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H. LONG,</span></div> + <div class='c004'><span class='small'>EDITOR OF</span></div> + <div class='c004'>“<i>The Oglander Memoirs</i>,” “<i>Memoirs of Lady Hamilton</i>,” <i>&c.</i></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“What is a ribbon worth to a soldier?</div> + <div class='line'>Everything!—Glory is priceless!”</div> + <div class='line in24'><i>Sir E. B. Lytton, Bart.</i></div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“He wears her like her medal, hanging</div> + <div class='line'>About his neck.”—<i>Winter’s Tale.</i></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div>LONDON:</div> + <div>NORIE <span class='fss'>AND</span> WILSON, 156, MINORIES.</div> + <div>1893.</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span> + <h2 class='c006'>PREFACE.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='drop-capa0_0_7 c007'>When Napoleon proposed the institution of +the Legion of Honour, he was met by +the assertion that: “Crosses and ribbons were the +pillars of an hereditary throne, and that they were +unknown to the Romans, who conquered the world.” +In his reply to this objection—after showing that +Rome rewarded the achievements of her citizens by +all kinds of distinctions—he added: “For the +soldier, as for all men in active life, you must +have glory and distinction; recompenses are the +food which nourish military virtue.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>For many years a similar antagonistic feeling +to the granting of Medals to all ranks prevailed in +this country, although the propriety of rewarding +the victors of a hundred fights with some decoration +was warmly advocated by the press, and the result +eagerly expected by the veterans who had survived.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It remained for her present Majesty the Queen +to carry out the foregoing maxim of a great +military genius, in her Army and Navy; for with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span>the exception of the Medal given for Waterloo, the +soldiers who won the fields of Assaye, Salamanca, +and Vittoria, and the gallant seamen who conquered +at St. Vincent, the Nile, and Trafalgar, +remained undecorated till the year 1847, without +even a piece of ribbon to show for the many +actions in which they had risked their lives in the +service and defence of their country.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following Work, besides describing the +Medals, aims at giving a concise account of the +Campaigns and Actions for which Medals and +Clasps have been conferred, drawn from the most +authentic sources; interspersed with notes and anecdotes +of regimental and individual acts of bravery. +The engravings have been executed from the Medals +themselves, so as to ensure their exact representation; +and it is hoped the narratives of “How +they were won,” will be found equally trustworthy, +as no pains have been spared to secure accuracy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The accounts of the Wars in New Zealand +and South Africa, and of the numerous Expeditions +for which the Indian General Service Medal has +been granted, will be found in a more detailed +and collected form than hitherto published in a +single volume.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The first edition of this Work, by the late Mr. +<span class='sc'>T. Carter</span>, described the Medals of the British +<span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>Army, and the Campaigns for which they were +granted, to the year 1860. This part has been +carefully revised, and alterations either of excision +or addition made in almost every page. For the +accounts of all Expeditions and Battles, and the +Decorations given for them, from 1860 to the +present date, the Editor alone is responsible.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Descriptions of some Naval Engagements and +Actions of Naval Brigades will also be found, as in +most of the campaigns the operations of the two +branches of the service have been so combined, +that it is scarcely possible to describe one without +the other.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A complete history of the Medals of the British +Navy, and how they were won; forming a companion +volume to the present, is now in the press, and +will be published as speedily as possible.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>W. H. L.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='small'><span class='sc'>February, 1893.</span></span></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CORRIGENDA.</h2> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-l c002'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Page <a href='#t176'>176</a>.—In Note, for “colours” read “accoutrements.”</div> + <div class='line in2'>„ <a href='#t234'>234</a>.—Afghanistan Medals. No. 3, “Candahar and Ghuznee,” was never issued.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CONTENTS.</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'>PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Badges of Charles I.</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_2'>2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Dunbar Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Culloden Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_6'>6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The East India Company’s Medals</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Medal for Egypt, 1801</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_8'>8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indians War Medal, 1799–1826</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Seringapatam Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_15'>15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Storm of Allighur</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Delhi</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Assaye</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Asseer Ghur</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Laswarree</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Argaum</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Gawilghur</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Defence of Delhi</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle and Capture of Deig</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Nepaul War, 1816</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Kirkee and Capture of Poona</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_37'>37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Seetabuldee and Capture of Nagpore</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Maheidpore</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Defence of Corygaum</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>War in Ava, 1824–26</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege and Storm of Bhurtpore</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_50'>50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian Medal, 1799–1826</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Peninsula Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Egyptian Campaign, 1801</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Alexandria</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span><span class='sc'>The Turkish Medal for Egypt</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Maida, 1806</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Maida Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Roleia and Vimiera</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_74'>74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Medal for Roleia and Vimiera</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Sir John Moore’s Campaign</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Sahagun and Benevente</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Corunna, 1809</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_89'>89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Talavera, 1809</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_95'>95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Talavera Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_103'>103</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_105'>105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Busaco, 1810</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_107'>107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Barrosa, 1811</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_112'>112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Fuentes d’Onor</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_117'>117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Albuhera, 1811</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_124'>124</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Albuhera Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_130'>130</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Java, 1811</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_131'>131</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 1812</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_135'>135</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Badajoz, 1812</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Salamanca, 1812</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_141'>141</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Fort Detroit</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_144'>144</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Vittoria, 1813</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_147'>147</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Actions of the Pyrenees</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_151'>151</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of San Sebastian, 1813</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_158'>158</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Gold Cross and Clasps</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_161'>161</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action of Chateauguay</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_165'>165</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Passage of the Nivelle, 1813</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_167'>167</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action at Chrystler’s Farm</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_169'>169</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Passage of the Nive</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_171'>171</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Orthes, 1814</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_174'>174</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Toulouse, 1814</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_176'>176</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Campaign in Flanders</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_180'>180</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action at Quatre Bras</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_181'>181</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action of June 17th, 1815</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Waterloo</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_186'>186</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span><span class='sc'>The Waterloo Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_197'>197</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Cape Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_199'>199</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Campaigns in South Africa, 1834–5</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_201'>201</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Kaffir War, 1846–7</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_204'>204</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Third Kaffir War, 1850–53</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_206'>206</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Campaign against the Galekas and Gaikas, 1877–78</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_213'>213</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Campaign against the Griquas, 1878</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Basuto War, 1879–80</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Zulu War, 1879</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_218'>218</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Operations against Sekukuni</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_230'>230</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Afghanistan Medals and Star</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_233'>233</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The First Afghan War, 1839</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_235'>235</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Ghuznee</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_237'>237</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Defence of Jellalabad</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Afghan Campaign, 1842</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_247'>247</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Advance on Cabool</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_248'>248</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Kandahar, 1842</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_253'>253</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Kelat-i-Ghilzie</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_254'>254</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Gonine</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_255'>255</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Re-Capture of Ghuznee</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_256'>256</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Afghan War, 1878–9–80</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_258'>258</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Ali Musjid</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_260'>260</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Peiwar Kotul</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_261'>261</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Charasia</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_264'>264</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Cabul, 1879</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_268'>268</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Ahmed Khel</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_272'>272</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>March to Kandahar, 1880</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_274'>274</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The China Medals, 1840–60</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_278'>278</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The First Chinese War, 1840–42</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_279'>279</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Chinese War, 1856–60</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_286'>286</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Action of Fatshan Creek</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_287'>287</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Canton</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_290'>290</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of the Peiho Forts, 1858</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_292'>292</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of the Taku Forts, 1860</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_293'>293</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Occupation of Pekin</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_295'>295</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span><span class='sc'>The Scinde Medals, 1843</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_298'>298</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Battle of Meeanee</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_299'>299</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Hyderabad</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_302'>302</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Battles of Maharajpoor and Punniar, 1843</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_304'>304</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sutlej and Punjaub Medals</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_308'>308</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sutlej Campaign, 1845–46</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_309'>309</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Moodkee</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_310'>310</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Ferozeshah</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_312'>312</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Aliwal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_315'>315</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Sobraon</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_318'>318</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Punjaub Campaign, 1848–9—Siege of Mooltan</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_321'>321</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Chilianwala</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_325'>325</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Goojerat</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_329'>329</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The New Zealand Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_329'>329</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>First New Zealand War, 1845–7</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_332'>332</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second New Zealand War, 1860–66</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_338'>338</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian General Service Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_346'>346</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Burmese War, 1852–3</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_347'>347</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Persian Campaign, 1856–7</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_352'>352</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>North West Frontier Expeditions, 1849–63</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_356'>356</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Afridis, 1850</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_356'>356</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Hussunzies and Boree Afridis, 1852–3</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_358'>358</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Lurruckzai Mohmunds, &c., 1854–5</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_359'>359</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Afridis and Bozdars</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_359'>359</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Against the Cabul Khail Wuzerees, &c., 1859</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_360'>360</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Umbeyla Campaign</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_361'>361</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Bhootan, 1864–5–6</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_364'>364</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Looshai, 1871–72</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_366'>366</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Perak, 1875–76</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_367'>367</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Jowaki, 1877–8</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_369'>369</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Naga, 1875–80</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_370'>370</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Burma, 1885–87–89</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_371'>371</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Sikkim, 1888</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_374'>374</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Hazara, 1888</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_375'>375</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Chin-Lushai, 1889–90</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_376'>376</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span><span class='sc'>Samana, 1891</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_377'>377</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Crimean Medal, 1854–56</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_378'>378</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of the Alma</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_380'>380</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Sebastopol</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_394'>394</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>First Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_395'>395</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Balaklava</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_398'>398</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Sortie of Oct. 26th</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_403'>403</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Inkermann</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_404'>404</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Second Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_425'>425</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Third Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_431'>431</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Fourth Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_434'>434</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Fifth Bombardment of Sebastopol</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_439'>439</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Final Bombardment and Fall of Sebastopol</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_440'>440</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The French Military Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_445'>445</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Names and Deeds of Recipients</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_446'>446</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sardinian Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_478'>478</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Names and Deeds of Recipients</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_479'>479</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Turkish War Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_509'>509</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_510'>510</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Victoria Cross</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_511'>511</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Names and Deeds of Recipients</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_512'>512</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian Mutiny Medal, 1857–58</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_545'>545</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Siege of Delhi</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_546'>546</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Defence of Lucknow</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_557'>557</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Relief of Lucknow</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_568'>568</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Capture of Lucknow</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_573'>573</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Campaign in Central India, 1858</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_578'>578</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Abyssinian Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_587'>587</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Abyssinia Expedition, 1868</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_588'>588</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ashantee Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_594'>594</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ashantee War, 1873–74</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_595'>595</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Egyptian and Soudan Medals</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_602'>602</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Bombardment of Alexandria, 1882</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_604'>604</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Battle of Tel-el-Kebir, 1882</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_607'>607</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>War in the Soudan, Battle of El Teb</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_610'>610</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span><span class='sc'>Tamaai, 1884</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_614'>614</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Suakin, 1884</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_616'>616</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Nile, 1884–5</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_617'>617</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Abu Klea, 1885</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_619'>619</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Kirbekan, 1885</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_623'>623</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Suakin, 1885</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_625'>625</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Tofrek, 1885</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_628'>628</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Gemaizah, 1888</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_631'>631</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Toski, 1889</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_632'>632</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>North West Canada Medal, 1885</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_634'>634</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Indian General Service Medal, 1891</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_635'>635</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_636'>636</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal for Meritorious Service</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_637'>637</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>East India Company’s Medal, 1848</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_638'>638</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Distinguished Service Order</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_639'>639</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Indian Order of Merit</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_639'>639</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Miscellaneous Military Medals</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_640'>640</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Regimental Medals</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_645'>645</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medals of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteers</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_650'>650</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'>COLOURED PLATES.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Gold Cross</span></td> + <td class='c010'><i><a href='#Frontispiece'>Frontispiece</a></i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian War Medal and the Guznee Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>to face page <a href='#i011fp'>11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Seringapatam Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i015fp'>15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Peninsula Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i054fp'>54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Turkish Medal for Egypt</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i070fp'>70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Talavera Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i103fp'>103</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Waterloo Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i197fp'>197</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Afghanistan Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i233fp'>233</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Star for General Roberts’ March</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i275fp'>275</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Medal for First Chinese War and Second Burmese War</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i279fp'>279</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span><span class='sc'>The Second Jellalabad Medal, and the Maharajpoor Star</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i303fp'>303</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sutlej and Punjaub Medals</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i308fp'>308</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The New Zealand Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i332fp'>332</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian General Service Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i346fp'>346</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Crimean Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i378fp'>378</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The French War Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i445fp'>445</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Sardinian Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i477fp'>477</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Turkish Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i509fp'>509</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i510fp'>510</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Victoria Cross</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i511fp'>511</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Indian Mutiny Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i545fp'>545</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Abyssinia Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i587fp'>587</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ashantee Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i594fp'>594</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Egyptian Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i602fp'>602</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Khedive’s Star</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i604fp'>604</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Meritorious Service Medal, and the Cape Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'>„      „      <a href='#i637fp'>637</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='2'>WOODCUTS.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c010'>PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Dunbar Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Maida Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Coin of Ellis</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_198'>198</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The South African Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_200'>200</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ghuznee Medal, 1839</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The First Jellalabad Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_246'>246</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Ghuznee and Cabul Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_257'>257</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>The Germantown Medal</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_648'>648</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Medal of the Duke of Cumberland’s Sharpshooters</span></td> + <td class='c010'><a href='#Page_651'>651</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BRITISH WAR MEDALS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The highest rewards in all ages and nations have invariably +been bestowed upon deeds of valour and martial daring; and +no renown has generally been considered equal to that honorably +gained by Arms in face of an enemy. The most noble families +are proud to trace their descent from some celebrated warrior, +and any distinction or trophy won by him is usually more +treasured and prized than any other dignity or mark of honour. +The custom of striking medals to commemorate victories, important +events, or in honour of remarkable persons or deeds, dates +from the times of the Greeks and Romans; but only in modern +times have medals been issued as a reward of martial services, +and worn as personal decorations.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Gold chains and medals were frequently bestowed by Princes +in the XV. and XVI. centuries on Ambassadors, and others +whom they wished to honour, and these marks of favor were +certainly intended to be worn by the recipients; Queen Elizabeth<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c013'><sup>[1]</sup></a> +gave medals for naval achievements; but not until the +next century can instances be found of such rewards being +conferred for distinguished services in the field. Probably the +earliest Medal in existence struck by, or for an Englishman, is +a war medal dated 1480, of large size, and in the early Italian +style. On the obverse is a head with “<span class='sc'>Jo Kendal Rhodi. +Turcupellarius</span>,” and on the reverse the arms of Kendal, with +the inscription “<span class='sc'>Tempore obsidionis Turcorum, mcccclxxx</span>.” +The first medals given in England for Military services were +<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>struck by order of Charles I., by a warrant dated from the +Court at Oxford, May 18th. 1643; to reward such soldiers as +distinguished themselves in forlorn hopes. The warrant was +issued to the Wardens of the Mint:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-l c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“<span class='sc'>Charles R.</span>,</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c015'>“Trusty and well-beloved, we greet you +well: whereas we have received information that those soldiers +which have been forward to serve us in the Forlorn-hope, are +not looked upon according to their merited valour and loyal +service. We do therefore require, that from henceforward, the +Commander-in-Chief, both of Horse and Foot, which lead up +the Forlorn-hope, upon whom also we mean to bestow special +tokens of our princely favour, do signify in writing the names +of those soldiers whom they find most forward in serving us, +their King and country, that care may be taken to reward their +deservings, and make them specially known to all our good +subjects. For which end we have thought fit to require Sir +William Parkhurst, Kt., and Thomas Bushell, Esq., Wardens of +our Mint, to provide from time to time certain Badges of Silver, +containing our Royal image, and that of our dearest son, Prince +Charles, to be delivered to wear on the breast of every man who +shall be certified under the hands of their Commander-in-Chief +to have done us faithful service in the Forlorn-hope.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“And we do therefore, most straightly command, that no +soldier at any time do sell, nor any of our subjects presume to +buy, or wear, any of these said Badges, other than they to whom +we shall give the same, and that under such pain and punishment +as our Council of War shall think fit to inflict, if any +shall presume to offend against this our Royal command. And +we further require the said Commanders and Wardens of our +Mint, to keep several Registers of the names of those, and of +their country, for whom they shall give their certificate. Given +at our Court at Oxford the 18th. day of May, 1643.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>These Medals had the effigy of the King on one side, and +of Prince Charles on the other.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On Sunday, October 23rd., 1642, was fought the battle of +Edgehill, in which Robert Welsh or Walsh, an Irish gentleman, +who commanded a troop of horse, succeeded in recovering from +<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>the Parliamentary forces, the standard of the King’s own regiment, +taken by them, and also captured two pieces of cannon, +and a waggon belonging to the Earl of Essex. The following +morning, the king, upon the top of Edgehill, knighted Mr. Walsh, +who was presented to him with these trophies by Prince Rupert; +and on the 1st. of June, 1643, a gold medal was ordered for +this officer, the obverse to bear the royal figure and his son +Prince Charles, the reverse to have the royal banner used in +the above battle, to be inscribed “<span class='sc'>Per Regale Mandatum +Caroli Regis hoc assignatur Roberto Welch Militi</span>.” Sir +Harris Nicolas states that a copy of the warrant, with a drawing +of the medal, which is oval, having on one side the effigies of the +king and of Prince Charles, inscribed <span class='sc'>Car. Rex. M. B. F. et +H. Car. Princeps</span>; and on the reverse the royal standard, in +bend sinister, inscribed “<span class='sc'>Per Regale Mandatv’ Caroli Regis +hoc assignatur Rob: Welch Militi</span>,” was recorded in the +College of Arms, on the 14th. of August, 1685. This medal +was worn on the breast, as appears by the knight’s own +narrative, printed for himself in 1679. The long parliament +passed an act in 1649, enacting that the tenth of all prizes +due to the Lord High Admiral, should be appropriated for +medals or other rewards for eminent service at sea, which +ordinance was repeated in the succeeding year.<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c013'><sup>[2]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>After the defeat of the Scots at Dunbar, by Cromwell, on the +3rd. of September, 1650, the House of Commons “ordered that +it be referred to the committee of the army, to consider what +medals may be prepared for officers and soldiers, that were +in this service in Scotland, and set the proportions and the +values of them, and their number, and present the estimate +of them to the House.” The house voted that the officers +and men “which did this excellent service” should be presented +with gold and silver medals. Simon, an eminent +engraver of that day, was sent to Cromwell, to consult with +him as to the device for this medal. Dr. Harris, in the +appendix to his “Historical and Critical Account of Oliver +Cromwell,” page 538, has printed an original letter of Cromwell’s +to the parliament (then in the possession of James +<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>Lamb, Esq., of Fairford, in Gloucestershire, and subsequently +of John Raymond Barker, of the same place), on Symond’s +(Simon) proceeding as above stated. The letter is highly +characteristic, and is as follows.—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-l c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“For ye Honble the Committee for the Army, these.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c015'>“Gentl.,—It was not a little wonder to me to see that you +should send Mr. Symonds so great a journey about a business +importinge so little, as far as it relates to me when, as if +my poore opinion may not be rejected by you, I have to +offer to that wch I thinke the most noble end, to witt, the +commemoracon of that great mercie at Dunbar, and the +gratuitie to the army, wch might better be expressed upon +the meddal by engraving as on the one side the Parliamt, +wch I heare was intended, and will do singularly well; so, +on the other side, an army wth this inscription over the +head of it, The Lord of Hosts, wch was or word that day: +wherefore, if I may begg it as a favor from you, I most +earnestly beseech you, if I may do it wth out offence, that +it may be soe; and if you thinke not fitt to have it as I +offer, you may alter it as you see cause, only I doe thinke +I may truely say it will be verie thankfully acknowledged +by me, if you will spare the having my effigies in it.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“The gentlemans paynes and trouble hither have been verie +great, and I shall make it my seconde suite unto you that +you will please to conferr upon him that imploymt in yr +service wch Nicholas Briott had before him; indeed, the man +is ingenious and worthie of encouragemt. I may not presume +much, but if at my request and for my sake he may obteyne +this favor, I shall put it upon the accompt of my obligacons, +wch are not a few, and I hope shal be found readie +gratefully to acknowledge and to approve myself, Gentl.,</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“Yor most reall servant,</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-l c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“Edinburgh, 4th. of Feb., 1650–1.” “<span class='sc'>O. Cromwell.</span>”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Cromwell’s modesty was over-ruled, and the medal bears his +bust. On the obverse is the head of Cromwell, profile; +under the shoulder, Tho: Simon F.; the motto about the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>head, <span class='sc'>Word at Dunbar,—The Lord of Hosts,—Septem ye +3, 1650</span>; behind the head a prospect of the battle. The +reverse has the House of Commons sitting, as represented +on the Parliament Great Seal, 1648, and also on that of the +Commonwealth, 1651. It is remarkable also for Cromwell’s +likeness when Lieutenant-General. This is engraved in “The +Medallick History of England,” and in “Simon’s Medals and +Coins.” The Dunbar Medal is of two sizes,<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c013'><sup>[3]</sup></a> and is the +first given generally to officers and men, as is the present +practice, and no instance occurred of a general distribution of +medals by the Sovereign’s command until that for Waterloo +was authorised.<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c013'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_b_005.jpg' alt='Illustration with two oval panels connected side-by-side. Left panel shows a profile portrait labeled “The Lord of Hosts,” identified as Oliver Cromwell, with the date September 1650. Right panel shows a large parliamentary or assembly hall filled with seated figures facing a central speaker.' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In the two works immediately referred to there are engravings +of several medals, probably worn by officers and +soldiers as honorary badges; some contain the effigy of King +Charles the First or Prince Rupert, or Sir Thomas Fairfax +or his son, or the Earls of Essex, Manchester, or Dumferline, +General Rossiter, or of other Parliamentary commanders; on +<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>the reverse were their names or arms, or a representation +of the Parliament, or the words <span class='sc'>Meruisti</span>, or <span class='sc'><span lang="la">Pro Religione +Lege et Parliamento</span></span>, or <span class='sc'>For King and Parliament</span>. It +now seems impossible to discover the precise history of these +medals. The victory of Naseby, on the 14th. of June, 1645, +was commemorated by a silver-gilt medal, with a ring: on +one side was the effigy of Sir Thomas Fairfax, inscribed, +<span class='sc'>Tho: Fairfax miles Milit. Parl. Dux. Gen.</span>; the reverse +bore <span class='sc'>Meruisti</span>, within a circle, and <span class='sc'>Post Hæc Meliora, 1645</span>. +The Parliamentary medal, which was distinct from the naval +medal, before adverted to, cannot be described with certainty; +but it is supposed to have had the effigies of the victorious +generals on one side, and the Parliament on the other. It +appears to have been instituted soon after that for Dunbar, +as the House of Commons conferred it on Colonel Mackworth, +by resolution dated the 27th. of August, 1651, with a chain +of gold to the value of one hundred pounds. This officer +was governor of Shrewsbury, and his service consisted in +refusing to surrender the castle and garrison when summoned +by the forces of the royalists.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With these exceptions the medals of the Commonwealth +era appear to have been given for naval services against the +Dutch, such distinctions being granted to Generals Blake +and Monk, Vice-Admiral Penn, and Rear-Admiral Lawson, +and certain officers of the fleet. Blake’s medal for the victory +over the Dutch fleet off the Texel, in 1653, was purchased +by William the Fourth for one hundred and fifty guineas. +At this period the position of these officers was scarcely +defined, for at times they appear to have fought on land +as well as at sea.<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c013'><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The medals of succeeding reigns appear to have been +confined to naval services: although medals were struck in +commemoration of the victories of the great Duke of Marlborough, +it is certain that they were not worn by either +officers or soldiers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After the battle of Culloden, on the 16th. of April, 1746, a +gold medal was struck, having on the obverse, the head of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>Duke of Cumberland; the reverse had a figure of Apollo, and +a dragon pierced by an arrow, inscribed, <span class='sc'>Actum est ilicet +perit</span>, and in the exergue, <span class='sc'>Præl.</span> Colod. <span class='sc'>Ap.</span> xvi., <span class='fss'>MDCCXLVI.</span> +This medal was given to officers who commanded regiments +at the battle, and was worn round the neck by a crimson +ribbon with a green border.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The medals granted by the <span class='sc'>Honourable East India Company</span><a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c013'><sup>[6]</sup></a> +are next in order of time.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A medal was issued to Officers and men, by the East India +Company, for the Campaigns in the Deccan, against Hyder Ali +and his son Tippoo Sahib, 1780–84. This medal was granted +by an order in Council, January 19th., 1784, and was in gold, +silver, and inferior metal. Obverse, Britannia, seated upon a +trophy of Arms, holding a wreath in her outstretched hand +towards a fortress in the distance. Reverse, an inscription +in Persian, which may thus be translated: “The courage and +exertions of those valiant men by whom the name of Englishmen +has been celebrated and exalted from Hindostan to the +Deccan, having been established throughout the world, this +has been granted by the Government of Calcutta, in commemoration +of the excellent services of the brave. Year of +the Hegira, 1199,” <i>i.e.</i>, 1784. Within a circle is the following +legend, also in Persian: “As coins are current in the world, +so shall the bravery and exploits of those heroes by whom +the names of the victorious English nation was carried from +Bengal to the Deccan.” Suspended from a yellow cord.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In 1793, June 4th., by an order in Council, the East India +Company granted a medal to the Officers and men under +Lord Cornwallis, General Meadows, and General Abercromby, +engaged in the war in Mysore, 1791–92, against Tippoo Sahib. +The medal was issued in gold, silver, etc., as the Deccan Medal. +Obverse, a Sepoy in the Military costume of the time, holding +the British flag in his right hand, in his left the Mysore +banner reversed, in the background a view of Seringapatam. +Reverse, within a wreath, “For services in the Mysore, 1791–1792”; +surrounded by a Persian inscription, “A token of the +bravery of the troops of the English Government in the war +in the Mysore, in the year of the Hegira, 1205–1206.”</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>There were two sizes of this medal in silver, and it was +worn suspended from a yellow silk cord.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One of the most dashing exploits in the war of Mysore was +the capture of Bangalore, the second city in the dominions of +Tippoo. It was enclosed by a high wall and a deep ditch, +and the gate was covered by a close thicket of Indian thorns. +The attack was made without any examination of the ground, +and the troops in advancing and endeavouring to force an +entrance, were exposed to a destructive fire of musketry. +Colonel Moorhouse, one of the best officers in the service, +fell mortally wounded. At length Lieutenant Ayre, a man of +diminutive stature, succeeded in forcing his way through the +shattered gate; which gallant action, being observed by General +Meadows, he shouted to the stormers, “Well done! now +whiskers, try if you can follow and support the little gentleman.” +This animated appeal succeeded, the troops rushed +through the gate into the town, and drove out the enemy at +the point of the bayonet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By an order in Council, Fort William, May 15th. 1807, a +medal was granted to the troops engaged in the capture of +Ceylon from the Dutch, 1795–96. Obverse, “For services in +the Island of Ceylon, <span class='fss'>A.D.</span> 1795–96.” Reverse, an inscription +in Persian, “This medal was given by way of acknowledgement +of services in Ceylon, in the year of the Hegira, 1209–1210,” +suspended from a yellow silk cord. (<i>Seringapatam Medal, see +post</i>).</p> + +<p class='c008'>A medal for services in Egypt was granted by general order, +July 31st., 1802. In 1801, General Sir David Baird was +dispatched from India in command of a force of 2,800 British +troops, 2,000 Sepoys, and 400 picked artillerymen, to Egypt, +to join the army under Sir Ralph Abercromby, landed +them from England, to act against the French. Sir David +was joined on the 17th. of May, at Jeddah, in the Red Sea, +by an expedition from the Cape of Good Hope, consisting +of the 61st. Regiment, some light cavalry and artillery, and on +June 8th. landed at Cossier. (<i>See Egyptian Campaign, post</i>). +Obverse, a Sepoy holding a Union Jack in his right hand, +in rear, a camp, with an inscription in Persian: “This medal +has been presented in commemoration of the defeat of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>French armies in the Kingdom of Egypt, by the bravery and +ability of the victorious army of England.” Reverse, a ship +in full sail, with the Union Jack flying; pyramids and obelisk +in the back ground. In the exergue, the date, 1801. Worn +as the preceding.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In 1850 a clasp was added to this medal, which was sanctioned +by the Queen in 1848.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In July, 1810, a small Anglo-Indian force, under the command +of Colonel Keating, with a squadron of ships of the +Royal Navy, under Commodore Rowley, captured the Isle +of Bourbon from the French.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 29th. of November of the same year, an army of +about 10,000 men from India, commanded by General J. +Abercromby, assisted by a squadron of ships, under the command +of Vice-Admiral Bertie, landed in the Isle of France, +and after a smart action, in which the French were defeated, +General Decaen, the French Governor, proposed terms of +capitulation, and on December 3rd., surrendered the Island +to Great Britain. Two hundred and nine pieces of heavy +ordnance, with ample stores of ammunition, five French frigates, +and a corvette, with twenty-four merchant ships, were captured. +From that time, the Isle of France, henceforth known by +its older name of Mauritius, has remained a dependency of +the British crown.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For these services a medal was granted, by general order, +dated, Fort William, September 10th., 1811. Obverse, a Sepoy +holding the Union Jack, trampling on the French colours and +Eagle; by his side a gun; in the back ground, ships at anchor. +Reverse, within a wreath a Persian inscription: “This medal +was conferred in commemoration of the bravery and accustomed +fidelity exhibited by the Sepoys of the English +company in the capture of the Mauritius Islands, in the year +of the Hegira, 1223.” Round the wreath, “<span class='sc'>Rodrigues</span>, 6th. +July, <span class='fss'>MDCCCIX</span>. <span class='sc'>Bourbon</span>, 8th. July, and <span class='sc'>Isle of France</span>, +3rd. December, <span class='fss'>MDCCCX</span>.” The medal is worn as the preceding.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Her Majesty’s 69th. and 86th. Regiments were engaged in +this service.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By a general order, February 11th., 1812, a medal was +conferred on the troops, numbering about 12,000, engaged in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>the reduction of Java, under the command of General Sir +S. Auchmuty. (<i>See capture of Java, post</i>). Obverse, Sepoys +carrying Fort Cornelis; on the flag-staff is the British flag +over the Dutch, above, the word <span class='sc'>Cornelis</span>. Reverse, a Persian +inscription: “This medal was given in commemoration of the +valour and courage displayed by the Sepoys of the East India +Company, in the capture of Java, in the year of the Hegira, +1228.” The legend is in English, “Java, conquered, 26th. +August, <span class='fss'>MDCCCXI.</span>” Worn as the preceding.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Her Majesty’s 14th., 59th., 69th., 78th., and 89th. Regiments +of foot were present at the capture of Java.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A medal was granted by general order, March 20th., 1816, +for the two campaigns in Nepaul, 1814–16, under Generals +Marley, Wood, Gillespie (who was killed), and Ochterlony. +Obverse, troops marching across hills crowned with stockades; +on the left, a field gun. Reverse, inscription in Persian: +“This medal was given by the Nawab Governor-General +Bahadur, in testimony of the energy, good service, skill, and +intrepidity which were displayed during the campaigns on the +hills, in the year of the Hegira, 1229–1230.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Worn as the preceding. A clasp for Nepaul was granted +with the “Army of India” Medal in 1851. (<i>See War in +Nepaul, post</i>).</p> + +<p class='c008'>In 1826, April 22nd., a medal was granted for the first +Burmese War, 1824–26, troops commanded by Sir Archibald +Campbell and General Morrison. Obverse, the white Elephant +of Burmah crouching to the British Lion; the Burmese colours +lowered to the Union Jack, palm-trees in the back ground. +A Persian inscription: “The Elephant Ava submitting to +the British Lion, 1826.” Reverse, a storming party advancing +towards the Great Pagoda of Rangoon, a steam-boat +and boats on the river Irrawaddy; Sir A. Campbell directing +the movement in the foreground, under a palm-tree. An inscription +in Persian: “The Standard of the victorious army of +England in Ava.” This medal is by Wyon, and worn with +a crimson ribbon with blue edge. A clasp for “Ava,” was +given with the “Army of India” Medal in 1851. (<i>See War +in Ava, post</i>).</p> + +<div id='i011fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_011fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Indian War Medal.—1799–1826<br> <br> The Ghuznee Medal.—1830</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN WAR MEDAL.<br> <span class='c016'>1799–1826.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the 21st. of March, 1851, a General Order was issued, +announcing that The Queen had been pleased to signify her +assent to a measure that had been proposed by the Court of +Directors of the East India Company, of granting a medal +to the surviving officers and soldiers of the Crown, who were +engaged in the following services in India:—Storm of Allighur, +September 4th., 1803; Battle of Delhi, September 11th., 1803; +Battle of Assaye, September 23rd., 1803; Siege of Asseer Ghur, +October 21st., 1803; Battle of Lawsarree, November 1st., 1803; +Battle of Argaum, November 29th., 1803; Siege and Storm of +Gawilghur, December 15th., 1803; Defence of Delhi, October, +1804; Battle of Deig, November 13th., 1804; Capture of Deig, +December 23rd., 1804; War in Nepaul in 1816; Battle of +Kirkee, and Battle and Capture of Poona, November, 1817; +Battle of Seetabuldee, and Battle and Capture of Nagpoor, +November and December, 1817; Battle of Maheidpore, December +21st., 1817; Defence of Corygaum, January 1st., 1818; War +in Ava, 1824 to 1826; and Siege and Capture of Bhurtpore, +January, 1826.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The mode of application was similar to that specified in the +General Order granting the War Medal, (<i>see War or Peninsula +Medal, post</i>,) but the concluding paragraph announced that, +“It having, moreover, been represented to Her Majesty, that +the officers and soldiers of the Crown, who were engaged in the +Mysore war, and at the Siege of Seringapatam had already +received medals from the East India Company for those services, +Her Majesty has further been graciously pleased to +permit the same to be worn by them with their uniforms.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Following the order of date, the first service is</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>THE MYSORE WAR AND SIEGE OF SERINGAPATAM.<br> <span class='sc'>February to May, 1799.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Although the reduction of the power and resources of +Tippoo Sahib, effected by the treaty of Seringapatam, which +terminated the campaign of 1792, had weakened his influence, +yet it had not extinguished his intense hatred of the British. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>The Sultan had entered into a negotiation with the Governor of +the Isle of France, in 1798, and sent an embassy to Zemaun +Shah, Sovereign of Cabool, for the purpose of inducing him to +attack the possessions of the Company. Having also derived +encouragement from the successes of the French arms in Egypt, +from which country the Directory intended to act against the +British dominions in India, Tippoo commenced augmenting his +military force, and his hostile designs became every day more +apparent. The Governor-General the Earl of Mornington +(afterwards Marquis of Wellesley) perceiving a rupture inevitable, +resolved to anticipate the attack, and ordered the army +to take the field, and march into the heart of Tippoo’s +territory.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General George (afterwards Lord) Harris, who was +serving with the local rank of Lieutenant-General, in conformity +to these orders, advanced with the army under his command +on the 11th. of February, 1799, and entered the Mysore territory +on the 5th. of March. On the 27th. the troops arrived +at Mallavelly, and on approaching the ground of encampment +the forces of Tippoo were seen drawn up on a height a few +miles off. The enemy attacked the advanced pickets, and a +general action ensued, in which the 33rd. regiment highly distinguished +itself. A body of two thousand men moved forward +in the best order towards the regiment, which, firmly standing +its ground, coolly reserved its fire until within a distance of +about sixty yards, and then led by its Lieutenant-Colonel, the +Honourable Arthur Wellesley, in person, boldly advanced, and +charging with the bayonet, compelled the approaching column +to give way. This movement being seconded by Major-General +Floyd, who made a rapid charge with the cavalry, completed +the disorder, and the enemy retreated before the whole of the +British line, which immediately moved forward.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While this attack was being made by the left wing, under +Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Arthur Wellesley, with the +Nizam’s contingent, the 33rd., and Major-General Floyd’s +cavalry, Lieutenant-General Harris with the troops, which +formed the right wing, had been also engaged.<a id='r7'></a><a href='#f7' class='c013'><sup>[7]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>In this affair Tippoo sustained a loss of nearly two thousand, +including some of his most valuable officers; whilst the British +casualties amounted to only sixty-six men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the following morning the army advanced, and arrived +before Seringapatam on the 5th. of April, when preparations +for the siege were at once commenced.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An attack was made on an entrenchment of the enemy about +six o’clock in the evening of the 20th. of April, in which the +flank companies of the 12th. and 73rd. regiments were +employed. This was successful, and although the enemy +had two hundred and fifty men killed and wounded, and +the entrenchment was occupied by about eighteen hundred +of Tippoo’s infantry, the British had but one man wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The siege was prosecuted with vigour, and a breach being +reported practicable on the 3rd. of May, the assault was ordered +to take place in the heat of the following day, as the besieged +would then be the least prepared to oppose the attack. On +this service were employed the ten flank companies of the +European corps necessarily left to guard the camp, and outposts, +followed by the 12th., 33rd., 73rd., and 74th. regiments, +three corps of grenadier Sepoys, two hundred of the Nizam’s +<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>troops, a hundred of the artillery, and the corps of pioneers, +the whole under the orders of Major-General (afterwards Sir +David) Baird. The assault took place about half-past one +o’clock in the afternoon of the 4th. of May, and in a short +space of time the British colours waved over the fortress.<a id='r8'></a><a href='#f8' class='c013'><sup>[8]</sup></a> +The Major-General had divided his force for the purpose of +clearing the ramparts to the right and left; one division was +commanded by Colonel Sherbrooke, and the other by Lieutenant-Colonel +Dunlop; the latter was wounded, but both corps, +although strongly opposed, were completely successful. The +spirited attack, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, of the +74th. Highlanders, was particularly mentioned in general +orders, in which all the officers and men were thanked +for this memorable achievement. The body of Tippoo Sultan +was found among heaps of slain, and was afterwards interred +in the magnificent mausoleum which he had erected over the +tomb of his father, the once powerful Hyder Ali, a portion +of the victorious troops attending the ceremony.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In this manner terminated the siege of Seringapatam, and +the fall of the capital placed the kingdom of Mysore at the +disposal of the British government, and destroyed a power in +India which had proved itself a formidable enemy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged in the storming and +capture of Seringapatam on the 4th. of May, 1799; namely, +the 19th. and 22nd. (late 25th.) Light Dragoons, (both since +disbanded;) the 12th., 33rd., 73rd., 74th., 75th., 77th. regiments, +the Scots Brigade, afterwards the 94th.<a id='r9'></a><a href='#f9' class='c013'><sup>[9]</sup></a> regiment, and +the 103rd.</p> + +<div id='i015fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_015fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p><span class='sc'>The Seringapatam Medal.</span>—1799.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE SERINGAPATAM MEDAL,<a id='r10'></a><a href='#f10' class='c013'><sup>[10]</sup></a> 1799.</h2> +</div> +<p class='c012'>This medal was distributed to officers and soldiers—European +and Native—on one side of it is represented the storming of +the breach of Seringapatam, from an actual drawing on the +spot, with the meridian sun, denoting the time of the storm, +and the following inscription in Persian underneath:—“The +Fort of Seringapatam, the gift of God, the 4th. May, 1799.” +On the reverse side is the British Lion subduing the Tiger, +the emblem of the late Tippoo Sultan’s Government, with the +period when it was effected, and the following words in Arabic +on the banner:—“<span class='sc'>Assud otta-ul Ghaulib</span>,” signifying the +Lion of God is the Conqueror, or the Conquering Lion of God.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Of these medals gold ones were struck for His Majesty, the +Right Honourable Lord Melville, the Governor-General of India +at the time, the Marquis Cornwallis, the Nizam and his two +ministers, the Peishwah and his minister, the Nabobs of Arcot +and Oude, and the Rajahs of Tanjore, Travancore, Mysore, +Coorga, and Berar, Dowlut Rao Scindiah, the Commander-in-Chief, +general officers on the staff employed in the Service, +and for the Oriental Museum.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Silver-gilt medals were struck for the members of council +at the three Presidencies, the Residents of Hydrabad and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>Poonah, the field officers, and the general staff on the service. +Silver for the captains and subalterns, copper-bronzed for the +non-commissioned officers, and pure grain tin for the privates.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The European officers of the Company’s service received +permission in August, 1815, to wear the Seringapatam Medal. +On the 16th. of that month the following representation was +made to the Right Honourable the Earl of Buckinghamshire:—</p> + +<p class='c015'>“<span class='sc'>My Lord</span>,</p> + +<p class='c017'>“Medals having been struck by the +Court of Directors, with the approbation and concurrence of +His Majesty’s Ministers, in commemoration of the storming of +Seringapatam, and of the other splendid successes of the British +Army in Mysore, in 1799; to be executed by an eminent +artist, and distributed to the officers and soldiers, both of His +Majesty’s, and of the Company’s troops, who served in that +brilliant and decisive campaign.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“The European officers of the Company’s Service have represented +to us that highly as they have been gratified with the +receipt of those honourable bestowments, they experienced considerable +mortification in not feeling themselves at liberty to +wear them on great public occasions, such as being presented +at Court, and at the Military Levees of His Royal Highness +the Commander-in-Chief.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“This sentiment necessarily strikes them with peculiar force +at the present period, when all the officers of Europe, who +have distinguished themselves in the service of their several +Sovereigns, appear upon all public occasions, decorated with +the honourable badges of their services and glory.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“We therefore intreat your Lordship to transmit these circumstances +to His Royal Highness, the Prince Regent, and to +solicit his gracious permission, that the medals granted by the +East India Company, upon the occasion of the capture of +Seringapatam by storm on the 4th. of May, 1799, and the +other splendid successes of the British Army in Mysore in that +year, may be worn by the officers, who have received them, +in such manner, and at such times as to His Highness may +appear proper.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“We have etc.,</div> + <div class='line in8'>“<span class='sc'>Charles Grant</span>.</div> + <div class='line in8'>“<span class='sc'>Thomas Read.</span>”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>This request was complied with in a letter, dated Whitehall, +29th. August, 1815, of which the accompanying is an extract:—</p> + +<p class='c015'>“Gentlemen,</p> + +<p class='c017'>“His Royal Highness has been pleased +to grant his gracious permission that such officers may wear +their medals in any part of His Majesty’s dominions.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“To the Chairman and      (Signed) <span class='sc'>Buckinghamshire.</span>”</div> + <div class='line'>Deputy-Chairman.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span> + <h2 class='c006'>STORM OF ALLIGHUR.<br> <span class='sc'>4th. September, 1803.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This service occurred during the Mahratta war. The +empire of the Mahrattas, of which Sevajee was the founder, +had become a confederacy of five chieftains, the Peishwah, +Scindiah, Holkar, the Rajah of Berar, and the Guicowar; +each of whom, although acknowledging a kind of fealty to the +descendant of Sevajee, was independent of the other. The +<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>Peishwah, who was regarded as the nominal head of the confederation, +was considered only as an instrument in the hands +of the strongest. Dowlut Rao Scindiah, who ruled over Malwa +and Candeish, had acquired an absolute control in the +councils of Bajee Rao, the Peishwah, and was regarded with +great jealousy by his rival Holkar. Both these chieftains +had armies officered by Europeans, principally Frenchmen. +Holkar suddenly crossed the Nerbudda, marched on Poonah, +and having defeated the united troops of Scindiah and the +Peishwah, the latter placed himself under the protection of the +British, and after his restoration in May, 1803, it was ascertained +that Scindiah was in <span lang="fr">négociation</span> with Holkar and the +Berar Rajah, with a view to subvert the British alliance with +the Peishwah. After the evasions and procrastinations inseparable +from oriental diplomacy, hostilities commenced, Major-General +the Honourable Arthur Wellesley being appointed to +the chief command of the British and allied troops in the +territories of the Peishwah, of the Nizam, and of any +Mahratta state; subject alone to the orders of General Stuart +and General Lake, the Commander-in-Chief in India.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Lake was instructed to conquer the whole of Scindiah’s +territory between the Jumna and the Ganges, to seize +upon Delhi and Agra, and to destroy the army commanded +by General Perron, a French officer. On the 7th. of August, +1803, the troops advanced from Cawnpore, and entered the +Mahratta territory on the morning of the 29th. of that month. +Perron occupied a strong position, with about fifteen thousand +men, in the vicinity of Coel. General Lake resolved to turn +his left flank, against which he advanced, but the enemy +retired after firing a few rounds, without venturing a regular +engagement; the rapidity of his flight rendering the several +attempts made to charge him quite ineffectual. After this affair, +Perron took up a position between the town of Coel and the +fortress of Allighur, and every effort to induce the governor +to surrender proving unsuccessful, the necessary arrangements +were made for the assault of the fort.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Allighur was a place of considerable strength, the country +being levelled around and open to its fire in every direction. +It was provided with a broad ditch and a fine glacis, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>had only one entrance, which was very intricate, and over +a narrow causeway. On the 4th. of September, a storming +party, consisting of four companies of the 76th., with two +battalions and four companies of native infantry, was placed +under the orders of the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Monson. +At half-past four o’clock in the morning it had advanced +within a few hundred yards of the place before being discovered; +when, a tremendous fire being opened, the colonel +rushed forward with the flank companies of the regiment, in +the hope of being able to enter the main gateway with a +fugitive guard which had been stationed in a breastwork outside +the place. In this he was disappointed, and, as the enemy’s +cross fire was very severe, Major Macleod, and two grenadiers +of the regiment, endeavoured to scale the wall, but encountered +such a powerful phalanx of pikemen that they were compelled +to fall back. A gun was with some difficulty placed opposite +to the gate, which, after a few discharges, was blown open. +During these operations the party for twenty minutes was exposed +to a raking fire of grape, wall pieces, and matchlocks. +Colonel Monson was severely wounded by a pike discharged +from a gun, and the adjutant and four officers of grenadiers +were killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After clearing the first gate, a long and intricate passage +conducted the troops, in the midst of a heavy cross fire, +through a second and third gateway, which were easily +forced, to a fourth, that led immediately into the body of +the place. With great difficulty the gun was brought up, +but the gate could not be blown open. At last the grenadiers, +with Major Macleod at their head, succeeded in pushing +through the wicket, and mounted the ramparts, after which +but little opposition was offered by the Mahrattas, who for +the space of an hour had made a most vigorous defence. They +lost about two thousand men, while the casualties of the +assailants were likewise severe.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As Allighur was the chief residence and principal depôt of +General Perron, a large quantity of ordnance and military +stores were captured, and several carriages were found laden +with treasure, which the victors divided amongst themselves +on the spot. A few days after the fall of this fortress, +General Perron withdrew from the Mahratta service; his +popularity amongst the natives had excited the jealousy of +Scindiah, whose conduct would have palliated a severe retaliation; +but the high-minded Frenchman, disdaining an +unworthy action, resigned the command under circumstances +most honourable to his personal character.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 76th. may feel proud of the praise which was bestowed +upon the regiment and its officers by the Governor-General +for their gallantry.<a id='r11'></a><a href='#f11' class='c013'><sup>[11]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF DELHI.<br> <span class='sc'>11th. September, 1803.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Although General Perron had been permitted to enter the +British territories, the troops which he had commanded still +remained under other officers. Having left a sufficient force +at Allighur, the British proceeded towards Delhi on the 7th. +of September. After a fatiguing march of eighteen miles, +and when, on the 11th. of that month, they had arrived +within two leagues of the city, information was received that +M. Louis Bourquin, another French officer in command of +Scindiah’s army, had crossed the Jumna with a numerous force, +in order to attack General Lake. This intelligence was quickly +confirmed by an attack upon the outlying pickets which had +just been posted.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British commander immediately proceeded with the +whole of his cavalry to reconnoitre the enemy, and found +them drawn up in order of battle on a rising ground, their +flanks resting on a morass, while the front was defended by +a line of entrenchments and a formidable artillery. As it +was considered impossible to make any impression upon so +<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>excellent a position by a direct attack, stratagem was employed +to induce them to quit it. The cavalry, which had +proceeded considerably in advance, were directed to fall back +before the Mahrattas, and afterwards to form behind the right +wing of the infantry. This manœuvre was completely successful; +the cavalry retired, while the infantry were quickly +formed, and advanced in line, under a tremendous cannonade +of round, grape, and chain shot. Nothing could exceed the +steadiness of the troops; no man took his musket from his +shoulder until arrived within a proper distance of the enemy. +A volley was fired, and General Lake, placing himself at the +head of the 76th. the whole line rushed forward to the charge +with an impetuosity which it was impossible to withstand. +Thrown into confusion, the Mahrattas fled in the utmost consternation, +while the cavalry, dashing forward, completed the +work which their irresistible companions had so well commenced. +Bourquin was the first man to leave the field, and +he surrendered, with five other foreign officers, three days after +to his conqueror.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By this splendid victory, sixty-eight pieces of cannon, two +tumbrils laden with treasure, and thirty-seven with ammunition, +fell into the hands of the conquerors. The loss of +the enemy was estimated at three thousand men out of +thirteen thousand infantry (nearly all regular troops), and +six thousand cavalry, which had been brought into the field. +Of the British, who had four thousand engaged, four hundred +and eighty-five were killed, wounded, and missing. The +76th., the only King’s regiment at Allighur, Delhi, or at the +subsequent battle at Laswarree, had two sergeants and thirty-one +rank and file killed; Lieutenant Alexander Macdonald, +one sergeant, and ninety-six rank and file were wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Delhi was entered without opposition, and the venerable +and blind emperor, Shah Aulum, the nominal sovereign of +Hindostan, who had been for years in the hands of the +Mahrattas, was restored to his throne.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In testimony of the gallantry of the troops under General +Lake, the Governor-General in council ordered honorary colours, +with a suitable device, commemorative of the reduction of +Allighur and the battle of Delhi, to be presented to all. +Those granted<a id='r12'></a><a href='#f12' class='c013'><sup>[12]</sup></a> to the 27th. Dragoons (since disbanded) and +the 76th. Regiment, were to be used by these corps while +they continued in India, or until His Majesty’s pleasure +should be signified.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ASSAYE.<br> <span class='sc'>23rd. September, 1803.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This was the battle which gained a name for the illustrious +Duke of Wellington, and it is commemorated on the colours +of the 74th. and 78th. regiments. On the 21st. of September, +Major-General the Honourable Arthur Wellesley had a conference +with Colonel Stevenson, and a plan was concerted to +attack the enemy’s army with the divisions under their +command on the 24th. This intention was not carried out, +as circumstances occurred which determined the former to +attack without waiting for the junction of the troops.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 23rd. of September, while on the march, it was +discovered that the enemy was much nearer than was imagined; +whereupon Major-General Wellesley immediately determined +to move in advance to reconnoitre them, and if +convenient bring them to action. He ordered the cavalry to +mount, and went on with them for this purpose; the infantry, +except the rear battalion (1st. of the 2nd. Native Infantry), +received directions to follow by the right. The second of +the 12th. to join the left brigade to equalize the two; the +first of the second to cover the baggage on the ground marked +for the camp, and to be joined by the rear-guard on its +arrival, and four brass light twelve-pounders to be sent to the +heads of the line.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These dispositions did not occasion ten minutes’ halt to the +column of infantry, but the cavalry moving in front with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>the Major-General, came first in sight of the enemy’s position, +from a rising ground to the left of the road, and within +cannon-shot of the right of their encampment, which lay along +one of the banks of the River Kaitna, a stream of no magnitude, +but with steep sides and a very deep channel, so as not +to be passable except in particular places, mostly near villages. +Along their rear ran a similar stream (the Jooee +Nullah), which fell into the Kaitna half a mile beyond their +left. Scindiah’s irregular cavalry formed their right, and the +Berar troops their left. These were composed of seventeen +battalions, amounting to about ten thousand five hundred +men, formed into three brigades, each of which had a corps +of cavalry of a better kind than the rest, and a body of +skilled marksmen; and the artillery amounted to about one +hundred and two pieces, or perhaps a few more.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The infantry were dressed, armed, and accoutred like +the Sepoys; they were remarkably fine men, and in a high +state of discipline. Although the English officers had left +them, there was a number of French and other European +officers both with the infantry and artillery. The guns were +served by Golundaze, exactly like those of the Bengal service, +which had been some time before disbanded, and were +probably the same men. It was soon, however, found that +they were extremely well trained, and that their fire was +both as quick and as well-directed as could be produced +by the Company’s artillerymen. What the total number of the +enemy was cannot be ascertained, or even guessed at with any +degree of accuracy, but it is certainly calculated very low +at thirty thousand men, including the light troops who were +out on a plundering excursion (and were those which had +marched in the morning), but they returned towards the close +of the action.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The force of Major-General Wellesley’s army in action was +nearly four thousand seven hundred men, of whom about +one thousand five hundred were Europeans, including artillery +with twenty-six field pieces, of which only four twelve and +eight six-pounders were fired during the action; the remainder +being the guns of the cavalry and of the second line, could +not be used.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>On the Major-General approaching the enemy for the +purpose of reconnoitring, they commenced a cannonade, the +first gun of which was fired at twenty minutes past one +p.m., and killed one of his escort. He then resolved to +attack their left, in order to turn it, and ordered the infantry +column to move in that direction, while some of his staff +looked out for a ford, to enable his troops to cross the +Kaitna and execute this movement. All this march being +performed considerably within the reach of the enemy’s cannon, +the fire increased fast, and by the time the head of the +column reached the ford, about a short half-mile beyond their +left flank, it was tremendously heavy, and had already destroyed +numbers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During this movement the first line of the enemy’s infantry +changed their front to the left, and formed with their left +on Assaye, a village on the Jooee, near the left of their +second line, which did not change position, the right of their +first line resting on the Kaitna, where the left had been. +They brought up many guns from their reserve, and the +second line to the first.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Being obliged to cross the ford in one column by sections, +the British were long exposed to the cannonade. The first +line formed nearly parallel to that of the enemy, at about +five hundred yards distance, having marched down the +alignment to its ground. The second line rather outflanked +the first to the right, as did the third (composed of the +cavalry) the second. The left of the first line was opposite +the right of the enemy’s. During this formation their artillery +fired round shot with great precision and rapidity, the +same shot often striking the three lines. It was answered +by the guns of the first line of the British with great spirit +and coolness, but the number of gun bullocks killed soon put +the advance of the artillery (except by men) out of the +question.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British lines were formed from right to left as follows:—First +line; pickets, four twelve-pounders, one battalion of +the 8th. and one of the 10th. Native Infantry, and the 78th. +regiment. Second line; 74th. regiment, and the second battalion +of the 12th. and the 1st. of the 4th. Native Infantry. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>Third line; 4th. Native Cavalry, 19th. Light Dragoons, 5th. +and 7th. Native Cavalry. Major-General the Honourable +Arthur Wellesley named the picket as the battalion of direction, +and ordered that the line should advance as quickly +as possible, consistent with order, and charge with the bayonet, +without firing a shot.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At fifteen minutes before three the word was given for the +line to advance, and was received by Europeans and natives +with a cheer. Almost immediately, however, it was discovered +that the battalion of direction was not moving forward +as intended, and the first line received the word to halt. This +was a critical moment; the troops had reached the ridge of +a little swell in the ground that had somewhat sheltered +them, particularly on the left, and the enemy, supposing +them staggered by the fire, redoubled their efforts, firing +a number of chain shot with great effect. Dreading the +consequences of this check to the ardour of the troops, the +Major-General rode up to one of the native corps of the +first line, and, taking off his hat, cheered them on in their +own language, repeating the words “to march.” Again the +soldiers received the order with loud cheers, and the three +left battalions of the first line, followed by the first battalion +of the 4th., advanced in quick time, and with the greatest +coolness, order, and determination upon their opponents.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On coming within about one hundred and fifty yards, the +78th. withdrew its advanced centre sergeant, and the men +were cautioned to be ready to charge. Soon after the battalion +opposed to them fired a volley, and about the same time +some Europeans were observed to mount their horses and +ride off. The 78th. instantly ported arms, cheered, and redoubled +its pace, when the enemy’s infantry, deserted by +their officers, broke and ran. The 78th. pushed on and fired, +the front rank to the charge, overtaking and bayonetting a +few individuals. But Scindiah’s gunners held firm by their +guns; many were bayonetted in the acts of loading, priming, +or pointing, and none quitted them until the bayonet was +at their breast.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 78th. now halted for an instant to complete the files +and restore exact order, and then moved forward on the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>enemy’s second line, making a complete wheel to the right, +whose pivot was the right of the army, near the village of +Assaye.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In consequence of the pickets having failed to advance, +the 74th. pushed up, in doing which they were very much +cut down by grape, and at length charged by cavalry headed +by Scindiah in person. They suffered severely (as did the +pickets and the second battalion of the 12th. Native Infantry), +and the remains were saved by the memorable charge of the +cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell. This part +of the British line, however, though it broke the enemy’s first +line, did not gain much ground; and the foe still continued +in possession of several guns about the village of Assaye, +from which they flanked the British line when arrived opposite +their second.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Several of the enemy also coming up from the beds of the +river and other ways, attacked and killed a large proportion +of the artillerymen, amongst whom were four officers. They +also regained possession of many of the guns of their first +line, which had been taken and passed, and from them +opened a fire of grape on the British rear.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is impossible to praise too highly the behaviour of the +infantry at this critical moment. Deprived of the assistance +of their artillery, the enemy’s second line being untouched +and perfectly fresh in their front, firing steadily upon them, +flanked by round shot from the right, grape pouring on the +rear, and cavalry threatening the left. Not a word was heard +or a shot fired, all waiting the orders of the general with +the composure of a field day, amidst a scene of slaughter +scarcely to be equalled. This, however, was not of long duration. +The British cavalry came up and drove off the body +that threatened the left, who did not wait to be charged, +when Major-General Wellesley ordered the principal part of +the line to attack the front, while the 78th. and 7th. Native +Cavalry moved to the rear, and charged the guns which were +firing from thence. The enemy’s second line immediately +retired; one brigade in perfect order, so much so that it repulsed +a gallant charge of the 19th. Dragoons, at the head of +which Colonel Maxwell was killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>After being obliged to change front two or three times +under the fire of grape, the 78th. succeeded in clearing the +guns in the rear. The enemy’s light troops, that had been +out, now came on the ground, and were ordered to be attacked +by the Mysore Horse, which they did not wait for, +and the firing entirely ceased. About half-past four o’clock +the enemy had set fire to all their tumbrils, which blew up +in succession, many of them some time later; and the corps +which had retired in such good order appear soon to have +lost it, for they threw their guns into the river, four of which +were afterwards found, exclusive of ninety-eight left on the +field of battle.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus terminated the battle of Assaye, a general’s battle, due +even more to the ability of the commander, than to the valour +of his men; the first victory gained by the Iron Duke in +which he commanded in chief, and one of the most decisive +as well as one of the most desperate ever fought in India. The +leader of the English was foremost in the fight, led two +charges in person, and had two horses shot under him; of +the two Rajahs that headed the enemy, one fled at the first +onset, and the other followed the example, on witnessing +the defeat of his cavalry. The British loss was very great; +of Europeans, killed and wounded, including artillery and +officers, there were upwards of six hundred, and the natives +were estimated at about nine hundred. “<span class='sc'>Assaye</span>” is borne +on the colours of the 74th. and 78th. regiments.<a id='r13'></a><a href='#f13' class='c013'><sup>[13]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>At sunset the British collected about the village of Assaye, +and lay on their arms all night, except the cavalry, which, +after resting some hours, were sent back to assist in escorting +the baggage; and about ten in the morning of the 24th. +the troops were encamped on the left bank of the Kaitna, +on the ground the column had moved over previous to +crossing the ford into the field of battle. That evening at +sunset the cavalry and one battalion of Native Infantry of +Colonel Stevenson’s division arrived, and the next morning +(25th.) the remainder of his force, which a day or two afterwards +were ordered to follow the enemy into Candeish, and +to possess themselves of the city of Berhampore and the hill +fort of Asseer Ghur.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF ASSEER GHUR.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. October, 1803.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Colonel Stevenson obtained possession of the city of Berhampore +without opposition on the 15th. of October, 1803, and +two days afterwards marched to Asseer Ghur, a strong fort in +that vicinity. Having carried the pettah on the 18th., he +opened a battery against the fort on the 20th.; about an +hour afterwards a white flag was hoisted, which was the signal +that had been agreed upon in case the terms of surrender, +offered two days previously, should be accepted; hostages were +sent down, and it was arranged that this important fortress +should be delivered over on the following morning. This was +the last of the possessions of Dowlut Rao Scindiah in the +Deccan, and the operations of the troops were subsequently +directed towards those of the Rajah of Berar. The casualties +were trifling, and were confined to the native troops.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF LASWARREE.<br> <span class='sc'>1st. November, 1803.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the 27th. of October, the British advanced against a +division of the enemy, formed of two battalions which had +escaped from the wreck at Delhi, and fifteen, which had been +detached from the main army of Scindiah to support General +Perron in the early part of the campaign. These troops +amounting to nine thousand infantry and four thousand cavalry, +and provided with a train of seventy-two pieces of cannon, +had been directed to recover possession of Delhi. After great +<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>exertions the British cavalry came up with them about seven +o’clock in the morning of the 1st. of November; they were +discovered in an excellent position; their right resting on a +rivulet, their left on the village of Laswarree, or Leswarree, +and their whole front amply furnished with a powerful artillery. +Being anxious to prevent their escape, General Lake immediately +attacked them with the cavalry alone. The first brigade, +under Colonel Thomas Pakenham Vandeleur,<a id='r14'></a><a href='#f14' class='c013'><sup>[14]</sup></a> of the 8th. +Dragoons, who fell mortally wounded, charged their lines, and +dashed into the village; but finding that their attacks on the +masses of infantry could make no sensible impression, the +cavalry were withdrawn out of the range of the destructive +fire of artillery which it had encountered, in order to wait the +arrival of the infantry and artillery. About eleven o’clock +in the forenoon, the Anglo-Indian infantry arrived, but after +so long a march, it was absolutely necessary to allow the +men to refresh themselves, and during this interval Scindiah’s +forces offered to surrender their guns if certain terms were +conceded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After a fruitless negotiation, the infantry, which had been +formed in two columns, were ordered to advance to the attack. +The first of these headed by the 76th. regiment, under Major +Macleod, was to turn the enemy’s right, which since the morning +had been thrown back from the rivulet, and to attack the +village of Mohaulpoor, situated between his two lines; while +the second and a brigade of cavalry were to support them in +the execution of this movement. Having encountered several +impediments, the rear divisions were so retarded in their march, +that a considerable interval was occasioned between them and +the 76th., which had arrived within a hundred yards of the foe. +In this situation the regiment was exposed to such a dreadful +fire, and was losing so many men, that the Commander-in-Chief +placing himself at its head, led it forward to the attack, +supported by only one battalion and six companies of Sepoys, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>namely, the second battalion of the 12th., and six companies of +the second battalion of the 16th. Bengal Native Infantry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“As soon as this handful of heroes,” wrote General Lake, +“were arrived within reach of the enemy’s canister shot, a +most tremendous fire was opened upon them.” Their loss was +so severe, that the enemy’s cavalry advanced to the charge, +but were gallantly repulsed by this steady and invincible band. +Rallying, however, at a short distance, they assumed so +menacing a posture, that the General directed an attack by +the British cavalry. In superintending the attack, the horse of +the General was shot under him, and his son who had dismounted +and offered his father his horse, was severely wounded. +The cavalry charged with admirable intrepidity, while the +infantry fell upon the Mahratta line, which at length gave +way, though disputing every inch of ground, and fighting till +it was driven from every position and had lost every gun. By +four o’clock in the afternoon the work of destruction had +ceased.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The loss of the enemy was most severe; his numerous +French-officered battalions of infantry—the boasted “Deccan +Invincibles”—were annihilated; his cavalry dispersed; and +the baggage and camp equipage, elephants, camels, and bullocks, +with forty-four stand of colours, seventy-two guns, +sixty-four tumbrils of ammunition, three laden with treasure, +and two thousand prisoners, remained in the hands of the +victors; five thousand stand of arms were collected in the +field.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By this victory, which was mainly gained by the gallantry +of the 76th., that regiment acquired great honour, and its “heroic +bravery” was borne testimony to in the official despatches. +During this campaign the regiment acquired a gurrah, or +Indian gong of great value, which was afterwards carried +about by the corps; being usually planted opposite the guard +room, and a sergeant regularly striking the hours on it.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This decisive action terminated the campaign of 1803 and +the war with Scindiah, a treaty of peace highly advantageous +to the East India Company being concluded on the 30th. of +December.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“<span class='sc'>Hindoostan</span>” inscribed around the elephant on the colours +of the 76th., keeps in remembrance the services of the regiment +in the East at this period. “<span class='sc'>Leswarree</span>” was, however, authorized +for the guidons and appointments of the 8th. Hussars, +which is the only corps that bears the word. General Lake +gained a peerage, being created Baron Lake of Delhi, Leswarree, +and Aston Clinton. Several Indian titles were also conferred +upon him, which being translated from the Persian, signified +Saviour of the State, the hero of the land, the lord of the +age, and the victorious in war.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ARGAUM.<br> <span class='sc'>29th November, 1803.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>A series of active movements in pursuit of the Rajah of +Berar were re-commenced on the 25th. of October, 1803; and +on the 29th. of November, Major-General Wellesley, having been +joined by the subsidiary force under Colonel Stevenson, encountered +the united armies of Scindiah, and the Rajah of Berar, on +the plains of Argaum. Although late in the day, the Major-General +resolved to attack; he formed his army in two lines, the +infantry in the first, the cavalry in the second, and supporting +the right; and the Mogul and Mysore cavalry the left, nearly +parallel to that of the enemy, with the right rather advanced, +in order to press upon his left. When formed, the whole +advanced in the greatest order; the 74th. and 78th. Highlanders +were attacked by a large body, supposed to be Persians, +who were all destroyed. “These two regiments,” wrote +the British general, “had a particular opportunity of distinguishing +themselves, and have deserved and received my +thanks.” The enemy’s line retired in disorder, leaving thirty-eight +pieces of cannon and all their ammunition; whereupon +the British cavalry pursued them for several miles, destroying +great numbers, and capturing several elephants and camels, +with a considerable quantity of baggage. One hour more of +daylight, and not a man would have escaped.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the orders thanking the army for its exertions on this +day, the 74th. and 78th. were particularly mentioned; Colonel +Harness being very ill, Lieutenant-Colonel Adams, of the 78th., +commanded the right brigade in the action, and Major Scott +being in charge of the pickets as field officer of the day, the +command of the regiment fell to Captain Fraser. In this +battle, as at Assaye, a scarcity of officers occasioned the colours +of the 78th. to be carried by sergeants, and it is somewhat +extraordinary that not a shot penetrated either colour in the +two actions; at the latter it was probably owing to the high +wind, in consequence of which they were carried rolled close +round the poles. The names of the non-commissioned officers +who carried them on these memorable occasions were at Assaye +Sergeant Leavock, paymaster’s clerk, afterwards quarter-master, +and Sergeant John McKenzie, senior sergeant, and immediately +afterwards quartermaster-sergeant. At Argaum, Sergeants Leavock +and Grant; the latter was regimental clerk, and was subsequently +promoted to a commission in the 78th. Highlanders.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments of the crown engaged were the 19th. Light +Dragoons, and the 74th., 78th., and 94th. regiments.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE AND STORM OF GAWILGHUR.<br> <span class='sc'>15th. December, 1803.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>After the victory of Argaum, Major-General Wellesley, +resolved to lose no time in commencing the siege of Gawilghur, +a strong fort situated on a range of mountains between +the sources of the rivers Poorna and Taptee; he +accordingly marched on, and arrived with both divisions +at Ellichpoor on the 5th. of December, whence, after establishing +an hospital for the men wounded at Argaum, both +divisions advanced upon Gawilghur, on the 7th. of that +month. The heavy ordnance and stores were dragged by hand +over mountains and through ravines, for nearly the whole +distance, by roads which the troops had to make for themselves. +The batteries were opened against the place on the +morning of the 13th., and the breach of the outer fort being +reported practicable on the following night, the storm took +place on the 15th. of December. All the troops advanced +about ten in the morning, and an entrance was effected +without difficulty. The wall in the inner fort, in which no +breach had been made, had then to be carried; when Captain +Campbell with the light infantry of the old 94th. escaladed +the wall; opened the gates for the stormers, and the +fort was shortly in their possession. This service was effected +with slight loss, but vast numbers of the enemy were killed, +especially at the different gates. The garrison was numerous, +comprising a great portion of the infantry which had escaped +after the battle of Argaum, and were all armed with +the Company’s new muskets and bayonets.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This led to a treaty with the Rajah of Berar on the 17th. +of December, and on the 30th. of the same month, peace +was signed with Scindiah.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span> + <h2 class='c006'>DEFENCE OF DELHI.<br> <span class='sc'>October, 1804.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This defence of Delhi by Native troops, under British +superintendence, presents a striking contrast to that made +by them during the Indian Mutiny, against their former +instructors in the art of war, and deservedly met with a +different result.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As General Lord Lake advanced upon Muttra, Holkar +secretly despatched his infantry and artillery for the purpose +of surprising Delhi, leaving his cavalry to engage the attention +of the British Commander. From its great extent and +unprotected state, Holkar expected an easy conquest; his troops +arrived before the city on the morning of the 8th. of October. +Colonel Ochterlony, the resident, at once made the +most judicious preparations for its defence; his garrison +amounted to nearly two thousand two hundred men, and +consisted entirely of Native troops. Lieutenant-Colonel Burn, +as senior officer, commanded, and the resident’s time was +fully taken up in preserving peace within the city, with +the Mahomedan population of Delhi. Lieutenant Bose, with +two hundred of the 14th. native infantry, one hundred and +fifty irregulars, and a reserve of fifty men and a six-pounder, +made a sortie during the evening of the 10th., and +succeeded in storming the enemy’s battery, of which he +gained possession, and having spiked the guns, withdrew, +with trifling loss. At daybreak on the 14th. of October, +under cover of a heavy cannonade, the enemy assaulted the +Lahore gate, but were repulsed, leaving the ladders behind, +which were drawn up over the walls by the Sepoys. After +this defeat Holkar’s troops became dispirited, and before the +following morning, his whole force had retired from the +place. This successful defence by so small a force, was +highly applauded, and it is a circumstance worthy of record, +that as the men could not be frequently relieved, the resident +caused provisions and sweetmeats, of which the natives +are specially partial, to be distributed to them.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF DEIG.<br> <span class='sc'>13th. November, 1804.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The British army which had marched from Muttra on the +12th. of October, arrived at Delhi on the 18th., and encamped +under its walls. On the 5th. of November the main +body of the infantry, of which the 76th. was the only King’s +regiment, with some corps of native cavalry, and the park +of artillery, proceeded under the command of Major-General +Frazer towards Deig, on the right bank of the Jumna, where +the enemy’s infantry and guns were assembled. Although +numerically the foe was superior, it was determined to attack +him, and about daybreak on the 13th. of November, the +action commenced. Major-General Frazer received a dangerous +wound from a cannon-shot, which carried away his +right foot and part of the leg, and resulted in his death +eleven days after; whereupon the Honourable Colonel Monson +assumed the command. According to the most reliable statements +the opposing force consisted of twenty-four battalions, +from five to seven hundred men each, a numerous body of +cavalry, and one hundred and sixty guns. In this battle the +76th. acquired additional renown; its “undaunted bravery and +steadiness” being specially adverted to in the despatches. +About two thousand of the enemy were killed and drowned +in attempting to escape. Eighty-seven pieces of cannon were +captured, including some which Colonel Monson had previously +lost.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF DEIG.<br> <span class='sc'>23rd. December, 1804.