ Bakana (Port), 152
+
+ Bakasa (Attie), 88
+
+ Bakau (Fanti), 83
+
+ Bakbaboi (Mendi), 48
+
+ Bakbwi, or Bpakpei (Mendi), 48
+
+ Bakiesu (Atakpame), 134
+
+ Bakin makarfo, 220
+
+ Bakossi Road, 417; B. Forest, 417
+
+ Bākū (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Bakum (Timani), 55
+
+ Bakundu Natives, 417
+
+ Bälä (Afem), 136
+
+ Balakenta (Timani), 48
+
+ Balangi (musical instrument), 46
+
+ Balanites Ægyptica, 198, 210, 453
+
+ Balanophoraceæ (Nigeria), 197
+
+ Balata (rubber), 70, 252
+
+ Bale (Yoruba), 312
+
+ Baledia or Welengele (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+ Balong natives, 378, 417
+
+ Balsam Copaiba Tree, 97, 154, 205, 231, 307; B. apple, 193; B. of
+ Peru, 177, 421; B. of Tolu, 316; B. Tree, 221
+
+ Balsamodendron Africanum, 198, 211; B. pedunculatum, 198
+
+ Balsamodendron myrrha, 221
+
+ Balua (Attie), 89; Balua (Rosewood), 31
+
+ Balui (Mendi), 41
+
+ Bambi (Mendi), 41
+
+ Bamboos, 90; B. palm, 195, 216, 218; B. sp., 93, 117, 122, 127, 196,
+ 234, 236
+
+ Bambus, 199
+
+ Bambuto Mts., 487
+
+ Bamenda District, 415
+
+ Bana (Attie), 83
+
+ Bananas, wild, 128, 147
+
+ Bandana River, 82
+
+ Bandonge (Duala), 440
+
+ Bang (Duala), 425
+
+ Banuke or Nje (Duala), 427
+
+ Baobab, 53, 105, 116, 118, 190, 207, 209, 223, 347, 435
+
+ Baphia, 430; B. Barombiensis, 430; B. nitida (Camwood), 31, 73, 84,
+ 99, 133, 197, 204, 232, 287, 288; B. polygalaceæ, 48, 232, 288; B.
+ pubescens, 73, 197, 221, 232, 288; B. sp., 288
+
+ Bar nagoda (Hausa), 221
+
+ Bara (Tschaudjo), 145
+
+ Barabutu (Hausa), 218
+
+ Barambo (Gobir), 219
+
+ Barbaji _syn._ Tsibra or Tsura (Sok.), 225
+
+ Bariba or Biribi (Abe), 85
+
+ Barijuko, 189
+
+ Bark Bugs, 436; Bark exported, 444; Bark fibre, 128, 142
+
+ Baro, 189
+
+ Baro Kano Line, 159
+
+ Barteria aromatica, 437; B. fistulosa, 437
+
+ Barth, Dr., 198, 206, 207
+
+ Barwood or Nigerian Camwood, 31, 34, 35, 158, 229, 273, 417
+
+ Basamu (Sok. and Zanf.), 221
+
+ Basel Mission Timber Works, 443
+
+ Bassa-bassa (Benin), 232
+
+ Bassam, 423
+
+ Bassari (Togo), 117, 124; B. Savannah, 140, 143, 469
+
+ Batabue (Agni), 87
+
+ Batanga District, 429
+
+ Batwi (Mendi), 46
+
+ Bauchi (Highlands), 188, 190, 200, 204
+
+ Baugbaningbamu (Tschaudjo), 127
+
+ Bauhinia, 36, 169; B. Dry Zone, 298; B. Krughii, 148; B. reticulata,
+ 97, 117, 133, 191, 201, 207, 252, 298; B. rufescens, 191, 201, 220,
+ 298; B. Thonningii, 298
+
+ Bauji (E. Hausa), _syn._ Fara Raya, 219
+
+ Baulan Bolo (Degema, Calabar), 363
+
+ Bauren fadama; Bauren rafi, (Hausa), 218
+
+ Bauri (Hausa), 129
+
+ Baushe (Hausa), 192, 212, 222
+
+ Baut I. (Timani), 47
+
+ Bawie (Hausa), 193, 216, 218
+
+ Baya (Twi Kowin), 113
+
+ Bayama (Kontagora), _syn._ Gwazkiya, 220
+
+ Baywood, 20
+
+ Bazana (Hausa), 211; Banzano (Kano and Zaria), 221
+
+ Bead Head, 222; B. Tree, 331
+
+ Beari (Mendi), 57
+
+ Bebeti (Moyen Cavally), 89
+
+ Beckindanko (Hausa), 111, 393
+
+ Beckwith, Mr. H. (depericarping process), 477
+
+ Beech, 325; B. compared with Gum Copal, 36
+
+ Beef-Tree, Australian, 174
+
+ Beeswax, 226, 444
+
+ Befun people, 467
+
+ Begonia (rostrata), 197
+
+ Beguan (Attie), 84
+
+ Beibolei (Mendi), 53
+
+ Bek (Timani), 49
+
+ Belengbe (Kratschi), 139
+
+ Belgian Congo, 423, 424
+
+ Belvi (Mendi), 43
+
+ Bembe (Bambara), 87
+
+ Bembedo (Yoruba), 270
+
+ Bembu (Mangu), 134
+
+ Ben (seeds), 453
+
+ Bēnature (Mangu), 136
+
+ Bende, 19; B. noso (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+ Bendiguri (Mendi), 47
+
+ Bendwi or Bunduei (Mendi), 48
+
+ Benin, 153, 178, 236, 238, 240, 243, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251,
+ 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 260, 263, 264, 269, 271, 273, 276, 278,
+ 279, 282, 284, 288, 289, 291, 297, 306, 310, 317, 324, 327, 329, 330,
+ 333, 342, 343, 347, 348, 350, 367, 376, 381, 390, 393; B. arboretum,
+ 177, 178, 243; B. cane or rattan, 240; B. City, 166, 175, 304; B.
+ Forests, 19, 168, 292; B. language, 185; B. market, 313; B. natives
+ and people, 163, 164, 243, 246, 249, 260, 264, 268, 278, 287, 298,
+ 301; B. (North), 154, 158; B. nut, 258; B. Pearwood, 378; B. River,
+ 151
+
+ Beniti (Agome), 131
+
+ Bentpod, 290, 307
+
+ Benué Region, 212, 215; B. River, 188, 189, 203, 204, 207
+
+ Beri (Mendi), 49
+
+ Berlinia, 19, 293
+
+ Berlinia acuminata, 47, 84, 99, 119, 133, 191, 230, 281, 282, 290,
+ 418, 429, 449; B. auriculata, 68, 99, 230, 282, 429; B. Heudelotiana,
+ 47, 99, 132, 197, 204; B. Kerstingii, 117, 118, 123, 133; B. sp., 416;
+ B. sp. near B. stipulaceæ, 47; B. tomentosa, 133; B. of the Waterside,
+ 292
+
+ Berrya ammomilla, 176, 421
+
+ Bersama, Chippii, 104; B. Doeringii, 138
+
+ Bersama Paullinioides, 53
+
+ Bertiera glabrata, 61
+
+ Bessi, 44; B. (Ashanti), 106; B. Kpessei, 44
+
+ Betel nut palm, 177
+
+ Beteng (Aowin), 93
+
+ Betu oil or tree, 210, 453, 454
+
+ Beurre de Karité, 90
+
+ Bewa or Mano River, 69
+
+ Bewe-Bauban (Mendi), 52
+
+ Bibiabe (Attie), 86
+
+ BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICAN FORESTS, 496-500
+
+ _Agricultural and Forest Products of British West Africa_, by G. C.
+ Dudgeon, Director-General of Agriculture in Egypt, 498
+
+ _Bulletin (Kew)_, 497-499
+
+ _Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information_, 497
+
+ _Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, ed. by Sir W. Dunstan, 497
+
+ _Catalogue of Plants_ collected by Mr. and Mrs. Talbot in the Oban
+ District, South Nigeria, 497
+
+ _Der Tropenwirt_, by Dr. S. Loskin, 499
+
+ _Dictionary of the World’s Commercial Products_, by J. A. Slater,
+ B.A., LL.B., 498
+
+ _Die Blütenpflanzen Afrikas_, by Franz Thonner, 497
+
+ _Forestry_, by Dr. Adam Schwappach, 499
+
+ _Forestry in West Africa_, by Sir Alfred Maloney, 496
+
+ _Glossary of Botanic Terms_, by D. G. Jackson, 496
+
+ _Gold Coast Report of Forests_, by H. N. Thompson, Chief Conservator
+ of Forests, South Nigeria, 499
+
+ _In the Guiana Forest_, by Jas. Rodway, 499
+
+ _Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and Termination of
+ the Niger_, 496
+
+ _Journal of the Imperial Institute_, 499
+
+ _Kulturgewächse der Deutschen Kolonien_, by R. Sadebeck, 498
+
+ _Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française_, by M.
+ Chevalier, 500
+
+ _List of Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of the Gold Coast, Ashantee and
+ Northern Territories_, by T. F. Chipp, B.Sc., F.L.S., 499
+
+ _Monographien der Pflanzenfamilien_, 8 vols. by Dr. Adolf Engler,
+ 496-497
+
+ I. Moraceæ, excluding Ficus.
+
+ II. Melastomaceæ.
+
+ III. Combretaceæ Combretum.
+
+ IV. Combretaceæ, excluding Combretum
+
+ V. Sterculiaceæ.
+
+ VI. Anonaceæ.
+
+ VII. Strophanthus.
+
+ VIII. Sapotaceæ.
+
+ _Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants_, by E. W. Foster, 497
+
+ _Notizblatt of the Berlin Botanical Station_, containing notes on
+ “Die Nutz Holzer der Kamerun,” 500
+
+ Pamphlets on _Die Nutz Holzer Togos_, 500
+
+ _Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien_, by Dr. Adolf Engler, 498
+
+ _Sylviculture in the Tropics_, by A. F. Broun, Director of Woods and
+ Forests, Soudan, 498
+
+ _Text Book of Botany_, by Strasburger, 498
+
+ _The Indian Forester_, 499
+
+ _The Oil Palm and its Varieties_, by J. H. J. Farquhar, Conservator
+ of Forests, (Nigeria), 499
+
+ _The Principal Forest Trees_, by H. W. Whitford, Ph.D., 499
+
+ _The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification_, by Herbert
+ Stone, F.L.S., F.R.C.I., 498
+
+ _The Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of S. Leone_, by C. E. Lane
+ Poole, 499
+
+ _The Useful Plants of Nigeria_, 497
+
+ _Timber_, by J. R. Baterden, A.M.I.C., 498
+
+ _Wood_, by G. S. Boulger, 498
+
+ Bignoniaceæ (S. Leone), 60; (Liberia), 79; (Ivory Coast), 89; (Gold
+ Coast), 113; (Togo), 144; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 215, 225, 401;
+ (Cameroons), 441
+
+ Bijaje (Hausa), 218
+
+ Bilinga (Yoruba), 290, 292, 445; Benin Bilinga, 292, 417, 418, 422,
+ 445, 446
+
+ Bimbi District, 429
+
+ Bimbwa, 445, 446
+
+ Bingeria Africana, 85
+
+ Biophytum sensitivum, 193
+
+ Biota trees, 420
+
+ Bipindi District, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 434, 438, 439, 440,
+ 441
+
+ Bishiyapl, or Bishiyoyi generic (Hausa), 218
+
+ Bismarckburg sub-station (Togo), 126
+
+ Bissaboko (Attie), 87
+
+ Bissimi (Mendi), 50
+
+ Bitter Bark, 415; B. Kola, 55, 77; B. Leaf, 409; Bitter tomato, 194
+
+ Biunwe (Twi), 97
+
+ Bixa orellana, 122, 365
+
+ Bixaceæ or Bixineæ (Nigeria), 190, 196, 365
+
+ Black Tumbler, 47, 73
+
+ Blackwater Plant, 270
+
+ Blackwood, 26, 46; B. African W., 297; B. Benin N., 297; B. Indian,
+ 386; Yoruba Blackwood, 298
+
+ Blepharis, 194
+
+ Blighia sapida, 61, 69, 76, 87, 104, 137, 196, 222, 229, 341, 342; B.
+ sp., 342, 343
+
+ “Blind” wood or Kapok, 345
+
+ Blita Resthouse (Togo), 117
+
+ Blood Plum of Sierra Leone, 136
+
+ Bloodwood, 221
+
+ Blue dye, 407
+
+ Blue gum, 174
+
+ Bo, 39; B. (Balong), 428
+
+ Boa (Bakundu), 428
+
+ Boanda (Buea district), 434, 436
+
+ Bobai (Duala), 429
+
+ Bobang (Balong), 425
+
+ Bobanja Duala, 428
+
+ Bobbyboya Water (Timani), 57
+
+ Bobby water, or Benin Mahogany, 78
+
+ Bobe ba ndiko (Bakundu), 433
+
+ Bobolo (Malimba), 430
+
+ Bodekadun (Yoruba), 395
+
+ Bodgei (Mendi), 47
+
+ Bœmbe (Bakundu), 426
+
+ Bofelei (Mendi), 50
+
+ Bofu (Fanti), 84
+
+ Bogi or Gbojei (Mendi), 52, 60
+
+ Bogo zage (Zanfau), 220
+
+ Bogüe (Agni), 83
+
+ Boi (Mendi), 50
+
+ Boi boi (Yoruba), 367
+
+ Boisima (Agni), 89
+
+ Boji, 311; B. Albizzia, 290; B. Hills, 18, 154, 290, 311, 385, 493
+
+ Boka or Boko (Bakundu), 433, 436
+
+ Bokata (Bakundu), 428
+
+ Bokeku (Duala), 426
+
+ Bokombo (Bakundu), 426
+
+ Bokome (Bakundu, Bafo), 438
+
+ Bokondo (Duala), 427
+
+ Boko-pupa (Yoruba), 344
+
+ Bokuk (Balong), 440; B. ba mhale (Duala), 440; B. (Etam), 432
+
+ Bokukulende (Bakossi), 426
+
+ Bokumia (Bakundu), 426
+
+ Bola (Bakundu), 440
+
+ Bolo (Ijaw and Brass), 230
+
+ Bolobolo, 345; B. fibre, 345
+
+ Bolondo (Duala), 428
+
+ Bolusila (Mangu), 138
+
+ Bomba (Duala), 440
+
+ Bombacaceæ (Cameroons), 435; (Gold Coast), 105; (Ivory Coast), 87;
+ (Liberia), 76; (Nigeria), 223, 346; (Sierra Leone), 53; (Togo), 137
+
+ Bombax, 231, 445, 446; B. brevicuspe, 105; B. Buonopozense, 53, 76,
+ 87, 105, 138, 190, 196, 209, 223, 345, 435; B. sp., 105, 346
+
+ Bombay Blackwood, 176
+
+ Bombay cotton seed, 480
+
+ Bomoku (Agni), 85
+
+ Bon (Attie), 85
+
+ Bonabona (Yoruba), 178
+
+ Bongani (Mendi), 53
+
+ Bongele or Bopum ba nji (Duala), 435
+
+ Bongongi (Bakundu), 428; (Duala), 428; (Sanaga River), 428
+
+ Bongossi (Duala), 415, 436, 445, 446
+
+ Bonjabi (Bakundu), 438
+
+ Bonni (Yoruba), 300
+
+ Bonny River, 151
+
+ Bōnugú (Misahöhe), 140
+
+ Bonwula or Woula (Duala), 426
+
+ Bonyurome (Mbonoi), 86
+
+ Bonza (Bambara), 83
+
+ Booni (Mendi), 54
+
+ Boottia Abyssinica, 195
+
+ Bopalo or Bololo (Bakundu), 427, 432
+
+ Bopanda (Bafo) or Bopande (Bakundu), 427
+
+ Bope (Bafo), 431; (Duala), 427
+
+ Bopek (Balong), 431
+
+ Bopolo polo (Duala), 440, 442
+
+ Borassus Æthiopium, 70, 93, 233; B., _var._ Æthiopium, 195, 216, 218,
+ 243; B. flabellifer (also called Fan or Bottle Palm), 39, 41, 70, 83,
+ 93, 117, 122, 127, 195, 459
+
+ Borbor, 74
+
+ Borepore (Agni), 86
+
+ Borer attacks on Anogeissus, 374; on Dalbergia, 175; on Diospyros,
+ 385; on Gum Copal, 36; on Mahogany (Leading Shoot Borer), 167, 175; on
+ Terminalia, 56
+
+ Borgu Province, 300, 453
+
+ Borimba (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Bornu, 190, 198, 206, 207, 209, 214, 215
+
+ Boro (Yoruba), 302
+
+ Borraginaceæ (sometimes Boragineæ) (Sierra Leone), 59; (Gold Coast),
+ 112; (Togo), 143; (Nigeria), 192, 215, 224, 396; Cameroons, 440
+
+ Borri-borri (Yoruba), 287
+
+ Bosambai (Jaunde), 442; Bosambe (Bakundu), 427, 434
+
+ Bosav (Bakundu), or Sao (Duala), 432
+
+ Boscia, 190, 198; B. Senegalensis, 198
+
+ Bosenge (Duala), 426
+
+ Bosipi (Duala), 42
+
+ Bosole (Bondoukou), 84
+
+ Bossi (Twi), 101
+
+ Boswellia Dalzielii, 191, 210, 221; B. Klaineana, 100; B. odorata,
+ 191, 221
+
+ Botapia (Attie), 87
+
+ Bōti (Dyakossi), 128
+
+ Bottle gourd, 193; Bottle palm, 39
+
+ Botuba (Bafo), 432
+
+ Boundary Tree, 245
+
+ Bowasa (Duala), 442
+
+ Bowiwasi (Fanti), 97
+
+ Bowiwunua (Twi), 97
+
+ Bowstring Hemp, 127, 128
+
+ Boxwood, 58, 79, 176, 394; compared with Cratæva religiosa, 130; False
+ B., 391
+
+ Boye (Mendi), 44
+
+ Brachystegia, 47; B. cynometroides, 416, 430; B. spicæformis, 68, 119,
+ 229, 277, 449
+
+ Bräkrauku (Asante), 141
+
+ Brass District, 240, 405, 406; B. language, 185; B. natives, 358; B.
+ Port, 151; B. River, 151
+
+ Brazil nut, 368, 450
+
+ Bread fruit, 122, 138, 218
+
+ Bridelia atroviridis, 103, 335; B. ferruginea, 51, 103, 193, 202; B.
+ macrocarpa, 434; B. micrantha, 51, 102, 335; B. scleroneura, 193; B.
+ speciosa, 86; B. stenocarpa, 335, 417, 433; B. Zenkeri, 335
+
+ Brimstone, 31, 32, 60, 69; Bush B., 61, 79; B. Wood, 405
+
+ Bristol Port prepared to try Palm kernels, 480, 481
+
+ British West African Colonies and Protectorate, 17
+
+ Bromabima (Axim), 107
+
+ Bromeliaceæ (Togo), 127
+
+ Bubbuoi (Mendi), 59
+
+ Buboi (Mendi), 58
+
+ Buchholzia macrophylla, 84
+
+ Buda͡u (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+ Budyonū (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+ Buea District, 425, 426, 427, 430, 431, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438,
+ 441, 442
+
+ Buesse (Mbonoi), 87
+
+ Buettneria, 353
+
+ Buffalo Horn, 222
+
+ Bugama Port, 150
+
+ Buini (Mendi), 46
+
+ Buittigirri (Mendi), 61
+
+ Buje nla (Yoruba), 407
+
+ Buji dudu (Yoruba), 407
+
+ Bulbostylis, 196; B. barbata, 93; B. laniceps, 93
+
+ Bullet-wood tree, 186
+
+ Bulokossa (Benin), 406
+
+ Bumbi (Mendi), 46
+
+ Bunbola Mountains, 25
+
+ Bundu dance, 51; Bundu devils, 51
+
+ Bundui or Bundwi (Mendi), 46, 60
+
+ Bunga (Timani), 45
+
+ Bungi (Mendi), 57
+
+ Buni (Mendi), 54
+
+ Bunja (Duala), 440
+
+ Bur-grass, 199
+
+ Bureh Mill, 35; B. River, 25; B. Town, 25, 36, 46, 56
+
+ Burkea, 302; B. Africana, 132, 191, 207, 220
+
+ Burma, 162, 168, 171
+
+ Burnatia enneandra, 195
+
+ Burogono (Mendi), 47
+
+ Burokossa (Benin), 406
+
+ Buronona (New Calabar), 364
+
+ Buro Nuro (Mbonoi), 88
+
+ Burseraceæ (Sierra Leone), 49; (Liberia), 74; (Ivory Coast), 85; (Gold
+ Coast), 100; (Nigeria), 191, 198, 221, 314; (Cameroons), 432
+
+ Bush Maple, 351, 353, 417; B. Oak, 420, 425; B. Pawpaw, 75; B. Teak,
+ 417; B. Town, 56
+
+ Bussea Occidentalis, 99
+
+ Butter tree, 77, 107, 361
+
+ Butyrospermum Parkii, 109, 117, 119, 141, 179, 192, 202, 214, 224,
+ 231, 358, 379, 439, 455
+
+ Buxus sempervirens, 176
+
+ Bwele ba Mbongo (Duala), 441
+
+ Bwembe (Bakwiri), 426
+
+ Bwiba ba mbale (Duala), 431; Bwiba ba njon (Duala), 443
+
+ Bwiwa (Bakwiri), 431
+
+ Byrsocarpus coccineus, 191
+
+
+ Cabbage Palm, 58; C. Tree of the West Indies, 134, 224
+
+ Cacao, 420, 421; C. bean, 163; C. yams, 421, 491
+
+ Cadaba farinosa, 198
+
+ Cæsalpinia arborea, 148; C. Bonducella, 197, 303; C. coriaria, 148; C.
+ regia, 148; C. rostrata, 148; C. sappan, 124, 148
+
+ Cæsalpiniæ (Nigeria), 269
+
+ Caindah Wood, 131
+
+ Calabar, 152, 153, 154, 157, 177, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 243, 249,
+ 250, 251, 252, 256, 257, 259, 264, 271, 273, 275, 276, 279, 284, 288,
+ 289, 297, 303, 306, 310, 312, 313, 315, 324, 327, 333, 340, 343, 349,
+ 350, 371, 376, 382, 387, 390, 395, 396, 411; C. Arboretum and
+ Botanical Gardens, 166, 168, 174, 179, 410, 468; C. Beans, 80, 298; C.
+ Forest land, 17, 49, 154; C. Market, 368; C. River, 18, 151, 152, 154
+
+ Calabash nutmeg, 43, 72, 265
+
+ Calamus Barteri, 94; C. deerratus, 94, 240; C. sp., 41
+
+ Callichilia subsessilis, 58
+
+ Caloncoba Gilgiana, 139
+
+ Calonyction speciosum, 197, 203
+
+ Calpocalyx, 99; C. Dinklagei, 430
+
+ “Cam,” 287, 288
+
+ Cam River, 415
+
+ Cambridge University Department of Agriculture, 483
+
+ Cameroons, 17, 378, 387, chap. x, 415-446; C. exports, 444; C.
+ Mountains, 415, 416, 420, 436; C. (South), 425; C. Timber exports,
+ 445, 446
+
+ Campanulaceæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+ Camps of Timber Firms, 187
+
+ Camwood, 31, 34, 35, 48, 84, 73, 80, 98, 158, 178, 221, 226, 229, 273,
+ 287, 288, 416, 417, 418, 419; Benin C., 288; Cross River C., 274;
+ Large-fruited Camwood, 275; Spineless fruited C., 273
+
+ Canarium, 422; C. Auriculatum, 432; C. Mansfeldii, 317, 432; C.
+ occidentalis, 82, 85; C. Schweinfurthii, 29, 49, 67, 74, 82, 221, 229,
+ 315, 416, 417, 425, 432; C. sp., 317
+
+ Canary Isles, 20, 177
+
+ Candle nut, 421
+
+ Canoe-making (Nigeria), 158; Oguta C., 159; C. Tree, 356; Twelve
+ puncheon C., 159
+
+ Canta Bark, 259
+
+ Canthium discolor, 61; C. glabriflorum, 408, 441
+
+ Capparidaceæ (Ivory Coast), 84; (Togo), 130; C. Vanguerioides, 197;
+ (Nigeria), 190, 196, 198, 213, 219, 266
+
+ Capparis, 190, 198; C. Thonningii, 266; C. viminea, 196
+
+ Caralluma Dalzielii, 199
+
+ Carapa cake, 458; C. Gayensis, 35; C. Guianensis, 102; C. microcarpa,
+ 85; C. procera, 49, 74, 119, 135, 317, 419, 433, 458; C. velutina, 86
+
+ Cardiospermum Halicacabum, 191
+
+ Carissa edulis, 192, 395
+
+ Carludovica palmata, 127
+
+ Carpodinus Barteri (_syn._ Clitandra Barteri), 392; C. fulva, 393; C.
+ hirsuta, 111, 197, 392
+
+ Carpolobia alba, 50; C. lutea, 50, 288, 332
+
+ Carriers’ duties and treatment (Nigeria), 186
+
+ Caryophyllaceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+ Casada, 421
+
+ Casearia sp., 230
+
+ Cashew nuts, 123, 222, 339
+
+ Cassada, 125
+
+ Cassava, 204, 471
+
+ Cassia, 269, 270; C. Alata, 99; C. Arereh, 201, 206; C. bicapsularis,
+ 99; C. dwarf mimosoides, 191, 202; C. fistula, 99, 164, 270; C.
+ florida, 123, 124, 148; C. Goratensis, 201, 221; C. Kotschyana, 191,
+ 206, 220; C. Lophira, 99; C. obovata, 199; C. occidentalis, 99, 164,
+ 220, 270; C. podocarpa, 73, 270; C. Siamia, 163, 176, 489; C.
+ Sieberiana, 46, 99, 133, 206, 269; C. Tora, 99, 270
+
+ Cassytha Guineensis, 195
+
+ Castor-oil Shrub, 193
+
+ Casuarina, 125, 420, 421; C. equisitifolia, 122, 148, 173; C. sp., 183
+
+ Catechu, 98; Burmese variety, 98
+
+ Cauri (Mbonoi), 88
+
+ Cavally Port, 81, 82; C. River, 81, 82
+
+ Cawthorne River, 151
+
+ Ceara Rubber, 117; C. R. Plantation, 118, 123, 125, 149
+
+ Ceceru (Agni), 83
+
+ Cedar, 101, 416; Cigar-box Cedar tree, 122, 173, 420; Dry Zone C.,
+ 211, 323; Cedar-like Lauro, 250; C. Mahogany hard, 26, 28, 323; Red
+ C., 29, 32, 50, 67, 74, 75; Scented Mahogany Cedar, 317, 318; White
+ Cedar, 418, 419
+
+ Cedrat (Colons), 86
+
+ Cedrela, 154, 420; C. odorata, 122, 123, 148, 173, 183, 420; C. Toona,
+ 173
+
+ Ceiba, 445, 446; C. pentandra, 120, 122, 123, 125, 138, 435
+
+ Celastraceæ (Gold Coast), 104; (Nigeria), 191, 340
+
+ Celosia argentea, 195
+
+ Celtis, hard, 246; C. integrifolia, 83, 128, 193, 216, 217; C.
+ Prantlii, 128; C. soft, 247; C. solenostigma, 246, 248; C. sp., 247,
+ 388
+
+ Cenchrus catharticus, 199
+
+ Cephalostigma Perrottettii, 194
+
+ Cerambix (Borer), 386
+
+ Ceratotheca sesamoides, 194
+
+ Ceredia, 466
+
+ Cestos River, 71
+
+ Ceylon, 420; C. satinwood compared with Eucalyptus, 174
+
+ Chad, Lake, 465
+
+ Chailletia floribunda, 332; C. toxiaria, 50
+
+ Chang District (Cameroons), 415, 489
+
+ Charcoal exported from Gambia, 20; C. making from Lophira procera, 77;
+ C. Wood (Blacksmith’s), 339
+
+ Charia indeniensis, 86
+
+ Che (Fõ), 134
+
+ Chediya (Hausa), 193, 199, 216, 218
+
+ Chedscho Valley, 125
+
+ Chen (Ibo), 229
+
+ Chenchen (Twi), 95
+
+ Chêne d’Afrique (Colons), 86
+
+ Cherry, 79
+
+ Chestnut (False), 347
+
+ Chevalier, Mons. Auguste, 81; Books by, 81, 198, 484
+
+ Chewstick, 55, 56, 77, 120, 167, 179, 194, 212, 223, 225, 234, 359,
+ 360, 409
+
+ “Cheyi” fat, 462; C. seed, 462
+
+ Chichiwa (Hausa), 219
+
+ Chicue (Attie), 86
+
+ Chiriri, 213, 223, 224
+
+ Chleho (Fõ), 134
+
+ Chloris, 196
+
+ Chlorophora excelsa, 19, 26, 32, 42, 67, 70, 82, 83, 95, 117, 128,
+ 158, 168, 171, 204, 215, 219, 228, 253, 416, 417, 418, 419, 422, 425,
+ 445, 446
+
+ Chlorophytum, 195
+
+ Chocolate cream (from Shea Butter), 153; C. Gaboon, 454
+
+ Choka (Attie), 88
+
+ Choraschora, 446
+
+ Chrinika (Atakpame), 131
+
+ Chrysobalanus ellipticus, 72, 84, 96; C. icaco, 72, 233; C. sp., 269,
+ 459
+
+ Chrysophyllum, 57, 232; C. Africanum, 69, 110, 381, 382, 419, 438,
+ 456; C. Albidum, 110, 382; C. ellipticus, 57; C. Kainato, 381; C.
+ macrophyllum, 438; C. obovatum, 141; C. pruniforme, 57; C. sp., 57,
+ 78, 381
+
+ Chuiansa (Appolonian), 103
+
+ Cissampelos Owariensis, 259; C. Pareira, 193, 259
+
+ Cissus, 193
+
+ Cistanthera sp., 343
+
+ Citron de la mer, 202
+
+ Citrullus vulgaris, 193, 242, 452, 470
+
+ Citrus aurantium, 74
+
+ Claoxylon Barteri, 337; C. Preussii, 434
+
+ Clausena Anisata, 312
+
+ Cleidion Gabunicum, 103
+
+ Cleistopholis, near C. patens, 43, 84, 130
+
+ Clerodendron, 113, 193, 441; C. scandens, 399; C. splendens, 400; C.
+ Thompsonii, 399; C. Thonningii, 399; C. volubile, 399
+
+ Clitandra cirrhosa, 393; C. elastica, 111, 393; C. Togoland, 393; C.
+ visciflua, 393
+
+ Cloth Shrub, 391
+
+ Clove, 224
+
+ Clynogyne, _syn._ Donax cuspidata, 246; C. filipes, 195; C. flexuosa,
+ 128
+
+ Cnestis, 196; C. ferruginea, 96
+
+ Cochlospermaceæ (Gold Coast), 107
+
+ Cochlospermum tinctorium, 107, 190, 201
+
+ Cockburn Major, 177
+
+ Cockchafer Bugs, 436
+
+ Coco Fibre, 127; C. nuts, 63, 122, 226; C. nut Palm, 218, 237, 244,
+ 421; C. oil (Touloucouna de palmiste), 90; C. yams, 255
+
+ Cocoa, 421, 444, 476, 487, 491; C. Industry (Gold Coast), 92; (Togo),
+ 126; C. Plum, 72; C. seeds, 63; C. Tree, 436
+
+ Cocos nucifera, 94, 218
+
+ Cœlocaryon oxycarpum, 84
+
+ Coffea Liberica, 79
+
+ Coffee, 80; C. scions, 80; C. seed, 80; C. trees, 80
+
+ Cola, 232, 351, 354, 355, 356, 396, 487, 491
+
+ acuminata, 54, 77, 106, 354
+
+ Afzelia, 106, 138, 354
+
+ altissima, 436
+
+ Angustifolia, 54
+
+ astrophora, 138
+
+ Bitter, 359, 462
+
+ caricifolia, 106, 138
+
+ cauliflora, 354
+
+ common, 354
+
+ cordifolia, 87, 106
+
+ digitata, 77
+
+ False, 359
+
+ laterita, 418
+
+ Laurel-leaved, 354
+
+ laurifolia, 106, 138, 196, 204, 354, 355
+
+ leonensis, 54
+
+ mahogany, 354
+
+ marsupium, 436
+
+ mirabilis, 87
+
+ Cola nut, 71, 77, 90, 115, 116, 163
+
+ Cola proteiformis, 87
+
+ Simiarum, 54
+
+ sp., 354, 355, 436
+
+ sublobata, 106
+
+ sulcata, 436
+
+ supfiana, 138
+
+ vera, 87, 107, 124, 126, 148
+
+ verticulata, 107
+
+ Colonguli (Mendi), 54
+
+ Combretaceæ (Sierra Leone), 56; (Ivory Coast), 88; (Gold Coast), 108;
+ (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 199, 203, 212, 223, 224, 369;
+ (Cameroons), 438, 445, 446
+
+ Combretum Afzelia, 108
+
+ cinerea, 438
+
+ constrictum, 197, 203
+
+ geitonophyllum, 223
+
+ glutinosum, 213, 223, 373
+
+ Hartmannianum, 213, 223, 373
+
+ herbaceum, 201
+
+ Kerstingii, 140, 223, 224
+
+ Lawsonianum, 372
+
+ leonense, 213, 223
+
+ micranthum, 373
+
+ mucronatum, 373
+
+ paucinervium, 373
+
+ racemosum, 197
+
+ Sokodense, 139
+
+ sp., 108, 192, 201, 212
+
+ sp. near C. altum, 199, 204
+
+ verticillatum, 223
+
+ viridiflora, 88
+
+ zenkeri, 108, 373
+
+ Combwood, 35
+
+ Commelinaceæ (Nigeria), 195, 197, 425
+
+ Commelyna, 195; C. nudiflora, 195; C. umbellata, 195
+
+ Commiphora Kerstingii, 191, 211
+
+ Communal Rubber Plantations, 179
+
+ “Compartments,” 169
+
+ Compositæ (Gold Coast), 114; (Togo), 147; (Nigeria), 194, 225, 409;
+ (Cameroons), 441
+
+ Conapharingia, 79, 233; C. Crassa, 59, 88, 142; C. durissima, 391; C.
+ longifolia, 59; C. pachysiphon, 35, 391
+
+ Confectioner’s Gum, 300
+
+ Congo, 476; C. Cie Congo du Belge Line, 480; Belgian C., 423, 424;
+ French and Belgian C., 189; French or Gaboon C., 422, 423; C. River,
+ 423, 424; Upper C., 423, 424
+
+ Congo-Congo (Gabonais), 83
+
+ Coniferous trees, 162; Conifer, 177
+
+ Convolvulaceæ (Gold Coast), 112; (Nigeria), 194, 197; (Cameroons), 440
+
+ Convolvulus (Moon), 203
+
+ Coondi (Timani), 49
+
+ Copaiba Balsam Tree, 205
+
+ Copaifera Demeusii, 176, 417, 421, 428; C. Guibourtiana (Gum Copal),
+ 35, 36, 37, 46; C. officinalis, 176; C. salikounda, 46, 99, 176
+
+ Copaifera of the Boji Hills, 198; _cf._ Copaifera, 298
+
+ Copal, 444
+
+ Copenhagen Market, 325
+
+ Copra exported (Nigeria), 226
+
+ Coral flower, 301; C. Tree, 221
+
+ Corchorus, 190; C. acutangulus, 344; C. olitorius, 344
+
+ Cordia Abyssinica, 192, 215, 224; C. (acorn-like fruited), 396; C.
+ (Drumwood), 396; C. Gharaf, 143; C. Irvingia, 112, 396, 440; C.
+ millenii, 230, 396; C. sp., 59, 230, 396; C. Yombomba, 440
+
+ Cordyla Africana, 133, 197
+
+ Coreopsis, 194
+
+ Corkwood, 42, 70, 83; C. Tree, 95, 252, 418, 419, 488
+
+ Corynanthe Johimbe, 408; C. paniculata, 61, 407
+
+ Corypha elata, 177
+
+ Cosomon (Bambara), 86
+
+ Costus afer, 195
+
+ Cotton tree, 26, 53, 76, 117, 153, 160, 177, 190, 204, 278, 345, 346,
+ 445, 446
+
+ Coula edulis (Almond wood), 33, 43, 71, 83, 95, 258, 417, 426, 457
+
+ Counterwood (Afzelia Africana), 47; Counter-top Mahogany, 157
+
+ Cowhage, 203
+
+ Crab apple, 146; Crab-oil Tree, 318; Crabwood, 19, 74, 317
+
+ Cratæva Adansonii, 190, 213, 219, 266; C. religiosa, 130
+
+ Craterispermum laurinum, 61
+
+ Cratopteris Thalictroides, 196
+
+ Cream of Tartar, 53
+
+ Creepers, 172
+
+ Creole, 44, 45, 52; C. Damson, 53
+
+ Crinum yuccæflorum, 195
+
+ Cross River, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 159, 170, 179, 185, 273, 378,
+ 415, 418, 456, 493; C. R. nut, 376
+
+ Crossopteryx Africana or Kotschyana, 61, 145, 192, 214, 225, 408
+
+ Crotalaria, 191
+
+ Croton penduliflorus, 61; C. pyrifolius, 434
+
+ Cryptolepis nigritana, 192
+
+ Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum, 47
+
+ Cucumis Melo, _var._ agrestis, 199; C. prophetarum, 194
+
+ Cucurbita Pepo, 193
+
+ Cucurbitaceæ (Nigeria), 193, 199, 452
+
+ Culcasia scandens, 195
+
+ Cupania akeesia, 343
+
+ Curculigo Gallabatensis, 195
+
+ Cussonia, 210; C. Barteri, 140; C. Djalonensis, 56; C. Nigerica, 192,
+ 213, 224
+
+ Custard apple (wild), 262
+
+ Cutch Tree, 98
+
+ Cuviera acutiflora, 197
+
+ Cyanastraceæ (Nigeria), 245
+
+ Cyanastrum cordifolium, 245
+
+ Cyanothyrsus ogea, 97, 278
+
+ Cyanotis, 195
+
+ Cycad appearance of Palm, 243
+
+ Cycinium camporum, 400
+
+ Cylicodiscus, 280, 286; C. Gabonensis, 48, 97 (compared with
+ Piptadenia Africana, 99), 229, 295, 416, 419, 431
+
+ Cymbopogon diplandrus, 201; C. giganteum, 201; C. hirtus, 201; C.
+ rufus, 201; C. Ruprechtii, 201; C. Sennariensis, 199
+
+ Cynometra, 117, 120, 231; C. Afzelii, 98, 121, 132, 285, 449; C.
+ cryptosepalum, 84; C. Mannii, 98, 285, 429, 449; C. megalophylla, 132,
+ 148; C. mitragyne, 19, 36; C. multynge, 429; C. sp., 98, 132; C.
+ Vogelii, 45, 84, 197, 203; C. Waterside, 285
+
+ Cyperaceæ (Gold Coast), 93; (Nigeria), 196
+
+ Cyperus esculentus, 196; C. Fenzelianus, 196; C. rotundus, 196
+
+ Cypress, 420; C. (Bald), 175; C. (Deciduous), 175; C. (swamp), 175
+
+ Cyrtosperma Senegalense, 197
+
+
+ Dabadogun (Benin), 267
+
+ Dabino (Hausa), 217
+
+ Dabudabu (Agni), 87
+
+ Dadafunde (Atakpame), 145
+
+ Dadie (Asante), 138
+
+ Dafara, 193
+
+ Dagbongbore (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+ Dagera (Hausa), 223
+
+ Dahomah (Twi), 97
+
+ Dahomey, 189
+
+ Dakwora (Hausa), 208
+
+ Dalbergia, 297; D. (False), 270; D. Hostilis, 298; D. Latifolia, 175;
+ D. Melanoxylon, 118, 134; D. Rosewood, 48; D. Saxatilis, 297; D. sp.,
+ 20, 48
+
+ Dali (Hausa), 211; (Kano and Katsina), 221
+
+ Dalo, 213, 223
+
+ Dalu (Kana and Katsina), 221
+
+ Dalziel. Dr. J. M., on “Botanical Features of Nigeria,” 188-205; “Some
+ trees of Hausaland,” 205-219; “Nigerian trees,” 218-225, 244
+
+ Dambarra Village, 66, 69
+
+ Damerghu, 207
+
+ Dandana, 194
+
+ Daniellia, 231; D. Caudata, 278, 431; D. Fosteri, 278; D. oblonga, 84,
+ 278; D. ogea (Blue Bessie), 32, 33, 35, 68, 74, 97, 230, 278; D.
+ Punchii, 278; D. sp., 74, 424; D. Thurifera, 205, 221
+
+ Danko (Hausa), 111
+
+ Dan marike (Hausa), 221
+
+ Danowa (Hausa), 231
+
+ Dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and Katsina), 221
+
+ Dantwi (Atakpame), 135
+
+ Danya (Hausa), 198, 212, 222
+
+ Dargaza, 190
+
+ Dashi (Hausa), 198, 211
+
+ Date, 200; Date, desert, 210; Date palms, 124, 125, 217; wild date
+ palm, 240
+
+ Datura Metel, 194
+
+ Daudawa (Hausa), 207
+
+ Dawa (Hausa), 196, 204
+
+ Dawo (Hausa), 220, 231
+
+ Debundscha (Cameroons), 416
+
+ Degema, 364; D. Arboretum, D. District, 405; D. Port, 152; D. Town,
+ 179, 314
+
+ Deinbollia Indeniensis, 87; D. insignis, 104, 233; D. primata, 343;
+ D. pycnophylla, 434
+
+ Deleb palm, 41, 200, 216, 217, 218
+
+ Denbehawi (Mendi), 54
+
+ Dendo (Attie), 83
+
+ Dengma (Mangu), 130
+
+ Dennett, Mr. R. E., Quotation from Paper on “British Trade in
+ Nigeria,” 480, 481
+
+ Dennettia sp., 260, 263; D. tripetala, 260
+
+ Denya (Twi), 97
+
+ Depapāte (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+ Derris Stuhlmannii, 133
+
+ Desmodium, 191
+
+ Desplatzia Dewewrei, 434
+
+ Detarium, Guineensis, 119, 120, 132, 229; D. microcarpum, 132, 430; D.
+ Senegalense, 29, 69, 73, 97, 123, 132, 148, 191, 201, 202, 206, 221,
+ 306; D. sp., 97
+
+ Dialium, Dinklagei, 73, 84; D. Englerii, 73; D. Guineense, 84, 99,
+ 133, 197, 289, 418, 424; G. Senegalense, 47, 48, 73; D. sp., 48; D.
+ Staudtii, 417, 430; D. Zenkeri, 430
+
+ Diancangue (Attie), 83
+
+ Diangue (agni), 83
+
+ Dibanga (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Dibobonga (Duala), 434
+
+ Dichapetalaceæ (S. Leone), 50; Nigeria, 332
+
+ Dichrostachys nutans, 99, 131, 191, 201; D. platycarpa, 199
+
+ Didelotia Engleri, 74
+
+ Digitaria, 196
+
+ Digiten (Brass), 228
+
+ Digo (Anago), 140
+
+ Dika bread, 74; D. butter, 74; D. chocolate, 74; D. fat, 454; D.
+ kernels, 454; Dika nuts, 68, 74, 100, 179, 312, 454; Benin D. nuts,
+ 313
+
+ Dikbere (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+ Diki (Hausa), 128
+
+ Dikir (Efik), 349
+
+ Dilifu (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+ Dilleniaceæ (Liberia), 77
+
+ Dillenia indica, 421
+
+ Dingi (Mendi), 56
+
+ Dinjongo (Bakundu), 440
+
+ Dinya (Kano), 215, 224
+
+ Dioclea reflexa, 299
+
+ Dioecious trees, 52
+
+ Dioscorea prehensilis, 195; D. sp., 471
+
+ Dioscoreaceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+ Diospyros aggregata, 439
+
+ atropurpurea, 230, 383, 384, 385, 439
+
+ Barteri, 385, 459
+
+ Bipendensis, 385, 439
+
+ crassiflora, 230, 385, 459
+
+ Dendo, 230, 386, 439, 459
+
+ Gilgiana, 416, 439
+
+ incarnata, 439
+
+ Kamerunensis, 385, 415, 439
+
+ Mamiacensis, 439
+
+ Megaphylla, 439
+
+ Mespiliformis, 110, 118, 123, 125, 141, 169, 178, 185, 192, 214,
+ 224, 230, 383, 439
+
+ Mombuttensis, 110, 142, 230, 383
+
+ Mombuttensis, _syn._ sinensis, 383
+
+ Multinervis, 384, 385
+
+ Nsambensis, 439
+
+ Sanza, 88
+
+ Species, 57, 118, 383, 385, 416, 417, 445
+
+ Suaveolens, 386, 420, 439
+
+ Tricolor, 142
+
+ Verrucosa, 385
+
+ Xanthochlamys, 110, 387
+
+ Dipcadi, 195
+
+ Dipcadi occidentale, 199
+
+ Dipterocarpaceæ (Togo), 139
+
+ Dirinshi (Ibo), 228
+
+ Discoglypremna caloneura, 103
+
+ Dissotis, 194
+
+ Distemonanthus Benthamianus, 100, 133, 301, 430; D. sp., 430
+
+ Dita (Detarium Senegalense), 29, 48, 69, 73, 120
+
+ Dituture (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+ Djave Nut, 420, 444
+
+ Djengu (Bakwiri), 428
+
+ Djo Arbi (Mbonoi), 87
+
+ Djombe (Bakwiri), 438
+
+ Djuna (Bondoukou), 84
+
+ Djutisha Station, 420
+
+ Do (Trepo), 84
+
+ Dodo (Yoruba), 391
+
+ Dodonæa viscosa, 76
+
+ Dodoriya, 193; D. or Dadori (Hausa), 223
+
+ Dodoya, 195
+
+ Dogo (Bondoukou), 85
+
+ Doka (Ashanti), 93; (Apollonian), 93; (Aowin), 93, 200; (Hausa), 220,
+ 232
+
+ Dolichandrone lutea, 113
+
+ Dombeya Buettneri, 356
+
+ Dona (Abe), 85
+
+ Donax, Cuspidata, 246
+
+ Dongke on Jeti (Ewe), 141
+
+ Dorose Populu (Plapo), 89
+
+ Dorowa or Darawa (Hausa), 207, 220, 230
+
+ Doti (Ewe), 133
+
+ Doumane, 90
+
+ Dracæna, 22; D. arborea, 94; D. Cylindrica, 245; D. Mannii, 42, 94; D.
+ Perrottettii, 83, 246; D. sp., 245, 246; D. Surculosa, 70, 94, 245
+
+ Dragon’s blood, 70, 245
+
+ Droseraceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+ Drosera indica, 193
+
+ Dschang Station, 420, 425, 426, 435, 436, 441
+
+ Duakobin or Duabayi (General West Coast), 97
+
+ Duala District, 428, 436
+
+ Dubiddi (Ashanti), 96
+
+ Dubiri Kegingo (Appolonien), 86
+
+ Dubon or Dubini (Twi, Wassaw, Fanti), 101
+
+ Duboscia macrocarpa, 87
+
+ Dubu (Brass), 231
+
+ Dudu (Appolonian), 103
+
+ Düdüreda (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+ Duika, 361, 378, 403, 422; D. Chop fruit, 360; D. Maxwell’s, 250; Red-
+ headed D., 250; Yellow-backed D., 250
+
+ Dukki (Hausa), 216; or Dunki, _syn._ Zuwo (Kano, Zaria, etc.), or
+ Dinkin, 218
+
+ Duko, Durgo, or Duroko (Bondoukou), 86
+
+ Dukuma Dugura (Agni), 86
+
+ Dum palm, 94, 200, 216, 217, 218, 244
+
+ Duma, 193; D. namé, 356
+
+ Dumoria Heckeli, 378; D. Heckeli (Baca or Abaku), 456
+
+ Dumya (Sok), 224
+
+ Dunkwah Reserve, 160
+
+ Dunstan, Prof. Wyndham R. (Opinion on feeding cattle), 483
+
+ Dupwi II (Mendi), 48
+
+ Duru Forest, 201
+
+ Durumi (Hausa), 193, 199, 216
+
+ Dushe (Kana), 220
+
+ Dussa (Hausa), 208; D. (East Hausa), 220
+
+ Duvui (Mendi), 41
+
+ Dworom (Asante), 128
+
+ Dye wood industry (Nigeria), 159; Dyewoods, 444
+
+ Dyschoriste Perrottettii, 194
+
+ Dzobellobe (Ewe), 127
+
+ Dzogbenyabo (Ewe), 128
+
+
+ Eba (Benin), 159, 356; E. District, 394
+
+ Ebakwe (Benin), 284
+
+ Ebar (Brass, Ibo), 230; (Brass, North Calabar), 406
+
+ Ebattan (Benin), 364
+
+ Ebba (Benin), 356
+
+ Ebbe (Mendi), 45, 159
+
+ Ebbo (Benin), 308
+
+ Ebbome (Oban, Ekoi), 279
+
+ Ebe (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Ebegogogbo (Benin), 343
+
+ Eben (Efik), 233, 314; (Jekri), 404; E.-etridon (Efik), 229; E. giku,
+ 404
+
+ Ebenaceæ (S. Leone), 57; (Ivory Coast), 88; (Gold Coast), 110; (Togo),
+ 141; (Nigeria), 192, 214, 224, 383; (Cameroons), 439
+
+ Ebenote (Benin), 399
+
+ Ebewaki (Benin), 259
+
+ Ebo (Ewe), 129; (Yoruba), 230
+
+ Ebon (Duala), 443
+
+ Ebonga evodi (Duala), 435; E. manyongo (Duala), 440
+
+ Ebony, 57, 110, 124, 226, 415, 417, 420, 445; Benin Ebony, 383, 385,
+ 386, 387; Black E., 416; Brown E., 385; Calabar E., 387; Cameroon
+ Ebony, 385; Cross River E., 386; E. nut, 385; E. Plantations (Togo),
+ 149; (Nigeria), 164, 169, 178, 186, 226; Walking-stick E., 383; Yoruba
+ E., 383
+
+ Eborodumuen (Agni), 87
+
+ Ebruke (Attie), 87
+
+ Ebubri etu (Efik), 386
+
+ Ebumen (Benin), 337
+
+ Ebunja (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Ebuttemetta Gardens, 168, 170, 269; E. Sawmill, 159
+
+ Ecastaphyllum Brownei, 100
+
+ Eché, or Alãfe (Ewe), 134
+
+ Echirua (Agni), 86
+
+ Eclipta Alba, 194
+
+ Econ grass, 176, 179
+
+ Edat, 158; (Ekoi), 231, 405; (Efik), 266, 405
+
+ Edde (Mbonoi), 88
+
+ Eddo Binoyoba (Benin), 265
+
+ Ede (Quitta, Krepi), 93; (Yoruba), 300, 397; E. Plantation, 175
+
+ Edea District, 436
+
+ Edem (Calabar), 363; (Efik), 323
+
+ Eden (Efik), 228
+
+ Edeng (Calabar), 363
+
+ Edible nut, 258
+
+ Edna (Appolonian), 84
+
+ Edum (Bafo), 431
+
+ Edun (Benin), 359
+
+ Edundu (Balong), 428
+
+ Efam (Efik), 229
+
+ Effnobrodidwa (Twi), 101
+
+ Effnokonkonti (Ashanti), 101
+
+ Efiari (Efik), 233; (Benin), 360
+
+ Efik, 159, 185, 494
+
+ Efindofindo (Bafo), 439
+
+ Efiohlĕ (Ewe), 139
+
+ Efiori or Efrie (Efik, Kwa), 359
+
+ Efomu (Agu), 84
+
+ Efriyo, 228; E. moniba (Efik), 228
+
+ Efuen (Agni), 84
+
+ Efu Iya (Yoruba), 317
+
+ Efunmundon (Appolonian, Aowin), 111
+
+ Efurumundi (Agni), 89
+
+ Egba (Ewe), 136; (Iba, Owerri), 363, 368; (Yoruba), 234; East
+ Province, 259, 395
+
+ Egbe, 163
+
+ Egbesi (Yoruba), 401
+
+ Egbi (Ibadan), 271
+
+ Egbo (Atakpame), 142; (Benin), 494
+
+ Egeun (Aowin), 95
+
+ Eggi or Ekka (Ibo, Asaba), 319; (Yoruba), 285, 449
+
+ Egg-shaped fruit tree (Ocotea cf.), 266
+
+ Eggun (Yoruba), 345, 346
+
+ Eghogho (Benin), 337
+
+ Egoyn lukan (Benin), 369; E. nebbi, 369; E. nikwi, 369; E. nufwa
+ (Benin), 179, 371
+
+ Egu (Atakpame), 142
+
+ Egui (Agni), 83
+
+ Eguni (Appolonian), 95
+
+ Egun oran (Yoruba), 266
+
+ Egusi bara (Yoruba), 242, 452, 470
+
+ Egwa oriakuku or oviakuku, 399
+
+ Egyptian Mimosa, 219
+
+ Ehan (Bakoko), 433
+
+ Ehemba (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Ehranbagogo (Benin), 259
+
+ Ehranezi (Benin), 364
+
+ Ehranpata, or Esanpata (Benin), 336
+
+ Ehrenyegbo (Yoruba), 385
+
+ Ehretia cymosa, 112, 143, 396
+
+ Ehrodo (Benin), 368
+
+ Ehrurumesi (Benin), 297
+
+ Ehukei (Appolonian), 107
+
+ Ehunogo, or Ehrunbogo (Benin), 248
+
+ Ehye or Incense Tree, 100
+
+ Eijan (Appolonian), 105
+
+ Ejan (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Ejuong (Jaunde), 436
+
+ Ekai (Efik), 494
+
+ Ekambamba (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Ekanesie adie (Yoruba), 343
+
+ Eke, deka (Atakpame), 144; E. oyimbo (Yoruba), 331
+
+ Ekebergia, 50; E. Senegalensis, 135
+
+ Eket District, 236; E. Port, 152
+
+ Eki (Yoruba), 229
+
+ Ekika Aja (Yoruba), 339
+
+ Ekimi or Ekhimi (Benin), 229, 279; (Mbonoi), 85
+
+ Ekiti District, 405
+
+ Ekiyawa (Benin), 296
+
+ Ekkana (Yoruba), 266
+
+ Ekki (Yoruba), 356
+
+ Ekkiowa (Benin), 411
+
+ Ekko okpan, 347
+
+ Ekku (Ibadan), 332, 333
+
+ Ekkun (Yoruba), 285
+
+ Ekna (Agni), 86
+
+ Eknalokpoe (Ewe), 136
+
+ Eknana (Fanti), 97
+
+ Ekoah (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Ekoi Plains, 339
+
+ Ekok (Oban, Ekoi), 282
+
+ Ekol (Bakossi), 426
+
+ Ekolo (Bakundu), 426
+
+ Ekom (Ibo, Owerri), 368
+
+ Ekomba (Bago), 426
+
+ Ekombo (Bakossi), 426
+
+ Ekonge (Bakwiri), 435
+
+ Ekopa (Agni), 85
+
+ Ekosuba, Zenna, Kerenya (Agni), 87
+
+ Ekpa (Krepi), 93
+
+ Ekpagoi (Benin), 230, 281; (Yoruba), 449
+
+ Ekpagoize (Benin), 282, 290
+
+ Ekpin (Yoruba), 252
+
+ Eku or Ekui (Aowin), 105; (Twi), 105; (Yoruba), 229
+
+ Ekuba (Appollonian), 105
+
+ Ekube (Agni), 83
+
+ Ekugbi (Yoruba), 317
+
+ Ekugbo (Yoruba), 317
+
+ Ekuie (Abe), 86
+
+ Ekuri Ebu (Ibo, Owerri), 390
+
+ Ekuro (Fanti), 84
+
+ Ekusa or Ikujo (Benin), 360
+
+ Ekusamba (Fanti), 89
+
+ Ekusawa (Fanti), 113
+
+ Ekuso (Yoruba) (Ikale), 361
+
+ Ela (Yoruba), 257; or Elu, 303, 356
+
+ Elæis, _var._ Albescens, 466
+
+ Angulosa, 466
+
+ Ceredia, 466
+
+ Communis, 466
+
+ Communis forma dura, 466
+
+ Guineensis, _var._ Lisombe, 243
+
+ Guineensis, 26, 37, 39, 68, 70, 93, 122, 127, 197, 204, 218, 228,
+ 241, 262, 420, 425, 464, 466
+
+ Guineensis, _var._ Thompsonii, 242
+
+ Idolatrica, 466
+
+ Intermedia, 466
+
+ Macrocarpa, 466
+
+ Macrocarya, 466
+
+ Nigericum, 119, 138
+
+ Orientale, 53, 169, 190, 209, 223, 345, 346
+
+ Pisifera, 466
+
+ Repandra, 466
+
+ Rostrata, 466
+
+ sp., 243
+
+ Elæophorbia drupifera, 103
+
+ Eleba (Jekri), 356
+
+ Elegbe Oju (Yoruba), 410
+
+ Elekikobi (Yoruba), 239
+
+ Elekua (Agni), 86
+
+ Elemi gum, 314
+
+ Elephant hunting, 66; E. sugar cane, 375; E. poison, 395
+
+ Elika-aja (Yoruba), 231
+
+ Elili (Ibo, Owerri), 356
+
+ Elk’s horn fern, 197
+
+ Eloby, 424
+
+ Elo Uta (Ibo, Owerri), 271
+
+ Elui (Agni), 83
+
+ Elund (Balong), 428
+
+ Emang (Bakossi), 425; E. District, 431
+
+ Emarr (Timani), 58
+
+ Embi-Siembi (Agni), 89
+
+ Eme-ela (Yoruba), 246
+
+ Emi-emi (Yoruba), 231, 379; E. gbegeri (Yoruba, Ibadan), 323; Emi
+ ghegiri (Yoruba), 177; E. gbigi, 230, 232; E. ori, 179
+
+ Emido (Yoruba), 229, 251, 334, 375, 380
+
+ Emil, Emril, or Emiri (General Gold Coast), 108
+
+ Emmaha (Benin), 236
+
+ Emosobegan (Yoruba), 297
+
+ Emuinguin (Fanti), 86
+
+ Ena (Atakpame), 131
+
+ Enantia chlorantha, 84, 259, 417, 427; E. polycarpa, 259
+
+ Ende (Agni), 88
+
+ Endiar or N’diar (Wolof), 84
+
+ Endodesmia calophylloides, 437
+
+ Endwi (Mendi), 54
+
+ Engele or Ongele (Balong), 435
+
+ Enjenju (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Enjog (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Enonge (Bakundu), 440
+
+ Entada (Abyssinica), 99, 131, 299; E. scandens, 69, 131, 163, 298,
+ 299; E. Soudanica, 99, 191, 199, 201, 209, 221, 299
+
+ Entandrophragma, 228, 320, 327, 332, 364, 422, 442, 445; E. candollei,
+ 177, 416, 417, 432; E. cylindricum, 102, 324, 325; E. ferruginea, 86,
+ 102; E. macrophylla, 82, 86, 102; E. rederi, 415, 416, 432; E. rufa,
+ 86; E. septentrionalis, 86, 102; E. sp., 420; E. utilis, 102, 323,
+ 325, 326, 416, 432
+
+ Enwiwan (Benin), 347
+
+ Enyena (Ashanti, Fanti, and Wassaw), 105
+
+ Enyenewu, enyenewi (Yoruba), 298
+
+ Enyenga (Appolonian), 105
+
+ Enyin Mbukpo (Efik), 232
+
+ Enymi (Benin), 282
+
+ Enyo (Aowin), 105
+
+ Epa ile (Yoruba), 303
+
+ Epe, Colony of Lagos, 340
+
+ Epindepinde (Bakundu, Duala), 439
+
+ Epiphytes, 195, 199, 216
+
+ Epiphytic foliage, 193; E. orchids and ferns
+
+ Eplekgo (Jekri), 323
+
+ Epuepue (Bakwiri), 428
+
+ Epweperu, 348
+
+ Eragrostis, 202
+
+ Eranobapotineddo (Benin), 271
+
+ Eremospatha macrocarpa, 163, 240; E. sp., 163, 240
+
+ Ereruku (Calabar), 363
+
+ Eriagbo (Yoruba), 331
+
+ Erigaba (Yoruba), 337
+
+ Erimado (Ib.), 332; (Benin), 451
+
+ Erin (Yoruba), 394
+
+ Erinji (Ijor), 276
+
+ Eriocœlum, 104; E. Kerstingii, 137
+
+ Eriodendron, 231, 434; E. anfractuosum, 26, 53, 76, 105, 346; E.
+ Nigericum, 119, 138; E. orientale, 53, 169, 190, 209, 223, 345, 346
+
+ Eriosema, 191
+
+ Erogbo (Benin), 240
+
+ Erohun of the Ikales, 232
+
+ Eru (Yoruba), 233, 260
+
+ Erüi (Agni), 85
+
+ Eruju (Yoruba), 263
+
+ Erumacie, 282; (Yoruba), 297
+
+ Erun (Yoruba), 229; E. obo (Yoruba), 275
+
+ Erundu or Wunga (Bakundu), 428
+
+ Erunnor Obi (Yoruba), 449
+
+ Erunnor Obo (Yoruba), 449
+
+ Erurunuesi (Benin), 297
+
+ Eruwa Road Station, 169, 171
+
+ Erythrina, 231; E. excelsa, 430; E. Senegalensis, 45, 73, 100, 117,
+ 191, 221, 233, 301
+
+ Erythrophlœum Guineense, (Sassybark), 35, 39, 48, 85, 98, 117, 120,
+ 125, 132, 197, 220, 229, 275, 277, 429, 449; E. Ivoriensis, 85; E.
+ micranthum, 229, 276, 429, 449; E. sp., 45, 134, 275, 429; E. sp. near
+ micranthum, 45, 98
+
+ Erythroxylaceæ (Cameroons), 431
+
+ Erythroxylon Mannii, 431
+
+ Esakasaka (Bakwiri), 428
+
+ Esang (Bakossi), 428; (Jaunde), 442; Esango (Bakossi), 428
+
+ Esanigbakhehe (Benin), 301
+
+ Esanke or Esangue (Attie), 86
+
+ Escravos River, 151
+
+ Eselebuka (Bakoko), 443
+
+ Eseme (Mbonoi), 84
+
+ Esenge (Bakundu), 433, 434
+
+ Eseri (Efik), 298; E. Bean or Calabar Bean, 450
+
+ Eserine or Calabarine, 450
+
+ Esisi (Yoruba), 336
+
+ Esiskwi (Benin), 400
+
+ Esive (Mbonoi), 88
+
+ Eso, 163, 232, 301; Eso or Esho (Yoruba), 350
+
+ Esok (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Eson (Fanti), 86
+
+ Esore (Agni), 87
+
+ Essago (Benin), 268
+
+ Esseah or Essia (General West Coast), 108
+
+ Essenim (Efik), 400
+
+ Esseresu opirimú (Asante), 132
+
+ Esseri (Appolonian), 106
+
+ Essobelīa (Tschaudjo), 144
+
+ Essunsun (Benin), 336
+
+ Essunwoi, 410
+
+ Esu (origin of “Ju-Ju,” the devil), 355
+
+ Esura (Yoruba), 344
+
+ Esuro (Attie), 84
+
+ Etama (Agni), 84
+
+ Etare (Oban, Ekoi), 277
+
+ Etehetem Sawmills, 159, 364
+
+ Ethiopian pepper (Colons), 84
+
+ Etiap (Oban, Ekoi), 390
+
+ Etini (Yoruba), 384
+
+ Etjannake (Akposso), 142
+
+ Eto (Benin), 412
+
+ Etori (Ekoi), 228
+
+ Etotum (Duala), 443
+
+ Etsa (Krepi), 98
+
+ Etu or Etue (Bakossi), 432
+
+ Etufiak or Itufiak (Efik), 410
+
+ Etüi (Agni), 86
+
+ Etutu (Bakundu), 441
+
+ Eucalyptus, 123, 124, 175; E. amygdalina, 174, 410; E. citrifolia,
+ 123; E. citriodora, 148, 174, 410; E. marginata, 148; E. robusta, 148;
+ E. rudis, 410; E. sp., 183; E. tereticornis, 410; E. tesselaris, 410
+
+ Euchresia (Fanti), 94
+
+ Eugenia callophylloides, 56; E. caryophyllata, 224; E. coronata, 192;
+ E. Guineensis, 109; E. owariensis, 19, 109, 192, 213, 224, 232, 374,
+ 375
+
+ Eulophias, 195
+
+ Euphorbia Abyssinica, 222; E. Ægyptica, 193; E. Barteri, 193, 222; E.