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>When the troops of Holkar fled before the British in the +action of the 13th. of November, the guns of the garrison +of Deig, which belonged to the Rajar of Bhurtpore, were +opened upon the pursuers, and the fugitives were sheltered +within the fort. Accordingly an order was issued for the +annexation of all his strongholds and territories, to the dominions +of the Company; and the army encamped within ten +miles of the strong fortress of Deig, on the 3rd. of December. +The siege commenced on the 14th. of that month. A +fortification had been erected by the foe on an eminence +named Shah Bourj, or King’s redoubt, which commanded the +town and forts; and the besieged had also entrenched themselves +in its front, throwing up batteries in the best situations. +The possession of this eminence being deemed essential, at +half-past eleven o’clock in the night of the 23rd. of December, +the flank companies of His Majesty’s 22nd. and 76th. +Foot, and those of the 1st. European regiment, and the first +battalion of the 8th. Native Infantry, were ordered to storm +it. In an hour the gallantry of this heroic party had surmounted +every obstacle, and completely succeeded in the +enterprise. The two other columns were equally fortunate, +notwithstanding that the enemy’s gunners offered a strenuous +resistance; fighting desperately with their tulwars, and being +mostly bayoneted at their posts. About half-past twelve the +moon arose, and enabled the assailants to secure the guns +they had so nobly captured. An attempt was now organized +for the assault of the citadel, but during the night of the 24th. +it was evacuated; and on Christmas morning the British flag +was hoisted on the fortress. Considering the nature of the +operations the loss was small. One hundred guns, sixteen of +which were brass, became the trophies of the victors. The +flank companies of the 22nd., and 76th. Foot, represented the +King’s troops on this service.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span> + <h2 class='c006'>WAR IN NEPAUL, 1816.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>In consequence of the Rajah of Nepaul having refused to +ratify the treaty which had been signed by his ambassadors, +an army was collected under the command of Major-General +Sir David Ochterlony, K.C.B., with a view to coerce this +refractory ruler. There were three King’s regiments with this +force: the 24th. belonging to the first brigade, the 66th. to +the second brigade, and the 87th. Royal Irish Fusiliers to +the third brigade. The first brigade, commanded by Colonel +Kelly, of the 24th., was to penetrate by Hurryhurpore; the +second brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Nicol, of the 66th., +was to enter the hills at Ramnuggur, and by a circuitous +route join Sir David Ochterlony before Muckwanpore. The +third brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Miller, of the 87th., +remained with the fourth brigade (native troops), under +Sir David Ochterlony, who marched through the forest at the +foot of the Nepaul Hills on the 9th. of February. Great +difficulty was experienced in carrying the guns through the +forest, which was accomplished by the personal exertions of +each individual.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 27th. of February, the advance guard arrived at +Muckwanpore, and on the following day the brigade was ordered +to take possession of the heights of Sierapore; an action +ensued, which commenced about noon, and terminated at six +o’clock, leaving the British in possession of the heights for +a considerable distance from Sierapore, and of one field-piece.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For this affair, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Miller, of the +first battalion of the 87th., and Lieutenant Fenton, who had +performed very arduous duties, having been placed in charge +of the advanced guard, composed of the light company of +his regiment and those of the native infantry, with two guns, +received the public thanks of the authorities in India.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Colonel Kelly, with the first brigade, encountered +and defeated the Rajah’s troops on the heights of Hurryhurpore, +on the 1st. of March.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Convinced of the inutility of further opposition, the Rajah +sued for peace, and a treaty was eventually concluded on the +4th. of March, which terminated the war in Nepaul.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span> + <h2 class='c018'>BATTLE OF KIRKEE, AND BATTLE AND CAPTURE OF POONA.<br> <span class='sc'>November, 1817.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the 2nd. of November accounts were received of the +Peishwah’s renewed treachery, when the division under Brigadier-General +Lionel Smith, C.B., was instantly put in motion, +and on arrival at Ahmednuggur on the 8th., it was ascertained +that the gallantry of the troops at Poona under Lieutenant-Colonel +Burr, of the 7th. Bombay infantry, had successfully +resisted the Peishwah’s attempt to annihilate them, in their +position at Kirkee, on the 5th. of November. After some +slight skirmishing on the road, the force under Brigadier-General +Smith (of which the King’s 65th. regiment formed +a portion), joined the Poona brigade at their position on the +13th. of November, when immediate preparations were made +for attacking the enemy’s camp, which was on the opposite +side of the Moottah Moola. The force moved down before +daybreak on the 14th. of November, but finding the river +too deep to cross, it again encamped. The ford having been +more particularly ascertained under some skirmishing and trifling +loss, the left wing under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel +Milnes, of the 65th., crossed on the evening of the 16th., in +face of the enemy, whose artillery and matchlocks occasioned +considerable loss during the passage and advance to a position +on the right of the Peishwah’s camp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the night the Peishwah abandoned his capital, and +moved to the southward. The inhabitants made their submission, +and about noon on the 17th. of November, the British +flag was hoisted on his palace, under a royal salute.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 65th. regiment, for the above and subsequent services, +has received authority to bear on its colours and appointments +the figure of the Royal Tiger, with the word India above, +and Arabia beneath, also the 84th., this regiment now being +linked to the 65th.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF SEETABULDEE, AND BATTLE AND CAPTURE OF NAGPOOR.<br> <span class='sc'>November and December, 1817.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Without any previous declaration of hostilities, or the +slightest act of aggression on the part of the Indian government, +the Rajah of Berar attacked the troops at Nagpoor; +consisting of two weak battalions of the Madras Native +Infantry, and three troops of cavalry, in the evening of +the 26th. November; and after an action which lasted eighteen +hours was repulsed. Lieutenant-Colonel Scott at the requisition +of the Resident had taken post on the hill of Seetabuldee, +overlooking the city of Nagpoor, when the attack took place, +in which the three troops of the 6th. regiment of native +cavalry, and the 1st. battalions of the 20th. and 24th. Madras +Native Infantry, were highly distinguished.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Reinforcements immediately marched on to the seat of war, +of which eight companies of the 2nd. battalion of the 1st. +Royals, formed part of the second division, under Brigadier-General +Doveton. Upon his arrival the Rajah was desirous +of treating for peace, and agreed to surrender his guns and disperse +his troops; but the treachery he had already evinced +made the Brigadier-General dispose his troops in order of +battle, when he advanced to take possession of the guns. +This precaution was not in vain. No opposition was encountered +in obtaining the first battery, but on the soldiers +entering the plantation, a sharp fire of musketry was treacherously +opened upon them. The Rajah had formed an army +of twenty-one thousand men, of which fourteen thousand +were horse; the position being marked by irregularities of +the ground, and clusters of houses and huts, and a thick +plantation of trees, with ravines and a large reservoir. In +the action of the 16th. of December, which ensued, the 2nd. +battalion of the 1st. Foot added to the former honours of that +corps. The batteries were carried with great gallantry, the +enemy driven from all his positions and pursued a distance +of five miles; his camp equipage, forty elephants and seventy-five +guns being captured. The battalion had nine men killed +and twenty-six wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this success the siege of the city of Nagpoor was +commenced. The troops which defended this place, consisting +of about five thousand Arabs and Hindoostanees, insisted upon +extraordinary terms, and these not being acceded to they +determined on a desperate defence. On the 23rd. of December +a breach was made in one of the gates, when an assault +was resolved upon. At half-past eight o’clock in the +morning of the 24th. of December the stormers advanced, +but the breach being found untenable, the troops were withdrawn, +although the parties had gained the desired points. +On the following day the Arabs renewed their offer, and their +terms being granted, they marched out of the city on the +1st. of January, 1818; being permitted to go where they +pleased with the exception of proceeding to Asseerghur.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“<span class='sc'>Nagpore</span>” on the regimental colours of the Royals commemorates +the foregoing services.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF MAHEIDPORE.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. December, 1817.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>While the eighth battalion companies of the Royals had +been engaged at Nagpoor, the two flank companies, commanded +by Captain Hulme, had shared in the movements of the first +division of the army of the Deccan. On the 8th. of December +the troops arrived near Maheidpore, where the army of Mulhar +Rao Holkar, one of the coalesced Mahratta powers against the +British interests in India, was assembled. After various fruitless +negotiations the Anglo-Indian troops advanced against the +enemy on the morning of the 21st. of December, and as they +were crossing the ford of the Soopra river they were exposed +to a powerful and concentrated cannonade. About half a +mile beyond the river stood the troops of Holkar, and after +passing the stream Brigadier-General Sir John Malcolm +proceeded with two brigades of infantry to attack their +left, and a ruined village situated on an eminence near the +centre. They were completely routed, and in the general +orders of Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Hislop, Bart., Commander-in-Chief +of the army of the Deccan, dated 22nd. of +December, the charge of the squadron of the 22nd. Light +Dragoons, under Captain Vernon, and the intrepid courage and +animated zeal of the flank companies of the Royals under +Captain Hulme, were specially commended.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In commemoration of the conduct of the flank companies +the words “<span class='sc'>Maheidpore</span>” was authorized to be inscribed on +the regimental colours of the Royals.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span> + <h2 class='c006'>DEFENCE OF CORYGAUM.<br> <span class='sc'>1st. January, 1818.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This eminent service was confined to the Company’s troops. +The Peishwah having advanced towards Poonah, Colonel Burr, +commanding in that city, requested a reinforcement from Seroor; +accordingly Captain Staunton, of the second battalion 1st regiment +of Bombay Native Infantry, was despatched with that +corps, barely six hundred strong, a few Madras artillery, with +two six-pounders, and about three hundred auxiliary horse. +The Peishwah’s army, estimated at twenty thousand horse and +about eight thousand infantry, were encamped on the right +bank of the Beemah, above the village of Corygaum. Captain +Staunton, upon coming in sight of this overwhelming force, on +the 1st. of January, immediately moved upon Corygaum, and +had scarcely succeeded in reaching the village, when he was +attacked by three divisions of infantry, supported by immense +bodies of horse, and two pieces of artillery. The enemy obtained +immediate possession of the strongest posts of the village; +and the remaining position was most obstinately contested from +noon until nine at night, after a fatiguing march of twenty-eight +miles. Ultimately the enemy was forced to abandon the +village, after sustaining great loss. During the night of the +2nd., the detachment returned unmolested to Seroor, which +was reached at nine o’clock on the following morning, without +having partaken of any refreshment since the evening of the +31st. of December. Nearly all the wounded were brought in, +and both the gun and the colours of the regiment were +preserved.<a id='r15'></a><a href='#f15' class='c013'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span> + <h2 class='c006'>WAR IN AVA.<br> <span class='fss'>1824 TO 1826.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The repeated acts of aggression of the Burmese governors +in the country adjacent to the British territory, at length +rendered it necessary to demand an explanation from the +Court of Ava. This terminated by a mutual declaration of +war, and troops were assembled to penetrate the Burmese +empire. His Majesty’s 13th. and 38th. regiments, and two +companies of artillery, and the 40th. Native Infantry, amounting +to two thousand one hundred and seventy-five men, proceeded +from Bengal, while His Majesty’s 41st. and 89th. Foot, the +Madras European regiment, and the 9th., 12th., 28th., and +30th. Madras Native Infantry, and artillery embarked from +Madras,—making in all eleven thousand four hundred and +seventy-five men. The troops from Bengal embarked in April +and May, 1824.<a id='r16'></a><a href='#f16' class='c013'><sup>[16]</sup></a> To occupy Rangoon and the country at +the mouth of the Irrawaddy was the first object. Brigadier-General +Sir Archibald Campbell with his troops took possession +of Rangoon on the 12th. of May, without the loss of a man; +and Cheduba, on the Arracan coast, was also captured by +storm on the 17th. of May, by a detachment under Brigadier-General +McCreagh, of the 13th. Light Infantry, three companies +of the regiment being employed on this service.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the Burmese army continued in great force in +the vicinity of Rangoon, under the fortifications of wood called +<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>stockades, and of the dense jungle which covered the country. +In carrying the stockades without ladders on the 28th. of May, +portions of the 13th. and 38th. regiments were specially noticed. +On the 10th. of June, Kemmendine was assaulted; when +about two miles from the town, the head of the column +was stopped by a strong stockade, full of men, against +which the artillery opened fire, and in half an hour a breach +was made. The 41st., and part of the Madras European regiment, +stormed the works in front; and the detachments of the +13th. and 38th. assaulted the rear face, which was ten feet +high. The soldiers being encouraged and animated by the +spirited conduct of Major (afterwards Sir Robert) Sale, who was +the first on the top, climbed the works, one helping another +up, and entering simultaneously with the party by the breach, +they bayoneted every man that opposed them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This point being gained, the column advanced about a +mile, and at four o’clock in the afternoon took up a position +against the principal stockade. Batteries were erected during +the night, and the artillery opened a heavy fire at daylight, +when the Burmese forsook their works and fled.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An attack was made upon the British pickets on the 1st. +of July, which was repulsed. The Burmese position in the +rear of the great pagoda was assaulted on the 5th. of July, +and a general attack was made on the 8th. of that month, +one column advancing by land, under Brigadier-General +M‘Bean, while the other column proceeded by water. Major +Wahab, with the Native Infantry, landed and immediately +attacked the breach; Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Godwin, of the +41st., entered the work higher up by escalade; Major Sale encountered +the Burmese commander-in-chief in the works, and +slew him in single combat, taking from him a valuable gold-hilted +sword and scabbard. Eight hundred of the enemy were +killed on this occasion, and thirty-eight pieces of artillery, +forty swivels, and three hundred muskets were captured.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An expedition was sent on the 11th. of October against +Martaban, on the Saluen river, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel +Godwin, of His Majesty’s 41st. regiment, and +the place was captured on the 30th. of that month.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the Burmese recovered from the consternation +<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>into which they had been thrown, and a veteran chief, +named Maha Bandoola, being appointed their commander, he +approached the British position on the 1st. of December, with +upwards of fifty thousand foot, a body of Cassay horse, and +three hundred pieces of artillery, and commenced forming +entrenchments. Major Sale advanced against the left of the +Burmese line with two hundred of the 13th. Light Infantry, +under Major Dennie, and two hundred and fifty of the 18th. +Native Infantry, under Captain Ross, and stormed the entrenchments +in sight of the whole army. The soldiers of the +13th. led the charge with great intrepidity; they burst +through the intrenchments, and overcame all opposition; this +example was followed by the native infantry, when the Burmese +fled, and the British troops returned to their posts laden +with trophies.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This victory was followed by another over the left wing +of the Burmese army, on the 5th. of December. The first +advantage was followed up, the enemy was overthrown, and +of the three hundred pieces of ordnance which they had in +position, two hundred and forty were brought into the British +camp.<a id='r17'></a><a href='#f17' class='c013'><sup>[17]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 7th. of December the trenches were assaulted in +four columns of attack, under the superintendence of Lieutenant-Colonel +Miles, the second in command, and led by +Lieutenant-Colonels Mallet (both of the 89th.), Parlby, +Brodie, and Captain Wilson, of the 38th. regiment. At a +quarter before twelve every gun that would bear upon the +breaches opened fire. Major Sale at the same time made a +diversion on the enemy’s left and rear. At noon the cannonade +ceased, and the columns moved forward to their +points of attack, when the total defeat of Bandoolah’s army +ensued, his loss being estimated at five thousand men.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>In an attack on the enemy’s corps of observation, on the +Dalla side of the river, on the 9th. of December, the 89th. +regiment highly distinguished itself.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Rallying his broken legions, the Burmese commander called +reinforcements to his aid, and took up another position, +which he fortified with great labour and art. These formidable +works were attacked on the 15th. of December, when +two hundred of the 13th., under Major Sale, with three +hundred of the 18th. and 34th. Madras Native Infantry, +formed the right column of attack under Brigadier-General +(afterwards Sir Willoughby) Cotton; this made a detour +round the enemy’s left to gain the rear of his position at +Kokien, which was to be attacked in front by another column. +Sir Archibald marched with the left column, which consisted +of five hundred Europeans, from the 38th., 41st., 89th., and +Madras European Regiment, with portions of native infantry, +to attack the foe in front. Of this column two divisions +were formed, the command of one being given to Lieutenant-Colonel +Miles, of the 89th., and the other to Major Evans, +of the 28th. Madras Native Infantry. On arriving in front +of the position it presented a very formidable appearance; +but when the signal was given, the soldiers rushed forward, +and in less than fifteen minutes they were in full possession +of these stupendous works. Major Sale received a severe +wound in the head, and was succeeded by Major Dennie, +who although wounded in the hand, continued at the head of +the 13th., regiment until the action was over. The Burmese +after a short resistance, fled in a panic, leaving their camp +standing, and abandoning all their baggage, together with a +great portion of their arms and ammunition.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These successes, connected with those of the royal navy, +had produced important results; the maritime provinces of +Mergui, Tavoy, Yeb, and Martaban, had been captured, and +seven hundred pieces of artillery had been taken from the +Burmese. Lieutenant-Colonel Elrington, with a small detachment, +consisting of a portion of the 47th., with some seamen +and marines, carried by storm the factory and stockades of +Syriam on the 11th. and 12th. of January, 1825. To wrest +additional territory from the court of Ava, Major Sale proceeded +<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>against the city of Bassein, in the south-west part of the ancient +kingdom of Pegu, which constituted part of the Burmese +empire. The troops, after a tedious passage, arrived in the +evening of the 24th. of February, off Pagoda Point, Great Negrais. +On the 26th. the expedition entered the river, and the +13th., 38th., and the 12th. Native Infantry landed and captured +a stockade. The force afterwards re-embarked, and proceeded +to the next stockade, which the Burmese abandoned as the +soldiers went on shore to storm the works; so great was +their consternation, that the City of Bassein was set on fire +and abandoned, the enemy retiring on Donabew.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Brigadier-General Cotton, in the interim, with a detached +force, of which the 47th. and 89th regiments formed +a part, had attacked the pagoda stockade in advance of +Donabew, on the 7th. of March. The troops were formed in +two columns, under Lieutenant-Colonel O’Donaghue, 47th., +and Major Basden, 89th. regiment. All were exposed to a +heavy fire, which was kept up to the last, with greater spirit +and perseverance than was usual. The operations against the +second defence, distance about five hundred yards from the +pagoda stockade, were not successful, and the force was re-embarked +on the 18th., after the enemy’s cannon had been +spiked and his arms destroyed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, a force of eleven thousand men, under Brigadier-General Morrison, of the 44th., of which that regiment +and the 54th. formed a portion, had been assembled at Chittagong +towards the end of September of the preceding year, +moved forward early in January, in order to penetrate through +Arracan, and across the mountains into Ava, where it was +to effect a junction with the army at Rangoon. The first +attack at Arracan, on the 29th. of March, failed, owing +principally to a dense fog, which prevented the great strength +of the position from being discovered. On the night of the +31st., Brigadier Richards proceeded by a circuitous route, and +gained the summit of the range unperceived; and on the +morning of the 1st. of April the Burmese were attacked in +flank, while the front was assailed by the main body. In a +short time the heights were abandoned, and Arracan was +gained. The Burmese army having retreated to Donabew, two +<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>columns were formed to attack it by land and water, the land +column being under the command of Sir A. Campbell, and +the water column under Brigadier-General Cotton. Donabew +was strongly fortified by a stockade extending nearly a mile +along the Irrawaddy, composed of teak beams fifteen to seventeen +feet high, driven into the earth as closely as possible to +each other. Behind this wooden wall was the old brick rampart, +and the works were mounted with one hundred and fifty guns +and swivels. The marine attack failed, after carrying the first +stockade, and the flotilla retreated ten miles down the river, +leaving the wounded in the power of the enemy. Next day +most of the killed and wounded that had been left in the +stockade, were crucified and placed on rafts, which were sent +down the stream to the boats of their comrades.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After a bombardment by the land column, Donabew was +taken possession of by Sir Archibald Campbell on the 2nd. +of April; Maha Bandoolah having been killed by a rocket, +the other chiefs could not prevail on the garrison to remain, +and the place was evacuated during the night of the 1st. of April.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this success the march was resumed to Prome, where +the army arrived on the 25th. of April, the Burmese having +evacuated the town after setting it on fire, but the decisive +measures adopted saved the place from a general conflagration.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In consequence of the season of military operations being +over, the army remained inactive at Prome, and in the autumn +overtures of peace were made by the Burmese, but hostilities +were resumed in the middle of November; and the army of +Ava, having repulsed the attack of three bodies of Sepoys, +became suddenly elevated with a high idea of its own power, +and advanced to attack the British troops at Prome, which +had been reinforced by the detachments left at Rangoon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About sixty thousand Burmese environed six thousand Anglo-Indian +troops; but undismayed by this formidable host, four native +regiments were left for the defence of Prome, and the +remainder advanced on the 1st. of December to attack the +enemy’s left wing at Simbike. This post was gallantly +stormed by the troops under Brigadier-General Cotton, and the +works were carried in ten minutes. The flank companies +of the Royals, under Captain Thomas John Harvey, with the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>41st. and 89th. regiments, commanded respectively by Major +Peter Latouche Chambers, and Brevet-Major Henry Ross Gore, +supported by the 18th. Madras Native Infantry, and led by +Lieutenant-Colonel Godwin, performed this service.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After a harassing march of about twenty miles, the troops +bivouacked at Ze-ouke, and at daylight on the morning of +the 2nd. of December they were again in motion, to attack +the formidable position occupied by the enemy’s centre +division on the Napadee Hills. Arriving in the vicinity, +the British artillery commenced a sharp cannonade; Brigadier-General +Elrington’s troops drove the enemy from the jungle, +and six companies of the 87th. Royal Irish Fusiliers carried +the posts at the bottom of the ridge; the Burmese were +driven from the valley to their principal works on the hills, +which appeared very formidable, as the heights could only be +ascended by a narrow road, commanded by artillery, and defended +by stockades crowded with men armed with muskets. +When the artillery had made an impression on the works, +the 13th. and 38th. regiments, the latter leading, rushed into +them, overthrew all opposition with the bayonet, and forced the +Burmese from hill to hill, over precipices that could only be +ascended by a narrow stair, until the whole of the position +nearly three miles in length, was captured. Scarcely a shot +was fired in return to the enemy’s continued volleys, and the +six companies of the 87th. advancing through the jungle to +the right, drove everything before them on that side.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 5th. of December the enemy’s right wing was +driven from its post. The division employed under Brigadier-General +Cotton consisted of two hundred and fifty of the +Royal Regiment, two hundred and seventy of the 41st., two +hundred and sixty of the 89th., the light company of the +28th. Madras Native Infantry, and one hundred pioneers. +The immense army of Ava was thus forced from its positions, +and the Burmese legions sought safety in flight. After this +success the army continued to advance; the Burmese evacuated +Meeaday, and took post at Melloon, at the same time they +renewed their offers for terminating the war; but this appeared +to be with the view of gaining time to re-organize +their forces for a more determined resistance.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>The conditions of peace not being ratified by the stipulated +time, hostilities were resumed on the 19th. of January, 1826, +on which day the 13th. and 38th. regiments embarked in +boats under Lieutenant-Colonel Sale, to assault the main face +of the enemy’s fortifications at Melloon. At the same time +Brigadier-General Cotton, with the flank companies of the +47th. and 87th. regiments, and the 89th., under Lieutenant-Colonel +Hunter Blair, the 41st. regiment and the 18th. Madras +Native Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Godwin, +commanding the first brigade of Madras troops, and the 28th. +Madras Native Infantry, with the flank companies of the 43rd. +Madras Native Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Parlby +were to cross above Melloon, and, after carrying some outworks, +were to attack the northern face of the principal +work. The whole of the boats quitted the shore together; +but the current and breeze carried the 13th. and 38th. to +their point of attack before the other divisions could reach the +opposite bank of the river, and Lieutenant-Colonel Sale was +wounded in his boat; but the two regiments landed, formed +under the command of Major Frith, of the 38th. (who was +wounded in the assault), and rushed forward with such intrepidity +that they speedily became masters of these formidable +works. When Brigadier-General Cotton saw that they were +carried, he ordered the brigade under Lieutenant-Colonel Blair, +of the 87th., to cut in upon the enemy’s line of retreat, +which was performed with much effect.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 28th. of January, the 87th., with the flank companies +of the 28th. Native Infantry, and detachments of the +Governor-General’s body-guard and artillery, under Brigadier +Hunter Blair, were sent from Tongwyn, to attack the position +of Moulmein, eleven miles distant. The position, being a +great annoyance to the surrounding country, was destroyed, +and the troops returned to camp the same evening.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The army advanced upon the Burmese capital, and the +legions of Ava resolved once more to try the fortune of war. +A new army of 40,000 men was raised, and placed under +the command of a noted warrior named Nee Woon-Breen, +which has been translated—“Prince of Darkness,” “King of +Hell,” and “Prince of the Setting Sun.” They met the British +<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>in the open fields near Pagahm Mew, where an action took +place on the 9th. of February. The 13th. Light Infantry led +the right attack, supported by the 38th. and 89th. regiments. +That on the left was supported by the 41st. Part of the +Burmese troops, broken by the 38th., retired into a well-constructed +field-work, but were so closely pursued that they had +not time to form for its defence: here from three to four +hundred of them perished either by the bayonet or plunging +into the river to escape. The result was another defeat to +the enemy. The “Prince of Darkness” fled to Ava, where he +was put to a cruel death by the order of the King.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this victory the army continued its advance upon +Ummerapoora, the capital, situated upon the shores of a +beautiful lake; and when within four days’ march of that +city the king of Ava sent the ratified treaty, paying the +expenses of the war, and relinquishing a considerable portion +of territory. The treaty of peace was finally signed at Gandaboo, +February 24th., 1826. The King of Ava renounced all +claim on Assam, ceded to the East India Company Arracan, +and four other provinces with their islands and dependencies, +and agreed to pay a crore of rupees as a war indemnity; free +trade also to be allowed to British subjects in all parts of his +dominions. In one of the conferences the negotiators had +objected to the payment of money, and stated, that by using +great economy, they might furnish a million baskets of rice +within a year, but they did not grow rupees; and if the +British had any objection to the rice, there was abundance +of fine trees in the forest, which they might cut down and +take away in lieu of the money.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the conclusion of this campaign, the following statement +appeared in general orders:—“While the Governor-General in +Council enumerates, with sentiments of unfeigned admiration, +the 13th., 38th., 41st., 89th., 47th., 1st. (or Royals), 87th, +and 45th. regiments, the Honorable Company’s Madras European +regiment, and the Bengal and Madras European artillery, +as the European troops who have had the honour of establishing +the renown of the British arms in a new and distant region, +His Lordship in Council feels that higher and more justly-merited +praise cannot be bestowed on those brave troops +than that, amidst the barbarous hosts whom they have fought +and conquered, they have eminently displayed the virtues, +and sustained the character, of the British Soldier.”<a id='r18'></a><a href='#f18' class='c013'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE AND STORM OF BHURTPORE.<br> <span class='sc'>January, 1826.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Baldeo Singh, Rajah of Bhurtpore, had become attached +to the British government, with which he formed an alliance +offensive and defensive, and procured a guarantee for the succession +of his youthful son, Bhulwunt Singh to the throne, from +Sir David Ochterlony, then Commander of the forces and +Political Resident at Delhi, who acknowledged the boy’s right, +and pledged his word to support him. But among many of +the Rajah’s subjects a strong feeling of hostility to the British +existed, particularly in the army, and his nephew, Doorjun +Sal, headed a party opposed to the alliance. After the Rajah’s +decease his nephew gained possession of the capital, seized the +young prince, and assumed the sovereign power. Sir David +Ochterlony assembled a force (of which the 59th. formed part) +and marched on Bhurtpore; but the government having disapproved +of the measures taken, the troops returned to Cawnpore. +Sir David in consequence resigned, and died at Meerut +in July, 1825, his decease being, it is considered, hastened by +this event.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was, however, afterwards determined to carry into effect +the engagements entered into with the late Rajah, by placing +his son on the throne. An army was assembled under General +<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>Lord Combermere, the Commander-in-Chief in India, and the +siege of the capital, the fortified city of Bhurtpore, was determined +upon. Great confidence was placed by the natives +in the strength of this place, the fort being upwards of five +miles in circumference, and having in 1805, withstood four +attacks of Lord Lake’s army, wherein were five king’s regiments, +which had been repulsed with great loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 10th. and 11th. of December, 1825, the British +appeared before this celebrated city and fortress. The army +amounted to twenty-five thousand three hundred men, of +which His Majesty’s 11th. and 16th. Light Dragoons, and the +14th. and 59th. regiments formed part, the remainder being +made up of Native corps. The garrison was nearly equal +in numbers to the besieging force. The Bhurtporees had +cut a sluice into the embankment of a lake near the +town, to fill the ditch round the woods with water, but +they were speedily driven from the spot; the sluice was +stopped, and the embankment was turned into a military +post, which was entrusted to a company of the 14th. Foot +and some sepoys. About eighteen inches of water only had +flowed into the ditch, and this sudden seizure of the embankment +facilitated the progress of the siege by keeping +the ditch nearly empty, and thus prevented the enemy from +filling it with water, as was done in Lord Lake’s time. The +several corps took up their ground, and the investment became +complete, orange and date trees from the groves being +converted into fascines and gabions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At an early hour on the morning of the 24th of December, +the fires of two batteries were opened on the town; additional +works were constructed, the batteries became more numerous, +and the siege was prosecuted with vigour. It was, however, +found extremely difficult to effect practicable breaches in the +peculiarly-constructed walls of Bhurtpore, as they were in +many places thickly studded with large trees of a very tough +description of timber, which offered a remarkable resistance +to shot. The process of mining was adopted; several explosions +took place, and the result soon rendered it evident +that the horrors of an assault was drawing near. Great +bravery and perseverance was evinced by the garrison; they +<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>exposed themselves resolutely to the fire of besiegers, and +built up in the night the works which were knocked down +during the day, labouring under a ceaseless fire, and evincing +a firm determination to persevere in the defence.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Considerable progress having been made towards effecting +practicable breaches, it was determined to attempt the storming +of the place on the morning of the 18th. of January, 1826, +the explosion of the mine under the north-east angle being +the signal for the assault. The 14th. and 59th. regiments +headed the two attacks, and they were directed to wheel as +soon as they entered the breaches, one to the right and +the other to the left, and, continuing their career round the +ramparts, to drive the enemy before them till they met. +Some delay occurred in the mine, and the soldiers stood +seven hours anxiously waiting for the moment to commence +the assault, during which time the thunder of the artillery +was tremendous. The mine having exploded in an unexpected +direction, several men of the 14th., at the head of the column +of attack, were killed, and Brigadier-General John M‘Combe, +(of that regiment,) and other officers received severe contusions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As soon as the tremendous crash was over the troops +rushed through the cloud of smoke and dust, and commenced +ascending the breach, and, the summit, after some opposition, +was gained. Here a short pause ensued from the native corps +appointed to support not being near, when the enemy opened +a heavy fire from the buildings near the breach, and sprang +a mine, which killed several of the soldiers. The Bhurtpore +artillerymen fought with great desperation, and the defenders +of the walls exhibited much bravery; but in two hours the +whole rampart surrounding the town, together with the +command of the gates, were in possession of the British. +The citadel surrendered about four o’clock, and the 14th., +(at the head of which the Commander-in-Chief entered it,) +was placed there in garrison, as a compliment to the gallantry +of the corps.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Viscount Combermere, G.C.B., in his despatch +stated, “I must particularly remark the behaviour of His +Majesty’s 14th. regiment, commanded by Major Everard, and +the 59th., commanded by Major Fuller; these corps, having +<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>led the columns of assault, by their steadiness and determination +decided the events of the day.” His lordship also specially +adverted to the services rendered by Brigadier, now General +Sir James Wallace Sleige, K.C.B., commanding the cavalry; +the general good and active conduct of the cavalry, and the +spirited manner in which they volunteered their services +when it was anticipated (before the arrival of the 1st. +European regiment) to employ them in the storm were also +mentioned.<a id='r19'></a><a href='#f19' class='c013'><sup>[19]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus was accomplished the capture of this city, regarded +throughout the East as impregnable, the natives being accustomed +to remark that India was not subdued because +Bhurtpore had not fallen. The usurper Doorjun Sal was +captured while attempting to escape, and the young Rajah +was placed on the throne. The 14th. had Brigadier-General +Edwards and Captain Armstrong killed, and the 59th. lost +Captain Pitman, and had Major Fuller and other officers +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The state of the Burmese war at this period rendered it of +the highest importance that Bhurtpore should be captured, as +a failure in that object would have paralyzed British domination +in the East.<a id='r20'></a><a href='#f20' class='c013'><sup>[20]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>“<span class='sc'>Bhurtpore</span>” was authorised by the Sovereign to be borne on +the standards and colours of the 11th. and 16th. Light +Dragoons, and the 14th. and 59th. regiments.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lord Combermere, whose earliest services had been connected +with the siege of Seringapatam, in 1799, and who +had commanded the British cavalry during the Peninsula +war, under Wellington, was made a Viscount for this capture.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN WAR MEDAL, 1799–1826.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This medal, the design of which is extremely chaste and +beautiful, has on the obverse the Queen’s head, with the +inscription <span class='sc'>Victoria Regina</span>, similar to the Crimean and +other medals. The artist, the late William Wyon, Esq., R.A., +was the chief engraver to the Royal Mint until his decease in +1851. On the reverse of the medal is a figure of Victory +seated, holding in her right hand a laurel branch, in her left, +a victor’s laurel-wreath. A lotus flower, emblematic of India, +is by her side, a trophy of Oriental arms and a palm-tree in +the background. Above are the words, “To the army of India”: +in the exergue, “1799–1826.” The various services are commemorated +by clasps, and the medal is worn with a pale blue +ribbon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The glorious achievements of the army of India, from the +decisive victory of Assaye to the capture of Bhurtpore, were +not commemorated by a medal till the year 1851, and the few +survivors who took part in the first-named battle did not receive +the decoration until <i>forty-eight</i> years after the event.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>THE PENINSULA WAR MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>When the distribution of the Waterloo Medal both to +officers and men took place, it was no wonder that the +veterans who had fought through the several actions of the +Peninsula war should desire to have a similar distinction. +By a letter from the Duke of Wellington, dated Brussels, +13th. April, 1815, to His Royal Highness Field-Marshal the +Duke of Kent, then Colonel of the Royals, it would appear +that there was some general distinction intended to be conferred +on the Peninsula army:—“When your Royal Highness +first communicated to me your desire that the 3rd. battalion +Royals should wear a distinguishing badge for their services +under my command, it was in the contemplation of His +Royal Highness the Commander-in-Chief, that the whole +army which served in the Peninsula and in the South of +France should wear one. I have not heard what has +prevented His Royal Highness from carrying that intention +into execution, but I will enquire, and I will recommend +that the Royals shall have one, if it is not intended that +one should be given to the whole army.” This design appears +to have been abandoned.</p> + +<div id='i054fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_054fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The War Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>It has been shewn that during the reign of King Charles +the First, and the period of the Commonwealth, the humblest +soldier was eligible for a medal, and that for Waterloo is +the first since that time which has been conferred by the crown +on both officers and soldiers. Major Mackie, in a poem entitled +“Britannia Ingrata,” made a poetical appeal in behalf of the +gallant Peninsula army. There were volumes of correspondence +in the several military journals, in which the grievances +of veterans were set forth; officers who had passed through +the fields of Corunna, Talavera, Busaco, Salamanca,<a id='r21'></a><a href='#f21' class='c013'><sup>[21]</sup></a> and other +sanguinary actions, felt they deserved the red and blue-edged +ribbon as well as the more fortunate Waterloo man. Even +the badge of merit was defined, some thinking that it should +be a cross formed of the metal of guns taken during the war.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The hardship continued for years, and there is no doubt +that the Duke of Richmond in his place in Parliament, aided +by public opinion, was mainly instrumental in obtaining the +desired honour. So sensible were the war officers of his exertions +in their cause, that a testimonial was subscribed for and +presented to His Grace at a grand dinner at Willis’s Rooms, +on Saturday, the 21st. of June, 1851. It was a most interesting +gathering, and many of the Peninsula veterans were present. +The testimonial was in solid silver, the value of the plate being +about fifteen hundred guineas. The inscription was as follows: +“Presented on June 21st., 1851, 38th. Anniversary of the Battle +of Vittoria, to His Grace the Duke of Richmond, Lennox, and +Aubigny, K.G., by the Recipients of the War Medal, in grateful +remembrance of his long and unwearied exertion in their +behalf, as a token of the Admiration, Respect, and Esteem, +from his humbler brethren in Arms, who successfully aided in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>defending their Island Home throughout a long and sanguinary +war, in which they gained a series of resplendent victories, +that led to the capture of Madrid, Paris, Washington, and +finally to an honourable and lasting peace.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Queen Victoria fully repaired the omission of her predecessors, +by conferring the boon so long and anxiously coveted, and on +the 1st. of June, 1847 (the anniversary of a glorious naval +victory), the following general order was issued, which, it is +almost superfluous to add, was read with delight by the +surviving Peninsula veterans.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“Horse Guards, 1st. June, 1847.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c015'>“Her Majesty having been graciously pleased to command +that a Medal should be struck to record the Services of +Her Fleets and Armies during the Wars commencing in +1793, and ending in 1814, and that one should be conferred +upon every Officer, Non-Commissioned Officer, and Soldier of +the Army, who was present in any Battle or Siege, to +commemorate which, Medals had been struck by command +of Her Majesty’s Royal Predecessors, and had been distributed +to the General or Superior Officers of the several Armies +and Corps of Troops engaged, in conformity with the Regulations +of the Service at that time in force;—General and +other Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Soldiers, who +consider that they have claims to receive this mark of their +Sovereign’s gracious recollection of their Services, and of her +desire to record the same, are each to apply to the Secretary +of the Board of General Officers, Whitehall, London, and to +send in writing to the same Officer, a statement of his claim, +for what Action, at what period of time, and the Names of +the Persons, or the titles of the Documents by which the +Claim can be proved.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“These Claims are to be sent, by General Officers having +such Claims, through the hands of the Commander-in-Chief +of the Army:—</p> + +<p class='c015'>“The Staff Officers having such Claims, through the General +Officers under whom they served, if alive;—if not alive, +through the Adjutant-General of the Army:—</p> + +<p class='c015'>“Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Soldiers of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>Regiments, Battalions, and Detachments, through the Commanding +Officer of the Regiment, Battalion, or Detachment, +at the time, if still alive.<a id='r22'></a><a href='#f22' class='c013'><sup>[22]</sup></a> This will be known by enquiry +at the Agents of the Regiments resident in London. If +such Commanding Officer should not be alive, the Application, +in writing, must be sent through the Adjutant-General of +the Army.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“The Board of General Officers is hereby, by Her Majesty’s +Command, directed to take into consideration,—to investigate +the facts stated in each of these several applications,—and +to report to the Commander-in-Chief upon the same, for the +information of Her Majesty, and to enable those commanded by +Her Majesty to deliver to the Claimants the Medals accordingly.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“The Adjutant-General, and the Military Secretary of the +Commander-in-Chief will transmit to the Secretary of the +Board of General Officers, such information as they may have +been able to acquire, to assist in the investigations which +the Board will have to make.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“The Commander-in-Chief has been required to desire, +that the Board of General Officers will have Alphabetical +Lists made out of the names of the Claimants to one of these +Medals, with his Rank, and the name of the particular +Battle or Siege for which he claims to receive the same inserted +in the Margin,—and at which the Board of General +Officers may consider that he was present.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“The occasions for which Medals have been granted by +the Sovereign are specified in the annexed page for general +information and guidance, as at page 73 of the Annual Army +List.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“By Command of Field-Marshal,</div> + <div class='line in4'><span class='sc'>The Duke of Wellington</span>, Commander-in-Chief,</div> + <div class='line in12'><span class='sc'>John Macdonald</span>, Adjutant-General.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>“Honorary Distinctions have been granted to Officers in Commemoration +of their Services in the following Battles or +Actions:—Maida, July 4th., 1806; Roleia, August 17th., +1808; Vimiera, August 21st., 1808; Sahagun, Benevente, etc., +December, 1808, and January, 1809; Corunna, January 16th., +1809; Martinique, February, 1809; Talavera, July 27th. and +28th., 1809; Guadaloupe, January and February, 1810; Busaco, +September 27th., 1810; Barrosa, March 5th., 1811; Fuentes +d’Onor, May 5th., 1811; Albuhera, May 16th., 1811; Java, +August and September, 1811; Cindad Rodrigo, January, 1812; +Badajoz, March 17th. and April 6th., 1812; Salamanca, July +22nd., 1812; Fort Detroit, America, August, 1812; Vittoria, +June 21st., 1813; Pyrenees, July 28th. to August 2nd., 1813; +St. Sebastian, August and September, 1813; Chateauguay, +America, October 26th., 1813; Nivelle, November 10th., 1813; +Chrystler’s Farm, America, November 11th., 1813; Nive, +December 9th. to 13th., 1813; Orthes, February 27th., 1814; +Toulouse, April 10th., 1814.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>A similar order was issued regarding naval services, these +commenced with Lord Howe’s action on the 1st. of June, +1794, but the earliest military service thus decorated was +the campaign in Egypt, 1801, a general order, dated the +12th. of February, 1850, being issued, by which the war +medal was to be conferred on the surviving Egyptian veterans; +and if they had already received it, an additional bar, +bearing the word “<span class='sc'>Egypt</span>,” was to be granted.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The <span class='sc'>Medal</span> has on the obverse the head of the Queen, with +the date 1848; and on the reverse Her Majesty, as the +representative of the country or people, is in the act of crowning +with a laurel wreath the Duke of Wellington, in a +kneeling attitude, as emblematic of the army. In the exergue +is engraved 1793–1814, (the former date only applying to +the navy,) and by the side of the dais is the British lion. +The inscription is “<span class='sc'>To the British Army</span>.” In the illustration +only a few of the bars are given, but all the services enumerated +in the foregoing list were of course commemorated by +their names being placed on the bars. Fifteen is the greatest +number of bars known to have been worn by any recipient +of the medal. The rank and names of recipients were engraved +round the edge of the medal. The ribbon is red, with +blue edges.<a id='r23'></a><a href='#f23' class='c013'><sup>[23]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The first service then, in the order of date, is</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN, 1801.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>In the year 1800, a French army, which had been designated +the “Army of the East,” held Egypt in subjection, and the +British government anticipating that India was the meditated +scene of conquest, determined to employ the disposable force +of the kingdom in relieving Egypt from her invaders. After +experiencing much severe weather at sea, the fleet arrived at +Malta, where the troops landed, and the abundance of fresh +provisions afforded by the inhabitants was most welcome. +Leaving that island on the 20th. of December, 1800, the armament +sailed to Marmorice, in Asiatic Turkey, where the +fleet anchored in a spacious bay environed by mountains, whilst +gunboats were being procured for the expedition, horses for +the cavalry, and a plan of co-operation was in course of +arrangement with the Turks.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This force was under the command of the veteran General +Sir Ralph Abercromby, K.B., and about six thousand men +from India and the Cape of Good Hope, under Major-General +Baird, so celebrated for his conduct at Seringapatam, were +appointed to co-operate.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At this period the British forces were brigaded as follows:—Guards, +Major-General the Honourable George J. Ludlow, +First Royals, 54th., two battalions, and 92nd, Major-General +(afterwards Sir Eyre) Coote; 8th., 13th., 18th., and 90th., +Major-General (afterwards Sir John) Cradock; 2nd., 50th., and +79th., Major-General Lord Cavan; 30th., 44th., and 89th., +<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>Brigadier-General (afterwards Sir John) Doyle; Minorca, +De Rolle’s, and Dillon’s regiments (since disbanded,) Major-General +John Stuart, (afterwards Count of Maida.) The reserve +consisted of detachments of 11th. and Hompesch’s dragoons, +40th., flank companies, 23rd., 28th., 42nd., 58th., and Corsican +Rangers, (since disbanded,) Major-General (afterwards Sir John) +Moore; 12th. and 26th. dragoons, Major-General the Honourable +Edward Finch; artillery and pioneers, Brigadier-General +Lawson.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After some delay at Marmorice, in expectation of receiving +reinforcements of Greeks and Turks, the expedition proceeded +to its destination, and on the 2nd of March, 1801, anchored +in the Bay of Aboukir, eastward of Alexandria, when, notwithstanding +all the exertions of the navy, under the orders +of Admiral Lord Keith, the necessary arrangements for landing +the troops could not be effected until a week afterwards, +owing to unfavourable weather, and other obstructions. A +landing was however effected on the 8th. of March.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops forming the first division, consisting of the reserve, +under the command of Major-General (afterwards Sir +John) Moore; the brigade of Guards, under the Honourable +Major-General Ludlow; and a portion of the first brigade, +under Major-General Coote, got into the boats early in the +morning; they had generally about six miles to row, and did +not reach the point of landing until ten o’clock. The front +of disembarkation was narrow, and a hill, which commanded +the whole, seemed almost inaccessible. Notwithstanding their +being exposed to a very severe cannonade, and under the fire +of grape shot, the troops made good their landing, ascended +the hill, and forced the enemy to retire, leaving behind him +seven pieces of artillery, together with a number of horses. The +troops that ascended the hill in the face of dangers and difficulties +sufficient to intimidate ordinary men, consisted of the +23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and the four flank companies of +the 40th. regiment, under the command of Colonel Spencer, +whose conduct was specially commended in the despatches; in +which also the good order of the disembarkation of the 28th. +and 42nd. regiments, under the command of Brigadier-General +Oakes was particularly noticed. Whilst these regiments formed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>and mounted the position, the Foot Guards and 58th. regiment +prolonged the attack, the Royals and the 54th. pushing forward +to sustain their gallant comrades. A column of French +infantry advancing through a hollow way with fixed bayonets +against the left flank of the Foot Guards, encountered the two +latter regiments; the British advanced, when their opponents +hesitated, fired a volley, and then retreated. The disembarkation +of the army continued on the 8th. and the day following.<a id='r24'></a><a href='#f24' class='c013'><sup>[24]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops which landed on the 8th., advanced three miles +the same day, and on the 12th., the army moved forward, and +came in sight of the enemy, who was strongly posted with +his right to the canal of Alexandria, and his left towards the +sea.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About six o’clock in the morning of the 13th. of March, the +British advanced to attack the enemy’s position in front of +Mandora. The leading brigades were commanded by Major-Generals +Cradock and the Earl of Cavan. The 90th. formed +the advanced guard of the front line, and the 92nd. that of +the second; both battalions suffered severely, and were highly +distinguished. These two regiments bear the word “<span class='sc'>Mandora</span>” +<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>on their colours. The French having opened a most destructive +fire from their artillery, enfiladed the column to its whole +depth, and orders were consequently given to deploy into line. +This was considered a favourable moment, and the enemy immediately +advanced to the attack. Major-General Cradock +formed his brigade under a heavy fire, and the gallant conduct +of the regiments, (the 8th., 13th., 18th., and 90th. infantry,) +was equal to the emergency. In this action Lieutenant-Colonel +(afterwards Viscount) Hill commanded the 90th., and exhibited +that coolness and conspicuous bravery so frequently displayed +during the Peninsula campaigns. The remainder of the army +were immediately in a situation not only to face but to repel +the enemy. The reserve, under Major-General Moore, which +was on the right, on the change of the position of the army, +moved on in column, and covered the right flank. The French +were driven from their position, and were compelled to retreat +over the plains into the lines on the heights before Alexandria.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the general orders issued on the following day, it was +stated, that “The Commander-in-Chief has the greatest satisfaction +in thanking the troops for their soldier-like and intrepid +conduct in the action of yesterday; he feels it incumbent on +him particularly to express his most perfect satisfaction with +the steady and gallant conduct of Major-General Cradock’s +brigade.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having gained a second victory on the shores of Egypt, the +army took up a position about four miles from Alexandria, +having a sandy plain in front, the sea on the right, and the +canal of Alexandria and the lake of Aboukir on the left. The +reserve, was posted under Major-General Moore, on very high +ground, projecting a quarter of a mile on the right, and extending +to the large and magnificent ruins of a palace, built +in the time of the Romans, within fifty yards of the sea. +This high ground of sand-hills and old ruins, was about three +hundred yards broad; it sloped gradually down into a valley, +which lay between it and the other parts of the position. +The 58th. regiment occupied the ruins, and the 28th. a redoubt +near them; the 23rd. and 42nd., with the flank companies +of the 40th., and the Corsican Rangers, were placed a short +distance behind the ruins and the redoubt; the other corps +of the army extending to the canal. The French occupied a +parallel position on a high and almost perpendicular ridge of +hills; in the centre of their line appeared Fort Crétin—in +the left of its rear Fort Caffarelli,—Pompey’s Pillar on its +right,—Cleopatra’s Needle on the left, and the city of Alexandria +extending to the sea, with the masts of the shipping +in the harbour at the back of the town. The whole presented +a most interesting appearance; objects celebrated in history, +even some of the wonders of the world, could be distinctly +seen, and the ruins under the soldier’s feet were of interesting +antiquity.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For seven days the army occupied this position without +interruption; the soldiers being under arms every morning at +three o’clock, and working parties being afterwards employed +in strengthening the post.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ALEXANDRIA.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. March, 1801.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The French army having been augmented by the arrival +of additional troops from the interior, General Menou advanced +early on the morning of the celebrated 21st. of March, and +attacked the British position with great intrepidity. The +action commenced about an hour before daylight by a false +attack on the British left, consisting of the 8th., 13th., 18th., +and 90th. regiments, which was under Major-General Cradock’s +command, where they were soon repulsed. The most vigorous +efforts of the enemy were directed against the right, which +they endeavoured to turn. The attack on that point was commenced +with great impetuosity by the French infantry, sustained +by a strong body of cavalry, who charged in column. +They were received with equal ardour, and with the utmost +steadiness and discipline. The contest was unusually obstinate; +the enemy was twice repulsed, and his cavalry became repeatedly +mixed with the British infantry. At length they +retired, leaving an immense number of killed and wounded +on the field. In these attacks the 28th. and 42nd. regiments +gained great renown; the former had been ordered into the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>redoubt on the left of the ruins of the palace of the Ptolemies,—the +left wing of the 42nd. advanced under Major Stirling, +and took post on the open ground quitted by the 28th., and +the right wing of the regiment under Lieutenant-Colonel +Stewart, formed two hundred yards in the rear of the left +wing. In an instant the ruins, redoubt, and left wing were +attacked by the enemy with great impetuosity; but the steady +and well-directed fire of the British regiments forced their +assailants to retire.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While the front was thus engaged, a column of the famed +“Invincible Legion” advanced, preceded by a six-pounder gun, +silently along the interval between the left of the 42nd. and +the right of the Foot Guards, from which the cavalry picket +had retired, and calculating its distance correctly, although in +the dark, it wheeled to its left, and penetrated unobserved +between the wings of the 42nd. regiment drawn up in parallel +lines. The instant this column was seen, the right wing of +that regiment attacked its front with great gallantry, and +captured the gun,—the rear rank of the left wing faced about +attacked to its rear, and the French being thus placed between +two fires, rushed towards the ruins of the ancient palace,—receiving +the fire of the 28th. as they passed the redoubt, +of the grenadiers and light infantry of the 40th. as they passed +the ground occupied by these companies, and being pursued +in full career by the 42nd. As the French entered the ruins, +two companies of the 58th. wheeled back, and after firing a +few rounds of musketry, charged with the bayonet. Being +thus attacked in front and on the flanks, and pursued by the +Highlanders, who closed with bayonets on the rear, the “Invincible +Legion” resisted until six hundred and fifty of their +number had fallen, when the survivors, about two hundred and +fifty in number, threw down their arms and surrendered, delivering +up their standard to Major Stirling, of the 42nd., who +gave it in charge of a sergeant, with directions to remain close +to the gun which the regiment had taken from the enemy.<a id='r25'></a><a href='#f25' class='c013'><sup>[25]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>This column of the enemy being thus disposed of, the 42nd. +instantly issued from among the ruins, and formed line in +battalion on the flat, with their right supported by the redoubt; +but at that moment the French infantry pressed forward so +rapidly, that Major-General Moore ordered the regiment forward +before its formation was completed, when Sir Ralph +Abercromby, who was on the spot, encouraging the troops, +called out “My brave Highlanders, remember your country, +remember your forefathers!” and the regiment rushed forward +with heroic ardour, drove back the French, and pursued them +along the sandy plain. Major-General Moore, who had the +advantage of a keen penetrating eye, saw through the increasing +clearness of the atmosphere, fresh columns of the enemy, with +three squadrons of cavalry, prepared to charge through the +intervals of the retreating infantry, and instantly calling to +the 42nd. to cease pursuing, directed them to resume their +former ground to resist the charge of cavalry. This order to +fall back to the redoubt was repeated by Lieutenant-Colonel +Stirling, but it was only partially heard by the regiment, owing +to the noise from the firing; the companies which heard it +fell back, and the others remained in advance. While in this +broken state, the regiment was charged by the French horsemen, +who dashed forward with great audacity, as to an assured +victory; but the gallant Highlanders stood firm, and their fire +thinned the enemy’s ranks in the advance. All the companies +which were formed repulsed the dragoons with loss; the other +companies were broken, yet the Highlanders individually, or +in small groups, maintained a fierce contest with the dragoons, +and a number of single combats took place, in which great +courage and activity were displayed. The French dragoons +which had penetrated the broken companies, or passed through +the intervals, turned to their left towards the ruins of the +old Roman palace, as the column of infantry had done early +in the morning, and were nearly annihilated by the fire of +the 28th. regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During this fierce contest the British troops had expended +<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>their ammunition, and while a supply was being procured from +the ordnance stores at a distance, their fire ceased; that +of the enemy, however, was continued with great execution, and +put to a severe test the patient endurance of the troops, who +suffered severely. When a supply of ammunition arrived, the +enemy retreated, and the action terminated.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One stand of colours and two field pieces were taken.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Ralph Abercromby received a mortal wound at the commencement +of the action, but which he concealed until the +battle was decided. This gallant general died on the 28th. +of March, and was buried at Malta. He was succeeded in the +command of the army by Lieutenant-General (afterwards Lord) +Hutchinson. In that officer’s despatch, the conduct of the +reserve, under Major-General (afterwards Sir John) Moore +against whom the principal attack was directed, was highly +noticed; Major-General Moore and Brigadier-General Oakes, +both wounded nearly at the same time, were specially mentioned; +and the 28th. and 42nd. regiments<a id='r26'></a><a href='#f26' class='c013'><sup>[26]</sup></a> were reported as +having acted “in the most distinguished and brilliant manner.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this victory one division traversed the country to Rosetta, +and captured the forts at that place; part of the army +then advanced up the River Nile, and forced the French +troops at the city of Cairo to surrender. Another portion +was engaged in the blockade of Alexandria.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the force under Major-General Baird had sailed from +Bombay for the Red Sea. The original design was to proceed +to the port of Suez, but the monsoon had commenced before +<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>the fleet entered the Red Sea, in April, 1801, when the Major-General +determined to land at Cosseir, on the Red Sea, and brave +the difficulties of the desert, in the hope of affording important +aid to the forces which had arrived in Egypt from Europe. +This was the first occasion that British troops had proceeded +by the overland route,<a id='r27'></a><a href='#f27' class='c013'><sup>[27]</sup></a> which course was again adopted during +the Crimean Campaign, when two regiments of cavalry (10th. +and 12th. Dragoons) proceeded from India to Sebastopol. At +this early period the fourteen-days’ march through the desert +was a more serious affair than in later times.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On landing, the country presented a frightfully desolate +prospect, but the soldiers commenced their march with alacrity, +although suffering from excessive heat and dysentery, +occasioned by bad water. The march was made during the +night. A short distance from Cosseir the troops entered a +ravine, which appeared to be the old bed of a river, along +which they travelled three days, when it terminated at +Moilah: thence the desert had generally a hard gravelly +soil, until the troops arrived at Baromba, where the first +habitable spot was met with after leaving Cosseir, not a +single hut being previously seen. There was an almost irresistible +inclination to sleep, and some soldiers straggling from +the line of march that they might lie down, lost their lives. +About ten miles from Baromba was Kenna, which was reached +without further difficulty.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir John Hely Hutchinson, +K.B., who had succeeded to the command upon the +death of General Sir Ralph Abercromby, advanced to Grand +Cairo, which capitulated on the 27th. of June, 1801. General +Menou, refusing to accept the capitulation of Cairo, was +closely besieged in Alexandria. The operations against the +enemy’s works commenced on the 17th. of August. Major-General +Coote embarked with a strong body of troops +in the night of the 16th. and 17th. of August, and effected +<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>a landing to the westward of Alexandria, and immediately invested +the strong castle of Marabout.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the night between the 18th. and 19th., Major-General +Coote opened batteries against the castle of Marabout. This +fort, situated on an island at the entrance to the old harbour +of Alexandria, capitulated to the troops under Major-General +Eyre Coote, on the 21st. of August, 1801. No +loss was sustained. A brass gun was captured from the enemy +by the first battalion of the 54th. regiment, which it retained +until December, 1841; and on its being placed in the repository +established in the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich, the corps +received the royal authority to bear the word “<span class='sc'>Marabout</span>” on +the regimental colours and appointments, in commemoration +of the gallantry evinced by the battalion at the capture of +that fort. No other regiment bears this distinction.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the evening of the 27th. of August, General Menou +sent an aide-de-camp to request an armistice for three days, +in order to afford time to prepare a capitulation, which after +some difficulties and delays was signed on the 2nd. of September. +It is on record that after the terms of surrender +were concluded, the French General received Brigadier-General +Hope with the natural politeness of his countrymen, and an +invitation was given to dinner, the repast consisting entirely +of horse-flesh.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This terminated the campaign in Egypt, and the achievements +of the British army were a prelude to future victories. +The troops received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament, +and all the regiments received the royal authority to +bear on their colours the word “<span class='sc'>Egypt</span>,” with the <i>Sphinx</i> as +a lasting memorial of the glories acquired during this arduous +and important campaign, which had exalted the military fame +of Great Britain, by the expulsion of the “invincible” legions +of Buonaparte from Egypt, whence he had expected to extend +his conquests through Asia. The following were the regiments +employed in Egypt in 1801:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>8th. Light Dragoons, one Troop, Captain Hawkins; 11th. +Light Dragoons, one Troop, Captain A. Money; 12th. Light +Dragoons, Colonel Mervyn Archdall; 22nd. Light Dragoons,<a id='r28'></a><a href='#f28' class='c013'><sup>[28]</sup></a> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable William Lumley; 26th. (afterwards +23rd) Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Gordon; +Hompesch’s Hussars, (detachment,) Major Sir Robert +T. Wilson; Coldstream Guards, 1st. Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Arthur Brice; 3rd. Foot Guards, 1st. Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +T. Hilgrove Turner; Royals, 2nd. Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Duncan Campbell; 2nd. Queen’s Royal, Colonel the +Earl of Dalhousie; 8th. Foot, King’s, Colonel Gordon Drummond; +10th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Quarrell; 13th. +Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable Charles Colville; 18th., +Royal Irish, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry T. Montresor; 20th. +Foot, 1st. and 2nd. Battalions, Lieutenant-Colonel George Smith; +23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, Lieutenant-Colonel John Hall; +24th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel John R. Forster; 25th. Foot, +Colonel William Dyott; 26th. Foot., Colonel Lord Elphinstone; +27th. Inniskilling, 1st. and 2nd Battalions, Lieutenant-Colonel +Samuel Graham; 28th. Foot, Colonel Honourable Edward Paget; +30th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel William Wilkinson; 40th. Foot, +(Flank Companies,) Colonel Brent Spencer; 42nd. Royal Highland +Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel William Dickson; 44th. +Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel David Ogilvie; 50th. Foot, Colonel +Patrick Wanchope; 54th. Foot, 1st. and 2nd. Battalions, Lieutenant-Colonel +John Thomas Layard; 58th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel +William Houstoun; 61st. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis +Carruthers; 79th. Foot, Colonel Alan Cameron; 80th. Foot. +Lieutenant-Colonel John Montresor; 86th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel +James P. Lloyd; 88th. Foot, Colonel William Carr +Beresford; 89th. Foot, Colonel William Stewart; 90th. Foot, +Colonel Rowland Hill; 92nd. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles +Erskine; De Watteville’s Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Louis +de Watteville; The Queen’s German Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel +Peter John James Dutens; De Rolle’s Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel +the Baron De Dürler; Dillon’s Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel +the Baron Perponcher; Royal Corsican Rangers, +Major Hudson Lowe; Ancient Irish Fencibles; Chasseurs Britanniques, +Colonel John Ramsey; and the Staff Corps, (detachment.)</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE TURKISH MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Grand Seignior, with a view to perpetuate the services +rendered to the Ottoman empire, established an order of knighthood, +designated the Crescent, which was conferred on the +general officers. He also presented gold medals of three sizes +to the field officers, captains, and subalterns, which they were +authorized by His Majesty to accept and wear. A palace was +built at Constantinople for the future residence of the British +ambassadors. The medal from which the engraving has been +made is the smaller one, given to captains and subalterns, but +is the same in pattern as the larger size, conferred on the field officers. +Obverse, a Crescent and Star of eight points, surrounded +by an ornamental border; Reverse, the Sultan’s cypher, +under which is the year 1801; the border is the same on both +sides; the ribbon is dark orange, with a hook and chain.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF MAIDA.<br> <span class='sc'>4th July, 1806.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>A squadron of British and Russian vessels having, in November, +1805, landed some troops at Naples, without any +opposition from the Neapolitan court, shortly afterwards departed. +On receiving intelligence of this transaction, the French +Emperor issued a proclamation, that “the Neapolitan dynasty +had ceased to reign,” and his brother Joseph, assisted by +Marshal Massena, proceeded with an army to that country. +The French entered Naples on the 15th. of February, and +shortly obtained possession of the whole kingdom, excepting +Gaeta. Meanwhile the Court had retired to Sicily. A decree +was soon issued, by which the crown of Naples was conferred +by Napoleon on his brother Joseph, who was proclaimed king +on the 30th. of May.</p> + +<div id='i070fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_070fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Turkish Medal for Egypt.—1801</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>A body of troops was assembled by the French in Calabria, +and extensive preparations were made for the invasion of Sicily. +Major-General Stuart, who then commanded the British troops +in Sicily, formed the design of penetrating Calabria, and attacking +the French division, under General Regnier: the result was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>the Battle of Maida, Upper Calabria, which was fought on the +4th. of July, 1806. On hearing of the disembarkation of the +British at St. Euphemia, General Regnier made a rapid march +from Reggio, uniting, as he advanced, his detached corps. seven-pounders +Stuart resolved to anticipate the attack, and the army +commenced its march on the morning of the 4th. of July. By +nine o’clock in the morning the opposing fronts were warmly +engaged. The right of the advanced line consisted of the +battalion of light infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel, +afterwards Sir James, Kempt, consisting of the light companies +of the 20th., 27th., 35th., 58th., 61st., 81st., and Watteville’s, +(since disbanded,) together with one hundred and fifty chosen +battalion men of the 35th. regiment, under Major Robinson. +Directly opposed to them was the favourite French regiment, +the Ire. Légére. The two corps, at the distance of about one +hundred yards, fired reciprocally a few rounds, when, as if by +mutual consent, the firing was suspended, and in close compact +order and dreadful silence they advanced towards each +other, until their bayonets began to cross. This momentous +crisis appalled the enemy; they broke and endeavoured to fly, +but it was too late, and they were overtaken, when the most +terrible slaughter ensued.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Brigadier-General Acland, whose brigade, consisting of the +78th. and 81st. regiments, was immediately on the left of the +light infantry, availed himself of this favourable moment to +press instantly forward upon the corps in his front, when the +78th., under Lieutenant-Colonel Macleod, and the 81st., under +Major Plenderleath, had an opportunity of distinguishing themselves. +The enemy fled in dismay and disorder, leaving the +plain covered with their dead and wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Being thus completely discomfited on his left, General Regnier +commenced a new effort in the hope of recovering the +day. The grenadier battalion and the 27th. regiment, which +formed the first brigade, under Brigadier-General Cole resisted +the enemy most gallantly. Nothing could shake the undaunted +firmness of the grenadiers, under Lieutenant-Colonel O’Callaghan, +and of the 27th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith. +The cavalry successively repelled from before their front, attempted +to turn their left, when Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, who +<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>had that morning landed from Messina with the 20th. Foot, +and was coming up to the army during the action, having +observed this movement, threw his regiment opportunely into +a small cover upon their flank, and by a heavy and well-directed +fire completely frustrated the attempt. The 20th., +with natural pride, always commemorated this day’s glory. +The enemy having succeeded with his cavalry in turning the +British left, owing to the total deficiency of that arm on the +part of the English, might possibly have retrieved the day, +but for this movement. This was the final struggle, and the +French began precipitately to retire; leaving above seven +hundred of their dead upon the field of battle.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British infantry continued in pursuit as long as they +were able, but as the enemy dispersed in every direction, and +the victors were under the necessity of preserving order, the +trial of speed became unequal. The total loss sustained by +the French was estimated at four thousand men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For this victory Major-General Stuart received the thanks +of Parliament, with a vote of a thousand pounds a year for +life; the approbation of his Sovereign, and the dignity of a +Knight of the Bath; he was created Count of Maida by the +King of Naples, and the city of London voted him its freedom +and a sword.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the official communication from the British minister at +Palermo, the battle of Maida was thus adverted to:—“There +is not to be found in the annals of military transactions an +enterprise prepared with more deliberate reflection, or executed +with greater decision, promptitude, and success, than the late +invasion of Calabria by Sir John Stuart. I trust, therefore, +you will not think me presumptuous for venturing to add my +testimony of the high sense entertained by this Court, of the +merits of the British General, and of his gallant army, who, +on the fertile plains of Maida, have added new trophies to +those which the same troops had formerly earned, from the +same enemy, on the sandy regions of Egypt.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged in this action, the +20th., 27th., 35th., 58th., 61st., (flank companies,) 78th., and +81st. Foot.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span> + <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Gold Medal for Maida.</span></h3> +</div> + +<div class='c004 figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_b_073.jpg' alt='Illustration of a commemorative medal with two circular sides connected side-by-side. Left side shows a profile portrait of King George III wearing a laurel wreath, labeled “Georgivs Tertivs Rex.” Right side depicts the goddess Britannia with spear and shield, accompanied by a winged figure holding a wreath, with the inscription “Mai Da IV MDCCCVI” and a fallen enemy figure below.' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In commemoration of this victory a gold medal was struck, +and conferred upon all the superior officers who were present. +On the obverse is the lauriated head of the Sovereign, inscribed +<span class='sc'><span lang="la">Georgius Tertius Rex</span></span>. The reverse has Britannia brandishing +a spear with her right hand, and on her left a shield charged +with the crosses of the Union banner. A flying figure of +Victory is crowning her with a wreath of laurel; behind Britannia +is the triquetra, or trinacria, the ancient symbol of Sicily, +and before her is inscribed <span class='sc'>Maida</span> <span class='fss'>IVL. IV. MDCCCVI.</span> Round +the edge the name and rank of the officers were engraved. +There was only one size of this medal, which was worn both +by General and Field officers from the button-hole of their +uniform, to a red ribbon, with blue edges, and a gold buckle. +The issue was limited to the Commander of the Forces engaged, +officers in command of brigades, battalions, or of corps equivalent +to a battalion, or the officer who succeeded on the removal +from the field of the original commander, and the Deputy +Quartermaster-General. As a general rule, no officer below the +rank of Major was considered eligible, unless he succeeded to +the command of a battalion during the action. Only seventeen +officers received this medal.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLES OF ROLEIA AND VIMIERA.<br> <span class='sc'>17th. and 21st. August, 1808.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>At this period the Peninsula was the centre of political +interest. Portugal, deserted by her government, and Spain +betrayed, the people of each of those countries rose in arms +to recover the national independence. Dissensions had arisen +in the royal family of Spain, occasioned by the sway of Manuel +Godoy, who bore the title of the Prince of Peace. This +minister was dismissed, but the court was unable to restore +tranquillity. In this emergency the French Emperor was solicited +to be umpire, and Napoleon eventually placed the crown +of Spain on his brother Joseph, who was transferred from the +throne of Naples. The Spaniards at once flew to arms, and +the British government resolved to aid the Spanish and Portuguese +patriots. A British army was accordingly ordered to proceed +to the Peninsula under the command of Lieutenant-General +Sir Arthur Wellesley. After a favourable passage the troops +destined for this service anchored in Mondego Bay, in the +beginning of August, and a landing was effected in the vicinity +of the village of Frejus. The division under Major-General +(afterwards Sir Brent) Spencer, K.B., from Cadiz, +consisting of about four thousand men, joined on the 8th. of +August; and after a short halt, the army was put in motion +to occupy a more forward position, where it remained for +some days. Sir Arthur marched from Leiria on the 13th., +and arrived at Alcobaça on the 19th., which place the enemy +abandoned in the preceding night. The French, about four +thousand in number, were posted at Roliça, or Roleia, (the +latter mode of spelling having been inaccurately adopted +from the despatch for the colours,) and Brilos was occupied +by their advanced posts. The possession of this latter village +being important to future operations, it was determined to +occupy it, and as soon as the British infantry arrived upon +the ground, a detachment, consisting of four companies of +riflemen of the 60th. and 95th. regiments, was ordered to +effect this duty. A trifling resistance was offered by a small +picket of the enemy’s infantry and a few cavalry, after which +they retired, being followed by a detachment of riflemen to the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>distance of three miles from Brilos. The riflemen were then +attacked by a superior body of the enemy, who attempted to +cut them off from the main body of the detachment to which +they belonged. Large bodies of the enemy appeared on both +the flanks of the detachment, which had advanced in support +of the riflemen, and it was with difficulty that Major-General +Spencer was enabled to effect a retreat to Obidos, which +village it remained in possession of.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two days afterwards was fought the Battle of Roleia, or +Roliça. General Laborde continued in his position at this place, +and Sir Arthur Wellesley determined to attack him in it on +the morning of the 17th. of August. Roliça is situated on an +eminence, having a plain in its front, at the end of a valley, +which commences at Caldas, and is closed to the southwards +by the mountains, which join the hills, forming a valley on the +left, looking towards Caldas. In the centre of the valley, and +about eight miles from Roliça, is the town and old Moorish +fort of Obidos, from whence the enemy’s pickets had been +driven on the 15th., and from that time he had posts in the +hills on both sides of the valley, as well as in the plain in +front of his army, which was posted on the heights in front +of Roliça; its right resting upon the hills, its left upon an +eminence, on which was a windmill, and the whole covering +four or five passes into the mountains in his rear.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About seven o’clock in the morning the troops moved from +Obidos. Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen were immediately +detached into the hills on the left of the valley, to keep up +the communication between the centre and left columns, and +to protect the march of the former along the valley; the enemy’s +posts were successively driven in. Major-General Hill’s +brigade moved on to attack the French left, and Brigadier-Generals +Nightingall and Craufurd advanced with the artillery +along the high road, until at length Nightingall’s formed in the +plain immediately in the enemy’s front, supported by the light +infantry companies, and the 45th. regiment of Brigadier-General +Craufurd’s brigade; while the other two regiments of his brigade, +the 50th. and 91st., were kept as a reserve in the rear.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Rowland (afterwards Viscount) Hill and Brigadier-General +Nightingall advanced upon the enemy’s position, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>and at the same moment Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen +were in the hills on his right; the Portuguese infantry in a +village upon his left; and Major-General Ferguson’s column +was descending from the heights into the plain. From this +situation the French retired by the passes into the mountains +with the utmost regularity and celerity; and notwithstanding +the rapid advance of the British infantry, the want of a sufficient +body of cavalry was the cause of their suffering but +little loss in the plain. It then became necessary to make a +disposition to attack the formidable position which had been +taken up. Brigadier-General Fane’s riflemen were already in +the mountains on the enemy’s right, but no time was lost in +attacking the different passes, as well as in supporting the riflemen, +so as to ensure a complete victory.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Portuguese infantry were ordered to move up a pass +on the right of the whole; the light companies of Major-General +Hill’s brigade, and the 5th. Fusiliers advanced up a pass next +on the right; and the 29th. regiment, supported by the 9th. +foot, under Brigadier-General Nightingall, a third pass; and +the 45th. and 82nd. regiments, passes on the left. These +were all difficult of access, and some of them were well +defended, particularly that assailed by the 9th. and 29th. +Foot; both regiments attacked with the greatest impetuosity, +and reached the enemy before those whose assaults +were to be made on their flanks; the defence was desperate, +and it was in this attack that the greatest loss was sustained, +Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable George A. F. Lake being +killed at the head of his regiment, the 29th. Foot.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Laborde was, however, driven from all the positions +he had taken in the passes of the mountains, and the +British troops were advanced in the plains on their tops. For +a considerable length of time the 9th. and 29th. regiments +alone were advanced to this point, with Brigadier-General +Fane’s riflemen at a distance on the left; they were afterwards +supported by the 5th., and by the light companies of Major-General +Hill’s brigade, which had arrived on their right, and +by the other troops ordered to ascend the mountains, the latter +arriving by degrees. Here three most gallant attacks were made +upon the 9th. and 29th. regiments, in all of which the enemy +<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>was repulsed; but he succeeded in effecting a retreat in good +order, owing principally to Sir Arthur’s want of cavalry, and +to the difficulty of bringing up the passes of the mountains +with celerity a sufficient number of troops and of cannon, to +support those who had first ascended. The French loss was +nevertheless very great, and three pieces of cannon were +captured.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Arthur Wellesley, in his despatch, observed “that although +we had such a superiority of numbers employed in the operations +of this day, the troops actually engaged in the heat +of the action were, from unavoidable circumstances, only the +5th., 9th., 29th., the riflemen of the 60th., and 95th., and the +flank companies of Major-General Hill’s brigade, being a +number by no means equal to that of the enemy: their +conduct, therefore, deserves the highest commendation.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus was the first victory in the Peninsula gained; and it +afforded an omen of future successes, which was afterwards +fully accomplished. The 5th., 6th., 9th., 29th., 32nd., 36th., +38th., 40th., 45th., 60th., 71st., 82nd., 91st., and Rifle Brigade, +took part in this battle.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley did not pursue the +enemy by the high-roads, but keeping to the right, near the +sea, marched to Vimiera, to cover the landing of a brigade +commanded by Major-General Anstruther, which was effected +on the 20th. of August. The following morning was to be +given up to the troops in order to prepare and repose themselves. +Whilst the men were engaged in washing and +cleaning their equipments, the approach of the enemy, +was discovered at eight o’clock in the morning, and the +brigades commanded by Major-General Ferguson, Brigadier-Generals +Nightingall, Acland, and Bowes, proceeded across a +valley from the heights on the west to those on the east of +Vimiera.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Marshal Junot, Duke of Abrantes, advanced to the attack +of the position, and commenced it on the British centre, +where the 50th. regiment was posted, moving along the front +gradually to the left, until the whole line became engaged. +Notwithstanding the fire of the riflemen, the enemy advanced +close to the 50th., and were checked and driven back only +<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>by the bayonets of that regiment. The second battalion of +the 43rd. was likewise closely engaged with them, in the +road leading into Vimiera, a part of that corps having been +ordered into the churchyard to prevent them from penetrating +into the town. On the right of the position they were repulsed +by the bayonets of the 97th. regiment, successfully +supported by the second battalion of the 52nd., which, by +an advance in column, took the enemy in flank.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The attack upon the heights on the road to Lourinha was +supported by a large body of cavalry, and was made with +the usual impetuosity of French troops. They were received +with steadiness by the brigade under Major-General Ferguson, +consisting of the 36th., 40th., and 71st. regiments. These +corps charged as soon as the enemy approached them, who +gave way, and they continued to advance upon him, supported +by the 82nd., one of the corps of Brigadier-General Nightingall’s +brigade, which, as the ground extended, afterwards formed a +part of the first line; by the 29th. regiment, and by Brigadier-General’s +Bowes and Acland’s brigades; whilst Brigadier-General +Craufurd’s brigade and the Portuguese troops, in two +lines, proceeded along the heights on the left. In the advance +of Major-General Ferguson’s brigade, six pieces of cannon were +taken, with many prisoners, and vast numbers were killed +and wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An attempt was afterwards made by the French to recover +a portion of their artillery, by attacking the 71st. and 82nd. +regiments, which were halted in a valley in which the guns +had been captured. The attempt failed, and the enemy were +compelled again to retire with great loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Arthur Wellesley especially noticed the following corps:—The +Royal artillery, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel +Robe; the 20th. Dragoons, (since disbanded,) commanded by +Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, who was killed; the 50th. regiment, +commanded by Colonel Walker; the second battalion of the +95th. regiment, (rifles,) commanded by Major Travers; the +fifth battalion 60th. regiment, commanded by Major Davy; +the second battalion 43rd., commanded by Major Hull; the +second battalion 52nd., commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel +Ross; the 97th. regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>Lyon; the 36th., commanded by Colonel Burne; the 40th., +commanded by Colonel Kemmis; the 71st., commanded by +Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards Sir Denis) Pack; and the 82nd. +regiment, commanded by Major Eyre. The British commander, +always chary of praise, paid a special tribute to the 36th. +regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thirteen pieces of cannon, twenty-three ammunition waggons, +with powder, shells, stores of all descriptions, and twenty +thousand rounds of musket ammunition, were captured. General +Beniere was wounded and taken prisoner, together with +several officers. The defeat was signal, and not more than +half the British army was actually engaged. The French +casualties amounted to nearly two thousand killed, wounded, +and taken prisoners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In this action, George Clark, one of the pipers of the 71st. +Highland Light Infantry, was wounded; and being unable to +accompany his corps in the advance against the enemy, put +his pipes in order, and struck up a favourite regimental air +to the intense delight of his comrades.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Both Houses of Parliament voted their thanks to the British +troops for this victory, and the word “<span class='sc'>Vimiera</span>” was authorized +to be borne on the colours and appointments of the following +regiments:—2nd., 5th., 6th., 9th., 20th., 29th., 32nd., 36th., +38th., 40th., 43rd., 45th., 50th., 52nd., 60th., 71st., 82nd., +91st., and Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Burrard arrived during the +action, but did not assume the command: Lieutenant-General +Sir Hew Dalrymple landed on the following day, and took +command of the army. The force under Lieutenant-General +Sir John Moore was also embarked during the negociation which +subsequently took place, making the British forces to amount +to thirty-two thousand men. This treaty, which was styled +the “Convention of Cintra,” was signed on the 30th. of +August, and by its provisions the French troops evacuated +Portugal.</p> + +<p class='c008'>All the objects of the expedition having been effected, +and the French forces embarked for France, the British army +remained for some time at Lisbon and its vicinity. This +convention excited great dissatisfaction in England, and a +Court of Enquiry was assembled to investigate the circumstances +attending it.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span> + <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Gold Medal for Roleia and Vimiera.</span></h3> +</div> + +<p class='c020'>Although these battles were distinct actions only one medal +was conferred, but it was granted to those who were present +at either of them. On the obverse Britannia is represented +seated on the globe; in her right hand extended a wreath +of laurel, and in her left a palm branch; to her right the +British lion, and on the left a shield charged with the crosses +of the union banner. The reverse had a wreath of laurel, +within which the name of the event was engraved, and the +year, thus—Roleia and Vimiera, 1808. The name and rank +of the officer were engraved on the edge. Further particulars +regarding these medals will be given with the description of +that for Talavera, of which an illustration has been made, +and which is similar to that granted for the above and subsequent +victories.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>SIR JOHN MOORE’S CAMPAIGN.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Burrard received His Majesty’s +commands to place a large portion of the army in Portugal +under the orders of Sir John Moore, to be employed on a +particular service, which was announced in a general order +on the 8th. of October, 1808, and preparations were accordingly +made for entering Spain. Upon arriving in that +country the troops were directed to wear the white cockade, in +addition to their own, as a compliment to the Spanish +nation, and to use every means to maintain the good +opinion entertained of them by that high-spirited people.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 27th. of October the division under the command +of Lieutenant-General the Honourable John Hope, afterwards +the Earl of Hopetoun, was put in motion, and after a short +stay at Badajoz, resumed the march to Talavera de la Reyna. +From this town the column proceeded to the Escurial, seven +leagues to the north-west of Madrid, where it arrived and +halted on the 22nd. of November. Intelligence was here received +of the enemy’s movements, and a night march was +made to the left by Avila and Peneranda, and finally to +Alba de Tormes, where a junction was formed with a detachment +from the army under Lieutenant-General Sir John +Moore. The troops were shortly afterwards put in motion +towards Valladolid, and subsequently to the left, to effect a +junction with the division under Lieutenant-General Sir David +Baird, which had landed at Corunna.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Previously to this period, the Spanish armies under General +Blake, near Bilboa on the left, General Castanos in the centre, +and General Palafox lower down the Ebro on the right, had +been completely defeated; and Lieutenant-General Sir John +Moore consequently made arrangements for a retreat on +Portugal by Ciudad Rodrigo; but it having been represented +to him that Madrid held out against the French, he was +induced to effect a junction with Lieutenant-General Sir David +Baird, in order to make a diversion in favour of Madrid, by +attacking Marshal Soult on the River Carion.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SAHAGUN, BENEVENTE, ETC.<br> <span class='sc'>December, 1808, and January, 1809.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The British commander ascertained that instead of a powerful +army covering his advance, not a Spanish soldier was in his +front, the enemy was at hand, and those Spanish armies +with which he had been directed to co-operate, had been +routed and dispersed; at the same time the winter had set +in with unusual severity, and the troops were almost constantly +marching through snow. Napoleon had three hundred thousand +men in Spain, and to confront this host of veterans, Sir +John Moore had not twenty-five thousand British troops, yet +he boldly advanced and menaced the enemy’s lines.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Three leagues from the quarters of the Hussar brigade, +consisting of the 7th., 10th., and 15th. Hussars, about eight +hundred French dragoons were in cantonments at Sahagun, +under Brigadier-General Debelle. About two o’clock on the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>morning of the 21st. December, the 15th., with Captain +Thornhill and twelve soldiers of the 7th. Hussars, and Lieutenant-General +Lord Paget (afterwards Marquis of Angelsey) at their +head, moved along the left bank of the Cea, in order to +intercept the retreat of the French dragoons from Sahagun. +The 10th. marched straight to the town, while Lieutenant-General +Lord Paget, with the 15th., endeavoured to turn it. The +British hussars arrived in the vicinity of Sahagun before +daylight; but a French patrol had given the alarm, and his +lordship found the enemy formed within the town. The +march had been performed with difficulty, the weather being +extremely cold, and from deep snow on the ground, the road +was so covered with ice in many places, that the men had +to dismount and lead their horses. Between five and six +o’clock the advance guard of the 15th. fell in with a French +patrol, and took five prisoners, but in consequence of the +extreme darkness the rest escaped, and galloping off to +Sahagun, gave the alarm, thus preventing the surprise of +the enemy. Upon approaching that place shortly before +daylight, the French dragoons were discovered formed up +beyond a rugged hollow way, which was unfavourable for +cavalry, and as the 15th. came near the enemy withdrew +towards a bridge on their left. In numbers the French were +about two to one, but his lordship instantly charged, overthrew +them, and captured nearly one hundred and fifty +prisoners, including two lieutenant-colonels, and eleven other +officers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lord Paget, and Lieutenant-Colonel Grant, of the 15th., +each received a medal. The conduct of the hussars was +commended by the British General, and the regiment was +permitted to bear on its appointments the word <span class='sc'>Sahagun</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The attack by Lord Paget on a vastly superior force, so +far as numbers were concerned, at Sahagun, in which the +enemy were cut to pieces, occasioned Sir John Moore to issue +the following order:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“Head Quarters, Sahagun.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c015'>“The different attacks made by parties of cavalry upon +those of the enemy, on the march, have given them an opportunity +to display a spirit, and to assume a tone of superiority +<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>which does them credit, and which the Commander of the +Forces hopes will be supported on more important occasions.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“The attacks conducted by Brigadier-General Stewart, with +the 18th. Hussars, when upon the Douro, and that by +Lieutenant-General Lord Paget upon the enemy’s cavalry at +this place, are honourable to the British cavalry.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“The Commander of the Forces begs that the Lieutenant-General +and Brigadier-General will accept his thanks for their +services, and that they will convey them to Brigadier-General +Slade, and the officers, non-commissioned officers, and men of +the cavalry under their command, for their conduct in the +different affairs that have taken place.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>An order like this naturally made the infantry very desirous +to emulate the cavalry, and the opportunity was shortly +afterwards afforded. Arrangements had been made for attacking +the enemy, but the approach of Napoleon, with an overwhelming +force, rendered a retrograde movement necessary; +and while the cavalry pickets were skirmishing with the +French, the baggage, and several brigades of infantry withdrew. +Christmas, with all its social customs was thus dawning, +when the troops commenced their retreat. A heavy and +continued fall of snow hid the ruts in the roads, caused by +the passage of the guns. Officers lost their boots in these +ruts, and were compelled to walk barefooted. Two days +rest after the reserve had crossed the Esla, enabled measures +to be taken to repair the sufferings from the bad roads, a +supply of soles and heels having been furnished to each +regiment; the officers and men had also the welcome issue of +new blankets, and one hundred and fifty pairs of shoes were +supplied to each regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 24th. of December the hussars fell back to Cal; +on the 25th. they arrived at Sahagun, and on quitting that +place on the 26th., a considerable force of the enemy’s cavalry +was seen on some high ground at Majorga. Lord Paget directed +Colonel Leigh, of the 10th. Hussars, to dislodge them +with two squadrons of his regiment, and the colonel instantly +led one squadron forward, the other following in support. Arriving +on the top of the hill, he paused a short time for the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>horses to recover their wind after the ascent, and was exposed +to a heavy, but not destructive, fire; he afterwards gave the +word “Charge,” and in five minutes the French were overthrown, +many were killed, others wounded, and about a +hundred taken prisoners. On this, and on all other occasions, +the superiority of the British cavalry over the French +horsemen, was proved to an extent beyond anything that had +been anticipated. The British hussars set superior numbers +at defiance, and their temerity was not, in any instance, +punished by repulse or defeat.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Continuing the retreat, the cavalry arrived at Benevente +on the 27th. of December; they had scarcely entered the +town, when an alarm of the approach of a body of French +troops was given, and the hussars turned out, but the enemy +retired. The infantry continued their retreat on the following +morning, but the cavalry remained in the town, with parties +watching the fords on the Esla.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Six hundred cavalry of the French imperial guard, commanded +by General Lefebre Desnouettes, forded the river near +the bridge, and drove back the videttes, when the British +pickets, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Otway, (afterwards +Lieutenant-General Sir Loftus William Otway,) major of the +18th. Hussars advanced, and repeatedly charging the enemy’s +leading squadrons, kept the whole in check until Lieutenant-General +Lord Paget and Brigadier-General the Honourable +Charles Stewart (afterwards the Marquis of Londonderry) +arrived. A detatchment of the 10th. Hussars, under Major +Quentin, was engaged on this occasion, and evinced signal +gallantry. Lord Paget hastened to bring up the regiment +from the town: Brigadier-General Stewart placed himself at +the head of the pickets, and the ground was obstinately +disputed, many charges being made by both sides, the French +veterans fighting in a manner worthy of their high reputation. +The pickets were ordered to fall back gradually, +and the squadrons were repeatedly mingled. Brigadier-General +Stewart evinced great personal bravery, and while +engaged with a French officer, his sword fell, when Lieutenant-Colonel +Otway gave the general his own sword, and +recovered the other from the ground. While the fight was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>taking place on the plain, the hussars formed at the edge +of the town, and, on receiving the signal to advance, they +galloped forward. The pickets, perceiving the 10th. advancing +to support them, gave a loud cheer, and dashed +at speed upon their numerous opponents. In an instant the +French were broken and driven in great disorder towards the +river, which they repassed with precipitation, leaving behind +them about thirty men killed, twenty-five wounded, and +seventy prisoners. General Lefebre Desnouttes was pursued +by the hussars, and refusing to stop when overtaken, he was +cut across the head, and made prisoner by Private Levi +Grisdall.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 30th. of December the troops came up with the +wretched remains of the army under the Marquis de la +Romana; instead of these being of any assistance they impeded +the march of the British, and exhausted the few resources +left, the houses being filled by them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The retreat presented many harrowing features. An eye-witness, +Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cadell, of the 28th., which +regiment formed part of the reserve, the post of honour in +a retreat, states,—“On the arrival of the cavalry at Canberas, +about midnight, the reserve immediately moved on, and +arrived next morning, 1st. January, 1809, at Bembibre, just +as the other division was marching off to Villa Franca. +The scene of drunkenness that here presented itself was +truly shameful. The stragglers from the preceding division +so crowded every house, that there was hardly a place +to be had for the wearied reserve. Crowds of half-naked +and unfortunate peasants of Romana’s army, added to the +confusion. On the 2nd., when Sir John Moore left Bembibre, +with the reserve and the cavalry, for Villa Franca, +Colonel Ross was left with that excellent regiment, the 20th., +and a detachment of hussars, to cover the town, while officers +were employed in endeavouring to collect the stragglers. A +few were got away, but many were so tired and lame from +sore feet, that they did not care if the French sabres and +bayonets were at their breasts, so completely did most of +them give themselves up to despair. The rear-guard was at +length forced to retire and leave those unfortunate people to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>their fate. Some of these poor fellows, who had thought +better of it, and were endeavouring to overtake their countrymen, +were unmercifully sabred by the French cavalry, many +of them in a defenceless state.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the same gallant veteran’s “Narrative of the Campaigns +of the 28th. Regiment,” this striking incident occurs:—“The +following occurrence had more effect in establishing the good +conduct of the reserve than anything that had yet been done. +We were formed into close column on the Bembibre side of +the river, when our gallant chief, General Paget, in an excellent +address, called the attention of the soldiers to the +dreadful and disgraceful scene of yesterday, and the merciless +conduct of the enemy’s cavalry had shewn to many of the +stragglers. He told the men that they had become the +rear-guard of the army, and upon their sober, steady, and +good conduct the safety of the whole depended. Just as the +general had finished his admirable and soldier-like address, +and after all the orders had been given, and the necessary +examples that had been made, two men of the reserve were +found in the very act of shamefully plundering a house in +the village, and ill-treating the inhabitants. The report was +made, and the reserve was instantly formed in square; the +culprits were brought out, the general being determined that +an example should be made. They were ordered to be hanged +upon a tree close to the village. Everything being prepared, +the awful sentence was about to be carried into execution; +the unfortunate men were in the act of being lifted up to +the fatal branch, when a officer of the hussars rode into +the square, and reported that the enemy were at that moment +advancing. The general said he did not care if the whole +French cavalry were coming up, that he would hang those +men, who had been guilty of so shameful an outrage. At +that instant a few distant shots were heard, and a second +officer arrived at full speed with another report. The general +then stopped the execution, and turning round to the reserve, +said, ‘Soldiers! if you promise to behave well for the future, +I will forgive those men; say yes, in an instant.’ ‘Yes!’ was +said by every one. ‘Say it again,’ said the general. ‘Yes, +yes,’ was again exclaimed by all. ‘Say it a third time,’ +<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>‘Yes, yes, yes?’ and a cheer followed.<a id='r29'></a><a href='#f29' class='c013'><sup>[29]</sup></a> The men were forgiven, +the square was reduced, and the 52nd. regiment, +under Colonel Barclay, went through the village in double-quick +time, and in the most beautiful manner took possession +of the vineyards on the opposite side of the river, while +the remainder of the reserve crossed the bridge under cover +of the 95th., and formed on the hill behind the 52nd. By +this time the enemy were close upon us, and attacked the +95th. in great force, the cavalry joining in the onset. They +were terribly galled by the rifles as they advanced through the +village. The 95th. then retired up the road to the right +and left, the French being at the same time exposed to a +murderous fire from the 52nd., in the vineyards, which completely +checked them. The 52nd. then retired up the road, +when the enemy were again most gallantly repulsed. The +French in this affair lost the general officer commanding the +advanced guard, and many men. A column of them was also +severely handled by Captain Carthew’s guns, and stopped +descending the hill on the other side of the river. This +kept them quiet until the afternoon of the 5th. of January. +Our gallant commander-in-chief was present during this affair, +and wherever there was a shot fired was he always to be +found. This was the first time the infantry had met the +enemy.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Marshal Soult, unwilling to attack, followed the sorely-pressed +army with unwonted caution. One night and two +days brought the army from Villa Franca to Lugo. All the +attacks of the advanced guard of the French upon the rear +were repulsed. Notwithstanding this, however, the retreating +troops became more and more harassed. When the two +bullock cars, containing treasure to the amount of twenty-five +<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>thousand pounds, became immovable, the money had to be +thrown over the precipice. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cadell +thus narrates the circumstance:—“On the morning of the 5th. +(January, 1809,) the reserve left Nogales. We were detained +at a bridge a little way on the road, covering the engineers, +who were endeavouring to destroy it, but they did not +succeed. The 28th. regiment was now the rear-guard of the +reserve, and the flank companies, with a company of the +95th., formed the rear-guard of the regiment. The whole +distance was a continued skirmish. About noon we came +up with two cars laden with dollars; but the bullocks that +drew them being completely exhausted, it was impossible to +save the treasure. Under these circumstances Sir John +Moore decided that the whole should be thrown down the +mountain, most judiciously considering, that if the casks were +broken, the men would make a rush for the money, which +would have caused great confusion, and might have cost the +lives of many. The rear-guard, therefore was halted; Lieutenant +Bennet, of the light company, 28th. regiment, was +placed over the money, with strict orders from Sir John +Moore to shoot the first person who attempted to touch it.<a id='r30'></a><a href='#f30' class='c013'><sup>[30]</sup></a> +It was then rolled over the precipice; the casks were soon +broken by the rugged rocks, and the dollars falling out, +rolled over the height—a sparkling cascade of silver. The +French advanced guard coming up shortly after to the spot, +were detained for a time picking up the few dollars that +had been scattered on the road.”</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF CORUNNA.<br> <span class='sc'>16th. January, 1809.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Sir John Moore concentrated his army near Lugo, where +he determined to give battle. About twelve o’clock in the +morning of the 6th. of January, the French appeared on the +opposite heights. The British soldiers, full of the national +spirit, desired nothing better than to confront them. The +troops were immediately under arms, but each looked at the +other until evening set in, and it became evident that the +day of battle was to be postponed. On the following morning +the enemy at daybreak opened a cannonade, which was +forthwith returned, and in the space of a few minutes the +French fire was silenced. Towards sunset a French column +commenced the ascent of the rising ground, and was met by +a wing of the 76th.; this regiment gradually retired until +joined by the 51st. In the latter Sir John Moore had served +as an ensign, and he addressed them briefly, reminding them +of that circumstance, and expressing his reliance on their +gallantry. The speech, short as it was, produced its effect, +and after a few discharges of musketry, they rushed onward +with the bayonet, when the enemy was beaten back, leaving +on the ground several killed and wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At dark, when large fires illumined the heights, the British +re-commenced their retreat, undiscovered by the French until +daylight. But little was seen of the enemy until the army +arrived at Corunna, where the leading brigades marched in +during the afternoon of the 11th. of January, the adjacent +villages and suburbs being occupied by the troops. The trying +retreat was completed; but there was a disappointment to be +experienced. No transports were there to receive the troops. +In the evening the foe came up, and occupied a position +on the other side of the river Mero. The battle-ground was +not marked out until the 12th of January, and this was the +range of hills round the village of Elvino, about a mile from +Corunna, on which Sir John Moore resolved to place his army. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>Before the arrangements were completed, the French were +observed moving along the opposite bank of the river. Nothing +occurred until the 14th., when a fire of artillery was kept +up for a short time. A terrible explosion occurred on that +day; a magazine of four thousand barrels of gunpowder, +which had been sent from England for the use of the +Spaniards, being destroyed, to prevent its falling into the +hands of the French. This caused quite a panic in both +armies, and, although occurring three or four miles from +Corunna, many of the windows in the town were broken.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Fine weather enabled the soldiers to dry their clothes, +and to make themselves comparatively comfortable; and during +the afternoon of the 14th. the whole fleet of transports, +convoyed by numerous ships of war, appeared in sight. Some +slight skirmishing occurred to the right on the 15th. During +the afternoon and night of the 15th. the sick, wounded, women, +and children were embarked, and on the following day the +greater proportion of the artillery was placed on board, the +ground not being adapted for that arm. Before going on +board the cavalry had to destroy the remainder of their horses, +and the sight was naturally most painful. All animals were +left on the beach at Corunna;<a id='r31'></a><a href='#f31' class='c013'><sup>[31]</sup></a> but the wife of Sergeant +Monday, the orderly-room clerk of the 28th regiment, is +stated to have carried a lap-dog in a basket over her arm +throughout the retreat, and brought it to England with her.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About one o’clock in the afternoon of the 16th. of January, +the enemy, who had early that day received reinforcements, +and who had placed some guns in front of the right and left +of his line, was observed to be moving his troops towards his +left flank, and forming various columns of attack at that +extremity of the strong and commanding position which on the +morning of the 15th. he had taken in the immediate front +of the British. This indication of his intention was immediately +succeeded by a rapid and determined attack upon Lieutenant-General +<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>Sir David. Baird’s division, which occupied the right +of the position. The first effort of the enemy was met by +the 42nd. regiment, and the brigade under Major-General +Lord William Bentinck. The village on the right then became +an object of obstinate contest. Lieutenant-General Sir +David Baird was severely wounded, and shortly after Sir John +Moore fell by a cannon-shot. The troops though not unacquainted +with the irreparable loss they had sustained, were +not dismayed, and by the most determined bravery, not only +repelled every attempt of the enemy to gain ground, but +actually forced him to retire, although fresh troops had been +brought up in support of those originally engaged.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Finding himself foiled in every attempt to force the right +of the position, the enemy endeavoured by numbers to turn +it. A judicious and well-timed movement, which was made +by Major-General the Honourable Edward Paget with the +reserve, that corps having moved out of its cantonments to +support the right of the army, by a vigorous attack defeated +this intention. The Major-General, having pushed forward +the 95th., (rifle corps,) and the first battalion of the 52nd. +regiment, drove the foe before him, and in his rapid and +judicious advance threatened the left of the enemy’s position. +This circumstance, with the position of Lieutenant-General +Fraser’s division, which was calculated to give still further +security to the right of the line, induced the enemy to relax +his efforts in that quarter. They were then, however, more +forcibly directed towards the centre, where they were again +successfully resisted by the brigade under Major-General +Manningham, forming the left of Sir David Baird’s division, +and a part of that under Major-General Leith.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Upon the left the enemy at first contented himself with +an attack upon the pickets, which in general maintained +their ground. Seeing, therefore, his efforts unavailing on +the right and centre, he appeared determined to render the +attack upon the left more serious, and succeeded in obtaining +possession of the village through which the great +road to Madrid passes, and which was situated in front of +that part of the line. From this post he was soon expelled, +with considerable loss, by a gallant attack of some companies +<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>of the second battalion of the 14th., regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Nicolls. Before five in the evening, not only +had every attack upon the British position been successfully +repelled, but ground had been gained in all points, a more +forward line being occupied than at the commencement of the +action. Eventually the enemy confined his operations to a +cannonade, and the fire of his light troops, with a view to +draw off his other corps. At six o’clock the firing entirely +ceased. The different brigades were re-assembled on the ground +they occupied in the morning, and the pickets and advanced +posts resumed their original stations.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The corps chiefly engaged were the brigades under Major-Generals +Lord William Bentinck, Manningham, and Leith, +and the brigade of guards under Major-General Warde, +Major-General Hill, and Brigadier-General Catlin Crauford, +with their brigades on the left of the position, ably supported +their advanced posts. The brunt of the action fell upon the +4th., 42nd., 50th., and 81st. regiments, with parts of the +brigades of guards, and the 28th. regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About ten at night the troops quitted their position, and +marched to their respective points of embarkation in the town +and neighbourhood of Corunna. The pickets remained at +their posts until five in the morning of the 17th., when they +were withdrawn unperceived by the French. The embarkation +proceed rapidly, and, with the exception of the brigades +under Major-Generals Hill and Beresford, which were destined +to remain on shore until the movements of the enemy +should become manifest, the whole were afloat before daylight. +The brigade of Major-General Beresford, which was alternately +to form the rear-guard, occupied the land front of the town of +Corunna, whilst that of Major-General Hill was stationed in +reserve on the promontory behind the town.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Soon after eight o’clock in the morning of the 17th. of +January, the French light troops moved towards the town, +and almost immediately occupied the heights of St. Lucia, +which command the harbour. Notwithstanding this circumstance, +and the manifold defects of the place, there being +no apprehension that the rear-guard could be forced, and the +disposition of the Spaniards appearing to be good, the embarkation +<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>of Major-General Hill’s brigade was commenced and +completed by three in the afternoon. Major-General Beresford +withdrew his corps from the land front of the town soon +after dark, which, with all the wounded that had not been +previously moved, were embarked before one on the morning +of the 18th.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir William Napier has thus described the British general’s +death:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Sir John Moore, whilst earnestly watching the result of the +fight about the village of Elvino, was struck on the left breast +by a cannon-shot. The shock threw him from his horse with +violence, but he rose again in a sitting posture, his countenance +unchanged, and his stedfast eye still fixed upon the +regiments engaged in his front, no sign betraying a sensation +of pain. In a few moments, when he was satisfied that +the troops were gaining ground, his countenance brightened, +and he suffered himself to be taken to the rear. Being +placed in a blanket for removal, an entanglement of the belt +caused the hilt of his sword to enter the wound, and +Captain Hardinge attempted to take it away altogether, +but with martial pride the stricken man forbade the alleviation,—he +would not part with his sword<a id='r32'></a><a href='#f32' class='c013'><sup>[32]</sup></a> in the field.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Wrapped in a military cloak the warrior’s remains were +consigned to their resting-place, by the officers of his staff, +in the citadel of Corunna. The guns of the enemy paid his +funeral honours, and Marshal Soult evinced the respect he +bore to departed valour, by chivalrously raising a monument +to his memory. It may be added that the soldiers of the 9th. +Foot dug his grave on the rampart, and the well-known lines +by the Rev. Charles Wolfe are as truthful as they are poetic. +The several regiments, and their commanding officers, composing +the army under Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore at Corunna, +were as follows:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>7th. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Vivian; 10th. Light +Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Leigh; 15th. Light Dragoons, +Lieutenant-Colonel Grant; 18th. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>Jones; 3rd. Light Dragoons, (King’s German Legion,) +Major Burgwesel; Artillery, Colonel Harding; Engineers, +Major Fletcher; Waggon Train Detachment, Lieutenant-Colonel +Langley; 1st. Foot Guards, first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Cocks, third battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Wheatley; 1st. Foot, +third battalion, Major Muller; 2nd.,<a id='r33'></a><a href='#f33' class='c013'><sup>[33]</sup></a> first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Iremonger; 4th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Wynch; 5th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie; +6th., first battalion, Major Gordon; 9th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Cameron; 14th., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Nicolls; 20th., Lieutenant-Colonel Ross; 23rd., second +battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Wyatt; 26th., first battalion, +Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell; 28th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Belson; 32nd., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Hinde; 36th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Burn; 38th., +first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Charles +Greville; 42nd., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Stirling; +43rd., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Gifford, second battalion, +Lieutenant-Colonel Hull; 50th., first battalion, Major +Charles James Napier;<a id='r34'></a><a href='#f34' class='c013'><sup>[34]</sup></a> 51st., Lieutenant-Colonel Darling; +52nd., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Barclay, second +battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel John Ross; 59th., second battalion, +Lieutenant-Colonel Fane; 60th., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Codd, fifth battalion, Major Davy; 71st., first battalion, +Lieutenant-Colonel Denis Pack; 76th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Symes; 79th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Cameron; 81st., second battalion, Major Williams; 82nd., +Major M‘Donald; 91st., first battalion, Major Douglas; 92nd, +first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Napier; 95th., +(rifle regiment,) first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Beckwith, +second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Wade; Staff Corps Detachment, +Lieutenant-Colonel Nicolay; first light battalion +King’s German Legion, Lieutenant-Colonel Leonhart, second +battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Halkett.<a id='r35'></a><a href='#f35' class='c013'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF TALAVERA DE LA REYNA.<br> <span class='sc'>27th. and 28th. July, 1809.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>When the British Forces had returned to England, Corunna, +Bilboa, and all the most important places on the northern +coast of Spain, fell under the French sway. Saragossa was +besieged a second time, and after a defence unequalled perhaps +in modern military history, was compelled to capitulate. +Marshal Soult quitted Gallicia, entered Portugal, and obtained +an entrance into Oporto. In April, Lieutentant-General Sir +Arthur Wellesley, with another British army, disembarked at +Lisbon, and advanced on Oporto.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Although no medal was granted for the passage of the +Douro, on the 12th. of May, 1809, the exploit was a highly +brilliant one. The British commander was desirous of passing +the river to drive the French from Oporto; but the stream +was deep, rapid, and more than three hundred yards in width, +and ten thousand French veterans guarded the opposite shore. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>The passage was however effected in the following manner. +A Portuguese barber had crossed the river in a skiff, and a +British staff officer (Colonel Waters) aided by the barber and +the prior of Amarante, traversed the stream and returned in +half an hour with three large barges. Between ten and +eleven o’clock an officer and twenty-five soldiers of the 3rd. +Foot entered the first boat, crossed the stream unobserved, +and took post in a large unfinished building on the banks of +the river, designated the seminary, which was surrounded by +a wall extending to the water on each side of it. In this +manner a lodgment was made in the midst of the enemy’s +army without being noticed. A second and a third boat +followed, but scarcely had the men from the latter reached +the shore, when a sudden burst of alarm was heard amidst +the French troops, and a furious attack was made by their +cavalry, infantry, and artillery, upon the seminary. The 3rd. +Foot stood their ground bravely, and singly resisted the +French legions until supported by the 48th. and 66th. British +and 16th. Portuguese regiments. Meanwhile Lieutenant-General +the Honourable Edward Paget had fallen dangerously +wounded, and Major-General Hill commanded in the seminary. +A fierce conflict of musketry was maintained, the French +artillery played on the building, the British guns on the other +side of the river opened their fire, and the struggle soon +became violent. Meanwhile some citizens crossed the river +with several large boats, additional forces were enabled to +pass over, and ultimately the French were driven from Oporto +with the loss of five hundred men killed and wounded, in +addition to about seven hundred left in the hospitals.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British commander subsequently pursued Marshal Soult’s +army through the wild and mountainous districts of Portugal, +but, in consequence of Marshal Victor having defeated General +Cuesta, was compelled to resist from following Marshal Soult; +and having formed a junction with the Spanish general, the +combined forces proceeded along the valley of the Tagus, and +took up a strong position at Talavera. The enemy, in the +course of the 24th., 25th., and 26th., collected all his forces +between Torrijos and Toledo, leaving but a small corps of +two thousand men in that place. The united army consisted +<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>of the corps of Marshal Victor, of that of General Sebastiani, +and of seven or eight thousand men, the guards of Joseph +Bonaparte, and the garrison of Madrid; and it was commanded +by him, aided by Marshals Jourdan and Victor, and General +Sebastiani.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It became obvious that the enemy intended to try the +result of a general action, for which the best position appeared +to be in the neighbourhood of Talavera; and General Cuesta +having taken up this position on the morning of the 27th., +Lieutenant-General Sherbrooke was directed to retire with +his corps to its station in the line, leaving Major-General +M‘Kenzie with a division of infantry and a brigade of cavalry, +as an advanced post in a wood on the right of the Alberche, +which covered the left flank of the British.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The position taken up by the troops at Talavera extended +rather more than two miles; the ground was open upon the +left where the British army was stationed, and it was +commanded by a height, on which was, in <i>echellon</i> and in +second line, a division of infantry, under the orders of Major-General +Hill. Between this height and a range of mountains +still further upon the left, there was a valley, which +was not at first occupied, and it was commanded by +the height before mentioned, whilst the mountain range +appeared too distant to have any influence upon the expected +action.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Spanish troops composed the right, which extended immediately +in front of the town of Talavera down to the Tagus. This +part of the ground was covered by olive trees, and was much +intersected by banks and ditches. The high road leading from +the bridge over the Alberche, was defended by a heavy +battery in front of a church, which was occupied by Spanish +infantry. All the avenues to the town were defended in a +similar manner; the town was occupied, and the remainder of +the Spanish infantry were formed in two lines behind the +banks on the roads which led from the town and the right, +to the left of the British position. In the centre, between +the two armies, there was a commanding spot, on which a +redoubt had been commenced, with some open ground in the +rear. Here Brigadier-General Campbell was posted with a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>division of infantry, supported in his rear by Major-General +Cotton’s brigade of dragoons, and some Spanish cavalry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At about two o’clock on the 27th. of July the enemy +appeared in strength on the left bank of the Alberche, and +manifested an intention to attack Major-General M‘Kenzie’s +division. The attack was made before they could be withdrawn, +but the troops, consisting of Major-General M‘Kenzie’s +and Colonel Donkin’s brigades, with Major-General Anson’s +brigade of cavalry, and supported by Lieutenant-General Payne +with the other four regiments of cavalry, in the plain between +Talavera and the wood, withdrew in good order, but with +some loss, particularly by the second battalion of the 87th., +and the second battalion of the 31st. regiment in the wood.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In his despatch, Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable +Sir Arthur Wellesley, K.B., stated, “Upon this occasion the +steadiness and discipline of the 45th. regiment, and of the +fifth battalion of the 60th., were conspicuous; and I had +particular reason for being satisfied with the manner in which +Major-General M‘Kenzie withdrew his advanced guard.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>As the day advanced, the French appeared in larger numbers +on the right of the Alberche, and it was apparent that +they were advancing to a general attack upon the combined +army. Major-General M‘Kenzie continued to fall back gradually +upon the left, where he was placed in the second line, in +the rear of the guards, Colonel Donkin being posted in the +same situation further upon the left, in the rear of the +King’s German Legion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The enemy immediately commenced his attack in the dusk +of the evening, by a cannonade upon the left of the allied +position, and by an attempt with his cavalry to overthrow +the Spanish infantry, posted, as before stated, on the right. +This attempt entirely failed. Early in the night he pushed +a division along the valley on the left of the height occupied +by Major-General Hill, of which a momentary possession was +obtained, but it was instantly regained by an attack with the +bayonet. Another attempt was repeated during the night, +but failed, and again at daylight in the morning of the 28th. +of July, by two divisions of infantry, which was repulsed by +Major-General Hill. In these different affairs the 29th., and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>the first battalion of the 48th. regiment, gained especial +notice. Many brave officers and soldiers were lost in the +defence of this important point, and Major-General Hill was +slightly wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A general attack by the enemy’s whole force was made +about noon, upon the whole of that part of the position +occupied by the British army. Sir Arthur, in consequence of the +repeated attempts upon the height on his left by the valley, +had placed there two brigades of British cavalry, supported +in the rear by the Duc d’Albuquerque’s division of Spanish +cavalry. The enemy then placed light infantry in the range +of mountains on the left of the valley, which were opposed +by a division of Spanish infantry, under Lieutenant-General +De Bassecourt. The general attack began by the march of +several columns of infantry into the valley, with a view to +attack the height occupied by Major-General Hill. These +columns were immediately charged by the 1st. German Light +Dragoons and 23rd. Dragoons, under the command of Major-General +Anson, directed by Lieutenant-General Payne, and supported +by Brigadier-General Fane’s brigade of heavy cavalry; +and although the 23rd. Dragoons suffered considerable loss, +the charge had the effect of preventing the execution of that +part of the enemy’s plan. At the same time he directed an +attack upon Brigadier-General Alexander Campbell’s position +in the centre of the combined armies, and on the right of +the British. This attack was most successfully repulsed by +Brigadier-General Campbell, supported by the king’s regiment +of Spanish cavalry and two battalions Spanish infantry: +the enemy’s cannon being taken by the Brigadier-General, +who mentioned particularly the conduct of the 97th., the +second battalion of the 7th., and the second battalion of the +53rd. regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An attack was also made at the same time upon Lieutenant-General +Sherbrooke’s division, which was on the left and +centre of the first line of the British army. This attack was +most gallantly repulsed by a charge with bayonets by the +whole division; but the brigade of guards, on the right, +having advanced too far, they were exposed on their left +flank to the fire of the enemy’s battery, and of their retiring +<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>columns. The division was obliged to retire towards the +original position, under cover of the second line of Major-General +Cotton’s brigade of cavalry, which had been moved from the +centre, and of the first battalion of the 48th. regiment. This +regiment had also been moved from its original position on +the heights, as soon as the advance of the guards was observed, +and it was formed on the plain and advanced upon +the enemy, covering the formation of Lieutenant-General +Sherbrooke’s division.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shortly after the repulse of this general attack, in which +apparently all the enemy’s troops were employed, he commenced +his retreat across the Alberche, which was conducted +in the most regular order, and was effected during the night, +leaving in the hands of the British twenty pieces of cannon, +ammunition, tumbrils, and some prisoners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The attacks were principally if not entirely directed against +the British troops. The Spanish commander-in-chief, his +officers, and troops, manifested every disposition to render +assistance to their allies, and those of them who were engaged +did their duty; but the ground which they occupied was so +important, and its front at the same time so difficult, that +Sir Arthur Wellesley did not think it proper to urge them to +make any movement on the left of the enemy, while he was +engaged with the troops more immediately under his command.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Such a prolonged action against more than double the number +of the British could not be sustained without great loss +of valuable officers and soldiers, but the casualties of the +enemy were much larger. Entire brigades of French infantry +were destroyed, and the battalions that retreated were much +reduced in number. The French loss was estimated at ten +thousand men. Generals Lapisse and Morlot were killed; +Generals Sebastiani and Boulet were wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General M‘Kenzie, who had distinguished himself on +the 27th., Brigadier-General Langwerth, of the King’s German +Legion, and Brigade-Major Beckett, of the Coldstream Guards, +were killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During a pause in the second day’s fight both armies went +to the banks of the small stream, a tributary of the Tagus, +for water, which flowed through a part of the battle-ground. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>The men approached each other and conversed like old acquaintances, +even exchanging their canteens and wine-flasks. +In the words of the author of “The Bivouac” (the Rev. +W. H. Maxwell, Prebendary of Balla):—“All asperity of +feeling seemed forgotten. To a stranger they would have +appeared more like an allied force than men hot from a +ferocious conflict, and only gathering strength and energy to +re-commence it anew. But a still nobler rivalry for the time +existed; the interval was employed in carrying off the +wounded, who lay intermixed upon the hard-contested field; +and, to the honour of both be it told, that each endeavoured +to extricate the common sufferers, and remove their unfortunate +friends and enemies without distinction. Suddenly the +bugles sounded, the drums beat to arms; many of the rival +soldiery shook hands and parted with expressions of mutual +esteem, and in ten minutes’ after they were again at the +bayonet’s point.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments were specially noticed in the despatch:—The +cavalry, particularly Major-General Anson’s brigade; +the 29th regiment; first battalion of the 48th.; the +second battalions of the 7th. and 53rd. regiments; the 97th.; +the first battalion of detachments; the second battalion of +the 31st.; the 45th.; and fifth battalion of the 60th. The +advance of the brigade of guards was also highly commended.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This victory gained over the French army, commanded by +Joseph Buonaparte in person, occasioned great joy in England, +and Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley was raised to +the peerage, by the title of Viscount Wellington.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged at the battle of Talavera +de la Reyna, on the 27th. and 28th. July, 1809:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>3rd. Dragoon Guards, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Granby Calcraft; +4th. Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Edward Somerset; +14th. Light Dragoons, Colonel Samuel Hawker; 16th. +Light Dragoons, Major the Honourable Lincoln Stanhope; +23rd. Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel Seymour; 1st. +Light Dragoons, King’s German Legion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Arentschild; Royal British Artillery, Lieutenant-Colonel Framingham, +Royal German Artillery, Major Hartineau; the whole +artillery being under Brigadier-General Howorth, Royal Engineers, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>Lieutenant-Colonel Fletcher; Royal Staff Corps, Major +Dundas; Coldstream Guards, first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Hulse; 3rd. Guards, first battalion, Colonel the Honourable +Edward Stopford; 3rd. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel Muter; 7th, +second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel, Sir William Myers, Bart.; +24th., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond; 29th., +first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel White; 31st., second battalion, +Major Watson; 40th., first battalion, Major Thornton; +45th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Guard; 48th., first +battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Donellan, second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Duckworth; 53rd., second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Bingham; 60th., fifth battalion, Major Davy; 61st, first +battalion, Colonel Saunders; 66th, second battalion, Captain +Kelly; 83rd, second battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon; +87th., second battalion, Major Gough; 88th., first battalion, +Major Vandeleur; 97th., first battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Lyon; first battalion of Detachments,<a id='r36'></a><a href='#f36' class='c013'><sup>[36]</sup></a> Lieutenant-Colonel +Bunbury, 3rd. Foot; second battalion of Detachments, Lieutenant-Colonel +Copson, 5th., Foot; first and second light and +first line battalions King’s German Legion, Major Bodecker; +second line battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Brauns; fifth line +battalion, Captain Humelberg; seventh line battalion, Major +Burger.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this defeat the enemy continued to keep a rear-guard +of ten thousand men on the heights on the left of the +Alberche; the extreme fatigue of the troops, the want of provisions, +and the number of wounded to be taken care of, +prevented Viscount Wellington moving from this position. +Brigadier-General Craufurd arrived with his brigade (first +battalions of the 43rd., 52nd., and 95th,.)<a id='r37'></a><a href='#f37' class='c013'><sup>[37]</sup></a> on the 29th. of July, +early in the morning, having marched fifty-two miles in +twenty-six hours, a wonderful proof of the energy of British +soldiers.</p> + +<div id='i103fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_103fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Talavera Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span> + <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Gold Medal for Talavera.</span></h3> +</div> + +<p class='c020'>In consequence of the victories gained in the Peninsula +during 1808 and 1809, two gold medals were struck for presentation +to such superior officers as had distinguished themselves +in action; the same medals were afterwards conferred +for military services in other portions of the world. No corps +were returned in the list for medals, which had not been +engaged. This, by the Duke of Wellington’s despatches, appears +to have been the rule.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A notification appeared in the “London Gazette,” dated +Horse Guards, 9th. September, 1810, stating that His Majesty +had been graciously pleased to command that, in commemoration +of the brilliant victories obtained by divisions of his Army +over the enemy in the Battles of Roleia and Vimiera, also in +the several instances where the cavalry had an opportunity of +distinguishing themselves against the enemy in Spain, and in +the battles of Corunna and Talavera de la Reyna, the Officers +of the Army present on those occasions should enjoy the privilege +of wearing a Medal, and His Majesty having approved +of the Medal which had been struck, was pleased to command +that it should be worn by the General Officers, suspended +by a Ribbon of the colour of the Sash, with a blue edge, +round the neck; and by the Commanding Officers of Corps, (not +being of rank inferior to Lieutenant-Colonel,) and the Chiefs +of Military Departments, attached by a ribbon of the same +colour to the button-hole of their uniform. His Majesty was +also pleased to command that the Medals which would have +been conferred upon the Officers who had fallen at or died +since the above-named actions, should, as a token of respect +for their memories, be deposited with their respective families.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These medals were alike except in size. On the obverse, +Britannia, wearing a helmet, is seated on the globe; in her +right hand extended a wreath of laurel, and in her left a +palm branch; to her right the British lion, and on the left +a round shield charged with the crosses of the union banner. +The reverse has a wreath of laurel, within which the name +<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>of the event and the year were engraved, thus—Roleia and +Vimiera, 1808; or Corunna, 1809; or Talavera, 1809; or +Nivelle, Nive, etc. The name and rank of the officer were +engraved on the edge. The large medal, of the size of that +granted for Maida, was for general officers; in full dress it +was worn from the neck, to a crimson ribbon with blue +edges. The small medal, (of which an illustration is given,) +attached to the ribbon by a gold swivel, with a gold buckle +above, was conferred on field and other officers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At this period the rules and regulations regarding the issue +of medals were, 1st.—Medals are only to be bestowed upon +occasions of great importance or of peculiar brilliancy. 2nd.—Medals +of a larger size are conferred upon General Officers, +including Brigadiers, who wear them suspended by a ribbon +round the neck.<a id='r38'></a><a href='#f38' class='c013'><sup>[38]</sup></a> Medals of a smaller size are bestowed +upon Colonels, and Officers of the senior ranks. 3rd.—No +General or other officer is considered to be entitled to receive +a Medal, except he has been personally and particularly engaged +upon the occasion, in commemoration of which this +distinction is bestowed, and has been selected by the Commander +of the Forces upon the spot, and has been reported +by him to have merited the distinction, by very conspicuous +services. 4th.—The Commander of the Forces (after he shall +have been informed of the intention of Government to bestow +medals) shall transmit to the Secretary of State for the War +Department, and to the Commander-in-Chief, returns signed +by himself, specifying the names and ranks of those Officers +whom he shall have selected as particularly deserving. 5th.—The +Commander of the Forces, in making this selection of +the most deserving Officers, will consider his choice restricted +to the undermentioned ranks, as it is found to be absolutely +necessary that some limitation should be put upon the grant +of this honour.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The rank and situations held by Officers, to render them +eligible for the distinction of Medals, were, General Officers; +Commanding Officers of Brigades; Commanding Officers of +Artillery or Engineers; Adjutant-General and Quartermaster-General; +their Deputies having the rank of Field Officers, +and their Assistants having the same rank, and being at the +head of the Staff, with a detached corps or distinct division +of the Army; Military Secretary, having the rank of Field +Officers; Commanding Officers of Battalions, Corps equivalent +thereto, and Officers who have succeeded to the actual command +during the engagement, in consequence of the death or removal +of the original Commanding Officer.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF MARTINIQUE AND GUADALOUPE.<br> <span class='sc'>February, 1809, and January and February, 1810.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>In January, 1809, the armament which had been assembled +at Carlile Bay, Barbadoes, under the command of Lieutenant-General +(afterwards Sir George) Beckwith, commanding in +the Leeward Islands, proceeded against Martinique, off which +island, then in the possession of France, it arrived on the +30th. of January. The troops landed in two divisions. The +first division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost, +consisting of between six and seven thousand men, and the +second, numbering over three thousand men, under Major-General +Frederick Maitland, landed near St. Luce and Point +Solomon, in the afternoon of the 30th., without opposition, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>and notwithstanding the difficulties of the country, occupied +a position on the banks of the Grande Lezarde River before +daybreak on the 31st., after a night march of seven miles.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 1st. of February, the 7th. Royal Fusiliers, and the +light companies of the brigade which were in advance, drove +a body of the enemy from Morne Bruno to the heights of +Surirey, where the enemy on the 2nd. of February made a +determined stand. A sharp action ensued, in which British +valour was conspicuously displayed, and the French were +driven from their position with considerable loss. Batteries +were subsequently erected, and the siege of Fort Bourbon was +commenced with such vigour that the garrison surrendered +on the 24th. of February. Amongst the trophies captured on +this occasion were three eagles and several brass drums.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having thus captured this valuable island, Lieutenant-General +Beckwith congratulated the troops, and stated in his official +despatch, that “the command of such an army will constitute +the pride of my future life. To these brave troops, conducted +by Generals of experience, and not to me, their King and +Country owe the sovereignty of this important colony; and I +trust that by a comparison of the force which has defended +it, and the time in which it has fallen, the present reduction +of Martinique will not be deemed eclipsed by any former +expedition.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The gold medal was conferred on the general and regimental +commanding officers, according to the practice of the +service at this period.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An expedition, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Beckwith, +against Guadaloupe, the only island remaining to the +French in the West Indies, was embarked in January, 1810. +The expedition rendezvoused at Prince Rupert’s, Dominica; +and on the morning of the 28th. of January, a landing was +effected by the first division, at the Bay of St. Marie. The +second division sailed on the 26th. of that month, and anchored +at the Saints until the 29th., when it proceeded towards +Guadaloupe, and menaced the enemy’s defences at the Three +Rivers. A landing was effected near the village of Les Vieux +Habitans during the night without opposition. The French +appeared in force on some high open ground, when the 15th. +Foot turned their right flank, the Royal West Indian Rangers +the left, and the 13th. Light Infantry advanced against the +front, and the enemy was speedily forced from his ground.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 7th., 8th., 13th., 15th., 23rd., 25th., (flank companies,) +60th., 63rd., 90th. Foot, and 1st. West India regiment were +engaged in this service.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shortly afterwards the conquest of the island was completed, +and the achievement reflected great credit on the troops employed. +In general orders, dated 6th. February, it was +announced that “The Commander of the Forces returns his +thanks to the officers of all ranks, for their meritorious exertions, +and to the non-commissioned officers and soldiers, for +the cheerfulness with which they have undergone the fatigues +of a march, difficult in its nature, through the strongest +country in the world, and the spirit they have manifested +on all occasions to close with the enemy.”</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Guadaloupe</span> is now borne on the colours of the 15th., +63rd., 90th., and 1st. West India regiment; and medals were +granted to the superior officers, both for the capture of that +island and also of Martinique. The medal was like that for +Talavera, already described. When the War Medal was +issued, bars were inscribed with the names of these two +islands.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF BUSACO.<br> <span class='sc'>September 27th., 1810.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The advance of Marshal Massena in the summer of 1810, +was preceded by the proud but vain boast, that, in pursuance +of the imperial orders, he would drive the English leopards +into the sea, and plant the eagles on the tower of Lisbon. +His first operations were attended with success. Ciudad +Rodrigo surrendered to Marshal Ney on the 10th. of July. +After the gallant but hazardous combat between the light +division and the French advance on the 24th. of that month, +they passed the Coa in overwhelming numbers, when the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>retrograde movement and concentration of the allies behind +the Mondego immediately commenced. Almedia having surrendered +on the 27th. of August, the allies were again +withdrawn to their former positions. The French line of +invasion was not finally indicated until the middle of September, +when they commenced their advance into Portugal along the +right bank of the Mondego. Lieutenant-General Viscount +Wellington, notwithstanding their vastly superior numbers, +determined to give them battle in the position of Busaco, a +lofty and rugged sierra or mountain ridge, extending about +eight miles in a northerly direction from the Mondego, and +crossing their line of march.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the night of the 26th. of September, the combined +British and Portuguese armies assembled in line on the precipitous +sierra, named after the village and convent of Busaco. +The second (Lieutenant-General Hill’s) division occupied the +extreme right, guarding the declivities towards the Mondego; +next to it the fifth (Major-General Leith’s) division; then +the third division, having the first (Lieutenant-General Sir +Brent Spencer’s) division on its left, occupying the highest +part of the ridge; then the light (Brigadier-General Craufurd’s) +division at the convent of Busaco; and the fourth (the Honourable +Major-General Cole’s) division on the extreme left. In +front, within cannon-shot and in full view of the British +position, was assembled Massena’s army, seventy thousand +strong, occupying the opposite range of mountains. The day +passed over peaceably, but during the evening and night, small +parties of skirmishers, passing up the dark ravines, attempted +to establish themselves close to the British line, and kept all +upon the alert.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The position of Busaco, although formidable from the +steepness and rugged character of its face, was too extensive +to be completely occupied by the twenty-five thousand British, +and the same number of Portuguese troops, which formed the +allied army, and there was an interval of about two miles +between the left of the fifth and the right of the third +division, which occupied the lowest and most accessible part +of the position.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An hour before day, Lord Wellington went through the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>ranks on foot. He passed in comparative silence, for the +English soldiers seldom indulge in those boisterous demonstrations +of joy so common with the troops of other nations, and +indeed rarely are known to hurrah, except when closing with +the enemy; but wherever he was recognised, his presence +was felt as the sure presage to another victory, to be gained +by the men whom he had already led in so many fields of +triumph. To be beaten when <i>he</i> commanded, seemed, in the +opinion of his soldiers (which is no bad criterion to judge +by) next to impossible.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At six in the morning of the 27th. of September, two +desperate attacks were commenced upon the British position, +the one on the right, the other on the left of the highest +point of the sierra. The assault upon the right was made +by two divisions of the second corps, on that part of the +sierra occupied by the third division of infantry. One division +of French infantry arrived at the top of the ridge, when it +was attacked in the most gallant manner by the 88th. +Connaught Rangers, under the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel +Wallace, and the 45th., under the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel +Meade, and by the 8th. Portuguese regiment, under +the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas, directed by +Major-General (afterwards Sir Thomas) Picton. These three +corps advanced with the bayonet, and drove the enemy’s +division from the advantageous ground it had obtained. +The other division of the second corps attacked further on +the right, by the road leading by St. Antonio di Cantaro, +also in front of Major-General Picton’s division; but was repulsed +before it could reach the top of the ridge, by the +74th. Highlanders, under the command of the Honourable +Lieutenant-Colonel French, and the brigade of Portuguese infantry, +under Colonel Champelmond, directed by Colonel Henry +Mac Kinnon; Major-General Leith also moved his left to support +Major-General Picton, and aided in the defeat of the French +in this post, by the third battalion of the Royals, and the +first and second battalions of the 38th. regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>His Lordship stated in his despatch, that he never witnessed +a more gallant attack than that made by the 38th., +45th., and 8th. Portuguese regiment, on the enemy’s division, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>which had reached the ridge of the sierra. Major William +Smith, of the 45th., was killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, on the left, the enemy attacked with three +divisions of infantry, of the sixth corps, that part of the +sierra occupied by the left division, commanded by Brigadier-General +Craufurd, and by the brigade of Portuguese infantry, +under Brigadier-General (afterwards Sir Denis) Pack. “One +division of infantry,” wrote Viscount Wellington, “only made +any progress towards the top of the hill, and they were +immediately charged with the bayonet by Brigadier-General +Craufurd with the 43rd, 52nd.,<a id='r39'></a><a href='#f39' class='c013'><sup>[39]</sup></a> and 95th. regiments, and the +3rd. Caçadores, and driven down with immense loss.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Besides these attacks, the light troops of the two armies +were engaged throughout the 27th. The loss sustained by +the enemy was immense, two thousand being killed upon the +field of battle, with a corresponding amount of wounded. +Captain Lord Fitz Roy Somerset, (the late Lord Raglan,) +Aide-de-Camp to the British Commander; Captain the Marquis +of Tweeddale, of the 1st. Foot Guards, Deputy-Assistant +Quartermaster-General; Major Charles Napier, of the first +battalion 50th., (severely;) and Captain George Napier, of +the first battalion 52nd., were amongst the wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Busaco</span> on the colours of the 1st., 5th., 9th., 38th., 43rd., +45th., 52nd., 74th., 83rd., 88th., and Rifle Brigade, commemorates +this achievement.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>There is a charming episode related by Sir William Napier, +of the orphan girl, which belongs to this battle:—“Meanwhile +an affecting incident, contrasting strongly with the savage +character of the preceding events, added to the interest of the +day. A poor orphan Portuguese girl, about seventeen years +of age, and very handsome, was seen coming down the +mountain, and driving an ass loaded with all her property, +through the midst of the French army. She had abandoned +her dwelling in obedience to the proclamation, and now passed +over the field of battle with childish simplicity, totally unconscious +of her perilous situation, and scarcely understanding +which were the hostile and which the friendly troops, for no +man on either side was so brutal as to molest her.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the following day there was some skirmishing on different +points of the line, but the French, taught by experience to +appreciate the strength of the position and the valour of its +defenders, did not renew the assault. Towards evening their +columns were seen in movement to their right, and their whole +army was shortly on the march to turn the British left flank.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The allies then commenced their retreat, and before daylight +on the 29th., the position of Busaco was evacuated, the +divisions moving on their previously-arranged lines of retreat +towards the lines of Torres Vedras. This stupendous line of +entrenchments and fortifications, had by Viscount Wellington’s +orders, been constructed, with admirable skill and immense +labour, for the defence of Lisbon. The French general, who +had followed the retreat through a wasted and deserted country, +with the confident expectation that he was driving the British +to their ships, found his progress arrested on the 10th. of +October by this barrier, which he soon perceived to be impregnable, +and which extended twenty-nine miles from the +Tagus to the sea. Within the lines, supplies were abundant, +and with the exception of some employment in strengthening +the defensive works, amusements, exercises, and field sports +of every attainable kind were the occupation of all ranks, +who engaged in them as if no hostile interruption was to be +apprehended. The allied army was at this time augmented +by fresh regiments from England, and a sixth division of +infantry added to it.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF BARROSA.<br> <span class='sc'>5th. March, 1811.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Wellington’s generals, like those under the illustrious +Marlborough, did not often have the opportunity of fighting +independent battles. What Wynendale was to Webb in +Queen Anne’s reign, Almaraz was to Lord Hill, Albuhera to +Lord Beresford, and Barrosa to Lieutenant-General Thomas +Graham, (afterwards Lord Lynedoch,) who commanded the +British forces in Cadiz at the above period. In consequence +of Marshal Soult having proceeded into Estremadura, Marshal +Victor was left to carry on the siege of Cadiz, and a combined +attack on the rear of the blockading army at Chiclana was +determined upon. Accordingly a British force of about three +thousand men, under Lieutenant-General Graham, and a body +of seven thousand troops, commanded by General Le Pena, were +selected for this expedition. The forces having first proceeded +to Gibraltar, afterwards disembarked at Algesiras, on the 23rd. +of February, and being all united at Tarifa, marched thence +on the 28th. of that month.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Zayas pushed a strong body of Spanish troops across +the river Santi Petri near the coast on the 1st. of March, +threw a bridge over, and formed a <i>tête-de-pont</i>. This post was +attacked by the enemy on the nights of the 3rd. and 4th. of +March, who was repulsed, though the Spaniards sustained +considerable loss. On the 5th. of March, 1811, Lieutenant-General +Graham, and the army under his command, arrived +on the low ridge of Barrosa, and gained a decisive victory +over the French army, under Marshal Victor, composed of the +two divisions of Generals Rufin and Laval.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The circumstances under which Lieutenant-General Graham +found himself placed were such as compelled him to attack +the very superior force, in point of numbers, of his opponents. +The allied army, after a night march of sixteen hours from +the camp near Veger, arrived on the morning of the 5th. at +the low ridge of Barrosa, about four miles to the southward +of the mouth of the Santi Petri river. This height extends +inland about a mile and a half, continuing on the north the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>extensive heathy plain of Chiclana. A great pine-forest skirts +the plain, and circles round the height at some distance, terminating +down to Santi Petri, the intermediate space between +the north side of the height and the forest being uneven and +broken. A well-conducted and successful attack on the rear +of the enemy’s lines near Santi Petri, by the vanguard of the +Spaniards, under Brigadier-General Ladrizabel, opened the +communication with the Isla de Leon, and Lieutenant-General +Graham received General La Pena’s directions to move down +from the position of Barrosa to that of the Torre de Bermeja, +about half-way to the Santi Petri river, in order to secure +the communication across the river, over which a bridge had +been recently constructed. This latter position occupied a narrow +woody ridge, the right on the sea cliff, the left falling +down to the Almanza creek on the edge of the marsh. An +easy communication between the western points of these two +positions were kept up by a hard sandy beach. Lieutenant-General +Graham, while on the march through the wood towards +the Bermeja, received intelligence that the enemy had appeared +in force on the plain of Chiclana, about fifty miles from Tarifa, +and was advancing towards the heights of Barrosa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This position being considered by the British general as the +key to that of Santi Petri, he immediately countermarched in +order to support the troops left for its defence, and the alacrity +with which this manœuvre was executed, served as a favourable +omen. It was, however, impossible in such intricate and +difficult ground to preserve order in the columns, and time +was never afforded to restore it entirely. Before the British +could get quite disentangled from the wood, the troops on the +Barrosa hill were seen returning from it, while the enemy’s +left wing was rapidly ascending. His right wing at the same +time stood on the plain, on the edge of the wood, within +cannon-shot. A retreat in the face of such a foe, already +within reach of the easy communication by the sea-beach, must +have involved the whole allied army in all the danger of +being attacked during the unavoidable confusion of the different +corps arriving nearly at the same time on the narrow ridge +of the Bermeja.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Graham relying on the heroism of British +<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>troops, and regardless of the number and position of the enemy, +determined on an immediate attack. Major Duncan soon opened +a powerful battery of ten guns in the centre. Brigadier-General +Dilkes with the brigade of Guards, Lieutenant-Colonel +Browne’s (of the 28th.) flank battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Norcott’s two companies of the second Rifle corps, and Major +Acheson with a part of the 67th. Foot, (separated from the +regiment in the wood,) formed on the right. Colonel Wheatley’s +brigade, with three companies of the Coldstream Guards, under +Lieutenant-Colonel Jackson, (separated likewise from his battalion +in the wood,) and Lieutenant-Colonel Barnard’s flank +battalion, formed on the left.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As soon as the infantry was thus hastily got together, the +guns advanced to a more favourable position, and kept up a +most destructive fire. The right wing proceeded to the attack +of General Rufin’s division on the hill, while Lieutenant-Colonel +Barnard’s battalion, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bushe’s +detachment of the 20th. Portuguese, were warmly engaged +with the enemy’s tirailleurs on the left.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Laval’s division, notwithstanding the havoc made by +Major Duncan’s battery, continued to advance in very imposing +masses, opened his fire of musketry, and was only checked by +that of the left wing. The left wing now advanced firing; a +most determined charge by three companies of the Guards and +the 87th. regiment, supported by all the remainder of the wing, +decided the defeat of General Laval’s division. The eagle of +the 8th. regiment of light infantry, which suffered immensely, +and a howitzer, rewarded this charge, and remained in possession +of Major Gough, (afterwards General Viscount Gough), of the +87th. regiment.<a id='r40'></a><a href='#f40' class='c013'><sup>[40]</sup></a> These attacks were zealously supported by +Colonel Belson, with the 28th. foot, and Lieutenant-Colonel +Prevost with a part of the 67th. regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A reserve formed beyond the narrow valley, across which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>the enemy was closely pursued, next shared a similar fate, +and was routed by the same means. Meanwhile the right +wing was not less successful; the French, confident of success, +met Brigadier-General Dilkes on the ascent of the hill, and +the contest was sanguinary: but the undaunted perseverance +of the brigade of Guards, of Lieutenant-Colonel Browne’s battalion, +and Lieutenant-Colonel Norcott’s and Major Acheson’s +detachment, overcame every obstacle, and General Rufin’s division +was driven from the heights in confusion, leaving two +pieces of cannon in the hands of the victors.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In less than an hour and a half from the commencement +of the action, the enemy was in full retreat. The retiring +division met, halted, and seemed inclined to form; but a new +and more advanced position of the British artillery quickly +dispersed it. The exhausted state of the troops rendered +pursuit impossible, and a position was occupied on the eastern +side of the hill. When the conflict had ceased, Lieutenant-General +Graham remained on the field of battle; but the +Spanish general, La Pena, who had looked on while this +obstinate battle was fought, did not seize the favourable +opportunity which the valour of the British troops had put +into his hands, of striking a severe blow at the remains of +the French army retreating in disorder. The inactivity of the +Spaniards continuing, the British proceeded on the following +day to Cadiz.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Among the prisoners were the General of Division Rufin, +the General of Brigade Rousseau,<a id='r41'></a><a href='#f41' class='c013'><sup>[41]</sup></a> the latter being mortally +wounded; the Chief of the Staff, General Bellegarde; an aidede-camp +of Marshal Victor; the Colonel of the 8th. regiment +and several other officers. The prisoners amounted to two +general officers, one field officer, nine captains, eight subalterns, +and four hundred and twenty rank and file. The enemy lost +about three thousand men in killed, wounded, and prisoners, +and six pieces of cannon were captured.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Both Houses of Parliament unanimously voted their thanks +to Lieutenant-General Graham, and the officers and men under +his command, for his victory.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following corps were engaged in this battle:—2nd. +Hussars, King’s German Legion; Loyal Artillery; Royal Engineers; +1st. Foot Guards, 2nd. battalion; Coldstream Guards, +2nd. battalion; 3rd. Foot Guards, 2nd. battalion; 9th. Foot, +1st. battalion, (flank companies;) 28th. Foot, 1st. battalion; +47th. Foot, 2nd battalion, (flank companies;) 67th. Foot, 2nd +battalion; 82nd. Foot, 2nd. battalion, (flank companies;) 87th. +Foot, 2nd. battalion; Rifle Brigade, 2nd. and 3rd. battalions; +20th. Portuguese Regiment; and one company of the Royal +Staff Corps.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span> + <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Medal for Barrosa.</span></h3> +</div> + +<p class='c020'>The medal for this battle was similar to that granted for +the victories commencing with Roleia, and the following +Memorandum, dated Horse Guards, November, 1811, was published +in the “London Gazette”:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The Prince Regent having been graciously pleased, in the +name and on behalf of His Majesty, to command that, in +commemoration of the brilliant victory obtained over the enemy +by a division of His Majesty’s army, under the command of +Lieutenant-General Graham, at Barrosa, on the 5th. of March, +1811, the undermentioned officers of the army, present upon +that occasion, should enjoy the privilege of bearing a Medal, +and His Royal Highness having approved of the medal which +has been struck, is pleased to command, that it should be +worn by the General Officers, suspended by a ribbon, of the +colour of the sash, with a blue edge, round the neck, and by +the Commanding Officers of corps and detachments, and the +Chiefs of Military Departments, attached by a ribbon of the +same colour to the button-hole of their uniform:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Thomas Graham; Major-General William +Thomas Dilkes; Colonel William Wheatley, 1st. Foot Guards; +Lieutenant-Colonels Charles P. Belson, 28th. Foot, William +Augustus Prevost, 67th. regiment, The Hon. T. Cranley Onslow, +3rd. Foot Guards, Andrew F. Barnard, 95th. Rifle regiment, +John Macdonald, Deputy Adjutant-General, Edward Sebright, +1st. Foot Guards, John Frederick Brown, 28th. regiment, Amos +Godsill Norcott, 95th. Rifle regiment, The Hon. Charles M. +Cathcart, Deputy Quartermaster-General, Richard Bushe, 20th. +Portuguese regiment, Alexander Duncan, Royal Artillery, and +Hugh Gough, 87th. regiment; and Major A. F. Baron Bussche, +2nd. Light Dragoons, King’s German Legion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By the command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, +in the name and on the behalf of His Majesty.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in28'><span class='sc'>Frederick</span>, Commander-in-Chief.</div> + <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Henry Torrens</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel and Military Secretary.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF FUENTES D’ONOR.<br> <span class='sc'>5th. May, 1811.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>At this period the sixth division of the British army had +invested Almeida, and a force of British and Portuguese, under +Marshal Beresford, was employed in the Alentejo and Spanish +Estremadura, which compelled the enemy to abandon Campo +Mayor. Olivenza was next besieged by Marshal Beresford, and +retaken on the 15th. of April, 1811, after which he broke +ground before Badajoz.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Marshal Massena had reached Ciudad Rodrigo on the 25th. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>of April, and having concentrated his forces, crossed the Agueda +at that place on the 2nd. of May, and advanced towards the +allied army, posted between that river and the Coa, in order +to blockade Almeida, which place, it was ascertained, was but +ill supplied with provisions for its garrison. Upon the approach +of the French, the British light division and cavalry fell back +upon Fuentes d’Onor, where three other divisions were posted, +and in which position Viscount Wellington determined to receive +the attack of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The village of Fuentes d’Onor, (Fountain of Honor,) is +situated on low ground, at the bottom of a ravine, with an +old chapel and some buildings on a craggy eminence, which +overhang one end. Shortly after the enemy had formed on +the ground, on the right of the Duas Casas, in the afternoon +of the 3rd., they attacked the village with a large force, which +was gallantly defended by Lieutenant-Colonel Williams, of the +fifth battalion of the 60th. regiment, in command of the light +infantry battalions, belonging to Major-General Picton’s division, +supported by the light infantry battalion in Major-General +Nightingall’s brigade, commanded by Major (afterwards Sir +Robert) Dick, and the light infantry battalion in Major-General +Howard’s brigade, commanded by Major Archibald M‘Donnell, of +the 92nd. regiment, and the light infantry battalion of the King’s +German Legion, commanded by Major Charles Aly, of the fifth +battalion of the Line, and by the second battalion of the 83rd. +regiment, under Major Henry William Carr.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These troops maintained their position, but the British +commander seeing the repeated efforts which were made to obtain +possession of the village, and being fully aware of the advantage +the enemy would derive therefrom in their subsequent operations, +the place was reinforced successively by the 71st., under +the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Cadogan, and the 79th. +under Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron, and the 24th. under Major +Chamberlaine. The former, at the head of the 71st., charged the +French, and drove them from the part of the village of which +they had obtained momentary possession. About this time +Lieutenant-Colonel Williams was wounded, and the command +devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron, of the 79th. regiment. +The contest continued until night, when the British Troops +<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>remained in possession of the whole. The light infantry battalions +and the 83rd. regiments were subsequently withdrawn, leaving +only the 71st. and 79th. regiments in the village, with the second +battalion of the 24th to support them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the 4th. of May the enemy reconnoitred the positions +which the British had occupied on the Duas Casas river, and that +night General Junot’s corps was moved from Almeida to the left +of the position occupied by the sixth corps, opposite to Fuentes +d’Onor. From the course of the reconnoissance it was considered +that an attempt would be made to obtain possession of that place, +and of the ground occupied by the troops behind the village, by +crossing the Duas Casas at Poza Velho, and in the evening the +seventh division, under Major-General Houstoun, was moved to +the right, in order to protect, if possible, that passage.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the morning of Sunday, the 5th. of May, the eighth corps +appeared in two columns, with all the cavalry on the opposite side +of the valley of the Duas Casas to Poza Velho; and as the sixth +and ninth corps also made a movement to their left, the light +division, which had been brought back from the neighbourhood +of Almeida, was sent with the cavalry, under Lieutenant-General +Sir Stapleton Cotton, Bart., (afterwards Field-Marshal Viscount +Combermere, G.C.B.) to support Major-General Houstoun, while +the first and third divisions made a movement to their right, +along the ridge between the Turon and Duas Casas rivers, corresponding +to that of the sixth and ninth corps, on the right +of the latter river.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Houstoun’s advanced guard, consisting of the +85th., under Major M‘Intosh, and the 2nd Portuguese Caçadores, +under Lieutenant-Colonel Nixon, was attacked by the eighth +corps, and compelled to retire, which was done in good order, +although with some loss. The eighth corps being thus established +in Poza Velho, the enemy’s cavalry turned the right of the seventh +division between that place and Nave d’Aver, and charged.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The charge of the advanced guard of the French cavalry was +met by two or three squadrons of the different regiments of +British Dragoons, and the enemy was driven back, Colonel La +Motte, of the 13th. Chasseurs, and some prisoners being taken. +The main body was checked, and obliged to retire, by the fire of +Major-General Houstoun’s division, the Chasseurs Britanniques +<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>and a detachment of the Duke of Brunswick’s Light Infantry +behaving in the most steady manner. Notwithstanding the +repulse of this charge, Viscount Wellington determined to concentrate +his force towards the left, and to move the seventh light +and the other two divisions, and the cavalry from Poza Velho +towards Fuentes d’Onor. The former place and neighbourhood +had been occupied in the hope of maintaining the communication +across the Coa by Sabugal, as well as to provide for the blockade, +which objects, it became obvious, were incompatible with each +other, and that which was deemed the least important was abandoned; +the light division was placed in reserve in the rear of the +left of the first, and the seventh on some commanding ground +beyond the Turon, which protected the right flank and rear of the +first division, besides covering the communication with the Coa, +and prevented that of the French with Almeida by the roads +between the Turon and that river.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Upon this occasion the movement of the troops, although +under very critical circumstances, was well conducted by Major-General +Houstoun, Brigadier-General Craufurd, and Lieutenant-General +Sir Stapleton Cotton. The seventh division was covered +in its passage of the Turon by the light, under Brigadier-General +Craufurd, and this last, in its march to join the first +division, by the British cavalry. The British position thus +extended on the high ground from the Turon to the Duas +Casas. The seventh division on the left of the former, covered +the rear of the right; the first division, in two lines, was +on the right; Colonel Ashworth’s brigade, in two lines, in the +centre; and the third division, in two lines, on the left. The +light division and British cavalry in reserve; and the village +of Fuentes d’Onor in front of the left. Don Julian’s infantry +joined the seventh division in Frenada, and he was sent with +his cavalry to endeavour to interrupt the enemy’s communication +with Ciudad Rodrigo. The efforts on the right part of the +British position, after it was occupied as above described, were +confined to a cannonade, and to some cavalry charges upon +the advanced posts.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One of these was repulsed by the pickets of the first division, +under Lieutenant-Colonel Hill, of the 3rd. regiment of Guards; +but as they were falling back, they did not see the direction +<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>of another in sufficient time to oppose it, and the Lieutenant-Colonel +was taken prisoner, many men were wounded and some +captured, before a detachment of the British cavalry could +move up to their support. The second battalion of the 42nd., +under Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Blantyre, also repulsed a charge +of the cavalry directed against them. They likewise attempted +to push a body of light infantry down the ravine of the Turon +to the right of the first division, which was repulsed by the light +infantry of the Guards, under Lieutenant-Colonel Guise, aided +by five companies of the 95th., under Captain O’Hara.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Throughout this day the enemy’s principal effort was again +directed against Fuentes d’Onor, and notwithstanding that the +whole of the sixth corps was at different periods employed to +attack this village, the French were never able to gain more than +a temporary possession. It was defended by the 24th., 71st., and +79th. regiments, under the command of Colonel Cameron; these +troops were supported by the light infantry battalions in the +third division, commanded by Major Woodgate; the light +infantry battalions in the first division, commanded by Majors +Dick, M‘Donnell, and Aly; the 6th. Portuguese Caçadores, +commanded by Major Pinto; by the light companies in Colonel +Champelmond’s Portuguese brigade, under Colonel Sutton; and +those in Colonel Ashworth’s Portuguese brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Pynn; and by the pickets of the third division, +under the command of the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel +Trench. Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron was severely wounded in +the afternoon, and the command in the village devolved upon the +Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Cadogan.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In addition to the foregoing, the troops in Fuentes d’Onor were +supported, when pressed by the enemy, by the 74th. regiment, +under Major Russell Manners, and the 88th. Connaught Rangers, +under Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, belonging to Colonel Mac +Kinnon’s brigade; on one of these occasions the 88th., with the +71st. and 79th., under the command of Colonel Mac Kinnon, +charged the enemy, and drove them through the village.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This prolonged contest again lasted in this quarter until night, +when the British still held their post, and from that time there +was no fresh attempt made on any part of their position. +Although the actions were partial, yet they were very severe, and +the casualties were also. The enemy had a great superiority of +force, and their loss was likewise great; they left four hundred +killed in the village of Fuentes d’Onor.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged at <span class='sc'>Fuentes d’Onor</span>:—14th. +and 16th. Light Dragoons; the 24th., 42nd., 43rd., 45th., +52nd., 60th., 71st., 74th., 79th., 83rd., 85th., 88th., 92nd., and Rifle +Brigade.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 8th. of May the enemy retired to the woods between +Espeja, Gallegos, and Fuentes d’Onor, in which position the +whole army was collected by the following day, with the exception +of that part of the second corps which continued opposite +Almeida; but during the night of the 9th. the whole broke up +and retired across the Azava, covering their retreat by their +numerous cavalry, and on the following day the whole crossed the +Agueda, leaving Almeida to its fate.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span> + <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Medal for Busaco and Fuentes d’Onor.</span></h3> +</div> + +<p class='c020'>The customary medal was granted for the above battles, the +pattern being like that for the other actions in the Peninsula. +The following letter from Viscount Wellington to the Earl of +Liverpool, dated July 11th., 1811, gives his views regarding +the distribution of medals:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>“I have had the honour of receiving your Lordship’s letter of +the 22nd of June, in which your Lordships desires to have my +opinion as to the restrictions which it may be expedient to put +upon the grant of medals to British officers, for distinguished +merit displayed upon such occasions as the battles of Vimeiro, +Corunna, Talavera, and Barrosa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“My opinion has always been, that the grant of a medal to an +individual officer ought to have been founded originally, partly on +the importance of the occasion or action which it was intended to +commemorate, and partly on the share which the individual +officer had had in the action to be commemorated; and that +medals should have been granted for important actions only, and +to those engaged in them in a conspicuous manner, whatever +might be their rank in the service. It was decided, however, that +medals should be granted on the same principle only, but following +strictly the example of the grant of medals to the navy, notwithstanding +<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>that an action on shore is very different from an +action at sea; and the merit of the different classes of +individuals is likewise entirely different. At the same time, this +principle was departed from in some of the grants made.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“If the principle adopted in the grant of medals to the navy is +adhered to in the grant of medals to officers of the army, and that +medals, to be granted to general officers, and Lieutenant-Colonels +commanding regiments, on an occasion to be commemorated, +because, on a similar occasion, they would be granted to Admirals +and Captains of ships of the line, it is difficult to restrict the grant +or make a selection of officers to whom they should be granted to +commemorate the battles at Busaco and Fuentes d’Onor, if +government determine that these actions should be commemorated +in that manner. If, however, that principle is departed from, it is +not difficult to make out a list of the names of officers already +reported to your Lordship, who were at the head of corps or +detachments upon these occasions, and who had a conspicuous +share in the event which it is the intention of the government to +commemorate in this manner. It is not probable, however, that +the adoption of this principle will decrease the number of those +to whom the honour would be granted; but, as I have already +represented to your Lordship, I don’t think this important; that +which is important in the establishment of the principle on which +the grant of this honour should be made, is that every officer +should feel that he shall receive the mark of distinction, if he +should be in the place to distinguish himself, and should act in +the manner to deserve to be distinguished, whatever may be his +military rank. It may be contended for by me, that the officers +of the British army don’t require an honour of this description to +stimulate their exertions, and that the grant of the medal is therefore +useless; but, however, those who contend for this principle +must admit that a selection of those who have had an opportunity +of distinguishing themselves in an action is a less objectionable +mode of granting it than the grant of it by classes, whether the +individuals composing those classes have distinguished themselves +or not.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“I have now the honour to enclose lists of the names of the +officers who, on the principle of selection, ought, in my opinion, +to receive medals for the battles of Busaco and Fuentes d’Onor, if +government think proper to distinguish these battles by medals. +In respect to the battle of Albuhera, I was not there, and I am +not able to give an opinion upon it. One brigade of the fourth +division of infantry, however, was not in the action, nor Brigadier-General +Madden’s brigade of cavalry. The brunt of the action +was on the right; but some of the corps of infantry, I believe, and +certainly General Otway’s brigade of cavalry, on the left, were +not engaged. At all events, these troops were not engaged, as far +as I understand, in a greater degree than the whole army were at +Busaco, and every corps on the field at Fuentes d’ Onor.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“I mention these circumstances only to point out to your Lordship, +that in every action on shore, however severe, there must be +some to whose lot it does not fall to have an opportunity to distinguish +themselves; and that the principle of selection, without +reference to ranks, ought to be adopted in every instance of the +grant of medals to the army.”</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ALBUHERA.<br> <span class='sc'>16th. May, 1811.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Early in May the first siege of Badajoz was commenced by the +British, and whilst the operations against that fortress were in +progress, Marshal Soult quitted Seville, and advanced to its relief. +The portion<a id='r42'></a><a href='#f42' class='c013'><sup>[42]</sup></a> of the allied army under Marshal Sir William +<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>Beresford, moved forward to meet him, and took up a position in +front of Albuhera.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At nine o’clock in the morning of the 16th. of May, the +enemy commenced his attack, and after a strong and gallant +resistance by the Spanish troops, he gained the heights upon +which they had been formed; meanwhile the division of the +Honourable Major-General William Stewart had been moved up +to support them, and that of Major-General Hamilton brought to the left of the Spanish line, and formed in contiguous close +columns of battalions, to be available in any direction. The +Portuguese brigade of cavalry, under Brigadier-General Otway, +remained at some distance on the left, to check any attempt that +might be made below the village.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nearly at the commencement of the battle a heavy storm of +rain came on, which with the smoke from the firing, rendered it +impossible to discern anything distinctly. This, with the nature +of the ground, had been extremely favourable to the attacking +columns. The right brigade of Major-General Stewart’s division, +under Lieutenant-Colonel Colborne, (now Field-Marshal Lord +Seaton,) first came into action, and behaved in the most gallant +manner, and, finding that the enemy’s column could not be shaken +by fire, proceeded to attack it with the bayonet; while thus in +the act of charging, a body of Polish lancers, which the thickness +of the atmosphere and the nature of the ground had concealed, +(and which was, besides, mistaken by those of the brigade when +discovered for Spanish cavalry, and therefore not fired upon,) +turned it, and being thus attacked unexpectedly in the rear, was +unfortunately broken, and suffered immensely. The second +battalion of the 31st. regiment, under the command of Major +L’Estrange, alone held its ground against all the <i>colonnes en masse</i>, +until the arrival of the third brigade under Major-General Hoghton. +The conduct of this brigade was most conspicuously gallant, and +that of the second brigade, under the Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel +Abercromby, was not less so. Major-General Hoghton, +cheering on his men to the charge, fell pierced with wounds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Although the principal attack was on this point of the right +a continual attempt was also made upon that part of the original +front at the village and bridge, which were defended in the most +gallant manner by Major-General Baron Alten, and the light +<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>infantry brigade of the German Legion, whose conduct, in every +point of view, was reported as “conspicuously good.” The +enemy’s cavalry, on his infantry attempting to force the right, +had endeavoured to turn it; but the able manœuvres of Major-General +the Honourable William Lumley, commanding the +allied cavalry, though vastly inferior in point of numbers, foiled +the design. Major-General the Honourable George Lowry Cole, +seeing the attack, very judiciously brought up his left a little, +marched in line to attack the enemy’s left, and arrived most +opportunely to contribute, with the charges of the brigades of +Major-General Stewart’s division, to force the enemy to abandon +his situation, and retire precipitately, and to take refuge under +his reserve. Here the Fusilier brigade, consisting of two battalions +of the 7th. and one of the 23rd. Fusiliers, immortalized itself.<a id='r43'></a><a href='#f43' class='c013'><sup>[43]</sup></a> +So numerous were the casualties, that Captain Stainforth’s company +of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, was commanded, at the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>close of the action, by Corporal Thomas Robinson. The enemy +was pursued by the Allies to a considerable distance, and as far +as it was considered prudent, with his immense superiority of +cavalry, and Marshal Beresford contented himself with seeing +him driven across the Albuhera.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Commencing at nine o’clock, the battle continued without +interruption until two in the afternoon, when the enemy having +been driven over the Albuhera, for the remainder of the day +there was but cannonading and skirmishing.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was observed during this sanguinary battle, that the British +dead, particularly the 57th. regiment, were lying as they fought, +in ranks, and every wound was in the front. This corps here +gained the name of the <i>Die-hards</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On this memorable day the loss was very severe, but the +French casualties were still greater. About two thousand dead +were left by them on the field, and nearly a thousand prisoners +were taken. Five of their generals were killed and wounded. +The British had Major-General Hoghton, thirty-three officers, +thirty-three sergeants, four drummers, and nine hundred and +seventeen rank and file killed.<a id='r44'></a><a href='#f44' class='c013'><sup>[44]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Amongst the instances of the defence and preservation of the +colours, the following are remarkable, and more especially that of +the 3rd., Buffs, for which a medal was struck. In the accounts of +the time, Ensign Walsh, of the 3rd. Foot, was reported to have +prevented the colour of the regiment from being taken by tearing, +when the staff of the colour was broken by a cannon ball, the +colour off and concealing it in his bosom. This statement misled +<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>the then Chancellor of the Exchequer when he moved a vote of +thanks to the army, on the 7th. of June following, for its gallantry +in this sanguinary battle. The honour, however, was due to +Lieutenant Latham, who preserved the regimental colour from +falling into the enemy’s hands in the following gallant manner:—While +the Buffs were engaged with the French infantry, they +were attacked in the rear by a large force of French and Polish +cavalry. Ensign Thomas, who carried the second, or regimental +colour, was called upon to surrender; but he replied that could +only be with his life. He fell, mortally wounded, a victim to his +bravery, and the colour was captured. The first, or the king’s +colour, was carried by Ensign Walsh; the sergeants who protected +it had fallen in its defence, and this officer was pursued by several +Polish lancers. Lieutenant Latham saw the danger of the colour +being borne in triumph from the field by the enemy; his soul +was alive to the honour of his corps, and he ran forward to protect +it. Ensign Walsh was surrounded, wounded, and taken +prisoner; but Lieutenant Latham arrived at the spot in time to +seize the colour, which he defended with heroic gallantry. Environed +by a crowd of assailants, each emulous of the honour of +its capture, and his body bleeding from wounds, Lieutenant +Latham clung with energetic tenacity to his precious charge, +defended himself with his sword, and refused to yield. A French +hussar, seizing the flag-staff, and raising in his stirrups, aimed at +the head of the gallant Latham a blow which failed in cutting +him down, but which sadly mutilated him, severing one side of +the face and nose. Although thus severely wounded, his resolute +spirit did not shrink, but he sternly and vigorously continued to +struggle with the French horsemen, and, as they endeavoured to +drag the colour from him, he exclaimed, “I will surrender it only +with my life.” A second sabre stroke severed his left arm and +hand, in which he held the staff, from his body. He then dropped +his sword, and, seizing the staff with his right hand, continued to +struggle with his opponents until he was thrown down, trampled +upon, and pierced with lances; but the number of his adversaries, +impeded their efforts to destroy him, and that moment the British +cavalry came up and the French troopers fled. Lieutenant Latham, +although desperately wounded, was so intent on preserving the +colour, that he exerted the little strength he had left to remove it +<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>from the staff and to conceal it under him. The Fusilier brigade +advanced, and, by a gallant effort, changed the fortune of the day. +Sergeant Gough, of the first battalion of the 7th. Royal Fusiliers, +found the colour under Lieutenant Latham, who lay apparently +dead. The colour, for which so desperate a struggle had been +maintained, was restored to the Buffs, and the sergeant was +rewarded with a commission, being, in consequence of his +gallant conduct, appointed ensign in the 2nd. West India +Regiment, on the 14th. of November, 1811. After lying +some time on the ground in a state of insensibility, Lieutenant +Latham revived and crawled towards the river, where he +was found endeavouring to quench his thirst. He was removed +to the convent, his wounds dressed, and the stump of his arm +amputated: he ultimately recovered. Ensign Walsh escaped +from the enemy soon after he had been made prisoner. When +recovered of his wounds, he joined his regiment, and made known +the circumstance of the colour having been thus preserved by +Lieutenant Latham. The officers of the Buffs, with a readiness +which reflected great honour on the corps, subscribed one hundred +guineas for the purchase of a gold medal, on which the preservation +of the colour by Lieutenant Latham was represented in high +relief, with the motto, “I will surrender it only with my life.” +Application was made to His Royal Highness the Commander-in-Chief, +by General Leigh, then Colonel of the 3rd. Foot, or the +Buffs, for the royal authority for Lieutenant Latham to receive +and wear the medal, which was granted, in a letter dated Horse +Guards, 4th. January, 1813. The medal was presented to this +gallant officer at Reading, on the 12th. of August following. An +operation was performed in 1815, by the celebrated surgeon, +Mr. Carpue, assisted by Assistant John Morrison, M.D., of the +Buffs, to repair the mutilation of Captain Latham’s face, at the +suggestion of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, who kindly +defrayed the expense of the operation and cure. Captain Latham +received, by authority of the royal warrant, a pension of one +hundred pounds a year, in consequence of the loss of his left arm, +and a further annual pension of seventy pounds on account of +his other severe wounds. He continued to serve in the 3rd. +regiment until the 20th. of April, 1820, when he exchanged to +half-pay, receiving the regulated difference.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Ensign James Jackson carried the regimental colour of the +57th. at Albuhera. Soon after the action commenced, the officer +with the king’s colour was severely wounded, and the colour fell +to the ground, when Ensign Jackson immediately directed one of +the non-commissioned officers to pick it up, and taking it from +him, gave the regimental colour to the sergeant, which he retained +until an officer was brought to take charge of it. The king’s +colour, which Ensign Jackson carried, received thirty balls +through it, and two others broke the pole and carried away the +top. Nine balls passed through his clothes, of which four +wounded—one through the body. During the greatest part of +the battle the hostile lines were less than one hundred yards +from each other. Brevet-Major James Jackson was placed on +retired full pay as captain, 57th. regiment, on the 25th. of June, +1841, and was promoted to the brevet rank of Lieutenant-Colonel +on the 28th. of November, 1854.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Marshal Soult retired after the battle to the ground he had +been previously on, and during the night of the 17th. he commenced +his retreat towards Seville, leaving Badajoz to its fate.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span> + <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Medal for Albuhera.</span></h3> +</div> + +<p class='c020'>The medal for the battle of Albuhera was the same as that +conferred for other actions of this period, and of which an illustration +is given for Talavera; but there appears also to have been +one awarded by the Spanish monarch, for in a letter, dated +Gonesse, 2nd. July, 1815, addressed to Marshal Lord Beresford, +G.C.B., the Duke of Wellington wrote, “You should recommend +for the Spanish medal for Albuhera, according to the rules laid +down by the King of Spain, for the grant of it. I think it should +be given only to those who were there, and actually engaged.” +When the silver war medal was authorized, it is almost superfluous +to state that a bar was granted for this victory.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF JAVA.<br> <span class='sc'>August and September, 1811.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The British government resolved to complete its dominion +in the East, by the conquest of the island of Java, of which +the Dutch had held undisturbed possession for more than one +hundred years. The extent of the island,—six hundred and +forty miles long, and about a hundred broad; the luxuriant +and fertile character of the soil, the mountain districts yielding +the vegetables and grain of Europe, and the plains the delicious +fruits and other vegetable productions of the East in abundance, +without the necessity of laborious tillage, and to so great an +extent, as to occasion it to be sometimes called the granary +of the East; rendered the island of Java a valuable acquisition +to the United Provinces, and its principle city, Batavia, was +the capital of the Dutch settlements in the East Indies. Holland +having become a part of that empire which Napoleon +was forming to prepare the way for universal dominion, it +became necessary to deprive the Dutch of this large and fertile +island.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lord Minto, the Governor-General of India, planned the expedition, +and in order to carry out his idea, gave orders for +the collection of a number of troops at Madras. The squadron +was placed under Rear-Admiral the Honourable Robert Stopford, +and the land forces were commanded by Lieutenant-General +Sir Samuel Auchmuty; whilst his lordship determined +to accompany the armament.