+ milkweed, 199; E. pilulifera, 193; E. Poissoni, 193; E. sepium, 199;
+ E. unispina, 193
+
+ Euphorbiaceæ (S. Leone), 50; (Liberia), 75; (Ivory Coast), 86; (Gold
+ Coast), 102; (Togo), 135; (Nigeria), 193, 197, 199, 215, 222, 332,
+ 447, 452; (Cameroons), 433
+
+ Eussŭ́ (Misahöhe), 138
+
+ Eutie (Agni), 84
+
+ Evi (Quitta), 106
+
+ Evialegbi (Benin), 258
+
+ Eviromilla (Benin), 243
+
+ Evolvulus alsinoides, 194
+
+ Ewai of the Benis, 231
+
+ Ewanenimi (Benin), 245
+
+ Ewasi (Aowin), 106
+
+ Ewäti (Anecho), 141
+
+ Ewayon (wrapping-leaves for food), 164, 239
+
+ Ewayron (Yoruba), 412
+
+ Ewe ofo (Yoruba), 356
+
+ Ewelisomū (Tschaudjo), 141
+
+ Ewoha (Benin), 355
+
+ Ewnon (Bakoko), 443
+
+ Ewon (Yoruba), 301; E. pala (Ikale), 281
+
+ Ewuro or Ewuru (Yoruba), 409
+
+ Excœcaria, 103; E. sp., 336
+
+ Exin (Agni), 84
+
+ Eye (Fanti), 93
+
+ Eyhrodo (Benin), 397
+
+ Eyo (Yoruba), 344
+
+ Ezzi (Benin), 269
+
+
+ Fae or Fai (Mendi), 45
+
+ Fagara Altissima, 431; F. Macrophylla, 85; F. Rederi, 431; F.
+ Zanthoxyloides, 134
+
+ Fagbajoi (Mendi), 52
+
+ Fai Beans, 447
+
+ Faia (Aowin), 111
+
+ Fako Mountain, 416; F. District, 426, 440
+
+ Falaba, 39
+
+ Falcon’s Claw, 208
+
+ “Falls,” 169
+
+ False Boxwood, 391; F. Chestnut, 347; F. Cola, 359; F. Dalbergia, 270;
+ F. Iroko, 419; F. Nutmeg, 43; F. Oroko, 249; F. Rubber Tree, 79; F.
+ Shea Butter, 370; F. Shea Butter Nut, 376
+
+ Fan Palm, 39, 41, 70, 94, 117, 216, 218, 244, 459
+
+ Fara doka (Hausa), 200, 206, 220; F. Kaya (Hausa), 208, 219; F. Kaya,
+ _syn._ Bauji (E. Hausa), 220
+
+ Farichin shafu (Hausa), 208; F. shafo or Kumbar shafo, 220
+
+ Farin Makarfo (Hausa), 207; F. sansami, _syn._ Shunin Biri Zanfara
+ halshen sa, 220, 221
+
+ Farnesian Acacia, 300
+
+ Farquhar, Mr., discovered new sp., Farquharia, 392, 470; on yield of
+ Oil Palm, 484
+
+ Farquharia elliptica, 391
+
+ Faru (Hausa), 212; F., _syn._
+
+ Tudi (Zanfara), 222
+
+ Farum biri (Sok.), 222
+
+ Fasa daga, 220; F. Kwari, 196, 221, 232
+
+ Fate fate (Hausa), 225
+
+ Faurea speciosa, 129, 257
+
+ Fawcett, Thomas, L.M.R., A.S.E., on feeding cattle, 483
+
+ Fe (Attie), 84, 86
+
+ Fegblo (Ewe), 140
+
+ Fela (Bambara), 88
+
+ Feretia canthioides, 192, 202
+
+ Feutia (Aowin), 100
+
+ Fevei (Mendi), 60
+
+ Fi River, 419, 487
+
+ Fibre-producing trees, 163
+
+ Ficoideæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+ Ficus, 70, 94, 193, 202, 215, 216; F. Asperata, 249, 252; F.
+ Asperifolia, 95; F. Bembicicarpa, 129; F. Brachipus, 129; F. Capensis,
+ 216, 218, 219, 426; F. Courania, 426; F. Djurensis, 129; F.
+ Dusenoides, 129; F. Elastica, 122, 123, 124, 126, 148; F. Elegans, 96;
+ F. Eriobotryoides, 95; F. Exasperata, 129, 250; F. Glumosa, 216, 219;
+ F. Gnaphalocarpa, 216, 218; F. Goliath, 83; F. Grandicarpa, 129; F.
+ Guineensis, 83; F. Indica, 251; F. Kawuri, 216, 219; F. Lutea, 129; F.
+ Ottoniæfolia, 95; F. Platyphytes, 42, 122; F. Platyphylla, 94, 216,
+ 218, 252; F. Populifolia, 218, 426; F. Rokko, 129; F. Schimperia, 426;
+ F. Schlechteri, 148; F. Sokodensis, 129; F. species, 42, 71, 83, 94,
+ 204, 218, 219, 251, 252; F. Syringifolia, 199, 216, 218; F. Tesselata,
+ 129; F. Thonningii, 199, 216, 218, 251; F. Togoensis, 129; F.
+ Tiliifolia, 129; F. Triangulus, 95, 251; F. Umbrosa, 129; F. Vallis
+ choudæ, 129; F. Vogelii, 42, 122, 197, 216, 219, 228, 251, 418; F.
+ Whytei, 71
+
+ Fidda sartsi, 199
+
+ Fiditi (Oyo Province), 266
+
+ Fifäti (Anecho), 146
+
+ Fifei (Ewe), 146
+
+ Fig (common), 251; F. large, F. narrow-leaved, 219; F. small, 218
+
+ Fig species (Antiaris), 70
+
+ Filasko, 199
+
+ Filices (Nigeria), 196
+
+ Fillæopsis discophora, 431
+
+ Fimbristylis, 196
+
+ Findefinde (Bakwiri), 439
+
+ Finger root, 44
+
+ Finland Market, 325
+
+ Finzan (Bambara), 87
+
+ Firbandu (Mendi), 48
+
+ Firewood Plantation, 175, 178
+
+ Firmiana Barteri, 138, 163, 301, 350
+
+ Fish poison, 302
+
+ Fita (Hausa), 128
+
+ Flacourtia Ramontchii, 366, 437; F. Flavescens, 366
+
+ Flacourtiaceæ (Sierra Leone), 55; (Liberia), 78; (Ivory Coast), 88;
+ (Gold Coast), 108; (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 223, 365, 462; (Cameroons),
+ 437
+
+ Flagellaria indica, 127
+
+ Flagellariaceæ (Togo), 127
+
+ Fleabane (Ash-coloured), 410
+
+ Flintwood, 114
+
+ Floscopa, 195
+
+ Flueggea microcarpa, 51, 193
+
+ Fõ (Ewe), 143
+
+ Fofol (Mendi), 42
+
+ Fofui (Mendi), 52
+
+ Fognian (Mbonoi), 83
+
+ Fõjiti (Anecho), 143
+
+ Fola (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+ Folei-kpakpei (Mendi), 48
+
+ Fonde (Attie), 84
+
+ Fontwans, 420
+
+ Forcados Port, 156, 157, 382; F. River, 151; F. star apple, 382
+
+ Forests, Afzelia, 291; F. Calabar Evergreen, 154; F., Canopied
+ deciduous, 19; F. Control, Gold Coast, 92; F. control, lack of, and
+ results, 92; F., Department formed (1910), 91, 87; F. Department
+ guaranteed Iroko timber, 173; Nigerian, 228; F. Evergreen, 18, 19,
+ 152; (Calabar), 154, 423; F. Evergreen Fringing, 203; _F. Exports_,
+ Sierra Leone, 63, 64; Liberia, 80; Ivory Coast, 90; Gold Coast, 115;
+ Nigeria, 226; Freshwater Swamp Forests, 19, 154; Fringing or
+ “Galerie,” 18, 19, 154; F. Hill, 154; _F. in relation to Agriculture,
+ The_, chap, xiii, 485-495; F. land fixed in the older civilized
+ countries, 485; F. Law (Nigerian), 162; F. Locust, 45, 73; F. Mixed,
+ 121, 350; F. Mixed deciduous, 19, 152, 159, 169; F. Mixed
+ intermediate, 18; F. New, 491; Officers in Nigeria (European), 184;
+ Rank, Training, Appointments, Salary, etc., 186; Chief Conservators,
+ Senior Conservators, Conservators, etc., 187; F. Open deciduous, 19;
+ F. Orchard, 99; F. Peninsular, 39; F. Peninsular Mountain (Sierra
+ Leone), 25, 160; Permanent Forests (Nigeria), 160-166; Permanent
+ Forests, Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Norway,
+ Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.A., 492; F. Rain, 151, 154, 189; F.
+ Reserves, 91; F. Sapeli, 326; F. Savannah, 196, 197, 200; (True,
+ Treeless, Bush, Tree, Sclerophyllus Formation), 18, 19, 93; Nigeria
+ (Tree, Bush, Open Orchard, Treeless), 188; South-West African, 189;
+ Bush, 201; Parks, 202; F. semi-evergreen, 196; F. South Benin, 325,
+ 326; F. State, Communal, Municipal, or Private, various countries, 91,
+ 92
+
+ Forestry, Arboretum Calabar, 342; F. Conference at Berlin on Togo
+ Afforestation, 119; F. Progress in Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
+ Gambia, 188
+
+ Forked Palm, 244
+
+ Frake (Agni), 88
+
+ Fram (Bonduku), 88
+
+ Framine (Agni), 88
+
+ Frankincense Tree, 191, 210, 221
+
+ Freetown, 25, 35, 50, 62
+
+ Fref (Fanti), 105
+
+ French Beans compared to Locust Beans, 153
+
+ French Ivory Coast, position of, 17
+
+ Frimu (Tschaudjo), 135
+
+ Fruntum (Ashanti), 111
+
+ Fu (Attie), 86
+
+ “Fufu” mortars, 358
+
+ Fulani, 198
+
+ Fulŏ or Folŏ (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+ Funfun (Yoruba), 321, 332
+
+ Funtumia, 124, 180, 434; F. Africana, 58, 79, 89, 111, 232; F.
+ Elastica, 58, 68, 79, 89, 111, 122, 123, 125, 126, 143, 180, 228, 391,
+ 395, 440, 459; F. species, 79
+
+ Furniture Woods, 107
+
+ Furu (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+ Futu (Kirikiri), 133
+
+
+ Gabarua (Hausa), 231
+
+ Gabaruwa (Hausa), 219
+
+ Gaboon, 29, 293; G. Chocolate, 454; G. Nut, 258, 457
+
+ Gabun, 144
+
+ Gaertnera paniculata, 61
+
+ Gagamagati (Ewe), 133
+
+ Galium Aparine, 431
+
+ Gall-bug, 124
+
+ Gallery Forests, 130, 138
+
+ Gamafada (Hausa), 206, 220; G. fada hada fuda (Sok.), 220
+
+ Gambia, 17, 20-22, 211, 494; G. Forest Exports, 24; G. Forest Trees,
+ 23; G. Mahogany, 135; “Gambia” pods, 208, 290; G. Rubber, 252
+
+ Game Preservation Ordinance, 302
+
+ Gamji (Hausa), 216; or Ganji (Kano), 218
+
+ Ganbe (Yoruba), 344
+
+ Gangame (Hausa), 218
+
+ Garcinia conrauana, 233, 359, 360, 462; G. punctata, 55, 437; G.
+ Guineensis, 107; G. Kola, 55, 69, 77, 360; G. Mannii, 360; G.
+ ovalifolia, 204; G. polyantha, 55, 88; G. species, 77, 239; G., _var.
+ nov._ brevipedicellata, 360
+
+ Gardayi (Hausa), 220
+
+ Gardenia Abeokuta, 146; G. erubescens, 192, 201; G. medicinalis, 146;
+ G. Sokotensis, 199; G. species, 225; G. species near G. physophylla,
+ 61; G. tenuifolia, 113, 146; G. ternifolia, 192, 201; G. Thunbergia,
+ 146; G. viscidissima, 89
+
+ Garicha (Zanfara), 218
+
+ Garlic, 199
+
+ Gassaya, 190
+
+ Gatisima (Mbonoi), 84
+
+ Gauden kura, 192
+
+ Gauta, 194
+
+ Gautan Rura, 194
+
+ Gawasa (Hausa), 199, 213, 219, 231, 232
+
+ Gawo (Hausa), 208, 220
+
+ Gazari or Gizeri (Hadeija), 218
+
+ Gbassei (Mendi), 44
+
+ Gbetschigbetschi (Atakpame), 144
+
+ Gbingbin (Yoruba), 233
+
+ Gbingbindo (Yoruba), 272
+
+ Gbogbonshe (Yoruba), 263
+
+ Gboite (Mendi), 43
+
+ Gbojei (Mendi), 52
+
+ Gbolei (Mendi), 51
+
+ Gedar (Hausa), 220; Gedar kurumi, 233
+
+ Gedu (Benin), 228
+
+ Geduloha (Benin), 322
+
+ Genferrebiesó (Mangu), 146
+
+ Gera, 204
+
+ Geraniaceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+ German Markets, Sapeli wood, 157
+
+ Gero, 199
+
+ Gesa, 199
+
+ Gesneraceæ (Nigeria), 197
+
+ Geza, 204, 223
+
+ Ghido (Yoruba), 259
+
+ Giant Pod, 290
+
+ Gibofoyoi (Mendi), 50
+
+ Gibowali (Mendi), 61
+
+ Gibowuli (Mendi), 61
+
+ Gidjiko (Kratschi), 143
+
+ Giginya, 195, 200, 216, 218, 233
+
+ Gilli-gilli Forest, 160
+
+ Gimwi (Mendi), 45
+
+ Ginger, 90
+
+ Gingerbread palm, 216, 218; G. plum, 44, 72, 199, 213, 219
+
+ Gisekia pharnaceoides, 194
+
+ Giwini (Yoruba), 391
+
+ Giyaiya (Hausa), 192, 214; or Giyeya, 225
+
+ Gjira (Kratschi), 141
+
+ Gladiolus, 195; G. quartinianus, 195
+
+ Gloriosa superba, 195
+
+ Glossonema nubicum, 199
+
+ Glycerine in pericarp oil, 480
+
+ Glyphæa Grewioides, 53, 105, 343
+
+ Gnibi (Attie), 87
+
+ Gnidia, 195
+
+ Goga jiki, 223
+
+ Gogwi (Mendi), 45
+
+ Gola Forest, 50, 66-69
+
+ Gold Coast, chapter vi, 91-115; Description of, 91-92; Forest Exports,
+ 115; Forest land, 17, 69, 492, 494; Forest Reserve, 160; List of
+ Indigenous Trees and Rubber Vines, 93-114
+
+ Golli (Mendi), 62
+
+ Gombei (Mendi), 42
+
+ Gomphia, 190; G. Congesta, 54; G. Glaberrima, 359; G. Insculpta, 359;
+ G. W. Affinis, 359
+
+ Gongola or Gwongola gwangwala (Nupe), 218
+
+ Goñgovi (Kpedyi), 142
+
+ Gongui (Mendi), 43
+
+ Gonguonkiur (Mbonoi), 89
+
+ Gonistan Mountain, 416
+
+ Gonwé (Mendi), 42
+
+ Gonwi (Mendi), 42
+
+ Goo (Bali), 429
+
+ Gora (Hausa), 218
+
+ Gorgo (Hausa), 225
+
+ Goriba, 218, 244; G. (Hausa), 195, 200, 216
+
+ “Gorli” seeds, 462, 463
+
+ Goro, 223
+
+ Goron biri or G. ruwa (Hausa), 210, 221
+
+ Gossypium Peruvianum, 76
+
+ Gotti (Fõ), 140
+
+ Government of Forest Reserves, Central and Federal, 165
+
+ Govwi (Mendi), 42
+
+ Gramineæ (Gold Coast), 93; (Togo), 127; (Nigeria), 196, 199, 218
+
+ Grand Basà, 70; G. Forests of, 72, 73, 74, 76, 82; G. swamps, 71
+
+ Grand Bassam, 69; G. Port, 81, 82
+
+ Grass in Treeless Savannah, 19
+
+ Grazing Reserves, Nigeria, 163
+
+ “Greenheart,” 52, 75, 280
+
+ Grewia, 190; G. Carpinifolia, 105, 344; G. Gigantiflora, 137; G.
+ Mollis, 190, 201; G. Tetragastris, 344; G. Villosa, 137
+
+ Grewiopsis discophora, 435; G. Globosa, 435
+
+ Griffonia palescens Coronko— cut locally, 33
+
+ Ground nuts, 63
+
+ Grumilea vanosa, 89
+
+ Guaiacum officinale, 175
+
+ Guangua (Attie), 84
+
+ Guarea, 50; G. Africana, 75; G. Glomerata, 416, 433; Guarea sp. near
+ Leptotricha, 50, 228; G. species, 329, 416; G. (Satin Mahogany)
+ description, 28, 67, 101, 328; G. Thompsonii, 228, 328, 329, 330, 419
+
+ Guava, 78; G. Mistletoe found on, 43
+
+ Gudjápūpŭ or Gudzawuwu (Ewe), 131
+
+ Gueguirotta baka (Agni), 84
+
+ Guele (Bondoukou), 83
+
+ Guere (Neyau), 87
+
+ Guesu (Bete), 87
+
+ Guiango (Agni), 87
+
+ Guiera Senegalensis, 198, 199
+
+ Guima Djuma (Bondoukou), 83
+
+ Guinea Corn, 196, 204; G. Pepper, 219; G. (Spanish), 424; G. (Upper),
+ 17
+
+ Gum, 278, 298; G. African, 176, 417; G. Arabic, 98, 204, 226, 234,
+ 444; G. Copal, 35, 46, 63, 64, 68, 74, 90, 97, 152, 154, 226, 234,
+ 424; G. Elemi, 314; G. Forests, 39; G. Resin, 211; G. True Benin
+ Copal, 298
+
+ Gumah, 39; G. River, 35
+
+ Gumgui (Mendi), 48
+
+ Gummel, 189
+
+ Gumni (Mendi), 45; or Gumui, 283
+
+ Gumwi (Mendi), 45
+
+ Guna, 193
+
+ Gung (Grunchi), 105
+
+ Gurara River, 211
+
+ Gurji, 199
+
+ Gurjiya (Hausa), 190, 209; Gurjiya or Guriya, 223
+
+ Guru (Hausa), 106
+
+ Gurzundali (Katagum), 221
+
+ Gushiocho (Kratschi), 134
+
+ Guttapercha, 78, 80, 109, 226, 439; G. Tree, 218
+
+ Guttiferæ (Sierra Leone), 54; (Liberia), 77; (Ivory Coast), 87; (Gold
+ Coast), 107; (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 154, 359, 416, 447; (Cameroons),
+ 437
+
+ Gwaboa (Hausa), 213; (Sok., Kats., and Zanf.), 224
+
+ Gwandar daji (Hausa), 190, 219, 233
+
+ Gwanja kusa (Hausa), 219
+
+ Gwaska (Hausa) or Itchen gwaska (Hausa), 220, 229
+
+ Gwe (Grunchi), 106
+
+ Gymnosporia Senegalensis, 191, 202, 340
+
+ Gynandropsis pentaphylla, 190
+
+
+ Haake (Berlin Firm), depericarping process, 477
+
+ Habenarias, 195
+
+ Habizacue (Attie), 86
+
+ Hadanyar rafi or Kadanyar kurumi (Hausa), 225
+
+ Hæmanthus rupestris, 195
+
+ Hæmatostaphis Barteri, 86, 136, 192, 222
+
+ Hague (Agni), 85
+
+ Haguguwa (Kano and Bauchi), 218
+
+ Haho-Baloë District Plantations, 117, 119; Afforestation area, 120,
+ 121
+
+ Haho River, 117
+
+ Haiefai (Abe), 85
+
+ Hainde (Agni), 86
+
+ Hainfain (Attie), 80
+
+ Haipi (Bondoukou), 86; (Agni), 86
+
+ Hakue (Attie), 85
+
+ Halu (Adionkron), 87
+
+ Hamburg Market, 157, 325, 326, 345, 378
+
+ Hamon, 68
+
+ Han Sawmill, 159
+
+ Hana Gobard (Zanfara), 221
+
+ Hanabali (Oban, Ekoi), 280
+
+ Hane (Ebrie), 84
+
+ Hanfaru (Agni), 84
+
+ Hankufa, 190
+
+ Hannoa Klaineana, 85, 100, 232; H. Undulata, 134, 191, 210, 213, 221,
+ 233, 313, 358
+
+ Hano (Hausa), 221
+
+ Hanwego (Bondoukou), 85
+
+ Hapo (Ebrie), 87
+
+ Happerrie (Mbonoi), 87
+
+ Harburg (near Hamburg, Germany), 480
+
+ Hardwood, 360, 413, 417; Big H., 410; Yellow H., 417
+
+ “Harmattan,” 181
+
+ Harmon, 54
+
+ Harms, 205, 211
+
+ Haronga Madagascariensis, 55, 107, 362; H. Paniculata, 437
+
+ Harrisonia Abyssinica, 100
+
+ Hasskarlia Didymostemon, 52, 75, 86, 103
+
+ Hate (Attie), 85
+
+ Hausa, 163, 185, 198, 205, 206, 350; H. Salts, 335
+
+ Hausaland, 188, 189, 190, 196, 200, 205, 207, 211, 216, 217
+
+ Hazel-nut compared with Heisteria parvifolia, 257
+
+ Heeria insignia, 137
+
+ Heinokohun (Mendi), 59
+
+ Heinsia jasminiflora, 61
+
+ Heisteria parvifolia, 257, 456; H. species, 258
+
+ Helei (Mendi), 47
+
+ Heleilahin (Mendi), 57
+
+ Helichrysum fœtidum, 442
+
+ Heliotropium, 192
+
+ Hellebolei (Mendi), 47
+
+ Hendje, Hengué (Agni), 85; H., soft-wooded, 485
+
+ Hendui (Mendi), 54
+
+ Henna, 192
+
+ Heptapleura Mannii, 375
+
+ Heritiera, 54; H. species, 351, 419; H. Utilis, 77, 106
+
+ Hete bake (Mbonoi), 85
+
+ Hetere (Bondoukou), 84
+
+ Heteropterys Africana, 102
+
+ Hevea, 434; H. Braziliensis, 123, 180, 420
+
+ Hewe (Mendi), 43
+
+ Hexalobus grandiflorus, 43, 96, 263, 427; H. Monopetalus, 130; H.
+ Salicifolius, 427; H. Senegalensis, 196
+
+ Hibiscus, 201
+
+ Hibiscus Esculentus, 344; H. Grewioides, 344; H. Quinquilobus, 344; H.
+ species, 190; H. Tiliaceus, 105
+
+ Hides and skins exported Togo, 150
+
+ Hiern, 214
+
+ “High Forest,” 241
+
+ Hiol or Mbia (Bakoko), 428
+
+ Hippocrates, 191
+
+ Ho Sub-station (Togo), 126
+
+ Hobo hapi (Abe), 86
+
+ Hofa (Abe), 87
+
+ Hog Gum, 363; H. Plum of the Creoles, 52, 103, 222, 232, 338, 419
+
+ Hogogo (Atakpame), 134
+
+ Hoke (Mendi), 41
+
+ Holarrhena Africana, 59; H. Ovata, 59; H. Wulfsbergii, 112, 142, 233,
+ 395
+
+ Holland, Mr., _The Useful Plants of Nigeria_, 278
+
+ Homalium Africanum, 88; H. _cf._ Africanum, 366; H. Molle, 55; H.
+ species, 55
+
+ Honey exported, 444
+
+ Honum (Twi), 110
+
+ Hooker, Sir Wm. J., 496
+
+ Horns exported, 444
+
+ Horse Chestnut Tree, 129; H. Radish Tree, 44, 219
+
+ House post, 413
+
+ Hugonia acuminata, 100; H. octhocosum, 100; H. Planchoni, 100; H.
+ Platysepala, 100
+
+ Hui (Mendi), 43
+
+ Hull Port for Congo Kernels, 480; H. Price of Cake, 482
+
+ Humiriaceæ (Sierra Leone), 49; (Ivory Coast), 85; (Nigeria), 308
+
+ Humpe (Ebrie), 86
+
+ Humus, 70, 257
+
+ Hupfeld, Dr. (depericarping process), 477
+
+ Hure (Plapo), 87
+
+ Huti (Fõ), 138
+
+ Huwi Djenjei (Mendi), 58
+
+ Hydrocharitaceæ (Nigeria), 195
+
+ Hydrolea, 194; H. Guineensis, 194
+
+ Hydrophyllaceæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+ Hylodendron Gabunense, 428
+
+ Hymenocardia acida, 52, 103, 135, 202; H. Chevalieri, 103; H.
+ Heudelotii, 52; H. Lyrata, 52; H. Ulmoides, 136
+
+ Hymenodictyon Bracteatum, 407; H. Kurria, 145
+
+ Hypericineæ (Nigeria), 190
+
+ Hyphæne, 244, 459; H. Coriaceæ, 127; H. Thebaica, 195, 216, 218; H.