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A landing was effected on the 4th. of August, 1811, at +Chillingching, within twelve miles east of Batavia, which was +taken possession of on the 8th. of that month without opposition. +The possession of Batavia was of the utmost importance. +Although large storehouses of public property were burnt previous +to the retreat of the enemy, and every effort made to +destroy the remainder, some valuable granaries and other stores +were preserved. During the night of the 8th. a feeble attempt +was made by the enemy to cut off a small guard, which had +been sent for the security of the place; but the troops of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>advance had reinforced the party early in the evening, and +the attack was repulsed. The advance under Colonel (afterwards +Major-General Sir Robert Rollo) Gillespie occupied the +city on the 9th. of August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 10th. a sharp affair took place with the <i>élite</i> of +General Jansen’s army; the British had advanced from Batavia, +and found three thousand select men of the Gallo-Batavian troops +in a strong position at Weltervreeden, defended by <i>abattis</i>; this +post was stormed and carried at the point of the bayonet by +the troops under Colonel Gillespie, many of the enemy being +killed, and their guns captured; the remainder retreated to +the entrenched position at Cornelis, between the great river +Jacatra and the deep aqueduct of Slokan, neither of which was +fordable. In this affair the grenadier company of the 78th., +and the detachment of the 89th. regiment, were particularly +distinguished in charging and capturing their adversaries’ artillery. +The British loss was trifling compared with that of +their opponents, which was estimated at about five hundred +men, with Brigadier-General Alberti dangerously wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Although success had thus attended the British troops, further +progress became extremely difficult, and somewhat doubtful. +The position of the foe was extremely formidable. Seven +redoubts, and many batteries, mounted with heavy cannon, +occupied the most commanding ground within the lines, the +whole of the works being defended by a numerous and well-organized +artillery. As the season was too far advanced, +the heat so violent, and the number of troops insufficient +to admit of regular approaches, the only alternative was to +attempt to carry the works by assault, and in aid of this +design, some batteries were erected for the purpose of disabling +the principal redoubt; a heavy fire was kept up by the +British for two days, from twenty eighteen-pounders and eight +mortars and howitzers. Their execution was great, and although +answered at the commencement of each day by a far more +numerous artillery, the nearest batteries were daily silenced, +and every part of the position was considerably disturbed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At dawn on the 26th. of August, the assault on Cornelis +was made. To Colonel Gillespie, a gallant and experienced +officer, the attack was entrusted. He had the infantry of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>advance and the grenadiers of the line with him, and was +supported by Colonel Gibbs, with the 59th. regiment and the +fourth battalion of Bengal Volunteers. They were intended, +if possible, to surprise the redoubt, No. 3, constructed beyond +the Slokan, to endeavour to cross the bridge over that stream +with the fugitives, and then to assault the redoubts within the +lines, Colonel Gillespie attacking those to the left, and Colonel +Gibbs to the right. Lieutenant-Colonel William Macleod, +with six companies of the 69th., was directed to follow a path +on the bank of the great river, and when the attack had +commenced on the Slokan, to endeavour to possess himself of +the left redoubt, No. 2. Major Tule, with the flank corps of +the reserve, reinforced by two troops of cavalry, four guns of +horse artillery, two companies of the 69th. and the grenadiers +of the reserve, was to attack the corps at Campong Maylayo, +on the west of the great river, and endeavour to cross the +bridge at that post.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The remainder of the army, under Major-General (afterwards +General Sir Frederick) Wetherall, was at the batteries, where +a column under Colonel Wood, consisting of the 78th. regiment +and the fifth volunteer battalion, was directed to advance +against the enemy in front, and at a favourable moment, +when aided by the other attacks, to force his way, if practicable, +and open the position for the line. General Jansens +was fully prepared for the conflict, and was in the redoubts +when it commenced. After a long detour through a close +and intricate country, Colonel Gillespie came on the enemy’s +advance, routed it in an instant, and, under a heavy fire of +grape and musketry, rapidly possessed himself of the advanced +redoubt, No. 3. Passing the bridges with the fugitives, under +a tremendous fire, he assaulted and carried with the bayonet +the redoubt No. 4, after a very obstinate resistance. Here +the two divisions of the columns separated. Colonel Gibbs +turned to the right, and with the 59th. and a portion of the +78th., which had now forced their way in front, carried the +redoubt No. 1. At the instant of its capture an explosion of +the magazine occurred, which destroyed a number of officers +and men who were crowded on its ramparts, which the foe +had abandoned. The redoubt No. 2, against which Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>William Macleod’s (69th. Foot) attack was directed, was +carried in equally gallant style, but that officer fell in the moment +of victory. The front of the position being thus open, +the assailants rushed in from every quarter.<a id='r45'></a><a href='#f45' class='c013'><sup>[45]</sup></a> The cavalry, +towards the rear, and horse artillery forced a passage through +the lines, the fort of Cornelis was carried, and the British +were triumphant at every point. Nearly two thousand of the +enemy were killed, and about five thousand prisoners were +taken, including three general officers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Jansens, with about fifty horse, the remnant of his +army of ten thousand men, escaped into the interior, where, +having collected a small force, he made a feeble attempt +at further resistance, which resulted in the surrender of himself +and his troops in September, with the island of Java +and its dependencies, to the British arms. This valuable +island was annexed to the dominions of the British crown, +but was restored to Holland at the termination of the war, +by the treaty of Vienna, in 1814.<a id='r46'></a><a href='#f46' class='c013'><sup>[46]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The 14th., 59th., 69th., 78th., and 89th. regiments were present +at the capture of Java.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span> + <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Medal for Java.</span></h3> +</div> + +<p class='c020'>The medal which was conferred for this success was the +same as that granted for the Peninsula victories, and was +similarly distributed. When the general silver medal was +subsequently authorized for the several services specified at +page <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, the word <span class='sc'>Java</span> was inscribed on one of the bars, as +was done for the capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF CIUDAD RODRIGO.<br> <span class='sc'>January, 1812.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>As soon as the troops had recovered from their sickness and +fatigue, Viscount Wellington determined the siege of Ciudad +Rodrigo, which place was approached on the 8th. of January, +1812. It was not, however, regularly invested, for the light +division only crossed on that day. The French garrison in +the Francisco redoubt considered the affair merely as one of +observation, and amused themselves with bowing and saluting +the new comers. At night a party was formed from each +regiment of the above division, under Lieutenant-Colonel +John Colborne, of the 52nd., and the redoubt was stormed: +the conduct of this officer, and of the detachment, was highly +applauded in the official despatches.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Viscount Wellington, in the afternoon of the 14th. of +January, opened fire from twenty-two pieces of ordnance in +three batteries in the first parallel, and the British established +themselves in the second parallel on the same night. Lieutenant-General +Graham facilitated this measure by having +surprised the enemy’s detachment in the convent of Santa +Cruz, on the night of the 13th.; and Major-General the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>Honourable Charles Colville, in temporary command of the +fourth division, had, on the night of the 14th., obtained +possession of the convent of St. Francisco, and of the other +fortified posts of the suburb. The latter service was gallantly +performed by Lieutenant-Colonel Harcourt, with the 40th. +regiment, which remained from that period in the suburb of +St. Francisco, and materially assisted in the attack on that +side of the place. The siege was prosecuted with such vigour, +that on the 19th. of the same month, two practicable breaches +having been made in the body of the place, the British commander +resolved to carry it by storm.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The assault was made on the evening of Sunday, the 19th. +of January, in five separate columns. Brigadier-General Pack, +who was destined to make a false attack upon the southern +face of the fort, converted it into a real one, his advance +guard, under the command of Major Lynch, having followed +the enemy’s troops from the advanced works into the <i>fausse-braye</i>, +where all opposed to them were made prisoners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major Ridge, of the second battalion of the 5th. Fusilliers, +having escaladed the <i>fausse-braye</i> wall, stormed the +breach in the body of the place, together with the 94th. +regiment, (Scots Brigade,) commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel +Campbell. These regiments not only effectually covered the +advance from the trenches of Major-General Mac Kinnon’s +brigade, by their first movements and operations, but preceded +it in the attack.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-Generals Craufurd and Vandeleur, and the troops of +the light division on the left, were likewise very forward on +that side; and in less than half an hour from the time the +attack commenced, the British troops were in possession of, +and formed on the ramparts of the place, each body contiguous +to the other. The enemy, having sustained a considerable +loss in the contest then submitted.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British casualties were severe, especially in officers of +high rank and estimation. During the siege, and in the +assault, nine officers and one hundred and sixty-nine men +were killed, seventy officers and seven hundred and forty-eight +men wounded; in all nine hundred and ninety-six. +Major-General Mac Kinnon was blown up by the accidental +<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>explosion of one of the enemy’s expense magazines, close to +the breach, after having gallantly and successfully led the +troops under him to the attack. Major-Generals Craufurd and +Vandeleur were wounded, the former severely, whilst leading +on the light division to the storm; Lieutenant-Colonel Colborne, +of the 52nd. Light Infantry,<a id='r47'></a><a href='#f47' class='c013'><sup>[47]</sup></a> who was severely wounded, +and Major (afterwards Sir George) Napier, who led the +storming party of the light division, also wounded on the +top of the breach, and lost an arm. The garrison likewise +sustained severe loss, and was reduced to one thousand +seven hundred men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Viscount Wellington specially praised the troops of the first, +third, fourth, and light divisions, and Brigadier-General Pack’s +brigade, by whom the siege was carried on. His lordship +added:—“The conduct of all parts of the third division, in the +operations which they performed with so much gallantry and +exactness on the evening of the 19th., in the dark, affords +the strongest proof of the abilities of Lieutenant-General +Picton and Major-General Mac Kinnon by whom they were +directed and led; and I beg particularly to draw your Lordship’s +attention to the conduct of Lieutenant-Colonel O’Toole, +2nd. Caçadores, Major Ridge. 5th. Foot, Lieutenant-Colonel +Campbell, 94th., Major Manners, 74th., and of Major Grey, +5th. Foot, who has been twice wounded during this siege.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“It is but justice also to the third division to report, +that the men who performed the sap belonged to the 45th., +74th., and 88th. regiments, under the command of Captain +M‘Leod, of the Royal Engineers, and Captain Thompson, of +the 74th., Lieutenant Beresford, of the 88th. (Connaught +Rangers), and Lieutenant Metcalf, of the 45th. (Sherwood +Foresters); and they distinguished themselves not less in the +storm of the place than they had in the performance of their +laborious duty during the siege.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Although it did not fall to the lot of the troops of the +first and fourth divisions to bring these operations to their +successful close, they distinguished themselves throughout +their progress, by the patience and perseverance with which +they performed the labours of the siege. The brigade of +Guards, under Major-General H. Campbell, was particularly +distinguished in this respect.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British commander was advanced to the dignity of an +Earl, with an annuity of two thousand pounds. Parliament +voted its thanks to him and his gallant army. This success +also gained for him, from the Spanish government, the title +of Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 5th., 43rd., 45th., 52nd., 60th., 74th., 77th., 83rd., +88th., 94th. regiments, and Rifle Brigade, were engaged in +the capture of Ciudad Rodrigo.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF BADAJOZ.<br> <span class='sc'>17th. March and 6th. April, 1812.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The formidable fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo having been captured +with such unlooked-for rapidity, astonished the French General, +who had assembled an army of sixty thousand men for its relief, +which now again returned to its winter quarters. As soon as the +breaches were repaired, and the place put in a state of defence, +the Earl of Wellington undertook, for the third time, the siege of +Badajoz. The preparations for this service had been carried on +with extraordinary secrecy, and were completed about the beginning +of March, when the army broke up from its cantonments in +the neighbourhood of Almeida, and, moving with the greatest +rapidity, arrived before Badajoz on the 16th. of that month when +the place was invested by the third, fourth, and light divisions. +An advanced post, the Picurina, was taken by storm on the +25th., and on the following day two breaching batteries opened +fire on the town.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 6th. of April three breaches were considered practicable, +and orders were issued for the assault. It was determined to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>assault the castle of Badajoz by escalade. Accordingly the attack +was made on the night of the 6th. of April, at ten o’clock. Major-General +Kempt’s brigade<a id='r48'></a><a href='#f48' class='c013'><sup>[48]</sup></a> led, and he was wounded in crossing +the River Rivillas, below the inundation. Notwithstanding this +circumstance and the obstinate resistance of the enemy, the castle +was carried by escalade, and the third division (known as the +“Fighting Third”) established therein about half-past eleven. +Meanwhile Major Wilson, of the 48th. regiment, carried the ravelin +of St. Roque, with a detachment of two hundred men of the guard +in the trenches, and, with the aid of Major Squire, of the Engineers, +he established himself within that work.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The fourth and light divisions were not perceived by the enemy +until they reached the covered way, and the advanced guards of +the two divisions descended without difficulty into the ditch, protected +by the fire of the parties stationed on the <i>glacis</i> for that +purpose. They advanced to the assault of the breaches, led by +their gallant officers, with the utmost intrepidity; but such was +the nature of the obstacles prepared by the garrison at the top +and behind the breaches, and so determined the resistance, that +the assailants could not establish themselves within the place. +Many brave officers and soldiers were killed or wounded by explosions +at the top of the breaches, and others who succeeded to +them were compelled to give way. Repeated attempts were made +till after twelve at night, when the Earl of Wellington, seeing that +success was not to be attained, and that Lieutenant-General Picton +was established in the castle, the fourth and light divisions were +<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>ordered to the ground on which they had first assembled for the +attack.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Leith in the meantime had pushed forward +Major-General Walker’s brigade on the left, supported by the 38th., +under Lieutenant-Colonel Nugent, and the 15th. Portuguese regiment, +under Lieutenant-Colonel Do Rego; and he had made a +false attack upon the Pardaleras, with the 8th. Caçadores, under +Major Hill. Major-General Walker forced the barrier on the road +of Olivença and entered the covered way on the left of the bastion +of St. Vicente, close to the Guadiana. There he descended into +the ditch, and escaladed the face of that bastion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This proceeding was supported by Lieutenant-General Leith, +with the 38th., and the 15th. Portuguese regiment; and the British +troops being thus established in the castle, which commanded all +the works of and in the town; and the fourth and light divisions +being formed again for the attack of the breaches, all resistance +ceased. At daylight in the morning of the 7th. of April, the +Governor, General Philippon, who had retired to Fort St. Christoval, +surrendered, together with the whole garrison, which consisted +of five thousand men at the commencement of the siege, of +whom one thousand two hundred were killed or wounded during +the operations, besides those lost in opposing the assault. About +three thousand five hundred prisoners were captured, being all +that survived of the gallant garrison.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments present at the capture of Badajos, were the 4th., +5th., 7th., 23rd., 27th., 30th., 38th., 40th., 43rd., 44th., 45th., 48th., +52nd., 60th., 74th., 77th., 83rd., 88th., 94th., and Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This success cost the British and Portuguese the following heavy +casualties:—Seventy-two officers, fifty-one sergeants, two drummers, +and nine hundred and ten rank and file killed; three +hundred and six officers, two hundred and sixteen sergeants, +seventeen drummers, and three thousand two hundred and forty-eight +rank and file wounded. No wonder that the Iron Duke +wept, when he saw that the glory of the capture was purchased at +such a price.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF SALAMANCA.<br> <span class='sc'>22nd. July, 1812.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the 17th. of June, the forts at Salamanca were invested by +the sixth division, and operations commenced by the light companies +thereof, under Colonel Samuel Venables Hinde, of the +32nd. regiment. The remainder of the army was formed in order +of battle on the heights of San Christoval, in front of Salamanca, +from the 20th. to the 28th. of June, to meet Marshal Marmont, +who advanced with forty thousand men to relieve the forts. +They were attacked without success on the 23rd., and carried on +the 27th. of June, by a party under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel +Daviss, of the 36th. regiment. Several skirmishes and +changes of position occurred. The Earl of Wellington advanced +in pursuit of the French Marshal, who, having received reinforcements, +crossed the Douro, and the allies retired, skilfully +manœuvring and taking up different positions in presence of the +enemy, until the 21st., when they reached the ground they had +formerly occupied, on the height of San Christoval.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shortly after daylight on the 22nd. of July, detachments from +both armies attempted to obtain possession of the more distant +from the allied right of the two hills called Dos Arapiles. In this +attempt the enemy succeeded, his detachment being the strongest; +by which success the French position was materially strengthened, +and they had in their power increased means of annoying that of +their opponents.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The light troops of the seventh division, and the 4th. Caçadores, +belonging to Major-General Pack’s brigade, were engaged +in the morning with the enemy on the height of Nuestra Senora +de la Pena, on which they maintained themselves throughout the +day. The improved position of the French rendered it necessary +for the Earl of Wellington to extend the right of his army <i>en +potence</i> to the heights behind the village of Arapiles, and to +occupy it with light infantry; here the fourth division, under the +command of Lieutenant-General the Honourable Lowry Cole, +was placed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A variety of evolutions and movements having been made +<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>by the French Marshal, he proceeded to carry out his plan about +two o’clock in the afternoon; and under cover of a very heavy +cannonade, which did but little injury, he extended his left, and +moved forward his army, apparently with an intention to embrace, +by the position of his troops, and by his fire, the British +post on that of the two Arapiles, and thence to attack and break +the line; or at all events to render difficult any movements to the +right. This extension of the French line to their left, and its +advance upon the allied right, gave the British commander an +opportunity of attacking him, for which he had long been +anxious. “The attack of the third division,” says Lord Londonderry, +in his “Story of the Peninsula War,” “was not only the +most spirited, but the most perfect thing of the kind that modern +times have witnessed. Regardless alike of a charge of cavalry +and of the murderous fire which the enemy’s batteries opened, on +went these fearless warriors, horse and foot, without check or +pause, until they won the ridge, and then the infantry giving +their volley, and the cavalry falling on, sword in hand, the French +were pierced, broken, and discomfited. So close indeed was the +struggle, that in several instances the British colours were seen +waving over the heads of the enemy’s battalions.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British General, in his despatch, observed that “Major-General +the Honourable Edward Pakenham<a id='r49'></a><a href='#f49' class='c013'><sup>[49]</sup></a> formed the third +division across the enemy’s flank, and overthrew everything +opposed to him. These troops were supported in the most +gallant style by the Portuguese cavalry, under Brigadier-General +D’Urban, and Lieutenant-Colonel Hervey’s squadrons of the +14th., who successfully defended every attempt made by the +enemy on the flank of the third division.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>In front the French were attacked by Brigadier-General Bradford’s +brigade, the fourth and fifth divisions, and the cavalry +under Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton, Bart., and were +driven from one height to another. The cavalry made a most +<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>successful charge against a body of French infantry, which they +overthrew, and cut to pieces. In this charge Major-General Le +Marchant was killed. The sixth division, under Major-General +Clinton, was ordered up at a critical period to relieve the fourth +division, which had been heavily pressed, and the battle was soon +restored to its former success.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The enemy’s right, reinforced by the troops which had fled +from his left, and by those which had by this time retired from +the Arapiles, still continued to resist; and while other corps were +directed to turn the right, the sixth division,<a id='r50'></a><a href='#f50' class='c013'><sup>[50]</sup></a> supported by the +third and fifth, attacked the front. It was dark before this point +was carried by the sixth division, and the enemy then fled through +the woods towards the Tormes. The pursuit was made by the +first and light divisions, and Major-General William Anson’s +brigade of the fourth division, and some squadrons of cavalry, +under Lieutenant-General Sir Stapleton Cotton, Bart.; but the +darkness of the night enabled many of the enemy to escape, and +was unfortunately the cause of Sir Stapleton being wounded by +one of the allied sentries. The same troops renewed the pursuit +at break of day the next morning, with Major-Generals Bock’s +and Anson’s brigades of cavalry, which had joined during the +night. On coming up with the enemy’s rear-guard of cavalry and +infantry near La Serna, they were at once attacked by the two +brigades of dragoons; the French cavalry fled, leaving the +infantry to their fate. The gallant charge made on the infantry +by the heavy brigade of the King’s German Legion, under Major-General + Bock, which was completely successful, was highly commended; +the whole body of infantry, consisting of three battalions +of the French first division, were made prisoners on this occasion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Eleven pieces of cannon, several ammunition waggons, two +eagles, and six colours were captured; one general, three colonels, +three lieutenant-colonels, one hundred and thirty officers, and +about seven thousand soldiers were taken prisoners. Marshal +Marmont was badly wounded, and lost an arm; four general +officers were killed, and several wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British loss was in all four thousand nine hundred and +sixty-four killed and wounded. Major-General Le Marchant was +killed; Field-Marshal Sir W. C. Beresford, K.B., Lieutenant-Generals +Sir Stapleton Cotton-Leith, and the Honourable George +Lowry Cole, and Major-General Victor Alten were amongst the +wounded. The French loss was still more considerable.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This victory was followed by the surrender of Madrid to the +allies, who entered that city on the 12th. of August, and were joyfully +received by the inhabitants. The title of Marquis was conferred +on the Earl of Wellington.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments took part in the victory of Salamanca: +5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd., 4th., 11th., 14th., and 16th. Light +Dragoons; 1st., 2nd., 4th., 5th., 7th., 9th., 11th., 23rd., 24th., 27th., +30th., 32nd., 36th., 38th., 40th., 43rd., 44th., 45th., 48th., 51st., +52nd., 53rd., 58th., 60th., 61st., 68th., 74th., 79th., 83rd., 88th., and +94th. Foot, and Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF FORT DETROIT.<br> <span class='sc'>August, 1812.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The negotiations between the British Government and the +United States of America, which had several times been broken +off and renewed, ultimately terminated on the 18th of June, 1812, +by the latter declaring war. Their first design was the conquest +of Canada, and early in July the American commander, Brigadier-General +<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>Hull, invaded that country, by crossing the Detroit River +on the 12th. of that month, with two thousand three hundred +men, consisting of regular cavalry and infantry, and militia, with +several field pieces; having driven in the militia towards Amherstsburg, +he advanced to Sandwich, and afterwards approached +the former place with a part of his army to the River Cunard, +about five miles from the fort, where he was foiled in three +attempts to cross that river, which cost him a considerable loss. +The garrison of Amherstsburg at that time consisted of a subaltern’s +detachment of the royal artillery, commanded by Lieutenant +Troughton, a detachment of three hundred men of the 41st. regiment, +under Captain Muir, and about the same number of militia, +the whole commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Saint George, the +district inspecting field officer of militia. Some skirmishes occurred +between the troops under the latter officer, and the enemy +upon the River Canard, which uniformly terminated in his being +repulsed with loss. Major-General Isaac Brock detached a force +down the River Thames, capable of acting in conjunction with +the garrison of Amherstsburg offensively, but Captain Chambers +who had been appointed to direct this detachment, experienced +difficulties that frustrated the design; whereupon Colonel Proctor +was ordered to assume the command, and his force was soon after +increased with sixty men of the 41st. regiment. Meanwhile the +most strenuous exertions were made; and voluntary offers of service +were received from that portion of the embodied militia the +most easily connected. The Attorney-General, John M‘Donell, +Esq., acted as provincial aide-de-camp to Major-General Brock, +and other gentlemen of the first character and influence evinced +similar devotion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A sufficiency of boats being collected at Long Point for the +conveyance of three hundred men, the embarkation took place on +the 8th. of August, and in five days the troops arrived at Amherstsburg. +The judicious arrangement which had been adopted immediately +upon the arrival of Colonel Proctor, of the 41st., compelled +the Americans to retreat and take shelter under the guns +of the fort; that officer commenced operations by sending strong +detachments across the river, with a view of cutting off the enemy’s +communications with his reserve. This produced two smart +skirmishes on the 5th. and 9th. of August, in both of which the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>Americans suffered considerable loss; the British had only three +killed and thirteen wounded, amongst the latter were Captain +Muir and Lieutenant Sutherland, of the 41st. regiment. Batteries +had likewise been commenced opposite Fort Detroit, for one +eighteen-pounder, two twelve, and two five and a half-inch mortars +all of which were opened on the evening of the 15th. of August, +Brigadier-General Hull having been previously summoned to surrender, +and though opposed by a well-directed fire from seven +twenty-four pounders, such was their construction, under the able +directions of Captain Dixon, of the royal engineers, that no injury +was sustained therefrom.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Brock having collected the force at his disposal +during the 15th. of August in the neighbourhood of Sandwich, +the embarkation commenced a little after daylight on the following +morning, and by the able arrangements of Lieutenant +Dewar, of the quartermaster-general’s department, the whole +landed at Springwell, about three miles west of Detroit. The +Indians, who in the meantime had effected a landing two miles +below, moved forward and occupied the woods, about a mile +and a half on the British left. The force which was instantly +directed to march against the enemy, consisted of thirty royal +artillery, two hundred and fifty of the 41st. regiment, fifty +Royal Newfoundland regiment, four hundred militia, and about +six hundred Indians, to which were attached three six-pounders, +and two three-pounders. The troops afterwards advanced to +within one mile of the fort, when an assault was determined +upon. Brigadier-General Hull, however, prevented this movement, +by proposing a cessation of hostilities, for the purpose +of preparing terms of capitulation. The American troops that +surrendered consisted of two thousand five hundred men, and +were divided into two troops of cavalry; one company of artillery +regulars; the 4th. United States regiment; detachments +of the 1st. and 3rd. United States regiment, volunteers; three +regiments of the Ohio militia; and one regiment of the Michigan +territory. Thirty-three pieces of brass and iron ordnance had +already been secured. This capitulation was concluded at +Detroit on the 16th. of August, 1812, and the 41st. foot bears +the name of the fort on the regimental colour, likewise the +69th. its linked battalion. The medal granted for this service +was similar to that authorized for the Peninsula; and on the +war medal being issued a clasp was added commemorative of +the foregoing events.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF VITTORIA.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. June, 1813.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the night of the 19th. of June, 1813, the French troops, +commanded by Joseph Buonaparte, having Marshal Jourdan as +the Major-General of the army, took up a position in front of +Vittoria, the left resting upon the heights which end at La Puebla +de Arganzon, and extending thence across the valley of the +Zadorra, in front of the village of Arinez. The Marquis of +Wellington reconnoitred the enemy’s position on the 20th., with +design of giving him battle on the following morning, if he +should still remain in it, and accordingly on the 21st. of June +ordered an attack to be made on three separate points—Lieutenant-General +Sir Rowland Hill, with the second division, +was to assail the French left at La Puebla; with Lieutenant-General +Sir Thomas Graham, with the first and fifth divisions, +was to make a wide detour to the left, and crossing the Zadorra +at Vittoria, to attack their right, and to cut off their retreat +by the great road to Bayonne. The centre, consisting of the +fourth and light divisions, (under Lord Wellington himself,) +on the right, and the third and seventh, (under Lieutenant-General +Lord Dalhousie,) on the left, was to pass the bridges +in front, and attack as soon as the movements on the flanks +should be executed. The troops moved from the camp on the +Bayas at daybreak; and the operations of the day commenced +by Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill obtaining possession +of the heights of La Puebla. The enemy soon discovered the +importance of these heights, and reinforced their troops to such +an extent, that the Lieutenant-General was obliged to detach +first the 71st. regiment and the light infantry battalion of +Major-General Walker’s brigade, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel +the Honourable Henry Cadogan, and successively +other troops to the same point. The allies not only gained, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>but maintained possession of these important heights throughout +their operations, notwithstanding the strenuous efforts made by +the enemy to retake them. Lieutenant-Colonel Cadogan was +here mortally wounded. The contest was thus at first chiefly +on the extreme right and left, because, on account of the +rugged nature of the ridges they had to pass, the left centre +column, (third and seventh divisions,) did not reach the Zadorra +until nearly one o’clock; the fourth and light divisions crossed +the Zadorra immediately after Sir Rowland Hill had obtained +possession of Subijana de Alava, the former at the bridge of +Nanclares, and the latter at the bridge of Tres Puentes. The +right brigade of the third division, followed by the seventh +division, under the Earl of Dalhousie, then crossed the bridge +of Mendoza, the other brigades of the third division fording +higher up the river.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The seventh division and the centre brigade of the third +division attacked the French right centre, in front of the +villages of Margarita and Hermandad, and the Marquis of +Wellington, seeing the hill in front of the village of Arinez +weakly occupied by the enemy, ordered the right brigade of +the third division, under Lieutenant-General Picton, in +close columns of battalions across the front of both armies +to that central point. The hill was carried immediately, +and the French withdrew under cover of a cannonade from +fifty pieces of artillery and a crowd of skirmishers, to the +second range of heights, on which their reserve had been +posted; they, however, still held Arinez on the great road +leading to Vittoria. The brigade then advanced to the attack +of the village of Arinez; the three right companies of the +74th., under Captain Mc Queen, with the companies of the +60th., immediately dashed forward and charged through it, +drove out the enemy, and captured three guns; these companies +were then halted under cover of some houses until the +remainder of the regiment and brigade should come up, as +the French were again advancing upon the post with increased +numbers, keeping up a terrific fire of artillery and musketry. +Finally they were driven back in confusion at the point of +the bayonet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By the capture of the village the great road was gained, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>and the French extreme left was turned, while they were +hard pressed by Sir Rowland Hill’s attack on their front. +They retreated on Vittoria, and the British continued the +advance in admirable order, notwithstanding the difficulty of +the ground. For six miles the action became a running fight +and cannonade. When within a mile of Vittoria, the enemy +made a stand, and the third division, being the foremost, +bore the brunt of a heavy fire, until a hill on the French +left was carried by the fourth division, which caused them +to abandon the position.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham, with +his divisions, had attacked the French right. The village of +Gamarra Mayor was most gallantly stormed and carried by +Brigadier-General Robinson’s brigade of the fifth division, which +advanced in columns of battalions under a very heavy fire of +artillery and musketry, without firing a shot, assisted by two +guns of Major Lawson’s brigade of artillery. The French suffered +severely, and three pieces of cannon were captured. Sir +Thomas then proceeded to attack the village of Abechuco with +the first division. These two villages were strongly occupied by +the enemy as <i>têtes-de-pont</i> to the bridges over the Zadorra at +these places. During the operations at Abechuco, which was +carried, the light battalions having charged and taken three +guns and a howitzer on the bridge, the greatest efforts were +made to recover Gamarra Mayor, which were gallantly repulsed +by the troops of the fifth division, under Major-General Oswald. +Two divisions of the French were in reserve on the heights +upon the left of the Zadorra, and it was not possible to cross +by the bridges until the troops, which had moved upon the +centre and left, had driven them through Vittoria. The whole +then co-operated in the pursuit, which was continued by all +till after dark.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The movement of the troops under Sir Thomas Graham, and +their possession of Gamarra and Abechucho, intercepted the +enemy’s retreat by the high road to France. They were then +obliged to turn to the road towards Pampeluna, but were +unable to hold any position for a sufficient length of time to +allow the baggage and artillery to be drawn off. The whole, +therefore, of the latter which had not been already captured +<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>by the troops, in their attack of the successive positions taken +up by the French in their retreat from their first position on +Arinez, and on the Zadorra, together with all their ammunition +and baggage, fell into the hands of the British close to Vittoria. +Only one gun and howitzer were carried off by the +enemy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Count Gazan, the Chief of the French Staff, in his report, +shewed the state of destitution to which the officers were reduced.—“To +such an extent are they stripped, that no one can +account for what he has, or what is due to him. Several of +the generals and officers have nothing in the world but the +coats on their backs, and most of them are barefooted.” The +French occupation of the Peninsula was virtually settled by +this day’s success.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Although the nature of the ground did not admit of the cavalry +regiments being generally engaged, they were kept close to the +infantry to support them, and were most active in the pursuit. +The court equipage of King Joseph was taken, and his carriage +being taken, and his carriage being seized, he had barely time to +escape on horseback. The defeat was the most complete that had +been experienced in Spain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Marshal Jourdan’s bâton<a id='r51'></a><a href='#f51' class='c013'><sup>[51]</sup></a> was taken, and sent to the Prince +Regent, who in the name and on behalf of His Majesty, appointed +the Marquis of Wellington a Field-Marshal. In a most flattering +letter, the Prince Regent thus conferred the honour:—“You have +sent me among the trophies of your unrivalled fame, the staff of a +French Marshal, and I send you in return that of England.” This +bâton was taken by the 87th., Royal Irish Fusiliers, under Lieutenant-Colonel +(afterwards Viscount) Gough. The colours of the +fourth battalion of the 100th. regiment were also among the +trophies, and a hundred and forty-three brass guns were captured +on the field.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Both armies were nearly equal in numbers, consisting of about +seventy thousand men each. The French loss was stated by themselves +at six thousand, and the casualties of the allies amounted +to nearly five thousand men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments were present at the battle of Yittoria:—The +3rd. and 5th. Dragoon Guards; 3rd., 4th., 14th., 15th., and +16th., Light Dragoons; 1st., 2nd., 4th., 5th., 6th., 7th., 9th., 20th., +23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., 31st., 34th., 38th., 39th., 40th., 43rd., 45th., +47th., 48th., 50th., 51st., 52nd., 53rd., 57th., 58th., 59th., 60th., +66th., 68th., 71st., 74th., 82nd., 83rd., 87th., 88th., 92nd., and Rifle +Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span> + <h2 class='c006'>ACTIONS OF THE PYRENEES.<br> <span class='sc'>28th. July to 2nd. August, 1813.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>After the decisive battle of Vittoria, the British commander +blockaded the fortress of Pampeluna, besieged St. Sebastian, and +took up a position with the covering army in the Pyrenees. +On the 17th. of July the blockade of Pampeluna was entrusted +to the Spaniards. The whole frontier of the Pyrenees, +from the pass of Roncesvalles to the mouth of the Bidassoa +river, was now occupied by the second, seventh, and light +divisions, with some Portuguese brigades in the front line; +and by the third, fourth, and sixth divisions as supports, +covering the blockade of Pampeluna, and the siege of St. +Sebastian, then going on under Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas +Graham. The British army, after years of toil and conflict, +procured liberty for the oppressed inhabitants of the Peninsula, +had forced the intrusive monarch of Spain from his +throne, and stood triumphant on the lofty pinnacles of the Pyrenees; +but another mighty struggle was at hand, in which the +innate valour and hardihood of British soldiers were about to be +tested, and the French Army, having been re-organized by Marshal +Soult, was pushed boldly forward to drive them from the +mountains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Marshal Soult having arrived at Bayonne on the 13th. of +July, to command, as “Lieutenant of the Emperor,” the +united French army of Spain, on the 25th. of that month +attacked with about forty thousand men Major-General Byng’s +<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>post at Roncesvalles. Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir +Lowry Cole moved up to his support with the fourth division, +and these officers were enabled to maintain their post throughout +the day; but the enemy having turned it in the afternoon, Sir +Lowry deemed it advisable to withdraw during the night, and +marched to the neighbourhood of Zubiri. A detachment of the +20th. evinced signal gallantry in its attacks on the head of a +French column, but was forced back by superior numbers. The +Marquis of Wellington stated in his despatch, that “in the actions +which took place on this day, the 20th. regiment distinguished +themselves.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill’s position in the Puerto +de Maya, at the head of the valley of Bastan, was also attacked +by two divisions of the centre of the French army in the afternoon +of the same day. The brunt of the action fell upon Major-Generals +Pringle’s and Walker’s brigades in the second division, +under the command of Lieutenant-General the Honourable +William Stewart. These troops were at first compelled to give +way, but having been supported by Major-General Barnes’s +brigade of the seventh division, they regained that part of their +post, which was the key of the whole, and would have enabled +them to re-assume it, had circumstances permitted it.<a id='r52'></a><a href='#f52' class='c013'><sup>[52]</sup></a> Sir +Rowland Hill, having been apprised of the necessity that Sir +Lowry Cole should retire, considered it advisable to withdraw his +troops also to Irurita, and the enemy did not advance on the +following day beyond the Puerto de Maya.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>During the seven hours these brave troops were engaged but +little advantage was acquired by the French, notwithstanding +the numerical superiority of the latter. All the regiments +charged with the bayonet, and the conduct of the 82nd., which +moved up with the brigade under Major-General Barnes, was +particularly reported. Lieutenant-General the Honourable +William Stewart was slightly wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These events were not known to the Marquis of Wellington +until late in the night of the 25th. and 26th., whereupon his +lordship adopted immediate measures to concentrate the army to +the right, at the same time making provision for the siege of +St. Sebastian, and for the blockade of Pampeluna.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The hill on the right of the fourth division, which was occupied +on the 27th. of July by one battalion of the 4th. Portuguese regiment, +and by the Spanish regiment of Pravia, was attacked; but +these troops defended their ground and drove back the enemy. +This height being important to the British position, the 40th. was +ordered to reinforce it, and this corps, with the Spanish regiments +of El Principe and Pravia, succeeded in holding it, despite the +repeated efforts made during the 27th. and 28th. by the enemy to +obtain possession. On the morning of the 28th. the sixth division +joined, and it was ordered to form across the valley in rear of the +fourth. Scarcely had they taken their position when they were +attacked by a very large force; their front was however so well +defended by the fire of their own light troops from the heights on +their left, and by that from the heights occupied by the fourth +division and Brigadier-General Campbell’s Portuguese brigade, +that the foe was soon driven back with immense slaughter.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To extricate their troops from the difficulty in which they +were placed, the enemy attacked the height on which the +left of the fourth division stood, which was occupied by the +7th. Caçadores, and succeeding in obtaining a momentary possession. +They were again attacked by this regiment, supported +by Major-General Ross, at the head of his brigade of the +fourth division, and were driven down with great loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Now the battle became general along the whole front of +the heights occupied by the fourth division, and in every +part was in favour of the allies, excepting where one battalion +of the 10th. Portuguese regiment of Major-General Campbell’s +<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>brigade was posted. This battalion having been overpowered, +and compelled to give way immediately on the right of +Major-General Ross’s brigade, the French established themselves +on the British line, and that general was obliged to withdraw +from his post.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 27th. and 48th. regiments were then ordered to charge, +first that body which had established a footing on the height, +and next the portion on the left. Both attacks succeeded, +and the enemy was forced down with immense loss; and the +sixth division having moved forward at the same time to a +situation in the valley of Lanz, nearer to the left of the +fourth, the attack upon that front entirely ceased, and was +continued but faintly on other points of the line.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During this hard-fought action the following regiments were +specially noticed by the Marquis of Wellington, who observed +in his despatch:—“In the course of this contest the +gallant fourth division, which has so frequently been distinguished +in this army, surpassed their former good conduct. +Every regiment charged with the bayonet,—the 40th., 7th., +20th., and 23rd., four different times. Their officers set +them the example; and Major-General Ross had two horses +killed under him. The Portuguese troops likewise behaved +admirably, and I had every reason to be satisfied with the +conduct of the Spanish regiments, El Principe and Pravia.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>As soon as it was ascertained that Lieutenant-Generals Sir +Thomas Picton and Sir Lowry Cole had moved from Zubiri, +that post not being considered tenable for the time during +which it would have been necessary to wait therein, Lieutenant-General +Sir Rowland Hill received orders to march +by Lanz upon Lizaso, and Lieutenant-General the Earl of +Dalhousie from San Estevan to the same place, where both +arrived on the 28th. of July, and the seventh division came +to Marcalain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Rowland Hill was followed by the enemy’s force that +had been in his front, and which ultimately endeavoured to +turn the left of the allies by an attack on his corps. They +reinforced with one division the troops that had been opposed +to him, and during the night of the 29th. and 30th., occupied +in strength the crest of the mountain on the British +<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>left of the Lanz, opposite to the sixth and seventh divisions, +thus connecting their right in their position with the divisions +detached for the attack of Sir Rowland Hill’s corps.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Wellington had resolved, however, to attack this position. +The Earl of Dalhousie was ordered to possess himself of the +top of the mountain in his front, thus turning the enemy’s +right; and Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton was to +cross the heights, so as to turn his left by the road to +Roncesvalles. As soon as the effect of these movements on +the flanks should become apparent, the front of the position +was to be attacked. Major-General the Honourable Edward +Pakenham, who had been sent to take the command of the +sixth division on Major-General Pack being wounded, turned +the village of Sorauren as soon as the Earl of Dalhousie had +driven the foe from the mountain, by which that flank was +defended. The sixth division and Major-General Byng’s +brigade, which had relieved the fourth division on the left +of the position on the road to Ostiz, at once attacked, and +succeeded in carrying that village.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The front of the main position was likewise attacked by +Lieutenant-General Sir Lowry Cole, with the 7th. Caçadores, +supported by the 11th. Portuguese regiment, the 40th., and +the battalion under Colonel Bingham, consisting of the 2nd. +and 53rd. regiments. These combined operations compelled the +enemy to abandon a position pronounced by the British commander +to have been one of the strongest and most difficult of +access that he had ever seen occupied by troops. In the +retreat therefrom the French lost a great number of prisoners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the course of these operations, and as their success +was observed, troops were detached to the support of Lieutenant-General +Sir Rowland Hill, before whom the enemy +appeared in his front late in the morning, and commenced at +once an extended manœuvre upon his left flank which obliged +him to withdraw from the height which he occupied behind +the Lizaso to the next range; there, however, he maintained +himself, and that general specially praised the 28th., 34th., +and 60th. regiments.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At sunset the Marquis of Wellington having continued the +pursuit of the enemy, after his retreat to Olague, found himself +<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>immediately in the rear of their attack upon Sir Rowland +Hill, from whose front they withdrew in the night, and on +the 31st. of July took up a strong position, with two divisions, +to cover their rear in the pass of Donna Maria. This pass +was attacked and carried by Sir Rowland Hill and the Earl +of Dalhousie, notwithstanding a vigorous opposition, and the +strength of the position. On this occasion Lieutenant-General +the Honourable William Stewart was wounded. A very thick +fog prevented that advantage being taken of the situation of +the enemy, which otherwise might have been effected.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the Marquis of Wellington moved with Major-General +Byng’s brigade and the fourth division, under Lieutenant-General +Sir Lowry Cole, by the Pass of Velate upon +Irurita, in order to turn the French position on Donna Maria. +Major-General Byng (afterwards Earl of Strafford) intercepted in +Elizondo a large convoy and captured several prisoners. The +pursuit of the enemy was continued in the valley of the Bidassoa, +and many prisoners and much baggage were taken; the +latter General possessed himself of the valley of Bastan, and +of the position on the Puerto de Maya, so that the British +forces on the night of the 1st. of August, occupied nearly the +same positions as on the 25th. of July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The French troops having been considerably reinforced and +re-equipped after their recent defeat, made a most formidable +attempt on the 28th. to relieve the blockade of Pampeluna +with the whole of their forces, excepting the reserve under +General Villatte, which remained in front of the British corps +on the great road from Irun. This attempt was however entirely +frustrated by the operations of a part only of the allied +army, and the enemy sustained a defeat, and suffered considerably +both in officers and men. They sent off the guns +to St. Jean de Pied de Port on the evening of the 28th. of +July, which alone ensured their safety.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Again the fourth division was most highly spoken of—the +British commander stating that it is impossible to describe +its “enthusiastic bravery.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 2nd. of August, the enemy still continued +posted, with a force of two divisions, on the Puerto de +Echalar, and nearly the entire army behind the Puerto, when +<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>the fourth, seventh, and light divisions advanced by the valley, +of the Bidassoa to the frontier, it having been determined to +dislodge them by a combined attack and movement of the +three divisions. The seventh division having, however, crossed +the mountains from Sumbilla, had necessarily preceded the +arrival of the fourth, and Major-General Barnes’s brigade was +therefore formed for the attack, and advanced, before the fourth +and light divisions could co-operate, with a regularity and +gallantry which the British commander “had seldom seen +equalled, and actually drove the two divisions of the enemy, +notwithstanding the resistance opposed to them, from those +formidable heights.” This exploit was the admiration of all +who witnessed it. Major-General Kempt’s brigade of the light +division likewise forced a very considerable force from the rock +forming the left of the Puerto. The enemy were now in their +own territory, and the British troops awaited in the Pyrenees +the capture of St. Sebastian and Pampeluna.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In these combats, which have been designated the “Battles +of the Pyrenees,” the following regiments were engaged, namely: +2nd., 3rd., 6th., 7th., 11th., 20th, 23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., 31st., +32nd., 34th., 36th., 39th., 40th., 42nd., 45th., 48th., 50th., 51st., +53rd., 57th., 58th., 60th., 61st., 66th., 68th., 71st., 74th., 79th., +82nd., 91st., and 92nd. Foot.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As may be readily conceived, the loss of the allies during +these protracted encounters was great; they had forty-one +officers and eight hundred and forty-seven men killed, and +three hundred and twenty-eight officers and five thousand +one hundred and seventy-two men wounded; many, however, +were but slight cases.<a id='r53'></a><a href='#f53' class='c013'><sup>[53]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF ST. SEBASTIAN.<br> <span class='sc'>August and September, 1813.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The allies having advanced to so great a distance from +Portugal, that country was no longer used by the British as +a place of arms, and the establishments there were consequently +broken up. In conjunction with the ocean, the Western Pyrenees +offered a fresh base of operations, and the capture of St. +Sebastian became of primary importance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One of the first objects was the reduction of the convent +and redoubt of San Bartolomeo, which were battered by the +artillery, and so far damaged, that on the 17th. of July, it +was determined to storm these posts. The pickets of the 4th. +Caçadores, and one hundred and fifty men of the 13th. Portuguese +regiment, supported by three companies of the 9th., +with a reserve of three companies of the Royals, formed on +the right to attack the redoubt; two hundred men of the 5th. +Caçadores, and two hundred of the 13th. Portuguese, supported +by the 9th. regiment, formed on the left to attack the convent. +At ten o’clock in the forenoon, the troops rushed from +behind the hill overlooking the convent. Both the convent +and the houses of the suburb were assaulted, and in the latter +a fierce struggle ensued, but eventually the French were expelled +with severe loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The capture of the convent facilitated the progress of the +siege, and on the 24th. of July the breaches were deemed +practicable, when the third battalion of the Royals was directed +to storm the great breach, the 38th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Miles, the lesser breach, and the 9th. under Lieutenant-Colonel +Cameron, supported the Royals, under Major Peter +Fraser. At daybreak on the morning of the 25th. of July, +the troops advanced to the attack with signal intrepidity; +the cannon of the fortress played upon them in front; the +ground was difficult to pass; and the volleys of musketry +were incessant; at the same time showers of hand-grenades, +shells, and large stones were poured down upon them; yet the +attack was made with valour; and the defences round the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>breach had not been destroyed, and success was found to +be impracticable. Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron and Lieutenant-Colonel +Campbell, of the 9th., distinguished themselves on this +occasion, and the latter (afterwards General Lord Clyde,) who +led the left wing of the Royals, was severely wounded. The +loss sustained was severe, especially by the third battalion of the +Royals, the leading one of Major-General Hay’s brigade, which, +being on duty in the trenches, formed the column of attack.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the contest in the mountains, before described, the +siege was turned into a blockade; when the French, however, +had been repulsed and driven back with severe loss, the siege +was resumed, and was afterwards prosecuted with vigour. On +the 26th. of August, the fire against the fort was opened, and +Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham directed that an establishment +should be formed on the island of Santa Clara, in +the bay of St. Sebastian. At three o’clock on the morning of +the 27th. of August, a hundred soldiers of the 9th. Foot, commanded +by Captain Hector Cameron, sailed from Passages in +boats to attack the island. As the boats approached the shore, +a heavy fire was opened upon them, but a landing was effected, +and the garrison made prisoners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 27th. of August, the French made +a sally against the new batteries on the isthmus, but were +repulsed. St. Sebastian was again attacked by storm on the +31st. of August, and the heroic perseverance of all the troops +concerned was at length crowned with success. The column +of attack was formed of the second brigade of the fifth division, +commanded by Major-General Robinson, with the following +detachments as supports:—one hundred and fifty volunteers of +the light division, under Lieutenant-Colonel Hunt, of the 52nd.; +four hundred of the first division, consisting of two hundred +of the brigades of guards, under Lieutenant-Colonel Cook; one +hundred of the light battalion, and one hundred of the line +battalions of the King’s German Legion, under Major Robertson; +and two hundred volunteers of the fourth division, under Major +Rose, of the 20th. Foot. In reserve were the remainder of the +fifth division, consisting of Major-General Spry’s Portuguese +brigade, and the first brigade under Major-General Hay, together +with the fifth battalion of Caçadores of Major-General Bradford’s +<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>brigade, under Major Hill; the whole were under the +direction of Lieutenant-General Sir James Leith, commanding +the fifth division. The difficulties to be overcome were so +formidable, and the resistance of the enemy so determined, that +the reserve brigade was pushed on by degrees. For five hours +the conflict raged at the <a id='t160'></a>beaches, when an explosion destroyed +the enemy’s traverses. The guns were turned against the curtain, +against which a heavy fire of artillery was directed. This passed +a few feet only over the heads of the troops on the breach, +and was kept up with remarkable precision. The advance of the +first battalion of the 13th. regiment, under Major Snodgrass, over +the open breach and across the river, and a detachment of the +24th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Mac Bean, in support, +was gallantly made under a very severe fire of grape. +A great effort was next made to gain the high ridge, and +to storm the hornwork. The second brigade of the fifth +division, under Colonel the Honourable Charles Greville, moved +out of the trenches for this purpose, and the third battalion +of the 1st. foot, under Lieutenant-Colonel Barns, supported by +the 38th., under Lieutenant-Colonel Miles, opportunely arrived +to assault the trench of the curtain about the time when the explosion +had created some confusion amongst the garrison. After +a severe conflict the narrow pass was gained, and the troops on +the right of the breach having succeeded in forcing the barricades +on the top of the narrow line wall, found their way into the +houses which joined it. After an assault which lasted over two +hours, a firm footing, under the most trying circumstances, +was obtained. Nothing could restrain the impetuosity of the +troops, and in an hour more the enemy were driven from all +the complications of defences prepared in the streets, and after +suffering severe loss, they abandoned the town and retreated +into the castle.<a id='r54'></a><a href='#f54' class='c013'><sup>[54]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Batteries mounting fifty-four pieces of ordnance opened a +tremendous fire upon the citadel on the 8th. of September, +and in less than three hours the garrison hoisted the flag of truce, +and after some discussion surrendered. The loss of the garrison +was related to have amounted to two-thirds of their +numbers at the commencement of the siege.</p> + +<p class='c008'>From the 28th. of July to the 31st. of August the British +had thirty-six officers, thirty-one sergeants, one drummer, and +five hundred and three men killed; seventy officers, (including +Lieutenant-General Sir James Leith and Major-Generals Oswald +and Robinson,) fifty-four sergeants, six drummers, and nine +hundred and seventy-three rank and file were wounded. The +Portuguese had eight officers and one hundred and eighty-one +men killed, and thirty-five officers and five hundred and fifty-nine +men wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>St. Sebastian</span> on the colours of the 1st., 4th., 9th., 38th., +47th., and 59th. regiments, commemorates this arduous and +glorious service.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE GOLD CROSS AND CLASPS.<a id='r55'></a><a href='#f55' class='c013'><sup>[55]</sup></a></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Officers in the course of the war had received so many +medals, that it became extremely inconvenient to wear them, +and it was the practice for a short time to engrave the name +of the second or third action on the medal originally given +to them.<a id='r56'></a><a href='#f56' class='c013'><sup>[56]</sup></a> It was afterwards determined that only one +<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>medal should be worn by any officer; for every other action +in which he might distinguish himself, a gold clasp, with the +name of the event, was to be attached to the ribbon, until +two clasps had been received. On the next occasion whereon +he might signalize himself, a gold cross, having on each +compartment the names of each of the four services, was to +be conferred instead of the medal and clasps originally received. +For every subsequent action a clasp was to be issued, to be +attached to the ribbon above the cross. In the centre of +the cross, which was fastened to the ribbon or swivel by a +large ring, chased with laurel, is a lion statant; in each compartment, +surrounded by an edge of laurel, is the name of the +battle or action. Wreaths of laurel are also round the names +of the actions on the clasps.</p> + +<p class='c008'>So much reluctance was evinced by officers to relinquish +the original medals, that the design of having them returned +was given up. When officers had received both the medals, +as necessarily happened during the lengthened struggle in the +Peninsula, the large one was worn, with the clasps of the +actions for which the small medals had been conferred.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regulations regarding the grant of the Cross +and clasps were published in the “London Gazette”:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“Horse Guards, October 7th., 1813.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c015'>Whereas considerable inconvenience having been found to +attend the increased number of medals, that have been issued +in commemoration of the brilliant and distinguished events, in +which the success of His Majesty’s arms has received the royal +approbation, the Prince Regent has been pleased to command, +in the name and on behalf of His Majesty, that the following +regulations shall be adopted, in the grant and circulation +of such marks of distinction, namely,—</p> + +<p class='c015'>1st.—That one medal only shall be borne by each officer, +recommended for such distinction.</p> + +<p class='c015'>2nd.—That for the second and third events, which may be +<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>subsequently commemorated in like manner, each individual +recommended to bear the distinction, shall carry a gold clasp +attached to the ribbon to which the medal is suspended, and +inscribed with the name of the battle, or siege, to which it +relates.</p> + +<p class='c015'>3rd.—That upon a claim being admitted to a fourth mark +of distinction, a cross<a id='r57'></a><a href='#f57' class='c013'><sup>[57]</sup></a> shall be borne by each officer, with the +names of the four battles, or sieges, respectively inscribed +thereupon; and to be worn in substitution of the distinctions +previously granted to such individuals.</p> + +<p class='c015'>4th.—Upon each occasion of a similar nature, that may occur +subsequently to the grant of a cross, the clasp shall again be +issued to those who have a claim to the additional distinction, +to be borne on the ribbon to which the cross is suspended, in +the same manner as described in No. 2, of these regulations.</p> + +<p class='c015'>His Royal Highness is further pleased to command, in the +name and on behalf of his Majesty, that the distribution of +medals, or badges, for military services of distinguished merit, +shall be regulated as follows, namely,—</p> + +<p class='c015'>1st.—That no general, or other officer, shall be considered +entitled to receive them, unless he has been personally, and +particularly engaged upon those occasions of great importance +and peculiar brilliancy, in commemoration of which the Prince +Regent, in the name and on behalf of His Majesty, may +be graciously pleased to bestow such marks of distinction.</p> + +<p class='c015'>2nd.—That no officer shall be considered a candidate for the +medal, or badge, except under the special selection and report +<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>of the Commander of the Forces upon the spot, as having +merited the distinction by conspicuous services.</p> + +<p class='c015'>3rd.—That the Commander of the Forces shall transmit to +the Commander-in-Chief, returns signed by himself, specifying +the names and ranks of those officers whom he shall have +selected as particularly deserving.</p> + +<p class='c015'>4th.—The Commander of the Forces, in making the selection, +will restrict his choice to the undermentioned ranks,<a id='r58'></a><a href='#f58' class='c013'><sup>[58]</sup></a> namely,—General +officers: Commanding officers of brigades; Commanding +officers of artillery, or engineers; Adjutant-General, and Quartermaster-General, +Deputies of Adjutant-General, and Quartermaster-General, +having the rank of field officers; Assistants-Adjutant +and Quartermaster-General, having the rank of field officers, +and being at the head of the staff, with a detached +corps, or distinct division of the army; Military Secretary, +having the rank of field officer; Commanding officers of battalions, +or corps equivalent thereto; and officers who may have succeeded +to the actual command during the engagement, in consequence +of the death, or removal, of the original commanding officer.</p> + +<p class='c015'>The Prince Regent is therefore graciously pleased to command, +in the name and on behalf of His Majesty, that, +in commemoration of the brilliant victories obtained by His +Majesty’s arms in the battles of Roleia and Vimiera, Corunna, +Talavera de la Reyna, Busaco, Barrosa, Fuentes d’Onor, Albuhera, +and Salamanca, and in the assaults and captures of +Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, the officers of the army, present +on those occasions, shall enjoy the privilege of bearing badges +of distinction; and His Royal Highness having approved of the +crosses, medals, and clasps, which have been prepared, is pleased +to command that they shall be worn by the general officers, +suspended by a ribbon the colour of the sash, with a blue edge, +round the neck; and by the commanding officers of battalions, +or corps equivalent thereto, and officers who may have succeeded +to the actual command during the engagement, the +chiefs of military departments, and their deputies and assistants, +(having the rank of field officers,) and such other officers as +may be specially recommended, attached by a ribbon of the +same description to the button-hole of their uniform.</p> + +<p class='c015'>The Prince Regent is also pleased to command, in the name +and on the behalf of His Majesty, that those badges which +would have been conferred upon the officers who have fallen +at, or died since, the above-named battles and sieges, shall, +as a token of respect for their memories, be transmitted to +their respective families.</p> + +<p class='c015'>By command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in4'><span class='sc'>Frederick</span>, Commander-in-Chief.</div> + <div class='line'><span class='sc'>H. Torrens</span>, Colonel and Military Secretary.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span> + <h2 class='c006'>AFFAIR OF CHATEAUGUAY.<br> <span class='sc'>26th. October, 1813.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This was one of the actions which occurred during the war +between Great Britain and the United States. In the autumn +of 1813, a great effort was made by the Americans for the +invasion of Canada at different points. The expedition commenced +with the advance of Major-General Hampton to the +frontier, whilst Major-General Wilkinson, in co-operation, embarked +with ten thousand men, on Lake Ontario, and proceeded +in boats down the river St. Lawrence, with the intention of +reaching Montreal. On the 8th. of October, Major-General +Hampton occupied with a considerable force of regulars and +militia, a position on the Chateauguay river, near the settlement +of the Four Corners. The American army crossed the +line of separation between Lower Canada and the United States +early on the 21st. of that month, surprised a small party +of Indians, and drove in a picket of militia, posted at +<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>the junction of the Ontard and Chateauguay rivers, where it +encamped, and proceeded in establishing a road of communication +with its last position, for the purpose of bringing forward +its artillery. All arrangements having been completed on the +24th., the American General commenced on the following day +his operations against the advanced posts of the British; at +about eleven o’clock in the forenoon of the 26th. of October, +his cavalry and light infantry were discovered advancing on both +banks of the Chateauguay, by a detachment covering a working +party of <i>habitans</i> employed in felling timber, for the purpose +of constructing <i>abattis</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-Colonel De Salaberry, who had the command of +the advanced pickets, composed of the light infantry company +of the Canadian Fencibles, and two companies of Voltigeurs, +on the north side of the river, made so excellent a disposition of +his small force, that he checked the advance of the principal +column, led by Major-General Hampton in person, and accompanied +by Brigadier-General Izard; whilst the American +light brigade, under Colonel M‘Carty, was similarly repulsed +in its progress on the south side of the river, by the spirited +advance of the right flank company of the third battalion of +the embodied militia, under Captain Daly, supported by Captain +Bruyer’s company of Chateauguay Chasseurs. Captains +Daly and Bruyer being wounded, (the former twice severely,) +and their companies having sustained some loss, their position +was immediately taken up by a flank company of the first +battalion of embodied militia. The American troops rallied +and repeatedly returned to the attack, but were foiled at all +points by a handful of men, who by their determined bravery, +maintained their position, and protected the working parties, +who were enabled to continue their labours.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nearly all the British troops having been pushed forward +for the defence of Upper Canada, that of the lower province +depended in a great degree on the valour and exertions of its +incorporated battalions and its sedentary militia. This loyal +and honourable line of conduct was persevered in by the +Canadians.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It appeared by report of prisoners taken in the affair +on the Chateauguay, that the American forces consisted of +seven thousand infantry and two hundred cavalry, with ten +field pieces. The British advance force, actually engaged, did +not exceed three hundred, and the enemy suffered severely, +not only from the British fire, but also from their own, some +detached corps in the woods having fired upon each other.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutentant-General Sir George Prevost, Bart., solicited from +His Royal Highness the Prince Regent five pairs of colours for +the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth battalions of the embodied +battalions of the Canadian militia, as a mark of royal +approbation of their conduct.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A medal was granted for this service, which was similar to +that authorized for the Peninsula actions, and it was afterwards +commemorated by a bar, when the general war medal was +distributed.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span> + <h2 class='c006'>PASSAGE OF THE NIVELLE.<br> <span class='sc'>10th. November, 1813.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>After the fall of St. Sebastian, the hostile armies remained +for some time inactive, or occupied only in strengthening their +respective positions, and preparing for the further prosecution +of the campaign. The troops, however, suffered severely from +the inclemency of the weather. Exposed on the bleak summits +of the Pyrenees, they gazed with intense longing on the beautiful +plains of France, which lay stretched out beneath their +feet; but the close neighbourhood of a watchful enemy rendered +the greatest vigilance necessary, and the duties were severe.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Flushed with success the British troops ardently longed for +further victories. This moment at length arrived. Early on +the morning of the 7th. of October, the army, under favour +of a dark and stormy sky, descended from the heights, crossed +the Bidassoa, and with little opposition established itself on +the French territory. The continued inclemency of the weather, +and the badness of the roads, retarded the further advance of +the army till the 10th. of November, when all preparations +being completed, the columns moved down the passes of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>Pyrenees in the most perfect silence, and lay down, each at +its appointed station, to await the dawn of day to make their +attack. This was commenced by the fourth division, which +carried a strong redoubt in front of the village of Sarre, drove +the enemy from that village, and continued its advance against +the heights in its rear, exposed to the fire of entrenchments +by which the position was secured. These, however, were +successively abandoned as the division advanced, the enemy +flying in great disorder, towards the bridges on the Nivelle; +the garrison of one redoubt, which alone offered any resistance, +being made prisoners. The other attacks were all equally successful; +the enemy driven from the centre of his line, concentrated +himself on the heights above St. Pé, whence he was +dislodged by a flank movement of the third and seventh +divisions on the left, in conjunction with the sixth division, +which proceeded in the contrary direction. Marshal Soult +at length withdrew the whole of his army, and resigned his +position to the allies, who went into cantonments in advance +of the Nivelle, where they enjoyed another interval of repose.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the Marquis of Wellington’s official report occurred the +following; after speaking of the handsome attack of the sixth +division, he continued, “I likewise particularly observed the +gallant conduct of the 51st. and 68th. regiments, under the +command of Major Rice and Lieutenant-Colonel Hawkins, in +Major-General Inglis’s brigade, in the attack of the heights +above St. Pé, in the afternoon of the 10th.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 43rd. and 52nd. regiments added to their former renown +on this occasion, especially in the storming of the Petite Rhune, +and in the completion of the victory.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Considering the strength of the positions attacked, and the +length of time (from daylight till dark) during which the troops +were engaged, the loss, although severe, was not so great +as might have been expected. Major-Generals Kempt and +Byng were wounded. The enemy lost fifty guns, two thousand +men, fifteen hundred prisoners, and large quantities of stores +and ammunition.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments were engaged in this service:—the +2nd., 3rd., 5th., 6th., 11th., 23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., 31st., 32nd., +34th., 36th., 39th., 40th., 42nd., 43rd., 45th., 48th., 51st., 52nd., +53rd., 57th., 58th., 60th., 61st., 66th., 68th., 74th., 79th., 82nd., +83rd., 87th., 88th., 91st., 94th., and Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span> + <h2 class='c006'>ACTION AT CHRYSTLER’S FARM.<br> <span class='sc'>11th. November, 1813.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Major-General James Wilkinson, who had been instructed to +co-operate with Major-General Hampton in the invasion of +Lower Canada, and for the avowed purpose of taking up his +winter quarters in Montreal, quitted Grenadier Island, on +Lake Ontario, on the 30th October, 1813, with ten thousand +men, in small craft and batteaux, and proceeded down the +St. Lawrence. Having, on the 31st., halted a few miles below +Gravelly Point, on the south side of the river, his position +was on the following day reconnoitred, and subsequently cannonaded +by a division of gunboats, under the command of +Captain Mulcaster, of the Royal Navy. By keeping close to +his own shore, the enemy arrived, on the 6th. of November, +within six miles of the port of Prescott, which he endeavoured +to pass unobserved during the night of the 7th.; but the +attempt was frustrated by the vigilance of Lieutenant-Colonel +Pearson, who commanded there, and the American Armada +was compelled to sustain a heavy and destructive cannonade +during the whole of that operation.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost, having anticipated +the possibility of the American government sending its whole +concentrated force from Lake Ontario towards this territory, +had ordered a corps of observation, consisting of the remains +of the 49th. regiment, the second battalion of the 89th., and +three companies of the Voltigeurs, with a division of gunboats, +the whole under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel J. W. +Morrison, of the 89th., to follow the movements of Major-General +Wilkinson’s army.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An attack was made at Chrystler’s Farm, on the 11th. of +November, 1813, upon the corps of observation, by a portion +of the American force, under Brigadier-General Boyd, amounting +to nearly four thousand men, which resulted in the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>complete repulse and defeat of the enemy, with considerable +loss, upwards of one hundred prisoners, with a field-piece, +being captured; their total loss was estimated at eight +hundred men. This action commenced about two o’clock in +the afternoon, when the Americans, having moved forward +from Chrystler’s point, attacked the advance, which gradually +fell back to the position selected for the detachment to +occupy, the right resting on the river, and the left on a +pine wood, exhibiting a front of about seven hundred yards.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In consequence of the ground being open, the troops were +thus disposed: the flank companies of the 49th. regiment, the +detachment of the Canadian Fencibles, with one field-piece, +under Lieutenant-Colonel Pearson on the right, a little advanced +on the road; three companies of the 89th. regiment under +Captain Barnes, with a gun formed in <i>echellon</i>, with the +advance on its left supporting it. The 49th. and 89th. +thrown more to the rear, with a gun, formed the main +body and reserve, extending to the woods on the left, which +were occupied by the Voltigeurs under Major Herriot, and the +Indians under Lieutenant Anderson. At about half-past two +the action became general, when the enemy endeavoured, by +moving forward a brigade from his right, to turn the British +left, but was repulsed by the 89th. forming <i>en potence</i> with +the 49th., and both corps moving forward, occasionally firing +by platoons. His efforts were next directed against the right, +and to repulse this movement, the 49th. took ground in that +direction, in <i>echellon</i>, followed by the 89th.; when within +half-musket-shot the line was formed under a heavy, but +irregular fire from the Americans.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Orders were next given for the 49th. to charge the gun +posted opposite, but it became necessary when within a +short distance of it, to check this forward movement, in +consequence of a charge from the American cavalry on the +right, lest they should fall upon their rear; but they were +received in so gallant a manner by the companies of the +89th., under Captain Barnes, and the well-directed fire from +the artillery, that they quickly retreated, and by an immediate +charge from three companies, one gun was captured.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About half-past four the Americans gave way at all points +from an exceedingly strong position, endeavouring to cover +the retreat by their light infantry, which were soon driven +away by Lieutenant-Colonel Pearson. The detachment for the +night occupied the ground from which the foe had been +driven, and afterwards moved forward in pursuit.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This action was also rewarded by the usual medal, and +consequently a bar, inscribed “<span class='sc'>Chrystler’s Farm</span>,” was authorized +when the war medal was granted. The force engaged +consisted of the Royal Artillery, 49th., the second battalion +of the 89th. regiment; Canadian Fencibles, Canadian Voltigeurs, +and Militia Artillery and Dragoons, and Indians.</p> + +<p class='c008'>No distinction has been granted for the colours, on account +of either Chateauguay or Chrystler’s Farm.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span> + <h2 class='c006'>PASSAGE OF THE NIVE.<br> <span class='sc'>9th. to 13th. December, 1813.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>After the retreat of the French from the Nivelle, they +occupied a position in front of Bayonne, which had, since +the battle of Vittoria, been entrenched with great labour. +The bad state of the roads, and the swelling of the rivulets +from the fall of rain, had prevented the Marquis of Wellington +from at once passing the Nive.<a id='r59'></a><a href='#f59' class='c013'><sup>[59]</sup></a> The state of the weather +and roads at length enabled the British commander to collect +the materials, and make preparations for forming the +necessary bridges. The troops moved out of their cantonments +on the 8th. of December, and Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland +Hill, with the right of the army, crossed on the 9th. at, +and in the neighbourhood of Cambo, Marshal Sir William +Beresford supporting the operation by passing the sixth division, +under Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton, at Ustaritz; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>both operations succeeded completely. The enemy were +immediately driven from the right bank of the river, and +retired towards Bayonne, by the great road of St. Jean Pied +de Port. Those posted opposite Cambo were nearly intercepted +by the sixth division, and one regiment, being driven +from the road, was compelled to march across the country.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 10th. of December the enemy moved +out of the entrenched camp with their whole army, with the +exception only of that portion which occupied the works +opposite to Sir Rowland Hill’s position, and drove in the +pickets of the light division, when an action ensued, the +brunt of which fell upon the first Portuguese brigade under +Major-General Arch. Campbell, and upon Major-General +Robinson’s brigade of the fifth division, which moved up in +support.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When night closed the French were still in great force in +front of the British posts, on the ground from which they +had driven the pickets. During the night they retired from +Lieutenant-General Sir John Hope’s front, leaving small posts, +which were immediately driven in. About three in the +afternoon they again drove in that officer’s pickets, and attacked +his posts, but were once more repulsed with considerable +loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 12th. the attack was re-commenced +by the enemy with the same want of success, the first +division under Major-General Howard, having relieved the +fifth division; the enemy discontinued it in the afternoon, and +retired entirely within the entrenched camp on that night. +After the 10th. the attack was never renewed on the posts +of the light division.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was not until the 12th. of December that the first +division, under Major-General Howard, was engaged, when +the guards conducted themselves with their usual spirit.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having thus failed in all the attacks with their whole +force upon the British left, the enemy withdrew into their +entrenchments on the night of the 12th., and passed a large +force through Bayonne; with which, on the morning of the +13th. of December, a most desperate attack was made upon +the troops under Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill. In +<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>expectation of this the Marquis of Wellington had requested +Marshal Sir William Beresford to reinforce the Lieutenant-General +with the sixth division, which crossed the Nive at +daylight on that morning; and a further reinforcement of +the fourth division, with two brigades of the third, received +orders to join Sir Rowland Hill. The troops under his immediate +command had defeated the enemy with immense loss, +before these succours arrived. Two guns and some prisoners +were taken from the French, who, being beaten at all points, +and having sustained considerable loss, were compelled to +withdraw upon their entrenchment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Soult’s objects were to gain the bridge of St. Pierre, to make +himself master of the road to St. Jean Pied de Port, and to +break through the position of the allies. For these purposes +he put forth his whole strength, and was completely vanquished. +Even before the sixth division arrived, Sir Rowland Hill had +repulsed him with prodigious loss; and although he skilfully +availed himself of a high ground in retreating, he could not stand +against the famous charge of General Byng, and was entirely +defeated. It was a battle fought and won by the corps of Sir +Rowland Hill alone and unaided. At the instant of victory +Lord Wellington came up, and in the ecstacy of the moment +of triumph, caught him by the hand, and said, “Hill, the day +is your own.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The late Field-Marshal the Earl of Strafford, and Colonel +of the Coldstream Guards, (then Major-General Byng,) highly +distinguished himself in this action, wherein he led his troops, +under a most galling fire, to the assault of a strong height +occupied in great force by the enemy, and having himself +ascended the hill first with the colour of the 31st. regiment +of foot in his hand, he planted it upon the summit, and +drove the enemy (far superior in numbers) down the ridge to +the suburbs of St. Pierre, for which act he received the royal +authority on the 4th. of July, 1815, to bear the following +honourable augmentation, namely, “Over the arms of the +family of Byng, in bend sinister, a representation of the +colour of the 31st. regiment,” and the following crest, namely, +“Out of a mural crown an arm embowed, grasping the colour +of the aforesaid 31st. regiment, and, pendent from the wrist +by a riband, the Gold Cross presented to him by His Majesty’s +command, as a mark of his royal approbation of his distinguished +services,” and in an escroll above, the word “Mouguerre,” +being the name of a height near the hamlet of St. Pierre.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments took part in this action The 16th. +Light Dragoons, 1st., 3rd., 4th., 9th., 11th., 28th., 31st., 32nd., +34th., 36th., 38th., 39th., 42nd., 43rd., 50th., 52nd., 57th., 59th., +60th., 61st., 62nd., 66th., 71st., 76th., 79th., 84th., 85th., 91st., +and 92nd. Foot, and Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ORTHES.<br> <span class='sc'>27th. February, 1814.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Little rest was accorded to the Peninsula troops. The +weather having improved, and the roads become passable, in +the second week of February the Marquis of Wellington continued +his victorious career. The sixth and light divisions +were ordered to break up from the blockade of Bayonne, and +General Don Manuel Freyre was directed to close up the cantonments +of his corps towards Iran, and to be prepared to +move when the left of the army should cross the Adour. +Immediately after the passage of the Gave d’Oléron, by Sir +Rowland Hill, at Villenave, on the 24th. of February, that +general and Sir Henry Clinton moved towards Orthes, near +which place the French army was assembled on the 25th., +having destroyed all the bridges on the Gave de Pau.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At this period the third division of the British army was +at the broken bridge of Berenx, five miles lower down the +river, having the sixth and seventh divisions (then arrived +under Marshal Beresford) on its left, while the remainder of +the force was assembled in front of Orthes. On the 26th. +the third division forded the river lower down, and a pontoon +bridge was afterwards laid at Berenx, by which the fourth and +sixth divisions crossed on the morning of the 27th., at which +time the third division was already posted with skirmishers +thrown out close upon the left centre of the French position. +The sixth division was placed on the right between the third +<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>division and the river, and the light division on its left in rear +as a reserve. During the whole morning there had been occasional +skirmishing by the third division, but the real attack +commenced at nine o’clock by the third and sixth divisions on +the French left centre, and the fourth and seventh divisions on +their right, which last was intended to be the principal point +of attack; but it having been found, after three hours’ hard +fighting, that the enemy were there too strongly posted, the +Marquis of Wellington ordered an advance of the third and +sixth divisions, with the 52nd. regiment, from the centre +upon the left centre of the French position, which they +carried and secured the victory;<a id='r60'></a><a href='#f60' class='c013'><sup>[60]</sup></a> meanwhile Lieutenant-General +Sir Rowland Hill, with the second division, had crossed the +river above Orthes, and nearly cut off the only line of retreat +open to the enemy, who then retired from the field, but +without confusion, and constantly resisting the advance. The +allies followed, keeping up an incessant fire and cannonade, +but lost many men, particularly of the third division, which +was the most strongly opposed; this continued until the +French nearly reached the Luy de Bearn river, when their +retreat became a flight, and they effected their escape by the +fords and one bridge, which they destroyed, having lost four +thousand men and six guns. In this battle the Marquis of +Wellington was wounded.<a id='r61'></a><a href='#f61' class='c013'><sup>[61]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged at Orthes were the 14th. Light +Dragoons, 5th., 6th., 7th., 11th., 20th., 23rd., 24th., 27th., 28th., +31st., 32nd., 34th., 36th., 39th., 40th., 42nd., 45th., 48th., 50th., +51st., 52nd., 58th., 60th., 61st., 66th., 68th., 71st., 74th., 82nd., +83rd., 87th., 88th., 91st., 92nd., and 94th Foot, and the Rifle +Brigade.<a id='r62'></a><a href='#f62' class='c013'><sup>[62]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF TOULOUSE.<br> <span class='sc'>10th. April, 1814.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This, the last general action of the Peninsula war, was +fought on Easter Sunday, the 10th. of April, 1814. The +town of Toulouse is surrounded on three sides by the Canal +of Languedoc and the Garonne; on the left of that river, +the suburb, which the enemy had fortified with strong field-works +in front of the ancient wall, formed a good <i>tête-de-pont</i>. +The city itself was only accessible from the south, +and its strong though old-fashioned walls had been rendered +more defensible by redoubts, and by an exterior line of +entrenchments on a strong and rugged range of heights, about +two miles in length beyond the canal. On the 28th. of +March the enemy’s troops were driven within the suburbs +of St. Cyprien, and several attempts were made to attack +them by crossing the Garonne above Toulouse. Operations +were, however, impeded by the floods and rapidity of the +river, until the 3rd. of April, when the third, fourth, and +sixth divisions, with three brigades of cavalry, under Marshal +Beresford, passed over by a pontoon bridge fifteen miles below +Toulouse; but the crossing of the remainder of the army +was again impeded by the rising of the river, which caused +the removal of the bridges, until the 8th., when the Marquis +of Wellington crossed, and advanced within five miles of +Toulouse; Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill, with two +divisions, remaining on the left bank.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>The Marquis of Wellington then fixed his plan of attack +on the French position, according to which, on the left of +the Garonne, Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill was to +menace the suburb of St. Cyprien, while on the right of the +river the third and light divisions were to menace the +northern front, driving the enemy’s outposts within the canal, +from its junction with the Garonne to the commencement of +the range of heights at the hill of Pugade. A Spanish +division was to carry that hill, and the fourth and sixth +divisions, under Marshal Beresford, to carry the heights beyond +it. On the 10th. of April, at about six o’clock in the +morning, the battle commenced, and the different columns +advanced according to orders. The third division on the right, +next the Garonne, drove in the outposts of the enemy for +about three miles, as far as the bridge of Jumeaux on the +canal; this bridge was defended by a strong palisade <i>tête-de-pont</i>, +too high to be forced without ladders, and approachable +only on open flat. Six companies of the 74th., (three under +Brevet-Major Miller, and three under Captain McQueen,) were +ordered to attack this work, which they did in the most +gallant style; but it was commanded from the opposite side +of the canal, and was impregnable without artillery; the attacking +party was therefore compelled to retire, after sustaining +severe loss. The French then occupied the work in +great force, and the continued efforts of the whole brigade +could not dispossess them. The attack upon this work was +unfortunately ordered by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton, +after the duty assigned to his division of driving in the outposts +and menacing the enemy had been performed, although +the impossibility of carrying the work without artillery had +been represented.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Marshal Sir William Beresford crossed the Ers, formed his +corps in three columns of lines in the village of Croix d’Orade, +the fourth division leading, with which he immediately carried +Mont Blanc. He then moved up the Ers in the same order, +over most difficult ground, in a direction parallel to the +enemy’s fortified position, and as soon as he reached the +point at which he turned it, he formed his lines, and moved +to the attack. The gallant efforts of Lieutenant-General Don +<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>Manuel Freyre upon the Pugade Hill did not meet with +success, but they were highly applauded by the Marquis of +Wellington. Meanwhile Marshal Sir William Beresford, with +the fourth division under the command of Lieutenant-General +Sir Lowry Cole, and the sixth division under Lieutenant-General +Sir Henry Clinton, attacked and carried the heights +on the enemy’s right, and the redoubt which covered and +protected that flank; and he lodged those troops on the +same heights with the enemy, who were, however, still in +possession of four redoubts, and of the entrenchments and +fortified houses. The badness of the roads had induced the +Marshal to leave his artillery in the village of Mont Blanc; +some time elapsed before it could be brought up, and before +Lieutenant-General Don Manuel Freyre’s corps could be re-formed +and led again to the attack. As soon as this was +effected the Marshal continued his movement along the ridge, +and carried, with Major-General Pack’s brigade of the sixth +division, the two principal redoubts and fortified houses in +the French centre. The enemy made a desperate effort from +the canal to regain these redoubts, but they were repulsed +with considerable loss; and the sixth division continuing its +movement along the ridge of the height, and the Spanish +troops pursuing a corresponding movement upon the front, the +French were driven from the two redoubts and entrenchments +on the left, and the whole range of heights were gained by +the British.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In his despatch, the Marquis of Wellington added,—“We +did not gain this advantage, however, without severe loss, +particularly in the brave sixth division. Lieutenant-Colonel +Coghlan, of the 61st., an officer of great merit and promise, +was unfortunately killed in the attack of the heights; Major-General +Pack was wounded, but was enabled to remain in the +field; and Colonel Douglas, of the 8th. Portuguese regiment, +lost his leg, and I am afraid I shall be deprived for a considerable +time of his assistance.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The 36th., 42nd., 79th., and 61st. regiments lost considerable +numbers, and were highly distinguished throughout the +day.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The fourth division, although exposed on their march +<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>along the enemy’s front in a galling fire, were not so much +engaged as the sixth division, and did not suffer so much; +but they conducted themselves with their usual gallantry.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>After these operations the French withdrew behind the +canal, and thus ended this hard-fought but unnecessary battle.<a id='r63'></a><a href='#f63' class='c013'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The 5th. Dragoon Guards, 3rd. and 4th. Light Dragoons, +2nd., 5th., 7th., 11th., 20th., 23rd., 27th., 36th., 40th., 42nd., +43rd., 45th., 48th., 52nd., 53rd., 60th., 61st., 74th., 79th., +83rd., 87th., 88th., 91st., 94th., and Rifle Brigade were engaged +at <span class='sc'>Toulouse</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the night of the 11th. of April, the French troops +evacuated Toulouse, and a white flag was hoisted. On the +following day the Marquis of Wellington entered the city, +amidst the acclamations of the inhabitants. In the course of +the afternoon of the 12th. of April, intelligence was received +of the abdication of Napoleon, and had not the express been +delayed on the journey by the French police, the sacrifice +of many valuable lives would have been prevented. A disbelief +in the truth of this intelligence occasioned much unnecessary +bloodshed at Bayonne, the garrison of which made a desperate +sortie on the night of the 14th. of April, and Lieutenant-General +Sir John Hope, (afterwards Earl of Hopetoun,) was taken +prisoner. Major-General Andrew Hay was killed, and Major-General +Stopford was wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A treaty of peace was signed between Great Britain and +France; May 30th., 1814, Louis the Eighteenth was restored +to the throne of France; and Napoleon Bonaparte was permitted +to reside at Elba, with the title of Emperor, the +sovereignty of that island having been conceded to him by +the allied powers.<a id='r64'></a><a href='#f64' class='c013'><sup>[64]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE WATERLOO MEDAL, AND CAMPAIGN IN FLANDERS, 1815.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>There was but a brief interval of peace after the battle of +Toulouse. The triumphs of the Peninsula were not destined +to give repose to Europe. Napoleon having learnt that at the +Congress of Vienna it had been debated whether he should not +be sent to St. Helena, (a measure opposed by the Duke of +Wellington, and the idea relinquished,) and reckoning on the +attachment of the French people, escaped from Elba, landed +at Cannes, in Provence, on the 1st. of March, 1815, with a +handful of men, and on the 20th. of that month entered Paris +at the head of an army which had joined him on the road. +Louis XVIII at once withdrew to Ghent, and Napoleon assumed +his former dignity of Emperor of the French; the allied powers +at once refused to acknowledge his sovereignty, and determined +to effect his dethronement. Preparations for war commenced, +troops were assembled in the Netherlands, and the regiments +which had been engaged in America were, on their return, +immediately forwarded to the seat of war.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Britain had no selfish end in view in this great struggle, +but sent her sons to battle in support of the rights of nations, +and to secure herself from a military despotism. To those +readers who would study the events of this short but momentous +campaign, no better guide can be recommended than Captain +Siborne’s elaborate account,—the work of a life-time. In this +last success, Wellington, like a graceful actor, took his leave +of war, for this terminated his active military career. The +right wing of the Duke’s army, in and about Ath, was commanded +by Lord Hill; the left, near Braine le Comte and +Nivelle, was under the Prince of Orange; the cavalry, under +the Earl of Uxbridge, was quartered about Grammont, and +the reserve was in proximity to Brussels and its neighbourhood.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span> + <h2 class='c006'>ACTION AT QUATRE BRAS.<br> <span class='sc'>16th. June, 1815.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Napoleon left Paris on the 12th. of June, and endeavoured +by one of those rapid marches for which he had been so celebrated, +to interpose his forces between the British and Prussian +armies, and then attack them in detail. Information of this +movement arrived at Brussels during the evening of the 15th. +of June, and the Duke of Wellington caused the troops to be +prepared to march. Pursuing their way through the forest of +Soignies, Genappe, and along the road towards Charleroi, after +a march of twenty-two miles, they arrived on the 16th. of +June, at some farm-houses denominated Les Quatre Bras, where +the main road from Charleroi to Brussels is crossed by another +from Nivelles to Namur, and which served as the British +<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>communication with the Prussians on the left. Here the second +French corps, under Marshal Ney, was developing a serious +attack against that position with very superior numbers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The battle commenced by an attack on Perponcher’s Dutch-Belgian +Brigade, which was commanded by the Prince of +Orange. As fast as the British regiments arrived on the scene, +they were formed and led into action. About two o’clock +Picton’s division came up, with Pack’s brigade, and Best’s +Hanoverians. Soon after, part of the Black Brunswickers, and +some of the Nassau troops arrived, and about six in the evening +the brigade of Sir Colin Halkett, consisting of the 30th., 33rd., +69th, and 73rd. regiments, with Kielmansegge’s Hanoverians +came up.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Considerable loss was sustained, but the repeated charges +of the enemy were repulsed. About four o’clock His Royal +Highness the Duke of Brunswick fell bravely fighting at the +head of his troops, who were seized with a panic, and retired, +pursued by the French cavalry, who were repulsed in their turn +by the 92nd. In the Duke of Wellington’s account of this +action the 28th., 42nd.,<a id='r65'></a><a href='#f65' class='c013'><sup>[65]</sup></a> 79th, and 92nd.<a id='r66'></a><a href='#f66' class='c013'><sup>[66]</sup></a> regiments were +specially mentioned.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Speaking of one of the attacks of the French cavalry, Captain +W. Siborne, in his “History of the War in France and +Belgium in 1815,” observes, “If this cavalry attack had fallen +so unexpectedly upon the 42nd. Highlanders, still less had it +<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>been anticipated by the 44th. regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel +Hamerton, perceiving that the lancers were rapidly advancing +against his rear, and that any attempt to form square would +be attended with imminent danger, instantly decided upon +receiving them in line.... Never, perhaps, did British +infantry display its characteristic coolness and steadiness more +eminently than on this trying occasion. To have stood in a +thin two-deep line, awaiting, and prepared to receive, the +onset of hostile cavalry, would have been looked upon at least +as a most hazardous experiment; but with its rear so suddenly +menaced, and its flanks unsupported, to have instantly faced +only one rank about, to have stood as if rooted to the ground, +to have repulsed its assailants with so steady and well-directed +a fire, that numbers of them were destroyed—this was a feat +of arms which the oldest, or best-disciplined corps in the world +might have in vain hoped to accomplish; yet most successfully +and completely was this achieved by the gallant second battalion +of the 44th. British regiment, under its brave commander’ +Lieutenant-Colonel Hamerton.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“In this attack occurred one of those incidents which, in +daring, equal any of the feats of ancient chivalry; which make +the wildest fables of the deeds of the knights of old appear +almost possible; which cause the bearing of an individual to +stand out, at it were, in relief amidst the operations of the +masses; and which, by their characteristic recklessness, almost +invariably ensure at least a partial success. A French lancer +gallantly charged at the colours, and severely wounded Ensign +Christie, who carried one of them, by a thrust of his lance, +which, entering the left eye, penetrated to the lower jaw. The +Frenchman then endeavoured to seize the standard, but the +brave Christie, notwithstanding the agony of his wound, with +a presence of mind almost unequalled, flung himself upon it, +not to save himself, but to preserve the honour of his regiment. +As the colour fluttered in its fall, the Frenchman tore off a +portion of the silk with the point of his lance; but he was +not permitted to bear the fragment beyond the ranks. Both +shot and bayoneted by the nearest of the soldiers of the 44th., +he was borne to the earth, paying with his life for his display +of unavailing bravery.”</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>Just before seven o’clock, Sir G. Cooke’s brigade of guards, +came into action, after a forced march of 27 miles, drove +the enemy back, and repulsed at all points the repeated and +desperate charges of Kellerman’s cavalry, supported by a preponderance +of artillery. As the British reinforcements arrived, +Key’s furious attacks became feeble and fewer, and about +sunset the conflict ceased, and the French retired upon the +village of Frasnes. After a long march of nearly forty miles +the British cavalry, and some artillery arrived, but too late at +night to take any part in the battle.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following is a list of the regiments engaged, and of +their killed and wounded at Quatre Bras, a battle gained by +the British infantry:—</p> + +<table class='table1'> + <tr> + <th class='btt bbt blt c021 bbt' rowspan='2'>Regiments engaged.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022' colspan='2'>KILLED.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt brt c022' colspan='2'>WOUNDED.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + + <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>Non-com. Offi. & Men.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th> + <th class='bbt blt brt c022'>Non-com. Offi. & Men.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>Royal Artillery</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>9</td> + <td class='blt c024'>2</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>17</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>1st. Foot Guards, 2nd. battalion</td> + <td class='blt c024'>2</td> + <td class='blt c024'>23</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>256</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>„ 3rd. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>20</td> + <td class='blt c024'>6</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>235</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>2nd. „ 2nd. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c024'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>3rd. „ 2nd. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>30th. Regiment, 2nd. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>5</td> + <td class='blt c024'>2</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>28</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>33rd. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'>3</td> + <td class='blt c024'>16</td> + <td class='blt c024'>7</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>67</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>69th. „ 2nd. battalion</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>37</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>110</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>73rd. „ 2nd. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>4</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>44</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>28th. „ 1st. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>11</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>77</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>32nd. „ 1st. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>21</td> + <td class='blt c024'>21</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>153</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>79th. „ 1st. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>28</td> + <td class='blt c024'>16</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>258</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>95th. „ 1st. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>8</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>51</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>1st. „ 3rd. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'>6</td> + <td class='blt c024'>20</td> + <td class='blt c024'>12</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>180</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>42nd. „ 1st. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'>3</td> + <td class='blt c024'>42</td> + <td class='blt c024'>15</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>228</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c023'>44th. „ 2nd. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'>2</td> + <td class='blt c024'>10</td> + <td class='blt c024'>15</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>94</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c023'>92nd. „ 1st. „</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>4</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>35</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>21</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>226</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c021'>Total</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>25</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>289</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>137</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>2031</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Whilst Marshal Ney was attempting to force this position, +the Emperor defeated the Prussians at St. Amand and Ligny. +During the night Marshal Blucher, finding himself so weakened +by the severity of the contest, and the fourth corps not having +arrived, determined to fall back and concentrate his army +upon Wavre.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span> + <h2 class='c006'>ACTION ON THE <span class='fss'>17TH.</span> OF JUNE.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This movement of the Prussian commander rendered a corresponding +one necessary on the part of the British, who retired +from the farm of Quatre Bras upon Genappe, and thence on +Waterloo on the morning of the 17th., at ten o’clock. No +effort was made by the enemy to pursue Marshal Blucher, +neither was there any attempt to molest the march of the +British to the rear, although made in the middle of the day, +excepting by following with a large body of cavalry, brought +from the French right, the cavalry under the Earl of Uxbridge, +who had taken up a position to cover the retrograde movement. +The rear of the infantry and artillery having proceeded +some miles along the great road from Quatre Bras through +Genappe, the cavalry were withdrawn by brigades in succession, +each brigade re-forming as soon as it arrived at a suitable +position in the rear of the column. The enemy’s cavalry advanced +in great force; the main body of his army moved on +Quatre Bras, and his advance guard began to press on the +rear of the retiring troops. To check this movement, the 7th. +hussars charged a corps of French lancers in the town of Genappe; +the lancers, however, having their flanks secure, presented +an almost impenetrable row of pikes, and they were enabled +to repel the charge. The attack was repeated by the hussars, +but without making any impression; the French cavalry pressing +forward, passed the ground occupied by the 7th., when the +1st. Life Guards were directed by the Earl of Uxbridge to +charge the French lancers. Wheeling about, the Life Guards +advanced to the attack, which proved irresistible, and the +lancers were pursued through the streets of Genappe. After +this repulse the retreat was continued with cannonading and +skirmishing, until the cavalry arrived at the position of Mont. +St. Jean, in front of the forest of Soignies, and near to the +village of Waterloo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About five in the afternoon the allies had taken up their +prescribed position, and during the wet and disagreeable night, +violent showers having fallen during the afternoon, and the rain +continuing throughout the night, accompanied by cold and +strong gusts of wind, so frequently a prelude to the Duke’s +victories, awaited the dawn of the memorable 18th. of June.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF WATERLOO.<br> <span class='sc'>18th. June, 1815.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The position which was taken up in front of Waterloo, +crossed the high-roads from Charleroi and Nivelles, its right +being thrown back to a ravine near Merke Braine, which +was occupied; its left extended to a height above the hamlet +of Ter la Haye, which was also occupied. In front of the +right centre, and near the Nivelles road, the house and +garden of Hougomont, which covered the return of that +flank, was made available for defence, and in front of the +left centre the farm of La Haye Sainte was put to a similar +use. By the left a communication was maintained with +Marshal Prince Blucher, at Wavre, through Ohain, who had +promised that in case of an attack, he would advance in +support, not with one or more corps, but with his whole +army.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On a range of heights in front of the British, were collected +during the night the whole of Napoleon’s army, with +the exception of the third corps, under Marshal Grouchy, +who had been detached to watch the movements of the +Prussians. At about half-past ten on the morning of the +18th., a furious attack was made upon the post at Hougomont, +occupied by a detachment from Major-General Byng’s +brigade of Guards, which was in position in its rear, and +it was for some time under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel +(afterwards Sir James) Macdonell, and subsequently +under Colonel Home. It was maintained throughout the day +with the utmost gallantry by these brave troops, although +repeated efforts of large bodies vainly endeavoured to obtain +possession of the place.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“About one o’clock a cart of ammunition, which had been +<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>sent for early in the day, was brought into the farm-yard +of Hougomont, and proved most seasonable. The men had +only time to fill their pouches, when a discharge of artillery +suddenly burst upon them, mingled with the shouts of a +column rushing on to a fresh attack. A cloud of tirailleurs +pushed through the wood and cornfields: they were aimed +at with fatal certainty from the loopholes, windows, and +summit of the building. But the enemy eventually compelled +the few men that remained outside to withdraw into the +chateau by the rear gate. In the meantime the French +redoubled their efforts against it, and the fire of the immediate +defenders of that point for a moment ceased. The +gate was then forced. At this critical moment Macdonell +rushed to the spot with the officers and men nearest at +hand, and not only expelled the assailants, but re-closed the +gate. The enemy, from their overwhelming numbers, again +entered the yard, when the guards retired to the house, and +kept up from the windows such a destructive fire, that the +French were driven out, and the gate once more was closed.” +Such is the description given by Colonel MacKinnon, in +his valuable “Record of the Origin and Services of the Coldstream +Guards.” Captain Siborne thus narrates the circumstances +“The French, however, succeeded in forcing the +gate; but the defenders betook themselves to the nearest +cover, whence they poured a fire upon the intruders, and +then rushing forward, a struggle ensued, which was distinguished +by the most intrepid courage on both sides. At +length Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonell, Captain Wyndham, +Ensigns Gooch and Hervey, and Sergeant Graham, of the +Coldstream Guards, by dint of great personal strength and +exertions, combined with extraordinary bravery and perseverance, +succeeded in closing the gate against their assailants. +Those of the latter who had entered the courtyard fell a +sacrifice to their undaunted and conspicuous gallantry.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Alluding to Sergeant Graham, he adds, “This individual +deserves honourable mention, having greatly distinguished +himself during the memorable defence of Hougomont. At a +later period of the day, when in the ranks along the garden +wall facing the wood, and when the struggle was most severe +<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>in that quarter, he asked Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonell’s +permission to fall out. The Colonel, knowing the character +of the man, expressed his surprise at the request made at +such a moment. Graham explained that his brother lay +wounded in one of the buildings then on fire, that he wished +to remove him to a place of safety, and that he would then +lose no time in rejoining the ranks. The request was granted: +Graham succeeded in snatching his brother from the horrible +fate which menaced him, laid him in a ditch in rear of the +enclosures, and, true to his word, was again at his post.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Finding Hougomont so stubbornly defended, the French +artillery opened upon the house, which was quickly in a +blaze. The Guards however, about 2000 men, with 1100 +German troops, maintained the post to the end of the day, +against the repeated attacks of nearly 30,000 men. The loss +of the enemy was fearful, the killed and wounded lying in heaps round the chateau, in the woods, and in every +avenue leading to it. The division of General Foy alone lost +3000 men, and the total loss of the French in their attacks +upon this position, was not far short of 10,000 killed and +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This attack upon the right of the British centre was accompanied +by a heavy cannonade upon the whole line, which +was destined to support the repeated attacks of cavalry and +infantry, occasionally mixed, but sometimes separate, that were +made upon it. In one of these the French carried the farmhouse +of La Haye Sainte, as the detachment of the light +battalion of the German Legion, which held it, had expended +all its ammunition, and the enemy occupied the only communication +there was with them. Repeated charges were +made by the French cavalry upon the infantry, but these +attacks were uniformly unsuccessful, and they afforded opportunities +to the British cavalry to charge, in one of which Lord +Edward Somerset’s brigade, consisting of the Life Guards, +Royal Horse Guards, and 1st. Dragoon Guards, highly distinguished +itself, with that of Major-General Sir William +Ponsonby, having taken many prisoners and an eagle.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Soon after four o’clock a grand onslaught was made on the +British front by the whole of the French cavalry; cuirassiers, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>lancers, and <span lang="fr">chasseurs à cheval</span> of the Imperial Guard, consisting +of about forty squadrons, supported by a tremendous fire +of artillery. As they advanced, every discharge of the British +guns, double shotted, fearfully shattered their ranks; but they +rushed on, with shouts of “Vive l’Empereur!” to the very +faces of the infantry squares, inside of which the gunners +were lying down for shelter, and swept round the flanks, till +they recoiled in disorder and confusion before the close and +destructive fire under which men and horses fell in heaps.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These attacks continued to be repeated until about seven +o’clock in the evening, and the Prussians were fast approaching +Planchenoit, on the right rear of the enemy, with about +30,000 men and sixty-four guns, when Napoleon made +a last desperate effort with his Imperial Guard in two +columns, supported by the fire of artillery, to force the left +centre, near the farm of La Haye Sainte. Led by Ney, the +veterans of Jena and Wagram, in spite of a decimating fire +of case and grape shot, advanced to within fifty yards of +Halkett’s brigade, and the Foot Guards, who were lying down +to avoid the cannonade which covered the onset of Napoleon’s +chosen troops. On the word being given, the Guards in a +line four deep, sprang to their feet, and poured in such a +destructive volley that the front of the column of the Imperial +Guard seemed to melt away. Their officers vainly +strove to rally them, when the British with a ringing cheer +charged, and the enemy were driven down the hill in wild +confusion. The second column of the Imperial Guard, rent +and torn by close discharges of case shot, and assailed with +volleys of musketry in front and flank, also broke, turned, +and fled, only two rear battalions retaining their ranks.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having observed that the enemy retired from this attack +in great confusion, and that the march of General Bulow’s +corps upon Planchenoit and La Belle Alliance had begun to +take effect, the fire of his cannon being perceived, and as +Marshal Prince Blucher had joined in person with a corps +of his army to the left of the British line by Ohain, the Duke +immediately advanced the whole line of infantry, supported +by the cavalry and artillery. The Anglo-allied army formed +line, and with one impetuous charge decided the fortune of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>the day. The enemy was forced from his position on the +heights, and fled in the utmost confusion. The pursuit was +continued until long after dark, and then, in consequence +of the fatigue of the British troops, which had been engaged +during twelve hours, Marshal Blucher was left to follow the +enemy, from whom he captured sixty pieces of cannon, belonging +to the Imperial Guard, together with several carriages, +baggage, etc., belonging to Napoleon. About one hundred +and fifty pieces of cannon, with their ammunition, had been +taken by the British, together with two eagles.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Thomas Picton,<a id='r67'></a><a href='#f67' class='c013'><sup>[67]</sup></a> the hero of so many Peninsula actions, +fell, and Major-General the Honourable Sir William Ponsonby. +The Earl of Uxbridge, after having passed unscathed throughout +the day, lost his right leg by nearly the last shot fired, and +His Royal Highness the Prince of Orange was wounded. +Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Baron Alten, Major-Generals Sir +Colin Halkett, Sir Edward Barnes, (Adjutant-General,) Fred: +Adam, Sir James Kempt, and Cooke, and Colonel Sir William +<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>De Lancey<a id='r68'></a><a href='#f68' class='c013'><sup>[68]</sup></a> (Deputy-Quartermaster-General,) were wounded. +Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Fitz Roy Somerset (the late Lord +Raglan) had his right arm amputated.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Vain would it be to select regiments on this glorious occasion. +“It gives me the greatest satisfaction (so wrote the +Duke to Earl Bathurst,) to assure your Lordship, that the +army, never, upon any occasion, conducted itself better. The +division of Guards, under Major-General Cooke, who is severely +wounded; Major-General Maitland, and Major-General Byng, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>set an example which was followed by all; and there is no +officer nor description of troops, that did not behave well.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>At Waterloo the Anglo-allied army consisted of sixty-seven +thousand six hundred and sixty-one men, and one hundred +and fifty-six guns;<a id='r69'></a><a href='#f69' class='c013'><sup>[69]</sup></a> and the French had seventy-one thousand +nine hundred and forty-seven men, and two hundred and forty-six +guns, composed of fifteen thousand seven hundred and +sixty-five cavalry, seven thousand two hundred and thirty-two +artillery, and forty-eight thousand nine hundred and fifty infantry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Both Houses of Parliament voted their thanks to the army +with the greatest enthusiasm, “for its distinguished valour at +Waterloo;” and the following regiments engaged, also the +battalions to which they are now linked, but which took no +part in the battle, bear the word “<span class='sc'>Waterloo</span>” on their colours +and appointments, in commemoration of their distinguished +services on the 18th. of June, 1815, namely, 1st. and 2nd. Life +Guards, Royal Horse Guards, 1st. Dragoon Guards, 1st., 2nd., +6th., 7th., 10th., 11th., 12th., 13th., 15th., and 16th. Light +Dragoons, Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards, Scots Fusilier +Guards, 1st., 4th., 14th., 23rd., 27th., 28th., 30th., 32nd., 33rd., +40th., 42nd., 44th., 51st., 52nd., 69th., 71st., 73rd., 79th., and +92nd., Foot, Rifle Brigade, and Royal Artillery. Every subaltern +officer and soldier present in this battle, or in either of the +actions immediately preceding it, received permission to count +two years additional service.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The oft-mooted question as to the share taken in this momentous +contest by the Prussians, and to their presence on the +field in gaining the victory, must be met by the Duke’s +opinion, as expressed in his despatch:—“I should not do justice +to my own feelings, or to Marshal Blucher and the Prussian +<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>army, if I did not attribute the successful result of this +arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I received +from them. The operation of General Bulow upon the enemy’s +flank was a most decisive one; and, even if I had not found +myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the +final result, it would have forced the enemy to retire if his +attacks should have failed, and would have prevented him +from taking advantage of them if they should unfortunately +have succeeded.” There are, however, even now, some prejudiced +people, who exclaim, like Solomon Probity, in “The +Chimney Corner,” “Don’t tell me! it was Blucher as won +Waterloo.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The meeting of the Duke and Blucher at La Belle Alliance +after the battle is apocryphal. In the concluding volume of +the Wellington Dispatches, (page 332,) there is a letter to +Mr. Mudford, in which occurs the following passage in reference +to this and other mis-statements:—“Of these a remarkable instance +is to be found in the report of a meeting between +Marshal Blucher and me at La Belle Alliance; and some have +gone so far as to have seen the chair on which I sat down +in that farmhouse. It happens that the meeting took place +after ten at night, at the village of Genappe; and anybody +who attempts to describe with truth the operations of the different +armies will see that it could not be otherwise. In +truth, I was not off my horse till I returned to Waterloo, +between eleven and twelve at night.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following anecdote is illustrative of the effect produced +by the irresistible attack of the Life Guards:<a id='r70'></a><a href='#f70' class='c013'><sup>[70]</sup></a>—Immediately +after the first charge, while the Life Guards were pursuing +the French, three of their cuirassiers turned down a narrow +lane, with a view of escaping that way, and they were +pursued by Private John Johnson, of the 2nd. regiment. +There proved to be no thoroughfare at the end of the +road, when Johnson, though alone, attacked the three, and, +after a slight resistance, they surrendered themselves prisoners. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>Several instances of distinguished bravery displayed by individuals +of the Life Guards, have been recorded; amongst +others, Corporal Shaw and Private Godley, of the 2nd. +regiment. The former for his great prowess, and the number +of cuirassiers he slew; and the latter for a distinguished +act of bravery, namely, when his horse was killed, himself +wounded, and his helmet knocked off, bareheaded as he was, +he attacked a cuirassier, slew him, and mounted his horse. +Shaw was killed in the first charge. Godley lived several +years after, and a stone was erected to his memory by his +comrades in the burial ground of St. John’s Wood, London, +with appropriate devices and inscription. During the engagement +the Duke of Wellington came to the head of the +1st. regiment of Life Guards, and thanked the squadrons for +their gallant behaviour.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Colonel Ferrier, of the 1st. Life Guards, before he fell +had eleven times led his regiment to the charge. Several of +these charges were made after his head was laid open by a +sabre cut, and his body had been pierced by a lance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the heat of the conflict Captain Alexander Kennedy +Clark (now Lieutenant-General A. K. Clark Kennedy, C.B.) +commanding the centre squadron of the 1st. Royal Dragoons, +having led his men about two hundred yards beyond the +second hedge on the British left, perceived, in the midst of +a crowd of infantry, the eagle of the French 105th. regiment, +with which the bearer was endeavouring to escape to the +rear. Against this body of men Captain Clark instantly led +his squadron at full speed, and, plunging into the midst of +the crowd, overtook, and slew the French officer who carried +the eagle. Several men of the Royal Dragoons coming up +at the moment of its capture, Captain Clark gave the eagle +to Corporal Stiles, and ordered him to carry it to the rear. +The corporal was afterwards rewarded with an ensigncy in +the 6th. West India Regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Another eagle, that of the French 45th. regiment, was +captured by Sergeant Charles Ewart, of the 2nd. Royal North +British Dragoons. This gained for the gallant sergeant an +ensigncy in the 3rd. Royal Veteran Battalion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following is a remarkable instance of preservation:—Lieutenant +<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>George Doherty, of the 13th. Light Dragoons, +besides being severely wounded in the head, was struck by +a ball, which was stopped and flattened by the interposition +of his watch. He had taken out his watch to remark +the time, when the regiment was ordered to advance, and +not being able to return it, he put it into the breast of +his jacket, and thus, providentially, his life was saved.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In one of the charges made by the 28th. regiment at +Waterloo, a flag belonging to the 25th. French regiment was +taken by Private John O’Brien, of the eighth company, who +the moment after received a severe wound, which ultimately +occasioned the loss of his leg. The trophy, however, was +preserved, and sent to Major-General Sir James Kempt, who +commanded the division, when the regiment arrived at Paris.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the “Letters of Colonel Sir Augustus Simon Frazer, +K.C.B.,” commanding the Royal Horse Artillery in the army +under the Duke of Wellington, edited by Major-General Edward +Sabine, from which the above has been extracted, is this +allusion to Waterloo:—“Never was there a more bloody +affair, never so hot a fire. Bonaparte put in practice every +device of war. He tried us with artillery, with cavalry, and, +last of all, with infantry. The efforts of each were gigantic, +but the admirable talents of our Duke, seconded by such +troops as he commands, baffled every attempt.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>There is some difference of opinion as to the exact time the +battle commenced. In the “Life of Lord Hill,” by the Rev. +Edwin Sidney, A.M., occurs the following:—“In reading the +various accounts of this battle, it is curious to observe the +discrepancies as to the time it commenced. Lord Hill has, +however, settled this point. On arriving in London the autumn +after the conflict, he passed his first evening at the house of +his friend Lord Teignmouth. ‘Can you tell me,’ said Lord +Teignmouth, ‘at what time the action commenced?’ Lord Hill +replied, ‘I took two watches into action with me. On consulting +my stop-watch after the battle was over, I found that the first +gun was fired at ten minutes before twelve.’”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Captain Moorsom, in his “History of the 52nd. Light Infantry,” +gives the following characteristic account of the commencement +of the action:—“The night was wet and disagreeable, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>as usual before—the Duke of Wellington’s battles. As +the morning broke, between four and five o’clock, Captain +Diggle’s company of the 52nd., and two or three companies +of the 95th. Rifles, were sent into the enclosures of the village +of Merbe Braine, with their front towards Braine-le-Leud. At +twenty minutes past eleven a cannon-shot was fired. Diggle, +a cool old officer of the Peninsula, took out his watch, turned +to his subaltern Gawler, who was another of the same Peninsula +mould, and quietly remarked, ‘There it goes.’ The leaders, +in fact, had then opened the ball.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the “Life of Lord Hill,” before quoted, occurs the following +account of the final struggle:—“Sir Digby Mackworth, +who was on the staff of Lord Hill, has kindly communicated +what he witnessed of his General’s efforts at the grand crisis +of the day. ‘He placed himself,’ Sir Digby states, ‘at the +head of his Light Brigade, 52nd., 71st., and 95th., and charged +the flank of the Imperial Guard, as they were advancing against +our Guards. The Light Brigade was lying under the brow of +the hill, and gave and received volleys within half-pistol-shot +distance. Here Lord Hill’s horse was shot under him, and, +as he ascertained the next morning, was shot in five places. +The general was rolled over and severely bruised, but in the +<i>mêlée</i> this was unknown to us for about half an hour. We +knew not what was become of him; we feared he had been +killed; and none can tell you the heart-felt joy which we felt +when he rejoined us, not seriously hurt.’ When the tremendous +day was over, Lord Hill and his staff again re-occupied the +little cottage they left in the morning. His two gallant brothers, +Sir Robert Hill and Colonel Clement Hill, had been removed +wounded to Brussels; the party was, nevertheless, nine in +number. A soup made by Lord Hill’s servant, from two fowls, +was all their refreshment, after hours of desperate fighting +without a morsel of food. Lord Hill himself was bruised and +full of pain. All night long, the groans and shrieks of sufferers +were the chief sounds that met their ears. It was to +them all a night of the greatest misery. The men whom the +nations of Europe were about to welcome with acclamations, +and to entertain in palaces, could only exchange sigh for sigh +with each other in a wretched cottage. Such is war even to +the winners. May a gracious God soon make it to cease in +all the earth!”</p> + +<div id='i197fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_197fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Waterloo Medal</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The casualties amongst the officers of the British army, +(including the King’s German Legion,) amounted to one hundred +and thirty-nine killed, five hundred and eighty-five wounded, +and fifteen missing. The Hanoverian troops had twenty officers, +and three hundred and eight men killed, seventy-seven officers +and one thousand two hundred and forty-four men wounded. +The Brunswick troops had seven officers and one hundred and +forty-seven men killed, and twenty-six officers and four hundred +and thirty men wounded. The Nassau contingent had +five officers and two hundred and forty-nine men killed, and +nineteen officers and three hundred and seventy men wounded. +Numerous as these casualties were, those of the French far +exceeded them, amounting, according to the most correct calculations, +to about thirty thousand.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE WATERLOO MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>A medal was struck for this victory, which was conferred +on all present in the three actions of the 16th., 17th., and +18th. of June, 1815. In a letter from the Duke of Wellington +to the Duke of York, dated Orville, 28th. June, 1815, His +Grace wrote, “I would likewise beg leave to suggest to your +Royal Highness the expediency of giving to the non-commissioned +officers and soldiers engaged in the Battle of Waterloo a +medal. I am convinced it would have the best effect in the +army; and if that battle should settle our concerns, they will +well deserve it.” In a letter from His Grace to Earl Bathurst, +Secretary of State for the War Department, on the 17th. of +September, this passage occurs:—“I have long intended to +write to you about the medal for Waterloo. I recommended +that we should all have the same medal, hung to the same +ribbon as that now used with the medals.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Waterloo Medal has on the obverse the laureated head +of the Prince Regent, inscribed <span class='sc'>George P. Regent</span>; on the +reverse is Victory, seated on a pedestal, holding the palm in +the right hand, and the olive branch in the left. Above the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>figure of Victory is the name of the illustrious commander +<span class='sc'>Wellington</span>, and under it the word <span class='sc'>Waterloo</span>, with the date +of the battle, June 18th., 1815. This figure evidently owes its +origin to the ancient Greek coin represented in the accompanying +engraving. A specimen of the coin is preserved in +the British Museum. The name, rank, and regiment of the +officer or soldier were engraved round the edge<a id='r71'></a><a href='#f71' class='c013'><sup>[71]</sup></a> of the +medal, which was to be suspended from the button-hole of +the uniform to the ribbon authorized for the military medals, +namely, crimson with blue edges. In the “London Gazette,” +of the 23rd. of April, 1816, was published the following +official notification:—</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c025'> + <div><span class='sc'>Memorandum.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“Horse Guards, March 10th., 1816.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c015'>“The Prince Regent has been graciously pleased, in the +name and on the behalf of His Majesty, to command, that in +commemoration of the brilliant and decisive victory of Waterloo, +a medal should be conferred on every officer, non-commissioned +officer, and soldier of the British Army, present upon that +memorable occasion.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“His Royal Highness has further been pleased to command, +that the ribbon issued with the medal, shall never be worn +but with the medal suspended to it.</p> + +<p class='c015'>“By command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent;</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in16'><span class='sc'>Frederick</span>, Commander-in-Chief.</div> + <div class='line'><span class='sc'>H. Torrens</span>, Major-General and Military Secretary.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_b_198.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p><span class='sc'>Coin of Elis</span>, about 450, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The distinction for Waterloo became the more valuable, from +the fact that there was only one ribbon and one medal for all +ranks of the army, from the Commander of the Forces to the +youngest drummer.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 35th., 54th., 59th., and 91st. regiments forming the +brigade of Sir Charles Colville, which was detached, were +granted the medal, but these regiments do not bear “Waterloo” +on their colours.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Prince Regent also ordered that medals should be given +to the Brunswickers who survived the actions of the 16th., +17th., and 18th. of June. This medal, of bronze, was made +from the captured guns. Obverse, bust of Duke Frederick +William, who fell at Quatre Bras, with the legend, “Friedrich +Wilhelm Herzog.” Reverse, the date 1815, within a wreath +of oak and laurel; legend, “Braunschweig Seinen Kriegern—Quatre +Bras and Waterloo,” the ribbon yellow, with a light +blue border.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Hanoverian troops present at Waterloo, received a +silver medal. Obverse, laureated head of the Prince Regent, +with the legend, “George Prinz Regent, 1815.” Reverse, +“Waterloo, June 18th.,” above which is a military trophy, +below, laurel branches; legend, “Hannoverscher Tapferkeit.” +Ribbon, red with blue border.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To the soldiers of the Duchy of Nassau, a small silver +medal was awarded, worn with a dark blue ribbon, yellow +edge.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE CAPE OR SOUTH AFRICA MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the 22nd. of November, 1854, a general order was +issued, announcing that the Queen had been pleased to command +that a medal should be prepared, “to commemorate the +success of her Majesty’s Forces in the wars in which they were +engaged against the Kaffirs, in the years 1834–5, 1846–7, and +in the period between the 24th. of December, 1850, and the +6th. of February, 1853; one of which was to be conferred on +every surviving officer, non-commissioned officer, and soldier +of the regular forces, including the officers of the staff, and +the officers and men of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>and Sappers and Miners, who actually served in the field +against the enemy in South Africa, at the periods alluded to, +excluding those who may have been dismissed for subsequent +misconduct, or who have deserted and are absent.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The obverse has the Queen’s head, with the inscription +<span class='sc'>Victoria Regina</span>. On the reverse is the lion crouching under +a shrub, above which are the words <span class='sc'>South Africa</span>, and +beneath the year “1853.” The ribbon is orange, with dark +blue stripes. No clasp was granted with this medal for any +of the actions fought during the campaigns between 1834, +and 1853. The same medal, or rather one similar, with the +substitution of crossed assegais and a shield in the exergue, +instead of the date 1853 (ribbon the same), was given for +the campaigns in Kaffraria, Basutoland, and Zululand; +against the Galekas and Gaikas 1877–78, the Griquas 1878, +Basutos 1879, Zulus 1879, and Sekukuni 1878–79. The dates +of the campaigns are given on the only clasp issued.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_200.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAMPAIGNS IN SOUTH AFRICA.<br> <span class='c016'>1834–5.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The aggressions of the Kaffir tribes, which were divided +into three nations, the Amapondas, the Tambookies, and the +Amakosa, about this time assumed a formidable and an +atrocious character before unknown. The colonial boundary +extended, on one side, to the Keiskamma; but a chief named +Macomo had been permitted to reside within the British +territory. Owing to some outrages committed by him and his +followers on the Tambookies, he was deprived of the lands +he held by sufferance in the British territory. His expulsion, +however, was not strictly enforced until 1833, when he was +removed beyond the boundary, and he became violently incensed +against the government. The predatory habits of the +Kaffirs also led to disputes when the British were searching +for stolen property, and the lenity observed towards the aggressors, +emboldened them to become more violent in their +attacks. Towards the end of 1834, multitudes of Kaffirs rushed +into the colony, and commenced the work of murder, rapine, +and devastation by fire amongst the settlers. The ruins of +once flourishing farms spoke of savage vengeance. Graham’s +Town was barricaded, and the houses turned into fortifications. +Troops were ordered to the frontier, and preparations were +made to carry hostilities into the heart of Kaffirland, to visit +with necessary chastisement these aggressions, and to take +measures to prevent the recurrence of similar outrages.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The forces which were assembled for operations beyond +the eastern frontier, were distributed into four divisions. The +first division, (with which were the head-quarters of the Commander-in-Chief, +Major-General Sir Benjamin D’Urban, K.C.B.,) +was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Peddie, K.H., of the +72nd. Highlanders, and consisted of two guns Royal Artillery, +a detachment of Cape Mounted Riflemen, 72nd. Highlanders, +first battalion Provisional Infantry, and the Swellendam Burgher +Force. The second was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel +Somerset, K.H., and was composed of two guns Royal Artillery, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>Cape Mounted Riflemen, (head-quarter division,) the George, +Uitenhage, and the Albany Burgher Forces. The third, commanded +by Major Cox, of the 75th. regiment, consisted of two +guns Royal Artillery, detachment Cape Mounted Riflemen, second +battalion Provisional Infantry, detachment Swellendam Burgher +Force, Beaufort Burgher Force, and the Kat River Legion. +The fourth, under Field Commandant Van Wyk, consisted of +the Somerset Burgher Force.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Colonel Smith, C.B., (afterwards the celebrated Sir Harry +Smith, of Aliwal,) was appointed second in command, continuing +at the same time in the performance of his duties as +Chief of the Staff to the United Regular and Burgher Forces; +on the 26th. of March, 1835, he led a well-directed inroad into +the enemy’s country; the Buffalo Mountains were penetrated, +and the combined and successive operations in Kaffirland were +eminently successful, numerous heads of cattle, the great wealth +of the enemy, being captured.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 24th. of April, 1835, it was declared that the +troops were in a state of hostility with the Kaffir tribes of +the Chief Hintza, but it was decided that no kraals or huts +should be burnt, and that the gardens and cornfields should +be foraged in a regular manner.<a id='r72'></a><a href='#f72' class='c013'><sup>[72]</sup></a> The operations of the +troops were so successful that Hintza sued for peace, which +was concluded personally with that chief by the end of the +month.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To give some idea of the difficulties inseparable from these +campaigns, it may be sufficient to state that in the expedition +beyond the mouth of the Bashee, Colonel Smith, with his +force, composed of detachments of the 72nd., Cape Mounted +Riflemen, and some colonial levies, in seven days marched +two hundred and eighteen miles, overcame all opposition, +crossed and re-crossed this large river, of very difficult banks, +and brought off from its further side three thousand head +of cattle, which had been plundered from the colony, besides +<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>rescuing from destruction a thousand of the Fingo race, who +would have fallen a sacrifice to the Kaffirs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The difficult and laborious service of conducting the British +missionaries and traders, with their families and effects, +(previously brought in from the Bashee by Captain Warden,) +the Fingo nation, amounting to more than ten thousand +souls, from the eastern side of the Kei, into the colonial +border, was accomplished by Colonel Somerset, with the second +division.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is a singular fact that the tribes were found to possess +many guns, but without ammunition, and strenuous exertions +were used to prevent gunpowder being conveyed beyond the +boundary of the eastern frontier by importers and retail +dealers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major William Cox, of the 75th. regiment, made a very +successful series of operations in the mountains of the Chumie, +Amatola, and Keiskamma range during the end of July, and +beginning of August, 1835, which resulted in an interview +with Macomo and other chiefs, when a provisional cessation +of hostilities was agreed upon.<a id='r73'></a><a href='#f73' class='c013'><sup>[73]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>During September some effectual excursions were made by +Lieutenants Moultrie and Bingham, of the 75th., which +caused them to be thanked in orders by the Commander-in-Chief +at the Cape, (Major-General Sir Benjamin D’Urban, K.C.B.,) +who also therein praised the cool and soldier-like conduct of +Private Thomas Quin, of that regiment, on the 15th. of +that month.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Peace was not finally concluded until the following year. +On the 8th. of August, 1836, a despatch was received at the +Cape, from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, communicating +to the troops employed in the Kaffir war, that “It +affords His Majesty high gratification to observe that in this +new form of warfare, His Majesty’s forces have exhibited +their characteristic courage, discipline, and cheerful endurance +of fatigue and of privations.”—(Signed) <span class='sc'>Glenelg</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 27th., 72nd., 75th., and Cape Mounted Riflemen, were +the regiments employed during this campaign.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span> + <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Second Kaffir War</span>, 1846–1847.</h3> +</div> + +<p class='c020'>From the numerous outrages upon life and property that had +for some time been perpetrated by the Gaika Kaffirs on the +settlers located along the frontier, the Government declared +war against them in the beginning of April, 1846.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The force with which it was proposed to invade Kaffirland +was organised into two divisions; one was placed under the +command of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Richardson, (now Major-General +Richardson-Robertson,) of the 7th. Dragoon Guards, +and consisted of the following detail:—Three troops of the 7th. +Dragoon Guards, part of the reserve battalion of the 91st. regiment, +two guns of the Royal Artillery, and one company of +the Cape Mounted Riflemen. The second division was placed +under the command of Colonel H. Somerset, of the Cape +Mounted Riflemen, and consisted of one troop of the 7th. +Dragoon Guards, two guns of the Royal Artillery, two companies +of the 91st., and the head-quarters of the Cape Mounted +Riflemen. The total strength of the British force, including +cavalry, infantry, and artillery, did not amount to more than +seven hundred men; whilst it was to be expected that the +whole of the Gaika Kaffirs would join in resisting the invasion +of their country. There were supposed to be upon good +authority nearly sixty thousand fighting men, a considerable +portion being armed with muskets.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Captain Bambrick, of the 7th. Dragoon Guards, fell early in +the operations, namely, on the 16th. of April, 1846. This officer +in the eager pursuit of the Kaffirs, was decoyed into an almost +impenetrable jungle, where a shower of balls was discharged +at his party, and he was killed. Captain Rawstorne and Lieutenant +H. D. Cochrane, of the 91st. regiment, were wounded, +the latter dangerously. Of so entangled a nature was the bush, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>that several of the swords of the men were torn out of the +scabbards by its thorny branches. Captain Sandes, of the Cape +Mounted Riflemen, was killed three days afterwards.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Peregrine Maitland arrived from Port Victoria in April, +and a general order, dated Block Drift, 20th. April, 1846, was +issued, in which he congratulated Colonel Somerset and the +officers and troops under his orders, on the chastisement of the +enemy, which closed the operations of the 18th. of April. The +movement on Block Drift had been successfully effected by the +combined force with little loss, in the presence of an enemy +of many times its numerical amount, through a harassing +country, and against persevering attempts to impede its march.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Kaffirs were no longer the same foe as on former occasions, +when they were chiefly armed with native weapons, +but at this period they had become more formidable, from a +great increase of numbers, a considerable mounted force, and +especially through possessing firearms, an acquisition particularly +adapted to their entangled country.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Colonel Somerset, with the second division, after a series of +successful movements, discovered and fell in with the enemy +in two considerable bodies, on the 8th. of June, in the neighbourhood +of the Gaika and Gwanga streams, when he attacked +and routed them, killing two hundred, and capturing one hundred +firelocks, twenty horses, and large quantities of assagais, +besides securing two prisoners. This was effected with a loss +of two men killed, and three officers and sixteen men wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It being considered desirable to amalgamate the troops and +Burgher forces, which were assembling, they were formed into +two divisions, the first under the orders of Colonel Hare, C.B., +and the second under Colonel Somerset, K.H.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Immediately after the troops moving to Block Drift, the +Kaffirs entered the colonies in large bodies, and committed +great destruction of life and property. To impede the operations +of the British, the enemy burnt the grass everywhere +along the line of march, and from the long and unusual +drought, it became so dry that they readily effected their +object. Active operations were however brought to a successful +termination in October, the Chief Sandilli, together with his +brother, and eighty of his followers, having surrendered. The +closing services were rendered the more arduous by the constant +inclemency of the weather to which the troops were exposed. +The columns of attack against Sandilli were commanded by +Lieutenant-Colonel Buller, of the first battalion of the Rifle +Brigade, and by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, of the reserve +battalion of the 91st. regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith, Bart., G.C.B., who +had highly distinguished himself in India, and had previously +seen so much service at the Cape, was appointed Governor, +High Commissioner, and Commander-in-Chief of the forces in +the Colony, the duties of which he assumed on the 17th. of +December, 1847.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During this long and protracted desultory warfare great +fatigue and exertions had been undergone with the characteristic +heroism of the British soldier, and the humanity and +forbearance displayed by him towards the fickle, treacherous, +and revengeful enemy, were as conspicuous as his bravery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following corps shared in this campaign:—7th. Dragoon +Guards, Royal Artillery, Engineers, and Sappers and Miners, +6th., 27th., 45th., 73rd., 90th., and 91st. regiments; the Rifle +Brigade (1st. battalion,) and Cape Mounted Riflemen.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span> + <h3 class='c019'><span class='sc'>Third Kaffir War</span>, 1850–1853.</h3> +</div> + +<p class='c020'>Some years of peace resulted, but the Kaffir tribes stifling +their resentment for a time, at length determined to venture +again on hostilities. Sir Harry Smith hearing of their designs, +immediately summoned a meeting of the chiefs, which was +attended by several, but Sandilli, who was regarded as their +king, did not appear, whereupon he was outlawed; this occasioned +a general rising, and operations for the purpose of +securing Sandilli were at once commenced in the Keiskamma +River by Colonel Mackinnon, who left Fort Cox on the 24th. +of December, 1850, with a force of six hundred men, composed +of three hundred and twenty-one of the 6th. and 73rd. regiments, +one hundred and seventy-four of the Cape Mounted +Riflemen, and about one hundred of the Kaffir Police. The +<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>Kaffirs attacked these troops in the Keiskamma defile, and it +was with difficulty that he succeeded in reaching Fort Cox. +Sir Harry Smith’s position at Fort Cox, too, had become critical, +being hemmed in by numbers of the enemy; while Colonel +Somerset, in his endeavour to succour him from Fort Hare, +had been driven back on the 29th., after a hard contest, in +which the small body of regular troops made a gallant but +unavailing resistance. Lieutenants Melvin and Gordon, (adjutant,) +of the 91st. regiment, were killed in action on the 29th. +of December.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Governor at the head of a flying escort, escaped from +Fort Cox, and arrived at King William’s Town, at which place +his head-quarters became established. Flushed by the advantages +which the knowledge of their native fastnesses afforded +the Kaffirs, and which made them almost a match for disciplined +troops, they ravaged the country, and committed great +depredations. It would be wearisome to detail all the skirmishes +that occurred; the only warfare that could be adopted +against an enemy who avoided concentration, or to encounter +his opponents in open fight, was to continually harass them in +their strongholds; but the force at the Cape was numerically +insufficient for the contest. In these campaigns the great +object was to carry on operations rapidly, and at a distant +point, which made the fatigue excessive.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 3rd. of January, 1851, Fort White +was attacked in force by the Kaffirs, in four bodies, but +they were driven back, with great loss, by the garrison under +Captain Mansergh, of the 6th. Foot.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A sharp action was fought, on the 21st. of January, between +about six thousand Kaffirs, who hemmed in Fort Hare and +the adjacent Fingo village of Alice, and the troops which +garrisoned that post, under Major Somerset. The Fingoes +were formerly held in subjection by the Kaffirs; but being +relieved by the war of 1836, they afterwards proved friendly +to the British, and behaved with great determination.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops, serving upon the frontier and in British Kaffraria, +were in February, 1851, formed into two divisions designated +the first and second. The first was under Major-General +Somerset, and the second under Colonel Mackinnon; and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>combined operations were carried out by these officers, in +order to clear the Chumie Hoek of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About the end of May an insurrection broke out amongst +the Hottentots in Lower Albany, and Major-General Somerset +proceeded from Graham’s Town with a portion of the 74th. +Highland Regiment, which had recently arrived at the Cape. +A desperate encounter took place on the 3rd. of June, and two +days afterwards the stronghold of the insurgents were surrounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Somerset commenced his operations in the +Amatola Mountains on the 26th. of June, 1851. The gallant +attack made by the 74th., under Lieutenant-Colonel Fordyce, +upon the enemy’s position on the 28th. of that month, which +was carried, received special commendation.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Colonel Mackinnon had proceeded from King William’s +Town on the 24th. of June, with a force of two thousand +and fifty-five men, composed of three hundred and thirty-seven +of the 6th. Foot, four hundred and twenty of the 73rd., +forty-seven of the Royal Marines, one hundred and twenty +of the Cape Mounted Riflemen, and the rest consisting of +colonial levies. During the course of his operations the +troops under Major-General Somerset were seen scouring the +ridges between the Amatola and Wolf Valley. These combined +movements harassed the enemy at all points and were +fully successful. In September, a force proceeded under Colonel +Mackinnon to the Fish River Bush. The 2nd. Foot, on the +9th. of that month, sustained in these fastnesses a severe loss, +Captain Oldham, four sergeants, and nineteen men being killed +in action, and four corporals and nineteen privates wounded. +During the month, this regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel +Burns, which had just arrived at the seat of war, lost +five sergeants and thirty-two men killed and died of wounds.<a id='r74'></a><a href='#f74' class='c013'><sup>[74]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>From the 14th. of October to the 8th. of November, 1851, +the troops were employed in the operations in the Waterkloof. +The plan comprised a series of attacks on the mountain +<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>fastnesses of the Kromme range, Waterkloof, Fuller’s Hock, +and other heights, wherein Macomo determined to await the +approach of the British. The scouring of the various ravines +was carried out, the inclemency of the weather adding to the +natural difficulties of the place. During these operations +Lieutenant-Colonel Fordyce, the beloved commanding officer +of the 74th., was killed on the 6th. of November.<a id='r75'></a><a href='#f75' class='c013'><sup>[75]</sup></a> The regiment +also lost Lieutenants Carey and Gordon and many men, +among them some who were taken prisoners, and who were +subjected by the Kaffirs to the most horrible tortures.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre effected the passage of the Kei +in December, 1851. Here occurred the first instance during +the war of the enemy throwing obstacles in fords, and constructing +breastworks; the Kaffirs ingeniously heaped large +stones together in the river, and erected a number of stone +breastworks, one above the other, forming a somewhat formidable +flank defence against musketry. The troops were six +weeks in the field without a single blanket, and without +tents. Lieutenant-Colonel Pole, of the 12th. Lancers, Lieutenant-Colonel +Napier, Major Somerset, and Captain Bramly, +of the Cape Mounted Riflemen, were specially noticed in general +orders. Other operations followed, and the Kaffir chiefs of +the Gaikas and Seyolo sued for peace, but declining to comply +with the proffered terms, the troops, in seven columns, were +directed to penetrate the Amatolas, and the country of Seyolo +and other chiefs, on the left bank of the Keiskamma.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In March Major-General Somerset conducted operations in +the Waterkloof, and Lieutenant-Colonel (now Major-General Sir +<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>John) Michel carried the Iron Mountain with the bayonet, +despite a spirited opposition. Lieutenant-Colonel Perceval and +Major Armstrong, in two divisions, on the 10th., attacked the +strong position of the Chief Stock in the Fish River Bush, and +after a sharp conflict, drove the enemy from every point.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Reinforcements had been sent from England to the Cape, +but, owing to the wreck of the “Birkenhead,” nine officers +and three hundred and forty-nine men, out of fifteen officers +and four hundred and seventy-six men (the total number embarked) +perished.<a id='r76'></a><a href='#f76' class='c013'><sup>[76]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Attacks were also carried out by Lieutenant-Colonels Eyre +and Perceval, (Macomo’s den being carried by the former,) +the result of which was that the Kaffirs were driven from +all their strongholds in the Amatolos. Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre’s +pursuit of the enemy with his herds across the Kei, was pronounced +by Sir Harry Smith to be one of the most enterprising +and successful forays of the campaign, in which Major Armstrong, +of the Cape Mounted Riflemen, and Captains Cureton +and Oakes, of the 12th. Lancers, greatly distinguished themselves.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George Cathcart +<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>relieved Sir Harry Smith in the command at the Cape, in +April, in which month five hundred Minié muskets were +placed at the disposal of the troops in South Africa; these +were equally distributed at six per company; the six best +marksmen, being men of trust and intelligence, in each company +were selected, and were termed “marksmen.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General York, (now Lieutenant-General Sir Charles +Yorke, G.C.B., and recently Military Secretary at the Horse +Guards,) a Peninsula and Waterloo veteran, commanding the +second division of the army acting in British Kaffraria, having +obtained reliable information as to the movements and position +of the permanent Laager of the rebel Hottentots, who associated +with the hostile Kaffirs, had committed great outrages, +made his arrangements at the moment when they were +all at home, for a combined attack on the Buffalo Mountains, +with a portion of the 43rd. and 73rd. regiments, and other +troops of the brigade of Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre. This disposable +force proceeded from the post occupied by the latter +in the centre of the Amatolas. A similar movement was +made by a force consisting of parts of the 6th. and 60th. +regiments, and certain levies, under Lieutenant-Colonel Michel, +issuing from King William’s Town. On the morning of the +20th. of June, the columns, one from the north, and the other +from the south, approached Murray’s Krantz nearly simultaneously. +The intricacies and difficulties inseparable from the +rugged and densely wooded forests were surmounted; and although +the enemy attempted a stand on several occasions, yet +they were driven headlong over the Krantz with severe loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Forays still continued. Lieutenant-General Sir George Cathcart, +in July, moved with three columns upon the Waterkloof; +the enemy appeared in considerable numbers, but offered only +a faint resistance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In August, when Major-General Somerset was placed on +the staff in India, Colonel (now Major-General) Sir George +Buller was appointed to the command of the first division, +and that of the first battalion of the Rifle Brigade devolved +on Major (now Sir Alfred) Horsford.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A force of four guns and three thousand troops were collected +in September, for the purpose of finally clearing the Waterkloof +<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>and adjacent fastnesses. Each night the troops bivouacked on +the ground of their operations, and the following day pursued +the arduous task of searching for, and clearing the forests and +krantzes of, the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This protracted struggle was now drawing to a termination; +in November the troops marched into the Orange River territory, +and on the 20th of December were engaged with the +Basutos, under their chief Moshesh, at the Berea. The contest +lasted from early in the morning until eight o’clock at night, +when the enemy, with a force of about six thousand well-armed +horsemen, under considerable organization, were defeated and +driven from the field; after repeatedly assailing the troops at +every point, with such severe loss, as to be compelled to sue +for peace.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Hostilities shortly afterwards terminated, peace being proclaimed +on the 12th. of March, 1853; the result of these exertions +was the final clearance of the Waterkloof, Fish River, and all +the other strongholds of the Kaffirs within the colony; the +surrender of the chiefs Sandilli, Macomo, and the Gaika people, +who had been expelled from all their former territories, including +the Amatolas,—that troublesome race being removed to +the banks of the Kei. The Basutos, Tambookies, and other +tribes were completely subdued, and the Hottentot rebellion +was extinguished.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the words of Sir George Cathcart,—“The Field of Glory +opened to them in a Kaffir war and Hottentot rebellion, is +possibly not so favourable and exciting as that which regular +warfare with an open enemy in the field affords, yet the unremitting +exertions called for in hunting well-armed yet skulking +savages through the bush, and driving them from their innumerable +strongholds, are perhaps more arduous than those required +in regular warfare, and call more constantly for individual +exertion and intelligence.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General the Honourable George Cathcart, and +Major-General Henry Somerset, C.B., were appointed Knights +Commanders of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath; and +Lieutenant-Colonels William Eyre, of the 73rd. regiment, John +Michel, of the 6th. Foot, Charles Cooke Yarborough, 91st. +regiment, John Maxwell Perceval, of the 12th. Foot, and George +Thomas Conolly Napier, late Lieutenant-Colonel of the Cape +Mounted Riflemen, to be Companions of the above Order. +Colonel Eyre was also appointed aide-de-camp to the Queen, +with the rank of Colonel in the army.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During this campaign the troops employed were the +12th. Lancers, Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, and Sappers +and Miners, 2nd., 6th., 12th., 43rd., 45th., Royal Marines, +60th., (2nd. battalion,) 73rd., 74th., 91st., Rifle Brigade, (1st. +battalion,) and the Cape Mounted Riflemen.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GALEKAS AND GAIKAS,<br> <span class='c016'>1877–78.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Kaffraria and Basutoland lie to the eastward of Cape +Colony. The Fingoes and Gaikas occupy the portion called +British Kaffraria, or sometimes the Ciskei, and the Galekas, +Griquas, Pondos, and other tribes, the Transkei, or Kaffraria +proper. The Fingoes, whose name signifies “dogs,” had always +been persecuted by the other tribes, and had been since +1835, under British protection. They are a peaceable race, +wealthy in cattle, and in time of war are staunch allies, fighting +always on the British side. The Galekas led by their chief Kreli, +and the Gaikas under their chief Sandilli, mortal enemies of the +Fingoes, who were formerly their slaves, and envying their prosperity +resolved on attacking them, in hope of an easy conquest +and plenty of plunder. The old Cape Mounted Rifles having +been disbanded in July, 1877, the only Colonial force was the +Frontier Mounted Police, little more than three hundred strong, +with three field pieces, commanded by Charles Griffiths, an old +British officer. On September 25th., 1877, a body of about five +thousand Galekas, crossed the frontier, and fiercely attacked +the Fingoes (about one thousand five hundred strong) and a +small party of the Mounted Police, at a place called Guadana; +but after a sharp contest, were repulsed with loss. A few +days after, about eight thousand Galekas attacked the fortified +station of Ibeka, held by Commandant Griffiths, with a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>handful of men, three seven-pounders, and about two thousand +Fingoes. After a series of determined assaults, from ten in +the morning till five in the afternoon, the enemy disheartened +by their enormous losses gave up the contest and retreated. +General Sir Arthur Cunningham, commander-in-chief of the +forces in South Africa, a Crimean veteran, now assumed +the chief command. Detachments of the 24th. and 88th. +regiments were sent to the front, volunteers were enrolled for +active service, and Commandant Griffiths, with three thousand +Europeans, and five thousand Fingoes led by European officers, +were ordered to invade Kreli’s country. Griffiths with two +guns advanced, and after an action in which the Galekas lost +one thousand five hundred men, captured and burnt Kreli’s +kraal, but was compelled to fall back for want of supplies. +The enemy were well armed with muskets and assagies, and +fought with much determination. After a smart skirmish +at Umzintzani, in December, the General resolved to cross +the river Kei with all available force. The 88th. Connaught +Rangers were ordered to the front, fifty men of the 24th. +regiment were mounted as cavalry, and their band were +utilized as gunners. On December 26th., the column started, +the centre under Colonel Glynn, the right under Major Hopton, +the left under Captain Upcher of the 24th. Each column +had a gun or two, and to each was attached a small +Naval Brigade, from H. M. S. “Active” and “Florence,” some +of the Mounted Police, and one thousand Fingoes. Information +being received that the Galekas now joined by the Gaikas of +Sandilli, were concentrating in strength near the Kei river, +Colonel Glynn, joined the Quintana Column, commanded by +Major Owen of the 88th. at a place called Nynnuxa, and immediately +advanced against the enemy. Colonel Glynn took +command, Major Owen leading his column, which was in the first +line, and Captain Upcher the second. In the centre were the +guns, under Lieutenant Kell, and a rocket party of blue jackets +under Lieutenant Maine, R.E. After a very sharp action, the +enemy terrified by the execution done among them by the +rockets, and the Martini-Henry rifles, (this being almost the +first time they were used) broke and fled, leaving four chiefs +of rank among the slain. The enemy then collected in great +<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>numbers in the Chickaba Valley, which is about thirteen miles +long, and covered with a dense bush, so thick in some places as +to render any movement all but impossible. On January 14th., +1878, two columns, the right under Colonel Lambert, and the +left under Major Brown, both of the 88th. regiment, left +Komgha, to attack Chickaba. The enemy for a time showed +a bold front, but were shelled and driven out of the valley, +and a vast number of their sheep and cattle taken. Soon +after, another large body of Galekas and Gaikas, about four +thousand, under Kreli and Sandilli, were repulsed with great +loss in an attack upon Quintana, by the column of Colonel +Glynn. The enemy fought bravely, and withstood and returned +a heavy fire of rifles, rockets, and case shot for twenty minutes, +at a distance of five hundred yards, but after this defeat they +never again appeared in bodies in the field. On the day of +the victory at Quintana, another was gained by Commandant +Griffiths over a chief called Gongabele, who occupied the most +difficult position in the country, and one which the Kaffirs had +held during the last war, in spite of all efforts made to dispossess +them. This position was carried, and the enemy routed, with +the loss of five only of the attacking party. Soon after this, the +90th. Perthshire regiment with a field battery arrived from +England, and on February 25th, Sir Arthur Cunningham was +superseded in the command of the Army by General Thesiger, +better known as Lord Chelmsford, as he succeeded to the title +on the death of his father a few months later. Sandilli with +a large number of his tribe assembled in the Perie Bush on +the Amatola Mountains, in February, 1878, was defeated by a +column under the command of Colonel (now Sir Evelyn +Wood), who also made another successful attack upon the +enemy at Intaba Indodo, April 30th. In these affairs Major +Buller of the 60th. Rifles (now General Sir Redvers Buller V.C.), +much distinguished himself. After a few more skirmishes, the +war was ended, Sandilli<a id='r77'></a><a href='#f77' class='c013'><sup>[77]</sup></a> was killed, and Kreli had previously +surrendered. On June 28th., 1878, an amnesty was proclaimed +for all except the sons of the first-named chief; and the +Gaikas were removed to new settlements beyond the River Kei.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GRIQUAS, 1878.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>While the war was still raging in Kaffraria, disturbances +arose in Griqualand West, to the northward of the Orange +river. The Griquas are a mixed race, descended from the Dutch +Colonists, and the original Hottentot inhabitants. About seventeen +years before, they had emigrated from Cape Colony to +the territory named from them Griqualand, of which Colonel +Owen Lanyon, of the 2nd. West India Regiment was Governor, +at the time the revolt against British Authority broke out. +This insurrection was suppressed by the Colonial forces alone, +after several sharp engagements, with a hardy foe, armed with +muskets, and skilled in their use. On June 11th. their stronghold +was attacked, and carried after a contest of six hours, by +a force under Inspector Nisbett; and a large number of cattle, +sheep, and horses were captured. In June and July several +skirmishes took place, in all but one of which the Griquas +were worsted, with heavy loss in men, and cattle. On July 20th., +1878, they again suffered a severe defeat, soon after which an +Amnesty was proclaimed, and the war ended.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>THE BASUTO WAR, 1879–80.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Amnesty had scarcely been proclaimed among the +Griquas, before a far more formidable conflict began with the +Basutos, who had been at peace with the British since the +action at Berea 1852. In 1868, Basutoland was declared to be +a portion of Cape Colony, and this was confirmed by an Act +of the local Parliament in 1871. The Basutos are divided into +tribes, and at this time were supposed to number about one +hundred and fifty thousand. The troubles began with an old +<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>warrior called Moirosi, and his son Dodo, chief of a tribe +known as the Baphutis; who resisted the payment of a hut +tax, which they had agreed to pay, in return for the protection +of the Government. After a trifling skirmish with the Cape +Mounted Rifles, Moirosi and his people retired to an almost +inaccessible mountain near the Orange River, which some time +before he had strongly fortified and provisioned, and now +believed to be impregnable. Three sides of this mountain +were perpendicular, and the fourth was protected by a series +of walls, and traverses from eight to ten feet high, loopholed +for musketry. The Baphutis were excellent marksmen, artillery +proved useless against their traverses, and Moirosi for nine +months defied the whole forces of the Colony. Several gallant +attacks in this stronghold were repulsed, but at length an old +brass mortar obtained from the Cape Town Museum, made +such havoc among the defenders, by the shells thrown from +it over their walls, and exploding behind them, that the place +was stormed with but little loss, and Moirosi was among the +slain. Dodo escaped, but the Baphutis were decimated; the +fortifications were blown up, and the mountain abandoned to +its pristine solitude.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An Act for the disarming of the native tribes, kindled the +flames of war fiercer than ever. The musket of a Basuto is +dearer to him than wealth, wife, or child, and he will consent +to part with it, only when reduced to the last extremity. The +Colonial Government had made a great error in allowing +firearms to be sold to the natives, “but blinded by a desire +to secure cheap labour,” about four hundred thousand muskets +and rifles, many of them breechloaders, had been conveyed into +the country. The Basutos proved themselves to be admirable +horsemen; very skilful in the construction of stone defences, +and fought with much more courage and daring than had +been expected. The Imperial troops in the Colony in 1879, +were the 3rd. Buffs 2nd. battalion, 1st. battalion of the 13th. +(Somersetshire Light Infantry), 1st. battalion 24th. (Warwickshire +Regt.), and some Artillery, but other regiments soon arrived from +England, and before the war was ended, the Imperial and +Colonial forces in the field amounted to fifteen thousand men. +Early in the contest, the Basutos till that time considered loyal, +joined their countrymen, and the Tambookies, a tribe numbering +over ninety thousand, also helped to swell the ranks of the rebels. +In fact, the whole of the native tribes were in a state of +dissatisfaction and ferment, and a racial war seemed to be +imminent. The Frontier Armed Police, which had been changed +into the Cape Mounted Rifles, about six hundred and fifty +strong, under Colonels Carrington and Bayley, were the first +in the field, but their numbers were too few to act with effect +against the overwhelming force of the enemy. The first +skirmish was with the followers of a rebel chief named +Letherodi. The Rifles routed the enemy, but the latter being +strongly reinforced, surrounded and besieged the Colonial troops +at a place called Matafeng, which they made desperate attempts +to carry by storm. Their attacks failed, and Matafeng was +relieved by a force under Colonel Clarke. Colonel Bayley was +surrounded at Maseru, in October, but after several hours +fighting, the Basutos retreated. On November 10th. Colonel +Carrington severely defeated the enemy at Golah Mountain, +and the war afterwards was little more than a succession of +skirmishes; in which a few hundreds of white men with native +allies more or less doubtful, withstood the onset of thousands +of Kaffirs, repelling their attempts to beleaguer them, and +routing them in the open field, generally with great loss, with +wonderfully few casualties among themselves. Some of the rebel +chiefs were slain, others fled, and Letherodi who was one of +the principal instigators of the revolt, was anxious to submit to +the Government. In April 1881, a treaty of peace, and general +amnesty was proclaimed, by which the Basutos gained nearly +all they demanded before the commencement of the war.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE ZULU WAR, 1879.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Zululand lies to the north-east of Natal, and its inhabitants +are the most warlike of all the Kaffir tribes. Chaka, who became +chief of the Zulus in 1810, established a military despotism, +which converted the whole manhood of the tribe into a disciplined +army, obedient to the will of one man. These warriors +<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>in battle fought with desperation, as on their return from an expedition, +all cowards were ruthlessly massacred. Chaka found +the Zulus a pastoral unimportant clan, and left them the most +martial native race in South Africa. In 1828 this ferocious chief +was assassinated by his brother Dingaan, who succeeded him. +Dingaan, who did not possess the military ability of his brother, +waged an exterminating war against the Boers; but at length +being utterly defeated by them under Andreas Pretorius, in 1840 +he fled for refuge among the Swazies, who received and murdered +him. His brother Panda, who had revolted against Dingaan +with a portion of the tribe and joined the Dutch, was then proclaimed +King of the Zulus, and wisely preferring trading to +warfare, continued on friendly terms with the Boers and the +English till his death in 1872. Panda was succeeded by his son +Cetewayo, and at the request of the Zulu nation, Sir Theophilus +Shepston was present at his installation as King, representing +the British Government. But Cetewayo was ambitious, and soon +abandoned the pacific policy of his father, to follow the militant +example of his predecessor Chaka. He re-organised the old +regiments, and formed new ones, trained and disciplined by +means of torture and death. He armed his men with guns, instead +of only shield and assagai, and perfected the peculiar Zulu +formation for attack in three divisions; two “horns” to assail +the flanks and rear of an enemy, and a main body to advance +and complete the victory. In 1878 this army numbered over +fifty thousand men, eager for battle, commanded by an ambitious +and savage chief, a menace and cause of apprehension to all its +neighbours. Another savage chieftain, and an ally of Cetewayo, +named Sekukuni (of whom more, presently) who defied the Colonial +Government, and had in 1876 repulsed an attack of the Boers +on his stronghold, gave rise to a common saying among the +natives, “If the bull-calf (Sekukuni) has to be left alone, what +will happen when the elephant (Cetewayo) attacks the white +man?” In August, 1878, two sons of Sirayo, a favourite chief +of Cetewayo, with a party of Zulus, made an incursion into +British territory, and seized two women whom they claimed as +runaway wives of their father Sirayo. Resistance was useless, +and the women were carried across the river Buffalo and slain. +The surrender of the offenders was demanded by the Colonial +<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>Government, and a fine of five hundred cattle as a reparation +for the violation of the Natal territory. Neither being forthcoming, +Sir Bartle Frere sent an ultimatum to the Zulu King, +requiring among other things, the disbandment of his army, +and freedom of marriage among his people; also informing him +that unless he complied with the terms on, or before December +31st., he would be invaded by a British army to enforce these +demands. The time allowed by the ultimatum being expired, +and Cetewayo making no sign, on January 11th., 1879, the +British forces under the command of Lord Chelmsford, crossed +the Buffalo and Tugela rivers, and the war began. The army +was divided into three columns, with two smaller bodies of +troops under Colonel Durnford, R.E., and Colonel Rowlands, +V.C., the whole being intended to effect a junction near Ulundi. +The first column commanded by Colonel Pearson of the 3rd. +Buffs, was composed of the 2nd. battalion 3rd. Buffs, Lieutenant-Colonel +Parnell, and afterwards six companies of the 99th. +Regiment; a detachment of Royal Artillery with four guns, +one gatling and a rocket battery, under Lieutenant Lloyd, R.A.; +a Naval Brigade of one hundred and seventy seamen and +marines from H.M.S. Active, under Captain Campbell, R.N., +one hundred mounted Infantry under Captain Barrow, 19th. +Hussars, some mounted Volunteers, and one thousand natives +under Major Graves, 3rd. Buffs. Second column, Colonel Glyn, +24th. Regiment, commanding. Seven companies 1st. battalion +24th. Regiment, and 2nd. battalion of the 24th., under Colonel +Degacher, a detachment of Royal Artillery with two seven-pounders + under Major Harness, a body of Natal Mounted Police +under Major Dartnell, and Mounted Volunteers, with a native +contingent of one thousand men under Commandant Lonsdale, +formerly of the 74th. Highlanders. Third column, Colonel +Evelyn Wood, V.C., commanding; comprising the 90th. Regiment +and 1st. battalion 13th. Regiment, Royal Artillery with four seven-pounders + and two rocket tubes, under Major Tremlett, one +hundred mounted Infantry under Major Russell, Frontier Light +Horse, two hundred strong, under Major Redvers Buller, one +hundred volunteers, and a body of five thousand Swazies. +There was also a contingent of Boers, all crack shots, under +Commandant Piet Uys.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>The total strength of the army, including the garrisons, +was about sixteen thousand men, with twenty guns; the European +portion of which, much under one half, being the only +reliable, as the Native Contingent was not equal to the enemy +in bravery, and after the disaster at Isandhlwana almost useless. +Colonel Pearson’s column on the 18th. of January began its +march into the interior, and on the 22nd., near the Myezane +river, attacked and defeated a body of Zulus, estimated at +from five to seven thousand men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the following day the column arrived at the deserted +mission station of Ekowe, when it received news of the terrible +disaster at Isandhlwana, on the day previous. Pearson decided +on holding the position with the British portion of his force; +the Native Contingent, and the Mounted Corps, being sent +back to the Lower Tugela. Lord Chelmsford sent him instructions +to do the best he could with the troops under his +command; and under the direction of Captain Wynne, R.E., +the post was fortified and rendered impregnable to the attacks +of any force without artillery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On January 10th., Colonel Glyn’s column, with whom was +Lord Chelmsford, encamped at Rorke’s Drift. On the 12th. +a portion of the force, after a smart skirmish, burnt Sirayo’s +kraal, and captured a large number of cattle. On the 20th. +the column encamped near the isolated hill known as Isandhlwana, +and on the 22nd., Lord Chelmsford and Colonel Glyn, +with the second battalion of the 24th. Regiment, the mounted +men, and four guns, set out in search of a large body of +Zulus, reported to be near a place called Matyan’s kraal; +leaving in camp five companies of the 1st. battalion 24th., +one company of the 2nd. battalion 24th., about seventy +artillerymen with two guns, and part of the Native Contingent, +under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Pulleine. +Colonel Durnford, who had been left at Rorke’s Drift with +five hundred natives and a rocket battery, was ordered up +to take command of the camp. The commander-in-chief who +had neglected to fortify his camp at Isandhlwana, either by +throwing up entrenchments or “laagering” his waggons, proceeded +to encounter the enemy, who retired as he advanced. +Meanwhile a force of from fourteen to twenty thousand Zulus, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>including some of their best regiments, led by Dabulamanzi, +the king’s half-brother, were preparing for an attack upon +the camp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About nine o’clock on the morning of the 22nd., Colonel +Durnford arrived, and took over the command from Colonel +Pulleine. The mounted men, with the rocket battery, under +Colonel Durnford in person, advanced some four miles from +the camp, and began to skirmish with the enemy, being +unaware of their vast superiority in force. The rocket battery +was suddenly surrounded and destroyed to a man; the mounted +men fled towards the camp, pursued by thousands of Zulus, +who came on in regular order in battalions eight deep, and +all the troops in the camp rushed to their arms. For a +time the enemy were checked by the tremendous fire with which +they were received, and their ranks showed signs of wavering, +when the Native Contingent broke and fled, making a fatal +gap in the lines, through which the Zulus poured like a torrent; +and about the same time the right “horn” of their attack +having swiftly worked round to the rear of the hill beneath +which the camp was pitched, took the position in reverse, +and launched about four thousand bounding and leaping +warriors on the flank of the devoted British force. In an +instant all was confusion, two companies of the 24th. not +having time to form rallying squares were annihilated, the +gunners of the Mountain Battery were assegaied; Major Smith, +R.A., being killed while endeavouring to spike one of the +guns. Some of the mounted natives managed to escape, but +the soldiers of the 24th., the Mounted Police, and Volunteers, +in groups, or back to back, kept their foes at bay while +their ammunition lasted, and then fought hand to hand till +the last man fell where he stood.<a id='r78'></a><a href='#f78' class='c013'><sup>[78]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>In the midst of the carnage, Lieutenants Coghill and Melville +made a desperate but unsuccessful attempt to save the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>colours. They escaped from the field, but in swimming across +the Buffalo, Melville’s horse was killed, and Coghill returning +to assist his comrade, who was clinging to a rock, his horse +was also shot, and the colours fell into the river. The two +officers reached the Natal side safely, but were overtaken and +slain about three hundred yards from the river’s bank. Their +bodies were found lying side by side, and the colours which +they had died to save, were found ten days afterwards in +the rocky bed of the river.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The victory of the Zulus cost them dear, between two +and three thousand of them being killed in the battle, or +died afterwards of their wounds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British loss was terrible, fifty imperial and colonial +officers, and over eight hundred non-commissioned officers +and men having perished around that fatal hill. Five entire +companies of the 1st. battalion of the 24th. fell, with ninety +men of the 2nd. battalion, and hundreds of natives. Upwards +of one hundred waggons, fourteen hundred oxen, two seven-pounders +(afterwards retaken), eight hundred Martini-Henry +rifles, and a vast quantity of stores of all kinds, fell into the +hands of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the column under Lord Chelmsford, after a +slight skirmish, was returning towards the camp, and about +four miles from it met with the Natal Native Contingent, +which had halted in a state of dismay at the turn affairs +had taken. Half an hour afterwards a solitary horseman came +up. It was Commandant Lonsdale, who had unsuspiciously +ridden into the captured camp, and escaping a shower of +bullets, brought the almost incredible news that the camp +was in possession of a Zulu army. The General immediately +sent an order for Colonel Glyn’s troops to join, and on their +arrival marched at once towards Isandhlwana hill.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The daylight was fading, and darkness had set in before +the column, unopposed, reached the fatal camp, which they +found silent, and deserted by all but the dead. The tents +were upset, the waggons destroyed, and the whole place +strewn with the dead bodies of men and horses.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After a sad bivouac, Lord Chelmsford marched at dawn +for Rorke’s Drift, expecting to find it in the hands of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>enemy, but to his surprise and gratification found it still +in the possession of an heroic handful of the 24th.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the advance of the centre column, a company of the +24th., and a small body of natives, under the command of +Lieutenant Bromhead, had been left to guard some sick men +and stores at Rorke’s Drift. “A worse position,” says one +present, “could hardly be imagined. Two small thatched +buildings, about thirty yards apart, with thin walls, commanded +by rising ground in the south and west, completely +overlooked on the south by a high wall. On the north side +an orchard and garden gave good cover to an enemy up to +within a few yards of the houses.” The place had formerly +been a Swedish Mission Station. One of the buildings was +filled with stores, and the other had been converted into a +military hospital. Some fugitives bringing tidings of what had +happened at the camp, Lieutenant Bromhead and Lieutenant +Chard, R.E., who was with him, at once set to work to +strengthen the position. The buildings were loopholed and +barricaded, and connected by defences formed by a few waggons +sacks of “mealies,” and Indian corn, and biscuit boxes. +The natives, terror-stricken, fled, and the garrison was reduced +to the company of the 24th., consisting of about eighty men; +the total number within the defences—including thirty-five +sick in the hospital—being one hundred and thirty-nine all +told. The place was soon surrounded by three or four thousand +Zulus, who commenced a series of desperate attacks. They +set fire to the hospital, which the garrison defended room by +room, but five sick soldiers perished in the flames. Such +was the fury of the assault, that the garrison were forced +to retire to an inner line of defence. Six times the Zulus +got inside the barricades, but each time they were hurled +back with loss. At length, after a conflict which lasted +from five p.m. on January 22nd. till four a.m. on the following +morning, the Zulus retired defeated and disheartened, +leaving three hundred and seventy dead around the post. +Their whole loss was probably about five hundred, while the +heroic defenders had but seventeen killed and ten wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The left column, under Colonel Evelyn Wood, after the +Isandhlwana disaster, by order of Lord Chelmsford, fell back +<span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>to a strong position at Kambula Kop, about twenty miles +from the Blood river, where was formed an entrenched camp. +From this position a series of dashing raids upon the Zulu +kraals and stores was made by the Frontier Horse, under +Colonel Redvers Buller, and the Dutch Burgher troop of Piet +Uys, which inflicted great damage on the enemy, who were +astonished by the daring and range of these expeditions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About the end of March, Colonel Wood received a letter +from Lord Chelmsford, to the effect that he was taking steps +for the relief of Colonel Pearson, at Ekowe, and directing +Wood to make a diversion in the direction of the Zlobani to +distract the enemy. His force had been strengthened by a +body of Mounted Infantry, and some Border Horse, commanded +by Colonel Weatherley, formerly of the 4th. Dragoons. About +twelve miles from the camp was a precipitous, thickly-wooded, +and almost inaccessible stronghold of the Zulus, known as +the Zlobani, or Inhlobani mountain, at which place they had +gathered together great herds of cattle—their chief wealth—thinking +it impregnable. This fastness Colonel Wood resolved +to attack, with his mounted men and natives, operating +simultaneously against the mountain on both sides. His +force was divided into two columns, under Colonels Buller +and Russell.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Buller’s force, with whom was Colonel Wood, attacked the +mountain at dawn on March 28th., and under cover of the +mist gained the summit with trifling loss; the Zulus retreating +into caves, with which the place abounded. Colonel Russell’s +column had scarcely reached the westward side of the +mountain, when he was aware of a Zulu army of twenty thousand, +marching rapidly, with the object of cutting off Buller’s +retreat. Russell abandoned some cattle he had taken; sent his +native troops back to Kambula, and formed up his mounted +men at the foot of the mountain, to cover the retreat of Buller. +The Zulus on the mountain seeing the advance of their warriors, +came out of their hiding places, and harassed the movements +of Buller’s men, who had no alternative but to descend the +rugged side of the mountain by paths “utterly impracticable +for even led horses.” The retreat soon became a rout, for the +Zulus occupied the rocks; pouring a hot fire at point blank +<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>range into the struggling mass of men and horses, and using +their assegais with fatal effect. But for the heroic efforts of +Colonel Buller, Major Leet, and Commandant Darcy, the force +would have been exterminated. How Buller escaped was almost +miraculous, he saved the lives of six of his men at least, personally, +and was one of the last down the rocks, where only +one horseman could pass abreast, called the “Devil’s Pass.” +Once clear of this precipitous path, the worst was over; +the retreat being covered by Colonel Russell, and the remainder +of the force reached Kambula, with a loss of over one +hundred killed and wounded, including thirteen officers. Colonel +Weatherley and his son, a lad of fifteen, and the whole of +his Border Horse, except eight, were slain. Captain Barton, +of the Coldstream Guards, who lost his life in endeavouring +to rescue a wounded trooper, and eighteen of his men perished; +also the gallant old Boer leader, Piet Uys,<a id='r79'></a><a href='#f79' class='c013'><sup>[79]</sup></a> whose father and +uncles had fallen in the wars against Dingaan.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Encouraged by this success, next day the Zulu army, numbering +twenty-five thousand men, made a most determined +attack upon the entrenched camp at Kambula, which was +manned by detachments of the 18th., 80th., and 90th. Regiments, +with a battery of Royal Artillery, under Major Tremlett, +and some Volunteers. For more than four hours raged a +desperate conflict, during which the enemy, in spite of enormous +losses, madly rushed on with deafening yells, till their +assegais clashed against the British bayonets; but finding all +their efforts of no avail, and mowed down by the deadly fire, +lost heart, and began to retire in confusion. A ringing cheer +arose from the camp, the mounted men sprang into their +saddles, and led by Buller and Russell, pursued the enemy for +seven miles, strewing their way with the bodies of hundreds +of Zulus, and amply avenging the disaster of the previous +day. General Wood on seeing the panic-stricken flight of +the enemy, exclaimed, “Oh, for two regiments of British +cavalry!”</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was variously +estimated from three to four thousand; fifteen hundred dead +bodies were lying around the camp at nightfall, of which +many were carried away before morning, but the victors were +occupied for two days in burying their dead foemen. The +wounded that were captured, were kindly treated, and their +wounds dressed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British loss was two officers<a id='r80'></a><a href='#f80' class='c013'><sup>[80]</sup></a> and twenty-three men +killed, and eight officers and fifty-seven men wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A week or two before this, another disaster, similar to the affair +at Isandhlwana, but fortunately of lesser magnitude, befel Captain +Moriarty and a company of the 80th. Regiment, encamped on +the bank of the Intombe River; who were surprised in the +early dawn, by an overwhelming body of Zulus, and two-thirds +of the party slain on the spot. Lieutenant Harvard, +the only surviving officer, leaving the remnant of his men +to shift for themselves, galloped off to Luneberg for help; +and it was only by the exertions and bravery of Colour-Sergeant +Anthony Booth, that a man escaped. For this service, +Sergeant Booth well won, and obtained, the Victoria +Cross.</p> + +<p class='c008'>All this time the force under Colonel Pearson remained +blockaded at Ekowe. Pearson had made some successful raids +on the enemy; but his stock of provisions was rapidly diminishing, +and he was anxiously expecting relief.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On March 29th., Lord Chelmsford, with a force of three +thousand three hundred English soldiers and seamen, from +the “Shah,” “Tenedos,” and “Boadicea,” with gatling guns +and a rocket battery, and about two thousand two hundred +Natives, set out from Fort Tenedos for Ekowe. On the 2nd. +of April he was attacked by the Zulu army, under Dabulamanzi, +at Ginghilovo. The enemy fought with desperation, but their +frantic attacks were repulsed with enormous loss, and after +a very sharp action of about one and a half hours, they fled +in disorder, hotly pursued by the mounted men, under Captain +<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>Barrow. Eight hundred Zulus were buried on the field, and +their total loss must have been over a thousand men. The +British casualties were trifling.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Ekowe was relieved two days after, the works destroyed and +the post abandoned; the whole force returning to the Lower +Tugela.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the meanwhile large reinforcements arrived from England, +including the 1st. Dragoon Guards, the 17th. Lancers, the Royal +Scots Fusiliers, the 58th., 91st., and 94th. Regiments, and +drafts for other corps in the Colony, the whole amounting to +over ten thousand officers and men. Among the new arrivals +was the unfortunate Prince Imperial, who reached Durban two +days after the conflict at Kambula, and was appointed an extra +A.D.C. on the head-quarter staff.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An immediate advance into Zululand was decided on, and +organised in three divisions. The first under General Crealock, +C.B.; the second under Major-General Newdigate; and +the third—a flying column—under General Wood; with whom +was Lord Chelmsford, acting in advance of the second division; +Ulundi being the object of the combined operations. +For a time the invaders were almost unopposed, the enemy +seeming to realise the uselessness of attacking, with assegai +and shield; entrenchments, and squares of men armed with +breechloaders, gatlings, and rockets; but they had gained +wisdom by experience, and avoiding fighting, overran defenceless +territory and carried off cattle, at the same time as a <i>ruse</i>, +sending messengers with proposals of peace.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At the commencement of this final stage of the war, occurred +another untoward accident, which cast a gloom over the +whole campaign, and thrilled the heart of England with shame +and indignation. On June 1st., the Prince Imperial of France, +Louis Napoleon, while out on a reconnoitring expedition with +Lieutenant Carey of the 98th. Regiment, and six troopers of +Bettington’s Horse, was surprised and killed by a party of +Zulus. As an officer in the camp wrote:—“The news of his +death fell like a thunderbolt on all.” His body was next day +recovered and sent to England.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On June 5th. was a smart cavalry skirmish, in which Lieutenant +Firth, of the 17th. Lancers, was killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>Lord Chelmsford, with General Newdigate’s division and +Wood’s flying column, kept steadily advancing; establishing +posts, and securing his communication as he moved forward. +On July the 3rd., Colonel Buller, with five hundred cavalry, +pushed forward to the Umvalosi River, on the road to Ulundi, to +reconnoitre the country. He crossed the river, but had advanced +but little beyond it, when he was suddenly assailed in +front and flank by five thousand Zulus, who attempted to surround +him and cut off his retreat. Buller retired, not without +loss, hotly pursued, and would have suffered much, but for +the fire of the nine-pounder guns of Major Tremlett, which +checked the enemy. In this affair, Lord William Beresford, +of the 9th. Lancers, who had obtained six months’ leave from +India, and had come to Africa from sheer love of fighting, +gained the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in rescuing from +the pursuing Zulus a dismounted trooper of the Frontier +Light Horse.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Next day, in the early morning,<a id='r81'></a><a href='#f81' class='c013'><sup>[81]</sup></a> Lord Chelmsford crossed +the Umvalosi, with a total strength of four thousand Europeans, +and about eleven hundred natives, with two gatlings, and +twelve guns. In the front were the 80th., 90th., and 13th. +Regiments, with four seven-pounders, two nine-pounders, and +two gatlings; the 58th. and 94th. Regiments, with two seven- +and four nine-pounders; and in the rear the Scots Fusiliers, +with three squadrons of the 17th. Lancers. About eight +o’clock he reached the King’s kraal at Ulundi, and was attacked +by the Zulu army, variously estimated at from fifteen to twenty +thousand men. The troops were formed in a hollow square +four deep, which the furious and repeated charges of the enemy, +who advanced with the utmost bravery, in spite of a murderous +shell and rifle fire, utterly failed to break, and at no point +did they succeed in approaching nearer than thirty yards. In +forty minutes the Zulus were in full flight, pursued by Colonel +Drury Lowe, and the 17th. Lancers, who did terrible execution, +literally cutting them up with lance and sabre.