+ Togoensis, 127
+
+ Hyrax (squirrel-like animal), 467
+
+
+ Iakuni (Quitta), 109
+
+ Ibadan, 159, 174, 175, 185, 240, 241, 247, 249, 251, 252, 263, 269,
+ 275, 285, 288, 289, 294, 299, 301, 305, 307, 313, 322, 323, 331, 336,
+ 339, 342, 349, 354, 362, 367, 370, 383, 389, 391, 393, 396, 401, 409,
+ 418, 475, 489, 490, 493; I. Forests, 244; Ibadan-Jebu-Ode Road, 170;
+ I. Plantations, 176, 178, 179; I. Reserve, 163
+
+ Ibadudu (Benin), 368; I. (Jebu, Yoruba), 368
+
+ Ibagho (Yoruba), 314, 315
+
+ Ibbegogo (Benin), 317
+
+ Ibbu (Benin), 391
+
+ Ibegogo (Benin), 229
+
+ Ibeshe, 367
+
+ Ibi, 188
+
+ Ibibio Province, 185
+
+ Ibitoto (Bembi), 349
+
+ Ibo-Akitipa (Yoruba), 392; I.-tabong (Yoruba), 392; I. Ilecki
+ (Yoruba), 392
+
+ Ibo (Benin), 393; I. (Yoruba), 392
+
+ Ibo country, 158, 253; I. language, 185; I. markets, 284
+
+ Ibos, 474
+
+ Ibugidi or Ibogidi (Yoruba), 392
+
+ Icacinaceæ (Sierra Leone), 53; (Ivory Coast), 87; (Gold Coast), 104;
+ (Nigeria), 340
+
+ Ida Plantation, 167
+
+ Idagbon (Ondo), 230
+
+ Idah (Yoruba), 270
+
+ Idanre district, 392
+
+ Idi, Idi Odan (Yoruba), 372
+
+ Idigbo (Yoruba), 369
+
+ Idjawli (Akposso), 143
+
+ Idjnake (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Idofun (Yoruba), 407
+
+ Iedi (Krepi), 96
+
+ Ifainaki (Egba), 230
+
+ Ifassoa (Bakwiri), 433
+
+ Ife, 159
+
+ Ifetn, 337
+
+ Ifon Owe-Akure Road, 318; Ifon Province, 275, 402, 412, 466, 473
+
+ Ifondo or Wofondo (Bakwiri), 426
+
+ Ifwan (Efik), 229
+
+ Igata (Yoruba), 269
+
+ Igba (Yoruba, tree), 283
+
+ Igbagon Stream, 488
+
+ Igberi (Yoruba), 260
+
+ Igbeshe, 367
+
+ Igbin (Brass), 290
+
+ Igbo (Benin), 245, 391; (Yoruba), 265; (Lagos), 313, 407, 494
+
+ Igbofia (Ibibio), 361
+
+ Igedudu (Benin), 384, 385; (Yoruba), 385
+
+ Igi Ira (Lagos), 407
+
+ Igigum (Egba), 313
+
+ Igili (Mendi), 51
+
+ Igmikkia fruit (Benin), 284
+
+ Igoda (Benin), 363
+
+ Igogo (Benin), 257, 331
+
+ Igoso, 351
+
+ Igun (Yoruba), 302
+
+ Ihagobo (Benin), 409
+
+ Ihege (Benin), 256
+
+ Ihi (Ekoi), 229; (Ibo, Owerri), 276
+
+ Ija oke (Yoruba), 396
+
+ Ijaiye, old town site, 167
+
+ Ije (Benin), 256
+
+ Ijebo (Yoruba), 228
+
+ Ijebbo (Yoruba, Jebu, Ashuwole), 323
+
+ Ijebu-Ode District, 278
+
+ Ijeni (fruit, Benin), 256
+
+ Ijeni Udegbu (West Side), 361
+
+ Ijor, 185
+
+ Ijors or “Waterboys,” 155, 158, 185, 187, 238
+
+ Ikaka (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Ikakama Udia Ebian (Efik, Ibibio), 361
+
+ Ikale Village, 354
+
+ Ikan (Benin), 240
+
+ Ikassa (Benin), 379
+
+ Ikate (Yoruba), 233
+
+ Ikbo (a Benin game), 379
+
+ Ikereoha (Benin), 257
+
+ Ikhemeni tree (Benin), 284
+
+ Ikhimi (Benin), 401
+
+ Ikoha (Benin Province), 403
+
+ Ikoi (Oban), 368
+
+ Ikom, 168; I. District, 239, 472
+
+ Ikomba (Bare), 426
+
+ Ikoto, 244
+
+ Ikpa market, 473
+
+ Ikpa ukoro (Yoruba), 241; I. wudu (Benin), 294
+
+ Ikpan (Efik), 452
+
+ Ikpanya (Efik), 277, 278
+
+ Ikpoba Road, 447
+
+ Ikrigon Reserve, 160, 168, 171, 172, 173, 178, 372
+
+ Iku, Seeds (Yoruba), 285, 368
+
+ Ikwabobo (Benin), 325
+
+ Ikwapbo (Yoruba), 315
+
+ Ikwapo (Benin), 228
+
+ Ikwepokin (Benin), 233
+
+ Ikwian (Benin), 393
+
+ Ilaka (Benin), 410
+
+ Ilakosin (Yoruba), 265
+
+ Ilaro Reserve, 160, 166, 167, 170, 173, 322, 343, 347
+
+ Ilasa Omodo (Yoruba), 344
+
+ Ile (Ibo), 231; (Bonny and New Calabar), 334
+
+ Ilesha District, 302, 354, 395
+
+ Ilobe (Nigeria), 487
+
+ Ilorin, Balsam, 44, 307
+
+ Ilugbro, 359
+
+ Ilugun, 159
+
+ Illushi (Asaba District), 395
+
+ Ilysanthes, 194
+
+ Imo, Railway, 364; Imo River, 152, 287
+
+ Imonon (New Calabar), 368
+
+ Imonor (Ibo), 229
+
+ Imperial Institute, Teak samples sent to, 171; Report on Irvingia
+ Barteri, 313
+
+ _Imperial Institute Bulletins_, 20
+
+ Incense Tree or Ehye, 100, 229, 314, 315
+
+ Indäihen (Mendi), 42
+
+ India, 145, 174, 338; I. Almond, 176; I. Blackwood or Rosewood, 175;
+ I. Value of Bombay Blackwood, 176; I. Rose Chestnut or Ironwood, 176;
+ I. Walnut, 175
+
+ Indigo, 303; I. (Big leaved), 46, 192; Yoruba Indigo, 303
+
+ Indigofera, 191; I. Africana, 430; I. Arrecta, 129; I. Hirsuta, 303;
+ I. Secundiflora, 221; I. Stenophylla, 303
+
+ Indoabaka (Mangu), 140
+
+ Ingidido (Hausa), 190, 213, 219
+
+ Inkum, 168
+
+ Innuwar Bauna (Hausa), 214
+
+ Inoi, 368; I. nut, 368; or Inoye (Efik), 368, 416, 451; Inoi (Ekoi),
+ 368
+
+ “Inselbergs,” 189
+
+ Insofaniowŏche (Mangu), 130
+
+ Insuakoto (Mangu), 143
+
+ Insuopangi (Mangu), 130
+
+ Intya (Dyakossi), 145
+
+ Intya Joko (Yoruba), 372
+
+ Inya (New Calabar), 282
+
+ Inyere (Ekoi), 229
+
+ Inyi (Ibo), 229; (Ibo, Onitsha Owerri), 275
+
+ Inyin Tree, 234
+
+ Ipa (Yoruba), 337
+
+ Ipahan (Yoruba), 358
+
+ Ipapo (Yoruba), 302
+
+ Ipawhaw (Yoruba), 232, 358
+
+ Ipetu, 337
+
+ Ipomæa, 194; I. bona-nox, 203; I. involucrata, 440
+
+ Ira Odan (Yoruba), 335
+
+ Iragbo Amuje (Yoruba), 257, 393
+
+ Iraïgbo (Yoruba), 393
+
+ Iranje (Yoruba), 337
+
+ Ireh Ako, 395; I. (False) Tree, 395, 440; Ireh-ibeji, 395; I. Rubber
+ (Funtumia elastica) Plantations, Nigeria, 180; Togo, 149
+
+ Irena-kekere (Yoruba), 396
+
+ Irere (Yoruba), 330
+
+ Iridaceæ (Nigeria), 195; (Cameroons), 425
+
+ Iringi (Ibo), 229
+
+ Iro District, 408
+
+ Iroko, 19; suggestion by Dr. Unwin, 42, 67, 117, 119, 120, 124, 125,
+ 126; I. (chlorophora excelsa) Plantations (Nigeria), 154, 158, 159,
+ 162, 164, 168, 171, 172, 215, 228, 249, 252, 254, 418, 498;
+ Plantations (Togo), 149, 153
+
+ Ironpost, 27; Uses of, 28; Sierra Leone, cut locally, 33, 54
+
+ Ironwood, 174, 176; Dwarf Ironwood, 323, 379, 417
+
+ Irosun (Yoruba), 232, 287
+
+ Iru (Yoruba), 282, 401
+
+ Irugba (Yoruba), 230; (fruit), 283
+
+ Irugbo Abatta (Yoruba), 282
+
+ Irvingia, 85; I. Barteri, 68, 74, 100, 179, 230, 312, 313, 417, 418,
+ 422, 423, 445, 446, 454; Irvingia Gabunensis, 419, 432; I. Smithii,
+ 191, 203, 204, 210, 221, 313, 454; I. sp., 100, 313
+
+ Isain (Attie), 86
+
+ Isanhianme (Benin), 385
+
+ Isbe (Yoruba), 299
+
+ Iseko (Yoruba), 330
+
+ Isha fere (Yoruba), I. gere (Yoruba), I. kekere, 395
+
+ Ishan (Benin), 358
+
+ Ishan, 229; I. gege (Yoruba), 343; I. jeje (Yoruba), 343; I. oka
+ (Yoruba), 341, 342
+
+ Ishishiya (Zanfara), 220
+
+ Ishoka, 299
+
+ Isienwe (Benin), 354
+
+ Isinko (Yoruba), 342
+
+ Isinrem (Lagos), 367; (Yoruba) 375
+
+ Islii of the Akus, 61
+
+ Isoberlinia, 19, 232, 233; I. Dalzielii, 205, 220; I. doka, 191, 200,
+ 205, 220, 280; I. sp., 234
+
+ Isolona pleurocarpa, 427
+
+ Issa oku (Yoruba), 262
+
+ Ita of the Yorubas, 232; (Ikale), 246, 247; I. gangan (Egba), 246;
+ Ita-ita (Yoruba), 247
+
+ Itaku market, 300
+
+ Itakum (Yoruba), 337; I. mountain, 18; I. okere (Yoruba), 344
+
+ Itebe (roofing canes), 164
+
+ Iteruku (Efik), 279
+
+ Itiuyang (Oban, Ekoi), 386
+
+ Ito (Yoruba), 284, 367
+
+ Itobo (Ibibio), 368
+
+ Itue (Benin), 362
+
+ Itunkpe Creek (trib. of Kwa River), 411
+
+ Ivialegbi (Benin), 457
+
+ Ivioha (Benin), 385
+
+ Ivory, 80; Exported (Togo), 150-144; Ivory Coast, 66, 69, chap. v,
+ 81-90, 157; Forest exports, 90; List of trees, 83-89; I. coast
+ mahogany, 81; method of felling, 81; working the forests, 82
+
+ Iwe (Yoruba), 401
+
+ Iwu (Yoruba), 19
+
+ Ixora radiata, 197, 204
+
+ Iya (Efik), 235; (Yoruba), 231, 307
+
+ Iyawy (Red Cedar), 32
+
+ Iyeye (Yoruba), 232, 338
+
+ Iyoha (Benin), 265
+
+ Iyokheze (Benin), 407
+
+ Izaquente Portugais (Colons.), 83
+
+ Izenagan (Benin), 256
+
+ Izeni or Iyockan (Benin), 363
+
+
+ Jackson, D. G., 496
+
+ Jagbouei (Mendi), 51
+
+ Jagiri, 300
+
+ Jahdanko (Accra), 111
+
+ Jalei (Mendi), 46
+
+ Jama (Ashanti), 111
+
+ Jamostima (Mendi), 46
+
+ Jan Sayi (Hausa), 211, 222; J. Yaro or Jitache, 222
+
+ Jashuli (Mendi), 61
+
+ Jasmin, 61
+
+ Jatropha curcas, 193
+
+ Jaudari (East Hausa), _syn._ Gorso, 225
+
+ Jaunde District, 429, 433
+
+ Jawei (Mendi), 50
+
+ Jawul (Hausa), 221
+
+ Jebere of the Ondos, 230
+
+ Jebu or Jebu-ode, 152, 153, 154, 159, 303, 342, 349, 354, 357, 361,
+ 378
+
+ Jekri Country, 308, 398, 474; Jekris, The, 163, 236, 238
+
+ Jendi (Togo), 118, 125, 469
+
+ Jerusalem Thorn, 221
+
+ Jeti (Ewe), 141
+
+ Jibda kassa, 193
+
+ Jimshi (Sok.), 220
+
+ Jina Jina (Sok. and Zanf.), 219
+
+ Jirga (Sok. and Kats.), _syn._ Tsatsagi (Sok., Zaria, Kano, etc.), 220
+
+ Jiri (Hausa), 215, 225; J. dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and Kats.), 225
+
+ Johann Albrechts Höhe, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433,
+ 434, 435, 438, 439, 440, 441
+
+ Johimbe, 407
+
+ Johimbin alkaloid, 408
+
+ John Obey, 25
+
+ Jojau (Kabure), 138
+
+ Jol (Timani) (Mendi), 42
+
+ Joloso (Duala), 433
+
+ Jom (Ossidinge), 440
+
+ Jon (Bali), 441
+
+ Jondo (Bakwiri), 428
+
+ Ju (Akposso), 138
+
+ “Ju-ju,” 164, 243, 246, 286, 287, 299, 343, 355, 486
+
+ Jujube Tree, 222
+
+ Juma (Wassaw), 95
+
+ Jumbowilli, 46
+
+ Justicia, 194
+
+
+ Kaba, 218, 244
+
+ Kabeova, 193
+
+ Kabu or Ebba Kernels, 460
+
+ Kadanya (Hausa), 214, 231; K. or Kadai, 224
+
+ Kadanyar kurumi, 225; K. rafi (Hausa), 214, 232, 233
+
+ Kadaura (Hausa), 191, 205, 220; (Kano, Zaria), 221
+
+ Káde (Hausa), 141
+
+ Kaderabolo (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+ Kaduna R., 189
+
+ Kæmpferia Æthiopica, 195
+
+ Ka fafogo (Hausa), 222
+
+ Kafahinei (Mendi), 61
+
+ Kafe or Kaffi (Mendi), 50, 57; Kafei (Mendi), 60
+
+ Kafro (Grunchi), 105
+
+ “Kafu,” 457
+
+ Kagnari Mountains, 25, 39, 58
+
+ Kaidaji (Hausa), 209, 220; or Kardaji, 220
+
+ Kaiguigo (Bondoukou), 86
+
+ Kaikai (Hausa), 219
+
+ Kaikumba (Mendi), 55
+
+ Kainya (Hausa), 230
+
+ Kaiwa (Hausa), 214, 224
+
+ Ka Jafgo (Hausa), 215
+
+ Kaju (Yoruba), 339
+
+ Kakaleka (Bondoukou), 88
+
+ Kakana (Agni), 89
+
+ Kakanla (Kratschi), 140
+
+ Kakatown, 70
+
+ Ka Ki ganin bula (Zanfara), 221
+
+ Kakoba (creeper), 163
+
+ Kakoro (Fanti), 86
+
+ Kaku or Red Ironwood Tree, 107
+
+ Kakunt (Timani), 49
+
+ Käla (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+ Kalangasshi Station (Togo), 126
+
+ Kalangon daji, 220
+
+ Kam (Timani), 48
+
+ Kamaa River (Togo), 121, 124
+
+ Kamatete (Ibo Owerri), 407
+
+ Kambala, 422, 423
+
+ Kamban (Fanti), 103
+
+ Kambui Hills, 25, 39, 160
+
+ Kamerun Holz Syndicate, “Millettia,” 431
+
+ Kameruns, 189, 211
+
+ Kamfuã (Bagu), 135
+
+ Kamou Aguire (Agni), 87
+
+ Kanahia consimilis, 112
+
+ Kanakan (Yoruba), 246
+
+ Kanda Bark, 259
+
+ Kandari (Hausa), 192, 212, 223
+
+ Kangahan, 25
+
+ Kanja (Bakwiri and Bakundu), 440
+
+ Kanjanapcule (mangu), 134
+
+ Kanju (Hausa), 222
+
+ Kankan (Yoruba), 407
+
+ Kankandika (Yoruba), 366
+
+ Kánnâ (Asante), 140
+
+ Kano, 189, 190, 198, 201, 207, 217
+
+ Kanran (Yoruba), 178, 230, 384
+
+ Kant (Timani), 55
+
+ Kanti (Mendi), 55
+
+ Kanton (Fanti), 85
+
+ Kanumfari (Hausa), 224
+
+ Kanwo (Hausa), 229
+
+ Kanya (Hausa), 214, 224
+
+ Kao (Hausa), 132
+
+ Kapok or C. Pentandra (German Botanists), Eriodendron (Kew Botanists),
+ 122; K. fibre, 53, 90, 105, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 150, 209, 226,
+ 345, 346; K. plantations (Togo), 149
+
+ Kapro (Grunchi), 94
+
+ Kapus (Timani), 43
+
+ Karangia, 199
+
+ Karan masalachi, 199
+
+ Karene District, 46
+
+ Karfa (Bambara), 83
+
+ Kargo (Hausa), 207
+
+ Karina District, 31; K. Forest, 46
+
+ Kariya, 199; Kariye gatari, 220, 221
+
+ Karjara (Kano), 220
+
+ Karki (Sok., Kats., and Zanf.), 220
+
+ Kasfiya, 214; K. (Sok., Kats., and Zanf.), 225
+
+ Kashi Kashi (Kontagora Kols.), 220
+
+ Kaskawami, 190; K. cannabinus, 190
+
+ Kassekui (Mbonoi), 86
+
+ Kassewe Hills, 25, 36, 39, 46
+
+ Katai (Timani), 46
+
+ Katambiri (Hausa), 225
+
+ Katanga treeless area, 423
+
+ Katank (Timani), 54
+
+ Kati (Abe), 88; K. (Atakpame), 131
+
+ Katsari (Hausa), 209, 220
+
+ Katsina, 207; K. (Allah), 210; K. (River), 188
+
+ Katumbulia (Tschaudjo), 141
+
+ Kau belia or abalia (Tschaudjo), 146; K. këure (Tschaudjo), 146; K.
+ kutoku (Tschaudjo), 146
+
+ Kauchi, 193
+
+ Kauri Gum, 37
+
+ Kauriri, 193
+
+ Kaüsa (Indenie), 87
+
+ Kauwi (Mendi), 58
+
+ Kawo (Hausa), 190, 191, 205, 220
+
+ Kawogei (Mendi), 59
+
+ Kawuri (Hausa), 216, 219
+
+ Kayar rakumi or Karo (Kano, Sok., and Kats.), 220
+
+ Kayo (Bondoukou), 86
+
+ Kebarre (Kratschi), 132
+
+ Kedā (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+ Kedeleā or Kodoleā (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Kedempo (Atakpame), 141
+
+ Kedemponasi (Kratschi), 135
+
+ Keditia (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+ Kedjetjelo (Tschaudjo), 146
+
+ Keiwgo (Bondoukou), 86
+
+ Keka (Kratschi), 137
+
+ Kekëū (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+ Kekpili (Kratschi), 133
+
+ Kekung (Timani), 45
+
+ Kelantori (Kratschi), 134
+
+ Kelengma͡u (Tschaudjo), 134
+
+ Keleyn (Kratschi), 133
+
+ Kelipotu (Kratschi), 138
+
+ Kelle (Kratschi), 138
+
+ Kengüe (Mbonoi), 85
+
+ Kenjang (Kratschi), 132
+
+ Kennema, 54, 59, 160, 493
+
+ Kent, 25
+
+ Kerana, 193
+
+ Kere (Yoruba), 270
+
+ Kersting, Dr. (Piptadenia Kerstingii experiments), 123
+
+ Keruwowo (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Kesang (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+ Kessede, 466
+
+ Kessing (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Kete-Kratschi Station (Togo), 118, 124, 126, 143
+
+ Ketibubaka (Aowin), 109
+
+ Ketschikantscha (Kratschi), 131
+
+ Ketum (Timani), 60
+
+ Ketyelenea (Tschaudjo), 146
+
+ Kewe (Mendi), 43
+
+ K’fut (Timani), 54
+
+ Khaya, 50, 121, 228, 323, 330, 363, 425; K. anthoteka, 100, 318, 320;
+ K. caudata, 101; K. euryphylla, 415, 417, 420, 433; K. grandifolia,
+ 318; K. grandis, 75, 81, 101, 318, 319, 320, 322; K. Ivoriensis, 66,
+ 81, 82, 86, 101, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324; K. Klainii or Klaineana,
+ 119, 120, 121, 126, 135, 416, 433; K. punchii, 81, 100, 101, 318, 319,
+ 322; K. Senegalensis, 17, 20, 81, 101, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124,
+ 125, 126, 134, 177, 190, 191, 203, 211, 222, 229, 318, 321, 433; K.
+ sp., 101, 183, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 424
+
+ Kiangue (Mbonoi), 89
+
+ Kicksia Africana, 143; K. elastica, 440
+
+ Kidgeling (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+ Kidney-tree Cotton, 76
+
+ Kigelia, 60; K. acutifolia, 441; K. Æthiopica, 192, 204, 215, 225; K.
+ Africana, 145, 400; K., _var._ Bornuensis, 215, 225; K. pinnata, 113,
+ 145, 233
+
+ Kili (Mendi), 41
+
+ Kimba (Hausa), 219, 233
+
+ Kinchia, 195
+
+ King of the Timber, 318
+
+ Kingkanga (Hausa), 94
+
+ Kinguei (Mendi), 53
+
+ Kinkonawon (Mbonoi), 84
+
+ Kino (Timani), 50
+
+ Kinyelu (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+ Kiria (Hausa), 131
+
+ Kiriandutschi (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+ Kiriya (Hausa), 207, 220, 233
+
+ Kishia (General West Coast), 113
+
+ Kita (Timani), 48
+
+ Kiukuesin (Attie), 84
+
+ Kiumba (Bondoukou), 89
+
+ K’Kuperb (Timani), 45
+
+ Klaineodoxa Gabunensis, 230, 432; K. Grandifolia, 432
+
+ Klo (Ewe), 133
+
+ Klokpakpa (Ewe), 131; (Kratschi), 132
+
+ Klongbau (Timani), 134
+
+ Kobei (Mendi), 54
+
+ Kobi (Bambara), 85
+
+ Kobwi (Mendi), 46
+
+ Kochoa (Kratschi), 132
+
+ Kodago, 218, 244
+
+ Kode lia (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+ Kofe (Mendi), 55
+
+ Kofei (Mendi), 58
+
+ Koghia bera (Fanti), 88
+
+ Koinadugu District, 59
+
+ Kojagei (Mendi), 56
+
+ Kokank (Lophira Procera) cut locally, Sierra Leone, 33
+
+ Kokara (Hausa), 220
+
+ Kokiya (Hausa), 215; or Kokiyar biri (Kontagora), 224
+
+ Koko Port, 151, 156, 157; K. Town, 305
+
+ Kokochiko (Hausa), 223
+
+ Kokojá (Losso), 128
+
+ Kokomazur (Mbonoi), 89
+
+ Kokoro or Golloklo (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Kokoti (Wassaw, Fanti), 108
+
+ Kokotsi (Fanti), 87
+
+ Kokotswi (Twi), 101
+
+ Kokpara (Atakpame), 130
+
+ Kokue (Attie), 88
+
+ Kokuwa (Sok. and West.), 221
+
+ Kola (Tree), 54; Baboon K., 54; K. Bark, 145; Bitter K. (exported from
+ Sierra Leone), 63, 106. _See also_ Cola
+
+ Kola nuts, 54, 63, 69, 80, 106, 150, 223
+
+ Kolei (Mendi), 48
+
+ Koligi (Leopardwood), 35
+
+ Kologalei (Mendi), 55
+
+ Kombo seeds, 458
+
+ Kombolo or Combolo (Duala), 429
+
+ Komdi (Timani), 55
+
+ Komigbulei (Mendi), 53
+
+ Komoe River, 82
+
+ Komu (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+ Kondi (Mendi), 51
+
+ Kongkong or Kongkonga (Tschaudjo), 135, 143
+
+ Kongo (Tschaudjo), 142
+
+ Kongofura (Tschaudjo), 142
+
+ Kongoli (Mendi), 62
+
+ Kongolu (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+ Kongowura (Kotokoli), 139
+
+ Konkwa (Bali), 437
+
+ Kontagora, 189, 190, 200, 210
+
+ Kontah or Rhodesian Mahogany (_see_ Afzelia African), 32, 47
+
+ Kontsha District, 415
+
+ Köpu (Kratschi), 132
+
+ Koran tablets made from Crossopteryx Kotschyana, 145
+
+ Koriga stream, 200
+
+ Koronko (Timani), 45; (and Mendi), 45
+
+ Kotia (Yendi), 137
+
+ Koto Dyakossi, 142
+
+ Kotokie (Indenia), 87
+
+ Kotopapa (Krepi), 98
+
+ Kotopuan (Attie), 84
+
+ Kotschii, 214, 215
+
+ Kotublassu (Fõ), 139
+
+ Kouanda (Attie), 87
+
+ Kowi or Kuwi (Mendi), 49
+
+ Kpa (Efik), 352; K. (Ewe), 127
+
+ Kpaini (Mendi), 43
+
+ Kpako (Anago), 127
+
+ Kpakpa (Fõ), 132
+
+ K’Pal (Timani), 46
+
+ K’Palen (Timani), 58
+
+ Kpánenā (Kratschi), 131
+
+ Kpaoloe (Mendi), 51
+
+ Kpendei (Mendi), 47
+
+ Kpendeideli (Mendi), 47
+
+ Kpessei (Mendi), 44
+
+ Kpetellahen (Mendi), 59
+
+ Kpoe (Ewe), 139
+
+ Kpoye (Sierra Leone), 457
+
+ Kreangú (Asanté), 141
+
+ Krekete (Bambara), 88
+
+ Krendja Haigue (Agni), 85
+
+ Kroo Coast, 98
+
+ Krŭbete (Asanté), 135
+
+ Krubua (Twi), 101
+
+ Krutū (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+ Kuakie-kuakie (Agni), 88
+
+ Kuangua (Agni), 84; K. iniama (Agni), 85
+
+ Kuanguan (Agni), 84
+
+ Kuatiecuale (Agni), 86
+
+ Kube (Akwapim), 93
+
+ Küe (Attie), 84
+
+ Kuge (Bakossi), 440
+
+ Kugŏnu (Tschaudjo), 134
+
+ Kuka (Hausa), 138, 190, 210, 223
+
+ Kukorn (Timani), 45
+
+ Kukuki, 190, 210, 223
+
+ Kukumarugbo (Yoruba), 332
+
+ Kuli pia (Bondoukou), 85
+
+ Kulil (Timani), 51
+
+ Kumba District, 416, 420
+
+ Kumchi (Sok. and Zanf.), 222
+
+ Kuntunkun (Twi), 105
+
+ Kuntunkuni (Denkira), 105
+
+ Kupaussŭto (Kabure, Tschaudjo), 131
+
+ Kupkup (Timani), 62
+
+ Kuppe Mountains, 415, 417, 420
+
+ Kurdi (Hausa), 220
+
+ Kure (Agni), 84
+
+ Kuriya (Sok. and Zanf.), 223
+
+ Kurna (Hausa), 198, 213
+
+ Kurnan nasara, 191, 219; (East Hausa, Kontagora), 222
+
+ Kursua (Appolonian), 107
+
+ Kuru (Brass), 357; (Ibo, Owerri), 357; (Ijor), 229
+
+ Kusia (Twi), 113
+
+ Kuwi or Kowi (Mendi), 49
+
+ Kuwul (Timani), 44
+
+ Kwa (River), 152, 469
+
+ Kwaboho (Ashanti), 100
+
+ Kwabohri (Twi), 100
+
+ Kwaiebo River, 151, 152
+
+ Kwakwa or Kwakwar (Hausa), 218
+
+ Kwalo nut, 218, 244
+
+ Kwandaruja, 220
+
+ Kwankanni, 192
+
+ Kwantama (Wassaw, General West Coast), 111
+
+ Kwantanura (Ashanti), 101
+
+ Kwari (Hausa), 224
+
+ Kwina (Hausa), 222
+
+ Kyllingia, 196
+
+ Kyukyu or bird, 315
+
+
+ Labiatæ (Nigeria), 194, 400
+
+ Labuje goriya (largest nuts), 223
+
+ Laburnum compared to Cassia fistula, 99
+
+ Lagenaria, 159; L. vulgaris, 193
+
+ Lagerstrœmia (L. flos Reginæ), 174
+
+ Lagos, 151, 156, 157, 169, 170, 174, 176, 185, 189, 243, 264, 339,
+ 358, 368, 395, 410, 464; L. Public Works, 160; L. Sawmills, 159; L.
+ Reserve, 163; L. River, 151
+
+ Laguncularia racemosa, 56, 108, 374, 397; L. sp., 397
+
+ La Hou, 81, 82
+
+ Lakole (Yoruba), 349
+
+ Lakoshe (Yoruba), 265
+
+ Lakosin (Yoruba), 264, 265
+
+ Lakuta (Yoruba), 303
+
+ Lalong grass, 56
+
+ Lancashire County experiments, 483
+
+ Ländo (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+ Landolphia, 203, 302; Landolphia (large fruited), 392; L. bracteata,
+ 100, 392; L. Dawei, 440; L. Droogmansiana, 111; L. ferruginea, 110; L.
+ florida, 111, 192, 392; L. Heudelotii, 58; L. jenge, 79; L. klainii,
+ 111; L. leonensis, 58; L. owariensis, 68, 79, 111, 197, 392; L.
+ owariensis jenge, 58; L. owariensis, _var._ rubiginosa, 392; L.
+ Petersiana, 392; L. scandens, 111, 392; L. Senegalensis, 111, 392; L.
+ Thompsonii, 111, 392
+
+ Lane Poole (species trees, Sierra Leone), 41
+
+ Lānga͡ua (Kratschi), 146
+
+ Lannea acidissima, 86, 136; L. Barteri, 136; L. sp., 87
+
+ Lantana camara, 112; L. salvifolia, 193
+
+ Lasiodiscus, 104
+
+ Lasiosyphon Glaucus, 437; L. Kraussii, 195
+
+ Latex, 58, 95, 109, 111, 250, 252, 254, 266, 292, 392
+
+ Lauraceæ (Gold Coast), 96; (Cameroons), 427; (Nigeria), 195, 266
+
+ Lauro (Cedar-like), 250, 346
+
+ Lawonong (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Lawsonia alba, 192
+
+ Laye, Igu (Yoruba), 302
+
+ Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, 53, 104, 340
+
+ Lecythidaceæ (Gold Coast), 108; (Nigeria), 367
+
+ Leea, 105; L. Guineensis, 197
+
+ Leguminosæ, (Sierra Leone), 44; (Gold Coast), 96; (Liberia), 72;
+ (Ivory Coast), 84; (Nigeria), 191, 197, 199, 219, 269, 276, 277, 301,
+ 305, 447; (Togo), 130
+
+ Leicester Peak, 25
+
+ Lemon trees, 124
+
+ Lentibulaceæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+ Leopardstown (Calabar), 312
+
+ Leopardwood, Description of, 35 Lepidoturus occidentalis, 433
+
+ Leptadenia lancifolia, 199
+
+ Leptaulos daphnoides, 53, 87
+
+ Leptoderris, 287
+
+ Leptonychia, 54
+
+ Lia nuwasanre (Tschaudjo), 142
+
+ Liane, liana (fibre), 72, 131
+
+ Liasá (Atakpame), 129
+
+ Liberia, position of, 17; L., chapter iv, 66-80; L. Gola Forest, 66;
+ L. valuable trees, 66-69; L. Trees and Rubber Vines, 70-79; L. Forest
+ Exports, 80
+
+ Liberian coffee, 79
+
+ Lifui (Ewe), 144
+
+ Light African Greenheart, 279
+
+ Lignum Vitæ, 175
+
+ Lili River, 117
+
+ Liliaceæ (Sierra Leone), 42; (Liberia), 70; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold
+ Coast), 94; (Togo), 127; Nigeria, 195, 199, 245
+
+ Lilualamombe (Bakwiri), 433
+
+ Lime trees, 124
+
+ Limonia, 221; L. Preussii, 134; L. Warneckei, 134
+
+ Linaceæ (Sierra Leone), 49; (Ivory Coast), 85; (Gold Coast), 100;
+ (Cameroons), 431
+
+ Lindackeria dentata, 107, 437
+
+ Linociera Mannii, 88; L. nilotica, 142
+
+ Lipiti or Dsati (Ewe), 132
+
+ Lippia Ukambensis, 193
+
+ Lisombe Palm, 243
+
+ Lissochilus arenarius, 195
+
+ Liver Sausage tree, 145
+
+ Liverpool Markets, 157, 252, 255, 259, 264, 268, 272, 277, 279, 280,
+ 282, 287, 293, 305, 308, 310, 316, 327, 333, 344, 348, 354, 358, 361,
+ 378, 390, 403, 404, 405, 456, 460, 461, 480
+
+ Liwoma (Bakwiri), 434
+
+ Lloyd, Frank J., _Analysis of Kernel Cake_, 481
+
+ Lo (Abe), 85; L. (Attie), 85; Lo (Attie), 87; (Ewe), 134
+
+ Lobog (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Locust, 491; L. bean, 45, 73; Tree, 97, 120, 126, 153, 207; L. wood,
+ 131
+
+ Loganiaceæ (Sierra Leone), 58; (Ivory Coast), 88; (Gold Coast), 110;
+ (Togo), 142; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 215, 224, 389; (Cameroons), 440
+
+ Logo (Ewe), 129
+
+ Logoasagu (Ewe), 128
+
+ Loho (Abe), 83
+
+ Loko, 219
+
+ Lokoba (Attie), 86
+
+ Lokobua (Attie), 86
+
+ Lokoja, 188, 189, 202, 206
+
+ Lom (Bakoko), 430, 435
+
+ Loma Mountains, 25, 58, 160
+
+ Lomburu (Bondoukou), 87
+
+ Lome Experimental Gardens, 122; Railway, 119, 121; Taxation, 116;
+ (Capital) Togo, 116
+
+ Lonchocarpus, 35, 46; L. Barteri, 72; L. cyanescens, 46, 99, 197, 219,
+ 221, 303; L. laxiflora, 72, 191, 201, 220, 221; L. sericeus, 46, 72,
+ 85, 99, 133, 302; L. sp., 303; L. zenkeri, 72, 231, 428
+
+ London markets, 157; (Erith), 480
+
+ Longoso (Bakundu, Bakwiri), 433
+
+ Loofah gourd, 194
+
+ Lophira, 117, 118; L. alata, 18, 19, 26, 54, 67, 82, 107, 109, 139,
+ 190, 200, 202, 209, 214, 232, 234, 357, 358, 379, 436, 445, 446, 459,
+ 460, 461; Lophira procera, 19, 27, 33, 54, 77, 87, 107, 159, 160, 209,
+ 229, 277, 356, 358, 359, 394, 415, 416, 417, 419, 460
+
+ Lophotocarpus Guyanensis, 195
+
+ Lopi (Timani), 42
+
+ Loranthaceæ (Sierra Leone), 43; (Nigeria), 193, 259
+
+ Loranthus, 193; L. langwensis, 43; L. leptolobus (Red flowering L.),
+ 259
+
+ Lovoa, 101, 177, 228, 326, 412, 416, 422; Klaineana, 28, 49, 67, 74,
+ 101, 177; L. sp. near L. Klaineana, 49
+
+ Lubei (Mendi), 59
+
+ Lubi or Snuff, 62
+
+ Lubiniati (Adionkron), 85
+
+ Ludjŭ (Tschaudjo), 128
+
+ Luep (Timani), 52
+
+ Luffa Acutangula, 194; L. Ægyptiaca, 194; L. Soudanica, 164
+
+ Lumber exports (Gold Coast), 115
+
+ Lycopodaceæ (Nigeria), 410
+
+ Lycopodium phlegmaria, 410
+
+ Lymexylon, 326
+
+ Lythraceæ (Nigeria), 192
+
+ Maba (Benin), 388; M. Mannii, 57, 388; M. Warneckii, 142
+
+ Mabanga (Duala), 441
+
+ Mabump (Timani), 47
+
+ Macaranga, 337; M. Barteri, 52, 102; M. heterophylla, 52, 102; M.
+ Heudelotii, 86; M. Monandra, 52, 102; M. Rosea, 433; M. Rowlandii,
+ 102; M. sp., 433
+
+ Mackay or Sea bean, 69, 72, 298
+
+ Macrolobium elongatum, 47; M. Limba, 46, 47, 98; M. Mannii, 428; M.
+ Macrolobium, 289; M. Palisotii, 46, 85, 98, 288, 289, 449; M.
+ Preussii, 428; M. reticulatum, 98; M. sp., 46, 98, 232; M. sp. near
+ Heudelotii, 47; M. Stipulaceæ, 98, 289; M. Zenkeri, 428
+
+ Madachi (Hausa), 190, 211, 229; M. or Madavachi (Sok.), 222
+
+ Madobia (Hausa), 206, 221, 231
+
+ Mærua, 198; M. Angolensis, 219
+
+ Mæsa lanceolata, 438
+
+ Mæsobotrya cauliflora, 103; M. sp., 52; M. stapfiana, 86; M.