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British loss in this battle, which virtually ended the +war, was Captain Wyatt-Edgell (17th. Lancers) and ten men +killed, and about seventy officers and men wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The loss of the enemy was upwards of fifteen hundred +killed, there being no wounded on the field, as the native contingent +despatched all they could find with their assegais.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Garnet Wolseley, who had arrived at the Cape at the +end of June from London, now superseded Lord Chelmsford +in the command, who with Generals Newdigate and Crealock, +Sir E. Wood, Colonel Buller, and the principal officers, returned +to England. Sir Garnet despatched two columns in pursuit of +Cetewayo, under Colonel Clark of the 57th. Regiment, and +Colonel Baker Russell, C.B., of the 13th. Hussars. For sixteen +days the fugitive king baffled his pursuers, but on August +28th. he was captured in a kraal in the almost impenetrable +Ngome Forest, by Major Marter of the 1st. Dragoon Guards.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 1st. of September, 1879, the sixth anniversary of the +day when Cetewayo was installed King of the Zulus, by Sir +Theophilus Shepstone, and on the same spot, was held a meeting +of chiefs; who in the presence of Sir Garnet Wolseley, acknowledged +the sovereignty of Queen Victoria, abolished the military +system, and gave up the importation of arms into Zululand. +They also agreed to condemn none of their subjects to death +without a trial, and their men were also to be free to marry when +they pleased. Fugitives from justice were to be given up, +and in all disputes the decision of the British Resident was +to be final.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The cost of this war was estimated to be about £5,230,000.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span> + <h2 class='c006'>OPERATIONS AGAINST SEKUKUNI,<br> <span class='c016'>1878–79.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Sekukuni was a chief of the Basutos, who in his fastness +in the Lulu mountains, between the Oliphant and Steel Poort +Rivers, had defied the Colonial Government, successfully resisted +<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>the Boers, and allied himself with Cetewayo. Occupying +a mountain range of fifty miles in length, he was surrounded +by all the lawless and warlike spirits in the district, attracted +by the hope of plunder; and like one of the robber barons of +the Middle Ages, he despatched them in all directions to +ravage and lay waste the surrounding country. In February, +1878, some of his men made a raid on a chief under the +protection of the English; and Sekukuni, encouraged by Cetewayo, +in reply to the complaint of the British Commissioner, +answered that “the English were afraid to fight—that the +country was his, not theirs, and that he was quite ready for +war.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>In October a small body of one hundred and thirty men of +the 13th. Regiment, some Frontier Horse, and Mounted Infantry, +commanded by Colonel Rowlands, V.C., advanced to +attack Sekukuni, but through the roughness of the country, +want of water, and the smallness of his force, he could effect +nothing, and was obliged to retreat. War in Zululand now +being imminent, operations against this formidable chieftain +were for a time suspended, but after the capture of Cetewayo, +a new expedition against him was organised by Sir +Garnet Wolseley.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sekukuni’s chief stronghold, called his “Fighting Koppie,” +and deemed impregnable by the Basutos, was a tremendous +natural fortress rising from the plain several hundred feet. +Boulders and vast rocks piled one over another formed the +sides, the interior was honeycombed by caverns and crannies +innumerable, and the base of the hill was covered with trees +and jungly brushwood. It was occupied by a population +of about twelve thousand, but only five thousand were +fighting men. The British force consisted of two thousand +two hundred Europeans, of whom fourteen hundred were +detachments of the 21st., 94th., and 80th. Regiments, and about +ten thousand Swazies, under Major Bushman (9th. Lancers) +and Captain Macleod, the whole being commanded by Colonel +Baker Russell.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Garnet Wolseley having completed his arrangements, the +attack on the stronghold was made November 28th., 1879, at +four a.m., in three divisions. Commandant Ferreira, with his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>colonial troops, carried the heights on the south; Major Carrington, +of the 24th. Regiment, commanding the left attack, +occupied the heights to the north; and Major Bushman, with +his Swazies, gained the top of the ridge commanding the “town,” +and combining with Carrington’s attack, poured down on the +central kraal, which was soon wrapped in flames. The “Fighting +Koppie” now being completely surrounded, was shelled +by two Krupp guns, and two seven-pounders, directed by +Captain Knox, R.A., and at ten a.m., was stormed by the centre +column, consisting of the English infantry under Colonel +Murray. The kraals below were burning fiercely; Ferreira’s +men rushed up on the right, and with the Volunteers and +Swazies, raced with the red-coats to be first in the Koppie, +but after an obstinate struggle, the men of the 21st. and 80th. +gained the summit of the hill, and the place was taken.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The position was captured, but the resistance of the defenders +was not at an end. Hundreds of them sought refuge in +the caverns with which the hill abounded, and from them +kept up an intermittent fire till they were hunted out and slain. +Sekukuni for some days escaped capture, but being surrounded +on all sides, his supply of water cut off, and his caverns blown +up, he surrendered on December 2nd. to Major Clark, and +was conveyed a prisoner to Pretoria.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In this brilliant affair the British loss was three officers +and seven men killed, and six officers and forty-three men +wounded. The Swazies had nearly a thousand killed and +wounded, and the five thousand defenders of the Koppie were +nearly all slain, as our native allies gave no quarter.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Among the officers who distinguished themselves was Major +Herbert Stewart, who shewed great energy and tact in dealing +with the Native Contingent, and who in January, 1885, as General +Sir H. Stewart, in command of the Gordon Relief Expedition, +was mortally wounded, near Metammeh, on the Nile.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged in these harassing operations were: +the 1st. Dragoon Guards, 1879; the 17th. Lancers, 1879; the +3rd. and 4th. Foot, 1879; the 13th., 1878–9; 21st, 1879; 24th., +1877, 1878, and 1879; 57th., 1879; 58th., 1879; 60th., 1879; +80th., 1878–79; 88th. and 90th., 1877, 1878, and 1879; 91st., +1879; 94th., 1877, 1878, and 1879; and the 97th., 99th., 1879.</p> + +<div id='i233fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_233fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Afghanistan Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Every incident in these campaigns, which greatly consisted +in patrolling and skirmishing in all directions, has not been +narrated in detail; yet enough has been stated to show that +the military power of Great Britain has seldom contended +with more obstinate and braver enemies than the half-civilised +Kaffirs and Zulus; and no medal has been more hardly earned +than that granted for services in South Africa.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE AFGHANISTAN MEDALS, 1839–1880.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>For services in Afghanistan from the year 1839 to 1880 ten +medals altogether have been granted, including those given for +the storming of Ghuznee, and the defence of Jellalabad and +Kelat-i-Ghilzie. The Ghuznee medal<a id='r82'></a><a href='#f82' class='c013'><sup>[82]</sup></a> was given by Shah Soojah, +the restored King of Afghanistan, to the British troops present +at the storming of that place, under Sir John Keane, July 22nd. +and 23rd., 1839. This medal is silver, having on the obverse +a view of the fortress, with the name “Ghuznee” underneath. +Reverse: A laurel wreath, encircling a mural crown, with the +date, “23rd. July,” above, and “1839” below. Ribbon, half +crimson and half green; no clasp. Permission was granted by +the Queen in 1841 to wear this medal. For the successful +defence of Jellalabad two medals were given. The first was +granted by Lord Ellenborough, Governor-General of India—silver. +Obverse: A mural crown, with “Jellalabad” inscribed +above, on the reverse the date of the victorious sortie, “<span class='fss'>VII.</span> +April, 1842.” The second Jellalabad medal, designed by Wyon, +was issued by the English Government, and was intended to +be worn in place of the first<a id='r83'></a><a href='#f83' class='c013'><sup>[83]</sup></a>, but from its rarity it seems that +but few men took advantage of the offered exchange. Obverse: +Head of the Queen, crowned, with the inscription, “Victoria +Vindex.” Reverse: Victory, with the Union Jack in her left +hand, and laurel wreaths in her right, flying over the fortress of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>Jellalabad; above the figure are the words, “Jellalabad, <span class='fss'>VII.</span> +April,” and in the exergue, “<span class='fss'>MDCCCXLII.</span>” Ribbon: Rainbow +pattern for both medals; no clasp. The Kelat-i-Ghilzie medal +was also granted by Lord Ellenborough to the defenders of that +place—silver. Obverse: A laurel wreath, encircling a shield, +inscribed, “Kelat-i-Ghilzie,” surmounted by a mural crown. +Reverse: A trophy of arms, inscribed “Invicta,” with the date +<span class='fss'>MDCCCXLII.</span> underneath. Ribbon, rainbow pattern. For services +at Ghuznee, Cabul, and Candahar, five distinct medals were +distributed, all having on the obverse the head of the Queen, +with the legend, “Victoria Vindex,” but the inscription on the +reverse varying as follows:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>(1.) “Candahar,” “Ghuznee,” and “Cabul,” 1842, under each +other, given to those men who served during the whole +campaign.</p> + +<p class='c008'>(2.) “Candahar,” 1842, given to men who were engaged with +the enemy from January 1st. to August 10th., 1842.</p> + +<p class='c008'>(3.) <a id='t234'></a>“Candahar” and “Ghuznee,” given to men present at both +places only.</p> + +<p class='c008'>(4.) “Ghuznee” and “Cabul,” given to the troops who went +with General Nott from Ghuznee to Cabul, 6th to 17th of +September, 1842.</p> + +<p class='c008'>(5.) “Cabul,” given to those who reached Cabul after +September 16th, 1842; no clasps; ribbon, rainbow pattern. +The reverse of these medals, excepting that for Ghuznee and +Cabul, are alike in design, the names “Candahar,” &c., being +inscribed within a laurel wreath, surmounted by a crown, with +the date 1842 below. The medal for Ghuznee and Cabul has +the names inscribed within a double wreath of laurel, with the +crown over, and in the exergue “1842.” The obverse of this +medal, and of that given for Cabul, has a laurel wreath surrounding +the Queen’s head. The authority for these medals +to be worn by the Queen’s troops was notified to the army in +India, January 25th, 1843. The medal given for the campaigns +of 1878, 1879, and 1880 is of silver. Obverse: Head of the +Queen, veiled and crowned, with the inscription, “Victoria +Regina et Imperatrix.” Reverse: An elephant bearing a +mountain gun; in foreground a mounted British officer, cavalry +with lances, following on the march; in the background, +mountains; above, the word, “Afghanistan,” and the dates +1878, 1879, and 1880 in the exergue. Clasps inscribed “Ali +Musjid,” “Peiwar Kotal,” “Charasia,” “Kabul,” “Ahmed Khel,” +and “Kandahar,” were also granted, the greatest number worn +with the medal being four. Ribbon, green centre with crimson +borders.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For the march of General Roberts from Kabul to Candahar +a bronze star was given, made from guns captured at Cabul. +The star is of five points, suspended from an Imperial crown; +in the centre a monogram, composed of the letters “V. R. I.,” +surrounded by the words “Kabul to Kandahar,” with the +date 1880 underneath. Ribbon, rainbow pattern. On the +reverse of the star is engraved the rank, name, and corps of the +recipient.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE FIRST AFGHAN WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1839.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk had been driven from the throne +of Afghanistan, and his kingdom divided among several +chiefs. A Persian army besieged Herat, on the Afghan +frontier, and the court of Persia claimed an extensive portion +of territory, which, lying between India and Persia, appeared +to menace the safety of the British dominions in the East +Indies. These circumstances, and the unprovoked attack made +on a British ally, Runjeet Singh, by Dost Mahomed Khan, +occasioned a tripartite treaty to be concluded between the +British, Runjeet Singh, and Shah Soojah, for the purpose +of effecting the restoration of the dethroned monarch, and a +British force designated the “<span class='sc'>Army of the Indus</span>,” was assembled +to effect this object. In addition to the native corps, +it comprised the 4th. and 16th. Dragoons, (the cavalry +being commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Joseph Thackwell, +G.C.B., then Major-General,) and the 2nd., 13th., +and 17th. regiments of the regular army. The Bengal column +was placed under Major-General Sir Willoughby Cotton, K.C.B., +and the Bombay one under Major-General Willshire. General +Sir Henry Fane was to have commanded the whole, but on +<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>information being received in October, 1838, that the siege of +Herat had been raised by the Persian monarch, who had +marched therefrom towards his capital, the force was reduced, +and the second Bengal division was left at Ferozepore. Lieutenant-General +Sir John (afterwards Lord) Keane, was consequently +appointed to the command.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The plan of operations was thus arranged:—Major-General +Sir Willoughby Cotton was to march near Scinde, through +the Bolan Pass to Candahar, and proceed thence to Ghuznee +and Cabool. The Bombay division of the army commenced +its march from the mouth of the Indus, through the country +occupied by the Ameers of Scinde, who, refusing permission +for the troops to pass through their territory, a passage had to +be effected by force. Hyderabad, the capital, was captured; +Kurrachee was occupied; and the Ameers were brought to +submission early in February, 1839. The army then continued +its march, passed the Indus on a bridge of boats near the +fortress of Bukkur, which had been delivered up as a place +of arms during the war in Afghanistan, and entered upon +regions never before traversed by British troops, but which +are interesting from their association with the operations and +reverses of Alexander the Great.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Advancing from Shikarpore the troops arrived in the middle +of March, at Dadur, situated a few miles from the Bolan +Pass, through which they marched between mountains covered +with snow. In these wild regions bands of Beloochees lurked +to avail themselves of every opportunity to follow their predatory +habits, and they murdered several camp followers, and +plundered some baggage. Issuing from this gloomy defile of +more than fifty miles in length, the army entered the Dushi-be-doulut, +or the unhappy desert, and halted a short time +at Quettah, situated in the centre of the valley of Shawl, of +which it is the capital. Supplies of provisions could not be +procured in these sterile regions; the issue of grain for the +horses ceased, the soldiers were placed upon half rations, +the native followers upon quarter, and several men, who +were searching for forage at a distance from the camp, were +sacrificed by the natives, who availed themselves of every +opportunity of destroying small parties.</p> + +<p class='c008'>All these hardships were borne with fortitude, and in the +early part of April the army commenced its march through the +vale of Shawl; it descended the picturesque height of Kotul +into the valley of Koochlak; forded rivers; and passed +the height of Kozak, where the men had to drag the artillery +over the precipice with ropes. Surmounting every obstacle +with patient perseverance, the troops continued to press forward; +the rulers of Afghanistan, struck with dismay, fled +from the capital, leaving the country to the Sovereign whom +the British were advancing to restore. As the army proceeded +on its way, various classes of individuals tendered their +submission, and on the 27th. of April it arrived at Candahar, +the capital of western Afghanistan, where provisions and repose +were obtained. The tents were pitched in the grassy +meadows, among enclosures covered with crops of grain. The +watery exhalations from the low grounds however proved injurious +to the health of the men, and the great heat experienced +in the tents, with a saline impregnation in the water, +augmented the number of the sick.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE.<br> <span class='sc'>23rd. July, 1839.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Breaking up from Candahar on the 27th. of June, to reduce +the remainder of the Shah’s dominions to obedience, the army +advanced along a valley of dismal sterility to the Turnuk +river; then proceeding up the right bank, traversed the country +of the Western Ghilzees, and arrived on the 21st. of July +before Ghuznee, a strong fortress garrisoned by three thousand +Afghans under Prince Mahomed Hyder Khan, who were well +provided with stores and had determined on a desperate defence, +having blocked up every gate with masonry excepting one.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Not having a battering train of sufficient power to proceed +by the regular method of breaching the walls, Lieutenant-General +Sir John Keane resolved to storm the place without +delay, and a reconnoissance was made on the 21st. of July, +when it was determined to blow open the gate, and accordingly +<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>during the night of the 22nd. of July a quantity of gunpowder +was secretly brought to the one not blocked up with masonry, +which was to be destroyed by an explosion before daylight on +the following morning.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To the 13th. Foot was assigned the duty of covering the +operations, in blowing open the gate, and they paraded at +two o’clock, a.m. Three hundred pounds of gunpowder (in +twelve sandbags) were used for this purpose. The regiment +proceeded in advance of the storming party to the causeway +of the gate under cover of the darkness of the night, and +the fire of the batteries of the assailants, six men of the +leading company being told off to assist in carrying the +powder-bags. On reaching the causeway, the 13th. extended +in light order along the ditch, and by their fire distracted +the enemy’s attention from the gate. After the explosion a +company of the regiment, under Lieutenant Jennings, moved +up with the engineer officer to ascertain if the operation had +been attended with success; on which the light company of +the 2nd. (or Queen’s Royal,) No. 9 company of the 13th., +under Captain Vigors, the light companies of the 17th., and +of the Bengal European Regiment, which had been named to +form the advance of the storming column, immediately pressed +forward under the command of Brigadier Dennie, and despite +a heavy fire gained an entrance into the fort. These were +quickly followed by the main storming column under Brigadier +Sale, (who was severely wounded on this occasion,) which +consisted of the 2nd. Queens, under Major Carruthers, and +the Bengal European Regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Orchard; to these succeeded the 13th. Light Infantry, under +Major Fraser, as they collected from the duty of skirmishing, +with which they were directed to commence, and the 17th., +under Lieutenant-Colonel Croker. The whole were soon established +in possession of the fort.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this the garrison rushed some to the citadel and +others to the houses, from which they kept up an annoying +fire, when the 13th. and 17th. regiments were directed against +the former, which unexpectedly was found evacuated. Large +supplies of grain, ammunition of all kinds, and several guns +with about two thousand horses, fell into the hands of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>victors. A company of the 13th., under Lieutenant Arthur +Wilkinson, succeeded in capturing the redoubt, (or outwork,) +and took two standards and about sixty prisoners. A standard +was captured by the 17th., but was afterwards lost by the +wreck of a transport, in which a part of the regiment was +embarked.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The loss sustained in the assault of Ghuznee by the Queen’s +regiments, (the 2nd., 13th., and 17th. Foot,) was limited +to five men killed, and six officers and sixty-three men +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When the Afghan horsemen, who had assembled in the +neighbourhood, learnt the fate of the fortress, they abandoned +their camp equipage and baggage, and fled towards Cabool, the +capital of Eastern Afghanistan, in the direction of which city +the British forces immediately advanced.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Dost Mahomed Khan, the ruler of the country, assembled a +formidable host in position near Ughundee; but ascertaining +that his soldiers had resolved to abandon him, he fled with a +body of select cavalry, leaving his artillery in position; and +the British army advancing to the capital, replaced Shah +Soojah-ool-Moolk, on the 7th. of August, in the possession of +the palace of his forefathers, from which he had been an exile +many years. The conquest of a kingdom was thus achieved +with trifling loss, and the troops pitched their tents in a rich +valley near Cabool.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An order of merit was instituted by the Shah, called the +Order of the Dooranée Empire, the decorations<a id='r84'></a><a href='#f84' class='c013'><sup>[84]</sup></a> of which were +conferred on the general and field officers. The following +regiments of the Queen’s army were engaged in this service:—the +2nd. Queen’s, the 13th. and 17th. Foot, and the Bengal +European Regiment, (now the 101st.,) the 4th. Light Dragoons, +and the 16th. Lancers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shah Soojah’s government became so unpopular, that the +Afghans determined to expel the British, by whose aid he had +been reinstated, and whose presence in Cabool was rendered +necessary to support him on the throne. The crisis arrived in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>1841. In October the Afghans broke out into open insurrection; +the British envoy, Sir William Macnaughten, and Sir Alexander +Burnes, were treacherously murdered, and the troops, including +the 44th. regiment,<a id='r85'></a><a href='#f85' class='c013'><sup>[85]</sup></a> which occupied Cabool, being compelled +to evacuate that place, and retreat towards Jellalabad, were +cut to pieces on the march, Dr. Brydon of the Shah’s forces, +being the only officer who succeeded in reaching that place. +It is remarkable that this officer was one of the heroes of +Lucknow.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 13th. regiment was more fortunate; under its gallant +Lieutenant-Colonel, Sir Robert Sale, (serving with the local +rank of Major-General), it reached Jellalabad, having at the +breaking out of the insurrection been detached from Cabool +with a force in order to reduce the insurgents, and after +much hard fighting in the passes, had taken possession of +Jellalabad, the successful defence of which by his small garrison, +forms so bright a feature in this terrible and gloomy +history. Before describing this heroic defence, only equalled +by that of Lucknow, it is necessary to show the manner in +which the gallant band reached the place of safety. The 13th. +and other troops left Cabool on the 11th. of October, in consequence +of a body of insurgents having possessed themselves +of the Khoord Cabool pass,<a id='r86'></a><a href='#f86' class='c013'><sup>[86]</sup></a> about ten miles from the capital, +with a view to expel the rebels, and re-open the communication +<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>with India. On the 12th. of October the pass was +forced, the troops under Sir Robert penetrating to Khoord +(Little) Cabool.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Robert Sale, Captain Hamlet C. Wade, +(Major of Brigade,) Lieutenant George Mein, and Ensign Oakes +were wounded. Lieutenant Mein being dangerously wounded, +was obliged to be sent back in a litter to Cabool. Upon +Sir Robert Sale being compelled to quit the field from the +severity of his wound, the command of the troops devolved +upon Lieutenant-Colonel Dennie, C.B., also of the 13th. The +regiment then faced about, to return through the pass according +to the plan for executing the operation, leaving the +other corps at Khoord Cabool. Possession was then taken of +Bootkhak, where the regiment was stationed until the 18th. of +October. During this delay, incessant night attacks were made +by the enemy, called by them Shub Khoon, (night slaughter;) +Sir Robert Sale’s precaution in ordering the men to lie down +on their alarm posts, as soon as the fire was opened on the +camp, prevented much loss: his orders prohibiting any return-fire +likewise saved many, and all the enemy’s attempts to force +an entrance therein were successfully resisted by the bayonet +alone. Meanwhile the rebellion continued of a formidable +character, and the 13th. were ordered to march to Tezeen, +where they arrived on the 22nd. of October, and were engaged +with a body of insurgents, whom they drove from some heights +and strong positions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In consequence of orders from Cabool, the force under Major-General +Sir Robert Sale marched for Gundamuck, and were +continually pressed day and night, by insurgent bands hovering +on their flanks and rear, which occasioned the fatigues and +duties of the troops to be particularly harassing; the way led +along defiles and over mountains, and when the soldiers halted, +breastworks had to be thrown up to defend the bivouac ground +from sudden attacks of the Afghan cavalry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 29th. of October the rebels were found in force at +the Jugdulluck Pass, and for some time they checked the +advance of the column; but the skirmishers of the 13th. sprang +forward, and driving the Afghans from almost inaccessible +heights protected by breastworks, enabled the British force to +surmount every obstacle in the defile, and to arrive at Gundamuck +on the following day.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Robert Sale remained at Gundamuck with his troops +until the 5th. of November, when they proceeded and captured +the fort of Mamoo Khail in the neighbourhood, and returned +on the 6th. to Gundamuck. There intelligence was received +of the breaking out of a violent insurrection at Cabool, on +the 2nd. of November, and of the probability that the rebellion +would become general. Under these circumstances, two forced +marches on Jellalabad were made, with a numerous enemy +pressing on the flanks and rear; a body of insurgents were +beaten at Futtehabad by the rear-guard under Lieutenant-Colonel +Dennie; and Jellalabad, the chief town in the valley +of Ningrahar, was seized by the British troops on the 12th. +of November, to establish a post upon which the corps at +Cabool might retire, if necessary, and thus restore a link in +the chain of communication with India.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_242.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>MEDAL FOR THE CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span> + <h2 class='c006'>DEFENCE OF JELLALABAD.<br> <span class='sc'>12th. November, 1841, to 7th. April, 1842.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The fortress of Jellalabad was found to be in a very dilapidated +state, and the inhabitants disaffected to the government +of the Shah. The Afghans collected to about ten thousand, +and the walls of the fort being without parapets, and the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>garrison having only one day and a half supplies, on half +rations, a sally was made on the 14th. of November, which +routed the enemy, and enabled the troops to collect provisions, +and erect works for the defence of the fortress, which called +forth the efforts of all. While thus employed, the Afghans +in great force again invested the place on the 27th. of November, +but they were completely routed and dispersed by a sally of +the garrison on the 1st. of December.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 9th. of January, 1842, the garrison was summoned +to give up the fortress by the leader of the Afghan rebellion, +in fulfilment of a convention entered into at Cabool with +Major-General Elphinstone, who was taken prisoner at a conference, +and died shortly afterwards; but Sir Robert Sale being +fully assured of the bad faith of the insurgents, refused.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Captain Broadfoot, garrison engineer, and Captain Abbott, +commissary of ordnance, aided by the indefatigable exertions +of the troops, put the works into a state of defence to +resist any Asiatic enemy not provided with siege-artillery; +but the place was kept in a continual state of alarm by the +occurrence of one hundred shocks of an earthquake in the +course of a month, one of which, on the 19th. of February, +occasioned the parapets to fall, injured the bastions, made a +breach in the rampart, destroyed the guard-houses, reduced +other portions of the works to ruins, and demolished one +third of the town. With that unconquerable spirit of perseverance +for which the troops had already been distinguished, +they instantly turned to the repair of the works. Sirdar +Mahomed Akbar Khan, Barukzye, the assassin of the late +Envoy, and the treacherous destroyer of the Cabool force, flushed +with success, approached with a numerous army to overwhelm +the little garrison; he attacked the foraging parties on the +21st. and 22nd. of February; but was astonished at finding +the works in a state of defence, whereupon he established a +rigorous blockade. From that time to the 7th. of April, the +reduced garrison was engaged in a succession of skirmishes, in +which the 13th. had opportunities of distinguishing themselves; +particularly detachments under Captains Pattisson and Fenwick, +Lieutenants George Wade and W. Cox.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Information was received on the 5th. of April, that the force +<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>under Major-General, now General Sir George Pollock, G.C.B., +had experienced reverses in the Khyber, and had retraced its +steps towards Peshawur; and on the 6th. a <i>feu-de-joie</i> and +salute of artillery were fired by Mahomed Akbar, in honour of +the event. It was also reported that the Ghazees had been +defeated, and that the Sirdar had retreated into Lughman. +Sir Robert Sale resolved to anticipate the last-mentioned +event, by a general attack on the Afghan camp, with the +hope of relieving Jellalabad from blockade, and facilitating +Major-General Pollock’s advance. Directions were accordingly +given to form three columns of infantry, the central one consisting +of the 13th., (mustering five hundred bayonets,) under +Colonel Dennie, C.B.; the left comprising a similar number +of the 35th. Native Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Monteath, +C.B.; and the right composed of one company of +the 13th., one of the 35th. Native Infantry, and the detachment +of Sappers, under the command of Lieutenant Orr, +amounting to three hundred and sixty men, was commanded +by Captain (afterwards the celebrated Sir Henry) Havelock, +of the 13th.: these were supported by the fire of the guns +of No. 6 field battery under Captain Abbott, the whole of +the small cavalry force being under Captain Oldfield and +Lieutenant Mayne.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At daylight on the morning of the 7th. of April, the troops +issued from the Cabool and Peshawur gates. Mahomed +Akbar Khan, had formed his force of about six thousand +men in order of battle for the defence of his camp; its +right resting on a fort, and its left on the Cabool river. The +attack was led by the skirmishers and column under Captain +Havelock; this drove the enemy from the extreme left of +his advanced line of works, which it pierced at once, and +proceeded to advance into the plain; the central column at +the same time directed its efforts against a square fort, upon +the same base, the defence of which was obstinately maintained. +Colonel Dennie, while nobly leading his regiment to +the assault, received a shot through his body, which, to the +deep regret of officers and men, shortly after proved fatal.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The rear of the work having been finally gained by passing +to its left, orders were given for a combined attack upon the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>enemy’s camp; this was brilliant and successful. The artillery, +advanced at the gallop, and directed a heavy fire upon the +Afghan centre, while two columns of infantry penetrated his +line near the same point, and the third forced back his left +from its support on the river, into which some of his horse +and foot were driven. The Afghans repeatedly attempted to +check the advance by a smart fire of musketry—by throwing +forward heavy bodies of horse, which twice threatened in force +the detachments of infantry under Captain Havelock, and by +opening three guns, screened by a garden wall; but in a +short time they were dislodged from every point of their +positions, their cannon taken, and their camp involved in a +general conflagration.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By about seven o’clock in the morning the battle was over +and the enemy in full retreat in the direction of Lughman. +Two Afghan cavalry standards were taken, besides four guns +which had been lost by the Cabool army and Gundamuck +forces. Great quantities of <i>matériel</i> and stores were, together +with the enemy’s tents, destroyed, and the defeat of Mahomed +Akbar, in open field, by the troops he had boasted of blockading, +was complete.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Armourer Sergeant Henry Uylett, of the 13th., captured +Mahomed Akbar’s standard, which he took from a cavalry +soldier, whom he killed. The standard is of scarlet cloth, +with a green border, and crimson and yellow fringe. It is +triangular in shape and swallow-tailed. About the centre a +patch of light blue cloth is introduced, on which are neatly +sewn some characters in yellow cloth, being an extract from +the Koran, signifying “The Omnipotent God! In the name of +God, the clement and the merciful! With God as a helper, +victory is nigh.” This and two other flags, captured by the 13th. +on the same day, were deposited in Chelsea Hospital.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The enemy’s loss was very severe; the field of battle was +strewed with the bodies of men and horses, and the richness +of the trappings of some of the latter denoted that chiefs of +rank (several being present and taking part in the action) had +fallen.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In February following, the thanks of Parliament were accorded +to the Governor-General of India, and to the officers +<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>and troops employed in Afghanistan, the resolutions being +moved in the House of Lords by the Duke of Wellington, and +in the House of Commons by Sir Robert Peel, who, after +eulogizing the gallant conduct of Sir Robert Sale and the +garrison of Jellalabad, (appropriately designated “<span class='sc'>Illustrious</span>,”) +specially deplored the death of Colonel Dennie, justly described +as “one of the most noble and gallant spirits, whose +actions have ever added brilliance to their country’s military +renown.”</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_246.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>FIRST JELLALABAD MEDAL.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>On the 26th. of August, 1842, it was officially announced +in the “London Gazette,” that “In consideration of the distinguished +gallantry displayed by the 13th. Light Infantry, +during the campaigns in the Burmese empire and in Afghanistan, +Her Majesty has been graciously pleased to approve of +that regiment assuming the title of the ‘13th., or Prince +Albert’s Light Infantry;’ and of its facings being changed +from yellow to blue.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Her Majesty has also been pleased to authorize the 13th. +Regiment of Light Infantry to bear on its colours and appointments +a ‘Mural Crown,’ superscribed ‘Jellalabad,’ as a memorial +of the fortitude, perseverance, and enterprise, evinced by that +regiment, and the several corps which served during the blockade +of Jellalabad.”</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SECOND AFGHAN CAMPAIGN.<br> <span class='c016'>1842.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>When the news of the Afghan tragedy reached India, it +was resolved to rescue the gallant garrison, and to restore +British Supremacy beyond the Indus. Accordingly a force was +collected at Peshawur, in the north of the Punjaub, under +Major-General Pollock, early in 1842. Of this army, the +Queen’s regiments consisted of the 3rd. Light Dragoons, and +the 9th. and 31st. Foot. On the 5th. of April the Khyber +Pass was forced, although strongly occupied, and its mouth +having a breastwork of stones and bushes.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Precipitous and rocky hills, on the right and left, presented +great natural obstacles to the ascent of troops, and it was an +undertaking of no ordinary difficulty to gain the summit of +such heights, defended as they were by a numerous body of +the enemy; the columns destined to accomplish this most important +object, moved off simultaneously with the main one +intended to assault the entrance, but were compelled to make +a considerable detour to the right and left, to enable them to +commence the ascent. The right column, consisting of four +companies of the 9th. Foot, and the same number of companies +of the 26th. and 64th. Native Infantry, were under the command +of Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, of the 9th. regiment, +and Major Anderson, of the 64th. Native Infantry. The left +column, consisting of four companies of the 9th. Foot, a similar +number of companies of the 26th. and 64th. Native Infantry, +together with four hundred Jezailchees, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel +Moseley and Major Huish, commenced the ascent, +led by Captain Ferris, of the regiment of Jezailchees.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Both columns, after considerable opposition, succeeded in +routing the enemy, and gaining possession of the crest of the +hills on either side. While the flanking columns were in +progress on the heights, Captain Alexander, in command of +the artillery, placed the guns in position, and threw shrapnel +among the enemy when opportunity offered, which assisted +much in their discomfiture. Upon the heights being gained, +the main column was advanced to the mouth of the Pass, +and commenced destroying the barrier, which the enemy had +evacuated on perceiving their position was turned; portions +of the right and left columns were left to keep the heights, +under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Moseley and Major +Anderson, and Major Huish and Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor +continued their advance to crown the hills in front, and on +each side, which were covered with the foe, who appeared +determined to contest every inch of ground; but the gallantry +of the troops carried everything before them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus was accomplished without the payment of any tribute, +the passage of the Khyber Pass,<a id='r87'></a><a href='#f87' class='c013'><sup>[87]</sup></a> and the road to Jellalabad +was gained. The siege of that place (as already shewn) had +been abandoned, when Major-General Pollock arrived on the +16th. of April, and found the garrison, after a siege which +had lasted upwards of five months, in excellent health, with +a plentiful supply of ammunition, and all most anxious to +march on Cabool.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span> + <h2 class='c006'>ADVANCE ON CABOOL.<br> <span class='c016'>1842.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Major-General Pollock urged upon Lord Ellenborough, the +new Governor-General of India, the advance upon Cabool; the +31st. regiment, which had followed by forced marches, joined +<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>at Jellalabad on the 5th. of May, having undergone much privation +on the way, and the loss of several men from famine +and fatigue; while at Jellalabad the army was halted in +wretched tents, the climate being so unhealthy during the +summer, that the natives use it only as a winter residence. +Soon the effect of this displayed itself; the days became so +oppressive, that both officers and men were obliged to dig +deep holes underground in which to shield themselves, in +some slight measure, from the burning heat of the sun, the +thermometer rising in the tents as high as 126°.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In consequence of the extreme heat the troops suffered a +loss which the most sanguinary encounter with the enemy +could not have exceeded. Neither was it in men alone that +the army was daily losing its efficiency. From the valley +of Jellalabad having been so long the seat of war, the fertile +land had become a desert,—the wretched half-starved camels +could find no forage on the bare face on the sand, and they +died by hundreds; their dead bodies lying about in all directions, +swollen with the sun, and emitting the most pestilential +exhalations, together with the filth and dirt of a standing +camp of fifty thousand men, added to the disease which raged +among the troops.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Eventually it was found necessary to divide the force, and +the fourth brigade, in which was the 31st. regiment, was +ordered to march under Brigadier Monteath into the Shinwaree +country, to punish some refractory tribes, who had attacked +several convoys, and been guilty of many acts of murder and +plunder. The warlike and turbulent Shinwaree tribes sheltered +themselves in their strongholds, which were formed in a narrow +valley, strengthened by many forts and stockaded enclosures, +while the heights on either side were defended by numerous +sunghas, or breastworks of large stones, which were so constructed +as to enable them to dispute every inch of ground +with an advancing force.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 26th. of July, Brigadier Monteath prepared to attack +the enemy near Mazeena with his whole force; and accordingly, +leaving his camp standing under an efficient guard, he moved +towards the position occupied by the Afghans, who were prepared, +and nothing loath to meet him. The engagement was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>commenced by the 31st. regiment, seconded by the 33rd. and +53rd. Native Infantry, ascending the heights, and driving the +Shinwarees from their breastworks, and along the ridges of the +hills, while the 10th. Light Cavalry, in the valley below, charged +them whenever they showed front on level ground. The camp +followers and pioneers had been furnished with combustibles +to burn the forts, as the Shinwarees were driven out of them, +which service was very efficiently performed. Meanwhile, on +the heights, the enemy disputed every foot of ground until +taken at the point of the bayonet, and Lieutenant M‘Ilween, +of the 31st., was killed in leading one of the attacks.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Afghans being driven from their defences, the artillery, +under the command of Captain Abbott, played upon them with +great effect; and after contesting the day until every fort and +place of defence had been taken and destroyed, they fled, dispersing +themselves among the neighbouring hills, where it was +impossible to pursue them. Their loss was very great, including +most of their leaders.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this action the brigade returned to Jellalabad, and on +the 20th. of August the army marched in two divisions <i>en route</i> +to Cabool. Three days afterwards the troops arrived at Gundamuck, +when information was received that the enemy, under +the Chiefs Hadji Ali and Khyroolah Khan, occupied the village +and fort of Mammoo Khail, about two miles distant, and it +was determined to attack them there on the following morning. +Accordingly on the 24th. of August, at four o’clock, a.m., the +troops advanced, and the attack on Mammoo Khail was attended +with complete success.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Pollock left Gundamuck on the 7th. of September, +and on the day after the troops were engaged with +the forces of Mahomed Khan and the Ghilzie chiefs at the +Pass of Jugdulluck; in the valley were seen the blackened remains +of the unfortunate Cabool force. No further opposition +was shewn to the advance of the army until nearing the valley +of Tezeen;—the road from this place to Khoord Cabool was +through a succession of lofty hills, called the Huft Kotul, or +Eight Hills.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 10th. of September, it having been ascertained that +Akbar Khan, with twenty thousand men, had established himself +<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>in the Khoord Cabool Pass, in order to cover the capital and +fight a pitched battle with the British, the second division was +ordered to join the first by a forced march to Tezeen, where +Major-General Pollock was encamped. This junction was effected +on the 11th. of September, with little loss, although a running +fight was kept up the greater part of the way.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shortly after daybreak on the 13th. of September, the army +moved off its ground towards the Tezeen Pass, the advanced +guard being commanded by Sir Robert Sale. After moving +carefully along the Pass for about two miles, the Afghans +were discovered, in great force, occupying strong positions on +the heights on either side, while their artillery and cavalry +were formed some distance farther on in the Pass itself. The +action commenced by a heavy fire on the advanced guard of +the British; and the distance being too great for musketry, +from the effect of which also the Afghans were covered by +extensive sunghas, for the whole length of their position, it +was judged necessary for the troops to ascend the heights and +drive them from their posts at the point of the bayonet. This +service was most effectively performed on the left heights by +the 9th. and 31st. regiments, and on the right by the 13th. +Light Infantry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The companies ascended the face of the mountain under a +most galling fire, from the effects of which many casualties +occurred, and not returning a shot until the ledge was gained: +a combined volley within ten yards of the enemy, followed +by an immediate charge of bayonets, drove him from his +defences with great slaughter, and the heights were gained.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Being reinforced by fresh troops, the British pushed on, and +storming one entrenchment after another, threw the Afghans +into great confusion. The artillery was now brought up, and +played upon them with terrific effect, while the British cavalry, +having charged and overthrown their horse, posted in the +Pass, and taken their guns, together with the state tent of +their commander, Mahomed Akbar Khan, victory, even at this +early period was in favour of the British arms; but the warlike +mountaineers continued the struggle with desperate valour. +Attack after attack was made upon the troops occupying the +posts from which the enemy had first been driven. Reckless +<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>of life, the stern fanatics came on to be shot down from the +defences which they had themselves thrown up. In a series of +desultory attacks the day declined, and the British having obtained +possession of every height commanding the Pass, the +remains of the Afghan army made a <i><span lang="fr">détour</span></i> among the hills, +and attacked the British rear-guard, commanded by Colonel +Richmond, but they were warmly received, and entirely discomfited.</p> + +<p class='c008'>So complete was the defeat of the Afghan army on the +13th. of September, that Akbar Khan escaped from the field +accompanied only by a solitary horseman. The enemy acknowledged +to have lost fifty-three chiefs and persons of consequence +and seven hundred men. The casualties on the part of the +British amounted to one hundred and eighty-five.</p> + +<p class='c008'>No impediments now existed to the advance of the British +on Cabool, at which city the army arrived on the 15th. of +September, and encamped on the race-course. On the following +morning the British colours were hoisted on the highest pinnacles +of the battlements of the Bala Hissar, (upper fort,) on +the spot most conspicuous from the city; the National Anthem +was played, and a royal salute fired from the guns of the horse +artillery, the whole of the troops present giving three cheers. +The colours were left in the Bala Hissar to be hoisted daily +as long as the troops should continue at Cabool.</p> + +<p class='c008'>All the objects of the campaign were thus gained, and the +rescue of the prisoners effected, amongst whom were several +officers<a id='r88'></a><a href='#f88' class='c013'><sup>[88]</sup></a> and ladies, (Lady Sale being of the number,) together +with thirty-six non-commissioned officers and men of the 44th. +regiment—one hundred and five in all.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CANDAHAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1842.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>As the 13th. Light Infantry are so intimately connected with +the defence of Jellalabad, in like manner the 40th. regiment +is associated with Candahar. Major-General Sir William Nott, +like Sir Robert Sale, refused to obey the order from Major-General +Elphinstone to surrender. After the insurrection at +Cabool, a general rising took place throughout Afghanistan, +and the insurgents in the neighbourhood of Candahar being +headed by Prince Sufter Jung, the son of Shah Soojah, and +brother of Prince Timour, (Governor of Candahar,) who had +left on the 29th. of November, 1841, to place himself at the +head of those whom Mahomed Atta Khan was assembling on +the eastern frontier. The insurgents under these two chiefs +having approached within eight miles, Major-General Sir William +Nott, G.C.B., moved out to attack them on the morning of +the 12th. of January, 1842, the 40th. forming the advance. +This regiment, during the previous year, had suffered severely +from sickness, the number of deaths amounting to one hundred +and fifty-nine. A strong position, with a morass in their front, +had been taken up by the enemy, which rendered the approach +of the troops difficult. The Afghans were, however, quickly +routed. At this period, and until the 7th. of May, the soldiers +remained accoutred every night.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the month of February considerable numbers of Afghans, +under the command of Prince Sufter Jung and other +chiefs assembled in the vicinity of Candahar, plundering the +villages, and by every possible means urging the inhabitants +to join in an attack upon the British troops, especially those +occupying the cantonments; but owing to the severity of the +weather the Major-General was unable to move, and such a +measure became impracticable till the 7th. of March, when, +the enemy having approached closer, Sir William Nott marched +with the remainder of his army against them; they were +followed, and dispersed in every direction. While the force +were thus absent, a strong detachment of the enemy made an +attack on the city, and succeeded in burning the Herat gate, +but were repulsed with great loss by the troops in garrison. +On the 25th. of March, Sir William moved out with a force +(of which the 40th. formed a part,) to the support of a brigade +detached under the command of Colonel Wymer, C.B., of the +Bengal army, to forage and to afford protection to the numerous +villages, when the Afghans were driven across the Urghundaub +in the greatest confusion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General (now Lieutenant-General Sir Richard) England, +who had at first been unsuccessful in conveying stores to +Candahar from Scinde, having been reinforced at Quetta, +again advanced, and accomplished his object. On the 28th. +of April he attacked the enemy’s strong position in front of +the village of Hykulzie. The 41st., which formed part of +his force, was the only Queen’s regiment that shared in this +action; two out of the three columns of attack were led by +Majors Simmons and Cochran, the reserve being under Major +Browne, all of the 41st. Foot.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span> + <h2 class='c006'>KELAT-I-GHILZIE.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the 19th. of May, a force, composed of the 40th. and +other corps, under Colonel Wymer, marched for the purpose +of drawing off the garrison of Kelat-i-Ghilzie, a hill fort eighty-four +miles from Candahar, on the road to Ghuznee, which had +been held with difficulty throughout the winter, and had for some +months been closely blockaded. It arrived there on the 26th., +but on the 21st. the fort had been attacked by four thousand +Ghilzees, at four in the morning, whom the defenders had +gallantly defeated. The troops consequently were only occupied +in destroying the defences, etc., till the 1st. of June, when +they returned to Candahar.<a id='r89'></a><a href='#f89' class='c013'><sup>[89]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Nott moved with his army on the 10th. of +August, upon Cabool. The 40th. and 41st. regiments formed +a portion of his force, the wounded, sick, and weakly men +being sent to India <i>viâ</i> the Kojuck Pass, with the troops +under Major-General England. Captain White, of the light +company of the 40th., was appointed to command the advance, +composed of the light companies of the 40th. and 41st., and +the 2nd., 16th., 38th., 42nd., and 43rd. regiments of Bengal +Native Infantry, and the regiment of Kelat-i-Ghilzie.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF GONINE.<br> <span class='sc'>30th. August, 1842.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Shumshoodeen, the Afghan governor of Ghuznee, about three +o’clock in the afternoon, on the 30th. of August, brought nearly +the whole of his army, amounting to about twelve thousand +men, into the vicinity of the camp at Gonine, distant thirty-eight +miles south-west of Ghuznee, where Major-General Nott +moved out with one half of his force, and after a short but +spirited contest, defeated the Afghans, capturing their guns, +tents, ammunition, etc., and dispersing them in every direction. +One hour more of daylight, and the whole of their infantry +would have been destroyed. Shumshoodeen fled towards Ghuznee, +accompanied by about thirty horsemen. Major Hibbert, of +the 40th., was especially noticed in the despatches. Two officers +were killed and four wounded; thirty-six non-commissioned +officers and men were killed and sixty-two wounded.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span> + <h2 class='c006'>RE-CAPTURE OF GHUZNEE.<br> <span class='sc'>6th. September, 1842.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Major-General Sir William Nott, on the morning of the +5th. of September, moved upon Ghuznee. Lieutenant-Colonel +Palmer, Political Agent, commanding at Ghuznee, upon promise +of honourable treatment and safety on the march to Cabool, +and by the orders of Major Pottinger and Major-General Elphinstone, +had, in March, 1842, capitulated. The garrison, which +only occupied the citadel, was exhausted by fatigue and want +of water, and the men had suffered greatly from cold, the +thermometer having been fourteen degrees below zero. Upon +Shumshoodeen, Nephew of Dost Mahomed Khan, swearing on +the Koran that he would give the Sepoys a safe escort to +Hindoostan, they consented to deliver up their arms; but had +scarcely marched out of the citadel, when they were attacked +by the fanatical Ghazees. An English officer, his wife, and +their servants, were massacred on the spot, and native women, +children, and Sepoys were butchered in heaps. Colonel Palmer +was put to the torture, after which, he and nine only surviving +officers were thrown into a dungeon. The city was found +to be full of men, and a range of mountains running north-east +of the fortress was covered by heavy bodies of cavalry and +infantry; the gardens and ravines in the vicinity being likewise +occupied. Major Sanders, of the Bengal Engineers, was directed +to reconnoitre the works; this brought on some smart skirmishing, +and Captain White, of the 40th., commanding the light +companies, was pushed forward, when the Major-General determined +to carry the enemy’s mountain positions before encamping +his force. This was effectively performed by the troops, +and the Afghans were driven before them until every point +was gained. Two regiments and some guns were sent from +the camp, (which had been pitched,) to occupy the village of +Bullool, about six hundred yards from the walls of Ghuznee, +upon the spur of the mountain to the north-east, as this appeared +to be a desirable spot for preparing a heavy battery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the night of the 5th. of September, the engineers +sappers, and miners, and infantry working parties were employed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>in erecting breaching batteries; before the guns, however, had +reached the position on the morning of the 6th., it was ascertained +that the fortress had been evacuated, and at daybreak +the British colours were flying from the citadel. The 40th. +had one private killed and three privates wounded; the 41st +had the same number wounded. In these operations the loss +was much less than might have been expected, from the numbers +and positions of the enemy, and from the fact of the +troops being obliged to move under the range of the guns of +the fortress. Three hundred and twenty-seven Sepoys of the +27th. Native Infantry were here released from the state of +slavery to which they had been reduced by the Afghans. A +party was detained, under Lieutenant G. White, to take down +the celebrated gates of Somnauth, concerning which so much +discussion afterwards arose.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 10th. of September the troops continued their march +on Cabool, when Shumshoodeen, Sultan Jan, and other chiefs +having assembled about twelve thousand men, occupied, on +the 14th. and 15th. of September, a succession of strong +mountains, intercepting the advance at Beenee Badam, and +Mydan, but they were dislodged, and driven from their position. +No further opposition was encountered, and on the 17th. the +troops, under Major-General Nott, reached Cabool, and joined +the force under Major-General Pollock.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After the strong town of Istalif had been captured by the +troops under Major-General McCaskill, on the 29th. of September, +in which the 9th. Foot and the light companies of the +41st. bore a gallant part, the army broke ground on its return +to India on the 12th. of October, the grand bazaar at Cabool, +named the Chahar Chuttah, where the remains of the British +envoy had been exposed to public insult, having been first +destroyed. On arriving at Jellalabad, the fortress was destroyed.<a id='r90'></a><a href='#f90' class='c013'><sup>[90]</sup></a> +During the march through the Passes several attacks +of the Afghans were repulsed. According to the wish of Lord +Ellenborough, the Governor-General, the garrison of Jellalabad +proceeded in advance of the rest of the troops, in order to +make a triumphant entry. The medals (mural crown pattern) +granted to the garrison for the defence and battle near Jellalabad +had been forwarded a few days previously, in order +that they might be worn on its entrance into Ferozepore, which +took place on the 17th. of December.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following Queen’s regiments took part in these campaigns:—<i>Cabool</i>, +1842.—3rd. Light Dragoons, 9th., 13th., 31st., +40th., and 41st. regiments. <i>Candahar</i> and <i>Ghuznee</i>.—40th. and +41st. regiments. <i>Jellalabad</i>.—13th. Light Infantry.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_258.jpg' alt='A line drawing of a circular military medal with a crown at the top and the inscriptions GHUZNEE and CABUL inside a laurel wreath, dated 1842.' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE SECOND AFGHAN WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1878, 1879, 1880.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Dost Mohammed, our antagonist in the war of 1842, died +Ameer of Afghanistan in 1863, and was succeeded by his third +son, Shere Ali. His authority was disputed by his brother, but, +after a series of bloody conflicts, he, being aided by Sir John +Lawrence with arms and money, overcame his rivals, and in 1869 +<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>was sole ruler of Afghanistan. In March of the same year he had +an interview at Umballa with Lord Mayo, Viceroy of India, and +was granted another subsidy; but not meeting with the succour +he desired, Shere Ali returned home in a very suspicious and +dissatisfied state of mind. Lord Northbrook, during his Vice-royalty, +met the prime minister of Shere Ali at Simla in 1873, +who, failing to obtain any positive assurance of support in case +of an attack by Russia, his master concluded that his best policy +would be to make friends with that power, and he accordingly +entered into correspondence with General Kauffman, the Russian +commander in Central Asia. In 1877 he refused to allow a +British Resident at Cabul, and broke off all communications with +the Indian Government, the result being that his annual subsidy +was withheld. In June, 1878, a Russian envoy, Stoletoff, with a +military escort, was received with honour at Cabul, and a treaty +signed, constituting Russia the guardian of the Ameer. Upon +this, Lord Lytton sent as envoy to Cabul, Gholam Hussein Khan, +with letters to the Ameer informing him of the intention of the +Indian Government to send to Cabul an English mission, but the +envoy was dismissed with presents, and intercourse with the +English declined. A special mission was despatched from +Peshawur under Sir Neville B. Chamberlain, commander of the +Madras Army, with whom was Major Cavagnari, which proceeded +to the fort of Ali Musjid at the entrance of the Khyber Pass, but +was there stopped, and threatened with attack if it proceeded +further, September 22nd. As the escort with the mission was not +strong enough to force a passage, Sir Neville returned to Peshawur. +As it was impossible that the Indian Government could submit +to see a Russian Envoy received with honour at Cabul, and its +own officers refused admission into the country, an ultimatum +was sent to Shere Ali, to the effect that if a British Resident was +not received at Cabul war would be declared. No answer to this +having been received within the time prescribed, November 20th, +on the next day war was formally proclaimed. It was decided to +invade Afghanistan in three columns, operating by the Khyber +and Bolan Passes, and the Kuram Valley. A fourth column, +called the Thal-Chotiali Field Force, was placed under the orders +of General Donald Stewart in Southern Afghanistan, and a +reserve column was formed at Jumrood. The column commanded +by General Sir S. Browne, V.C., known as the First +Division of the Peshawur Field Force, crossed the frontier the +day war was proclaimed, and marched direct upon</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span> + <h2 class='c006'>ALI MUSJID,<br> <span class='sc'>November 21st., 1878.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Ali Musjid is a strong fort on a steep detached hill, about +six miles from the frontier, commanding the deep gorge of the +Khyber Pass, and flanked by batteries on the hill sides. The +fort was armed with fifteen guns, and the spurs of the hills +were occupied by the enemy, their right resting on a ridge covered +with a line of breastworks, forming a position of great strength. +General Browne’s force was divided into four brigades. The +first, under General Macpherson, consisting of the 4th. Battalion +Rifle Brigade, the 20th. Bengal Infantry, and the 4th. Ghoorkas, +with a mountain battery, was directed to make a long detour, +and occupy the Pass a mile or two beyond the fort. The +second brigade under Col. Tytler, composed of the 1st. Battalion +17th. Foot, the 1st. Sikhs, the Guides, and a mountain battery, +was ordered to take a hill opposite the fort, on which were +some batteries, and to turn the enemy’s position; and the +third and fourth brigades, under General Appleyard, C.B., +comprising the 51st. and 81st. regiments, the 14th. and 45th. +Sikhs, and the 6th. and 24th. Native Infantry, with a mountain +battery, and a battery of Horse Artillery were to march up +the valley. As the troops advanced the fort opened fire on +them, and the fire being returned by a battery of forty-pounders, +the effect on the fortification was soon visible. The 81st. and the +14th. Sikhs threw out lines of skirmishers to clear the advanced +defences of the Afghans; a battery of nine-pounders was got +into position, and the forty-pounders poured a destructive fire +into Ali Musjid, and soon reduced its guns to silence. A general +advance was ordered, the 51st. and the Sikhs threatened the +enemy’s left, and both sides of the steep hill slopes were covered +with infantry in skirmishing order, keeping up a heavy musketry +fire on the Afghan defences. The skirmishers pushed forward +till they came nearly abreast of the fort, and some gallant but +unsuccessful attacks were made upon the enemy’s entrenchments, +but it was evident that the fort and batteries could not be +carried by a direct attack but with immense loss, and as night was +coming on, a halt was ordered. Nothing was yet known how +Macpherson and Tytler had succeeded in their part of the +operations; both brigades had met with enormous obstacles on +their march, and the first failed to reach the point assigned +to it in the plan of the attack; but these movements, and the +arrival of Tytler’s brigade in the night at its destined position, +struck the Afghans with terror. The defenders of Ali Musjid +on hearing that a force was in their rear which would cut off +their retreat, abandoned their post with precipitation and fled, +leaving their fires burning, and their guns loaded. In their +rapid flight towards Jellalabad, they were intercepted by Tytler’s +brigade, which captured a large number of prisoners, among +them being the Ameer’s Master of the Horse. In the +morning Ali Musjid was occupied by the troops without +further resistance. Twenty-two guns were taken in the fort, +and seven more in a battery on the ridge, with large stores of +ammunition, food, and clothing. The Afghans were so cowed +by the capture of a fort they believed to be impregnable, that +Sir S. Browne pushing rapidly onwards, reached and established +himself at Jellalabad, with scarcely a shot being fired. The +British loss was Major Birch, Lieut. Fitzgerald and thirty-five +men killed. The regiments engaged were the 10th. Hussars, +11th. Bengal Lancers, the 17th., 51st., 81st. Regiment, and Rifle +Brigade, the 6th., 14th., 20th., 27th., and 45th. Bengal Infantry; +1st. Sikh Infantry, 4th. Ghoorkas, Bengal Sappers and Miners, +and four Batteries of Artillery.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span> + <h2 class='c006'>PEIWAR KOTUL.<br> <span class='sc'>December 2nd., 1878.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Major-General Roberts, V.C. (now General Sir F. Roberts, V.C.), +at the outbreak of the second Afghan war was Quartermaster-General +of the Bombay Army, and was appointed by the Viceroy, +Lord Lytton, to the command of the force which was to invade +Afghanistan by the Kuram Valley. The Kuram Field Force was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>not numerically strong, but it included some of the finest regiments +in the Indian Army, with two seasoned British regiments; +and most of the officers were men of much experience in +campaigning. The cavalry, consisting of one squadron of the +10th. Hussars and the 12th. Bengal Cavalry, was under Colonel +Hugh Gough, C.B., V.C., and the infantry, in two brigades, were +commanded by Brigadier-General Cobbe, of the 17th. Regiment, +and Brigadier-General Thelwell, C.B. At dawn on November +21st., the same day that the column under Sir S. Browne commenced +its advance, General Roberts crossed the river at Thall, +and a few days later occupied the Kuram fort, which the enemy +abandoned on his approach. The Afghans then took up a very +strong position on the Peiwar Kotul, about twelve miles off, where +they determined to make a stand. On November 30th. the +British force approached the enemy’s position, and a heavy fire +was opened upon them from the ridge occupied by the Afghans. +For a time a sharp exchange of shots took place, but the British +were gradually withdrawn from under fire, and encamped beyond +the range of the guns of the enemy. The snow was falling thickly +in the Peiwar Kotul, the cold was intense, and supplies were +difficult to keep up, but three days elapsed while General Roberts +reconnoitered the almost impregnable post of the Afghan army, +and matured his plans. It was found that the position of the enemy +was too strong to be successfully attacked in front, so the General +determined, while making a feigned frontal attack, to become +a real attack in time, to turn the Afghan position by a long and +difficult night march of nearly ten miles, to the summit of the +hills on the right of the Kotul. This march, one of the most +hazardous ever undertaken, he directed in person, and failure +meant ruin, if not utter annihilation; as the entire force at his +disposal was little more than 3,300 men, of whom only 900 were +Europeans, against an army of 3,500 regular Afghan troops, with +eighteen guns, besides hundreds of tribesmen. The attention of +the enemy was occupied in their front by the pioneers constructing +a battery, and a demonstration made by some artillery and +cavalry; when at 10 p.m., December 2nd., the troops detailed for +the turning force, consisting of the 29th Native Infantry and 5th. +Ghoorkas, a wing of the 72nd. Highlanders, the 2nd. Punjaub +Infantry, and 23rd. Pioneers, under Brigadier Thelwell, with a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>four gun elephant battery, fell silently into their ranks without +sound of drum or bugle, and the march commenced. The encampment +they left was 8,000 feet above the sea level, and as the +column ascended the cold became intense, a cutting wind +blowing; the ground also for the first half of the distance +traversed was very rough and broken, intersected by ravines and +watercourses. The men tramped on in silence, when an act of +treachery nearly proved fatal to the whole force. Two shots were +fired in rapid succession in the ranks of the 29th. Native +Infantry, which startled all, and a halt was immediately made. +The offenders could not then be discovered, but the general ordered +the 5th. Ghoorkas, and two companies of the 72nd. to head the +column, and the march was resumed.<a id='r91'></a><a href='#f91' class='c013'><sup>[91]</sup></a> Shortly before daybreak +the van of the column found itself in contact with the first +Afghan outpost, and its way barred by an abattis of felled trees, +eight feet in height. The enemy lining this defence fired upon +the men of the 5th. Ghoorkas, who, gallantly led by Major +Fitzhugh and Captain Cook, sprang over the breastwork and +engaged the Afghans hand to hand. Driven from this defence, +the enemy fell back upon another, eighty yards in the rear, and +made another stand; but the Ghoorkas, supported by the 72nd., +and aided by the fire of two guns, under Captain Kelso, who was +shot through the head while advancing, carried stockade after +stockade in the grey light of the dawn; and within half an hour +of the firing of the first shot, all were in the possession of the +British, and the line of the Afghan defence turned. General +Roberts flashed the news of his success to Brigadier-General +Cobbe, who had commenced to carry out the front attack on the +Khotul, and had been heavily engaged with the batteries at the +head of the Pass since daybreak. For some hours he made no +great progress, as the enemy resisted desperately, but he kept a +large number of the enemy within their entrenchments, and +prevented them from going to the assistance of their defeated +comrades on the left. Roberts now advanced against the Afghan +main body, which had been strengthened with fresh troops, +and taken up a strong position in the dense woods surrounding +the plateau. The Punjaubees were met with such a heavy fire +that they fell back, being unsupported by the Ghoorkas and +Highlanders, in spite of the general’s efforts in person to rally +them. The 23rd. Pioneers and an elephant battery now came up, +and the Ghoorkas and 72nd. followed; and, after a hot contest of +some hours, the Afghans finding their retreat threatened, and +General Cobbe’s brigade in possession of their defences in front, +fled in such haste that they left their tents standing, their +baggage, and everything they had. By this time the short winter +day was drawing to a close, and that night the British troops +encamped at an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet, but luckily with +good fires, as the thermometer registered over twenty degrees of +frost. In this brilliant action the total British loss was—Major +Anderson, of the 23rd. Pioneers, and Captain Kelso killed, and +General Cobbe wounded; and ninety Europeans and natives +killed and wounded. The Afghan loss was severe, and six field +pieces and eleven mountain guns were captured. A few days +after this defeat, Shere Ali fled from Cabul to Balkh, with the +intention of seeking refuge in Russia; but, while waiting for permission +from the Russian Government to take this step, fell ill of +a fever and died, in February, 1879. The British troops engaged +at Peiwar Kotul were the 12th. Bengal Cavalry, the 8th. and 72nd. +Regiments, the 23rd. and the 29th. Bengal Infantry, the 5th +Ghoorkas, and the 2nd. and 5th. Punjaub Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHARASIA.<br> <span class='sc'>October 6th., 1879.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the death of Shere Ali, his son Yacoub Khan, who had +rebelled against, and had been imprisoned by his father, succeeded +him as Ameer of Afghanistan. Negociations for peace were +opened with him, and he visited the British camp at Gundamuck, +where he was received with honour by General Sir S. Browne and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>his staff. After some preliminaries a treaty was signed and ratified +on May 30th., 1879; by which the Ameer agreed—to place the +Foreign relations of Afghanistan under British control, to have +a British resident at Cabul, and to allow the occupation of the +Khyber Pass, and the Kuram and Pisheen Valleys, by the +British; who were to pay him an annual subsidy of six lakhs +of rupees, while he adhered to his engagements. A lasting +peace seemed now to be assured, and in accordance with the +terms of the treaty; Sir Louis Cavagnari, with Mr. Jenkins as +his Secretary, Dr. Kelly as Medical Officer, and an escort of +twenty-five Cavalry and fifty Infantry of the Guides, under +Lieut. Hamilton, were despatched to Cabul, arriving there on +July 24th. For a time all went well. Daily supplies of fruit, +milk, and vegetables, were sent from the Ameer to the Envoy, +who rode out continually with his staff and a small escort, to +the various places of interest in the neighbourhood of the city. +But on August 5th. some regiments from Herat arrived at Cabul, +who used insulting language to the Resident, and quarrels and +outbreaks arose between them and the men of his escort. These +regiments had never been defeated by the British, and they +taunted the Cabulese with being cowards. On the night of +September 2nd., the Herat regiments aided by the populace, +attacked the Residency, and after an heroic resistance lasting +for hours, the Envoy, the three English Officers, and almost +all the escort were slaughtered; a few natives only escaping. +Twenty-four hours after, the news of the massacre reached the +Kuram Valley, and from thence was telegraphed to Lord Lytton +at Simla. No time was lost in endeavouring to avenge the +outrage. General Sir F. Roberts, who was then at Simla, started +the next day for Ali Kheyl, with orders to advance as rapidly +as possible on Cabul; General Sir Donald Stewart who had +but just evacuated Candahar, was ordered to return and reoccupy +that place, and a reserve of 5000 men was assembled between +Rawul Pindee, and Peshawur. On September 13th., General +Baker took command of the troops at the Shutargardan Pass, +the 23rd. Pioneers, the 5th. Ghoorkas, and the 72nd., and occupied +a position at Kushi. Want of transport animals was the +greatest obstacle to a rapid advance. When the previous +campaign was ended, as usual with mistaken economy, everything +<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>was sold and scattered, and now everything had to be +replaced at any expense. All the available animals near the +frontier were secured, and with the utmost exertions Sir F. +Roberts managed to collect sufficient cattle to make an advance, +with three or four months supplies for about 6000 troops, and +3,500 camp followers. On September 27th. he started from Ali +Kheyl, and the advance commenced. On the route to the +Shutargardan, some attacks were made on the baggage convoys +by the Mangals, who were repulsed, and on the 29th. the General +arrived at Kushi, where he met with the Ameer, Yakoub Khan, +who had ridden into the camp the preceding day and surrendered +himself, with his eldest son and ministers. The Ameer stated +that his power was gone, and that he had been dethroned by +his rebellious troops. An Officer present wrote—“What his true +reasons for this step may have been, we never knew; certainly +not the one he gave, for no Afghan ever told the truth intentionally.” +Ultimately the complicity of the Ameer with the Massacre +of the British Mission was proved, and he was sent to India, where +he was detained as a state prisoner.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Sir F. Roberts pushed on towards Cabul, and on +October 6th. encountered the Afghan Army, who had taken up +an almost impregnable position at Charasia, about eleven miles +from that city. The valley here is narrowed to a mere defile, +on both sides of which the enemy had placed guns in position, +and had lined the steep and barren heights with troops. Only +one brigade of Infantry, that of Brigadier Baker, with the +addition of the 92nd. Regiment was to the front, the remainder +of the force with the cavalry, under Brigadier-General Macpherson, +being on march in the rear, in charge of the commissariat +and reserve ammunition, and did not come up till the battle +was over. The General convinced that any delay before the +enemy would lead to a general rising of the tribes, determined +to attack at once; and as their front position was of great +strength, made his real attack by a flanking movement on +their right, while he occupied their left by a feint. He divided +his force into two columns; one, under General Baker, was +to storm the heights of the Chardeh Valley which formed the +Afghan right; and the other under Major White, of the 92nd., +was directed to attack the Sang-i-Nawishtu defile; and as +<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>General Macpherson’s brigade was advancing, a small reserve +only was left in defence of the camp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Baker’s column advanced over the bare hills, flanked by steep +rocky crags, easily defensible against any force, more than 1,500 +feet in height; and carried the first position, though the Afghans, +armed with Sniders and Enfields, kept up a continuous fire, +and it was nearly two hours before they retreated to a second +ridge, about six hundred yards in the rear. This position too +was carried by the troops in successive rushes, supported by the +fire of the mountain guns; and by 3.45 the enemy’s defences +were captured, or taken in reverse.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the meantime Major White had turned his feigned, into +a real attack on the Sang-i-Nawishtu defile, though there the +enemy was strongly posted, and outnumbered his men ten to +one. Finding that his artillery was powerless, he led his men +in person from one steep ledge to another, till at length being +opposed face to face by an overwhelming number of Afghans, +he took a rifle, and shooting their leader dead, his followers +fled, leaving four mountain guns behind them. He pursued +them through the Pass, and effected a junction with General +Baker in the rear of the enemy’s position. By four o’clock, +the Afghans were in complete rout, flying towards Cabul, with +the loss of two standards, and all their guns (twenty pieces), +three hundred killed and a vast number wounded. The British +loss was twenty killed, and less than seventy wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Macpherson having arrived in the camp, Sir F. +Roberts marched the next morning towards Cabul, and on +October 8th. established himself in the cantonments of Sherpur, +where seventy-three guns were taken,<a id='r92'></a><a href='#f92' class='c013'><sup>[92]</sup></a> and occupied the Bala +Hissar, or citadel of Cabul.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops engaged in this affair, were the 9th. Lancers, +12th. Bengal Cavalry, 14th. Bengal Lancers, 5th. Punjaub +Cavalry, the 67th., 72nd., and 92nd. Foot, Bengal Sappers and +Miners, 23rd. and 28th. Bengal Infantry, 5th. Ghoorkas, 5th. +Punjaub Infantry, one Battery R. H. A., and two Mountain +Batteries.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CABUL.<br> <span class='sc'>December, 1879.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Though the whole country was bitterly hostile to the British, +for some weeks, with the exception of a skirmish or two, and +an explosion of gunpowder in the Bala Hissar, by which Capt. +Shafto, and several Ghoorkas were killed; the occupation of +Cabul by Sir F. Roberts and his army remained undisturbed. +In the beginning of December, a change took place. Instigated +by an aged and fanatic Moollah, a chief called Mohammed Jan, +and other leaders, the Afghans of the Maidan and Ghuznee +districts, and of the Kohistan country to the north of Cabul, +began to collect in thousands, with the intention of expelling +or massacring the invaders of their country.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir F. Roberts at first was not aware of the strength of this +combination, but knowing of their advance, and the importance +of dispersing the tribes before they could effect a junction, +two columns were formed to march out and attack the enemy, +December 8th. One under General Macpherson, went towards +Urghandeh, to meet the enemy coming from Maidan, and the +other under General Baker, was dispatched <i>viâ</i> Charasia, but +also towards Maidan, with the object of intercepting the enemy +in their anticipated retreat.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Macpherson first met with the Kohistanees, who were +marching to join Mohammed Jan, near Chardeh, and a sharp +fight ensued. The guns did some execution, but the nature +of the ground prevented the cavalry from being of any service. +Mohammed Jan was now at the head of about ten thousand +men, and succeeded in placing himself between General Macpherson +and Cabul, and also, as it turned out, between his +infantry, and the cavalry and guns moving to join him on the +morning of December 11th. The four guns, escorted by a +squadron of the 9th. Lancers, and forty-four men of the 14th. +Bengal Lancers, under General Massey, after a four-mile march, +fell in with the enemy, but as only about two thousand showed +themselves, they were supposed to be a body of fugitives flying +from either Macpherson or Baker.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>Massey, without the orders of General Macpherson, at once +attacked, but the fire from his guns had no effect in checking +the advance of the enemy’s masses, and the handful of cavalry, +after two desperate charges, were compelled to retreat with +the loss of twenty-seven killed, including four officers, and +twenty-five wounded.<a id='r93'></a><a href='#f93' class='c013'><sup>[93]</sup></a> The guns being stuck in a water-course, +were spiked and abandoned; but were afterwards retaken by +Colonel Macgregor, on the arrival of Macpherson’s column.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On seeing the advance of Macpherson’s infantry, the Afghans +ceased following the retreating cavalry, and rushed away +direct for Cabul. Sir F. Roberts on this, started from Sherpur +with the 72nd. regiment, to secure the defile barring the road +to the city, and was but just in time to prevent its being taken. +The steady fire of the Highlanders checked the advance of +the enemy, and after half an hour’s contest they retired, and +occupied the heights to the south of the Bala Hissar.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Next day, General Macpherson dispatched Colonel Money +with a detachment of the 67th., 72nd., the 3rd. Sikhs, and 5th. +Ghoorkas, to drive the enemy from the heights to the south +of Cabul, who had hidden from view five or six thousand men, +and awaited the attack with confidence. After several hours +of fighting the troops dislodged the Afghans from the low +hill, but were too few to carry the position above.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On December 13th., General Baker, who had returned to +Sherpur, acted in concert with Macpherson, and at eight in +the morning left the cantonments and again attacked the +enemy. After some hard fighting the ridge was carried by +the 92nd. and Guides led by Major White, and the 72nd., 3rd. +Sikhs, and 5th. Ghoorkas under Major Sym. While this +was going on a large body of Afghans moved round towards +Beni Hissar, so as to threaten the road to Sherpur, but they +were dispersed by some dashing charges made by the Guides, +Punjaub Cavalry, and 9th. Lancers, with the loss of Captain +Butson and four men killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>The position of the British, though victorious in the field, +was becoming serious, as the enemy was continually reinforced +by large numbers of men, and nothing daunted by their defeats, +occupied the Asmai heights in force. On December 14th. this +position was attacked by General Baker with a force of about +sixteen hundred men of all arms, and four guns. After a +desperate contest the enemy were driven from their first position, +and the Asmai heights were carried. Scarcely had this been +done, when a body of Afghans, from fifteen to twenty thousand +strong, appeared on the plain, rushing onwards with frantic +shouts and gesticulations, with the object of retaking the +position just captured by General Baker, headed by a chosen +leader, and Moollahs, in white raiment, shouting the war-cry +of Islam:—“<i>Allah! Yâ Allah!</i>” On they came, regardless +of the shells which were pitched with great execution into them, +and the volleys poured down from the hills just gained, with +deadly effect.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 5th. Punjaubees recoiled at their onset, and after an +heroic resistance, in which Captain Spens of the 72nd. was +killed in a hand to hand conflict, the column of Colonel Jenkins +was compelled to retreat with the loss of two guns, but +the rest of the position was held. Reinforcements presently +arrived from Sherpur, the guns were recovered, and in a brilliant +charge, made with twelve men, Captain Vousdon, of the +Bengal Staff Corps, cut down five Afghans with his own +hand, and gained the Victoria Cross.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It being signalled from the Bala Hissar, that bodies of the +enemy were advancing from the north, south, and west, in overwhelming +numbers, General Macpherson was ordered to fall back +at once to Sherpur, and General Baker was directed to hold the +position he had occupied since the morning, until all the troops +from the heights were withdrawn. These movements were +well executed with but little loss, and on the night of December +14th., all the British forces were concentrated in the cantonments +of Sherpur, while the exultant Afghans re-occupied the +Bala Hissar and the city of Cabul. The Sherpur cantonments +had been built by Shere Ali for his own troops, but never +occupied by them. The front towards Cabul was fortified by a +loopholed wall, sixteen feet high, and about two thousand yards +<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>long, with small semi-circular bastions at intervals, and a ditch; +enclosing a range of barracks capable of accommodating five +thousand men. In the rear were the steep Behmaru Hills, +within the line of defence, and also fortified.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir F. Roberts, with admirable foresight, had before collected +stores calculated to last for some months, emptying the granaries +and stores of Cabul; so his force of seven thousand men +of all arms, with twenty-three guns, including two gatlings, were +not likely to feel the absolute want of the necessaries of life +till reinforcements could arrive from India. The enemy occupied +themselves for some days with plundering Cabul, and in preparing +for a general attack; during which time Sir F. Roberts +employed all his men in strengthening and perfecting the +defences of Sherpur. There was skirmishing daily, till on +December 23rd., the anniversary of the murder of Sir William +Macnaghten, at the same spot in 1841, the long-prepared assault +on Sherpur took place. Brigadier-General Gough was now +rapidly advancing from Gundamuck with reinforcements, and +the enemy felt that there was no time to be lost, if they meant +to repeat the massacre of Elphinstone’s army of 1842. On +the preceding evening, some native scouts had informed the +General, that the Afghans had provided themselves with scaling +ladders capable of carrying two men abreast, and that at the +break of day he would be attacked on all sides, the signal +being the lighting of a great beacon on the Asmai heights above +Cabul. At four in the morning the troops were on the alert, +at six, a brilliant flame arose on the Asmai ridge, and with +the hoarse shouts of many thousand voices, and the deafening +rattle of innumerable drums, the attack commenced. Day +had not yet broken, but the stars, and the snow lying around, +gave light enough for the defenders to direct a most deadly +fire on their frantic assailants, not one of whom came near +enough to scale the wall. Till one p.m. the assaults lasted, +when the cavalry sallied out, and did great execution on the +enemy, who fled on all sides, and dispersed so rapidly that +by nightfall not a man of them could be seen.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The strength of the Afghans was estimated at about thirty +thousand, and their losses “at not less than three thousand +killed and wounded.” The British casualties were exceedingly +small: two officers and eight men killed, and five officers, +including General Gough, and forty-one men wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Next morning the welcome news arrived that General Gough +was approaching, and a force was sent out to occupy the Siah +Sang range to prevent any resistance being made to his advance; +but no enemy appeared, the whole force of the Afghans having +fled during the night. On Christmas Day the reinforcements +arrived, Cabul was re-occupied without any opposition, and +the British were again masters of the country.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The whole of the British casualties from the 10th. to the +24th. of December, were one hundred and three officers and +men killed, and two hundred and sixty-three officers and men +wounded. Many of the wounded died, among them Colonel +Cleland, of the 9th. Lancers; Lieutenant Montanaro, R.A.; and +Major Cooke, of the 5th. Ghoorkas, who had gained the V.C. +at the Peiwar Kotul. Sir F. Roberts wrote: “Had Major +Cooke survived, he would have risen to the highest honours +of his profession.” The regiments engaged in the actions around +Cabul were the 9th. Lancers, 12th. Bengal Cavalry, 14th. Bengal +Lancers, 5th. Punjaub Cavalry; the 67th., 72nd., and 92nd. +Foot; 23rd. and 28th. Bengal Infantry; 2nd., 4th., and 5th. +Ghoorkas; 5th. Punjaub Infantry, two Punjaub Mounted Batteries, +and Bengal Sappers and Miners.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span> + <h2 class='c006'>AHMED KHEL.<br> <span class='sc'>April 19th., 1880.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>In the spring of 1880, rumours began to be circulated of +preparation made for another attack on Cabul by the Afghans, +and as Ghuznee was the stronghold of Mohammed Jan, and +the centre of a gathering of hostile tribes; in April, General +Donald Stewart marched from Candahar, with a force of about +seven thousand men, with orders to occupy Ghuznee, and open +communications with Sir F. Roberts at Cabul. As the troops +approached Ghuznee, bodies of the enemy were observed hovering +about, and the villages were deserted, the Moollahs having +stirred up a holy war.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>On April 19th. the Afghans were found in strength at Ahmed +Khel, twenty-three miles south of Ghuznee, occupying a ridge +directly in front, with a force estimated at about fifteen thousand +horse and foot, chiefly tribesmen. The British column covered +nearly six miles in marching order, the baggage being far in +the rear. The advance was ordered at eight o’clock, and when +about one and a half miles from the enemy’s position, the +artillery, under Waters and Campbell, moved to the front and +opened fire. Scarcely had the attack commenced, and before +the infantry were in proper formation, a dense body of men +with standards appeared on the crest of the ridge, with a body +of horsemen outflanking the British left, with the intention of +getting into the rear and attacking the baggage. At a signal, +the mass of Afghans in the front, poured headlong down from +their position, stretching out to the right and left, and charged +and almost enveloped Stewart’s army. This charge was made +by about four thousand fanatical Ghazis, men who cared nothing +for their own lives, if they could only exterminate the hated +infidels. So rapid and unexpected was their attack, that the +range of the guns had to be altered to case-shot distance, and +when all the case was expended, the guns were loaded with +shrapnel, the heads towards the charge, to explode on leaving +the muzzle, which covered the ground with heaps of fearfully +mutilated dead and wounded. A squadron of the Bengal +Lancers was swept away and lost to sight in clouds of dust +and smoke, and the situation was critical, as the cavalry could +not be rallied till they had passed to the right of the infantry, +then so hotly pressed that many of the men had not even +time to fix their bayonets. So furious was the onslaught, +that some of the enemy swept round to the rear of the infantry, +and a desperate conflict hand to hand ensued. The +whole of the reserve, including the General’s escort, was ordered +up to support the guns and reinforce the fighting line; and +according to the correspondent of the <i>Standard</i>—“At this +crisis our line was penetrated, and both flanks turned, the +artillery having fired away all their case-shot.” But the infantry +stood firm, and Colonel Gyster, forming the 3rd Ghoorkas +in rallying squares, left spaces through which friends and foes +passed together. As the Ghazi horsemen with fierce yells +rushed onward, the Ghoorkas, the 59th., the 2nd. Sikhs, and +19th. Punjaub Infantry poured a terrific fire point blank into +their ranks, which checked their advance and mowed them +down in heaps. Their attack had spent itself, and as the +cavalry now rallied and fell upon the shattered ranks with +lance and sword, their retreat soon became a disorderly flight. +The battle was won, and though a body of the enemy made +a last stand on an eminence in their rear, the 1st. Punjaub +Cavalry, under Colonel Maclean, coming up, with one charge +dispersed them, and the rout was complete.</p> + +<p class='c008'>More reckless bravery than that of the Ghazis was never +seen, about one thousand of them lay dead on the ground, with +double that number of wounded, though the conflict lasted but +little more than an hour. The loss of the victors was seventeen +killed and one hundred and twenty-six wounded, including +nine officers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After a halt of two hours the army continued its march to +Nani, about fourteen miles from Ghuznee, and encamped for +the night. Next day Ghuznee was entered without opposition, +Mohammed Jan having fled. On May 2nd. General Stewart +arrived at Cabul, and as senior officer to Sir F. Roberts, took +the chief command.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops engaged at Ahmed Khel were the 19th. Bengal +Lancers, 1st. Punjaub Cavalry, three Batteries of Artillery, the +59th. Foot, 60th. Rifles, 2nd. Sikh Infantry, and the 15th., +19th., and 25th. Bengal Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE MARCH TO KANDAHAR.<br> <span class='sc'>August, 1880.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>For some time after the arrival of General Stewart at Cabul +things remained quiet. Negociations were going on with Abdur +Rahman Khan, a nephew of Shere Ali, and grandson of Dost +Mahommed, who for several years had been living in Russian +Turkestan, and receiving a pension from the Czar. Abdur +Rahman seeming to have the best and strongest claims to the +Ameership of Afghanistan, he was recognised by the British +government, and on his approach to Cabul the troops were +ordered to return to India. But their work was not yet finished. +On learning of the recognition of Abdul Rahman, Ayoub Khan, +a younger brother of Yakoob Khan, resolved to strike a blow +for the Ameership, and started from Herat, of which place he +was the Governor, with a strong force, thirty-six guns, and a +large body of irregulars, the most fierce and warlike of the +western Afghan tribes, with the intention of seizing Kandahar. +When General Stewart marched from Kandahar to Cabul, a +British force was left at the former place under General Primrose.</p> + +<div id='i275fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_275fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Star for General Roberts’ March.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span>To check the advance of Ayoub Khan, a British brigade of +about two thousand men and six guns moved from Kandahar, +under Brigadier-General Burrows, and on July 27th. encountered +the vastly superior army of the enemy at Maiwand. Instead +of vigorously attacking, Burrows remained on the defensive +for some hours, and the Ghazis rushing on in overwhelming +numbers, regardless of their losses, rolled up the British troops +from left to right, and drove them from the field; with a loss +of half their number and two guns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The remainder of the Brigade reached Kandahar after a +terrible retreat, no water being obtainable on the route, and +the fugitives being fired on from every village they passed. +General Primrose immediately evacuated the cantonments and +concentrated his troops in the citadel of Kandahar, in which +from August 11th. he was beleaguered by the Afghans.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On August 16th. a sortie was made on the besiegers, but +the affair was mismanaged, Brigadier-General Brooke, who +commanded, and many officers and men of the 7th. Fusiliers +and Native Infantry being killed and wounded. After this, +the garrison remained on the defensive till relieved, Ayoub +making no serious attack, but endeavouring to starve the defenders +into submission.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The news of the disaster at Maiwand came upon the Governor +of India like a thunderbolt, and measures were at once +taken for the relief of Kandahar.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir F. Roberts who was at the time with Sir D. Stewart +at Cabul, arranging for the withdrawal of the British troops +to India, immediately offered to march to Kandahar in command +<span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>of a force of ten thousand men, and his offer was accepted by +the government. General Phayre was to advance with another +force from Quettah, but being delayed by want of a commissariat +train, did not reach Kandahar till after the force from Cabul +had arrived there, though Roberts had a very much greater +distance to march. The army of General Roberts was composed +of three Batteries of Artillery, the 9th. Lancers, 3rd. +Bengal Cavalry, 3rd. Punjaub Cavalry, Central India Horse, +under Brigadier-General Gough; 2nd. Battalion 60th. Rifles, +72nd. and 92nd. Highlanders, 23rd. Pioneers, 24th. and 25th. +Punjaub Infantry, the 15th. Sikhs; 2nd., 4th., and 5th. +Ghoorkas; 2nd. and 3rd. Sikh Infantry; forming three brigades, +under Brigadiers Baker, Macpherson, and Macgregor; +and about eight thousand camp followers. Three days only +were occupied in preparations, and on August 8th. the march +began, a distance of more than three hundred miles, through +a mountainous and difficult country, peopled with fierce and +warlike tribes, for the most part hostile.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On August 15th. Ghuznee was reached, and the next day +the army passed over the battle-field of Ahmed Khel, the +scene of General Stewart’s victory in the preceding April. On +August 23rd. Sir F. Roberts arrived at, and relieved the strong +fort of Khelat-i-Ghilzie, held by a small garrison, under Colonel +Tanner, one hundred and thirty-six miles from Cabul. A halt +was here made for a day or so, and then taking the garrison +with him, the General pushed on for Kandahar, and on +August 27th opened communications with General Primrose +by his cavalry. As the relieving force advanced, Ayoub withdrew +from before Kandahar, and took up a position on some +hills near the city, his head-quarters being at a place called +Mazra.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On August 31st., Sir F. Roberts entered Kandahar, and the +same day made a reconnaissance in force, in which Generals +Gough and Macpherson, after some sharp fighting, carried +several of the enemy’s defences at the point of the bayonet, +and fully discovered the positions and strength of the Afghan +army. At half-past five on the morning of September 1st., +all officers commanding brigades were summoned to the tent +of the General, and received his final orders and directions. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>He informed them that he meant to attack the south-west +part of the ridge occupied by the enemy, with three brigades +of infantry massed in rear of the Piquet Hill, while his forty-pounders +on the right, supported by the 7th. Fusiliers and Rifles, +engaged and silenced Ayoub’s guns posted on the Baba Wali. +The Kandahar garrison were to hold the city and threaten +the Murcha Pass, while Gough’s cavalry were to act on the +left and cut off the retreat of the enemy to Giriskh. The real +attack was to be made by storming the village of Gundi Moollah +Sahibdab, turning the Paimal Hill, and finally taking the +Baba Wali in reverse. The General concluded by saying: “If +the ridge of Pie Paimal can be turned then the Baba Wali +Kotal will be untenable. I look, gentlemen, to you to carry +out my instructions, and I leave the details to you.” At nine +o’clock, all was ready for the advance. The village of Gundi +Moollah was stormed by the 92nd. and the 2nd. Ghoorkas, in +spite of a hot fire from garden walls and windows of houses; +while the 72nd., the 2nd. Sikhs, supported by the 3rd. Sikhs +and the 5th. Ghoorkas, worked round the end of the Pie Paimal +and carried village after village. The fighting among the enclosures +with loopholed walls was desperate in the extreme, as +the Ghazis, reckless of death, fought with the ferocity of tigers, +hurling themselves upon the British rank till their shields +clashed with the bayonets, in spite of the withering volleys +poured into them at the distance often of a few yards. After +a very severe contest, the 1st. and 2nd. brigades swept the +enemy through the closely wooded gardens and orchards on +the west of the hill, and the village of Pie Paimal was taken soon +after noon. Behind the northern hill the country is cut up +by canals and watercourses, and here between a river and the +slopes, in an entrenched camp the Afghans made their final +stand. This position was taken by a rush of the 92nd., under +Major White,<a id='r94'></a><a href='#f94' class='c013'><sup>[94]</sup></a> supported by the Ghoorkas and 23rd. Pioneers. Of +this advance, General Roberts said: “Nothing could be finer +than the rush made by the Ghoorkas and the Highlanders, and +how well the 23rd. and 24th. worked up in support.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>In four hours from the time the battle began, the enemy +were totally defeated and in full flight; their camp and all +their artillery (thirty-two guns), including the two taken at +Maiwand, being abandoned to the victors. Their tents, including +Ayoub’s, were left standing, and in front of one of +them was found the still bleeding body of Lieutenant Maclaine, +R.H.A., who had been taken prisoner at Maiwand. His +ruffianly captors finding the battle going against them, and their +camp taken, had deliberately cut his throat and fled. Ayoub, +leaving about twelve hundred of his army of thirteen thousand +in killed alone behind, fled towards Herat with a handful +of men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British loss was three officers killed, among them Colonel +Brownlow, commanding the 72nd., and eleven wounded; and +forty-six men killed and about two hundred wounded, the +72nd. suffering most severely. After the battle was over, the +General rode up to the head of every battalion, and personally +thanked it for its share in gaining the victory, which concluded +the campaign.