+ sparsiflora, 103
+
+ Magariya, 198, 213, 222
+
+ Magariyar kura, 198, 222
+
+ Magarua or Bagarua (Hausa), 131
+
+ Magbevi (Mendi), 50
+
+ Magoro (Hausa), 222
+
+ Maho River, 39
+
+ Mahogany, 50, 67, 75, 77, 119, 120, 228, 323, 329, 332, 334, 363, 364,
+ 405, 413, 416, 420, 421, 422, 424, 445, 446
+
+ African, 20, 120, 135, 149, 175, 205, 222
+
+ African, West, 211, 422, 423
+
+ Bark Tree, Brass, 308
+
+ Bastard, 315
+
+ Bean, 205
+
+ Benin, 57, 78, 157, 266, 268, 316, 319
+
+ Cedar, 26, 28, 328, 329, 330; Hard Cedar M., 323
+
+ Cherry, 376
+
+ Close-grained, 328
+
+ Dita, 73
+
+ Dry Zone, 177, 229
+
+ Duika, 423
+
+ False, 324
+
+ False Hill, 343
+
+ Gaboon, 29, 315, 316, 317, 320, 419, 422, 424
+
+ Hard, 306, 419; Hard capsuled, 323
+
+ Heavy, 102, 151, 157, 418, 420
+
+ Khaya, 423, 325; M. Khaya Senegalensis, 17, 20, 21; Khaya Klainii,
+ 149
+
+ Kontah, 26, 67, 205
+
+ Lagos, 157, 162, 164, 167
+
+ Light, 415, 417
+
+ Long-capsuled, 177, 178, 415, 416
+
+ Mountain, 35, 46, 68, 72
+
+ Niger, 320
+
+ Nuts, 267, 269
+
+ Oban, 378
+
+ Pink, 304, 315
+
+ Plantations (Togo) (Khaya Klainii), 149
+
+ Red, 267
+
+ Reserves, 167
+
+ Rhodesian or Kontah, 26, 67, 205
+
+ Sapeli or Heavy, 102, 151, 157, 418, 420
+
+ Satin, 28, 50, 75
+
+ Scented, 317, 318, 329, 416, 417, 419
+
+ Seedlings (Growth, Felling, Rafting), 187
+
+ Spanish, 175
+
+ Substitute, 57
+
+ Timber, 226
+
+ Uhi, 319
+
+ Unscented, 416
+
+ White or Galvon, 29, 320; White-barked, 320
+
+ Maize, 204, 471
+
+ Maje (Hausa), 190, 191, 205; (Sok.), 221
+
+ Majigi, 221
+
+ Majiriya (Kano), 221
+
+ Mak (River), 419
+
+ Makarfo (Hausa), 202, 205, 221, 233
+
+ Makasar adwa, 194
+
+ Makua (Mbonoi), 86
+
+ Makube (Ashanti), 93; (Fanti), 83, 93
+
+ Malacantha sp. nov., 382; M. Warneckeana, 141
+
+ Malankwi (Appolonian), 93
+
+ Malei (Mendi), 45
+
+ Mallotus oppositifolius, 197
+
+ Malmo (Hausa), 213, 224, 232
+
+ Malpigheaceæ (Gold Coast), 102
+
+ Malvaceæ (Liberia), 76; (Gold Coast), 105; (Togo), 137; Nigeria, 190,
+ 344; (Cameroons), 435
+
+ Mambo (Mendi), 47
+
+ Mamboi (Mendi), 51
+
+ Mambui (Mendi), 47
+
+ Mamie Kini, 88
+
+ Mamfe, 418
+
+ Mammea sapota, 55; M. sp., 230
+
+ Mammee (Timani), 55
+
+ Mammy or Mammee Apple (Ochrocarpus Africanus), 29, 33, 55; Mammy
+ supporter, 55
+
+ Mamu Lonchocarpus, 303; M. Reserve, 160, 166, 170, 172, 173, 176, 178,
+ 179, 180, 246, 264, 278, 303, 312, 347, 373, 392, 405, 407
+
+ Manchester (prepared to take kernels), 481
+
+ Mandji, 422
+
+ Manengube Mountains, 415, 417
+
+ Mangifera, 75; M. Africana, 52; M. Indica, 222; M. sp., 75
+
+ Mango, 75, 196, 222; M. sp., 75; M. Tree, 75
+
+ Mangrove, 19, 438; M. Bark, 226; Red M., 234, 368, 396, 451; White M.,
+ 108, 234, 374, 397, 440; White Button M., 374; White Nut M., 257
+
+ Mangrove Forests, 20, 33, 56, 78; M. Swamps, 18, 151, 154
+
+ Mangu natives, 130; M. station (Togo), 126
+
+ Manihot dichotoma, 122, 123, 148; M. Glaziovii, 122, 126; M.
+ heptaphylla, 123, 124, 148; M. Pianhyensis, 123, 124, 148; M.
+ utilissima, 47
+
+ Manja R., 418, 419
+
+ Mannia Africana, 85
+
+ Manniophyton Africanum, 337; M. sp., 337, 452
+
+ Mano River, 39, 66, 68, 69
+
+ Mansu, 102
+
+ Manya River, 418
+
+ Manyu River, 418
+
+ Maradi, 210
+
+ Marantaceæ (Nigeria), 246; M. (Togo), 128
+
+ Maremper, 25
+
+ Mareya spicata, 52
+
+ Marga (Hausa), 206
+
+ Margarine made from Palm Kernel Oil, 480; from Shea Butter Nuts, 153
+
+ Marike (Hausa), 92, 212, 223, 232
+
+ Marine supplied with timber, 187
+
+ Markhamia Lutea, 144, 441; M. tomentosa, 144, 401
+
+ Maro, 39
+
+ Marua, 190
+
+ Masche (Hausa), 132
+
+ Mat (Timani), 48
+
+ Match-box Bean, 298
+
+ Maticke (Ho), 146
+
+ Mauritius Hemp, 128
+
+ Mawelu (Bakwiri), 441
+
+ Mbafo, 432
+
+ Mbagboldede (Mendi), 54
+
+ Mbako (Bakwiri), 441
+
+ Mbana Oyop (Old Calabar), 466
+
+ Mbang (Attie), 84, 445, 446
+
+ Mbaoa (Bakwiri), 429
+
+ Mbarakun (Oban, Ekoi), 290
+
+ Mbauwi (Mendi), 53
+
+ Mbawe (Abe), 84
+
+ Mbomdi (Mendi), 46, 47
+
+ Mbomo-kuku (Efik), 288; M.-nkuku (Efrie), 232
+
+ Mbonda pondo (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Mbosse (Agni), 86
+
+ Mboti Buma (Attie), 88
+
+ M’boy (Mendi), 62
+
+ Mbrahu (Abe), 89
+
+ Mbu District and River, 417, 418, 419, 487
+
+ Mbuandæ (Mendi), 62
+
+ McIver, Messrs., Lagos Sawmill, 159
+
+ Mdayen (Mendi), 55
+
+ Measurements of planted trees (Olokemeji Reserve), 183
+
+ Mebeli (Mendi), 55; M. deli, 48; M. or Mbelignli, 45, 55
+
+ Megabana (Trillesii), 103
+
+ Mekhi (Attie), 83
+
+ Melastomaceæ (Cameroons), 438; M. (Ivory Coast), 88; M. (Nigeria),
+ 375; M. (Sierra Leone), 56
+
+ Melia Azedarach, 123, 135, 148, 191, 222, 331
+
+ Meliaceæ (Cameroons), 432, 442, 445, 446; M. (Gold Coast), 100; M.
+ (Ivory Coast), 85; M. (Liberia), 74; M. (Nigeria), 191, 196, 211, 222,
+ 317, 331; M. (Sierra Leone), 49; M. (Togo), 135
+
+ Melianthaceæ (Gold Coast), 104; (Togo), 137
+
+ Memchin (Appolonian), 97
+
+ Meme (District), 415; M. (River), 418, 419
+
+ Memecylon macrodendron, 438; M. polyanthemos, 88; M. _cf._ M.
+ spathulandra, 56; M. sp. (near Barten), 375
+
+ Mendi or Mendis, 26, 28, 35, 40; M. (Sierra Leone), 26
+
+ “Meni” oil, 358, 359, 459
+
+ Menispermaceæ (Nigeria), 193, 259; M. (Sierra Leone), 43
+
+ Merremia, 194; M. umbellata, 197
+
+ Mesua Ferrua, 176
+
+ Metchi (Attie), 83
+
+ Mfam (Ekoi), 228
+
+ Mfu River, 419, 487
+
+ Mgua (Abe), 83
+
+ Michelia Champaca, 177
+
+ Microdesmis puberula, 52, 103, 336, 419; M. sp., 230, 336, 452
+
+ Mijin kade (Hausa), 209
+
+ Mileishia (Appolonien) (Aowin), 94
+
+ Milk-weed, 199
+
+ Miller Bros., Messrs., Koko Town Sawmill, 159
+
+ Millet (Bull-rush), 199, 204
+
+ Millettia attite, 133; M., _cf._ drastica, 48; M. Lane-Poolei, 48; M.
+ pallens, 48; M. rhodantha, 48; M. sericeus, 203; M. sp., 85, 428; M.
+ sp. near M. sangana, 48, 197, 203, 417, 418; M. Thonningii, 99, 233,
+ 284; M. Zechiana, 99
+
+ Mimbo (Palm Wine), 425
+
+ Mimifia District, 430, 431
+
+ Mimosa asperata, 191, 209; M. Dinklagei, 48, 73
+
+ Mimoseæ (Nigeria), 301
+
+ Mimusops, 57, 78, 110, 197; M. djave, 57, 110, 179, 229, 370, 376,
+ 378, 416, 419, 420, 438, 445, 446, 455; M. Egyptian, 219; M. elengi,
+ 167; M. Kerstingii, 141; M. lacera, 67, 78, 141, 159, 378, 456; M.
+ multinervis, 18, 109, 118, 123, 141, 167, 186, 228, 375, 456; M. sp.,
+ 28, 29, 57, 438
+
+ Minjiriya (Kano), 221
+
+ Misahöhe (Togo), 119, 125, 126, 142
+
+ Mistletoe, 43; M. (African), 259; M. (parasite), 170, 246
+
+ Mitragyne, 62; M. Africana, 145, 192, 202, 214, 225, 406; M. inermis,
+ 145; M. macrophylla, 89, 113, 145, 230, 406; value of M. species, 146
+
+ Mixed Plantations, 124
+
+ Mo River, 415, 418
+
+ Mobo (District), 420, 425, 433, 438; Mobo River, 417; M. Foto
+ Mountains, 415, 417
+
+ Mobonran (Ijaw), 229
+
+ Mogbara (Yoruba), 278; M. (Ikale and Yoruba), 288
+
+ Mohammedan rosaries, 128; M. Teachers’ use of Vitex, 60
+
+ Moigbwamy (Mendi), 43
+
+ Mo-Kamaa, Afforestation area, 120
+
+ Mokamu (Bakwiri), 430
+
+ Moko River, 415, 419
+
+ Mokongo or Momangi (Bakundu and Bakwiri), 425
+
+ Mokowa (Bakwiri), 428
+
+ Molemṓle (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+ Mollugo, 194
+
+ Moloney, 290
+
+ Momangi, 445, 446
+
+ Momordica balsamina, 194
+
+ Mon (Attie), 84
+
+ Mondetu (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+ Mondoa (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Monechma, 194
+
+ Monga (Balong), 435
+
+ Moniera, 194
+
+ Monkey Apple (Anisophyllea laurina), 33, 55; M. bread, 53, 223, 347;
+ M. cola, 106, 210, 355; M. Guava, 215, 384
+
+ Monkwa Rock, 418
+
+ Monocotyledonous orders (Nigeria), 195, 197, 199
+
+ Monodora brevipes, 96, 265, 457; M. myristica, 43, 72, 84, 427, 457;
+ M. myristica, _var._ grandifolia, 265; M. tenuifolia, 72, 96, 264,
+ 265, 457
+
+ Monotes Kerstingii, 139
+
+ Monrovia, 70, 73, 78
+
+ Moo River, 51
+
+ Moor Plantation, 241
+
+ Moraceaæ (Cameroons), 425; M. (Gold Coast), 94; M. (Ivory Coast), 83;
+ M. (Liberia), 70; M. (Nigeria), 193, 197, 199, 215, 218; M. (Sierra
+ Leone), 42; M. (Togo), 128
+
+ Morelia (Senegalensis), 62, 192, 214
+
+ Morinda Citrifolia (The Brimstone), Sierra Leone, cut locally, 31, 32,
+ 60, 68, 89, 123, 146, 197, 204, 441; M. confusa, 61; Ekiti Morinda,
+ 405; M. longiflora, 405; M. lucida, 405; M. quadrangularis, 61; M.
+ sp., 79, 405
+
+ Moringa pterygosperma, 44, 219, 453
+
+ Moringaceæ (Nigeria), 219, 453; M. (Sierra Leone), 44
+
+ Morro (River), 39, 66, 68, 69
+
+ Morus Mesozygia, 83; M. sp., 256
+
+ Mosaic-work and inlaying, 146
+
+ Mosangui (Attie), 87
+
+ Mosenge (Bakwiri), 433
+
+ Motandra Guineensis, 395
+
+ Mountain Ash, 311
+
+ Mousandua (Fanti), 94
+
+ Moyamba, 36
+
+ Moyida (Yoruba), 365
+
+ Mozambique, 211
+
+ Mpang (Bakoko and Basa), 443
+
+ Mpanju (Efik), 277, 278
+
+ Mpot, 168
+
+ Mpuri (Oban, Ekoi), 266
+
+ Mucuna pruriensis, 203; M. sp. Preussii, 299; M. urens, 299
+
+ Muea (Buea District), 436
+
+ Muell, 215
+
+ Muenge (Duala), 428
+
+ Mukonja, 418; M. (Duala), 438, 445
+
+ Munchis, 54
+
+ Mundulia suberosa (Benth), 303
+
+ Mungo River, 415, 419, 436
+
+ Mungongo (Duala), 435
+
+ Munon (Efik), 368
+
+ Muruchi, 216
+
+ Musa textilis, 128
+
+ Musaceæ (Togo), 128
+
+ Musanga, 358; M. Smithii, 42, 70, 83, 95, 129, 159, 233, 252, 418,
+ 419, 420, 426, 485, 488
+
+ Musk Tree, 411
+
+ Muskat Nut, 72
+
+ Mussænda, 197, 203; M. erythrophylla, 407; M. Isertiana, 407; M.
+ tenuiflora, 407
+
+ Mussake, 420
+
+ Myole Polie (Abe), 83
+
+ Myrianthus arboreus, 42, 83, 95, 129, 256, 426; M. serratus, 42, 71,
+ 83, 95, 129, 197, 204; M. sp., 42
+
+ Myristicaceæ (Cameroons), 427; (Gold Coast), 96; (Ivory Coast), 84;
+ (Liberia), 72; (Nigeria), 266; (Sierra Leone), 44; (Togo), 130
+
+ Myrrh, 221
+
+ Myrsinaceæ (Cameroons), 438
+
+ Myrtaceæ (Gold Coast), 108; (Ivory Coast), 88; (Liberia), 78;
+ (Nigeria), 192, 197, 213, 224, 374, 410; (Sierra Leone), 56; (Togo),
+ 140
+
+
+ Na (Attie), 86
+
+ Nagudi (Atakpame), 136
+
+ Nainvi (Bondoukou), 85
+
+ Nali (Mendi), 58
+
+ Namijin gwabsa, 210, 221; N. Kade (Hausa), 190, 232
+
+ Naparli (Mangu), 132
+
+ Napoleona Imperialis, 367; N. Owariensis, 367; N. speckle-fruited,
+ 367; N. Vogelii, 108, 197, 367; N. Whitfieldii, 367
+
+ Naprampogo (Dyakossi), 142
+
+ Narenga (Dagomba), 143
+
+ Nassarawa, 200; N. Province, 300
+
+ Nassarli or Nabuli (Dyakossi), 146
+
+ Native Court Plantation, 180
+
+ Nayile (Konkomba), 136
+
+ Nbob (Moyen Cavally), 86
+
+ Ndambabuli (Mendi), 48
+
+ Ndat (Efik), 231
+
+ Ndau (Appolonian, Aowin), 93
+
+ Ndawi or Ndawei (Mendi), 43, 44; N. (Badgi), 44
+
+ Ndebere (Attie), 89
+
+ Ndeh, 19, 168; N. people, 467
+
+ Ndeiwei (Mendi), 52
+
+ Ndian District, 415; N. River, 419
+
+ Ndonge (Bakwiri), 436
+
+ Ndototo (Bakwiri), 435
+
+ Ndukwun (Appolonian), 98
+
+ Negro Pepper, 219, 260; (N. P. small-flowering), 262
+
+ Negro Republic, 66
+
+ Nelsonia Campestris, 194
+
+ Nephrodium Asplenium, 196
+
+ Nesuwa (Benin), 344
+
+ Nettle-tree, 218
+
+ Newbouldia lævis, 60, 79, 113, 144, 192, 225; N. L. compared with
+ Markhamia tomentosa, 144
+
+ New Calabar language, 185; N. C. River, 151
+
+ News, Mr. E. D., Analysis, 482
+
+ Newtonia, 280; N. Insignis, 49, 99; near Newtonia, 290; N. Zenkeri,
+ 417, 418
+
+ New Zealand Kauri Gum, 37
+
+ Ngitsa (Fontem or Bangwa), 427
+
+ Ngnanake (Abe), 86
+
+ Ngodua (Fanti), 107
+
+ Ngolo ngoloti (Abe), 86
+
+ N’goloduloi (Mendi), 54
+
+ Ngosame (Bakossi), 427
+
+ Ngua (Abe), 87; N. Abo (Attie), 87
+
+ Nguangua (Mendi), 52
+
+ Nguepe (Attie), 86
+
+ Nguni (Kabure), 134
+
+ Nguobi or Kusibiri (Attie), 88
+
+ Nhuei (Mendi), 53
+
+ Niagalei (Mendi), 55
+
+ Niam Fat, 358, 459
+
+ Niamidua (Twi), 111
+
+ Nianga (Agni), 83; N. Magui (English), 83; (Indenie), 83; Niankuma or
+ Niangama (Fanti, Ashanti, Aowin, Appolonian), 95
+
+ Niger Delta, 152, 185, 189; N. Estuary, 151; N. River, 153, 156, 168,
+ 174, 188, 474; N. Province, 300
+
+ Nigeria, chapter viii; Afforestation, 166-182; Amount of forest land,
+ 17; Bush Savannah, 201-202; Evergreen Fringing Belts, 203-205; Forest
+ Department, 184-188; Forest Exports, 226; Imports of Timber, 227;
+ Indigenous Trees, 235-414; List of Nigerian Trees, 218-225; Mahogany
+ or Timber Industry, 155-160; Measurements of planted trees in
+ Olokemeji Reserve, 183; Park Savannah, 202-203; Permanent Forests,
+ 160-166; Review of the Botanical Features, 188-200; Rivers, Ports, and
+ Forests, 151-154; Schedule of Protected Trees, 228-234; some trees of
+ Hausaland, 205-217; South, 67; Southern Provinces, chapter ix, 493,
+ 494, 495; Tree Savannah or Savannah Forest, 200-201
+
+ Nigerian Swamps, 19
+
+ Nihau (Benin), 350
+
+ Ni-Kaftei (Mendi), 53
+
+ Nikko or Niko Nuts, 267, 269, 459
+
+ Nikli (Mendi), 52
+
+ Nimeribaka (Appolonian), 111
+
+ Nimmini Mountains, 25, 39, 58, 160
+
+ Nimwau Peso (Tschaudjo), 137
+
+ Ningei (Mendi), 42
+
+ Ningo (Bambara), 87
+
+ Niondobi (Bondoukou), 86
+
+ Nja (Efik), 272
+
+ Njabi, 445; N. (Duala), 438
+
+ Njahewe (Mendi), 43
+
+ Njakpe (Anlo), 145
+
+ Njakpokpo (Anecho), 145
+
+ Njangsang (Duala), 433
+
+ Njasun (Ekoi), 229
+
+ Njelei (Mendi), 61
+
+ Njokubore (Bakundu), 442
+
+ Njokubwele (Bakundu), 432
+
+ Njomboguli (Mendi), 49
+
+ Njondji (Bakwiri), 426; N. Bwele (Duala), 433
+
+ Njorgora (Oban, Ekoi), 336
+
+ Njove or Njole (Rio del Rey), 437
+
+ Nkiebe (Mbonoi), 83
+
+ Nkissi River, 276
+
+ Nkohen (Ekoi), 229
+
+ Nkom (Bakossi), 438
+
+ N’ku (Akwapim), 109; (Fanti), 109
+
+ Nkue (Attie), 87
+
+ Nkula (Gaboon), 258
+
+ Nla Ali Hills, 418
+
+ Noami River, 238
+
+ Nobe, 199
+
+ Non gwanki, 219
+
+ Normal type of Fringing Forests, 117
+
+ Notonima (Ashanti), 108
+
+ Nsa-sana (Efik), 451, 452; Nsa-sana kernels, 452
+
+ Nsab (Bare), 438
+
+ Nsan (Ekoi), 228; (Oban, Ekoi), 253
+
+ Nsukakara (Oban, Ekoi), 338
+
+ Ntaba (Bambara), 87
+
+ Ntagne (Attie), 88
+
+ Ntini Nyok (Kwa), 361
+
+ Ntong (Fongtem and Bangwa), 425
+
+ Ntung (Fanti and Ashanti), 93
+
+ Nuatjä, 117; N. Agricultural School, 122; N. Railway, 119
+
+ Nukoi (Mendi), 59
+
+ Nun River, 151, 174
+
+ Nunu (fruit of Danya), 222
+
+ Nupé Canoes, 215
+
+ Nuso or Aru (Atakpame), 130
+
+ Nutmeg, 421, 427; N. African, 264, 457; N. Calabar, 457; N. Calabash,
+ 265; N. yellow flowering, 265, 457
+
+ Nutssunutssu (Anago), 138
+
+ Nuwo (Ekoi), 231
+
+ Nuxia Mannii, 440
+
+ Nya (Efik), 288
+
+ Nyakpekpe (Ewe), 145
+
+ Nyam (Efik), 376
+
+ Nyama (Mangu), 133
+
+ Nyankon, Yankom or Yankun (General West Coast), 106
+
+ Nyimo (Atakpame), 146
+
+ Nyimu (Mangu), 134
+
+ Nyi-nu-Robin (General West Coast), 105
+
+ Nymphæa, 193
+
+ Nympheaceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+ Nyomdobai (Mendi), 53
+
+ Nyumbuyambei (Mendi), 62
+
+
+ Oaho (Benin), 37, 413
+
+ Oak (Bush O.), 416; O. (Dry Zone), 379, 394, 422, 423
+
+ Oba, Oba’s house, 275; O. Tree (Yoruba), 253
+
+ Obadan-nikwi (Benin), 251, 407
+
+ Obagie Forest, 160, 166, 339, 407
+
+ Obala (Atakpame), 130
+
+ Oban Hills, 17, 152; O. Hill Forests, 19, 154, 159; O. natives, 378;
+ O. Reserve, 160, 168, 362, 375, 392, 399, 450, 456, 497
+
+ Obang (Bafo), 425
+
+ Obba on the Hill (Ondo Province), 400
+
+ Obbo (Akposso), 140
+
+ Obeche or Obechi, 153, 159, 230, 351
+
+ Obi (Yoruba), 321; O. Abata, 354
+
+ Obiache (Benin), 159, 228, 402, 404, 405
+
+ Obidu (Yoruba), 355
+
+ Obiedum or Obiedun (Yoruba), 355
+
+ Obiletu (Efik), 230
+
+ Obiliteto (Efik), 386
+
+ Obo (Oban, Ekoi), 318
+
+ Oboba or Obobo (Yoruba), 251
+
+ Obobonikwi (Benin), 228, 328
+
+ Obobonufwa (Benin), 328, 329
+
+ Obokha (Benin), 346
+
+ Obon (Oban, Ekoi), 318
+
+ Obong (Efik), 233
+
+ Obuba (New Calabar), 281
+
+ Obuban (Benin), 399
+
+ Obubra Forest, 19, 177, 239, 273, 274, 307, 350, 472
+
+ Obudu District, 356, 365, 407, 472
+
+ Obuko (Yoruba), 312
+
+ Oburuburu (Yoruba), 349
+
+ Ochna Afzelii, 139; O. multiflora, 233, 356; O. sp., 54, 356 (new
+ sp.), 190
+
+ Ochnaceæ (Sierra Leone), 54 (Liberia), 77; (Ivory Coast), 87; (Gold
+ Coast), 107; (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 190, 209, 356, 447, 459;
+ (Cameroons), 436
+
+ Ochrocarpus Africanus, 29, 33, 55, 88, 159, 363, 462
+
+ Ochthocosmus Africanum, 49
+
+ Ocimum, 195; O. Americanum, 195; O. viride, 400
+
+ Ocotea, _cf._ 266
+
+ Octodon, 192
+
+ Octoknema affinis, 84
+
+ Octoknemaceæ (Ivory Coast), 84
+
+ Odahuma (Wassaw), 97
+
+ Odala (Ibo), 228
+
+ Odan (Yoruba), 309
+
+ Ode District, 303, 354, 357, 361, 367, 399
+
+ Odenya (Wassaw), 97
+
+ Odgebu (West side), 362
+
+ Odiki, 445, 446
+
+ Odina acida, 76; O. Barteri, 212, 222; O. sp., 52, 104, 191
+
+ Odji (Asaba), 253; (Brass), 233, 359; (Ibo), 228, 253
+
+ Odjiwawa (Ibo), 231
+
+ Odo (Jekri), 368
+
+ Odoko (Yoruba), 232
+
+ Odonomo-kyu-kyu (Benin), 229
+
+ Odonumon (Efik), 397
+
+ Odoum or Odum (Appolonian), 83; (Asante), 128; (Hausa), 215; (Twi), 95
+
+ Odu (Yoruba), 368
+
+ Odubin (Ashanti), 101
+
+ Odudu (Ondo), 230
+
+ Oduduku (Atakpame), 138
+
+ Odupon (Fanti), 101
+
+ Odyendea Gabunensis, 432
+
+ Œcological Division of Forests (after Warming), 18
+
+ Ofarm (Ashanti), 98
+
+ Ofemm (Bembi), 390
+
+ Offenma (Ashanti), 103
+
+ Offonkwari (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+ Offram (Twi, Fanti), 109
+
+ Offun (Lagos), 247
+
+ Ofika (Timani), 42
+
+ Ofriyio (Efik), 253
+
+ Ofu or Ohonton (Fanti), 95
+
+ Ofun (Yoruba), 234
+
+ Ofuntum (Appolonian), 89
+
+ Ofwho (Quitta, Krepi), 105
+
+ Ogaba (Benin), 288, 289, 449
+
+ Ogabeszi (Benin), 289
+
+ Ogabezzi (Benin), 285
+
+ Ogabi, 365
+
+ Ogan or Ogun River, 152, 169, 170, 174, 252, 272, 276, 322, 334
+
+ Ogan or Okan (Yoruba), 373; O. oga (Yoruba), 298; O. pupa (Yoruba),
+ 230, 372, 373, 383
+
+ Ogangan (Benin), 335, 336
+
+ Oganwo (Yoruba), 177; or Ogangwo, 229, 319, 321; Oganwo or Oganwu
+ (Benin), 177, 318, 319
+
+ Ogba Forest, 160; O. Plantations, 166, 176, 177; O. Province, 271; O.
+ River, 327
+
+ Ogbamaton (Benin), 336
+
+ Ogbia (Yoruba), 360
+
+ Ogbogo nut, 463
+
+ Ogbun (Lagos), 397
+
+ Ogea (Yoruba), 278
+
+ Ogeddin (Benin), 243
+
+ Ogedin, 466
+
+ Ogege (Benin), 328
+
+ Ogemme (Benin), 367
+
+ Ogi (Calabar District), 399
+
+ Ogiahimi (Benin), 400
+
+ Ogidu (Yoruba), 348
+
+ Ogiedi (Benin), 243
+
+ Ogigedu (Benin), 321
+
+ Ogihu (Benin), 245
+
+ Ogikan (Benin), 328
+
+ Ogikiomi (Benin), 285
+
+ Oginni or Inyi (Yoruba), 449
+
+ Oginyi (Benin), 275
+
+ Ogiovala (Benin), 330
+
+ Ogiovu (Benin), 249
+
+ Ogo (Akposso), 140; (Yoruba), 295; O. Province, Nigeria, 252
+
+ Ogodo Dry Zone Forest, 39
+
+ Ogohen (Benin), 159, 252
+
+ Ogohomeh or Oyohomeh (Benin), 365
+
+ Ogoja, 19, 237, 239, 240, 243, 244, 247, 249, 251, 252, 255, 257, 258,
+ 259, 262, 263, 266, 270, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284, 289,
+ 291, 294, 297, 298, 299, 301, 303, 305, 306, 309, 312, 317, 322, 324,
+ 337, 340, 343, 344, 345, 346, 350, 354, 355, 357, 358, 362, 363, 365,
+ 369, 379, 381, 382, 383, 390, 396, 397, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406,
+ 407, 408, 413
+
+ Ograw (Yoruba), 252
+
+ Ogrugru Province, 322; O. (Yoruba), 349
+
+ Ogu (Anago), 138; O. District, 419
+
+ Ogudugbu (Yoruba), 390
+
+ Ogugu (Yoruba), 232, 349, 389
+
+ Oguja (Yoruba), 278
+
+ Oguk (Oban, Ekoi), 390
+
+ Ogungun (Yoruba), 349
+
+ Ogunshileh, 159
+
+ Ogurohe (Yoruba), 299
+
+ Oguru (Brass), 266
+
+ Ogwangu (Benin), 321
+
+ Ogwega (Benin), 306
+
+ Ogwi Tree (Benin), 312
+
+ Oha (River), 263
+
+ Ohau (Benin), 251
+
+ Ohehe (Benin), 301
+
+ Ohia (Benin), 246, 247, 388
+
+ Ohianamemme (Benin), 246
+
+ Ohiomo of the Benis, 230
+
+ Ohiorme (Benin), 233, 289
+
+ Oie (Yoruba), 311
+
+ _Oil and Colours Journal_, 482
+
+ Oil Bean tree, 45, 73, 97, 178, 380, 416; Beans, 68, 303, 304
+
+ Oil Beans, seeds and nuts, chap. xi, 447-463; Analysis of—
+
+ Ben oil seed cake, 453
+
+ Betu oil, 454
+
+ Carapa Guineensis, 458
+
+ “Chevi” seeds, 462
+
+ Citrullus vulgaris, 453
+
+ Dumoria Heckeli, 456
+
+ “Gorli” seeds, 463
+
+ Inoy nut, 450
+
+ Irvingia Barteri, 454
+
+ Kombo seed, 458
+
+ Lophira alata, 459-460
+
+ Lophira procera, 460-461
+
+ Meal after extraction of oil, 448, 450
+
+ Mimusops Djave, 456
+
+ Moringa pterygosperma, 453
+
+ Nsa-sana kernels, 452
+
+ Oil after extraction of meal, 448
+
+ Oil from South Nigeria seeds, 448
+
+ Shea butter, 455
+
+ Oil Ben tree, 453
+
+ Oil Investigations by the Imperial Institute, 448, 463
+
+ Oil Nuts, 69, 163, 165
+
+ _Oil, Seed and Feeding Cakes_, by the Imperial Institute, 484
+
+ Ojamba (Ashanti), 95
+
+ Ojia (Yoruba), 230
+
+ Oju Agbigbo (Yoruba), 343
+
+ Okagbo (Yoruba), 348
+
+ Okahimi (Benin), 388
+
+ Okakan, 163
+
+ Okan (Benin), 229, 286
+
+ Okankan, 240
+
+ Okare (Yoruba), 337
+
+ Okarora ossa (Ondo), 361
+
+ Oke-Igbo (Ilesha District), 395
+
+ Okenuhen District, 240
+
+ Okha (Benin), 231, 345, 346
+
+ Okherli (seed) (Benin), 179, 230, 312
+
+ Okika (Yoruba), 339
+
+ Okikopom (Ibibio), 357
+
+ Okilolo (Ijor), 232
+
+ Okisibisi (Fanti), 114
+
+ Okitsiwanfu (Fanti), 94
+
+ Okkwan (Benin), 277
+
+ Okkwen (Benin), 332; O. nebo (Benin), 333
+
+ Oko (Ibo, Owerri), 266; (Yoruba), 409; O. Ishin (Yoruba), 342
+
+ Okoko (Benin), 348, 349
+
+ Okokotaka (Asante), 133
+
+ Okokwi (Benin), 400
+
+ Okokwo (Benin), 349
+
+ Okoni (Kratschi), 143
+
+ Okor (Benin), 310
+
+ Okot or Okut (Oban, Ekoi, Kwa), 357, 363
+
+ Okoume, 422
+
+ Okporoporo (Akure), 349
+
+ Okra or Achro (fruit), 344
+
+ Okrika Port, 152
+
+ Oktobun District, 463
+
+ Okume d’Ivoire (Colons), 85
+
+ Okumme, 446
+
+ Okumu Forest, 160
+
+ Okun (Yoruba), 240
+
+ Okunmankra (Fanti), 101
+
+ Okurii (Ashanti), 100
+
+ Okuta (Yoruba, Benin), 413
+
+ Okuturupu (Yoruba), 332
+
+ Okwaba (Benin), 412
+
+ Okwan (Yoruba), 449
+
+ Okwawa hill system, 112
+
+ Okwe (Benin), 335, 452
+
+ Okwekwe (Benin), 299, 400
+
+ Okwen (Benin), 231; O. seni (Benin), 333; O. seva (Benin), 332
+
+ Okwo River, 282, 488
+
+ Okwoga Plantation, 167
+
+ Olacaceæ (Sierra Leone), 43; (Liberia), 71; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold
+ Coast), 95; (Togo), 129; (Nigeria), 191, 257, 456; (Cameroons), 426
+
+ Olax, 43; O. subscorpoidea, 95
+
+ Oldenlandia, 192; O. grandiflora, 202; O. Senegalensis, 202
+
+ Oldfieldia Africana, 26, 51, 67, 75, 86, 342; O. (imported as Teak),
+ 75
+
+ Oleaceæ (Ivory Coast), 88; (Gold Coast), 110; (Togo), 142; (Nigeria),
+ 288, 388
+
+ Olein, 480
+
+ Oleporo Eyop (Calabar), 466
+
+ Oli (Atakpame), 136
+
+ Olibracha (Egba, Yoruba), 283
+
+ Olikiba (Benin), 407
+
+ Olim, 445
+
+ Olina, 446
+
+ Oliver, Daniel, 496
+
+ Ollo (Akposso), 127
+
+ Olodu (Yoruba), 244
+
+ Ologun She-she (Yoruba), 301
+
+ Olokemeji (Arboretum, Forests, Reserves, etc.) (oke = hill, meji =
+ two), 19, 123, 160, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175, 177, 179, 185,
+ 245, 246, 256, 260, 264, 266, 270, 278, 302, 306, 307, 310, 312, 331,
+ 334, 359, 365, 367, 370, 371, 372, 374, 375, 382, 387, 395, 396, 464,
+ 490
+
+ Olong, 445, 446
+
+ Olosan (Yoruba), 229
+
+ Oluwa (Benin), 244
+
+ Omah (Benin), 396
+
+ Omar (Yoruba), 348
+
+ Ombega, 422
+
+ Ome (Benin), 372
+
+ Omo (Yoruba), 230, 396
+
+ Omocham (Benin), 266
+
+ Omoin (Egba), 246
+
+ Omomeran (Benin), 336
+
+ Omon (Yoruba), 396
+
+ Omphalocarpum, 78; O. elatum, 456; O. Pierreanum, 439; O. procerum,
+ 379; O. Radlkoferi, 439; O. sp., 109
+
+ Omunu or Onumu (Benin), 258, 314; O. kynkyu (Benin), 315, 317
+
+ Omunu (Yoruba), 348
+
+ Ona River, 152
+
+ Onamagugun, onamagungun, orimagugu, or oriweni (Yoruba), 409
+
+ Onanisankianmon (Benin), 391
+
+ Oncinotis gracilis, 396
+
+ Oncoba dentata, 108, 366; O. echinata, 108, 462; O. Gilgiana, 108; O.
+ glauca, 366; O. spinosa, 139, 196, 204, 223, 366
+
+ Ondo (Circle, Forest, Province, and Reserve), 19, 152, 154, 160, 170,
+ 180, 235, 236, 240, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
+ 263, 266, 268, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, 282, 284, 286, 287,
+ 291, 301, 302, 305, 308, 310, 312, 313, 317, 318, 321, 324, 325, 327,
+ 329, 330, 336, 340, 342, 346, 351, 355, 356, 362, 365, 369, 379, 381,
+ 382, 383, 390, 396, 397, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 413
+
+ Odutu (Tschaudjo), 131
+
+ Onegozi (Benin), 344
+
+ Ongokea Kamerunensis, 416, 417, 426; O. Klaineana, 83
+
+ Ongina (Twi), 105
+
+ Oni River, 152, 160
+
+ Onihokha (tree in flower) (Benin), 346
+
+ Onikokha (Benin), 346
+
+ Onion, 199
+
+ Onitsha Province, 153, 154, 173, 174, 244, 251, 252, 255, 270, 275,
+ 276, 279, 284, 297, 301, 303, 305, 308, 309, 349, 353, 358, 398, 400,
+ 401, 409, 472, 473
+
+ Onitsha-olona District, 353
+
+ Onomokyukyu (Benin), 228, 323
+
+ Onuru (Ibo, Owerri), 290
+
+ Onyangba (Atakpame), 136
+
+ Onye (Benin), 334
+
+ Onyemo (Benin), 332
+
+ Onyena (Fanti), 105
+
+ Onyenu (Benin), 339
+
+ Onyina (Fanti), 105
+
+ Oohoo (Benin), 386
+
+ Opaga (Benin), 178
+
+ Opagga (Benin), 303
+
+ Opahan (Benin), 413
+
+ Opaina (Fanti), 111
+
+ Opapao (Twi, Akwapim), 97
+
+ Opäti (Atakpame), 140
+
+ Ope (Yoruba), 241, 246; O. Ifu No. 1 (Yoruba), 243; O. Igbo (Benin),
+ 245; O. trumfo (Yoruba), 243
+
+ Opele, 247, 248; (Yoruba), 388
+
+ Open Deciduous Forest, 19
+
+ Open Orchard Forest, 18
+
+ Opepe (Ikale, Ijor), 273; (Yoruba), 228, 369, 402, 404; O.-ira
+ (Yoruba), 231, 349; False O., 406; Swamp O., 405
+
+ Opepera (Yoruba), 405
+
+ Opilia celtidifolia, 191
+
+ Ophioglossum vulgatum, 196
+
+ Opobo (Nigeria), 481; O. Port, 152; O. River, 151
+
+ Opochala (Ibo, Niger), 303
+
+ Opon (Yoruba), 231
+
+ Oporipor (Benin), 348
+
+ Opoto (Yoruba), 251
+
+ Opputtu (Benin), 250
+
+ Ora-Igbo (Yoruba), 344
+
+ Orange (Calabash), 312; O. (common), 74, 124
+
+ Orban-igba (Yoruba), 383
+
+ Orchards (Togo), 124
+
+ Orchid, 195, 264
+
+ Orchidaceæ (Nigeria), 195, 246
+
+ Ordeal bark, 275, 276; O. tree, 98
+
+ Oregbon I (Yoruba), 250
+
+ Orella, 445, 446
+
+ Ori (Benin), 297; O. (Oban, Ekoi), 235; O. (Yoruba), 398; O.-eta
+ (Yoruba), 399; O.-nla (Yoruba), 398
+
+ Oria (Benin), 266; O. Plantations, 168
+
+ Oriakuku (Benin), 399
+
+ Oriri Ogikiomi (Benin), 398
+
+ Orisi (Igbado, Yoruba), 313
+
+ Oriweni (Benin), 389
+
+ Oriwu (Benin), 409
+
+ Orli (Anago), 143
+
+ Ormocarpum bibracteatum, 191
+
+ Ormosia laxiflora, 99, 117, 123, 133, 232, 234, 270, 297, 308, 336; O.
+ monophylla, 49, 231
+
+ Oro (Brass), 233, 252; (Egba), 249; (Yoruba), 179, 230, 231, 312, 343;
+ O.-Igbo, 246
+
+ Oroba (Mbonoi), 86
+
+ Orodo (Benin), 291; (Brass), 349; O. or Orodu (Yoruba), 347
+
+ Orogbo or Orugbo (Yoruba), 359
+
+ Oroko, 42, 70, 250, 253, 419; False O., 249
+
+ Orokpo (Anago), 132
+
+ Orokwa (Benin), 367
+
+ Oron Port, 152
+
+ Oropa of the Yorubas, 232
+
+ Orora (Yoruba), 400
+
+ Orrimogungun (Benin), 389
+
+ Orro (Yoruba), 322
+
+ Orsorsor (Benin), 372
+
+ Orupa (Yoruba), 336
+
+ Oruru (Benin), 414; (Yoruba), 400
+
+ Oruwo (Yoruba), 405
+
+ Oryza silvestris, 199
+
+ Osan (Yoruba), 232; O. odo (Yoruba), 383
+
+ Osangbalumo or Osum Agbalum (Yoruba), 381, 382; O. Edan (Yoruba), 381;
+ O. Palambo (Yoruba), 381
+
+ Osbeckia, 194
+
+ Ose (Yoruba), 347
+
+ Oshen or Oshun River, 152, 357
+
+ Oshere (Yoruba), 366
+
+ Osho (Il.), 286
+
+ Oshopoto Dudu (Yoruba), 344
+
+ Oshoshi (Ibo, Owerri), 290
+
+ Oshun Reserve, 160, 339
+
+ Oshunshun (Yoruba), 332
+
+ Oshusi (Ibo, Owerri), 364
+
+ Osia, 307
+
+ Osisiru (Ashanti), 113
+
+ Ositwa (Benin), 288
+
+ Ossa (Ondo), 361
+
+ Osse River, 154, 166, 238, 241, 378, 399
+
+ Osshosha (Ibo, Asaba), 284
+
+ Ossidinge District, 425, 432, 435
+
+ Ossiomo River, 156, 298
+
+ Ossizza Factory, 273
+
+ Ossusu (Yoruba), 288
+
+ Ostryoderris impressa, 277, 297, 394, 429
+
+ Osu (Benin), 394
+
+ Osuabise (Akwapim), 102
+
+ Osualong (seed) (Benin), 400
+
+ Osukaregigi (Benin), 400
+
+ Osun (Yoruba), 178, 229, 273; O. dudu (Yoruba), 273; O. pupa (Yoruba),
+ 273
+
+ Otanta (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+ Ote (Twi), 96; O., Oti or Etsu (Accra, Ashanti, Fanti), 96
+
+ Otendui (Fanti), 110
+
+ Oti Steppe, 131; Valley (Togo), 118
+
+ Otien (Benin), 381
+
+ Otopoi (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+ Otta farfridi (Ibo, Asaba), 392
+
+ Ottelia lancifolia, 195
+
+ Ottoa (Benin Province), 392
+
+ Otugba (Akposso), 139
+
+ Otun (Oban, Ekoi), 363
+
+ Otungue (Jaunde), 442
+
+ Otutu (Jebu), 347; O. of the Yorubas, 230
+
+ Otwa (Benin), 287
+
+ Oubanguia Klainei, 436
+
+ Oukot (Efik), 236
+
+ Oukoumea Klaineana, 422, 424, 425, 445, 446
+
+ Ouratea monticola, 437
+
+ Ovalla (Benin), 330
+
+ Ovia River, 272, 321
+
+ Oviaruza (Benin), 335
+
+ Oviegikwe (Benin), 351
+
+ Ovinni (Benin), 276
+
+ Ovioza (Benin), 331
+
+ Ovu (Benin), 250
+
+ Owala Beans, 447; O. (Gabonais), 85; O. oil, 429
+
+ Owama (Ashanti), 102
+
+ Owango, 445, 446
+
+ Owawa (Wassaw), 106
+
+ Owawe or Owowe (Benin), 365
+
+ Owe (Benin), 288
+
+ Owehe (Benin), 412
+
+ Owena Reserve, 160; O. River, 152, 154, 156, 321
+
+ Owerri, 153, 178, 236, 240, 247, 249, 251, 252, 257, 259, 268, 279,
+ 281, 282, 284, 286, 287, 288, 291, 294, 301, 303, 304, 308, 313, 317,
+ 322, 327, 338, 342, 346, 349, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 361, 362, 363,
+ 368, 371, 376, 381, 390, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401, 405, 447, 450, 466,
+ 472, 473, 493
+
+ Owessu (Brass), 228
+
+ Owewe (Benin), 294; O. lagebon (Benin), 295; O. nolemare (Benin), 294,
+ 295
+
+ Owi (Benin), 411
+
+ Owun (Yoruba), 348
+
+ Owussu, 158
+
+ Oxyanthus speciosus, 62, 441; O. tubiflorus, 114; O. unilocularis, 62,
+ 197
+
+ Ox-eye Bean, 299
+
+ Oxystelma Bornuense, 199
+
+ Oxystigma Mannii, 428
+
+ Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, 127, 196, 218
+
+ Oyan River, 302
+
+ Oyen (Benin), 334, 337
+
+ Oyife (Yoruba), 317
+
+ Oyo, 19, 152, 153, 154, 262, 266, 273, 283, 284, 298, 299, 300, 301,
+ 325, 347, 355, 372, 373, 374, 375, 379, 383, 392, 395, 398, 452, 493;
+ O. Iseyin Road, 170, 322
+
+ Oyon River, 339
+
+ Ozaba, 307
+
+ Ozia (Benin), 230; O. Beans, 307
+
+
+ Pachylobus edulis, 233, 314, 315, 432; P. _var._, 432; P. Zenkeri, 432
+
+ Pachypodanthium, 84; P. staudtii, 44
+
+ Pachystela Cinereum, 383; P. Parkii, 141
+
+ Padauk or Padouk, 31; P. African, 273; P. Edible-fruited, 272; P.
+ Indian, 178
+
+ Paddlewood, 263, 417
+
+ Padiivin (Difale), 129
+
+ Pakie-pakie (Agni), 88
+
+ Palambanja (Duala), 443
+
+ Paletuvier rouge (Colons), 88
+
+ Palime Station (Togo), 119
+
+ Palisota hirsuta, 425; P. thyrsiflora, 197
+
+ Palissya Cordata, 336
+
+ Palm Arac, 244; P. Belt (according to Millbourne), 465; Black Run Palm
+ or Palmyra, 244; P. Bottle or Toddy, 244, 459; P. Cabbage, 58, 425,
+ 479; P. Cocoanut, 218, 237, 244, 421; P. Date, 124, 125, 210, 217,’
+ 240, 459; Swampy Date, 239; Wild Date, 240; P. Deleb, 41, 200, 216,
+ 217, 218; P. Dum, 94, 200, 216, 217, 218, 244, 459; P. Everlasting
+ Life or King Palm, 241, 242, 466; P. Fan, 244, 459; P. Forked, 244; P.
+ Fruit Industry, 92; P. F. I. Cultivation, 21, 22, 26, 41; P. F. I.
+ Liberia, 68, 70; P. Hookers, 235; P. Kernels, 63, 90, 150, 226, 444,
+ 479; P. K. Cake, 226; P. K. Oil, 226; P. K. Shells, 226; P. Lisombe or
+ Soft-shelled, 243, 466, 467; P. Method of Extraction, 38; P. Oil
+ export, 35; (Gambia), 21; (Gold Coast), 115; (Ivory Coast), 99;
+ (Sierra Leone), 63, 64; (Liberia), 80; (Nigeria), 226; P. O.
+ Plantations (Togo), 116, 117, 118, 149; P. O. Nurseries, 121, 123,
+ 124, 125, 126, 153, 197, 218, 228, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242, 418, 420,
+ 425, 444, 447, 464; P. O. Small, 243; (Sacred Oil Palm), 243, 244,
+ 421; P. O. White, 466; The Oil Palm and Palm Industry, chapter xii,
+ 464-484—
+
+ 1. Æsthetic Aspect, 464
+
+ 2. Botanical Description of Tree, Fruit, etc., 465
+
+ 3. The Growing of the Oil Palm, 467
+
+ 4. Fruit-Bearing Age, 468
+
+ 5. Oil Palm Plantations and Crops, 468
+
+ 6. Destruction of Oil Palms, 472
+
+ 7. Native Method of Making Oil and Kernel Inspection, 473
+
+ 8. Amount of Produce used, eaten, and growing, 476
+
+ 9. European Machinery for extraction (Pericarping), 477
+
+ 10. European nut-cracking, 477
+
+ 11. European uses of the Oil, Kernels, Palm Wine, etc., 479
+
+ 12. Value of Oil and Kernels, 480
+
+ 13. Import Ports in England and U.S.A. for Oil and Kernels, 480
+
+ 14. The Crushing of Palm Kernels in Africa and England, 480
+
+ 15. Palm-Kernel Produce, Analysis, etc., 481
+
+ 16 and 17. Value of Palm-Kernel Oil and Cake, 482
+
+ 17. Uses of Palm-Kernel Cake, 482
+
+ 18. Results of Feeding Experiments with Palm-Kernel Cake, 482
+
+ 19. Manurial Value of Kernel Cake, 484
+
+ 20. West African Shipping in Relation to Farm Produce, 484
+
+ 21. Bibliography of the Oil Palm, 484
+
+ Palm, Palmyra, or Black Run, 244; P. Piassawa, 235; P. Roofing, 239;
+ P. Royal, 237; P. Sacred, 243, 244, 466; P. Swamp, 425; P. Tombo, 234,
+ 236, 237, 244, 464; P. Vegetable Ivory, 421; P. West African, 241; P.
+ Wine Tree (Raphia Vinifera), 38, 179, 216, 218, 236, 244, 425, 464,
+ 479
+
+ Palmæ (Sierra Leone), 41; (Liberia), 70; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold
+ Coast), 93; (Togo), 127; (Nigeria), 195, 216, 218, 235, 447, 459;
+ (Cameroons), 425
+
+ Palmas, Cape, 66
+
+ Palmine, 480
+
+ Palmwood, 445, 446
+
+ “Palmyra,” 216, 218, 244
+
+ Pambei (Mendi), 41
+
+ Panama hat fibre, 124; P. Palms, 124
+
+ Pancratium trianthum, 195
+
+ Pandaceæ (Ivory Coast), 85
+
+ Pandanaceæ (Sierra Leone), 41; (Liberia), 74; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold
+ Coast), 93; (Togo), 127; (Nigeria), 308
+
+ Pandanus Candelabrum, 41, 74, 83, 308; P. Fibre, 234; P. Kerstingii,
+ 127; P. species, 93; P. species near Candelabrum, 41; P. Togoensis,
+ 127
+
+ Pandoro (Yoruba), 400
+
+ Pangalan (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+ Pangbaïngu (Tschaudjo), 137
+
+ Pangi (Mangu), 131
+
+ Panguma Hills, 25
+
+ Panicum stagninum, 199
+
+ Panyero (Tschaudjo), 143; Panyerobuda, 143
+
+ Papac (Ewe), 132
+
+ Papala (Yoruba), 323
+
+ Papao (Ashanti), 97
+
+ Papau (Asante), 132
+
+ Papaveraceæ (Nigeria), 193
+
+ Papilionaceæ (Nigeria), 301
+
+ Para, 123; P. Rubber, 126, 180, 420
+
+ Para Dakue (Attie), 87
+
+ Paradaniella, 169; P. Oliveri, 19, 190, 191, 202, 203, 205, 220, 231,
+ 307; P. (Rosewood), 98, 117, 119, 123, 133, 191, 202; P. Thurifera,
+ 33, 44, 97, 117, 132
+
+ Paradedi (Attie), 87
+
+ Paran (Yoruba), 297
+
+ Parapara (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+ Parasolier (Colons), 83
+
+ Parinarium, 19, 67, 32, 233, 418; P. Chrysophyllum, 428; P.
+ Curatelifolium, 96, 130, 192, 201, 213, 219, 269; P. excelsum, 33, 44,
+ 69, 72, 268; P. Gabunense, 269, 459; P. intermedia, 148; P.
+ Kerstingii, 130; P. macrophyllum, 44, 72, 192, 199, 213, 219, 232; P.
+ mobola, 96, 232; P. polyandrum, 96, 117, 192, 213, 219, 269; P.
+ Robustum, 84, 96, 267, 268; P. species, 266; P. species (Red
+ Mahogany), 267; (small), 428; (White Oak), 72, 96; P. subcordatum,
+ 130, 197, 204; P. tenuifolium, 84
+
+ Parkia Africana, 45, 117, 123, 131; P. Agbœnsis, 85; P. biglobosa, 45,
+ 132, 230, 231, 282; P. filicoidea, 45, 73, 97, 120, 126, 131, 191,
+ 202, 207, 220, 230, 231, 283; P. species, 45; P. Zenkeri, 429
+
+ Parkinsonia aculeata, 198, 221
+
+ Parrots, seed carriers, 251, 252
+
+ Partridge wood, 134
+
+ Pasau (Tschaudjo), 145
+
+ Patabua (Bondoukou), 83
+
+ Patakli (Atakpame), 128
+
+ Patapara (Agni), 84
+
+ Pato (Tschaudjo), 131
+
+ Pattern Wood, 390, 419
+
+ Patti Forest, 202
+
+ Pau (Twi), 111
+
+ Paulai (Mendi), 26, 51, 67
+
+ Paullinia pinnata, 104, 191
+
+ Pausynistalia Lane-Poolei, 61; P. species, 230, 405
+
+ Pauwilli, 67
+
+ Pavetta Baconia, 61, 146, 407; P. Barteri, 192; P. Crassipes, 146
+
+ Pavonia schimperiana, 435
+
+ Pawi Kpaoloe (Mendi), 51
+
+ Pe (Abe), 88
+
+ Peach (blossom compared with Stereospermum Kunthianum), 145, 401; P.
+ (Sierra Leone), 62, 79, 214
+
+ Pear, native (Oban), 314, 315; P. Tree, 445, 446; P. Wood, 416, 419
+
+ Pebulai (Mendi), 62
+
+ Pechi (Attie), 89
+
+ Pedaliaceæ (Nigeria), 194
+
+ Pegblagei (Mendi), 61
+
+ Pekĭre (Losso), 130
+
+ Peltoforum, 46, 49; P. species, 97
+
+ Pennisetum, 196; P. pedicellatum, 201; P. typhoideum, 199, 204
+
+ Pentaclethra Macrophylla, 45, 68, 73, 85, 96, 119, 168, 178, 231, 303,
+ 380, 416, 417, 429, 447
+
+ Pentadesma, 77; P. Butyraceæ, 55, 69, 107, 232, 361, 362, 363, 437,
+ 461; P. Grandifolia, 361; P. Kerstingii, 118, 123, 139; P. Leucantha,
+ 88; P. Nigritana, 362; P. species, 360
+
+ Peregun (Yoruba), 245
+
+ Pereng (Kabure), 129
+
+ Pergularia tomentosa, 199
+
+ Peri (Timani), 52
+
+ Peristrophe bicalyculata, 194
+
+ Permanent cultivation, England, Germany, South Provinces, Nigeria, 495
+
+ Permits for Tree-cutting (Togo), 119
+
+ Persian Lilac, 222, 331
+
+ Pesin (Attie), 89
+
+ Peso (Tschaudjo), 137
+
+ Petwun, 176
+
+ Peucedanum araliaceum, _var._ fraxinifolium, 140
+
+ Peukwa (Twi), 101
+
+ Pfandi (Mendi), 46
+
+ Pfandu station (Togo), 118, 119
+
+ Pfui (Mendi), 49; P. II (Mendi), 49
+
+ Phialodiscus species, 341, 342, 455; P. Unijugatus, 53, 104; P.
+ Zambesiacus, 434
+
+ Phœnix Dactylifera, 148, 217, 459; P. reclinata, 94, 127, 239, 425; P.
+ species, 418; P. spinosa, 127, 240
+
+ Phrynium, 234
+
+ Phutophyllum mirabile, 430
+
+ Phyllanthus Discoideus, 52, 135, 434; P. floribundus, 193, 222; P.
+ Reticulatus, 103, 193, 337; P. species, 337
+
+ Phyllocosmus Africanus, 85; P. sessiliflorus, 431
+
+ Physalis, 194
+
+ Physic nut, 193
+
+ Physostigma venosum, 298, 450
+
+ Piampian (Fanti), 84
+
+ Pianro (Agni), 87
+
+ Piassava fibre, 38; Cameroons, 425; Exported, Sierra Leone, 63; Gold
+ Coast, 93; Ivory Coast, 90; Liberia, 68, 70, 80; Nigeria, 234, 236,
+ 239; Togo, 150
+
+ Piche Aboko (Attie), 88
+
+ Picralima Elliotii, 89; P. Klaineana, 396
+
+ Pierreodendron Grandifolium, 432
+
+ Pigeons, seed carriers, 251, 252
+
+ Pija (Wassaw), (Fanti), 107
+
+ Pineapple, 127
+
+ Pink Mahogany, 304
+
+ Pinus Mercusii, 175
+
+ Pio (Duala), 435
+
+ Piper Umbellatum, 197
+
+ Piperaceæ (Nigeria), 197
+
+ Piperomia Pellucida, 197
+
+ Piptadenia Africana, 45, 68, 73, 75, 97, 119, 131, 197, 229, 279, 286,
+ 295, 417, 419, 428; P. compared with African Greenheart, 48; P.
+ Chevalieri, 85; P. Kerstingii, 123, 131, 295; P. species, 96; P.
+ Winkleri, 428
+
+ Pitchong (Ossidinge), 427
+
+ Pithecolobium Altissimum, 97, 290, 450; P. Dulcis, 122, 148
+
+ Placodiscus Pseudostipularis, 87
+
+ Plantains as Charms, 258
+
+ Plantations (Nigeria), 180-184; (Togo), 121
+
+ Planting schemes (Togo), 121
+
+ Platycerium Æthiopicum, 179
+
+ Platysepalum, 428
+
+ Platythyrsa, 396
+
+ Plectronia Glabriflora, 441; P. Vanguerioides, 146
+
+ Pleiocarpa Tricarpella, 59
+
+ Pleioceras Afzelii, 59; P. Barteri, 197, 396
+
+ Plekkogo (Benin), 323
+
+ Plum Abeokuta, 366; P. Blood; P. Common, 52, 269; P. Hog, Jamaica,
+ Spanish, or Yellow, 52, 103, 222, 232, 338; P. Mirabel, 338; P. Niger,
+ 366
+
+ Poana-Poana, 445, 446
+
+ Poga Conofora, 437; P. Oleosa, 229, 368, 416, 437, 450
+
+ Poinciana drepanophylla, 148; P. Regia, 123, 125, 148
+
+ Polu-Dyenye (Mangu), 134
+
+ Polyadoa Elliotii, 58; P. Umbellata, 112, 232, 394, 424, 440
+
+ Polyalthia Oliverii, 71
+
+ Polycarpæa, 193
+
+ Polygala arenaria, 191, 332; P. butyracea, 197, 462; P. Clarkeana, 197
+
+ Polygalaceæ (Sierra Leone), 50; (Togo), 135; (Nigeria), 191, 197, 332,
+ 462
+
+ Polysphæria Macrostyla, 204
+
+ Polystachys Odorata (Mistletoe-like Parasite), 170, 246; P. species,
+ 246
+
+ Polystemonanthus Dinklagei, 74
+
+ Ponamagoi (Mendi), 60
+
+ Pondei (Mendi), 62
+
+ Pongoi-nei, Pongoi-hini (Mendi), 58
+
+ Ponhon (Yoruba), 358
+
+ Ponpola or Ponponla (Ibadan, Yoruba), 346
+
+ Pontya Excelsa, 83
+
+ Poor man’s candle, 50
+
+ Poose (Bakundu), 435
+
+ Poplar, 77
+
+ Poposi (Mbonoi), (Ebrie), 86
+
+ Popowia Mannii, 196, 263; P. Whyteii, 71
+
+ Porcupine, 317
+
+ Porepore (Abe), 87
+
+ Poroporo (Yoruba), 353
+
+ Porphyranthus Zenkeri, 85
+
+ Port Harcourt, 152
+
+ Potato, sweet, 204
+
+ Potedon (Appolonian, Ashanti, Fanti, Wassaw), 98
+
+ Potepote (Kratschi), 130
+
+ Poyndua (Fanti), 89
+
+ Prain, Lt.-Col. D., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 496
+
+ Pranpran (Fanti), 84
+
+ Prekese (Ewe), 131
+
+ Premna Hispida, 60; P. Zenkeri, 143
+
+ Prevostea Africana, 112; P. Heudelotii, 112
+
+ Pride of India, 222
+
+ Propri (Timani), 53
+
+ Prosopis Oblonga, 120, 131, 191, 202, 207, 220, 233, 305
+
+ Protea, 191; P. Bismarckii, 129
+
+ Proteaceæ (Pogo), 129; (Nigeria), 191, 257
+
+ Proteaceous Trees, 55
+
+ Protected Trees of Nigeria, List of Classes with Royalties, 228
+
+ Pseudocedrela, 50, 75, 117, 119, 422; P. Cylindrica, 101; P.
+ Kotschyii, 101, 117, 123, 135, 177, 191, 202, 211, 222, 230, 232, 323;
+ P. species, 28, 101; P. species near P. Utilis, 50; P. Utilis, 101
+
+ Pseudocinchona Africana, 89
+
+ Pseudospondias Microcarpa, 104, 136, 339, 434
+
+ Psidium Guajava, 78, 109
+
+ Psilanthus Ebracteolus, 61
+
+ Psorospermum, 107; P. Senegalense, 190, 201, 202
+
+ Pteleopsis, 109; P. Kerstingii, 140
+
+ Pterocarpus, 273, 445, 446; P. Erinaceus, 20, 30, 46, 98, 117, 119,
+ 123, 133, 191, 202, 206, 221, 231, 234, 273; P. Esculentus, 46, 85,
+ 98, 133, 197, 210, 220, 233, 272; P. Indicus, 178; P. Osun, 229, 274,
+ 275, 311; P. Santalinoides, 417; P. Soyauxii, 158, 275, 417, 418, 424,
+ 425, 428; P. species (so-called Camwood), 273, 311, 416, 419, 424, 445
+
+ Pterogopodium, 304; P. species, 417, 430
+
+ Pterolobium, 305
+
+ Pterygota, 353; P. Cordifolia, 87; P. Kamerunensis, 436; P.
+ Schumanniana, 138
+
+ Pteryyota Wawampe’e (Ashanti), 106
+
+ Public Works Department, South Nigeria, 45, 186, 187
+
+ Pulley Wood, 289
+
+ Pullum (Timani), 53
+
+ Pumpkin, 193
+
+ Puni (Krepi), 111
+
+ Punkwa (Wassaw), 101
+
+ Pupalia lappacea, 195
+
+ Pusum (Lamatessi), 141
+
+ Puttuputtu (Yoruba), 332, 333
+
+ Pwekupweku (Benin), 313
+
+ Pycnanthus Dinklagei, 72; P. Kombo, 34, 44, 72, 84, 96, 130, 231, 266,
+ 418, 419, 427, 457
+
+ Pycreus, 196
+
+ Pynærtia ealænsis, 75, 101; P. Occidentalis, 86
+
+ Pyrenacantha species nov., 340
+
+
+ Quelipe Kelipe (Bondoukou), 88
+
+ Quinine Plantations, 420
+
+ Quisqualis Indica, 203
+
+
+ Rafters exported (Nigeria), 226
+
+ Rahaina (Hausa), 192, 215, 225
+
+ Railway supplied with timber, 187
+
+ Rainfall distributors, 486
+
+ Rake, 196
+
+ Raken giwa (Hausa), 221, 224
+
+ Rama, 190
+
+ Ramaniya, 190
+
+ Rambong rubber (Ficus elastica) plantations (Togo), 149
+
+ Ramos River, 151
+
+ Randia Caudata, 62, 407; R. Cladantha, 407, 442; R. Genipæflora, 62,
+ 113; near R. Macrantha, 62, 407; R. Maculata, 79, 114, 407; R.
+ Malleiflora, 62, 225, 407; R. Nilotica, 199, 225; R. Octomera, 407; R.
+ sp. near R. caudata, 62, 407
+
+ Ranger (Nigeria), 185, 186
+
+ Raphia near R. Gærtneri, 41; R. Hookeri, 93, 235, 239, 464; R. Ruffia,
+ 235, 239, 464; R. Vinifera (see palm wine tree), 38, 41, 68, 70, 93,
+ 127, 179, 195, 204, 216, 218, 234, 235, 236, 425, 464
+
+ Rattan, 41, 93; R. Benin, 240; R. Benin (Large), 163, 240; R. Benin
+ (Small), 163; R. Substitute, 241
+
+ Rauwolfia Cumminsii, 110; R. Macrophylla, 440; R. sp., 197; R.