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The relieving force was broken up in September, but before +returning to India, Sir F. Roberts distributed medals for distinguished +service to the men of the 72nd., the 82nd., and the +5th. Ghoorkas. Kandahar, in accordance with the promise of +the Indian Government, was evacuated, and the Afghan war +was ended. The entire force engaged at Kandahar on September +1st., 1889, was composed of the 9th. Lancers, 3rd. Bengal Cavalry, +3rd. Bombay Cavalry, 3rd. Punjaub Cavalry, 3rd. Scinde Horse, +Central India Horse, the Poona Horse; the 7th. Fusiliers, 60th. +Rifles, the 66th., 72nd., and 92nd. Foot; 15th., 23rd., 24th. +and 25th. Bengal Infantry; the 1st., 4th., 19th., 28th. and 29th. +Bombay Infantry; the 2nd., 4th., and 5th. Ghoorkas; the 2nd. +and 3rd. Sikh Infantry, and three Batteries of Artillery.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE CHINA MEDALS,<br> <span class='c016'>1840, 1842, 1856, 1860.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The first China medal granted for the war 1840–42, by the +Indian Government, and authorised by the Queen, was designed +by Wyon, and has on the obverse the Queen’s head, with the +inscription, “Victoria Regina.” Reverse: A shield bearing the +arms of Great Britain, with cannon, flags, anchor, &c., resting +against a palm-tree, with the motto, “Armis Exposcere Pacem.” +In the exergue, “China,” with the date 1842 underneath.<a id='r95'></a><a href='#f95' class='c013'><sup>[95]</sup></a> No +clasp issued. Ribbon, crimson with yellow edges; given to both +services.</p> + +<div id='i279fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_279fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Medal for First Chinese War.<br> <br> Medal for Second Burmese War.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The medal for the second Chinese war, 1856–60, was granted +by a warrant, dated March 6th., 1861, and is similar to that given +for the first war, except that the date 1842 on the reverse is +omitted. The ribbon is the same; given to both services. +Clasps: “Fatshan, 1857”; “Canton, 1857”; “Taku Forts, +1858”; “Taku Forts, 1860”; “Pekin, 1860.” An additional +clasp—inscribed “China, 1842”—was issued to those in possession +of the first medal. The clasp for “Fatshan, 1857” was +given to the navy and Marines only.<a id='r96'></a><a href='#f96' class='c013'><sup>[96]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span> + <h2 class='c006'>FIRST CHINESE WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1840–1842.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>In consequence of the Chinese government having commenced +summary measures without sufficient previous notice, the British +superintendents of trade applied to the Governor-General of +India for a number of ships of war and armed vessels for the +protection of life and property. Although the introduction of +opium into China was prohibited, the local authorities did not +enforce the law. Ultimately Captain Elliot and the merchants +at Canton were confined to the factories as prisoners, and in +June the Chinese High Commissioner, and other officers proceeded +to Chunhow, near the Bocca Tigris, and commenced +<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>destroying vast quantities of the prohibited drug, besides offering +insult to Captain Elliot, R.N., the Queen’s representative. +Hostilities became unavoidable, and the 18th., 26th., and 49th. +regiments, a native corps of Bengal volunteers, and detachments +of artillery and sappers from the presidency of Madras, were +embarked under Brigadier-General George Burrell, of the Royal +Irish. It became important to gain possession of a portion +of the Chinese territory as a <i>point d’appui</i> for subsequent +operations; and the governor of Chusan, an island lying off +the coast, was summoned to surrender in the beginning of +July. He, however, made dispositions to defend the place, +and on the morning of the 5th. of July the shore, landing-place, +wharf, and adjoining hill were crowded with Chinese +troops. The British shipping silenced the war-junks and +batteries; and the right wing of the 18th. regiment, commanded +by Major Henry William Adams, with the Royal +Marines of the fleet, forming the advance, landed. They were +followed by other corps, and the British troops, commanded +by Brigadier-General George Burrell, Lieutenant-Colonel of +the 18th., took up a position in front of the fortified city +of Ting-hae-hien, whence a sharp fire was sustained for some +time; but before the following day the Chinese soldiers fled +in a panic, and the city was taken possession of, but the +climate proved injurious to the health of the troops.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This success was followed by negotiations; the tardy councils +of the Chinese being expedited by the activity of the British +naval force, and in the early part of 1841 they agreed to give +up the island of Hong Kong, pay an indemnity of six million +dollars, and open a direct intercourse for trading upon an equal +footing. Accordingly the island was occupied; but the +authorities appeared to have had no intention of fulfilling the +other stipulations of the treaty. Hostilities were in consequence +resumed, and the force embarked in February with +the expedition up the Canton river. In less than an hour +the fleet silenced the batteries of Wantong, and a body of +troops, consisting of detachments of the 26th. and 49th. regiments, +Royal Marines, and the 37th. Madras Native Infantry, +and Bengal volunteers, commanded by Major Pratt, of the 26th., +landing, the island was captured without the loss of a man, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>thirteen hundred Chinese soldiers surrendering prisoners of war. +Continuing the voyage, the fleet arrived at the bar, destroying +the war-junks, the works being stormed and captured by the +marines and seamen. As the expedition pursued its way up the +river, the Chinese abandoned several batteries and armed rafts, +and solicited terms of peace; but procrastination seemed to be +their only object, and the British fleet advanced. The forts +in front of Canton soon fell under the fire of the artillery, +the Chinese flotilla was destroyed, and peace was again +requested. While negotiations were pending, bodies of Tartar +troops were arriving at Canton, which shewed the object of +the enemy; and on the 24th. of May the troops landed, and +on the following day they advanced against the fortified heights +on the north of the city, when dispositions were made for +the attack. About half-past nine o’clock the advance was +sounded, and by a spirited effort the heights were carried—the +18th. and 49th. being emulous which should first reach their +appointed goals—and the British colours waved triumphantly +on the captured forts.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A fortified Chinese camp had been established on the high +ground on the north-east of Canton, and from this bodies +of the enemy advanced against the British troops. The 18th., +49th., and a company of marines, met and repulsed the principal +attack, and, following the fugitives along a causeway, stormed +and captured the entrenched camp in gallant style. It was +afterwards burnt, and the magazines destroyed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the following morning (26th. of May) a flag of truce +was seen on the walls, and hostilities were suspended; but +delay still appearing to be the object of the Chinese, preparations +were made to attack the city by storm, when six +millions of dollars were agreed to be paid for the redemption +of Canton, and opening the port for trade.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Disregarding the stipulations of treaties, the Emperor of China +issued a mandate for the extermination of the British who +dared thus to insult his coasts and capture his towns, offering +at the same time, immense rewards for the heads of the +commanders, and even a large sum for that of a private +soldier. His decrees were responded to by depriving him of +a further extent of territory; and on the 22nd. of August an +<span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>expedition proceeded against the island and city of Amoy, +situated in a fine gulf in the province of Fokein, the great tea +district of China. On the 25th. of August the fleet arrived +before Amoy, which was defended by five hundred pieces of +cannon and a numerous force; but nothing could withstand the +combined efforts of the British naval and land forces. On the +following day the works were bombarded for two hours, and a +landing was effected about three o’clock, when the Chinese +and Tartar soldiers fled in dismay, after firing a few shots. +The small island of Koolangsoo was captured on the preceding +day.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 5th. of September the expedition sailed for the recapture +of Chusan, which island had been given up in consequence +of the stipulations of the first treaty. The place was +found more strongly fortified than before, and a resolute but +unavailing stand was made by the Chinese. A landing in two +columns was effected on the 1st. of October; the first, about +fifteen hundred strong, was accompanied by Major-General Sir +Hugh Gough, and was under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel +Craigie, of the 55th. foot. The second, about one +thousand strong, was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Morris, +of the 49th. regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The expedition proceeded on the 6th. against the city of +Chinhae, the military depôt of the province, situated on the +mainland opposite Chusan, and surrounded by a wall of extraordinary +height and thickness. The troops landed on the 10th. +of October, advanced through a difficult country towards the +city, and stormed the works covering the approach to the +place. In this city an extensive arsenal, and cannon foundry, +with military stores, fell into the hands of the captors. The +force employed consisted of detachments of the 18th., 49th., +and 55th. regiments, and of the Royal and the Madras Artillery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>From Chinhae the expedition proceeded up the river on the +13th. of October, against the fortified city of Ningpo, where +no resistance was encountered. The troops landed, and formed +on the ramparts, and possession was taken of the second city +in the province of Che-Keang, containing three hundred thousand +inhabitants.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 10th. of March, 1842, a large army of Tartars and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>Chinese made a sudden attack upon Ningpo, escalading the +walls, and forcing some of the gates, with great spirit, when +the few British in garrison, triumphed over their numerous +opponents. A guard of the 18th. Royal Irish Regiment, consisting +of Lieutenant Anthony Armstrong, one sergeant, +and twenty-three rank and file, stationed at the West-gate, +being attacked by large numbers, behaved steadily, and gallantly +drove them back, capturing two banners, the bearers of +which had been shot at the gate: the spirited behaviour of +this officer was commended in the public despatches.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Five days afterwards the troops embarked from Ningpo, and +sailed up the river to attack the enemy’s posts. On the 15th. +of March they were engaged at Tsekee, and the heights of +Segaon, which were captured; the Chankee-pass was also forced, +and the expedition, of which the 18th., 26th., and 49th. formed +a portion, returned to Ningpo on the 17th. of March. This +place was evacuated by the British in May, and an expedition +proceeded against the fortified city of Chapoo, where a landing +was effected on the 18th. of May. The 18th. and 49th. +regiments composed the right column, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Morris; and the 26th. and 55th. regiments were in the left, +under Colonel Schoedde; the centre column under Lieutenant-Colonel +Montgomerie, comprised detachments of the Royal and +Madras Artillery, and the 36th. Madras Native Infantry. Lieutenant-Colonel +Tomlinson met a soldier’s death at the head of +his regiment, the 18th. Royal Irish.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In June an expedition sailed up the Yangtse-Keang river, +and the fortified posts of Woosung and Poonshau were captured. +The city of Shanghae was afterwards taken possession +of without opposition. Reinforcements arrived, including the +98th. regiment from England, and the expedition proceeded +against Chin-Keang-foo, one of the strongest and most important +cities of China. The fleet left Woosung on the 6th. +of July, the Chinese troops were driven from Suyshan, and on +the 20th. of July the armament approached Chin-Keang-foo. +On the following day, after the reconnaissance had been completed, +and the ships were in position, the landing commenced. +The first brigade, consisting of the 26th., the Bengal Volunteers, +flank companies of the 41st. Madras Native Infantry, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>and the 98th., was under the command of Major-General +Lord Saltoun; the second (centre) brigade consisting of a +detachment of the Royal Artillery, 55th., 6th. Madras Native +Infantry, 36th. Madras Rifles, 2nd. Madras Native Infantry, and +a detachment of Sappers, was commanded by Colonel, afterwards +Lieutenant-General Sir James Holmes Schoedde, K.C.B., (55th. +Foot;) the third brigade comprised the 18th. and 49th., and +the 14th. Madras Native Infantry, and was commanded by +Colonel, afterwards Sir Robert Bartley, K.C.B., (49th. regiment,) +both these officers having the local rank of Major-General.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-Generals Lord Saltoun and Schoedde commenced +landing the troops before daylight, but considerable delay occurred +from the rapidity of the current and the scattered state +of the ships. The guns were next landed, followed by Major-General +Bartley’s brigade. Lord Saltoun moved forward +with the troops of his brigade first landed, the 98th. under +Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, (afterwards Lord Clyde), and +some companies of the native regiments, to destroy the encampments, +and cut off the enemy’s communication with the city, +between twelve and fifteen hundred of whom had shewn +themselves. The soldiers drove them over the hills and destroyed +the encampments. Major-General Schoedde escaladed +the city walls at the north angle and carried the inner +gateway, which was obstinately defended.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 55th. highly distinguished itself on this occasion.<a id='r97'></a><a href='#f97' class='c013'><sup>[97]</sup></a> +Lieutenant Cuddy, of that regiment, was the first to mount +the walls, and was shortly afterwards severely wounded. Major +(afterwards Major-General Charles Warren, C.B.,) commanding +the 55th., after he was himself wounded, cut down two +of the enemy, and was personally engaged with a third. +Every angle and embrasure had to be carried at the point of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>the bayonet. Brevet-Major Maclean commanded the storming +party, and Captain Greenward the Royal Artillery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the west gate had been blown in by Captain +Pears, the commanding engineer. A body of Tartars having +been driven into one division of the western outwork, refused +to surrender, when most of them were either shot or destroyed +in the burning houses, several of which had been set on fire +by the enemy, or by the British guns. Major-General Bartley +subsequently proceeded with a body of troops, consisting of the +18th. and part of the 49th. regiment, when a hot engagement +ensued with about one thousand Tartars, who, under cover of +some enclosures, opened a destructive fire on the soldiers as they +were filing round the walls. The leading division of the +49th. dashing down the ramparts on their left, while the 18th. +pushed on to turn their right, they were soon dispersed, +although some fought with great desperation.</p> + +<p class='c008'>From the sun becoming so overpowering, it was found impossible +to move with men already fatigued by their exertions, +many of whom died from the intense heat. The troops +therefore remained in occupation of the gates until six o’clock, +when several parties were pushed into the Tartar city and +to the public offices. On passing through the city and suburbs +the painful spectacle presented itself of hundreds of the dead +bodies of men, women, and children, lying in the houses, +numerous families having destroyed themselves sooner than outlive +the disgrace of their city being captured by foreigners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Royal Artillery, 18th., 26th., 49th., 55th., and 98th. +regiments shared in this service.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Hugh Gough proceeded to carry his victorious troops +into the heart of the empire, and attack Nankin, the ancient +capital of China, wherein the fugitives from Chin-Keang-foo +had sought refuge. By the 9th. of August the British naval +and land forces environed Nankin, and a great portion of the +troops landed. This decisive step produced the desired results, +and conditions of peace were acceded to; the Chinese paying +an indemnity, and ceding a portion of territory to the British +crown.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In consideration of the gallantry displayed by the troops +employed on the coasts and rivers of China, Her Majesty was +graciously pleased to permit the 18th., 26th., 49th., 55th., +and 98th. regiments, and their linked battalions, to bear on their +colours and appointments the word “China,” and the device of +the Dragon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Navy took an important part in the first Chinese war, +under Commodore Sir Gordon Brewer, at the capture of Chusan, +and the Bogue Forts, and in the operations against Canton, in +1840–41. Under Admiral Sir William Parker, the fleet took +the principal share in the capture of Amoy and Chinhae, in +1841, and in the attack on Woosung in 1842. The principal +ships engaged were—the two-deckers, “Wellesley,” “Blenheim,” +and “Melville”; the “Calliope,” “Samarang,” “Alligator,” “Druid,” +and “Blonde,” frigates; and the steamers, “Queen,” “Sesostris,” +“Phlegethon,” and above all the “Nemesis,” commanded by +Master W. H. Hall. Several other sloops and small craft also +were engaged in the operations.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SECOND CHINESE WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1856–1860.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The second war against the Chinese arose from various acts +of aggression; amongst which the seizure of the crew of the +memorable lorcha named the “Arrow,” sailing under British +colours, was the most prominent. The operations were at first +confined to the navy and Marines. Admiral Sir Michael +Seymour pursued vigorous measures; he opened fire upon +Canton in October, destroyed several Chinese junks on the 5th. +of November, 1856, and the Bogue Forts, mounting upwards +of four hundred guns, were captured on the 12th. and 13th. +of that month. The Chinese made repeated but abortive +attempts to destroy the fleet with fire-rafts and infernal +machines, some of which were charged with three thousand +pounds of gunpowder. On December 3rd., a strong fort called +the French Folly, was bombarded by the “Encounter” and +“Barracouta,” and Captains Wilson and Cochrane, at the head +of eight hundred and fifty sailors and marines, attacked and +stormed it on the land side. Thirty guns, some of them sixty-eight +pounders, were captured and destroyed, and the fort +blown up. This gave the Admiral command over the whole +river, and his blockade annihilated the trade of Canton.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An attack was made on the suburbs of the city of Canton +on the 12th. of January, 1857, when a detachment of the 59th., +employed in conjunction with the naval forces, sustained a +few casualties.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span> + <h2 class='c006'>FATSHAN CREEK.<br> <span class='sc'>June 1st., 1857.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Admiral Sir Michael Seymour having determined on attacking +the Chinese main fleet in Fatshan Creek, consisting +of upwards of eighty junks, manned by six thousand picked +warriors, and armed with above eight hundred guns, many +of them being forty-two pounders of European manufacture; on +June 1st., led in person in the little “Coromandel” tender, a +force of eleven gunboats, and between fifty and sixty boats of +the fleet, carrying nearly two thousand men, against the enemy, +at half-past three in the morning. The Chinese had constructed +heavy batteries on both sides of the creek, and believed +their position to be impregnable. The first point of attack was +the battery on the right, which was stormed and taken by a +body of seamen and marines, under Commodore Elliot, with +trifling loss. Owing to the receding tide, most of the gunboats +grounded, and the ships’ boats pushed on by themselves, in +face of a well-directed and heavy cannonade, boarded the junks, +and in a short time they were in flames. In the meantime, +Commodore Hon. H. Keppel (now Admiral of the Fleet, Sir +H. Keppel), in the “Hong Kong,” at the head of another +division, had attacked the battery on the left side of the +creek. His gunboats taking the ground, he quitted them, and +in his galley led the boats against the junks and boarded the +largest himself. The whole fleet was soon captured, the crews +escaping to the land. Leaving some of his boats in the +rear to burn the junks, he pushed on with the remainder towards +another squadron visible in the distance. After a +long pull he came directly upon twenty junks of the largest +<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>size, most of which were aground, but so compactly moored +that their bow guns appeared like the broadside of a heavy +frigate, which received him with a fire, the precision of which +exceeded anything yet experienced in China. Almost every +boat was struck, the gig of Captain Cochrane was disabled, +and Keppel’s own boat and the launch of the “Calcutta” +sunk. So great was the confusion, that the flotilla retired a +little to re-form, while the Chinese beat their gongs and +uttered loud yells of triumph. But the tide was now fast +flowing, the Admiral sent up a reinforcement, and Keppel returned +to the attack with such vigour, that in a quarter of +an hour the junks slipped from their cables and fled up the +river. They were pursued, gradually disabled and taken; and +of the whole proud Chinese fleet, but three junks escaped. +Eighty-nine junks were destroyed, and the loss of the enemy +must have been heavy; that of the victors was thirteen +men killed, and forty wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An exceedingly graphic and stirring account of the action +was written by the gallant Commodore himself, in a letter +to his friends in England, which proceeds thus:—“When the ‘Hong Kong’ grounded, I led on the boats in my gig, +but as the tide was rising, she kept following us as fast as +she could. The first division of the Chinese fleet was attacked +by about nineteen hundred men, and soon gave way. I did +not take up more than a quarter of that number to attack the +second division, which was three miles higher up the river, +in a well-selected place, and evidently the <i>élite</i> of their +fleet. They numbered exactly twenty, in one compact row, +mounting from ten to fourteen guns each, two of them on +stern and bow being heavy 32-pounders. I saw I had all +the ‘Raleigh’s’ boats well up, and determined to push on. +They fired occasional shots, as if to ascertain our exact distance, +but did not open their heaviest fire until we were +within six hundred yards, and then I soon saw how impossible +it would be to force our way until I had reinforcements. +We cheered, and I tried to get on, when a shot struck my +boat quite amidships, cut one man in two, and took off the +arm of another. Prince Victor (of Hohenlohe) who was +with me, jumped forward to bind the man’s arm with his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>neckcloth. While he was doing so, another round shot passed +through both sides of the boat, wounding two others of the +crew. The boat was filling with water, and I got on one of +the seats to keep my legs out of it; just as I stepped up, +a third round shot went through both sides of the boat, not +more than an inch below the seat on which I was standing. +Many of our boats had now got huddled together, the oars +of most being shot away. A boat of the ‘Calcutta’ being +nearest, we got in, pulling our wounded men with us. My +dog ‘Mike’ refusing to leave the body of the seaman who +had been his favourite, we were obliged to leave him. I +then gave the order to retire on the ‘Hong Kong,’ and re-form +abreast of her. While we were going down a shot cut +away all the oars on one side. I called to Lieutenant Graham +to get his boat ready, as I would hoist my broad pennant, and +lead the next attack in his boat. I had no sooner spoken +than a shot disabled his boat, wounding him, and killing +and wounding four others. I saw Graham one mass of blood, +but it was from a marine who stood next to him, and part of +whose skull was forced three inches into another man’s +shoulder. When I reached the ‘Hong Kong’ the whole of +the enemy’s fire seemed to be centred upon her. She was +‘hulled’ twelve times in a few minutes; her deck was covered +with the wounded who had been taken on board from the +boats. I was looking at them, when a round shot cut down a +marine, and he fell among them. From our paddle-box I saw +that our heavy firing was bringing up strong reinforcements. +The account of my having been obliged to retire had reached +them, and they were pulling up like mad. I ordered a bit of +blue bunting to be got ready to represent my broad pennant; +I called out: ‘Let us try the row-boats once more, boys!’ and +went over the side into our cutter. At this moment there +arose from the boats, as if every man took it up at the same +instant, one of those British cheers so full of meaning, that +I knew at once that it was all up with John Chinaman. +They might sink twenty boats, but there were thirty others +which would go ahead all the faster! On we went. Three +more cheers, and then began an exciting chase for seven miles. +As our shot told on them, they ran ashore, and their crews +forsook them. Seventeen were come up with, and captured +in this way; three only escaped.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Soon afterwards the Earl of Elgin arrived at Hong Kong +as the British Plenipotentiary, to negotiate with the Emperor, +and if satisfactory terms were not conceded, to carry on the +war with vigour. His lordship arrived at Hong Kong early +in July, 1857, and the news of the terrible Indian Mutiny +having reached him at Singapore, a portion of the force selected +for operations in China was, with a noble patriotism, +at once despatched to Calcutta, the Earl following them soon +after with additional troops from Hong Kong.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-General the Honourable Thomas Ashburnham, +C.B., who had been appointed to the military command of +the force destined for China, having left for Calcutta, was +succeeded by Major-General (afterwards Sir Charles) Van +Straubenzee. Lord Elgin was not able to act effectively until +December, in which month Commissioner Yeh was informed +that the British and French governments were united in their +determination to proceed against Canton until the demands +required were conceded. Operations were eventually prosecuted +with increased vigour, in consequence of the evasive +replies of the Chinese Commissioners, which resulted in the</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF CANTON.<br> <span class='sc'>29th. December, 1857.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>A reconnaissance was made on the 22nd. of December, +1857, by a body of British and French troops, to ascertain +the exact position and strength of the forts to the north of +Canton. A similar step was taken in the course of a day or +two, to gain information regarding the eastern side of the +city, and a proclamation was subsequently issued, notifying +that the place, if not surrendered, would be bombarded and +stormed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After a cannonade, which commenced on the 28th. of +December, 1857, the troops were embarked for Kupar Creek +at the south-east of the town, which was deemed the most +<span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>convenient for landing the attacking force.<a id='r98'></a><a href='#f98' class='c013'><sup>[98]</sup></a> This was composed +of British and French troops; the former had been formed +into two brigades; the first, consisting of the first and second +battalions of Royal Marine Light Infantry, was under Colonel +Holloway, of that corps; the second, composed of Royal +Engineers and Volunteer Company of Sappers, Royal Artillery, +and Royal Marine Artillery, Provisional Battalion Royal Marines, +the 59th. regiment, and the 38th. Madras Native Infantry, +was commanded by Colonel Hope Graham, of the 59th. The +artillery was under Colonel Dunlop.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The landing having been effected, the enemy was immediately +attacked. The East or Linn Fort was soon gained, the Chinese, +after a vigorous fire, having abandoned it and retreated to +Gough’s Fort. The cannonade continued all day, and throughout +the following night, the firing from the ships being also continued. +On the 29th. the east wall of the city was escaladed +by the British and French, and after a considerable resistance, +the enemy was driven along it and out of the eastern gate +of the city, of which possession was at once taken. On +this occasion the 59th., under Major Burmester, advanced as +the covering party to the French Naval Brigade and Royal +Marines. Major Luard, Brigade-Major to the second brigade, +is stated to have been the first on the walls of Canton. The +casualties were small.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For a week the allies occupied the walls between Magazine +Hill and the south-east corner of the city, no descent being +made into the streets. All this time everything appeared to +be proceeding as usual, the inhabitants pursuing their avocations +with the greatest unconcern, no offer of submission being made. +This was soon changed; on the morning of the 5th. of January, +the troops descended into the streets, when the governor of the +city, the Tartar General, and the celebrated Commissioner Yeh +were soon captured.<a id='r99'></a><a href='#f99' class='c013'><sup>[99]</sup></a> The latter was subsequently sent to +Calcutta.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF THE PEIHO, OR TAKU FORTS.<br> <span class='sc'>May 20th, 1858.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>After the capture of Canton, Lord Elgin and the French +Ministers finding all their proposals treated with evasion and +delay by the Chinese, resolved to transfer the scene of operations +to the mouth of the Peiho river, on which stands Pekin +the capital of China. They accordingly placed the conduct +of affairs in the hands of the English and French Admirals +(Sir M. Seymour and Admiral de Genouilly), with directions +to use their efforts to bring about a satisfactory settlement. +Sir Michael and his colleague, with the Ambassadors, arrived +off the mouth of the Peiho at the end of April, and some +time was lost in fruitless negotiations, which the Chinese +employed in strengthening their forts and defences, till they +considered them to be impregnable. A final demand being +sent for the surrender of the forts, to be held as a surety +till the conclusion of a treaty, to which no answer was returned, +the Admiral determined on an immediate attack. +The works were very formidable. For nearly a mile earthworks +and batteries had been thrown up on both sides of the +river, commanding every part of the Channel, mounting +upwards of 150 heavy guns, besides gingalls; a strong boom +was placed across the river in front, and the sides were staked +to prevent any attempts at landing. In the rear were several +camps strongly entrenched, and filled with picked troops. On +the morning of May 20th., the two Admirals hoisted their +flags together on the “Slaney” gunboat, and at 10 a.m. the +signal was made for the attack. Captain Saumarez in the +“Cormorant” led the way, and at full speed went for the +boom, which was composed of five seven-inch bamboo cables. +Her men were lying flat on the deck, no one being visible +but her commander and an officer or two, the three forts opened +upon her at once; when with a crash she shivered the boom, +passed through, and directed her fire on the northern forts. +The “Nimrod” followed her, and concentrated her fire on +the southern defences, diverting their attention from the “Cormorant.” +Four French gunboats quickly followed, and for +more than an hour the contest raged, for the Chinese stood +well to their guns. Some of their batteries being silenced, +and the fire from all slackening, the landing parties, which +the smaller gunboats had in tow, pushed ashore, and having +but a few yards to traverse, were in the embrasures at once, +taking the enemy entirely by surprise. On seeing the capture +of the southern forts, the defenders of the northern forts fled, +and the landing parties entered them without any opposition. +In about two hours from the commencement of the attack, +the whole of the defences at the mouth of the river were in +the possession of the allies, and the Chinese army in full +retreat. The forts were destroyed, the camps taken, and the +road to Pekin open to the conquerors.<a id='r100'></a><a href='#f100' class='c013'><sup>[100]</sup></a> The arrogance of the +enemy was at last subdued, and convinced of the uselessness +of further resistance, a treaty was signed by their Ministers +at Tientsin on the 26th. of June following, in conformity +with the terms proposed by the allies, containing concessions +never before thought possible by a Chinese, nor proposed by a +European.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CAPTURE OF THE TAKU FORTS.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. August, 1860.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This treaty the Chinese Government refused to ratify, and +the British and French were resolved to obtain that result. +In the first instance persuasion and diplomatic efforts were +<span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>resorted to, but without success. Every attempt at negotiation +having proved fruitless, recourse was again had to arms, +Major-General Sir James Hope Grant, K.C.B., so distinguished +during the Indian Mutiny, being appointed to the command, +with the local rank of Lieutenant-General. On the 1st. of +August the troops landed at Pehtang, which they quitted on +the 12th., and on that morning Major-General Sir Robert +Napier commanding the second division, encountered the enemy +at Sin-ho. In this action the Armstrong guns were first used +in war. The attack of the entrenched fortified camp of Tangku +occurred on the 14th. of August, and on the 20th. orders +were issued for the attack of the North Taku Forts, by a force +composed of British and French troops, about fifteen hundred +of each. The 44th., 67th., and Royal Marines, under Sir +Robert Napier represented the British quota; there was however +a heavy train of field artillery, comprising several eight-inch +mortars and two Armstrong batteries. In the evening the +gunboats took up their positions, and the troops having crossed +a flat and muddy plain, the night was employed in throwing +up trenches and batteries. Such alacrity was shewn by the +Chinese for the fight, that early in the morning of the 21st. +of August they opened fire upon the troops an hour before +the time fixed upon by the Allies; this was followed by a +tremendous bombardment in reply, aided by the gunboats, +which pitched shell and rockets into the North Fort. The +assault then took place.<a id='r101'></a><a href='#f101' class='c013'><sup>[101]</sup></a> The place was defended with great +determination, although the grand magazine had exploded from +the fire of the British artillery. At length the regiments +before named, in conjunction with the French, gained a footing +on the walls. Even then the Tartars fought with noble +intrepidity, but eventually they endeavoured to take refuge in +the next fort about half a mile distant, although few succeeded +in the attempt. Their loss was at least three thousand; +the British casualties were seventeen killed, and one hundred +and fifty-eight wounded; their allies had about thirty killed +and upwards of one hundred wounded. Four hundred guns were +taken, and the capture of this strong fort caused the Chinese +the same afternoon to surrender the others, together with the +province of Pecheli, upon a cessation of hostilities being granted.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span> + <h2 class='c006'>OCCUPATION OF PEKIN.<br> <span class='sc'>13th. October, 1860.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Tientsin was reached by the allies on the 6th. of September, +when the Chinese authorities as usual endeavoured to +gain time by negociation. On arrival at the encamping ground, +it was found occupied by a large Chinese army, while batteries +had been hastily thrown up; Mr. Parkes, (accompanied by +Lieutenant Anderson, of Fane’s Irregular Horse, Mr. De +Norman, and Mr. Bowlby, the special correspondent of “The +Times,” whose vigorous reports were of such universal interest), +proceeded to Tang-chow to ascertain the reason of this threatening +attitude.<a id='r102'></a><a href='#f102' class='c013'><sup>[102]</sup></a> Mr. Loch, accompanied by Captain Brabazon, Deputy-Assistant +Quartermaster-General, were afterwards despatched +under a flag of truce to order them to return. Meanwhile +the Chinese line opened fire, and an action ensued, when their +troops, far superior in numbers were dispersed, the enemy +losing six hundred men, and seventy-five guns. This action +was fought on the Chow-Ho on the 18th. of September, +and another occurred on the 21st. of September, on which +day the 1st. or King’s Dragoon Guards performed “very +<span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>excellent service.”<a id='r103'></a><a href='#f103' class='c013'><sup>[103]</sup></a> The Chinese entrenched camp was taken, +and they were driven back upon Pekin. Nearly six hundred +pieces of cannon were captured by the allies during these +operations. Continuing the advance on that city, a portion +of the French army occupied the famed Summer Palace of +the Emperor. On the 7th. of October the Chinese were +informed, that if the prisoners were not restored, and one of +the gates of Pekin delivered up, the city would be stormed. +This was agreed to, and a force of two hundred French and +British took peaceable possession of the gate at noon on the +13th. of October. This operation concluded the campaign.<a id='r104'></a><a href='#f104' class='c013'><sup>[104]</sup></a> +The crowning result was that the former treaty was ratified, +a large sum of money was paid by the Chinese, and such +prisoners as survived were released. Some of them, however, +died from the savage treatment they experienced, and amongst +them were Mr. De Norman, Lieutenant Anderson, Mr. Bowlby, +and Captain Brabazon. £100,000 were paid by the Chinese +<span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>as a compensation to the relatives of the murdered prisoners; +and Kowloon, a district at the mouth of the Canton river, +opposite Hong Kong, was ceded to the British Government.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE SCINDE MEDALS, 1843.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>These medals were granted by the Government of India, +to those who served in the Scinde campaign of 1843, and were +present at the battles of Meeanee and Hyderabad, under Sir +Charles Napier. There are three varieties of this medal, the +obverse of all being the same; the head of the Queen with +the legend “Victoria Regina,” reverse, No. 1 has the word +“Meeanee” inscribed within a circle of laurel leaves, surmounted +by a crown, and below is the date 1843, awarded to those +present at the battle of Meeanee only. No 2, has on the +reverse “Meeanee” and “Hyderabad,” with the date; given +to those who were engaged in both battles. No. 3 has on the +reverse the word “Hyderabad,” with the date; given to those +who were present at Hyderabad only. No clasp. Ribbon—rainbow +pattern. These medals are similar to that granted +for meritorious service, of which an illustration is given in +this work; the names of the battles being inscribed within +the wreath, instead of the words “For Meritorious Service.” +Four ships of the Indian navy took part in this campaign, and +their officers and crews received the medal. The 22nd. was +the only English regiment to which this medal was granted.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>THE CAMPAIGN IN SCINDE.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The withdrawal of the troops from Afghanistan was regarded +by the Ameer of Scinde as a sign of weakness, and they +consulted how they might destroy the British power. Being +feudatories of the Dooranée empire, they had been persuaded +to take a bold part in what they considered the common +cause. A force was consequently assembled under Major-General +Sir Charles Napier, and its first employment was the destruction +of the Fort of Emaun Ghur, in the desert, on the 14th. +and 15th. of January, 1843.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This service was described by the Duke of Wellington in the +House of Lords, “as one of the most curious military feats +he had ever known to be performed, or had ever perused an +account of in his life. Sir Charles Napier (added his Grace) +moved his troops through the desert against hostile forces; +he had his guns transported under circumstances of extreme +difficulty, and in a manner the most extraordinary; and he +cut off a retreat of the enemy which rendered it impossible +for them ever to regain their positions.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>As Emaun Ghur could only serve as a stronghold in which +the Beloochees might be able to resist British supremacy, +Major-General Sir Charles Napier determined upon destroying +the fortress. It was a place of great strength, and was constructed +of unburnt bricks, into which the shot easily penetrates, +but brings nothing down, so that recourse was had to mining. +The place was full of gunpowder and grain, and the former +was employed in blowing up the fortress, which was effected +on the 15th. of January. The 22nd. was the only Queen’s +regiment employed in this service, three hundred and fifty +of that corps having been carried on camels.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this difficult and harassing service, the troops returned +on the 23rd. of January to Peer-Abu-Bekr, without the loss +of a man, or without even a sick soldier, and the Ameer’s +plan of campaign was frustrated.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 14th. of February a treaty of peace was signed by +these chiefs, and directions were sent by them to the British +political resident, Major Outram, to quit Hyderabad, the capital; +but before this was complied with, eight thousand Beloochees, +commanded by several Ameers in person, attempted to force +an entrance into the enclosure of the British residency. After +a sharp contest of four hours, the assailants were repulsed +by a small force under Captain Conway, aided by the fire of +a British steamer lying in the river; but the position being +untenable was abandoned, and the resident with his escort +arrived safely in the camp of Sir Charles Napier.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF MEEANEE.<br> <span class='sc'>17th. February, 1843.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Having thus commenced hostilities, the Ameers assembled +a numerous force to destroy the few British troops in the +country. Sir Charles Napier, trusting to the valour of the +force under his orders, advanced to meet the enemy. On the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>17th. of February, twenty-two thousand Scindian troops were +discovered encamped at Meeanee. The position of the enemy +had been chosen with great skill, and they were immensely +superior in numbers. Both their flanks were covered by +thick woods, and their front was protected by the dry bed +and steep banks of the Fulailee river. The British, mustering +two thousand eight hundred men, advanced in echelon of +regiments to attack their numerous opponents, and the 22nd., +commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel (now Lieutenant-General +Sir John) Pennefather, led the attack. As soon as the British +forces came within range, a battery of fifteen guns opened +upon them, a numerous body of Beloochees discharged their +matchlocks and pistols at the 22nd., and then rushed forward +sword in hand to close upon the British line; but these +bold and skilful swordsmen went down under the superior +power of the musket and bayonet.<a id='r109'></a><a href='#f109' class='c013'><sup>[109]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>In the stirring words of General W. F. P. Napier—the +Beloochees—“Guarding their heads with their large dark shields, +they shook their sharp swords beaming in the sun, their shouts +rolling like a peal of thunder, as with frantic gestures, they +dashed forward with demoniac strength and ferocity, full against +the front of the 22nd. But with shouts as loud, and shrieks +as wild and fierce as theirs, and hearts as big, and arms as +strong, the Irish soldiers met them with the queen of weapons—the +musket, and sent their foremost masses rolling back in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>blood. These wild warriors continually advanced, sword and +shield in hand, striving in all the fierceness of their valour, to +break into the opposing ranks; no fire of small arms, no thrusts +of bayonets, no sweeping discharges of grape from the guns—could +drive the gallant soldiers back. They gave their breasts +to the shot, they leaped upon the guns by twenties at a time; +their dead went down the steep slope by hundreds; but the +gaps in their masses were continually filled up from the rear; +the survivors of the front rank still pressed forward with +unabated fury, and the bayonet and the sword clashed in full +and frequent conflict.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>After a severe contest of three hours the Scindian army +was defeated, and, on the day following the victory, six of the +Ameers delivered their swords to the British General upon +the field of battle. The Beloochees lost five thousand men, +and all their guns, ammunition, and treasure were taken, +together with their camp and standards.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the Notification of the Right Honourable Lord Ellenborough, +the Governor-General of India, it was directed, “That +the unserviceable guns, taken at Hyderabad, shall be sent to +Bombay, and there cast into a triumphal column, whereon shall +be inscribed in the English, and two native languages, the +names of Major-General Sir Charles Napier, K.C.B., and of +the several officers mentioned by His Excellency in his despatch, +and likewise the names of the several officers, non-commissioned +officers, and privates mentioned in the reports, that +thus the names may be for ever recorded of those who, at +Meeanee, obtained for themselves that glory in the field, which +is the reward dearest to a true soldier.” Sir Charles Napier +set the example, which has since been more or less followed, +in naming the non-commissioned officers and men who had +specially distinguished themselves.<a id='r110'></a><a href='#f110' class='c013'><sup>[110]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The loss of the 22nd. regiment was Captain J. Mc Leod +Tew, one sergeant, and twenty-two rank and file killed; +Lieutenant-Colonel Pennefather, Captain T. S. Conway, Lieutenants +W. M. G. Mc Murdo and F. P. Harding, Ensigns R. +Pennefather and H. Bowden, one sergeant, one corporal, and +fifty privates wounded.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF HYDERABAD.<br> <span class='sc'>24th. March, 1843.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The whole of the Ameers did not submit, and the chiefs +who continued to resist assembled an army, which was commanded +by Meer Shere Mahomed. The British advanced from +Hyderabad at daybreak on the morning of the 24th. of March, +and about half-past eight o’clock twenty thousand Scindian +troops were discovered in order of battle behind a nullah. +Arrangements were immediately made for commencing the +action, and the 22nd. regiment led the attack. Major Poole +commanded the brigade, and Captain F. D. George the regiment, +which advanced steadily against the enemy’s left, exposed to +a heavy fire of matchlocks, without returning a shot until +arriving within forty paces of the entrenchment, when it stormed +the position occupied by the Beloochees. Lieutenant Coote +first mounted the rampart, seized one of the enemy’s standards, +and was severely wounded while in the act of waving it and +cheering on his men; Lieutenant Powell seized another, and +the gallant example of the officers stimulated the men to similar +deeds. Privates J. Doherty, C. Lynar, E. Jobin, J. Mc Cartin, +J. Walmsley, G. Roberts, E. Watson, and J. Oakley shot the +defenders, and then captured fourteen standards, making five +of their opponents prisoners. Privates S. Cowen, S. Alder, and +G. Banbury also captured colours; and Corporal Tim. Kelly +shot one of the Scindians, taking from him a silver-knobbed +standard. The Beloochee infantry and artillery fought well, +but were unable, although greatly superior in numbers, to +resist the determined attack of disciplined soldiers.</p> + +<div id='i303fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_303fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Second Jellalabad Medal.<br> <br> The Maharajpoor Star.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Charles Napier stated in his public despatch, +“The battle was decided by the troop of Horse Artillery, and +Her Majesty’s 22nd. regiment.”<a id='r111'></a><a href='#f111' class='c013'><sup>[111]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The loss of the enemy was very great, and eleven pieces of +cannon were taken in position on the nullah, together with +seventeen standards. The Beloochee force was completely defeated, +and their commander, Meer Shere Mahomed, fled to the +desert.<a id='r112'></a><a href='#f112' class='c013'><sup>[112]</sup></a> Among the killed was the great promoter of the war, +Hoche Mahomed Seedee. Twenty-three rank and file of the +22nd. regiment were killed on this occasion; Lieutenants Chute, +Coote, Evans, and Brennan, Ensign Richard Pennefather, six +sergeants, one drummer, four corporals, and one hundred and +twenty-three privates were wounded. At the battle of Hyderabad +the regiment mustered only five hundred and sixty-two +rank and file; the remainder, being sick and convalescent, +having been left at Sukkur, in Upper Scinde.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These successes gained for the troops the high honour of the +thanks of Parliament, and the Order of the Bath for several +of the officers.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE STAR FOR MAHARJPOOR AND PUNNIAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1843.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Government of India, as a mark of their distinguished +merit, presented to every officer and soldier engaged in these +battles, a bronze star of six points, made from the captured +guns, faced with a smaller star of silver. Both stars are similar, +the only difference being that one has “Maharajpoor” on the +silver face, the other “Punniar,” the date being the same—“December +29th., 1843.” They were permitted to be worn by +the Queen’s regiments. The star was originally issued with a +brass hook to fasten it to the breast of the wearer’s coat, but +eventually it was worn with the “rainbow ribbon.”</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLES OF MAHARAJPOOR AND PUNNIAR.<br> <span class='sc'>29th. December, 1843.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>A force named the “Army of Exercise” was assembled at +Agra, in November, 1843, in consequence of affairs in the +state of Gwalior, which had for some time required the attention +of the Indian Government, although it was not anticipated +that actual hostilities would take place. The events +which led to the collision between the Anglo-Indian troops +and those of the once powerful Mahratta kingdom, are as +follow:—Upon the decease of Maharajah Thunkojee Rao Scindiah, +the British Government promptly acknowledged as his +successor the Maharajah Tyajee Rao Scindiah, who was nearest +in blood to the late sovereign of Gwalior, and whose adoption +by the Maharanee, his Highness’s widow, was approved by the +chiefs. During the minority of the Maharajah, the office of +regent was to be held by Mama Sahib. In a short time the +regent was compelled by force to quit the Gwalior state, and +the Dada Khasgee Walla succeeded to the confidence of the +Maharanee without possessing generally that of the chiefs, and +by his influence various acts were committed insulting and injurious +to the British Government. The delivery of the Dada +being peremptorily insisted upon as a necessary preliminary to +the re-establishment of the customary relations with the Gwalior +state, the Maharanee at length complied with the request, and +the Governor-General, in order to give friendly support to the +youthful Maharajah, directed the immediate advance of forces +sufficient for the purpose. The Anglo-Indian troops entered +the dominions of Scindiah, and a strong government having +been established at Gwalior, they received orders to withdraw; +but were not destined to return to their own territory without +a severe conflict. Negotiations appeared proceeding to an +<span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span>amicable issue, but the design of the enemy to gain time +to concentrate his forces became at length so evident, that +active measures of hostility were determined upon. The British +army left Agra, between the 12th. and 18th. of December, under +the command of Major-General Sir Hugh Gough, who was +accompanied by the Governor-General, Lord Ellenborough, in +person.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The main division crossed the Koharee river early in the +morning of the 29th. of December, and found the Mahratta +forces drawn up in front of the village of Maharajpoor, in +a very strong position, which they had occupied during the +night, and which they had carefully entrenched. The British +were about fourteen thousand strong, with forty pieces of +artillery, while the enemy mustered eighteen thousand men, +including three thousand cavalry, with a hundred guns. Notwithstanding +the extreme difficulty of the country, intersected +by deep and almost impassable ravines, the whole of the +Anglo-Indian troops were in their appointed positions by eight +o’clock in the morning of the 29th. of December. The action +commenced by the advance of Major-General Littler’s column, +which was exactly in front of Maharajpoor; whilst Major-General +Valiant’s brigade took it in reverse, both being supported +by Major-General Dennis’s column, and the two light +field batteries.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Her Majesty’s 16th. Lancers, and the 39th. and 40th. +regiments highly distinguished themselves. The 30th., forming +part of Brigadier Wright’s brigade with the 56th. Native Infantry +attacked with such vigour that they stormed the enemy’s +batteries and bayoneted the gunners at their posts. But the +Mahrattas rallied in the village, and after firing their Matchlocks +threw them away, and fought sword in hand with the most +determined bravery. In the meantime General Valiant’s brigade +had taken Maharajpoor in reverse, and by this combined movement +twenty-eight guns were captured, but the Mahratta position +was not taken till nearly all its defenders had been slain on the +spot.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A small work of four guns on the left of the entrenched main +position of Chonda was long and obstinately defended, but +subsequently carried; and the guns captured by the grenadiers +<span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>of the 39th., under Captain Campbell, admirably supported +by a wing of the 56th. Native Infantry, under Major Philips.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Not less distinguished was the conduct of the 40th.; this +regiment in the attack on the enemy’s entrenched positions, +had two successive commanding officers, Major Stopford<a id='r113'></a><a href='#f113' class='c013'><sup>[113]</sup></a> and +Captain Coddington, wounded at the very muzzles of the guns. +Two regimental standards were captured by the 39th., and +four by the 40th. regiment. Major-General Valiant was also +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Churchill, C.B., Quarter-Master General of +Her Majesty’s forces in India, and Captain Somerset of the +Grenadier Guards, Military Secretary to Lord Ellenborough, +both received several wounds in personal rencontres. The +former died after amputation of the leg. Major Henry Havelock, +C.B., of the 13th. Light Infantry, Persian interpreter, served +on Sir Hugh Gough’s personal staff.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Brigadier Cureton’s brigade of cavalry, of which the 16th. +Lancers (under Lieutenant-Colonel Macdowell) formed part, +took advantage of every opportunity, manœuvring most +judiciously on the right, and had it not been for an impassable +ravine, would have cut off the retreat of the whole,. +The cavalry division was under the orders of Major-General +Sir Joseph Thackwell, K.C.B.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In this action fifty-six guns, and the whole of the enemy’s +ammunition waggons were captured.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Grey, who had been directed to push on +with the left wing as rapidly as practicable to Punniar, twelve +miles south-west of Gwalior, gained also a complete victory +<span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>on the same day as the battle of Maharajpoor was fought, +namely, the 29th. of December.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About four o’clock in the afternoon the enemy was observed +to have taken up a strong position on a chain of lofty +hills, four miles eastward of the camp. The Major-General +determined immediately to attack him, and the 3rd. Buffs, +with a company of sappers and miners, were detached to occupy +a position on an opposite ridge, followed afterwards to +the right by five companies of the 39th. Native Infantry, +until the troops, amounting to two thousand and seven men, +could be brought up, and an attack made upon the enemy’s +left flank and centre. Owing to the lateness of the day, it +was some time before this force could be supported. The +Buffs, under Lieutenant-Colonel Clunie, and the sappers attacked +the centre, exposed to a galling fire from the guns, and gallantly +carried every position, driving the enemy from height to +height, and capturing eleven of his guns, with a standard. The +second infantry brigade under Acting-Brigadier Anderson, of +the 50th., arrived in time to put a finish to the action; +forming on the crest of the hill, he, by a gallant and judicious +movement, attacked the enemy’s left, and completely defeated +him, taking the remainder of his guns. Major Petit commanded +the 50th., and distinguished himself by the charge he made +down the hill at the head of that regiment. The 50th. +Native Infantry shared in the above movement. Major White +commanded the latter, and took the second infantry brigade +out of action upon Brigadier Anderson being wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A portion of the first cavalry brigade, under Brigadier +Campbell of the 9th. Lancers, accompanied the force as far +as the ground would admit, but no opportunity was afforded +for actively employing them. General Grey at once affected +a junction with Sir H. Gough under the walls of Givalin, +which capital they occupied unopposed, and the Maharatta +army was disbanded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These victories were not gained without severe loss,<a id='r114'></a><a href='#f114' class='c013'><sup>[114]</sup></a> owing +to the enemy’s force greatly exceeding the British, particularly +in artillery, and to the commanding position of his guns, +which were well served and resolutely defended both by +gunners and infantry; the peculiar difficulties of the country +gave also additional advantages to the gallantry of the +Mahratta troops, whose casualties were exceedingly heavy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged at Maharajpoor, were the 16th. Lancers, +39th. and 40th. Foot. Bengal Artillery and Sappers, 1st., 4th., +and 10th. Native Cavalry, 2nd. Skinner’s Horse, and the 14th., +16th., 31st., 43rd., and 56th. Native Infantry. At Punniar; +the troops engaged were the 9th. Lancers; the 3rd. and 50th. +Foot; the 8th. Bengal Irregular Cavalry, a company of Sappers, +and five companies of the 39th. and 50th. Native Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE SUTLEJ AND PUNJAUB MEDALS, FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND SIKH WARS. <span class='fss'>1845–6 AND 1848–9.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>For the first Sikh War, or Sutlej Campaign, four Silver +Medals were issued, for the four battles of “Moodkee, 1845;” +“Ferozeshuhur, 1845;” “Aliwal, 1846;” “Sobraon, 1846.” By +a general order, if a soldier was present at only one of these +battles of the Campaign, he received the medal with the name +of the battle inscribed on the reverse; but if he had been +engaged in more battles than one, he received for each battle +an additional clasp. The medal was designed by W. Wyon, +and is considered a beautiful example of art. Obverse: The +diademed head of the Queen, with the legend “Victoria Regina.” +Reverse: A figure of Victory standing, with a laurel wreath +in her right hand, and a palm branch in her left, at her feet +a trophy of Sikh arms. Above is the inscription “Army of +the Sutlej”; and in the exergue, the name and date of the +battle for which the medal was given. Clasps for “Ferozeshuhur,” +“Aliwal,” “Sobraon.” The 31st. and 50th. were the +only European regiments that received the medal with <i>three +clasps</i> for the four battles. Ribbon—dark blue with crimson +edges.</p> + +<div id='i308fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_308fpa.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Sutlej Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_308fpb.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Punjaub Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>By a general order, dated Ferozepore, April 2nd., 1849, a +medal (silver) was granted for the Punjaub Campaign, second +Sikh War, 1848–9. Obverse: same as the Sutlej Medal. +Reverse: Lord Gough on horseback, the Sikh army laying +down their arms before him, the British army in line with +colours flying, in the background palm-trees. The superscription +is “To the army of the Punjaub,” and in the exergue +the date, <span class='fss'>MDCCCXLIX.</span> Three clasps were issued for “Mooltan,” +“Chillianwala,” and “Goojerat.” Ribbon—dark blue, with +narrow stripes of yellow at the edges. The medal, without a +clasp, was given to the officers and men of the Indus Flotilla +who took part in the Campaign, and a Naval Brigade of about +one hundred men, received the medal, with a clasp, for Mooltan. +Two clasps were the greatest number worn with any medal.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE SUTLEJ CAMPAIGN.<br> <span class='c016'>1845–1846.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Sikh army which had been formed by Runjeet Singh, +and trained by French and Italian refugees in his service, +according to European tactics, had, since the decease of that +politic ruler in 1839, become the dominant power, and finally +coerced, or induced the Lahore authorities to commence hostilities. +The Maharajah was an infant, his advisers powerless; +but the soldiers, who styled themselves the “Punth Khalsajee,” +or true believers, accustomed to conquest, and elated by success, +were eager for a contest with the English, whom they were +confident of expelling from Hindostan. Accordingly the Sikh +army, having crossed the Sutlej on the 11th. December, 1845, +invested Ferozepore on one side, and took up an entrenched +position at the village of Ferozeshah, about ten miles in advance +of Ferozepore, and nearly the same distance from Moodkee, +the enemy placing in this camp one hundred and eight pieces +of cannon, with a force exceeding fifty thousand men. Sir +Henry Hardinge, the Governor-General of India, had for some +time been aware of the intentions of the Sikhs, and so far from +being unprepared to meet and repel an invasion, before he had +been three months in India, large bodies of troops were marching +from different points towards the North West Frontier, to reinforce +the army of observation on the Sutlej. At the beginning +of December, 1845, there were 10,472 men and 24 guns at +Ferozepore, 7235 men with 12 guns at Loodiana, and nearly +13,000 men with 70 guns at Umballa; in all, nearly 31,000 +men and 70 guns, under the command of Sir Hugh Gough.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Sikhs remained inactive in the vicinity of Ferozepore +for some days, which may be regarded as a providential circumstance, +as instead of annihilating Major-General Sir John +Littler’s weak divisions, they contented themselves with stopping +the dâks, and plundering the country, until the 17th. of December, +when they marched to intercept the approach of the “Army +of the Sutlej,” then advancing to the relief of Ferozepore from +Umballa, under Sir Hugh Gough, with whom was the Governor-General.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF MOODKEE.<br> <span class='sc'>18th. December, 1845.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>After a harassing march of one hundred and fifty miles, +along roads of heavy sand, the troops arrived at Moodkee, on +the 18th. of December, having endured every kind of privation; +the incessant labour required of them admitting scarcely an +hour’s uninterrupted repose before being called upon for renewed +exertions. About three o’clock in the afternoon, the army, +suffering severely from the want of water, and in a state of +great exhaustion, received intelligence of the advance of the +Sikhs on Moodkee, and the troops had scarcely time to get +under arms, and to move to their positions, before the information +was confirmed. The horse artillery and cavalry were +immediately pushed forward, the infantry and field batteries +moving in support. Two miles were scarcely passed, when +the enemy, consisting of about twenty thousand infantry, and +an equal number of cavalry, with forty guns, under Lal Singh, +were discovered in position, which they had either just taken +up, or were advancing in order of battle. The country at this +spot was a dead flat, dotted with sandy hillocks, and covered +at short intervals with a low thick jungle, forming an excellent +screen for the infantry and guns of the enemy, from which they +<span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>opened a severe cannonade upon the advancing troops, which +was vigorously replied to by the horse artillery under Brigadier +Brooke. After the manœuvres of the cavalry on the left +and right flanks of their opponents, the infantry commenced +their participation in the fight, and advancing under Major-Generals +Sir Harry Smith, Walter Gilbert, and Sir John Mc +Caskill, attacked in <i>echelon</i> of lines the Sikh infantry, the +wood and approaching darkness of night rendering them almost +invisible. The great superiority of numbers of the enemy +necessarily caused their extended line to outflank the British, +but the movements of the cavalry counteracted this advantage. +Desperate was the opposition experienced, but the roll of fire +from the infantry soon convinced the Sikhs of the inutility +of resistance; their whole force was driven from position to +position with great slaughter at the point of the bayonet; night +only saved them from further disaster, this stout conflict being +maintained for an hour and a half of dim starlight, objects +being rendered still more obscure from the clouds of dust which +arose from the sandy plain. Lal Singh, the Sikh commander, +was wounded, and narrowly escaped being taken prisoner. +Darkness alone prevented the pursuit of the foe; and the +force bivouacked on the field for some hours; returning to +their encampment, when it was ascertained that they had no foe +before them, as the enemy fled to their camp at Ferozeshuhur.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In this manner was achieved the first of a series of victories +over the Sikh troops; troops that had fought with the British +army only three years previously, in the advance on Cabool, +and had been thanked in general orders for their services, +sustaining as they did, at the forcing of the Khyber Pass, a +loss equal to that of the Anglo-Indian force; it appears therefore +but reasonable to infer, that much of the skill evinced by them +in the disposition and arrangement of their army may be in some +degree attributed to the experience they gained by their co-operation +in the Afghan campaign; proving themselves unquestionably +at Moodkee, and in the succeeding conflicts, one +of the best disciplined and most powerful antagonists the British +had ever encountered in India.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This victory was not gained without considerable loss; several +gallant officers fell and two hundred men, amongst them the +hero of Afghanistan, Major-General Sir Robert Sale, who, towards +the conclusion of the action, had his thigh shattered with a +grape shot, from the effects of which he died. Major-General +Sir John McCaskill, K.C.B., who had served with the 9th. Foot +in that country, was also amongst the slain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops engaged at Moodkee were the 3rd. Light Dragoons, +9th., 31st., 50th., and 80th. Foot, Skinner’s Horse, 8th. Bengal +Irregular Cavalry, and the 5th., 7th., and 26th. Bengal Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF FEROZESHAH OR FEROZESHUHUR.<br> <span class='sc'>21st. and 22nd. December, 1845.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the 19th. of December the army was concentrated at +Moodkee, no further operations taking place until the 21st., +when it moved by its left on Ferozepore; and having on the +march been reinforced by Major-General Sir John Littler’s +division of five thousand men from that place, General Sir +Hugh Gough formed his forces in order of battle. It was then +resolved to attack the enemy’s entrenched camp at Ferozeshah, +or Ferozeshuhur, where they were posted in great force, and +had a most formidable artillery; their camp was a parallelogram, +about a mile in length, and half that distance in breadth, +including within its area the village of Ferozeshuhur, the shorter +sides looking towards the Sutlej and Moodkee, and the longer +towards Ferozepore, and the open country. The plains, as at +Moodkee, were covered with low jhow jungle; this added to +the difficulty of the advance, which was made in four divisions; +the left wing under the direction of the Governor-General, +(Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Hardinge,) who had volunteered +his services as second in command. The force of the Sikhs +was about 35,000 men, two-thirds of whom were regular troops, +with ninety-eight guns, and another army of 23,000 regulars and +sixty-seven guns, under Tej Singh, was only ten miles distant. +Upwards of one hundred guns of the enemy, nearly one half of +battering calibre, opened a heavy cannonade, which was checked, +but not silenced, by the far less numerous artillery of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>assailants.<a id='r115'></a><a href='#f115' class='c013'><sup>[115]</sup></a> In spite of this storm of shot and shell, the infantry +gallantly advanced, and boldly carried the formidable entrenchments, +throwing themselves upon the guns, and wresting them +from the enemy. These exertions, however, only partially gained +the batteries, and the soldiery had to face so hot a fire from the +Sikhs from behind their guns, that the most heroic efforts could +only succeed in carrying a portion of the entrenchment. Darkness +did not bring a total cessation of hostilities, for about the +middle of the night the Sikhs caused one of their heavy guns +to bear upon that part of the field gained, and on which the +troops had bivouacked. The gun was soon captured by the +80th. regiment;<a id='r116'></a><a href='#f116' class='c013'><sup>[116]</sup></a> but the enemy, whenever moonlight revealed +the position, still continued to harass the troops by the fire of +their artillery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At length the long night wore away, and with daylight of +the 22nd. of December came retribution. The infantry formed +into line, supported on both flanks by horse artillery, whilst +a fire was opened from the centre, aided by a flight of rockets. +Here a masked battery played with great effect, dismounting +the pieces and blowing up the tumbrils of the British, but at +this juncture Sir Henry Hardinge placed himself at the head +of the left wing, the right being led by Sir Hugh Gough. +Unchecked by the opposing fire, the line advanced, and drove +the foe rapidly out of the village of Ferozeshah, and the encampment; +then changing front to the left, continued to sweep +the camp, bearing down all opposition. Eventually the Sikhs +were dislodged from their whole position. The line now halted, +and the two brave leaders rode along its front, amid the cheering +of the soldiers and the waving of the captured standards of +the Khalsa army. Seventy-three pieces of cannon were also +captured.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>The British, masters of the entire field, now assumed a +position on the ground they had so nobly won; but their +labours were not ended, for in less than two hours Sirdar Tej +Singh brought up from the vicinity of Ferozepore fresh battalions, +and a large field of artillery, supported by thirty +thousand Ghorechurras, previously encamped near the river. +Driving in the cavalry parties, he made strenuous efforts to +regain the position at Ferozeshah; this attempt was defeated; +but the Sirdar renewing the contest with fresh troops, and a +large artillery, commenced the attack by a combination against +the left flank; and after being frustrated in this attempt, essayed +such a demonstration against the captured village, as +compelled the British to change the whole front to the right. +Meanwhile an incessant fire was maintained by the foe without +being answered by a single shot, the artillery ammunition being +completely expended in these protracted encounters. The almost +exhausted cavalry were now directed to threaten both flanks +at once, the infantry preparing to advance in support; this +soon caused the Sikhs to discontinue firing, and to abandon the +field, precipitately retreating towards the Sutlej, large stores of +grain and <i>matériel</i> of war being abandoned by the enemy.<a id='r117'></a><a href='#f117' class='c013'><sup>[117]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>It is not surprising that the British casualties were numerous; +the total loss being six hundred and ninety-four killed, +and one thousand seven hundred and twenty-one wounded. +The entire staff of the Governor-General was killed or wounded, +except his son, Captain Hardinge, who had his horse shot under +him. Within thirty hours an entrenched camp had been stormed, +a general action fought, and two considerable conflicts sustained +with the enemy. Thus in less than four days, sixty thousand +Sikh soldiers, supported by upwards of one hundred and fifty +pieces of cannon, were dislodged from their position, and received +a just retribution for their treacherous proceedings, without +provocation or declaration of hostilities.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 3rd. Light Dragoons, 9th., 29th., 31st., 50th., 62nd., +and 80th. Foot; the 2nd. Skinner’s Horse, 8th. Bengal Irregular +Cavalry, Bengal Sappers and Miners, Royal Bengal Fusiliers; +4th., 5th., and 7th. Bengal Infantry, took part in the battle +of Ferozeshuhur. In the official despatch there were no +regiments particularized, for all were equally exposed during +this protracted conflict.<a id='r118'></a><a href='#f118' class='c013'><sup>[118]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF ALIWAL.<br> <span class='sc'>28th. January, 1846.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the 16th. of January, 1846, the first brigade, with a +few guns and some native cavalry, received sudden orders to +march on the following morning in the direction of Loodiana, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_316'>316</span>under the command of Major-General Sir Harry Smith. By +a forced, march on the 17th., the fort of Dhurrumkote was +surprised, and the garrison, consisting of about three hundred +men, laid down their arms, and were sent prisoners to head-quarters. +On the 20th. of the same month this division was +reinforced near the fort of Jugraon by the 16th. Lancers, +the 53rd. Foot, a detachment of recruits of the Queen’s +regiments, and a troop of horse artillery. The Major-General +decided on attempting the relief of Loodiana, which was but +slightly garrisoned, and was threatened by a large body of +the enemy. The troops commenced their march about one +o’clock in the morning of the 21st.; about eleven the enemy +was observed to be drawn up, parallel with the British line +of march, in a strong position at Buddiwal, his front covered +by a ridge of low sand-hills, bristling with forty pieces of +artillery, which were so placed that it was necessary, in +order to gain Loodiana, either to risk a battle to dislodge +him from a strong position,—which, with troops fatigued by +a long march, under a burning sun, and greatly inferior in +numbers, would have been a hazardous proceeding,—or to +proceed along the entire front of his position under a galling +fire.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having a just confidence in the steadiness of his troops, +Sir Harry Smith chose the latter course. The infantry, formed +in open column of companies right in front (the grenadier +company of the 31st. leading,) and ready at any moment to +form line, preceded by the artillery, and covered by the +cavalry, marched at a distance of five hundred yards, along +the front of this formidable line, receiving the fire of each +battery as it bore upon them. The Sikh position being +passed, and the enemy declining to follow, by three o’clock +in the afternoon the troops arrived at Loodiana, thus effecting +the desired object.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 22nd. and 23rd. the soldiers were permitted to rest +themselves after their late fatigue, and on the 24th. the +enemy retired to Aliwal, a village on the Sutlej. The British +moved to the ground lately occupied by them at Buddiwal, +where they were reinforced by the second brigade of Sir +Harry Smith’s division, consisting of the 50th. Foot and 48th. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span>Native Infantry, with some cavalry and infantry from Loodiana.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At daylight on the 28th. Sir Harry Smith marched with +his whole force to attack the Sirdar Runjoor Singh and the +Rajah of Ladwa in their camps at Aliwal, the enemy being +drawn up in line of battle with his left resting on the village, +numbering about fifteen thousand men, with fifty-six guns. +From information afterwards received, it appeared that the +Sikhs were about to march upon Jugraon that very morning, +for the purpose of getting between Sir Harry Smith’s force +and the heavy guns coming up from Delhi under a very +slender escort. The march having been previously conducted +in columns of brigades at deploying distance, each brigade +deployed on its leading company, and thus formed one long +line. Abour ten o’clock in the morning the action commenced +by a heavy cannonade from the Sikh artillery, which was +principally directed on the British centre. The village of +Aliwal was filled with infantry, supported by cavalry in the +rear, and further defended by two guns on its left.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The enemy,” says Sir Harry Smith, “fought with much +resolution, and maintained frequent encounters with our +cavalry hand to hand. In one charge of infantry upon the +16th. Lancers, they threw away their muskets, and came on +with their swords and targets against the lance.” But all +their bravery was fruitless. The village was carried, and the +two guns were captured,<a id='r119'></a><a href='#f119' class='c013'><sup>[119]</sup></a> but the line being in consequence +somewhat disarranged, it was quickly re-formed, and advanced +in excellent order, overcoming all opposition. The attack of +the enemy by the left wing was equally successful; the line +advanced, making a steady and successful charge, and the +Sikhs, being beaten in every quarter, fled towards the river +in the utmost confusion, leaving their camp, baggage, and +stores, with fifty-two pieces of artillery, as trophies in the +hands of the victors.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged in this battle were the 16th. Lancers, +31st., 50th., and 53rd. Foot, 3rd. Skinner’s Horse, 1st. and +2nd. Ghoorkas, and 7th. and 13th. Bengal Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF SOBRAON.<br> <span class='sc'>10th. February, 1846.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Although the intelligence of the victory of Aliwal, and +the sight of the numerous bodies which floated from the +vicinity of that battle-field to the bridge of boats at Sobraon, +apparently disheartened the enemy, and caused many of them +to return to their homes, yet in a few days they appeared as +confident as ever of being able in their entrenched position, to +defy the Anglo-Indian army, and to prevent the passage of +the Sutlej.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The heavy ordnance having arrived on the 8th. of February, +the day on which the forces under Major-General Sir Harry +Smith rejoined the main body of the army, it was determined +at once to storm their entrenchments, and finally drive them +out of Hindoostan. This was no ordinary undertaking, as, +from observations made during the time the head-quarters of +the army were stationed at the village of Nihalkee, it was +ascertained that the position at Sobraon was covered with formidable +entrenchments, and defended by thirty thousand of +the <i>élite</i> of the Khalsa troops; besides being united by a good +bridge to a reserve on the opposite bank of the river, on which +was stationed a considerable camp, with artillery, which commanded +and flanked the Sikh field-works on the British side +of the Sutlej.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About daybreak on the 10th. of February, the mortars, +battering guns, and field artillery were disposed on the alluvial +land, embracing within their fire the enemy’s works. As +soon as the sun’s rays cleared the heavy mist which hung +over the plain, the cannonade commenced; but notwithstanding +the admirable manner in which the guns were served, it +<span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span>would have been visionary to expect that they could, within +any limited time, silence the fire of seventy pieces of artillery +behind well-constructed batteries, or dislodge troops so strongly +entrenched. It soon therefore became evident that musketry +and the bayonet must ultimately decide the contest.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British infantry, formed on the extreme left of the +line, then advanced to the assault, and in spite of every impediment, +cleared the entrenchments, and entered the enemy’s +camp. Her Majesty’s 10th., 53rd., and 80th. regiments, with +the 33rd., 43rd., 59th., and 63rd. Native Infantry, moving +at a firm and steady pace, never fired a shot till they had +passed the barriers opposed to them, to which was attributed +the success of their first effort, and the small loss sustained +by them. When checked by the formidable obstacles and +superior numbers to which the attacking division was exposed, +the second division, under Major-General Gilbert, +afforded the most opportune assistance by advancing to the +attack of the Sikh batteries, entering the fortified position +after a severe struggle, and sweeping through the interior of +the camp. A very severe loss was inflicted by this division +upon the retreating enemy. The same gallant efforts, attended +by similar results, distinguished the attack of the enemy’s +left by the first division, under Major-General Sir Harry +Smith, in which the troops nobly sustained their former +reputation.<a id='r120'></a><a href='#f120' class='c013'><sup>[120]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Fighting with the energy of desperation, the Sikhs even +<span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span>when some of their entrenchments were mastered with the +bayonet, endeavoured to recover with the sword the positions +they had lost. The cavalry under General Sir Joseph Thackwell, +rode through the openings made by the sappers, in single file, +and re-forming as they passed them, galloped on and cut down +the Sikh artillerymen at their guns. But it was not until the +weight of all three divisions of infantry, in addition to several +regiments of cavalry, and the fire of every piece of field artillery +that could be sent to their aid, had been felt, that the enemy +gave way. The Sikh regiments retreated at first in tolerable +order, but the incessant volleys soon caused them to seek +safety in a rapid flight. Masses of them precipitated themselves +on their bridge, which, being broken by the heavy fire, +was incapable to sustain the multitudes pressing forward; the +sudden rise too of the Sutlej rendered the ford almost +impassable, adding another obstacle to their escape. A +dreadful carnage ensued. The stream was red with the +blood of men and horses, the bridge in many places had +given way, and it is considered that at least a third of +the Sikh army perished in this battle; sixty-seven of their +guns were captured, together with two hundred camel-swivels +(zumbroorucks,)<a id='r121'></a><a href='#f121' class='c013'><sup>[121]</sup></a> numerous standards, and vast munitions of +war.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In this manner ended the battle of Sobraon; at six in +the morning it commenced; at nine it became a hand to +hand conflict; and by eleven it was gained. Major-General +Sir Robert Dick, K.C.B., the former leader of the 42nd. +Royal Highlanders in Spain, fell at the moment of victory; +Brigadier Taylor, C.B., the beloved commanding officer of the +second division, was also killed. In these several battles the +British loss amounted to six thousand two hundred and +seventy-two officers and men killed and wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Of the Queen’s regiments, besides those already mentioned, +the 31st. and 50th. were described in orders as having +greatly distinguished themselves. The gallant conduct of the +9th., 29th., and 62nd. regiments, was also specially noticed, +and the cavalry were not forgotten.<a id='r122'></a><a href='#f122' class='c013'><sup>[122]</sup></a> The 3rd. Light +Dragoons and the 10th. especially distinguished themselves.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments were present at this decisive +victory, namely,—3rd. Light Dragoons; 9th., and 16th. +Lancers, 9th., 10th., 29th., 31st., 50th., 53rd., 62nd., and +80th. Foot; their conduct and that of the officers received +the thanks of Parliament, the 1st. Bengal Europeans; 4th. +5th., 6th., 7th., 8th., 9th., and 26th. Bengal Native Infantry, +and 1st., and 2nd. Goorkhas.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Ten days after the battle of Sobraon the British arrived +before Lahore. So complete was the discomfiture of the +Sikhs, that no further opposition was experienced: and on +the 22nd. of February a brigade of troops took formal possession +of the palace and citadel of Lahore. A treaty was signed +on the 7th. of March, which, while it evinced the moderation +and justice of the paramount power of India, appeared +calculated to secure the frontier against similar acts of +aggression.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE PUNJAB CAMPAIGN. SIEGE OF MOOLTAN.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'><span class='sc'>7th. September, 1848, to 2nd. January, 1849.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir John Littler had been selected to +command the garrison of about ten thousand men which +had been left at Lahore, to protect the chief sirdars from +their own turbulent countrymen, while re-constructing the +government, with Sir Henry Lawrence as political Resident, +and everything appeared to be progressing in a satisfactory +manner, when, in 1848, Moolraj, the Dewan of Mooltan, +having apparently agreed to the arrangement for appointing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span>Sirdar Khan Singh his successor as governor of that town, +Mr. Vans Agnew, of the Civil Service, and Lieutenant +Anderson, of the Bombay Army, who had been sent to +Mooltan to install Khan Singh were treacherously attacked +and murdered. This was followed by a general outbreak +at Lahore, and endeavours were made to expel the British +from the Punjab. In this capital Maharaj Singh, a Gooroo +or priest, raising the standard of rebellion, soon collected +a numerous body of the disbanded Sikhs, and thus prevented +the British troops at Lahore from marching against Mooltan, +which was occupied by the enemy at the commencement of +hostilities.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was at this juncture that Lieutenant Edwardes<a id='r123'></a><a href='#f123' class='c013'><sup>[123]</sup></a> accomplished +that for which he gained such just renown. By his +gallantry and judicious skill he not only raised forces, but +exerted so strong an influence that he succeeded in holding +Moolraj in check until succours could be afforded; and having +united his troops with those of Colonel Cortlandt, several +successful encounters took place with the insurgents. On +June 18th., Edwardes and Cortlandt with troops consisting +chiefly of Sikhs and Mohammedans, after an action of 9 hours +defeated the army of Moolraj at Kineyree, with great loss +of men and baggage; six guns also were taken. In July +they again attacked Moolraj, who with an army of eleven +thousand men had taken up a strong position at the village +of Suddoosam, and after a fierce fight of six hours drove +him to seek shelter within the walls of Mooltan. Major-General +Whish arrived from Lahore on the 18th. of August, +1848, with a force of which Her Majesty’s 10th. Foot +formed part, and on the next day was joined by a column +from Ferozepore, with which was the Queen’s 32nd. regiment. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span>The village of Ramteerut was taken possession of on +the 7th. of September, and the working parties having +made good progress, it was resolved to attack the outworks +on the 12th. of that month, when Shere Singh deserted with +five thousand Sikhs to the enemy. This defection made it +necessary to raise the siege on the 15th. of that month, +and a position was taken up some miles distant.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Lord Gough was marching into the Punjab, and +the advance force, under Brigadier-General Campbell, C.B., +(afterwards Lord Clyde,) was engaged at Ramnuggur on the +22nd. of November, 1848. Here the gallant Brigadier-General Cureton, +C.B., commanding the cavalry division, (the flaxen +haired boy of the Peninsula,) and Lieutenant-Colonel William +Havelock, K.H., were killed. The brilliant charges of the +3rd. and 14th. Light Dragoons, and of the 5th. and 8th. +regiments of Light Cavalry, against the enemy’s horsemen, +numbering between three and four thousand men, was specially +noticed in general orders.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This engagement was followed by the action of Sadoolapoor, +on Sunday, the 3rd. of December, 1848, by the troops under +Major-General Sir Joseph Thackwell, K.C.B., in which the +3rd. Light Dragoons, and the 24th. and 61st. regiments +shared. The enemy’s loss was severe, but the British casualties +were comparatively small, amounting to only seventy-three +killed and wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A gallant and successful attack was made with little loss, +on a strong position of the enemy on the eastern side of +the Grand Canal, by the troops under Brigadier-General F. +Markham, on the morning of the 7th. of November.<a id='r124'></a><a href='#f124' class='c013'><sup>[124]</sup></a> This +<span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span>is known as the action of Sooroojkhund, in which the 10th. +and 32nd. regiments shared, (the latter being commanded by +Major Inglis, afterwards the heroic defender of Lucknow,) +when the enemy’s strongly entrenched position was carried, +and four of his guns captured without firing a shot.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While these events were occurring Major-General Whish +renewed the siege of Mooltan; and having been joined on the +26th. of December by Brigadier the Honourable H. Dundas, +C.B., of the 60th. Rifles, with the Bombay column, which, +in addition to native corps, comprised the 60th. Royal Rifles, +an attack was made on the entrenchments on the 27th. of +December; and the enemy being driven from the suburbs, a +position was taken up by the British within four hundred +yards of the walls. The gallantry and discipline of the 60th. +Rifles were specially noticed; they had Major Gordon killed, +and Major Dennis wounded. Three companies of the 32nd. +shared in the re-occupation of the suburbs on this occasion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By a shell from one of the mortars on the 30th. the +principal magazine, containing 400,000 lbs. of powder, in the +citadel was blown up, destroying the grand musjid and several +houses, and costing the lives of about eight hundred of the +garrison. Nowise dismayed by this misfortune, Moolraj refused +to surrender, and continued the defence, saying he had powder +enough left to last him for twelvemonths; but breaches were +effected during the nights of the 30th. and 31st., one near +the Delhi gate, and the other near the Bohur gate. A +sortie was made by the garrison on the last day of the year, +but this was repulsed by Major Edwardes and Lieutenant +Lake, the enemy being driven back with severe loss. The +place was eventually stormed in the afternoon of the 2nd. of +January, 1849.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Colour-Sergeant John Bennett, of the 1st. Bombay Fusiliers, +performed a most gallant act. He planted the Union Jack in +the crest of the breach, standing beside it until the troops had +passed. Both colour and staff were riddled with balls. The +suburbs between the Delhi gate and the left breach were +occupied by pickets from the first brigade, under Major Dennin +of the 60th. Rifles, a company of that regiment, under Captain +Douglas, being stationed in the houses opposite the breach is, +the Khoonee Boorj, to cover the advance of the storming party, +and two companies, under Captains Young and Sibthorp, to +perform the same office for the Bengal column.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two practicable breaches having been made, orders were +issued to storm the citadel (into which Moolraj had retired) +on the 22nd.; and when the British troops were about to +commence, the Sikh chief, with the whole of the garrison, +surrendered.<a id='r125'></a><a href='#f125' class='c013'><sup>[125]</sup></a> Moolraj was subsequently tried for the murder +of Mr. Agnew and Lieutenant Anderson, but the capital +sentence was changed into imprisonment for life. This siege +cost the British a loss of nearly one thousand two hundred +killed and wounded. After this brilliant success, Major-General +Whish proceeded with a considerable portion of his troops, +to join the army immediately under the command of Lord +Gough.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 10th., 32nd., and 60th. regiments took part in these +operations. These three regiments, after the fall of the place, +proceeded to join the army under Lord Gough, and by forced +marches succeeded in being in time to share in the final +struggle at Goojerat. The Native regiments present were—the +Royal Bombay Fusiliers, 5th. Bengal Cavalry, 1st. and 2nd. +Scinde Horse; 3rd., 7th., 9th., and 19th. Bombay Infantry; and +Bengal and Bombay Sappers and Miners.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF CHILIANWALA.<br> <span class='sc'>13th. January, 1849.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Lord Gough having received information on the 10th. of +January of the fall of the fortress of Attock, which had been +defended for a lengthened period, by Major Herbert, and of +the advance of Chuttur Singh, in order to unite his forces +<span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span>with those under his son, Shere Singh, resolved to attempt +the overthrow of the Sikh army in his front; and, accordingly, +at daylight on the morning of the 12th., moved on +the Dingee from Loah Tibba, and thence on the following +morning towards the village of Chilianwala, the army making +a considerable detour to the right, partly to distract the +enemy’s attention, but chiefly with the view of keeping as +clear of the jungle as possible. The village was reached +about noon, when a strong picket of the enemy’s cavalry and +infantry was discovered on a mound close to it. This was at +once dispersed, and from the elevation was obtained a very +extended view of the country and of the enemy drawn out +in order of battle.<a id='r126'></a><a href='#f126' class='c013'><sup>[126]</sup></a> The ground in front although not a dense +was still a difficult jungle; and as the day was so far advanced, +Lord Gough decided to take up a position in rear of +the village.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While ground was being selected for the encampment the +enemy advanced some horse artillery, and opened a fire on +the skirmishers in front of the village. Orders were given +for this fire to be silenced by a few rounds from the heavy +guns, which was instantly returned by that of nearly the +whole of the enemy’s field artillery, thus exposing the position +of his guns, which had hitherto been concealed by the jungle. +As it was evident that the Sikhs intended to fight, and +would probably advance their guns so as to reach the encampment +during the night, the British were at once drawn +up in order of battle. After about an hour’s fire that of the +enemy appeared to be, if not actually silenced, at least +sufficiently disabled to justify an advance upon his position +and guns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The left division, under Brigadier-General Colin Campbell +(afterwards Lord Clyde), was then ordered to advance. This +had to move over a greater extent of ground, in front of which +the foe appeared not to have many guns. Shortly afterwards +Sir Walter Gilbert was directed to advance, Brigadier Pope +being instructed to connect the flank and support the movement. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span>Brigadier Penny’s brigade was held in reserve, while +the Irregular Cavalry, under Brigadier Hearsey, with the +20th. Native Infantry, was ordered to protect the provisions +and baggage.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Brigadier Pennycuick’s brigade having failed in maintaining +the position it had carried, Brigadier Penny’s reserve was +ordered to support; but Brigadier-General Colin Campbell, +(to use Lord Gough’s own words,) “with that steady coolness +and military decision for which he is so remarkable, having +pushed on his left brigade and formed line to his right, +carried everything before him, and soon overthrew that portion +of the enemy which had obtained a temporary advantage +over his right brigade.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>This last brigade mistook for the signal to move in double +time the action of their brave leaders, Brigadier Pennycuick +and Lieutenant-Colonel Brookes, who waved their swords over +their heads as they cheered on their gallant troops. This unfortunate +mistake caused the Europeans to outstrip the native +corps, which were unable to keep pace, and arriving, completely +blown, at a belt of very thick jungle, got into some +confusion, and Lieutenant-Colonel Brookes, heading the 24th., +was killed between the Sikh guns. At this moment a numerous +body of infantry, which supported their guns, opened so +destructive a fire that the brigade was compelled to retire, +but not before having lost their gallant leader, Brigadier +Pennycuick,<a id='r127'></a><a href='#f127' class='c013'><sup>[127]</sup></a> and the three other field officers of the 24th., +together with nearly half the regiment;<a id='r128'></a><a href='#f128' class='c013'><sup>[128]</sup></a> the native corps +also suffered severely.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span>In the height of the conflict, from causes never satisfactorily +explained, the cavalry of Brigadier Pope’s brigade, +suddenly retreated, bursting through their own artillery in +their course. They were pursued by the Sikh horse, who +charged the artillery, unable to fire without killing their own +cavalry, as friends and foes in the <i>mêlée</i> were intermixed. +Seventy-five of the gunners were cut down, and six guns +captured by the enemy. But the reserve artillery came up, +the cavalry rallied, and the infantry standing firm, the Sikh +horsemen were repulsed with loss, and two of the guns +captured retaken.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Joseph Thackwell, on the extreme left +and rear, charged the enemy’s cavalry wherever they shewed +themselves, and the right attack of infantry, under Major-General +Sir Walter Gilbert, was most successful, whilst the +left brigade, under Brigadier Mountain, was highly distinguished. +Brigadier Godby ably supported the advance with the right +brigade.<a id='r129'></a><a href='#f129' class='c013'><sup>[129]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Lord Gough remained with Brigadier-General Campbell’s +division, which had been reinforced by Brigadier Mountain’s +brigade, until nearly eight o’clock, in order to effect the bringing +in of the captured ordnance,<a id='r130'></a><a href='#f130' class='c013'><sup>[130]</sup></a> and of the wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At the close of this battle, which Havelock states:—“was +the most sanguinary, and the nearest approximation to a defeat +of any of the great conflicts of the British power in India,”—Lord +Gough, for want of water, fell back for about a mile, +and took up a new position clear of the jungle.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The loss of the Sikhs, principally among their old and tried +soldiers, was computed at three thousand killed, and four +thousand wounded. With the exception of Sobraon, it was +remarked by Lord Gough that he never remembered seeing +so many of an enemy’s slain upon the same space. The British +casualties were likewise heavy.<a id='r131'></a><a href='#f131' class='c013'><sup>[131]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>In this battle the “undaunted bravery” of Her Majesty’s +29th. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Congreve, was specially +noticed, and the conduct of the 61st. was equally +distinguished. The regiments engaged at Chillianwala were +the 3rd. and 14th. Light Dragoons, 9th. Lancers, 24th., 29th., +and 61st. Foot; Bengal Fusiliers, and 2nd. and 11th. Bengal +Native Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF GOOJERAT.<br> <span class='sc'>21st February, 1849.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>After the battle of Chilianwala, the enemy occupied their +position for nearly a month, with the British encamped on their +left flank, but on February 12th. they quitted their entrenchments, +and took up a position between Goojerat and the Chenab, +with about 61,500 men and fifty-nine guns, under Shere Singh. +It appears to have been their intention to cross this river, and, +after plundering the Rechna Doab, to have marched to Lahore; +but this was prevented by Major-General Whish, who had +detached a brigade to guard the fords above and below +Wuzeerabad, in which direction Lord Gough had moved.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At half-past seven o’clock in the morning of the 21st. of +February, the army advanced with the precision of a parade +movement. The Sikhs opened their fire at a very long distance, +which exposed to the artillery both the position and +range of their guns. For the first time the English commander +was superior in artillery to the enemy, having ninety-seven +guns, some of heavy calibre, but only 24,000 infantry. The +infantry was halted just out of fire, and the whole of the +artillery were advanced, covered by skirmishers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Sikh guns were served with their accustomed rapidity, +and the enemy well and resolutely maintained his position, +but the terrific force of the British fire obliged him, after +<span class='pageno' id='Page_330'>330</span>an obstinate resistance, to fall back. The infantry were then +deployed, and a general advance was directed, the movement +being covered, as before, by artillery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Burra Kalra, the left village of those of that name, wherein +the enemy had concealed a large body of infantry, and which +was apparently the key of their position, lay immediately in +the line of Major-General Sir Walter Gilbert’s advance, and +was carried in the most brilliant style by a spirited attack +of the third brigade, under Brigadier Penny, consisting of +the 2nd. Europeans, and 31st. and 70th. regiments of Native +Infantry, which drove the enemy from their cover with great +slaughter. A very spirited and successful movement was also +made about the same time against a heavy body of troops in +and about the second or Chotah Kalra, by part of Brigadier +Hervey’s brigade, most gallantly led by Lieutenant-Colonel +Franks, of the 10th. Foot.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The heavy artillery continued to advance, taking up successive +forward positions, driving the enemy from those he +had retired to, whilst the rapid advance and beautiful fire +of the horse artillery and light field batteries, which were +strengthened by bringing to the front the two reserved troops +of horse artillery, under Lieutenant-Colonel Brind, Brigadier +Brook having the general superintendence of the whole of the +horse artillery, broke the enemy’s ranks at all points. The +whole infantry line then rapidly advanced, and drove their +opponents before it. The nullah was cleared, several villages +stormed, the guns that were in position carried, the camp +captured, and the whole army of Shere Singh routed in every +direction; the right wing and Brigadier-General Campbell’s +division passing in pursuit to the eastward, and the Bombay +column to the westward of the town.