+ Vomitoria, 59, 78, 89, 112, 393, 440; R. Welwitschii, 197, 224
+
+ Rawaya, 190
+
+ Rawsonia spinosa, 108
+
+ Rawuya, 192, 215; (Sok.), 225
+
+ Red-arilled Afzelia, 290
+
+ Red Cedar (Euphorbiaceæ sp.), Descrip., 29; cut locally, 32, 34, 51,
+ 54
+
+ Red Cotton Tree, 53, 76; R. Flowering Silk C. Tree, 209, 223
+
+ Red Dye-wood, 133
+
+ Red Ironwood or Ironpost, 26, 27, 54, 67, 77, 107, 152, 154, 160, 169,
+ 209, 276, 356, 358, 379, 380, 384, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 459
+
+ Red Mangrove, 397
+
+ Red Oak (Lophira procera) cut locally, Sierra Leone, 33, 277, 350,
+ 410; Red Oak (Berlinia auriculata), 68, 277, 281, 282, 356, 418; Red
+ Oak (Sterculia cordifolia), 54
+
+ Red Pine, 68
+
+ Red Resin, 200
+
+ Red Water Tree, 45
+
+ Redwood (Colons), 84, 159, 424, 425, 428, 445, 446
+
+ Rendle, Dr. A. B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., 497
+
+ Rere (Yoruba), 330
+
+ Reserve, Definition of, 160, 161; objects of R., 162
+
+ Rhamnaceæ (Gold Coast), 104; (Togo), 137; (Nigeria), 198, 213, 222,
+ 343
+
+ Rhaptopetalum Tieghemi, 87
+
+ Rhizophora, 139, 234, 368, 451; R. (Liberia), 78, 234, 438; R. Mangle,
+ 78, 139, 234, 438; R. Mucronata, 139; R. Racemosa (Mangrove) (Sierra
+ Leone), cut locally, 33, 56, 88
+
+ Rhizophoraceæ (Sierra Leone), 55; (Liberia), 78; (Ivory Coast), 88;
+ (Gold Coast), 108; (Togo), 139; (Nigeria), 197, 368, 447; (Cameroons),
+ 437
+
+ Rhodesia, 17
+
+ Rhodesian Mahogany (Afzelia Africana), 17, 120, 149
+
+ Rhynchosia, 191
+
+ Rice, 199, 421, 499
+
+ Ricinus communis, 193
+
+ Ricinodendron, 278, 314; R. Africanum, 50, 86, 102, 119, 136, 163,
+ 231, 332, 333, 417, 418, 433, 451; R. Heudelotii, 50, 75; R. Ricin.
+ Rautenii, 332, 333, 334, 451; R. sp., 333
+
+ Ridi, 194
+
+ Rikio (Abe), 86
+
+ Rimi (Hausa), 190, 209, 231; R. (Kano), 223; R. or Rini (Sok.), 223
+
+ Ringa (Timani), 54
+
+ Rio del Rey, 415, 430, 432, 440, 441, 442
+
+ Risga, 195
+
+ Ritchiea sp., 196
+
+ Riverine Natives, 187
+
+ Rock Elm (Chlorophora excelsa), 26; (African Oak or Teak,
+ Description), 29, 253
+
+ Roco (Dahomey), 128
+
+ Roey or Counter-top Mahogany, 157
+
+ Rogeria adenophylla, 194
+
+ Rokell River, 36, 39
+
+ Ronier (Colons), 83
+
+ Ronietta, 46
+
+ Roofing palm, 239
+
+ Roof Pole (Benin), 363
+
+ Rope Tree, 350
+
+ Rosaceæ (Sierra Leone), 44; (Liberia), 72; (Ivory Coast), 84; (Gold
+ Coast), 96; (Togo), 130; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 199, 213, 219, 266;
+ (Cameroons), 428
+
+ Rosewood (Dalbergia sp. and Pterocarpus erinaceus), 20, 46; Rosewood
+ (Senegal), 98, 206
+
+ “Rotation,” 162
+
+ Rottbœllia exaltata, 201
+
+ Rough-barked Canarium, 317
+
+ Rough-skinned Plum (Sierra Leone), cut locally, 33, 44; R. (Liberia),
+ 72
+
+ Rubber, 58, 68, 71, 234, 421, 444, 487; African R., 68, 228; Balata
+ R., 252; Brown Cluster or Brown Medium R., 392, 393; R. Company
+ (Liberia), 66; Corrugated-fruited R., 392; R. Exports (Liberia), 79;
+ R. Exports (Nigeria), 226; R. Exports (Ivory Coast), 90; R. Exports
+ (Sierra Leone), 63; R. Exports (Togo), 150; False R., 79, 395; Flake
+ or Paste R., 392; Gambia R., 252; Lagos or Silk R., 111, 440; Male
+ Rubber Tree, 395; Mauve-flowered Vine R., 392; Oban R., 393;
+ Ornamental R., 396; Para R., 111; Pear-shape fruited R., 393; Planting
+ R. (Sierra Leone), 36, 39; Rambong R., 125, 149; Raw R. exported (Gold
+ Coast), 115; Red Kano R., 216; Root R., 111, 392; Savannah R., 440;
+ Spurious R., 111; True Rubber Tree, 79; Rubber Vine or Whiteball R.,
+ 58, 68, 79, 392; West African R., 395; Whiteball R., 111
+
+ Rubiaceæ (Sierra Leone), 60; (Liberia), 79; (Ivory Coast), 89; (Gold
+ Coast), 113; (Togo), 145; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 199, 214, 225, 401;
+ (Cameroons), 441
+
+ Ruka, 200
+
+ Rumfu or Runhu (Hausa), 221
+
+ Rura (Hausa), 213, 219
+
+ Russegeri, 113
+
+ Russia, 492
+
+ Russian Market, 325, 326
+
+ Russian Steppes, Afforestation, 486
+
+ Rutaceæ (Sierra Leone), 49; (Liberia), 74; (Ivory Coast), 85; (Gold
+ Coast), 100; (Togo), 134, 309; (Nigeria), 196, 221, 309; (Cameroons)
+
+ Ruwenzori, 189
+
+
+ Sa (Fõ), 132
+
+ Sabarra, 198, 199
+
+ Sabicea calycina, 408
+
+ Sabicu, 264, 310
+
+ Sabine, 213
+
+ Saccharum officinarum, 196; S. spontaneum, 201
+
+ Saccoglottis Gabunensis, 49, 85, 158, 231, 238, 405, 415
+
+ Sackwi or Mbauwi (Mendi), 53
+
+ Sacred Lake, 101; S. Oil Palm, 243, 244, 466
+
+ Sadan mayu (Hausa), 220
+
+ Saga Bean, 480
+
+ Sagbei (Mendi), 55
+
+ Sago (Bondoukou), 87; S. Palm, 177
+
+ Saingja (Asante), 132
+
+ Sakuni (Krepi), 109
+
+ Salacia debilis, 104
+
+ Salicaceæ (Nigeria), 193, 218
+
+ Salix, 193, 218
+
+ Sama, 356
+
+ Samanta (Tivi), 97
+
+ Samantawa (Fanti), 97
+
+ Samarin danga, 219
+
+ Samba Sankamba (Bondoukou), 87
+
+ Samia (Hausa), 132
+
+ San (Attie), 84
+
+ Sanaga River, 436
+
+ Sanbúgo (Mangu), 138
+
+ Sandalwood, white scented, 129
+
+ Sandpaper Tree, 42, 95; (S. Leaf), 252
+
+ Sanga-sanga (Ijor), 229; S.-S. (New Calabar), 279; S.-S. (Sok. and
+ West), 220
+
+ Sangongo (Bambara), 89
+
+ Sannaba (Mbonoi), 86
+
+ Sansami, 215; S. or Sasami _syn._ Jiri dan sarikin itatuwa (Sok. and
+ Kats.), 225
+
+ Sansane Station (Togo), 126
+
+ Sansevieria, 94; S. Cylindrica, 128; S. Guineensis, 127
+
+ “Sant” pods, 208
+
+ Santiriopsis, 100; S. Klaineana, 229
+
+ Sanza, Asun, Minika, Seka (Agni), 88
+
+ Sapele-scented Wood (Entandrophragma utilis), 102; S. or Sapeli, 151,
+ 157, 323, 325
+
+ Sapho (Yoruba), 389
+
+ Sapindaceæ (Cameroons), 434; S. (Gold Coast), 104; S. (Ivory Coast),
+ 87; S. (Liberia), 76; S. (Sierra Leone), 53; S. (Togo), 137
+
+ Sapium Guineense, 136; S. Kerstingii, 136; S. Mannianum, 136, 434
+
+ Sapoba, 320
+
+ Sapotaceæ (Gold Coast), 109; (Liberia), 78; (Nigeria), 192, 197, 214,
+ 224, 375, 447, 455; (Sierra Leone), 57; (Togo), 141
+
+ Sappan, 123
+
+ Sarcocephalus, 415; S. esculentus, 62, 79, 89, 113, 158, 214, 228,
+ 402, 404; S. eu-esculentus, 401; S. Pobeguini, 89, 422; S. Russegeri,
+ 113, 192, 201, 202, 214, 224; S. sambucinus, 146, 404, 416, 441; S.
+ sp., 231, 405, 419
+
+ Sasabani, 219; S. (Hadeija), 221
+
+ Sasanemasa (Ashanti), 113
+
+ Sassandra (Port), 69, 81, 82; S. (River), 81, 82
+
+ Sasswood, 39, 45, 97, 120, 121, 123, 125, 152, 229, 275; Sasswood
+ Plantations (Erythrophlœum Guineense) (Togo), 149
+
+ Sassybark, 35, 275
+
+ Satinwood, 30, 49, 66, 67, 73, 74, 88, 119, 154, 174, 251, 309, 310,
+ 370, 412, 419, 445, 446; S. (African), 271, 309, 311; S. (Dry Zone
+ African), 309; S. (Dwarf), 311; S. (Spiny), 74; S. (soft), 352; S.
+ (True Benin), 310; S. (West Indian), 311; S. (yellow), 230, 271
+
+ Sausage-tree, 113, 215, 225, 400
+
+ Sausanyebui (Mangu), 137
+
+ Scale Insects, 250
+
+ Scandent Palm, 93
+
+ Schio (River), 117; S. (Valley of), 116
+
+ Schizoglossum, 192
+
+ Schmidelia Africana, 53, 191
+
+ Schrebera Golungensis, 110, 230, 247, 248, 388
+
+ Schwenkia Americana, 194
+
+ Scitamineæ (Nigeria), 195, 197
+
+ Scoparia dulcis, 194
+
+ Scorodophlœus Zenkerii, 429
+
+ Scotland, feeding experiments, 483
+
+ Scottelia coriaceæ, 88; S. (Kamerunen), 88, 232; S. Mimfiensis, 437
+
+ Screwpine, 41, 74, 93, 234, 308
+
+ Scrophulariaceæ (Cameroons), 441; S. (Nigeria), 194, 400
+
+ Scytopetalaceæ (Gold Coast), 107; S. (Ivory Coast), 87; S.
+ (Cameroons), 436
+
+ Scytopetalum Tarquense, 107
+
+ Sea Bean (Mackay), 69, 72
+
+ Secretariat and Timber supply conditions (Nigeria), 187
+
+ Securidaca longepedunculata, 135, 191, 201
+
+ Segbe (Mangu), 133
+
+ Segna (Attie), 85
+
+ Selaginella Vogelii, 441
+
+ Senan (Attie)
+
+ Sendar (Yoruba), 329
+
+ Senegal, 66
+
+ Senegambia, 58, 135
+
+ Senna (Senegal), 199
+
+ Sesamum, 194; S. Indicum, 194
+
+ Sesbania Ægyptica, 219; S. leptocarpa, 219; S. aculeata, 219
+
+ Sesedo (Yoruba), 262
+
+ Séssëu (Atakpame), 145
+
+ Shagamu District, 395
+
+ Shaki, 153
+
+ Shakka (Brass), 231, 345, 346
+
+ Shange (Yoruba), 312
+
+ Shapo Obibere (Yoruba), 256
+
+ Shapon Market, 200
+
+ Sharan lobbi (Sok.), _cf._ Alambo, 221
+
+ Shasha (River), 152
+
+ Shayo (Yoruba), 303
+
+ Shea Butter, 19; S. B. Tree, 109, 117, 118, 126, 141, 153, 169, 179,
+ 192, 202, 209, 214, 224, 226, 231, 323, 379, 380, 439, 444, 455; False
+ Shea Butter, 370, 376
+
+ Shea Butter Nuts, exports (Nigeria), 204, 226, 378, 456; (Sierra
+ Leone), 63; (Togo), 150
+
+ Shea Nut Cake, 460
+
+ Shedua or Abonsandua (Ashanti), 94; S. (Twi), 94
+
+ Shedun (Yoruba), 233, 270, 307, 308
+
+ Shemusholoshi, 294; S. (Jebu), 295
+
+ Shepolo-hun (Yoruba), 340
+
+ Sherbro, 37
+
+ Shero (Dagomba), 145
+
+ Shifting cultivation (Gambia, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
+ etc.), 485
+
+ Shinglewood Tree, 119, 179, 371, 416, 419
+
+ Shirinya, 216
+
+ Shisinya, _syn._ Shiriya (Sok.), 219
+
+ Shunin-biri (Hausa), 220, 221, _Syn._ Farin sansami (Sok. and Kats.)
+
+ Siamese Cassia, 176
+
+ Sibugang (Basa), 443
+
+ Sida, 190; S. carpinifolia, 344; S. (Yoruba), 329
+
+ Sideroxylon Aylmerii, 57, 329; S. longistylum, 57, 78
+
+ Sidu (Yoruba), 328
+
+ Sie (Yoruba), 299
+
+ Sierra Leone, 17, 25, 65, 66, 72, 73, 160, 287, 492, 493, 494
+
+ Sierra Leone, chap. iii, 25-65; I. The Forests, 25; II. Notes on
+ Timber Trees, 26; III. Trees cut for local use, 31; IV. Minor Forest
+ Produce, 35; V. The Forest Department, 39; VI. Indigenous Forest
+ Trees, 41; Appendix I, II. Forest Exports, 63, 64; Appendix III.
+ Timber Imports, 65
+
+ Sierra Leone (Mountains), 206
+
+ Sigo (Yoruba), 375
+
+ Silk Cotton Tree, 105, 116, 190, 209, 223, 230, 435
+
+ Silkworm, 216
+
+ Siluko River, 238; S. Road, 258; S. Sub-district (Benin), 282
+
+ Simarubaceæ (Gold Coast), 100; S. (Ivory Coast), 85; S. (Liberia), 74;
+ S. (Nigeria), 191, 198, 210, 312, 313, 453, 454; S. (Togo), 134
+
+ Sime or Semei (Mendi), 42
+
+ Simua (Attie), 84
+
+ Sino Basin, 73, 79
+
+ Sino Kim (Town), 70
+
+ Sisal Hemp, 124
+
+ Skiwaka (Hausa), 225
+
+ Smeathmannia lævigata, 78; S. pubescens, 108, 365; S. sp., 77
+
+ Smilax Kraussiana, 195
+
+ So (Abe), 83
+
+ Soap Tree, 62
+
+ Sobos (Tribe), 238
+
+ Sofo (Attie), 89
+
+ Soft-shelled Palm, 243
+
+ “Softwood,” 428
+
+ Sogoto, 213
+
+ Sokodé-Bassari coast forests, 142; S. District, 117, 173; S.
+ Plantations, 118, 123, 124
+
+ Sokoto, 189, 190, 198, 200, 201, 207, 210, 211, 215, 216
+
+ Solanaceæ (Nigeria), 194, 225
+
+ Solanum, 194; S. incanum, 194; S. Melongena, 194; S. sp., 225
+
+ Somabari (Oban, Ekoi), 331
+
+ Sombreiro River, 151
+
+ Soppo, 445, 446
+
+ Sopubia, 194
+
+ Sorghum, 199, 204; S. vulgare, 196; S. vulgare, _var._ saccharatum,
+ 196, 199
+
+ Sorindeia juglandifolia, 53; S. trimera, 434
+
+ Sorono (Asante), 131
+
+ Sorowa (Agni), 86
+
+ Sosong (Bakossi), 428, 441
+
+ Sotibia (Fanti), 85
+
+ Soudan or Soudan Zone, 189, 190, 191, 198, 200, 203, 208, 210
+
+ Soumbaras, 90
+
+ Sounoum (Fanti), 87
+
+ Sour Gourd, 223; S. Sop, 71
+
+ Soyauxia sp., 365
+
+ Spanish Elder compared with Melia Azedarach, 135; S. Mahogany, 175; S.
+ Plum, 222
+
+ Spathodea, 233; S. campanulata, 60, 89, 113, 144, 197, 204, 400, 441
+
+ Spermacoce, 192
+
+ Sphenoclea Zeylanica, 194
+
+ Spice Tree, 43; Mountain S. T., 43
+
+ Spiny Tree, 413
+
+ Spondias dulcis, 124; S. lutea, 52, 76, 87, 103, 136, 196, 222, 232,
+ 339, 419; compared to Pseudospondias microcarpa, 104; S. sp., 198,
+ 212, 222, 231, 239
+
+ Sponges, 163; from vines and lianes, 234
+
+ Spruce Hills Reserve (c. Pacific Railway), 489
+
+ Ssäre (Tschaudjo), 128, 129
+
+ Sserre (Kratschi), 128
+
+ Ssissiku (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+ Ssissina (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+ Sso abalu (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Ssomū (Tschaudjo), 141
+
+ Ssosi (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+ Ssossosi (Tschaudjo), 131
+
+ Ssua (Tschaudjo), 140; S. dau (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+ Ssuto (Tschaudjo), 131
+
+ St. Barbara (R.), 151, 154; St. Bartholomew (R)., 151; St. John’s
+ River, 74; St. Paul’s River, 70, 73
+
+ Stachyothyrsus Staudtii, 431
+
+ Stag-beetle attacks on Funtumia elastica, 440
+
+ “Stands,” 162, 169, 238
+
+ Star Apple, 57, 110; African S. A., 57, 381; edible S. A., 381;
+ Forcados S. A., 382; Monkey S. A., 381; Round S. A., 381; White S. A.,
+ 382
+
+ Staudtia Kamerunensis, 427; S. stipitata, 427
+
+ Stearin, 480
+
+ Stemonocoleus micranthus, 431
+
+ Stenanthera hamata, 44, 84
+
+ Steppe conditions, 190
+
+ Sterculia, 87, 106, 138, 233
+
+ acuminata, _syn._ cola acuminata, 436
+
+ Barteri, 106, 232
+
+ cinerea, 349
+
+ cordata, 232
+
+ cordifolia, 54, 106, 117, 119, 169, 348, 349, 435
+
+ grandifolia, 435
+
+ oblonga, 76, 87, 138, 232, 435; S. near oblonga, 349
+
+ rhinopetala, 347, 436
+
+ sp., 76, 348
+
+ tomentosa, 106, 138, 190, 202, 210, 223, 348
+
+ tragacantha, 54, 348, 435
+
+ Sterculiaceæ, 29; S. (Gold Coast), 106; S. (Ivory Coast), 87; S.
+ (Liberia), 76; S. (Nigeria), 190, 196, 210, 223, 347; S. (Sierra
+ Leone), 54, 68; S. (Cameroons), 435; S. (Togo), 138
+
+ Stereospermum acuminatissimum, 400; S. Kunthianum, 144, 192, 201, 215,
+ 225, 400; S. leonense, 60
+
+ “Stinkwood” Tree, 108
+
+ Stool Wood, 390
+
+ Strephonema Apoloniensis, 109
+
+ Streptocarpus nobilis, 197
+
+ Striga, 194; S. Senegalensis, 194
+
+ Strombosia glaucescens, 426; S. grandifolia, 426; S. Pustulata, 83
+
+ Strombosiopsis tetrandra, 426
+
+ Strophanthus hispidus, 192, 395; S. Preussii, 395; S. sarmentosus, 192
+
+ Strychnos alnifolia, 192; S. Buettneri, 142; S. densiflora, 389; S.
+ emarginata, 110; S. gnetifolia, 440; S. laxa, 142; S. pubescens, 142;
+ S. spinosa, 202, 214; S. triclisioides, 192
+
+ Stylochiton Dalzielii, 196
+
+ Subanda (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Suein (Appollonian), 107
+
+ Sugar Cane, 196, 199, 421; S. Loaf Mountains, 55; S. Palm, 177; S.
+ Plantations, 116; S. Plum, 34, 51
+
+ Sukai I, S. II (Mendi), 57
+
+ Sundew, 193
+
+ Supom, 102
+
+ Surrey price of cake, 482
+
+ Susuwuru, 37
+
+ Swamp Date Palm, 239; S. (Freshwater), 118; S. planting, 175; S. rice,
+ 53
+
+ Swartzia Madagascariensis, 133, 191, 219
+
+ Sweden Market, 324
+
+ Swietenia bijuga, 148; S. chloroxylon, 174; S. macrophylla, 421
+
+ Swizzle-stick, 59, 78, 393
+
+ Sword Bean, 298
+
+ Symphonia globulifera, 88, 363
+
+ Syzygium Guineense, 140
+
+
+ Taba ni ka samu (Hausa) (_cf._ Kurnan nasara), 219
+
+ Tabako (Duala), 443
+
+ Taboia (Atakpame), 136
+
+ Tacazzea (Barteri), 192
+
+ Tacca involucrata, 195; T. pinnatifida, 128
+
+ Taccaceæ (Togo), 128; (Nigeria), 195
+
+ Taceribe (Mbonoi), 84
+
+ Tada (Duala), 428
+
+ Tafashia (Hausa), 214, 225
+
+ Tagalel, 207
+
+ Tagbadja River (Togo), 117
+
+ Tagbekove Village, 116
+
+ Tahl of the Soudan, 208
+
+ Takanda, 196, 199; or Takandar giwa (Kats., Sok., and Zanf.), 221;
+ Takandar giwa (Hausa), 210, 213
+
+ Takwadua (Twi, Wassaw), 104
+
+ Tala (Ibo and Brass), 231, 238, 405; (New Calabar), 405
+
+ Talaki or Talakin Yarubawa, 221; _syn._ Namijn gwabsa (Kontagora),
+ etc., 221
+
+ Talisiopsis oliviformis, 138
+
+ Tallow Tree, 69, 77, 107, 361, 461
+
+ Tamarind, 99, 202, 206, 207, 221, 306; Velvet T., 289
+
+ Tamarindus indica, 98, 132, 191, 199, 206, 221, 229, 232
+
+ Tamarese (Asante), 132
+
+ Tamau (Tschaudjo), 139
+
+ Tambelei (Mendi), 41
+
+ Tamenasi (Atakpame), 133
+
+ Tanda (Duala), 438
+
+ Tangerine, 124
+
+ Tanna (English), 86
+
+ Tannin, 56, 108, 208
+
+ Tano Forest and River, 82
+
+ Taramniya, 213, 223
+
+ Taro (Tschaudjo), 127
+
+ Tartar Tree, 349
+
+ Tata (Duala), 433
+
+ Tatairo (Moyen Cavally), 86
+
+ Tau (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Taupwi (Young Trees, Mendi), 41
+
+ Taura (Hausa), 202, 206, 221
+
+ Tauwi (Mendi), 41
+
+ Tawatsa (Hausa), 209; T. or Tawatsa, 221
+
+ Taxodium distichum, 175
+
+ Tchiat Kottse (Attie), 89
+
+ Tchiko (Attie), 86
+
+ Teak, 42, 70, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 169, 170, 171, 500; Brown Teak,
+ 416; Burma T., 162, 168; Bush Teak, 417; T. plantations (Tectona
+ Grandis), 470; T. (Togo), 149
+
+ Tebo (Attie), 85
+
+ Tectona grandis, 120, 122, 126, 148, 183, 420
+
+ Tegai (Mendi), 45
+
+ Tei-tei (Ijor, Brass), 356
+
+ Teko District (Buea), 429
+
+ Teli (Bambara), 85
+
+ Tema (Timani), 42
+
+ Tendeba (Apollonian), 110; (Aowa), 110
+
+ Tenuba, Tanuba (Mbonoi), 86
+
+ Tephrosia, 191; T. Ansellii, 302; T. Vogelii, 302
+
+ Teredo borer, 157; T. Worm, 357
+
+ Terle (Mendi), 57
+
+ Terminalia, 117, 118, 119, 169, 202, 230, 416, 445, 446; T. Altissima,
+ 88; T. Avicennioides, 223, 372; T. Baumannii, 140, 212, 223; Black
+ bark Terminalia, 369; T. Brownii, 372; T. catappa, 122, 148, 176, 421;
+ T. dictyoneura, 140; T. Dry zone, 372; T. Elliotii, 212, 223; T.
+ Ivoriensis, 88; T. macroptera, 109, 140, 192, 202, 212, 223; T.
+ Orange-barked, 370; T. scutifera, 56, 369, 370, 371, 416, 419; T. sp.,
+ 56, 108, 192, 212, 223, 369, 370, 371, 421; T. Superba, 56, 109, 119,
+ 140, 179, 183, 230, 438, 445, 446, 498; T. Togoensis, 19, 109, 117,
+ 140, 233, 371; T. Yellow, 369
+
+ Termites, 31, 70, 73, 249, 257, 268, 280, 311, 388, 408
+
+ Tetere (Mbonoi), 89
+
+ Tetracera leiocarpa, 77; T. Dinklagei, 77; T. potatoria, 77; T. sp.,
+ 77
+
+ Tetrapleura, 220, 231; T. Prekese, 97; Thonningii, 85, 131, 197, 220,
+ 284, 429
+
+ Teyei (Mendi), 57
+
+ Theobroma cacao, 420, 436
+
+ Thespesia populnea, 105, 137
+
+ Thistleton-Dyer, Sir W. T., K.C.M.G., C.I.E., 496
+
+ Thomandersia laurifolia, 441
+
+ Thompson, Mr. H. N., Conservator of Forests, South Nigeria, Report on
+ Ashanti, Gold Coast, and Northern Territory, 91, 101; Brought Khaya
+ Senegalensis seed from Shaki district, 177; Opinion as to Albizzia
+ sp., 295
+
+ Thonningia sanguinea, 197
+
+ Thorn Apple, 194
+
+ Thunbergia (Blue, Benin), 401; T. Vogeliana, 401
+
+ Thuya occidentalis, 177
+
+ Thymelæaceæ (Nigeria), 195; (Cameroons), 437
+
+ Tiamatiama (Agni), 86; (Appolonian), 86, 101; T. (Aowin), 101
+
+ Tiame-tiame (Appolonian), 101
+
+ Tigalo (Tschaudjo), 141
+
+ Tigu Schirafinsa (Mangu), 134
+
+ Tigwi (Mendi), 51
+
+ Tijoi (Mendi), 52
+
+ Tika (Appolonian), 96
+
+ Tiko Plain, 416
+
+ Tiliaceæ (Sierra Leone), 53; (Ivory Coast), 87; (Gold Coast), 105;
+ (Togo), 137; (Nigeria), 190, 343; (Cameroons), 434
+
+ Tim (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Timani or Tunani, 26, 40
+
+ Timba or Timba nundi (Duala), 433
+
+ Timber, 40, 165, 498; Conditions of working in Liberia, 69; T. dogs,
+ 155; T. exports (Cameroons), 444; (Sierra Leone), 64; T. Imports
+ (Sierra Leone), comparative statement, 65; T. Industry (Nigeria Law),
+ 155-166; Nigerian Local Felling T., 158; T. Reserves (Nigeria), 158;
+ T. Yield, Temperate Zone, 161; T. Yield Tropics, 161
+
+ Timbuctoo, 198
+
+ Tingbatau or Patandeu (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+ Tinya, 193
+
+ Tisal (Togo export), 150
+
+ Tisemu (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+ Titiro (Egbado), 346
+
+ Tiupe (Attie), 84
+
+ Tochitschíñe (Atakpame), 144
+
+ Toddalia sp., 312
+
+ Toddy, 70
+
+ Togba (Atakpame), 145
+
+ Togbeli (Mendi), 48
+
+ Togo, 17, 173, 189, 306, 469, 500; T., chap. vii, 116-150;
+ Introduction, 116; Forests between or at the Stations, 116-119; Forest
+ department plantations, 119-122; District plantations, 122-127;
+ Indigenous trees, 127-147; List of Introduced species planted, 148;
+ Census of Plantations, 149; Forest Exports, 150
+
+ Togo, Tour by Dr. A. H. Unwin, 116-150
+
+ Toi-tsi (Ibo), 233
+
+ Tokei (Mendi), 43
+
+ Tolabu (Atakpame), 137
+
+ Tolongo (Duala), 437
+
+ Toluifera Pereiræ, 177, 421
+
+ Toman or Tonas (Hausa), 211
+
+ Tombo Palm, 41; (General West Coast), 93, 234
+
+ Tonga (Bondoukou), 83
+
+ Toon, 173
+
+ Tortoza, 26; (Timani), 51
+
+ Totengei (Mendi), 61
+
+ Toto (Yoruba), 246
+
+ Totohote (Attie), 85
+
+ Touloucouna oil, 317
+
+ Toye (Mendi), 51
+
+ Trachylobium sp., 431
+
+ Tragacanth, 54
+
+ Tragia Manniana, 336
+
+ Trakuan (Attie), 84
+
+ Treculia Africana, 83, 123, 233, 256, 426; T. mollis, 426; T. sp., 256
+
+ Trema affinis, 42, 94, 249, 425; T. Africana, 42, 94, 248, 249, 425;
+ T. Guineensis, 197; T. sp., 420, 421
+
+ Trevor, Mr. E. W. J. (Pericarping machines), 477
+
+ Trianthema monogyna, 194
+
+ Trichilia, 419; T. acutifolia, 86; T. Candollei, 86; T. cedrata, 86;
+ T. emetica, 135, 191, 211, 222; T. Heudelotii, 50, 75, 102, 232, 330;
+ T. Prieuriana, 135, 330, 331, 433; T. retusa, 196, 212; T. rubescens,
+ 102; T. rubesilus, 433; T. sp., 50, 102, 330; T. sp. near T.
+ Prieuriana, 50, 330
+
+ Trichodesma Africanum, 192
+
+ Trichoscypha, 104; T. Bipindensis, 434
+
+ Triclisia macrophylla, 43
+
+ Trinkomali Wood, 176, 421
+
+ Triplochiton, 19, 76, 119, 370; Compared with Myrianthus Arboreus,
+ 257; T. Johnsonii, 106, 139, 230, 251, 253; T. Nigericum, 18, 117,
+ 139, 159, 178, 183, 230, 351, 352; T. nov. sp., 353; T. scleroxylon,
+ 87, 417, 436
+
+ Tripoli senna, 199
+
+ Tritonia, 195
+
+ Triumfetta cordifolia, 344; T. Rhomboidea, 344; T. sp., 105, 191, 344
+
+ Triwa (Agni), 83
+
+ Trochomeria, 194
+
+ Tsada, 191, 202
+
+ Tsadar Lamarudu, 222; T. masar (Hausa), 222, 232
+
+ Tsamiya (Hausa), 199, 206; T. or Tsamia (Hausa), 229, 232; Tsamiyar or
+ “Tsamiya,” 207, 221
+
+ Tschabola buanda or Tschabolabunda (Tschaudjo), 130
+
+ Tschaloware (Tschaudjo), 134
+
+ Tschamanu (Tschaudjo), 133
+
+ Tschapēa (Tschaudjo), 140
+
+ Tschato (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+ Tschengunga (Asante), 130
+
+ Tschingbelika (Tschaudjo), 138
+
+ Tschuṓu (Tschaudjo), 136
+
+ Tscisili (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+ Tsetse or Echéché (Ewe), 140
+
+ Tsiberi Kinkini, 193
+
+ Tsibra or Tsura (Sok.), 225
+
+ Tso (Ewe), 130; Tsa (Ewe), 132
+
+ Tsung Oil (Chinese Wood Oil), 451, 452
+
+ Tte (Attie), 84
+
+ Tuanyei (Mendi), 49
+
+ Tudi (Zanfara), 222
+
+ Tui (Mendi), 41
+
+ Tuinynelli (Mendi), 57
+
+ Tukuruwa Palm, 195, 216, 218
+
+ Tulip (Tree), 60, 144, 405; African T. tree, 400; Red T. tree, 400
+
+ Tulipier de Gabon (Colons), 89
+
+ Tuloi (Mendi), 54
+
+ Tumbalaka (Atakpame), 130
+
+ Tumuku, 194
+
+ Tuna, Tunas, or Tunam (Hausa), 222, 230
+
+ Tunfall (Timani), 60
+
+ Tunka (Mendi), 41
+
+ Tunkia, Chief of, 66
+
+ Tuntumi (Timani), 57
+
+ Tura (Tschaudjo), 129
+
+ Turndogo (Bondoukou), 84
+
+ Turraeanthus Zenkeri, 433
+
+ Turræa Heterophylla, 331; T. sp., 50; T. Vogelii, 331
+
+ Tursuje (Hausa), 222
+
+ Turtle-backs, 189
+
+ Turubi, 195
+
+ Tusima or Tingma (Tschaudjo), 147
+
+ Twani (Appolonian), 103
+
+ Twe (Neyau), 89
+
+ Tyanka or Hogogo (Atakpame), 134
+
+ Tyentyem (Mangu), 128
+
+ Tyenyeólo or Pasau (Tschaudjo), 145
+
+ Tyĕtĕbu (Mangu), 136
+
+ Tylostemon crassifolius, 427; T. Mannii, 96
+
+ Tzambi (Mendi), 47
+
+
+ Ua magungŭ́na (Hausa), 135
+
+ Uapaca Benguelensis, 86; U. Bingervillensis, 86; U. Guineensis, 51,
+ 193, 204, 215, 231, 334; U. Heudelotii (Sugar Plum, Red Cedar) cut
+ locally in Sierra Leone, 34, 51, 102, 136, 334, 335, 337; U. Staudtii,
+ 231, 416, 434; U. Togoensis, 51
+
+ Ubabikpan (Benin), 393
+
+ Ubake (Benin), 393
+
+ Ubanakwi (Benin), 392
+
+ Ubara (Efik), 287
+
+ Ubellu genus, 412; U. (nuts), 452
+
+ Ubelluname, Ubellunowe (Benin), 336
+
+ Ubuen (Efik), 406
+
+ Ubgo (Benin), 392
+
+ Uboto (Benin), 392
+
+ Uche (Akposso), 134
+
+ Udeni (Ibo), 230
+
+ Udeni (Ibo, Owerri), 278
+
+ Udi Plantation, 167
+
+ Udia Ebiong (Efik), 232
+
+ Udin (Benin), 241; U. (Benin), 466
+
+ Uganda, 211
+
+ Ugbamiogou (Benin), 392; or Ubamiogon (Benin), 392, 395
+
+ Ugbehen (Benin), 303
+
+ Ugbodokossa (Benin), 406
+
+ Ughahan (Benin), 309, 310
+
+ Ugheberi (Benin), 358
+
+ Ugibisaro (Benin), 267
+
+ Ugo, 258
+
+ Ugumu, 392
+
+ Uhi Forest, 160, 298
+
+ Uhie (Ibo), 229
+
+ Ukan (Yoruba), 240
+
+ Ukana (Efik), 231
+
+ Ukape (Benin), 407
+
+ Ukhu (Benin), 390
+
+ Ukloba (Akposso), 128
+
+ Ukpa (Efik), 275
+
+ Ukpa (Efik), 229; Ukpa-Kara (Brass), 231
+
+ Ukpagga (Benin), 303
+
+ Ukpaigwi or Okpaigwi (Benin), 414
+
+ Ukpami (Akposso), 132
+
+ Ukpassa (Efik), 379
+
+ Ukpi nikwi of the Benis, 232, 342; U. Nufwa (Benin), 341, 343; Small
+ Ukpi (Yoruba), 343; U. Wenwan (Benin), 348
+
+ Ukpoi (Oban, Ekoi), 266
+
+ Ukposa (Benin), 265
+
+ Ukukon (Benin), 239, 240
+
+ Ukum (Efik), 231, 345
+
+ Ukung (Efik), 229
+
+ Ulazo (Benin), 370
+
+ Ulmaceæ, 42; (Ivory Coast), 83; (Gold Coast), 94; (Togo), 128;
+ (Nigeria), 193, 197, 218, 246; (Cameroons), 425
+
+ Uloko, U. odigpe, U. nushinogbon (Benin), 253
+
+ Umaja or Umazza (Benin), 263
+
+ Umbelliferæ (Togo), 160; (Nigeria), 375
+
+ Umberium (Timani), 43, 71, 263
+
+ Umbrella tree, 95, 233, 252, 420, 426, 485, 488
+
+ Ume (Benin), 158, 178, 273, 275
+
+ Umowenek (Efik), 229
+
+ Uncaria Africana, 197, 203
+
+ Undu District, 426
+
+ Ungari (Timani), 53
+
+ Ungive (Mendi), 53
+
+ Ungu (Ibo, Owerri), 277
+
+ Ungu (Ibo), 229
+
+ Ungungmekkan (Benin), 383
+
+ Unie (Benin), 260
+
+ United States protection in Liberia, 66
+
+ Uno (Efik), 233
+
+ Unscented Mahogany, Entandrophragma cylindricum, 210
+
+ Unwin, Dr. A. H., suggestion as to name Iroko, 42; Trip to Togo, 116,
+ 150; discovery of Khaya in Gold Forest, 50
+
+ Unyenghen (Benin), 264
+
+ Uoli (Akposso), 143
+
+ Upakeka (Benin), 285, 449
+
+ Upeka (Benin), 273
+
+ Upper Cross River, 317
+
+ Upper Niger, 58
+
+ Uputtu of the Benis, 230
+
+ Ureben (Benin), 273
+
+ Urena lobata, 190, 345
+
+ Urere, 95, 257
+
+ Urginea, 195; U. Indica, 195; U. Nigritana, 195; U. Spp., 199
+
+ Urophyllum hirtellum, 113
+
+ Urostigma, 193, 216
+
+ Urticaceæ (Gold Coast), 95; (Nigeria), 257
+
+ Uruaro (Benin), 246
+
+ Uruba su (Bete), 89
+
+ Urueben (Benin), 311
+
+ Uruhe (Benin), 272, 367
+
+ Uruiju Arogu (Yoruba), 263
+
+ Uruk (Efik), 356
+
+ Ururata (Benin), 349
+
+ U.S.A., Southern States, Deciduous Cypress, native of, 175
+
+ Usi (Benin), 347
+
+ Uso or Dinka, 361
+
+ Usshin (Benin), 297
+
+ Uta (Ikale), 246
+
+ Utan-tan (Benin), 340
+
+ Utricularia, 194
+
+ Uuti (Ewe), 138
+
+ Uvaria Afzelii, 44, 71, 263; U. Busgenii, 263, 417, 427; U. Chamæ,
+ 129, 264; U. Dinklagei, 71; U. Macrocarpa, 44; U. Microtricha, 427; U.
+ Scabrida, 71; U. sp., 44
+
+ Uwanwanis (Benin), 299
+
+ Uwar Yara (Kano and Katagum), 216, 218
+
+ Uwen (Efik), 230; Uwenyriotan or Uwemriotan (Benin), 343
+
+ Uwonwen (Benin), 337
+
+ Uwowe Lugu (Benin), 293; U. Labafun (Benin), 293
+
+ Uyat (Efik), 293
+
+
+ Vandakiie (Attie), 85
+
+ Vangueria nigrescens, 62; V. chrysocarpa, 197; V. euonymoides, 204
+
+ Vai (Bali), 425
+
+ Velvet Tamarind, 47, 289
+
+ Verbenaceæ (Sierra Leone), 59; (Ivory Coast), 89; (Gold Coast), 112;
+ (Togo), 143; (Nigeria), 193, 197, 215, 224, 397; (Cameroons), 440
+
+ Vernonia, 35, 194; V. amygdalina, 194, 225, 409; V. cinerea, 410; V.
+ conferta, 62, 114, 409, 442; V. frondosa, 442; V. nigritana, 194, 409;
+ V. Senegalensis, 147; V. sp., 225
+
+ Vetch, 302
+
+ Vetiveria zizanoides, 201
+
+ Vi (Abe), 86
+
+ Victoria District, 415, 420, 425, 428, 431, 433, 441, 442; V.
+ Botanical Gardens, 176; V. Falls, 17
+
+ Vigna, 191; V. sinensis, 192, 204
+
+ Vincentella impressa, 110
+
+ Violaceæ (Sierra Leone), 55; (Gold Coast), 108
+
+ Violetwood, Description of (Sierra Leone), 30; African V., 26
+
+ Vismia leonensis, 55
+
+ Vitaceæ (Gold Coast), 105; (Nigeria), 223
+
+ Vitex, 232; V. angolensis, 197; V. Bipindensis, 441; V. camporum, 143;
+ V. cienkowskii, 59, 143, 144, 193, 202, 215, 224, 398; V. cuneata,
+ 112, 143, 441; V. diversifolia, 193, 224, 399; V. doniana, 59; V.
+ fosteri, 399; V. grandifolia, 59, 398; V. megaphylla, 112; V.
+ micrantha, 60, 89; V. oxycuspis, 60
+
+ Vitis, 193; V. pallida, 193; V. quadrangularis, 193, 223
+
+ Voacanga Africana, 59, 112, 143, 197, 204, 341; V. obtusa, 59, 197,
+ 204, 224; V. Thonnersii, 59
+
+ Voandzeia subterranea, 192
+
+ Volta River, 98, 118
+
+ Volta Valley, 124
+
+
+ Wa, 193, 216, 219
+
+ Wa-Wa (Appolonien), W. (Indenie)
+
+ Wacuminata, 430
+
+ Wadda Tree, 197, 224
+
+ Waghebe (Ewe), 142
+
+ Wala (Bondoukou), 89
+
+ Walehe (Abe), 84
+
+ Walnut, 164, 228, 295, 416, 419; African W., 293; W., East Indian, 29,
+ 293
+
+ Waltheria Americana, 190
+
+ Walwei (Mendi), 46
+
+ Wan kurumi, 219
+
+ Waogbum (Tschaudjo), 137
+
+ Ware Borf Ware (Agni), 87
+
+ Warie (Agni), 84
+
+ Warri Port, 151; W. (Province), 152, 156, 235, 236, 239, 251, 252,
+ 257, 263, 276, 277, 279, 286, 288, 308, 313, 317, 340, 356, 361, 362,
+ 371, 381, 393, 397, 404, 405, 406, 408
+
+ Warry (a Mendi game), 47
+
+ Water Lily, 193; W. Melon, 193, 199, 471
+
+ Water Kola, 210
+
+ Waterside cynometra, 285
+
+ Waterside Ekpagoize, 290
+
+ Water Tree, 77
+
+ Wawa (Appolonian) (Indenie), 87; Wawa or Wawwaw (Twi), 106
+
+ Wawæ (Mendi), 61
+
+ Wawapupus (Twi), 106
+
+ We (Trepo), 87
+
+ Weatherboard Wood, 402
+
+ Weihea Africana, 197; W. sp., _cf._ Africana, 368; W. sp., 368
+
+ Weke (Bakundu), 431
+
+ Welu (Tschaudjo), 132
+
+ Were (Yoruba), 302
+
+ Western Africa, Logs exported from, 67; Conditions of working, 69
+
+ Weti (Atakpame), 137
+
+ Wheat, 199
+
+ Whismore, description of, 34
+
+ White Ants, 29, 286, 401
+
+ White-ball Rubber, 79
+
+ White Cedar (_see_ Pycnanthus Kombo), 34, 44, 77, 266
+
+ White Mahogany, 49, 67, 100
+
+ White Oak (Parinarium sp.), 32, 52; Ostryoderris impressa, 277, 297
+
+ Whitewood, 75, 417; W. (American), 260, 313
+
+ Wild Custard Apple, 95, 190, 262
+
+ Wild Date Palm, 94, 240, 418
+
+ Wild Fig, 42
+
+ Wild Indigo (Yoruba), 219, 221
+
+ Wild Mango, 100, 312, 417, 419, 431
+
+ Wild Plum, 72; W. Rice, 199
+
+ Willow, 218
+
+ Wine Palm, 70
+
+ Wismao (Sierra Leone), 68
+
+ Witkoran (Timani), 49
+
+ Wo (Ewe), 127, 131
+
+ Wokaka or Wokuka (Bakwiri), 426, 440
+
+ Wokeku (Bakwiri), 426
+
+ Wokotelimon (Abe), 87
+
+ Womba (Bakwiri), 440
+
+ Wondo (Bakwiri), 437
+
+ Wongo (Bakundu), 431
+
+ Wonjangasanga (Bakwiri), 433; or Wonjasanga (Bakundu), 433
+
+ Wonjanja (Bakwiri), 438
+
+ Wood Oil Nut, 417
+
+ Wood, various exported, Togo, 150
+
+ Woods (exported Ivory Coast) for cabinet making, etc., 90
+
+ Woongo (Bakwiri), 431
+
+ Worolongo (Bakwiri), 437
+
+ Wotenge (Bakwiri), 426
+
+ Woto or Atrati (Ewe), 139
+
+ Wotobe Ewotobe (Mbonoi), 87
+
+ Wu (Ewe), 138
+
+ Wueti (Ewe), 141
+
+ Wulfram (Fanti), 98
+
+ Wulule (Bakwiri), 441
+
+ Wuyan damo (Hausa), 223
+
+ Wych Elm, 335, 336
+
+ Wyfongo (Bakwiri), 441
+
+
+ Xeropetalum Dombeya, 436
+
+ Ximenia Americana, 129, 191, 202
+
+ Xylia Evansii, 45, 75, 97, 232, 307, 449
+
+ Xylopia Æthiopica, 43, 71, 84, 96, 130, 219, 260, 262; X. sp.
+ Dinklagei, 43, 71; X. sp. near X. Elliotii, 43; X. Eminii, 130; X.
+ Parviflora, 13, 43, 84, 96, 130, 196, 204, 262, 427; X. Striata, 96
+
+ Xysmalobium, 192; X. granitiolum, 59
+
+
+ Ya (Hausa), 219
+
+ Yabassi District, 436
+
+ Yabonji, 35
+
+ Yafo (Kpedyi), 130
+
+ Yam, 195, 204-265, 304, 71, 491; Y. as charms, 255; Y. crushing, 132;
+ Yams as food, 186; Yam stick, 385, 490
+
+ Yandahun Village, 66
+
+ Yankran (Fanti), 95
+
+ Yar or Abi River, 82
+
+ Yaru (Yoruba), 259
+
+ Yawi (Mendi), 54
+
+ Ya-ya or Yar-yar (General West Coast), 113
+
+ Yayabé (Mangu), 134
+
+ Yellow Aril, 291; Y.-backed Duika, 250; Y.-flowering nutmeg, 265, 457;
+ Y. Plum, 222; Y. poppy, 193; Y. wood, 71, 76, 427; Hard yellow wood,
+ 388, 404, 417
+
+ Yenagoa, 477
+
+ Yere (Yoruba), 334
+
+ Yerepe (Yoruba), 299
+
+ Yevo-Gboma (Atakpame), 137
+
+ Yewa River, 151
+
+ Yeye (Yoruba), 334
+
+ Yinrin-Yinrin of Ijaws and Ikales, 230
+
+ Yokharauku (Dagomba), 142
+
+ Yokomi (Mendi), 53
+
+ Yola, 207; Y. mosque, 217
+
+ York, 46
+
+ Yoruba, 158, 163, 164, 185, 212, 243, 253, 255, 270, 284, 298, 349,
+ 373; Yoruba Market, 313; Yorubas, The, 170, 246, 247, 250, 252, 260,
+ 267, 283, 295, 301, 303, 318, 331, 338, 349, 359, 389, 394
+
+ Yoruba Blackwood, 298; Y. Blue Dye, 303; Y. Charcoal Wood, 305; Y.
+ Chewstick, 373; Y. Coffinwood, 333; Y. Ebony, 384; Y. Indigo, 303; Y.
+ Ironwood, 276, 335, 384; Y. Soft Cane, 246
+
+ Yotsa or Yo, 141
+
+ Yowi or Togba (Atakpame), 145
+
+ Yrewo (Ewe), 134
+
+ Yukugo (Bondoukou), 83
+
+ Yumba (Mangu), 137
+
+
+ Zacoba (Agni) (Attie), 86
+
+ Zaki banza, 195
+
+ Záklu (Misahöhe), 132
+
+ Zamarke (Hausa), 219
+
+ Zaminguila, 422, 423
+
+ Zanha golungensis, 137
+
+ Zanthoxylum, 309, 310, 419; Z. macrophyllum, 30, 67, 74; Z.
+ parvifolium, 85; Z. rubescens, 49; Z. Senegalensis, 30, 100, 196, 204,
+ 221, 232, 309, 310; Z. sp., 49, 74, 311
+
+ Zaria, 185, 189, 190, 200, 206, 207, 216, 489
+
+ Zech, Graf (late Governor of Togo), 120
+
+ Zeronga (Bambara), 89
+
+ Zimingela, 445, 446
+
+ Zinder, 198, 210, 211
+
+ Zindi (Katagum, Kanuri), 223
+
+ Zini River, 82
+
+ Zizyphus Jujuba, 137, 198, 213, 222, 343; Z. mucronata, 104, 137, 198,
+ 222, 343; Z. Spina-Christi, 104, 198, 213, 222
+
+ Zogalagandi, 219; Z., _syn._ Bagarumar makka (Sok.), 219
+
+ Zone Guinéenne of Chevalier, 189
+
+ Zone Sahélienne, 189; By Chevalier, 198
+
+ Zungeru, 189, 241
+
+ Zuwo, 216
+
+ Zygophyllaceæ (Togo), 134
+
+
+ _Printed in Great Britain by_
+ UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED
+ WOKING AND LONDON
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: _Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Sierra Leone._ See
+Lane Poole.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Pre-war rates.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Reprinted by kind permission of the Editor of _United
+Empire_.]
+
+[Footnote 4: 4th class in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 5: 6th class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 6: 4th class in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 7: 5th class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 8: 4th class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 9: 3rd class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 10: 7th class in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 11: 3rd class in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 12: 3 feet minimum girth in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 13: 2nd class in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 14: 3 feet minimum girth in Northern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 15: 6 feet minimum girth in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 16: 4 feet minimum girth in Southern Provinces.]
+
+[Footnote 17: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 18: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 19: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 20: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 21: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 22: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 23: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 25: _Colonial Report_, 88, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _Official Report_, Oil Seeds, Fats and Waxes, Imperial
+Institute, 1914.]
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+
+ +--------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+ | Page | Printed as | Changed to |
+ +--------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+ |multiple|[Albizzia] fastigata |fastigiata |
+ | pages| | |
+ | | | |
+ |multiple|Tschandjo |Tschaudjo |
+ | pages| | |
+ | | | |
+ | 13|near Oniloku Road, Olokemji |Olokemeji |
+ | |Reserve | |
+ | | | |
+ | 14|Oshun River, looking |downstream |
+ | |downstrean | |
+ | | | |
+ | 19|_Ugenia Owariensis_ |_Eugenia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 33|_Ansophyllea laurina_ |_Anisophyllea_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 36|squares, which occude only |occlude |
+ | |very gradually. | |
+ | | | |
+ | 46|probably Petophorum sp. |Peltophorum |
+ | | | |
+ | 46|_Cassia Siberiana_ |_Sieberiana_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 51|_Fluggea microcarpa_ |_Flueggea_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 51|_Antidesma lacinatum_ |_laciniatum_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 54|_Cola augustifolia_ |_angustifolia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 55|_Visinia leonensis_ |_Vismia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 58|_Polydoa Elliotii_ |_Polyadoa_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 62|near _R. candata_ |_caudata_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 68|_Elæsis Guineensis_ |_Elæis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 70|_Elæsis Guineensis_ |_Elæis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 77|_Tetracera ærocarpa_ |_leiocarpa_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 81|natives cut a ew trees at a |a few |
+ | |time | |
+ | | | |
+ | 83|_Treculia africana_. |Izaquente |
+ | |Izaqueute Portugais | |
+ | | | |
+ | 84|_Stenanthera Laniate_ |_hamata_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 85|Heudje, Heugué (Agni) |Hendje, Hengué (Agni) |
+ | | | |
+ | 86|_Charia Indiensis_ |_Indeniensis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 86|_Macaranga Hendelotii_ |_Heudelotii_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 87|=Syctopetalaceæ= |=Scytopetalaceæ= |
+ | | | |
+ | 87|_Rhaptopetalum Sieghemi_ |_Tieghemi_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 88|_Combretum vivoflora_ |_Combretodendron viridiflora_|
+ | | | |
+ | 88|_Memycylon polyanthemos_ |_Memecylon_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 98|_Cynometra Alzelii_ |_Afzelii_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 99|Flowers more brilliant then |than |
+ | |_C. fistula_ | |
+ | | | |
+ | 100|_Distemonanthus Benthamiam_ |_Benthamianus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 100|_Hugonia playsepala_ |_platysepala_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 100|_Harrisonia Abyssinia_ |_Abyssinica_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 100|=Bursuraceæ= |=Burseraceæ= |
+ | | | |
+ | 102|=Malphigeaceæ= |=Malpigheaceæ= |
+ | | | |
+ | 104|=Celastiaceæ= |=Celastraceæ= |
+ | | | |
+ | 105|_Thespesia populuea_ |_populnea_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 106|_Nansonia altissima_ |_Mansonia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 108|_Anopyxis ealænis_ |_ealænsis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 110|_Vincentella ampressa_ |_impressa_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 110|_Diospyros xanthoxplamys_ |_xanthochlamys_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 116|the nonal dry-zone vegetation|normal |
+ | | | |
+ | 122|_Terminalia catalpa_ |_catappa_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 122|_Manihot Glaziovii_ and |_dichotoma_ |
+ | |_Manihot dichotama_ | |
+ | | | |
+ | 123|_Manihot dichotama_ |_dichotoma_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 125|overlooking the Volto Valley |Volta |
+ | | | |
+ | 125|Ceara Rubber, and Ramboug |Rambong |
+ | |Rubber | |
+ | | | |
+ | 127|_Oxytenanthera Abyssinia_ |_Abyssinica_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 127|_Hyphæne corioceæ_ |_coriaceæ_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 128|_Agava Sisalana_ |_Agave_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 129|_Myrianthus seratus_ |_serratus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 129|_Ficus vallis chondæ_ |_choudæ_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 129|_Ficus toliifolia_ |_tiliifolia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 129|_Ficus dusenwides_ |_dusenoides_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 129|_Faures speciosa_ |_Faurea_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 130|_Hexalobus morepetalus_ |_monopetalus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 131|_Entanda scandens_ |_Entada_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 131|_Entanda Abyssinia_ |_Entada Abyssinica_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 133|_Berlinia accuminata_ |_acuminata_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 133|_Cassia Siberiana_ |_Sieberiana_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 134|_Fagara xanthoxyloides_ |_zanthoxyloides_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 137|_Thespesia populuea_ |_populnea_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 141|_Pachystela cinera_ |_cinerea_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 141|the Butyspermum in colour |Butyrospermum |
+ | | | |
+ | 142|_Anothocleista Kerstingii_ |_Anthocleista_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 148|Terminalia catalpa |catappa |
+ | | | |
+ | 148|Poinciana repanophylla |drepanophylla |
+ | | | |
+ | 148|Manihot dichotama |dichotoma |
+ | | | |
+ | 148|Ficus Sclechteri |Schlechteri |
+ | | | |
+ | 174|Lagostræmia (_Lagostræmia |Lagerstrœmia |
+ | |flos Reginæ_) | |
+ | | | |
+ | 176|_Berrya Ommomilla_ |_Ammomilla_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 176|_Copaifera salicikounda_ |_salikounda_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 177|_Entandrophragma Condollei_ |_Candollei_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 178|_Diospyros mespeliformis_ |_mespiliformis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 191|two species of _Anasphrenium_|_Anaphrenium_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 192|_Moralia Senegalensis_ |_Morelia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 192|_Tœcazea Barteri_ |_Tacazzea_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 194|_Giesekia pharnaceoides_ |_Gisekia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 194|a few of _Merrimia_ |_Merremia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 194|SCROPHULARACEÆ |SCROPHULARIACEÆ |
+ | | | |
+ | 194|_Blepharis_, _Monechma_, |_Justicia_ |
+ | |_Justocoa_ | |
+ | | | |
+ | 195|_Hyphæna Thebaica_ |_Hyphæne_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 196|_Sorghum vulgare_, var. |_saccharatum_ |
+ | |_saccharantum_ | |
+ | | | |
+ | 196|_Agelæa_ and _Cnestic_ |_Cnestis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 197|_Plenisceras Barteri_ |_Pleioceras_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 197|_Alchornea cordate_ |_cordata_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 199|CURCURBITACEÆ |CUCURBITACEÆ |
+ | | | |
+ | 201|_Vetweria zizanoides_ |_Vetiveria_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 201|_Sterospermum Kunthianum_ |_Stereospermum_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 202|_Pseudrocedrela Kotschyi_ |_Pseudocedrela_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 203|_Erythrophlocum Guineense_ |_Erythrophlœum_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 204|mixed deciduous and |xerophilous |
+ | |xerophilus habit | |
+ | | | |
+ | 207|_Parkia filicoidia_ |_filicoidea_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 213|_Z. lujuba_, Lam. |_jujuba_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 214|_Diospyros mespeliformis_ |_mespiliformis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 218|Elæsis Guineensis |Elæis |
+ | | | |
+ | 218|Kano and Katugum |Katagum |
+ | | | |
+ | 219|Uwar yara (Kano, Katagum), |Haguguwa |
+ | |syn. Kaguguwa | |
+ | | | |
+ | 221|Toruba Wild Indigo |Yoruba |
+ | | | |
+ | 221|Boswellia Dalzielli |Dalzielii |
+ | | | |
+ | 222|[Zizyphus jujuba] Margariya |Magariya |
+ | | | |
+ | 222|[Zizyphus mucronata] |Magariyar |
+ | |Margariyar kura | |
+ | | | |
+ | 224|Diospyrus mespiliformis |Diospyros |
+ | | | |
+ | 225|[Adina microcephala] |Kadanyar |
+ | |Hadanyar rafi | |
+ | | | |
+ | fc. 228|Cedrela odrata (Cigar-box |odorata |
+ | (fig.|Cedar) | |
+ | 47)| | |
+ | | | |
+ | 231|_Oromosia monophylla_ |_Ormosia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 232|_Xanthoxylon Senegalensis_ |_Zanthoxylon_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 233|_Garoinia conrauana_ |_Garcinia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 240|_Calamus dearatus_ |_deerratus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 241|_Elæsis Guineensis_. The Oil |_Elæis_ |
+ | |Palm | |
+ | | | |
+ | 242|_Elæsis Guineensis_ |_Elæis_ |
+ | | | |
+ |243 (x3)|_Elæsis_ |_Elæis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 246|_Dracæna Perottetii_ |_Perrottetii_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 246|_Clinogyne_, syn. _Donax |_cuspidata_ |
+ | |cusputata_ | |
+ | | | |
+ |250 (x2)|_Antiarus_ |_Antiaris_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 256|_Treculia Africana_ (Dene) |Decne |
+ | | | |
+ | 259|_Loranthus leptolopus_ |_leptolobus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 259|_Cissampelos Pariera_ |_Pareira_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 266|_Cratæva Adansonii_ (Guill. |Guill. et Perr. |
+ | |et Pierre) | |
+ | | | |
+ | 266|_Cappiaris Thonningii_ |_Capparis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 270|_Cassia toro_ |_tora_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 284|FIG. 62.—=Base of Bilinga= |FIG. 61. |
+ | (plate| | |
+ | facing)| | |
+ | | | |
+ | 301|_Distemanthus Benthaniami_ |_Distemonanthus Benthamianus_|
+ | | | |
+ | 312|_Clausena Amsata_ |_Anisata_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 307|_Druosia laxiflora_ |_Ormosia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 334|_Uapaca Guineensis_ (Much. |Muell. Arg. |
+ | |and Arg.) | |
+ | | | |
+ | 337|may be the same as _Uafaca |_Uapaca_ |
+ | |Heudelotii_ | |
+ | | | |
+ | 343|_Deinbollia primata_ |_pinnata_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 343|_Zisyphus mucronata_ |_Zizyphus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 344|_Hibiscus quinquilobus_ (C. |G. Don |
+ | |Don) | |
+ | | | |
+ | 359|_Gomphia glabriana_ |_glaberrima_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 359|_Gomphia_ nr. _offinium_ |_affinis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 361|it it probable that the nuts |it is |
+ | | | |
+ | 366|_Flacourtia flabescens_ |_flavescens_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 381|_Diosypros mespiliformis_. |_Diospyros_ |
+ | |Monkey Guava | |
+ | | | |
+ | 382|having brown tomatose hairs |tomentose |
+ | | | |
+ | 388|_Diospyros xanthoxyplamys_ |_xanthochlamys_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 392|_Landolphia Thompsonii_ |Chev. |
+ | |(Ches.) | |
+ | | | |
+ | 394|_Polyodoa umbellata_ |_Polyadoa_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 394|_Lophia procera_ |_Lophira_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 395|_Strophanthus bispidus_ |_hispidus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 395|one much smallar than the |smaller |
+ | |other | |
+ | | | |
+ | 399|_Clerodendron volubulu_ |_volubile_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 400|_Stereospermum |_acuminatissimum_ |
+ | |accuminatissimum_ | |
+ | | | |
+ | 407|_Randia malliefera_ |_malleifera_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 407|_Randia cladanthra_ |_cladantha_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 407|_Randia cordata_ |_caudata_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 407|_Mussænda termiflora_ |_tenuiflora_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 410|_Lycopodium phyllamaria_ |_phlegmaria_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 410|_Eucalyptus tessitaris_ |_tesselaris_ |
+ | | | |
+ |416 (x2)|_Entandrophragma Condollei_ |_Candollei_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 416|Terminalia, Scutifera |_Terminalia scutifera_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 417|_Dialium Standtii_ |_Staudtii_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 417|_Triplochiton schleroxylon_ |_scleroxylon_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 420|_Elæsis Guineensis_ |_Elæis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 422|_Sarcocephalus Pobegundii_ |_Pobeguinii_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 425|_Elæsis Guineensis_ |_Elæis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 430|_Distemonanthus Benthamiasus_|_Benthamianus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 430|_Indigofera Africeps_ |_Atriceps_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 431|_Daniella caudata_ |_Daniellia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 432|_Pachylobus edulis_ (G. Dom) |G. Don |
+ | | | |
+ | 433|_Turracanthus Zenkeri_ |_Turraeanthus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 433|_Ricinodrendron Africanum_ |_Ricinodendron_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 434|_Antidesma lacimiatum_ |_laciniatum_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 434|_Trichoxypha Bipindensis_ |_Trichoscypha_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 436|_Cold acuminata_ |_Cola_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 436|_Cola suleata_ |_sulcata_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 436|_Triplochiton sceleroxylon_ |_scleroxylon_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 436|=Syctopetalaceæ= |=Scytopetalaceæ= |
+ | | | |
+ | 437|_Flacourtia Ramintilii_ |_Ramontchii_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 438|_Alangium hegonifolium_ |_begonifolium_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 439|_Diospyros sauveolens_ |_suaveolens_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 439|_Diospyros Gilgiano_ |_Gilgiana_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 439|_Diospyros mespeliformis_ |_mespiliformis_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 440|_Ranwolfia macrophylla_ |_Rauwolfia_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 440|_Rauwolfia vomitosia_ |_vomitoria_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 440|_Ipomæa involvucrata_ |_involucrata_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 441|_Canthium glabriforum_ |_glabriflorum_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 450|_Phyostigma venenosum_ |_Physostigma_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 459|_Chrysobalamus sp._ |_Chrysobalanus_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 462|_Garcinia conrauna_ |_conrauana_ |
+ | | | |
+ | 466|[_Elæis Guineensis_ Var.] |_Macrocarya_ |
+ | |_Marcrocarya_ | |
+ | | | |
+ | 469|going along th Akpaboyo Road |the |
+ | | | |
+ | 488|on to neighbouring |agricultural |
+ | |agrcultural land | |
+ +--------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
+
+ Other than the changes above, taxon names haven't been standardized.
+
+ Most of the changes above affecting taxon names have also been made
+ in the INDEX, as well as several other spelling changes for
+ consistency with the main text.
+
+ Index entries with changed spelling have been moved or merged when
+ necessary.
+
+ Additionally, some changes in punctuation have been done silently.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78844 ***
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2026-08-11 08:11:30 +0000