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus hotly pursued, the retreat of the Sikhs soon became +a perfect flight, all arms dispersing over the country, +rapidly followed by the troops for a distance of twelve miles, +their track strewed with their wounded, their weapons, and +military equipments, which they threw away to conceal that +they were soldiers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the left a most successful and gallant charge was made +upon the Afghan cavalry, and a large body of Goorchurras, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_331'>331</span>by the Scinde horse, and a party of the 9th. Lancers, when +several standards were captured. The 14th. Light Dragoons and +the other cavalry regiments on the right, regular and irregular, +by their bold front and gallant conduct, contributed much to the +success of the day, while their conduct in following the fugitives +received high commendation.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus were defeated the forces brought by the Sikhs into the +field, amongst whom were the <i>élite</i> of the old Khalsa army. Their +numbers were estimated at sixty thousand men of all arms, and +fifty-nine pieces of artillery; under the command of Sirdar +Chuttur Singh, and Rajah Shere Singh, with a body of one +thousand five hundred Afghan horse, led by Akram Khan, son of +the Ameer, Dost Mahomed Khan. For the first time had the +Sikhs and Afghans combined together, but the complete victory +of Goojerat showed the futility of the compact.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Among the fifty-three guns captured were recovered those lost +at Ramnuggur and Chillianwala; and it was also a gratifying fact +that the casualties of the British were less than could be expected.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For twelve miles did the exulting horsemen pursue the flying +foe, and the shades of evening were falling when they returned +weary to camp. The following morning Major-General Gilbert +resumed the pursuit towards the Jhelum, with the view of cutting +off the enemy from the only practicable gun-road to that river. +Another division of infantry, under Brigadier-General Colin +Campbell, advanced on the road to Bimber, scouring the country +in that direction to prevent their carrying off their guns by that +route; and a body of cavalry under Lieutenant-Colonel Bradford, +successfully pushed on several miles into the hills, accompanied +by Captain Nicholson, a most energetic political officer, with the +same object; while Lord Gough remained in possession of the +field for the purpose of supporting these operations, covering the +fords of the Chenab, and destroying the vast magazines of ammunition +left scattered in all directions. These combinations +were entirely successful, and by them the power of the Sikhs was +completely broken. The regiments which took part in this +decisive victory were, the 3rd., 9th., and 14th. Light Dragoons; +the 10th., 24th., 29th., 32nd., 53rd., 60th., and 61st. Foot; the +1st. and 2nd. Bengal European, 1st. Bombay European; 1st., 5th., +6th., and 8th. Bengal Light Cavalry; 3rd., 9th., 11th., and 14th. +Irregular Cavalry; Scinde Horse; nine troops Horse Artillery, +four batteries Bombay Artillery; 2nd. and 11th. Bengal Infantry, +and 19th. Bombay Infantry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Walter Gilbert, K.C.B., crossing the +Jhelum on the 3rd. of March, came up with a portion of the +retreating army, under Shere Singh and Chuttur Singh, at +Hoormuck, where they surrendered on the 11th. of March; +the sirdars and the remainder of his troops, amounting to +sixteen thousand men, laid down their arms at Rawul Pindee +three days afterwards. Forty-one pieces of artillery were +given up, and the Sikhs remaining, after so many fields of +slaughter, being given each a rupee, dispersed to their homes. +The Afghans were energetically pursued through Attock and +Peshawur, as far as the Khyber Pass, losing half their number +in the field, and many of the remainder in their retreat. Dost +Mahomed then sued for peace, which was granted to him.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Duke of Wellington, then Commander-in-Chief, being dissatisfied +with the conduct of Lord Gough for incurring such +heavy losses, superseded him in his command by Sir Charles +Napier, who, selected at a moment’s notice, had proceeded to +India, but found on his arrival that the British arms had gained +the ascendancy in that country, and the consequence of Lord +Gough’s crowning victory was the annexation of the Punjab. A +pension was granted to the Maharajah Dhuleep Singh; and the +celebrated diamond, the Koh-i-Noor, or Mountain of Light, +taken from Shah Sooja by Runjeet Singh, was presented to Her +Majesty.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_332'>332</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE NEW ZEALAND MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This medal was granted by a general order, March 1st., +1869, to the troops who had been engaged in the two wars +in New Zealand, during the years 1845–47, and 1860–66. Obverse: +Queen’s head, crowned and veiled; with the inscription, +“Victoria, <span class='fss'>D.G.</span> Britt. Reg. <span class='fss'>F.D.</span>”; reverse: a laurel wreath, +within which is engraved the years during which the recipient +served, with the words “New Zealand” above and “Virtutis +Honor” below. No clasp issued. Ribbon: dark blue, with +broad red stripe in the centre. Given to both services. Some +of the medals were issued without dates on the reverse, but +most with dates varying from 1845 to 1847, and from 1860 +to 1866.</p> + +<div id='i332fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_332fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The New Zealand Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_333'>333</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE FIRST NEW ZEALAND WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1845–7.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The first actual British settlement in New Zealand was +made in 1839, and in the following year the first Governor, +Captain Hobson, concluded the Treaty of Waitangi with the +native chiefs, by which the sovereignty of the Islands was +ceded to Great Britain. Until 1841 all the settlements in New +Zealand were under the Sydney Government, but in that year +the three Islands were constituted an independent colony, with +Auckland for the capital. As the settlers increased, disputes +arose between them and the natives, about the possession of +lands; which the settlers asserted they had purchased, but to +which the natives held they had no claim whatever. These +contentions and quarrels were intensified by the ignorance of +both races of the customs and modes of procedure of each +other, as well as by the irregular manner land was bought +and sold. In June, 1843, these disputes culminated in a conflict +in the Wairau Valley, in the province of Nelson; where +two chiefs, who had resisted the survey of their lands, defeated +a party sent to arrest them, headed by the Police Magistrate, +killing him and twenty-one settlers in the fray, or in the general +massacre of prisoners which followed it. This disastrous repulse +destroyed the prestige of the English, and the natives +began to boast that they had the settlers at their mercy. +Troops, however, arrived from Australia, the affair was smoothed +over, and for some months peace was undisturbed. Trouble +then arose in the northern Island; a powerful chief, called +Hone Heke, who had been educated by the missionaries, with +many of his countrymen, grew discontented with the customs +duties, the high price of tobacco and blankets, and the absence +of the usual whale ships at the town of Kororareka (now +Russell), near which he was residing. Considering that the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_334'>334</span>British flag, which waved on the hill above the town, represented +the power which fettered the trade and kept away the whalers, +and having a grudge against some of the inhabitants, Heke, +on July 8th., 1844, assembled his men, danced the war-dance +at Kororareka, cut down and burned the flag-staff, plundered +several stores, and took possession of the town for several days. +A proclamation was issued by the Governor, offering £100 for +the capture of Heke, who replied by offering a similar reward +for the Governor’s (Captain Fitzroy) head. H.M.S. “Hazard,” +with a detachment of the 96th regiment was sent to Kororareka, +the flag-staff was re-erected, and troops stationed to guard it. +As Heke threatened the flag-staff should not remain, Captain +Robertson landed from the “Hazard” with a gun, a blockhouse +was constructed, the inhabitants aroused, and the town put +in a state of defence. At daybreak on March 11th., 1845, the +handful of men guarding the flag-staff were surprised by Heke, +and the staff again cut down. At the same time Captain +Robertson was attacked by two hundred natives, under a chief +called Kawiti, and after a sharp skirmish was compelled to +spike his gun and fall back to a fortified house near the beach. +Aided by the guns of the “Hazard,” the soldiers and inhabitants +defended themselves for three hours against the attacks +of the natives, till their magazine exploded. During a truce, +asked by the enemy to carry off their killed and wounded, +it was resolved to abandon the settlement, and the soldiers, +with the whole of the inhabitants, embarking on board the +“Hazard,” and other ships which were lying in the Bay, sailed +for Auckland. The town was then plundered and burnt.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Reinforcements arriving from Sydney, an expedition, under +Colonel Hulme, 96th. Regiment, was despatched to Kororareka, +which landed without opposition, re-hoisted the British +flag, and proclaimed martial law. Heke having taken up a +fortified position at Okaihau, a place about eighteen miles +inland, a force, consisting of the 58th Regiment, under +Major Bridge, a detachment of the 96th., some seamen and +marines from H.M. Ships “North Star” and “Hazard,” in all +about four hundred men, under Colonel Hulme, with about +the same number of native allies, set out to attack him. +Most of the road lay through a forest; it took four days +<span class='pageno' id='Page_335'>335</span>to reach the fortification, or “pa,” during which time the +rain fell in torrents. Each soldier carried five days’ biscuit +and thirty rounds of ammunition, and, being without tents, +two-thirds of the ammunition and all the biscuits were unfit +for use on arriving at Okaihau. The “pa” was found to +be too strong to be taken without artillery, and after a +fruitless assault, and repulse of a sally made by the natives, +the troops returned to the ships, with a loss of fourteen +killed and thirty-nine wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>More troops having arrived from Australia, another expedition +was formed against Heke, who now occupied a stronghold +at Oheawai, a place nineteen miles inland from the +Bay of Islands. It was composed of the 58th. Regiment, +under Major Bridge, detachments of the 96th. and 99th. +Regiments, thirty men from H.M.S. “Hazard” and eighty +volunteers from Auckland, the whole numbering six hundred +and thirty men, with four guns, and about two hundred +and fifty natives, commanded by Colonel Despard, of the +99th. On June 23rd. the force was before Oheawai, a pa +ninety yards by fifty, with projecting flanks, surrounded by +three rows of palisades, between which was a ditch five feet +deep, with traverses and loopholes. On each side of the +pa was a ravine with woody hills, and the adjacent country +was thickly covered with trees. Next day the guns proved +to be useless against the stockades, though at last fired at +a range of eighty yards, but Commander Johnstone, of +H.M.S. “Hazard,” bringing up a thirty-two pounder, two +breaches were made, and Colonel Despard ordered an assault. +The assault was made on July 1st., by one hundred and +sixty soldiers, under Major Bridge, and forty seamen and +volunteers, under Lieutenant Philpotts, R.N., who bravely +strove to enter the place under a heavy fire, but the +inner palisade being unbroken, the party was forced to +retire, with two officers and half their number killed and +wounded. Among the killed were Captain Grant of the +58th., and Lieutenant Philpotts,<a id='r132'></a><a href='#f132' class='c013'><sup>[132]</sup></a> R.N., son of the Bishop of +Exeter.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_336'>336</span>The troops remained in front of the pa for some days, +and were preparing for another assault, but in the night of +July 10th. the enemy abandoned their position, which was +then taken by the British, and the palisades destroyed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this the war languished for some months, till Capt. +(afterwards Sir George) Grey, replaced Captain Fitzroy as +Governor, in November, when more active measures were +taken. The new Governor gave the two chiefs, Heke and +Kawiti, a fixed time to decide for peace or war, and this +expiring without any satisfactory answer from either of them, +Colonel Despard was ordered to renew hostilities. The +enemy being in want of food, divided their forces, Heke +remaining at a position he had fortified at Ikorangi, ten +miles from Oheawai, while Kawiti fortified and garrisoned +a place called Ruapekapeka, on the side of a hill in a +forest. The English troops comprised the 58th. Regiment, +under Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, with detachments of +the 99th., Royal Artillery, East India Company’s Artillery, +Royal Marines, and volunteers, under Captain Atkins with a +brigade of three hundred and sixteen seamen from H.M.S. +“Castor,” “North Star,” and “Racehorse,” and the E.I.C.’s ship +“Elphinstone”; and a body of natives, with their chiefs, Walker, +Nene, Repa, and Macquarrie. The whole force amounted to +one thousand one hundred and seventy-three Europeans, +and four hundred and fifty natives, with three thirty-two +pounders, one eighteen-pounder, and seven brass guns and +rocket tubes. The enemy had improved in the art of fortification, +and Ruapekapeka was found a much stronger +place than Oheawai. The “pa” measured about one hundred +and seventy yards by seventy, well flanked at the sides and +angles, surrounded by two rows of palisades with a ditch +between them, with the earth thrown up behind to form an +inner parapet, and inside were huts with underground excavations. +On December 31st. the British opened fire from +all their guns in position and continued it till January 2nd., +when the enemy made a sally which was repulsed. On the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_337'>337</span>10th. two breaches were made in the stockade, and the defenders +losing heart began to retire. Next day some of +the native allies finding the “pa” almost deserted, crept up +to the palisades, and supported by a detachment of the +58th. Regiment, under Captain Denny, rushed through the +breaches, and the place was taken and destroyed, with a +loss to the victors of thirteen men killed and thirty wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This virtually finished the war. Heke was occupied at +Ikorangi by a feigned attack made by Macquarrie, and +after the capture of Ruapekapeka, his followers, and those of +Kawiti, began to disperse, and both chiefs were anxious for +pardon and peace. This was granted to them by the +Governor, in January, 1846, and the war in the North +Island was at an end.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While these events were occurring in the North Island, a +harassing series of surprises and skirmishes was carried on +in the southern. On May 16th., 1847, a party of the 58th. +Regiment, under Lieutenant Page, stationed at Boulcott’s +Farm, were surprised an hour before daylight, and six men +killed and four wounded.<a id='r133'></a><a href='#f133' class='c013'><sup>[133]</sup></a> After a skirmish or two, Major +Last, with a detachment of the 99th. Regiment, attacked a +stockade held by Rangihaeata, the chief of the insurgents in +the Southern Island, and was so far successful that the natives +abandoned the position, and were pursued and dispersed by +parties of soldiers, militia, and police. A determined attack +was made on May 19th., on the settlement of Wanganui by +six hundred of the enemy, which was defended by one +hundred and seventy men of the 58th. Regiment, in three +block houses, aided by a gunboat on the river. The attack +lasted five hours, in spite of a constant fire of shot and +shell, but in the night the enemy decamped, dispirited by +their losses.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the beginning of June they again appeared in force, attacked +a party of the 65th. Regiment, and a day or two after +approaching near the block houses, challenged the soldiers to +come out and fight. On the 19th. the troops made a sally, +and drove the enemy into the bush, and on the 23rd. they +sent in a flag of truce and stated their wish for peace. +While the war lasted they were deprived of their usual supplies +of tobacco, blankets, tea, and other things which had +become necessary to them, and their privations disgusted +them with a contest by which nothing could be gained.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 21st. of February, 1848, the principal chiefs met +Governor Grey, at Wanganui; stolen cattle were restored, +the natives paid for the lands in dispute by the Government, +a general pardon granted, and peace concluded. For +their services in this war, Captain Sir E. Home, R.N., Captain +Graham, R.N., Colonel Despard, 99th. Regiment, and Lieutenant-Colonel +Wynyard, 58th. Regiment, were made Commanders +of the Order of the Bath.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_338'>338</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE SECOND NEW ZEALAND WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1860–66.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The long and desultory second war in New Zealand, lasting +with an interval of peace for some months, from 1860 to 1866, +arose like the first, from disputes with the natives concerning +the sale and possession of land. All the members of +each tribe looked upon the land they occupied as their +hereditary property, and if the consent of the whole tribe +was not given to the sale and transfer, they considered the +proceeding invalid and worthless. In the year 1861, the +sale of land to the settlers provoked the natives of Taranaki +to take up arms in defence of what they imagined to be +their rights, and the conflict eventually spread over the +greater part of the North Island. The Maoris proved themselves +to be no despicable antagonists; they were well-armed +with double-barrelled guns and rifles, and skilled in their +use, and in bush-fighting; so that the heavily equipped +British soldiers found it no easy task to subdue such wily +and active enemies. They were also extremely skilful in the +construction of rifle-pits and fortified “pas,” which were often +<span class='pageno' id='Page_339'>339</span>so strongly palisaded and entrenched as to be almost impregnable, +even to artillery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At the beginning of the struggle the British troops in New +Zealand were but very few in number, and till reinforcements +arrived it was as much as they could do to maintain their +ground.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After some skirmishes, an attack on the Maories at Taranaki, +June 13th., 1860, was repulsed with heavy loss to +the assailants, but reinforcements were despatched from Australia, +under Major-General Pratt, who defeated the enemy +at Mahoetaki, on November 6th. A chain of redoubts was +thrown up to keep the natives in check, and to protect the +town of New Plymouth, and these being occupied by detachments +of different regiments, almost daily skirmishes +took place with the enemy. A detachment of the 40th. +Regiment was stationed in Redoubt No. 7, on the river +Waitara, and on March 18th. a party, under Capt. Richards, +was sent out to discover the Maories, who were known to +be lurking in the bush, which about a thousand yards from +the redoubt was in its primitive condition. The open space +was crossed without opposition, but as soon as the detachment +entered the bush, they were received with a heavy +fire from unseen foes. Captain Richards ordered his men +to extend in skirmishing order, and return the fire, which +had little effect on their concealed opponents, by whose +deliberate aim several of the soldiers fell killed and wounded. +Lieutenant Rees, the second in command, seized the rifle of +one of the fallen men, and encouraged his men by his example +to keep up a steady fire. In a few minutes the +lieutenant fell wounded, but Sergeant Lucas came to his +assistance and sent him to the rear, while he himself with +two men only that remained unwounded in that part of the +field, took shelter behind a tree, and by the spirited fire +they maintained, kept the enemy at bay, amid showers of +bullets which flew on every side of them, till they were +rescued by a party from the redoubt, under Lieutenants +Gibson and Whelan, at whose approach the Maories fled. +For his gallant behaviour on this occasion Sergeant Lucas +obtained the Victoria Cross. The natives having previously +<span class='pageno' id='Page_340'>340</span>experienced several defeats, were convinced of the futility of +further resistance, and this was the last affair in the Taranaki +war. Next day, March 19th., 1861, witnessed a general surrender, +and the establishment of peace.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Unfortunately the embers of discord still smouldered, and +the hoped-for peace proved to be but a lengthened truce. On +May 4th., 1863, hostilities were resumed by an attack made +by the natives on a military escort, who were fired upon +from the bush, and eight of their number killed. In consequence +of this, an encounter took place at Kuitkara, in +which twenty-four Maories were slain, and the province of +Auckland became again the scene of war.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Maories having chosen one of their chiefs to be king, +prior to the beginning of the war, now asserted their intention +of driving the settlers out of the North Island; +while General Duncan Cameron, Commander-in-Chief, by a +proclamation declared all natives in arms, rebels, if they did +not surrender in a week. The result of this was, that they +retired with their goods to a place called Kohewa, and taking +up a strongly fortified position at Roherea, a mountainous +ridge, two miles from Kohewa, and near the Waikato river, +set the General at defiance. Here Cameron attacked them; +and under a hot fire carried their rifle-pits, and drove the +Maories into the adjacent swamps.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Previous to this, Volunteers, or Militia, had been raised +among the colonists, four thousand of whom took up arms +in defence of their homes, and redoubts had been erected +for the defence of Auckland and other towns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In September, a detachment of the 65th. Regiment was +stationed at Fort Alexandra, in the neighbourhood of Cameron +Town, when news reached the fort, that Mr. Armitage, a +magistrate living near, and a number of friendly natives had +been massacred by the enemy. Captain Swift, in command +of the detachment, with Lieutenant Butler, Sergt. McKenna, +and a party of about fifty men, started into the bush in +pursuit of the foe. They crossed swamps and forded rivers, +till they suddenly found themselves exposed in the bush to +a heavy fire on both sides. Captain Swift and Lieutenant +Butler were mortally wounded, and the command of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_341'>341</span>party devolved on Sergeant McKenna, to whose coolness and +intrepidity the party owed its safety. The skirmish was +kept up till nightfall, when the little band—several of them +wounded—began their retreat, through ten miles of swamp +and bush, in the face of three hundred savages, thirsting +for their blood. After a harassed night march, and more than +once losing their path, about eight in the morning they met +a party of their comrades, under Colonel Murray, coming to +their assistance, and were in safety.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For his intrepid behaviour, Sergeant McKenna received the +Victoria Cross and a Commission. Corporal Ryan, who with +four privates had remained with the wounded officers till +they died, and fortunately escaped in safety at the break of +day, also received the Cross, and the four privates the medal +for distinguished conduct in the field.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This affair was followed by some unimportant skirmishes, +in one of which, at Pontoko, October 2nd., Ensign Down and +Drummer Stagpoole, of the 57th. Regiment, gained the Victoria +Cross, for bringing in a wounded man, under a heavy +fire at close range.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The enemy having retired to a strong “pa” they had erected +on an eminence at Rangariri, midway between the Waikato +and a lake, on November 20th, after a bombardment lasting +an hour and a half, the position was attacked by a force +of regular troops—artillerymen, seamen, and militia—about +one thousand in all, commanded by General Cameron. The +outer works and rifle-pits were soon carried, but the stormers +on finding stronger defences still in front of them, hesitated, +and fell back before the fire of the enemy. The militia, +though encouraged by their officers, who placed themselves +in the front, remained immoveable, but the small body of +Royal Artillery—about fifty all told—armed with swords and +revolvers, at a word from the General, headed by their +Colonel—Mercer—rushed forward, and gained the parapet of +the “pa,” when their gallant leader fell mortally wounded, and +his brave handful of gunners were repulsed. Two or three +of his men in the attempt to rescue him were shot down, +when Surgeon W. Temple, R.A., went to his assistance and +dressed his wound, under showers of bullets, at the risk of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_342'>342</span>his own life. His noble conduct was witnessed by General +Cameron, who recommended him for the Victoria Cross, which +he obtained.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A body of seamen, commanded by Commander Mayne, of +H.M.S. “Eclipse,” next endeavoured to carry the position, but +were also repulsed, and an attempt made to dislodge the enemy +with hand-grenades failed. Luckily the Maories felt that they +had had enough, and at dawn next day they hoisted a white +flag and surrendered. One hundred and eighty Maories were +taken in the “pa,” and forty-five were found there dead. The +loss of the assailants were six officers killed and nine wounded, +and one hundred and twenty men killed and wounded, made +up the roll of casualties. This affair however produced the +surrender of the Maori King, on December 9th., but the war +still continued.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A native stronghold at Rangiawhia was attacked and captured +February 21st., 1864. On the 2nd. of April another +fortified “pa” at Orakau was taken by assault, by a force commanded +by Major-General Carey, after three days’ investment; +and then for several weeks the Maories, without interruption +by the military, occupied themselves in the erection of a most +formidable “pa” at Tauranga. It was built on the highest part +of a narrow neck of land, well palisaded, and further defended +by an entrenched line of rifle-pits. On both sides were swamps +extending to the water, so that it was secure from a flank +attack, and was named the Gate Pa. On the 28th. of April, +General Cameron, after a reconnaissance of the entrenchments, +made preparations for an attack. The forces at his disposal +were the 43rd. and 68th. Regiments, detachments of the 14th., +65th., and 70th., Regiments, a Naval Brigade of over three +hundred men from the squadron of Commodore Sir W. Wiseman, +and a detachment of Royal Artillery, amounting to nearly +one thousand seven hundred men of all ranks, with six Armstrong +guns, two howitzers, and eight mortars. The intention +of the General being to cut off the retreat of the enemy, after +dark a feigned attack was made on the front of his position, +while the 68th. Regiment, with some seamen, picked their way +through the swamp, and before morning were posted in the +rear of the “pa.” The Artillery opened fire soon after daybreak +<span class='pageno' id='Page_343'>343</span>on the 29th., and continued with little intermission till about +four p.m., when, the pallisades being almost destroyed and a +practicable breach made, the assault was ordered. One hundred +and fifty of the 43rd., with the same number of seamen and +Marines, led by Commander Hay, of H.M.S. “Harrier” formed +the assaulting column under the command of Lieut.-Colonel +Booth, of the 43rd. The remainder of the 43rd., with a body +of seamen and Marines, formed the reserve. Commander Hay +led the stormers, who, with a ringing cheer, crossed the ditch, +mounted the embankment, and rushed through the breach +into the “pa,” and, as only a few straggling shots were heard, +the troops outside thought the place was won and the enemy +beaten; when all at once a tremendous fire of musketry accompanied +with savage yells, broke out in the interior of the +entrenchment, and after a fierce conflict of a few minutes, +during which Colonel Booth, Commander Hay, and Captain +Glover fell mortally wounded, and almost every officer of the +column was killed or disabled; the storming party was seen +pouring out through the breach in utter confusion. Captain +Hamilton at once led on the supports, but fell shot through +the head, the supports became mixed with the fugitives, and +in spite of the exertions of the officers, the whole body hotly +fired on by the enemy, fell back to the nearest cover.<a id='r134'></a><a href='#f134' class='c013'><sup>[134]</sup></a> Darkness +had now set in, but the troops lay on their arms in their +entrenchment, within a hundred yards of the enemy, furious +at their repulse and fully determined to conquer or die on the +morrow. During the night, which was wet and dark, the enemy +evacuated the “pa,” and stealing in small parties through the +swamps eluded the vigilance of the 68th.; and in the early +morning Major Greaves, of the 70th., creeping up to the breach +<span class='pageno' id='Page_344'>344</span>found the stronghold silent and deserted. Colonel North<a id='r135'></a><a href='#f135' class='c013'><sup>[135]</sup></a> and +a few privates were found still alive, and to the credit of +the enemy they had not been ill treated during the night, nor +had the bodies of the slain been mutilated. In this sad affair +seven officers of the 43rd. Regiment were killed, or died of +their wounds, and the Naval Brigade had four officers and +forty seamen and Marines killed and wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When Commander Hay fell, mortally wounded, Samuel +Mitchell, captain of the foretop of H.M.S. “Harrier,” refused +to leave his dying officer, though ordered by him to leave +him and look after his own safety. He raised the commander +in his arms, and carried him outside the “pa” +amidst a shower of bullets, and for his gallant conduct +deservedly obtained the Victoria Cross. Surgeon Manly, R.A., +also gained the same distinction for attending to the wounded +under a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The day after the affair at Gate “pa,” a redoubt at Sentry +Hill, Taranaki, held by a detachment under the command of +Major Shortt, of the 57th. Regiment, was attacked by a +strong body of Maories, who were repulsed with heavy loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Some weeks later, it being known that the natives were +gathering in force, and engaged in the construction of another +stronghold at Te Ranga, a place about four miles from Gate +“pa,” Colonel Green, commanding the troops at Tauranga, +marched with the 43rd. and part of the 68th. Regiment, +against the enemy, whom he found strongly posted in a +chain of rifle-pits, the commencement of a formidable “pa.” +After a smart skirmish for about two hours, being reinforced +by the Waikato Militia, the advance was sounded, and the +pits carried by storm in the most dashing manner.<a id='r136'></a><a href='#f136' class='c013'><sup>[136]</sup></a> For a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_345'>345</span>few minutes the Maories fought desperately, but were utterly +routed, and pursued for several miles. As usual, their situation +was favourable for their retreat, otherwise few would +have escaped. On the following day the bodies of one hundred +and eight of the enemy were found and buried in their own +rifle-pits, but many more were killed and remained in the +ravines. Among the slain were several powerful chiefs, one +of whom, Rawhiri, was the leader at Gate “pa.” The British +loss was small, ten men killed and thirty-three wounded, +considering the heavy fire they were exposed to in advancing +to the attack.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the following month, many of the natives laid down +their arms and surrendered; and on August 6th., 1864, most +of the chiefs proffered their unconditional submission to the +government: yet the war still lingered on. In January, 1865, +the natives made a daring attack on the British camp at +Nukumaru, and suffered a severe repulse; and in the month +of July following, a force under the command of Lieut.-Colonel +Trevor, consisting of detachments of the 14th. and +18th. regiments, some colonial troops, and a body of friendly +natives, captured the Wereroa “pa,”—an exceedingly strong +position occupied by the Maories, about three hundred feet +above the wooded banks of the Waitotara river, surrounded +by precipices and swamps.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the years 1865–66, the war was mostly confined to +the West Coast. In January of the latter year a strong “pa” +at Pretahi was captured, and the Otapawa “pa” was stormed +by the 57th. regiment, with the loss of Lieut.-Colonel Hassard +and many brave men; but the contest dwindled to a fitful +series of unimportant skirmishes, and the capture and destruction +of “pas” and villages. After the year 1866, the struggle +was carried on by the colonial forces, commanded by Colonel +Whitmore, who had been military secretary to General Cameron +(afterwards General Sir George Whitmore, K.C.M.G.), who in +January, 1869, finally crushed the last Maori outbreak.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At the end of the year 1864, the colonial ministry had requested +the home government to withdraw the imperial troops, +and to allow them complete responsibility, but it was not till +January, 1870, that the last British regiment, the 18th., left +the colony. The same year the long and harassing war was +brought to a close, and a durable peace established.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments engaged in the New Zealand War of 1845–47 +were the 58th., 65th., 96th., and 99th. Foot; and in the war of +1860–66 the 1st. Battalion, 12th. Regiment; 2nd. Battalion, 14th. +Regiment; 2nd. Battalion, 18th. Regiment; and the 40th., +43rd., 50th., 57th., 65th., 68th., and 70th. Regiments.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_346'>346</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Since the publication of the first edition of this work, the +medal granted for the “Second Burmese War, 1852–3,” and +the war with Persia, 1856–7, has been designated the “Indian +General Service Medal,” and is now always given as a reward +for the almost perpetual expeditions<a id='r137'></a><a href='#f137' class='c013'><sup>[137]</sup></a> against the native +tribes on the frontiers of India, and in adjoining territories. +The medal, designed by L. C. Wyon, was first issued in +1854, with a clasp “Pegu,” to commemorate the services +against the Burmese in 1852–3; and was also given for the +Persian campaign, 1856–57, with clasp “Persia.” By a general +order, July 1, 1869, the medal with a clasp inscribed “North +West Frontier,” was granted for services on the North West +Frontier of India, dating from 1849 to 1863. On the +obverse of this medal is the diademed head of the Queen, +with the legend “Victoria Regina.” On the reverse is a +figure of Victory crowning a seated classic warrior with a +laurel wreath. In the exergue is the lotus flower, but neither +legend nor date. Ribbon: alternate stripes of crimson and +blue. The name and regiment, or ship, are indented on the +edge of the medal.</p> + +<div id='i346fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_346fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Indian General Service Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Generally, but not invariably, where the recipient had served +in two or more expeditions, and had previously gained the +medal, a bar or clasp only was added to those already worn, +instead of giving another medal; but subsequent to 1876 instances +occur of men having two medals, with bars for different +campaigns. Since 1869, by a series of general orders, +twelve bars have been issued with this medal, inscribed—“Umbeyla,”—“Bhootan,”—“Looshai,”—“Perak,”—“Jowaki, +1877–8”—“Naga,”—“Burma, 1885–7”—“Sikkim, 1888”—“Hazara, +1888”—“Burma, 1887–89”—“Chin-Lushai, 1889–90”—“Samana, +1891”—the medal in all cases being the same.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_347'>347</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SECOND BURMESE WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1852–53.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The King of Ava having refused redress for injuries inflicted +on British subjects at Rangoon, in violation of the +treaty of Yandaboo, concluded at the termination of the first +Burmese war, after an ineffectual attempt at negociation, hostilities +commenced. Troops were collected from Bengal and +Madras, and placed under the command of Major-General +Godwin, who had borne a prominent part in the first war +with Ava. The Queen’s regiments which formed part of +the force were the 18th., 51st., and 80th.,<a id='r138'></a><a href='#f138' class='c013'><sup>[138]</sup></a> and a naval +squadron, under the command of Commodore Lambert, consisting +of H.M.S. “Fox” (40), “Serpent” (16), “Rattler” (11), +“Hermes” (6), “Salamander” (6), and a gunboat, with +thirteen vessels of the East Indian Company and Uncovenanted +Service, took a very active part in the operations, afloat and +ashore.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Godwin embarked with the force under his +command on the 28th. of March, 1852, and three days afterwards +the destruction of the stockades on the banks of the +river Irrawaddy was effected. The next service was the +attack and capture of Martaban, on the 5th. of April, in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_348'>348</span>which portions of the 18th. and 80th. shared. Captain Campbell +commanded the wing of the 18th., and Major Lockhart +that of the 80th. Captain Gillespie, in command of the +grenadiers of the former regiment was first on the walls, +and the soldier following him received three wounds. About +seven o’clock in the morning the troops landed, and the +storming party was soon under the walls and over them, +when Lieutenant-Colonel Reignolds at once took possession, +after some skirmishing, of the pagoda on the height, and +by eight o’clock a.m. Martaban was won. The storming party +from the 80th. was commanded by Captain Christie of that +regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At this period the Madras division (comprising the 51st. +regiment) had not arrived at Rangoon, but by the 7th. of +April it reached the rendezvous at the mouth of the Rangoon +river, and on the 11th. (Sunday) Rangoon was bombarded. +The ships silenced and destroyed the stockades at the mouth +of the river, and Commander Tarleton of the “Fox” landed with +a party of seamen and marines, spiked the guns and destroyed +their ammunition. At daybreak on the following morning the +troops commenced landing. They had not proceeded far when +some guns were opened on the British, and shortly afterwards +skirmishers showed themselves in the jungle. This was a new +mode of fighting with the Burmese, as no instance occurred +in the former war of their attacking the flanks or quitting +their stockades. Now they were not only good shots, but bold +in their operations, and clever in selecting their ground and +covering themselves. A strong outwork named the White +House Redoubt was assaulted; the storming party, of which +four companies of the 51st. Light Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel +St. Maur, formed part, carried the stockade, but in +consequence of the intense heat of the sun, which occasioned +the death of two officers, it was not until the 14th. of April +that the fortified town and pagoda of Rangoon were stormed +and captured. A Naval Brigade of one hundred and twenty +men, under Lieutenant Dorville of the “Fox,” served on shore +with the troops, and worked a battery of heavy guns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 80th. and 18th. formed the advance, and the 51st., under +Major Errington, Colonel St. Maur having been compelled to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_349'>349</span>quit the field from a stroke of the sun, were in reserve. After +an advance for about a mile the ground became very difficult, +barely admitting of the 80th. and 18th. occupying it in close +order. The troops also suffered from a heavy fire, when an +immediate assault was determined upon. The storming party +was formed of a wing of the 80th., under Major Lockhart, +two companies of the 18th., under Lieutenant Hewitt, and +two companies of the 40th. Bengal Native Infantry, under +Lieutenant White, the whole commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel +Coote, of the Royal Irish; Captain Latter, accompanying the +party to show the road. Captain J. Wood, who was specially +mentioned, commanded the 18th. regiment. The golden +pagoda—a most sacred temple—was soon carried, and all the +country fell with it, the once strong post of Kemmendine +having been abandoned and destroyed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the attack and storming of Rangoon, on the 11th., +12th., and 14th. of April, the British had two officers and +fifteen men killed, and fourteen officers and one hundred and +eighteen men wounded. The casualties in the fleet were +seventeen.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Godwin and Commodore Lambert in May planned +an attack on Bassein, one of the three chief ports of Burmah; +and the two commanders, with four steamers of the East +India Company, having on board about eight hundred men, +proceeded to carry their design into execution. On May 18th. +the squadron anchored in front of the town, and the troops +landed under cover of the guns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major Errington with his force, of which four hundred of +the 51st. formed a portion, advanced on the chief pagoda and +carried it in grand style: the citadel, a strong mud fort, was +next assaulted by a company of the 51st. and two of the +Madras Native Infantry, under Captains Rice and Borthwick. +Captain Rice, whilst gallantly leading his company, was shot +through the lower part of the neck, when his place was taken +by Lieutenant Carter, who, followed by his men, was the first +on the parapet; here he was struck down by a musket-ball, +and rolled over the exterior slope, but still insisted upon being +carried into the work. Although the defence was obstinate, +yet in forty minutes after the landing, the whole of the works +<span class='pageno' id='Page_350'>350</span>were in possession of the British. Eighty cannon and wall +pieces were captured, and the stockades burnt. This dashing +operation occasioned the officers and men of Captain Rice’s +company to be specially thanked in orders. Major Errington, +who commanded the troops, was wounded. After leaving a +garrison in Bassein the remainder of the troops returned to +Rangoon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Martaban was attacked by a Burmese force of upwards +of one thousand men on the 26th. of May, but they were +gallantly repulsed by the garrison, consisting of the 49th. +Madras Native Infantry, under Major Hall. The 51st. regiment, +which had been sent to reinforce the garrison, assisted +in driving back the enemy from the stockade, and pursued +him some distance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the middle of September, the 18th. and 80th. regiments +embarked at Rangoon for Prome, and arrived there on +the morning of the 9th. of October. The troops were landed +in the evening in a suburb to the north of and beyond the +town. As they advanced towards the position selected for +the night, a very smart fire of musketry and jingalls was +simultaneously opened from some jungle and houses on the +British left, and a small pagoda in the front. The grenadiers +of the 80th. under Captain Christie, and two companies of +the same regiment under Captain Welsh, accompanied by +Brigadier Reignolds, Lieutenant-Colonel of the 18th. regiment, +in a short time most gallantly drove the enemy from their +position. The remainder of the troops were landed on the +following morning, when the place was found evacuated by +the Burmese. Thus the important city of Prome was gained, +with the small loss of one killed and eight wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Captain Loch, H.M.S. “Winchester,” subsequently destroyed +several strong fortifications in the neighbourhood of Prome. +One at Akouktoung, armed with five guns and garrisoned by +four hundred men, completely commanded the river, being +situated on a hill three hundred feet high. Captain Loch +with eighty men scaled the hill overgrown with jungle, the +enemy fled, and the battery was taken and demolished.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On Sunday, the 21st. of November, Pegu was attacked by +a force under Brigadier Mc.Neill, of the Madras Army, composed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_351'>351</span>of the 1st. Bengal Fusiliers, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Tudor, three hundred; 1st. Madras Fusiliers, Major Hill, three +hundred; 5th. Madras Native Infantry, Major Shubrick, four +hundred; seventy Sappers; and thirty-two Artillery. The +morning was foggy, and the Burmese were taken by surprise. +They retreated to the pagoda, but after some sharp fighting +were driven out, and the city captured. It had been taken +by a handful of soldiers and seamen under Commander Tarleton +three months before, but the force being too small to +occupy the place returned to Rangoon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When the news of the capture of this city was received +at Calcutta, a proclamation was issued annexing the whole +province of Pegu to the British territories.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 8th. of December the enemy attacked Prome in +force, but were repulsed with loss; the engagement lasted +from midnight until four o’clock in the morning of the 9th. +The 51st. shared in this action.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The small garrison left in Pegu was constantly harassed +by the attacks of the Burmese army, encamped at a short +distance, which were gallantly repulsed by Major Hill, of the +Madras Fusiliers. A reinforcement of twelve hundred men +left Rangoon on the 11th. of December, and arrived at Pegu +on the 14th; when, after a toilsome march through a close +country without a road, and an attack from a large body +of skirmishers, the relief was effected. A further advance into +the country, with a view to bring on a general action, was +made on the 17th., and an attack subsequently ensued, when +the Burmese rapidly abandoned their entrenched position and +took to flight; after a further march of two days, the enemy +avoiding a general engagement, the state of the commissariat +forced the British general to return to Pegu, and subsequently +to Prome.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An expedition proceeded under Brigadier-General Sir John +Cheape, K.C.B., to the Donabew district of Pegu, in order +to reduce the stronghold of Myat-toon, a robber-chief. The +force was actively engaged on the 17th., 18th., and 19th. of +March, 1853; after a severe struggle of four hours’ duration +the place was stormed and destroyed. The left wing was +commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Sturt, of the 67th. Bengal +Native Infantry, and the right wing by Major Wigstone, of +the 18th. Royal Irish, who was severely wounded. The total +loss amounted to twenty-two killed, and one hundred and +eight wounded, fourteen being officers. The casualties sustained +by the 18th., 51st., and 80th. regiments, amounted to +thirteen killed and sixty-five wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A short time before, a combined naval and military force, +commanded by Captain Loch, of about five hundred men with +three guns, had been repulsed with loss, in an attempt to dislodge +this freebooter. In this affair, Lieutenant Kennedy, +H.M.S. “Fox,” and Captain Price of the 67th. Bengal Infantry +were killed, and Captain Loch mortally wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 30th. of June, 1853, the termination of the war +was officially announced, and although the king of Ava +refused to sign a formal treaty of peace, yet as all the +concessions demanded were agreed to, the Governor-General +proclaimed that hostilities would not be resumed so long as +the British possession of Pegu remained undisputed. All the +captives in Ava were released, and the navigation of the +Irrawaddy was declared to be free for the purposes of trade +between the two countries.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British regiments that took part in this war were the +18th., 51st., and 80th. Foot, also the men of the Naval +Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_352'>352</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE PERSIAN CAMPAIGN.<br> <span class='c016'>1856–1857.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>A rupture occurred with Persia, in consequence of that +power having taken possession of Herat on the 25th. of October, +and war was declared on the 1st. November following. +An expedition accordingly proceeded to the Persian Gulf, +under Major-General Stalker, C.B., and the Island of Karrack +was taken formal possession of on the 3rd. of December without +opposition. The troops landed on the 7th. at Ras Halala, +about fifteen miles below Bushire, and two days afterwards +stormed the position at the old Dutch fort of Reshire, which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_353'>353</span>was taken, the place being carried at the point of the bayonet.<a id='r139'></a><a href='#f139' class='c013'><sup>[139]</sup></a> +The casualties were principally confined to the officers, amongst +whom was Brigadier James Stopford, C.B., of the 64th., killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the morning of the 10th. the British marched on Bushire, +a walled town, which surrendered unconditionally, after a bombardment +of upward of four hours. No loss was sustained; +sixty-five guns, with large quantities of ammunition and warlike +stores, were here captured. The garrison, consisting of +about two thousand, (a large number having previously effected +their escape, and several drowned in the attempt), grounded +their arms in front of the British line, and were on the following +morning escorted by the cavalry some distance into the +country, and then set at liberty. Her Majesty’s 64th., under +Major Stirling, shared in this success.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A stronger expedition subsequently proceeded from Bombay, +commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram; this +was composed of two divisions, one of which was under +Brigadier-General Havelock, and the other under Major-General +Stalker; the 78th. Highlanders were added to this force. On +the evening of the 3rd. of February, 1857, Sir James Outram +marched against Sooja-ool-Moolk, strongly posted in an entrenched +camp at Borazgoon. Each man carried his great +coat, blanket, and two days’ provisions, but without any tents +or other equipage; the rain fell heavily, and the nights were +bitterly cold. The position was reached in the afternoon of +the 5th. of February, when the Persians rapidly retreated, leaving +their camp, ammunition and equipage in the hands of the +British.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_354'>354</span>On the return march during the night of the 7th., the rear-guard +was attacked by the Persians, who were kept in check +until daybreak, when the enemy, amounting to between six +and seven thousand men, were perceived drawn up near +Koosh-ab. Two mounds in their centre, on which they placed +their guns, served as redoubts, and some deep nullahs on +their flank were lined with skirmishers. In the action that +followed, the enemy’s guns were silenced by the British artillery; +the cavalry drove his horse from the field; and on the +advance of the infantry, the Persians broke and fled, throwing +away their arms and accoutrements in their flight. By ten +o’clock the defeat of the Persian troops was complete.<a id='r140'></a><a href='#f140' class='c013'><sup>[140]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>After this victory the British bivouacked for the day close +to the battle-field, and at night, by another route, accomplished +a march of twenty miles, over a country rendered +almost impassable by the incessant heavy rains. After a rest +of six hours, the greater portion of the infantry continued +their march to Bushire, which was reached before midnight, +thus performing another most arduous march of forty-four +miles under incessant rain, besides fighting and defeating the +enemy during its progress, within the short period of fifty +hours. On the morning of the 10th. the cavalry and artillery +arrived in camp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The loss in the action of Koosh-ab on the 8th. of February +was limited to sixteen killed and sixty-two wounded. Lieutenant +Frankland, of the 2nd. European regiment, was the only +officer killed.<a id='r141'></a><a href='#f141' class='c013'><sup>[141]</sup></a> This officer, together with Captain Forbes, commanding +<span class='pageno' id='Page_355'>355</span>the 3rd. regiment of Light Cavalry, and Lieutenant +Doveton Downes Greentree, of the 64th. regiment, both severely +wounded (the latter losing his leg), received special mention +in the Governor-General’s Notification.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For some months the Persians had been engaged in fortifying +their position at Mohammerah, a place at the confluence +of the Karun and Euphrates rivers. Batteries had +been erected of solid earth, twenty feet thick, and eighteen +feet high, with casemated embrasures, armed with heavy guns, +commanding both sides of the river, but Lieutenant-General +Outram resolved to attack them. Their army estimated at +thirteen thousand men, with thirty guns, was commanded by +the Shazada, Prince Khauler Mirza, in person; whilst the +Anglo-Indian troops consisted of about five thousand. This +place was bombarded on the 26th. of March by five steamers +and two sloops of war of the Indian navy, under the command +of Commodore Young. The action commenced soon +after daybreak, and the Persians stood to their guns well +till 10 a.m., when the magazine in the north battery blew +up. Three more explosions followed; the enemy’s fire slackened, +and by one o’clock was completely silenced. A fire of musketry +was then opened from the batteries, until storming parties were +landed from the ships, who drove out the Persians, and took +possession of their works and guns. Brigadier-General Havelock +landed the troops, but no portion of the military force +was actively engaged, except some European riflemen sent on +board the war vessels, as the Persians fled from their entrenched +camp without waiting an attack. Meanwhile a treaty +of peace had been in progress, the ratifications of which were +exchanged at Bagdad on the 2nd. of May, whereby Herat +was agreed to be evacuated, and all interference with the +internal affairs of Afghanistan was to be avoided.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments employed in this expedition, were the 14th. +Light Dragoons, the 64th. and 78th. regiments, 3rd. Bombay +Cavalry, Poonah Horse, 1st. Scinde Horse, 2nd. Bombay Europeans, +Bombay and Madras Sappers and Miners, and 2nd., +3rd., 4th., 5th., 8th., 11th., 15th., 20th., 22nd., 23rd., 25th., +26th., 28th., and 29th. regiments of Bombay Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_356'>356</span> + <h2 class='c006'>NORTH WEST FRONTIER.<br> <span class='c016'>1849–1863.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The first of the principal of the expeditions during this +period was into the Eusufzye country, north of Peshawur, +December, 1849. This expedition, under the command of +Brigadier Bradshaw, 60th. Rifles, was despatched to chastise +the Hill tribes on the Swat Border, and several of their +villages were captured and destroyed. The British troops +engaged in this affair were the 60th. Rifles and the 61st. +Foot.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE AFRIDIS.<br> <span class='sc'>February, 1850.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Afridis are a fierce and warlike tribe inhabiting a +series of steep and rugged hills lying between the Kohat and +Peshawur districts. They are good shots, and if combined, +could muster 15,000 to 20,000 fighting men. The Punjab +Government paid them an annual subsidy of 5,700 rupees +in return for their protecting the pass from Peshawur to +Kohat. But in spite of this arrangement, on February 2nd, +1850, a body of Afridis attacked a body of Sappers making +a road in the Kohat pass, killed twelve of them, and put +the rest to flight. To punish them for their treachery, +a column, under the command of Sir Colin Campbell (afterwards +Lord Clyde), who was accompanied by the Commander-in-Chief, +Sir Charles Napier, forced the pass, in spite +of the efforts of the Afridis, routed them, and burnt their +villages. As usual in hill campaigns the heaviest of the fighting +<span class='pageno' id='Page_357'>357</span>fell on the rear of the retiring force in its march to Peshawur.<a id='r142'></a><a href='#f142' class='c013'><sup>[142]</sup></a> +The regiments that took part in this expedition were the 60th. +Rifles, 61st., and 98th. Foot, besides Native troops. In the +latter part of the year 1851, the Mohmunds, a tribe inhabiting +the Khyber Pass, committed a series of depredations on villages +under British rule, and made an attack on a fort at Shubkuddur. +To chastise them, on October 25th, Sir Colin Campbell left +Peshawur with a force of about 2000 men, including two companies +each of the 61st. and 98th. Foot, and destroyed several +of their villages with their stores of grain. After some skirmishes +Sir Colin, leaving garrisons at Shubkuddur and Dubb, returned +to Peshawur in February, 1852. In the same month the Mohmunds +made another inroad, and in March Sir Colin again took +the field against them, with a column of 2500 men, consisting +of a troop of Horse Artillery, the 32nd. Foot, and several Native +regiments. On March 20th. the Mohmunds attacked him in +force at Pung Rao, but after a hot action of three hours were +repulsed with considerable loss. Another skirmish took place +in April, near Shubkuddur, and on the retreat of the Mohmunds, +Sir Colin, with the Europeans, returned to Peshawur. But +the disturbances on the North West frontier were far from +being over. The Ootman Khail,<a id='r143'></a><a href='#f143' class='c013'><sup>[143]</sup></a> or tribe, of Afridis, began +to make incursions into British territory, and on the 7th. of +May, Sir Colin, with the 32nd. Foot, a wing of the 53rd. +regiment, the Guide Corps, and some regiments of Punjaubees +and Goorkhas, marched against them, and after a few skirmishes +captured and destroyed, with small loss, the strongly +fortified hill village of Praunghur.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On May 17th Sir Colin attacked about 8000 of the enemy +at a village called Istakote, at the entrance of the Ranize Valley, +and a smart action followed, in which Sir Colin himself headed +the cavalry of the Guides in a charge, with the result that +the hill men were driven back in confusion. They suffered +severely, but were not subdued, though checked for a time.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_358'>358</span> + <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE HUSSUNZIES AND BOREE AFRIDIS.<br> <span class='c016'>1852–53.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>A party of Hussunzies having murdered two British officials, +and the tribe refusing to surrender the murderers, an expedition +was dispatched to chastise them. The Hussunzies +occupied the western slopes of the Black Mountains, a height +of about 10,000 feet above the sea level, and trusted to the +inaccessibility of their stronghold, which had hitherto defied +every assailant. In December, 1852, two Brigades took up a +position at the foot of the Black Mountain, and three columns +commanded by Colonel Napier (afterwards Lord Napier of +Magdala), Colonel Mackeson, and Major Abbot, were formed +for the assault. After an obstinate resistance all three columns +won their way up the steep ascent, and bivouacked for three +nights on the summit of the so-called impregnable Black +Mountain. The villages of the enemy were burnt in the sight +of their owners, and the columns, with little loss, descended +the mountain and were broken up. No British regiment seems +to have been engaged in this affair.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the latter part of the year 1853, the Boree Afridis inhabiting +the country near the Kohat Pass, began to commit depredations, +and refusing any reparation or promise to abstain +from similar acts in the future, a force under the command of +Colonel Boileau, with Colonel Napier, was sent against them +in November. The troops comprised the 22nd. Foot, the +Guides, 66th. Goorkhas, and Native Infantry. The expedition +was ably planned and successfully executed; the principal +villages of the enemy were destroyed, and the Afridis taught +a lesson which they long remembered.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_359'>359</span> + <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE LURRUCKZAI MOHMUNDS AND MEERANZIES.<br> <span class='c016'>1854–55.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>To punish the Mohmunds for their raids into British territory, +in August, 1854, an expedition commanded by Sir Sydney +Cotton was despatched against them. After an unimportant +skirmish or two the principal villages of the Mohmunds were +taken and destroyed, and the troops returned. The 22nd. Foot +was the only British regiment which took part in this affair. +The Meeranzies, a Pathan tribe, occupying the hilly country +near Thull, for a long time had made incursions into British +territory, sacking the villages, and carrying off the inhabitants +for ransom. At length the Punjaub Government resolved to +chastise them, and in April, 1855, a strong force of 3500 men +under the command of Brigadier (afterwards Sir Neville) +Chamberlain, marched towards Meeranzie. On April 30th. he +was attacked by the enemy in Upper Meeranzie, but after a +brief action drove them back in confusion. The hill men were +pursued, their villages and stores of grain destroyed, and a +severe retribution dealt them for their long continuous acts of +hostility against the defenceless inhabitants of the British +border. None but Native troops were employed in this +expedition.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE AFRIDIS AND BOZDARS ON THE DEJERAT FRONTIER.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The expedition against these tribes in March, 1857, is generally +known as the Bozdar Hill Expedition. In it Native troops +only were employed, under the command of Brigadier Neville +Chamberlain, and Colonels Green and S. Browne. The principal +affair in this campaign was the forcing of the Khanbund +defile.<a id='r144'></a><a href='#f144' class='c013'><sup>[144]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_360'>360</span> + <h2 class='c006'>AGAINST THE CABUL KHAIL WUZEREES, 1859, AND THE MAHSOOD WUZEREES, 1860.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>During the year 1859 the Cabul Khail Wuzerees began to +grow troublesome, they made plundering incursions over our +border, and in one of them murdered Captain Mecham. It +being determined to send a force into their country, Brigadier-General +Chamberlain marched from Kohat with nearly 4000 +native troops of all ranks, in December, and found the enemy +posted in a range of hills near the Kurum river. Here they +had removed their families, flocks, and stores of grain, and had +strongly fortified their position with breastworks. On December +22nd. the attack was made in two columns, and after two hours +hard fighting the Wuzerees were driven from ridge to ridge, +leaving their tents, and as much of their cattle as they could +not remove, in the possession of the assailants. A few days +afterwards their chiefs submitted, and agreed to terms for +peace. Three months had scarcely passed, when the Mahsood +Wuzerees, a far more powerful tribe, who had made forays on +British villages for years, poured down from their hills upon +the lands of the Nawaub of Tonk, which were under British +protection, and plundered and burnt in their customary manner. +On hearing of this act of aggression the Indian Government +resolved to teach these freebooters a lesson once for all. Brigadier-General +Chamberlain took the field at the head of about +5000 Native troops, with Lieut.-Colonel Lumsden as second +in command; and on April 17th., 1860, entered the hills, carrying +sixteen days’ provisions. After traversing a difficult and unknown +country, the Brigadier encamped at Paloseen, and +hearing that the enemy was in force near, marched in search +of them, leaving Colonel Lumsden with about 1300 men in +charge of the camp and baggage. The Mahsoods saw their +opportunity. On the night of April 22nd., 3000 of them silently +gathered in a depression to the rear of the British, and early +on the following morning drove in the pickets and furiously +assailed the camp. Luckily Colonel Lumsden was on his +guard. Two chieftains of the enemy fell by his hand, and +his men, cheered by their leader’s example, checked the rush +of the Wuzerees, and in ten minutes utterly routed them +with heavy loss. General Chamberlain, finding his information +false, returned to Paloseen, and a few days later forced the +Burara Pass, after some severe fighting. He next assaulted +and captured the town of Kaneegoum, situated about 7,000 +feet above the sea level, with trifling loss. On May 11th. he +captured Mukeem, the principal town of the Mahsoods, who +suffered heavily. The place was burnt, the towers blown up, +and the troops returned to Bunnoo; having defeated a tribe +which had never before been worsted, and penetrated a hostile +region previously almost unknown. The expedition was a complete +success, and added much to the prestige of the British +in the eyes of the neighbouring clans. For their distinguished +bravery in this campaign six native soldiers were decorated +with the Order of Merit. The operations in the Eusufyze +country, in the latter part of the year 1863, formed part of +what is known as—</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_361'>361</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE UMBEYLA CAMPAIGN.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The cause of this war was the predatory incursions of a +body of Mussulman fanatics, and rebels, driven from Bengal +at the time of the Mutiny, who occupied the town of Mulkah, +on one of the lower spurs of the Mahabun, a ridge situated +on the right bank of the Indus, about forty miles from Attock. +A force of about 5600 men of all arms was assembled in the +Eusufyze country on October, 1863, under the command of +General Chamberlain. On October 19th., with little opposition, +he took possession of the Umbeyla Pass, and established +outposts on his flanks in the mountains on both +<span class='pageno' id='Page_362'>362</span>sides, strengthened with breastworks as far as possible. +The most advanced post on the left flank was called the +“Eagle’s Nest,” and that on the right the “Crag Picket,” and +both posts were invisible from the camp. On October 25th. +the enemy made an attack on the right, but were driven +back by Colonel Keyes, and lost one of their standards. The +next day a fierce assault was made upon the “Eagle’s Nest” +post, and after four hours hard fighting the Hill-men were +repulsed with severe loss, but nearly half of the defenders +were killed or wounded. In the early morning of the 30th., +the “Crag Picket” being held by only twelve men, was surprised +and taken by the enemy, but it was splendidly recaptured, +after a desperate hand to hand conflict, by a small party of +Pathans, led by Colonel Keyes (who was wounded), and Lieut. +Fosbery, who, for his gallant conduct, received the Victoria +Cross.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the meantime an attack had been made on the front of +the camp, which was defeated, the assailants suffering heavily. +The bodies of the British slain were found shockingly mutilated +by the enemy, and from that time no quarter was given on +either side.<a id='r145'></a><a href='#f145' class='c013'><sup>[145]</sup></a> On the night of November 12th., the “Crag +Picket,” held by 160 men, under Colonel Brownlow, the successful +defender of the “Eagle’s Nest,” was again furiously +assailed by about 3000 of the enemy, who made repeated +attempts to storm the works. In spite of heavy loss they +made a determined attack on both sides of the weakest angle +of the post, pulled down the wall, hurling the stones on the +defenders, and gained possession of part of the defences. +Colonel Brownlow called for volunteers, drove the enemy out, +rebuilt the wall, and held the post till morning. Shortly after +daybreak the garrison was relieved by a party of Punjaubees +<span class='pageno' id='Page_363'>363</span>under Captain Davidson. Before they were properly in position +the Hill-men made another assault, killed Davidson and many +of his men, and captured the post, but it was retaken shortly +afterwards by the 101st. Bengal Fusiliers led by Colonel Salusbury. +On November 18th. there was more severe fighting, and +on the next day, the enemy, reinforced by tribesmen from +Swat, Bonair, and other places, made repeated and desperate +attempts to recapture the “Crag Picket,” which was held by +200 men of the 101st. Fusiliers and 20th. Punjaub Infantry. +After a hard struggle for four hours the defenders were driven +out, and for the third time the “Crag Picket” fell into the +hands of the enemy. In this affair two officers and a large +number of men were killed. General Chamberlain ordered +the 71st. Highlanders to the front, which regiment, led by +himself and Colonel Hope, without a check, carried the position +at the point of the bayonet, and held it; but both the leaders +were severely wounded in the conflict. General Chamberlain +being thus disabled, General Garvock took the command, +advanced against the enemy, captured and burnt the village +of Laloo, and drove the tribesmen back into their valleys.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On December 16th. the troops descended from the hills, +destroyed the village of Umbeyla, and offered battle to their +opponents on level ground. Most of them declined the encounter, +but a body of 250 Ghazees made a frantic charge +on the column, and were slain to a man, and with this action +the Umbeyla expedition came to an end.<a id='r146'></a><a href='#f146' class='c013'><sup>[146]</sup></a> In this brief but +sharp campaign of two months, 19 officers and 238 men were +killed, and 47 officers, and 670 men wounded. For his services +General Chamberlain was created a K.C.B. The British +regiments employed in these operations were the 1st. Battalion +7th. Fusiliers, 71st., 93rd., and 101st. Fusiliers.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_364'>364</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BHOOTAN.<br> <span class='c016'>1864–65–66.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Bhootan is situated in the north-east of India, and comprises +the almost unknown and mountainous region lying +between the Himalayas and the British Provinces. The inhabitants +are a different race from all others in Hindostan, and +apparently of Mongolian origin. They profess Buddhism, +and are ruled by a temporal and spiritual Governor, known +as the Deb and Dhurma Rajahs. The Dhurma Rajah has +the most extensive power, and is always a member of the +priesthood. The Bhootanese had made raids into British +territory for years, and refusing to release their captives or +to agree to any terms of pacification, the Indian Government +determined to annex a portion of their frontier and to put an +end to their outrages for the future. In November, 1864, a field +force was organised in three columns, under the command +of Brigadier Mulcaster, who operated on the right from the +Assam frontier, and Brigadier Dunsford, C.B., who crossed +the Teesta river and advanced on the left. On December 3rd. +General Dunsford pushed up the Ambiok Valley and captured +the post of Dhalimcote, with trifling loss. Another +place called Chamoorchee, containing a monastery full of sacred +books, was assaulted and taken on the 1st. of January, 1865. +In the meantime a column under Colonel Watson had marched +across the Dooar and taken possession of a fort called Buxa, +and General Dunsford having established posts at the foot of +the hills, and completed his arrangements for the annexation +of the country lying between Dhalimcote and the frontier +near Darjeeling, returned to his camp in the plains. The force +under General Mulcaster, crossed the Brahmapootra, advanced +up the Darungah Pass and captured the important hill post of +Dewangiri at its summit. This place contained three great +temples, situated on a ridge nearly 2000 feet above the level +of the plains below. A small garrison was left in possession +and the annexation of the Dooars was erroneously supposed +to be completed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Government had issued orders for the breaking up of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_365'>365</span>the Dooar Field Force early in February, and arrangements +were made for the civil rule of the newly annexed territory, +in districts, by deputy-commissioners. But all this time the +Bhootanese had been actively preparing for a general attack +upon the whole line of posts from Chamoorchee to Dewangiri. +Before daybreak on the morning of January 30th a furious +attack was made on the garrison of the latter place; but Colonel +Campbell, in command, as soon as the enemy could be seen, +charged upon and routed them. The Bhootanese though repulsed, +harassed the garrison by destroying their supply of +water, and at length established themselves at the mouth +of the Darungah Pass, cutting off Campbell’s communication +with Assam. The garrison, not being strong enough to dislodge +the enemy, and being also short of ammunition, Colonel +Campbell evacuated his post in the night,<a id='r147'></a><a href='#f147' class='c013'><sup>[147]</sup></a> and after many +difficulties and dangers reached head-quarters. Buxa, and the +other posts were attacked in a similar manner, but in most cases +the Bhootanese were beaten off, and the garrisons as far as +possible strengthened. The 55th. regiment, with some companies +of the 80th., and two batteries of Royal Artillery were +ordered to the front, and with some regiments of Punjaub +Infantry marched for the north-east frontier, under the command +of Brigadier-General Tombs, V.C., and Brigadier Fraser +Tytler. On March 15th., the latter officer with his brigade +recaptured Balla, and Buxa and Chamoorchee a few days +afterwards, with small loss. The brigade under General Tombs +marched to recapture Dewangiri, fighting their way through +passes which the enemy had fortified with stockades. The +troops arrived before the place on April 1st., and Dewangiri +was carried by storm the next morning. Being untenable +during the rainy season, the buildings were destroyed, and on +April 7th. the force began its return to India. General Tytler +fixed his head-quarters at Gowhatti, and a series of posts were +established from Lower Assam to Darjeeling, which for the +time effectually curbed the Bhootanese. But though defeated +they were not subdued, and in 1866 the Indian Government +assembled a force of about 7000 men, to enter Bhootan in two +columns, and to thoroughly reduce the inhabitants to submission. +The troops had scarcely commenced their march, when the +Deb Rajah of Bhootan, overawed by these preparations, granted +all that was demanded of him, and concluded a treaty with +Colonel Bruce, the civil commissioner. The British troops that +took part in these operations were Royal Artillery, the 55th. +and 80th. Regiments.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_366'>366</span> + <h2 class='c006'>LOOSHAI.<br> <span class='sc'>December, 1871–February, 1872.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Looshais, a predatory tribe inhabiting the hilly country +to the north-east of Chittagong, had long been a trouble to the +Indian Government. Their constant raids on villages under +British protection,<a id='r148'></a><a href='#f148' class='c013'><sup>[148]</sup></a> which they plundered and destroyed, was +the cause of an expedition being sent against them in December, +1871. A force of three regiments, with Artillery and Sappers, +and a Coolie Corps, under the command of General Bourchier, +operated from Cachar, and a smaller column, under General +Brownlow, from Chittagong. The enemy, armed with old muskets, +bows and arrows, spears, and knives, showed a bold front, +and their mode of fighting in their dense jungles and trackless +hills was much in their favour.</p> + +<p class='c008'>But General Bourchier steadily advanced among steep and +wooded hills, by rugged paths winding along the face of precipices, +capturing village after village by storm, and destroying +them with the stores of grain they contained, till the +Looshais begged for a cessation of hostilities. This was granted, +but the enemy suddenly resumed the offensive, and after a +few more skirmishes, in one of which the General was wounded, +the stronghold of Poiboi, the Looshai leader, situated on a hill +8,500 feet in height, was taken and burnt; and the head men +of the tribe agreed unconditionally to the terms of peace dictated +to them by General Bourchier.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The column returned to Cachar in March, 1872, and was +broken up.<a id='r149'></a><a href='#f149' class='c013'><sup>[149]</sup></a> No British troops were engaged in this affair, +but the medal and clasp were given to the Native regiments +and their European officers.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_367'>367</span> + <h2 class='c006'>PERAK.<br> <span class='sc'>November, 1875–March, 1876.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Perak is situated on the west side of the Malay peninsula, +to the south of the Wellesley Province. Being the scene of +almost constant strife between the Chinese and Malays, which +often disturbed the peace of the adjoining British territory, +culminating in a civil war between claimants to the succession +as Sultan, Col. Sir W. D. Jervois, Governor of the Straits +Settlements, in 1875, accepted a surrender of the sovereignty +from Ismail, one of the claimants, and appointed Mr. W. J. +Birch, as British Resident in Perak. For some time all went +on well, but in November, Ismail, weary of the restraint of the +Resident, and intending to seize the throne for himself, attacked +the Residency at the head of a band of maurauders, tore down +the British flag, and murdered Mr. Birch in his bath, afterwards +shamefully mutilating his body. Most of the native rajahs +joined Ismail, and an attack on a stockade held by one of them, +by Captain Innes, R.E., with a handful of the 10th. regiment +and some Sepoys, was repulsed, and Innes himself killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The news of this disaster reaching Singapore, General Colborne, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_368'>368</span>with about three hundred men of the 80th. regiment, +set out at once for Perak; artillery was sent from Calcutta, +and a squadron consisting of the “Modeste” corvette, and the +gunboats “Thistle,” “Fly,” and “Ringdove,” came from Hong +Kong. An advance was made up the Perak river by a small +party of troops, and a Naval Brigade under Captain Whitlaw of +the 10th. regiment, and Commander Stirling, of H.M.S. “Thistle,” +which captured and destroyed the fortified village of Passir +Sala, the hold of the Maharajah Lela, and with other things +gained possession of six guns, a quantity of small arms, and +Mr. Birch’s books and papers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Colborne, commanding in Perak, on hearing that +Ismail and Lela were at a town called Kinta, marched through +the dense jungle against them, storming stockades in his route, +and capturing Kinta, which he occupied with his troops. Ismail +and the Maharajah fled into the jungle.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On January 4th, 1876, Brigadier-General Ross, with a +column composed chiefly of a detachment of the 3rd. Buffs +and Goorkhas, attacked and stormed Kotah Lama, the stronghold +of the Malays, but in the affair Major Hawkins was killed. +Kotah Lama, which contained large stores of rice, was burned, +and the troops returned to Qualla Kangsa. On the 19th. +Ismail was attacked and routed with loss, seventeen elephants +with all his baggage being taken; and after much wandering +in the jungle, on March 22nd. he himself was captured and +sent to Singapore.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The war was ended, and Perak has since remained under +British protection. The success of these operations were greatly +due “to the aid given by the Naval Brigades<a id='r150'></a><a href='#f150' class='c013'><sup>[150]</sup></a> as rocket and +gun parties, and in managing the country boats, which alone +could be used.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British troops engaged were: Royal Artillery, 1st. Battalion +of the 3rd. Buffs, and detachments of the 10th. and 80th. +regiments.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_369'>369</span> + <h2 class='c006'>JOWAKI.<br> <span class='c016'>1877–78.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The disturbances in the Malay Peninsular were scarcely +settled when the Indian Government was compelled to despatch +an expedition against the Jowakis, a ferocious tribe of the +Afridis, occupying the hills on the Afghan border to the west +of the Indus. During the months of October and November, +1877, they swept down from their mountains on the plains +below, slaughtered the inhabitants, burnt their villages, and +carried away their cattle and property. In one of these raids +they had the daring to attack a detachment of troops guarding +stores near the frontier, though a few months previously they +had been severely chastised by a small force sent against them +under Sir R. Pollock. To put an end to these continued incursions, +and to reduce these freebooters to submission, a regular +force was organised under the command of Generals Keyes and +Ross, the former being Brigadier. General Keyes with the +main body advanced through the defiles, attacked the Jowakis, +destroyed their crops and walled villages, and blew up many +of their fortified towers. On the 1st of December he reached +Jummoo, the principal stronghold of the tribe; a town situated +in a fertile and cultivated valley, watered by a fine stream. +The town was captured with trifling loss, the Jowakis being +taken by surprise, abandoned their goods and dwellings and +fled to the mountains. Here General Keyes for a while halted, +while the troops scoured the adjacent valleys, taking away the +cattle and burning the villages.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About the end of January, 1878, the head men of the Jowakis +came into the camp and made overtures for peace; but on +learning the terms on which it would be granted, declined +to accept them, and withdrew. Hostilities were resumed, and +on February 15th., a body of troops, consisting almost entirely +of cavalry, inflicted a crushing defeat on the tribesmen, which +effectually dispersed them, and resulted in their unconditional +surrender. The British regiments employed in this expedition +were the 9th. and 51st. Foot, and 4th. Battalion Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_370'>370</span> + <h2 class='c006'>NAGA.<br> <span class='c016'>1875–1880.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>In January, 1875, a party of about seventy Sepoys and Coolies, +under the command of Lieutenant Holcombe, were sent by the +Indian Government to survey a wild tract of country in the +north-east part of Assam, inhabited by the Nagas, an uncivilized +race, whose name is derived from <i>Nag</i>, the Hindustani word +for a snake. As their name implies, these people are very +treacherous, and regardless of human life; but theft they regard +with detestation. Clothing they entirely dispense with, but +fantastically tattoo their totally naked bodies. A premeditated +and sudden attack was made by them on the surveying party, +and Lieutenant Holcombe, and the whole of his men were +killed on the spot, or severely wounded. A force, under Colonel +Nuthall, was at once dispatched to punish the tribe for this +massacre, and after seven days’ march the troops reached the +jungle-covered hills of the Nagas. There was very little fighting, +and with the loss of one man, the villages and stores of +grain of the enemy were destroyed, and their flocks and cattle +captured. The effects of this lesson lasted for a long time, +but about the close of the year 1879, the Nagas, of Konoma, +renewed their outrages, and murdered Mr. Damant, the political +agent in charge of the Naga Hills, and were again severely +chastised in January, 1880, by a column commanded by Brigadier-General Nation.</p> + +<p class='c008'>No European troops were engaged in either of these expeditions, +but the medal and clasp were given to the Native +regiments employed, and their British officers.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_371'>371</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BURMA.<br> <span class='fss'>1885–87, AND 1887–89.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The relations between the Indian Government and Burma +had for some time been unsatisfactory, but in 1885, Thebaw, +the despotic and extravagant King of Burma, finding his +treasury exhausted, in an endeavour to replenish it, entered +into fruitless negotiations with the French. He then began +to extort money on different pretexts from the “Bombay and +Burma Trading Company,” and on the agents of the Company +refusing to pay the blackmail demanded from them, they were +harassed and plundered, and at last fired upon by some of +the King’s troops. Remonstrances having proved to be useless, +the British representative was instructed to break off the negotiations, +and an ultimatum was presented to the King, which +embodied the British demands, one of them being that a British +agent should be received at Mandalay. Thebaw replied by a +proclamation, in which he stated that the British had made +ridiculous proposals which he could not accept, and called on +his subjects to fight in defence of their country and religion. +He further declared his intention to conquer and annex the +country of the “barbarians.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>An expeditionary force was dispatched to Burma under the +command of General Prendergast, who arrived at Thayetmyo +November 14th. A British proclamation declaring the dethronement +of King Thebaw was issued to the Burmese people, +and the first hostile act was the capture of one of the King’s +war vessels by two armed launches from H.M.S. “Turquoise,” +after a smart encounter. General Prendergast advanced up +the Irrawaddy, and on November 16th. shelled a position which +the Burmese had fortified on the left bank of the river, and +which they abandoned on the landing of the troops. Next +day, another position at Minhla, was attacked and carried by +storm, after a contest of three hours, by three regiments of +Native Infantry, with small loss, and General Prendergast +marched for Mandalay.<a id='r151'></a><a href='#f151' class='c013'><sup>[151]</sup></a> On November 26th. he reached Ava +<span class='pageno' id='Page_372'>372</span>when he was met by an envoy from Thebaw, requesting an +armistice, and terms of peace. The General replied that the +only terms he could offer were the surrender of the King, +his army, and Mandalay.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following day the messenger returned with orders from +Thebaw to accede to all demands. Ava at once surrendered, +the garrison laid down their arms, and on November 28th. +Mandalay was occupied by the British troops without opposition. +The day after, the King surrendered to General Prendergast at +Mandalay, and with his queen, and about seventy members of +his court, was put on board a steamer and sent to Rangoon. +Soon after he was removed to a place of security in British +India, and on January 1st., 1886, Lord Dufferin, Viceroy of +India, announced the annexation of Upper Burma to the British +Empire.</p> + +<p class='c008'>But Burma for a long time continued in a very unsettled +state. The regular Burmese army for the most part had been +disarmed, but swarms of “dacoits,” or native insurgents, spread +over the country, and encounters between them and the British +troops were of constant occurrence. A few weeks after the +annexation there were skirmishes with dacoits at Sagaing and +Kaddoo; and in April a daring attempt was made to burn +Mandalay, the town being fired in four places, and the walled +city in two. Hundreds of houses were destroyed, and the incendiaries +escaped with little loss. The same month, a small +force of two hundred men, under Captain Wace, had a sharp +encounter with dacoits, near Bhamo, and was obliged to retreat; +and on June 12th. in an affair at Salen, Captain Durnford of the +8th. King’s regiment, was killed. On the 26th. of the same +month, in an engagement near Mingyan, Lieutenant Shubrick +was slain; and on July 19th., Lieutenant King, with a detachment +of the Welsh Fusiliers, at Shwebo, attacked and defeated +a body of eight hundred insurgents with loss, taking one hundred +and eighteen prisoners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Sir Herbert Macpherson, V.C., who had succeeded +General Prendergast in the chief command in Burma, died of +fever at Prome, October 20th., and General Sir F. Roberts +proceeded from India and took the command.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the month of November there was some sharp fighting. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_373'>373</span>Colonel Lockhart assaulted and captured the camp of an +insurgent chief, called the Kemendine Prince, who escaped; +and on the 22nd., Colonel Holt of the 2nd. Queen’s regiment, +attacked and carried the strong Burmese position of Puzan +Myang, at the point of the bayonet, the Burmese leader being +among the slain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On New Year’s day, 1887, a party commanded by Major +Jeffreys, Connaught Rangers, attacked the Kemendine Prince +at Meiktela, killing him and forty of his followers, but the +desultory warfare still continued. Another dacoit leader, called +Boshway, gave considerable trouble. His camp was attacked +and captured by a party under Captain Golightly, 60th. Rifles +on January 30th., but Boshway and most of his men escaped. +His good fortune at length deserted him.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the month of October following, Major Harvey, 24th. +regiment, with a party of Mounted Infantry, after a forced +march of fifty miles, made a sudden dash on his camp, killed +Boshway and dispersed his band. The same month, Major +Kennedy, Hyderabad Contingent, and Captain Beville, Assistant +Commissioner, were killed while leading an attack upon a village +occupied by dacoits. During the whole of the succeeding year, +1888, this guerrilla warfare was carried on, and the British +troops were worn out by incessant skirmishing, and the privations +they endured in scouring fever-haunted jungles in pursuit +of dacoits, often with but little success. At the end of the year +a small force of one hundred Mounted Infantry, one hundred +of the Rifle Brigade, and about three hundred Native Infantry +and Sappers, commanded by Brigadier-General Collett, was +sent against a tribe called the Red Karens, who with their +chief Sawlapaw had given much trouble. On January 9th., +1889, Sawlon, the chief town of the Karens, was captured, and +Sawlapaw fled. In the same month, Lieutenant W. H. Nugent +in a daring attempt to carry a dacoit stockade, with but sixteen +men of the 17th. Regiment, was killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About the end of January, a column composed of a company +of the 37th. regiment, and three hundred Sikhs and +Goorkhas with two guns, was despatched against the Kachyins +and Lepu tribes, in the north-east of Upper Burma. After some +weeks of toilsome marching and skirmishing, Khama, the chief +town of the Lepu tribe was captured and destroyed, and the +troops returned.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Upper Burma is still far from being in a quiescent state, +and affairs with dacoits and hill tribes seem to be almost +perpetual.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The European regiments which served in Burma<a id='r152'></a><a href='#f152' class='c013'><sup>[152]</sup></a> in 1885–87 +were Royal Artillery, 2nd. Queen’s, 8th. King’s, 13th. Somersetshire, +21st. Fusiliers, 23rd. Welsh Fusiliers, 24th. South Wales +Borderers, 51st. Yorkshire, 67th. Hampshire, 104th. Munster +Fusiliers and Rifle Brigade. In 1887–89—Royal Artillery, 9th. +Norfolk, 17th. Leicester, 37th. Hampshire and Rifle Brigade. +The Native troops in the Expedition were—4th. Punjaub, 81st. +Bombay Mountain Batteries, 7th. Bengal Cavalry, 1st. Madras +and 1st. Bombay Lancers, 3rd. Hyderabad and 2nd. Madras +Cavalry, eight companies Bengal, Madras, and Bombay Sappers +and Miners, 1st., 2nd., 5th., 11th., 12th., 13th., 15th., 16th., 18th., +26th., 27th., and 43rd. Bengal Infantry, 3rd. Goorkhas, 1st. Madras +Pioneers; 3rd., 12th., 13th., 15th., 16th., 17th., 21st., 23rd., 25th., +and 27th. Madras Infantry, 2nd. and 3rd. Hyderabad Infantry, +1st., 5th., 7th., 23rd., 25th., and 27th. Bombay Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_374'>374</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SIKKIM.<br> <span class='c016'>1888.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Thibetians having been for some time endeavouring to +annex Sikkim, a state lying between Nepaul and Bhootan, on +the south-eastern slope of the Himalayas; and treating the +remonstrances of the Indian Government as evidences of want +of courage and ability to encounter them; in March, 1888, a +field force was organised to expel them from the state, and +bring the dispute to a conclusion. The force consisted of two +companies of the 95th., 2nd. Derbyshire, 32nd. Bengal Pioneers, +Goorkhas, etc.; in all about 2000 men, commanded by Colonel +T. Graham, R.A. The operations lasted from March, with +but little result, to September 24th, when Colonel Graham +attacked the Thibetan army of nearly 10,000 men, posted on +the Tukola Ridge, and completely routed it. Colonel Sir B. +Bromhead was wounded, and the total loss of the victors was +very small. This engagement practically ended the Thibetan +campaign. A bronze medal and clasp, similar to that in silver +issued to the troops, was given to all recognised followers who +accompanied them.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_375'>375</span> + <h2 class='c006'>HAZARA.<br> <span class='c016'>1888.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The operations against the Thibetans were not finished, when +an expedition was despatched against the fierce and warlike +tribe of the Azokais, inhabiting the Black Mountain, a range +lying to the north of Hazara, between the Indus and Cashmere. +The tribesmen had been severely punished for their raids, and +their villages burnt, by a force commanded by General Sir +Thomas Wilde, in October, 1868,<a id='r153'></a><a href='#f153' class='c013'><sup>[153]</sup></a> which reduced them to sue +for peace, and to give hostages for their good behaviour in the +future. For many years they remained quiet, but on June +18th., 1888, a body of them attacked a surveying party under +Major Battye and Captain Urmston, and massacred the two +officers with several of their followers. To chastise the tribe +for this outrage, the Hazara, or Black Mountain Field Force, +comprising the 15th. Bengal Cavalry, a detachment of Royal +Artillery, and a Hazara Mountain Battery, 5th. Northumberland +Fusiliers, 18th. Royal Irish, 12th. Suffolk, 107th. Sussex, 78th. +Highlanders, 2nd., 3rd., 14th., and 45th. Sikhs, 5th. Goorkhas, +4th., 24th., and 29th. Punjaub Infantry, 34th. Pioneers, and +40th. Bengal Native Infantry, about 8000 men, all told, commanded +by Major-General McQueen, and Brigadier-Generals +Channer, V.C., and Galbraith, made an entrance into the +enemy’s country on October 3rd. Two days afterwards General +McQueen encountered and defeated the mountaineers near +Surmulbutspur, with the loss of Captain Beley, killed, and +Colonel Crookshank, who died of wounds received in the action. +On November 2nd., a column under General Channer, principally +composed of the Northumberland Fusiliers and Khyberees, +assaulted and carried the Gorapher Peak, 9,500 feet above the +level of the sea, the most elevated position ever carried by +British troops, with the loss of one man killed and one wounded. +Convinced of the uselessness of further resistance, on November +5th., the tribesmen unconditionally submitted, and the troops +commenced their return march to Oghi.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_376'>376</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHIN-LUSHAI.<br> <span class='c016'>1889–90.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The tribes inhabiting the Chin Hills and the Lushai country +situated between our Indian and Burmese frontier, had for +some years occasionally made incursions into British territory, +culminating, on February 3rd., 1888, in an attack on a surveying +party under Lieutenant Stewart, 100th. Leinster, in which +that officer and two of his men were killed, after a gallant +resistance. A punitive expedition was formed, which was +divided into two columns, one operating from Burmah <a id='t376'></a>against +the Chin tribes, under Brigadier-General Symons, in chief command; +and the other, commanded by Brigadier Tregear, advanced +from Chittagong against the Lushais in November, 1889. +The tribesmen made feeble opposition, but as the troops were +unprovided with tents, owing to the difficulty of transport, they +suffered very severely from sickness, both Europeans and Natives; +the Punjaub Coolies suffering most of all. The jungle, through +which the troops had to make roads, was very unhealthy; a +dense greenish mist being almost always prevalent, and the +vegetation soaking wet. During the month of February some +skirmishes took place, and a stockade or two was captured, +but the natural difficulties of the country, and the climate, +were the greatest obstacles to the expedition. The villages and +crops of the tribes being destroyed, and they, finding the troops +gradually closing in around them on all sides, and roads made +through places they had regarded as impassable, grew disheartened +and anxious for peace. Their chiefs hastened to tender +their submission, and two of them who had been implicated +in the attack on the party of Lieutenant Stewart, surrendered +(on the assurance that their lives would be spared), and restored +the head of that unfortunate officer, with the guns and instruments +they had taken in their raid.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A strong fort was erected in a position which commanded +the adjacent country, and being connected with posts garrisoned +by the Frontier Police, would render hostile incursions by the +tribes almost impossible in the future. On April 30th., 1890, +the expeditionary force was broken up, having been completely +successful. The only European troops employed were: 1st. +Battalion 22nd. Cheshire, and 1st. Battalion 25th. Scottish +Borderers, in the Burma column.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The officers and men who had already gained the Indian +Medal, received the clasp only, inscribed “Chin-Lushai, 1889–90,” +and a bronze medal and clasp was given to the authorised +Government followers who accompanied the troops.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_377'>377</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SAMANA.<br> <span class='c016'>1891.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Another expedition against the Meeranzies, who were severely +chastised by Sir Neville Chamberlain in 1855, was dispatched +from Kohat, April 5th., 1891, under the command of Sir W. +Lockhart. The tribesmen were defeated with severe loss at +Mastaon, and reduced to submission. The operations were +perfectly successful, but the British loss was greater than +usual in these frontier expeditions, upwards of one hundred men, +including five European and three Native officers, being killed +and wounded. Some Native regiments were left to garrison +Samana, and the tribes who had recently been fighting against +us, readily brought in grass and supplies.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 1st. Battalion 60th. Rifles, and 96th. Manchester regiment +were the only European troops engaged in this expedition, which +was ended May 25th., 1891. A bronze medal, as usual, was +given to all authorised Government followers of the troops.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_378'>378</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE CRIMEAN MEDAL AND CAMPAIGN.<br> <span class='c016'>1854–56.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>In December, 1854, the Queen was pleased to command +that a medal, bearing the word “Crimea,” with an appropriate +device, should be conferred on all the officers, non-commissioned +officers, and private soldiers of Her Majesty’s Army, +who had been engaged in the arduous and brilliant campaign +in the Crimea; and that clasps, with the words “Alma” or +“Inkermann” thereon, were to be also awarded to such as +were present in either of those battles. In February, 1855, +Her Majesty granted a clasp for the action at Balaklava, +and in October following, a clasp inscribed “Sebastopol” was +added to the Crimean medal, and was awarded to all present +between the 1st. of October, 1854, the day on which the +Army sat down before the place, and the 9th. of September, +1855, when the town was taken. Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, +and Sebastopol, are, therefore, the services to be most prominently +described, as they are commemorated not only by the +clasps above referred to, but likewise by inscriptions authorized +by Royal Authority to be borne on the Regimental Colours of +the corps entitled thereto; those having no standards or colours +bearing these distinctions on their cap or helmet-plates, and +Rifle Regiments on their breast-plates and cap-plates. The +following are the Regiments in question:—</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Alma.</span>—4 Light Dragoons; 8, 11 Hussars; 13 Light Dragoons; +17 Lancers; Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier Guards; +1, 4, 7, 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 33, 38, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, +55, 63, 68, 77, 79, 88, 93, and 95 Foot; Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<div id='i378fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_378fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Crimean Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_379'>379</span><span class='sc'>Balaklava.</span>—4, 5 Dragoon Guards; 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, +17 Dragoons; 93 Foot.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Inkermann.</span>—4 Light Dragoons; 8, 11 Hussars; 13 Light +Dragoons; 17 Lancers; Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier +Guards; 1, 4, 7, 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 33, 38, 41, 44, 47, +49, 50, 55, 57, 63, 68, 77, 88, and 95 Foot; Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Sebastopol.</span>—1, 4, 5, 6 Dragoon Guards; 1, 2, 4, 6 Dragoons; +8, 10, 11 Hussars; 12 Lancers; 13 Light Dragoons; 17 Lancers; +Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier Guards; 1, 3, 4, +7, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, +41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, 62, 63, 68, 71, 72, +77, 79, 82, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, and 97 Foot; Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two companies of the 46th., which preceded the Regiment, +were present at Alma and Inkermann, and obtained medals +for those victories, but the head-quarters and remainder of +the corps did not arrive until the day following the last-named +battle, and therefore did not receive these inscriptions +for the colours. Six officers and two hundred and twenty-five +men were granted the medal for the first-named battle, and +six officers and two hundred and one men obtained the clasp +for Inkermann.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Crimean medal, designed by W. Wyon, has on its +obverse the effigy of Her Majesty, from the die of the Peninsular +medal, with the legend “Victoria Regina,” and in the exergue, +the date 1854; the reverse has a figure of Fame about to place +a wreath upon the brows of a stalwart hero, in classic military +costume, bearing a round shield on his left arm, on which is +shown the British Lion, with the word “Crimea” on the right +of the figure. The ribbon is of pale blue with yellow edges. +The clasps are of silver, with acorn ornaments, and severally +inscribed “Alma,” “Balaklava,” “Inkermann,” and “Sebastopol.” +The name and regiment of recipient are indented or engraved +on the edge of the medal. A special clasp for “Azoff” was +issued to the Navy, and the Marines received medals with +clasps for “Balaklava,” “Inkermann,” and “Sebastopol.” The +medal was also given to a selection of the French, Sardinian, +and Turkish troops engaged in the campaign.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_380'>380</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE BATTLE OF THE ALMA.<br> <span class='sc'>20th. September, 1854.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Lord John Russell’s memorable words in the House of +Commons, on the 17th. of February, 1854, “May God defend +the right,” like those of Nelson, “England expects every man +this day will do his duty,” had an electrical effect, and made +the country nerve itself for the approaching contest, which, for +some time threatening, shortly afterwards commenced. The +nation sympathized with the efforts of the Turks, under their +distinguished commander, Omar Pasha, and after the terrible +massacre at Sinope, hostilities became inevitable.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Before the end of February the Guards and other regiments +had embarked for the East, the Queen, from the Balcony of +Buckingham Palace, bidding the former farewell. Each regiment +as it marched for the port of embarkation, was greeted with +hearty and sympathetic cheers, which showed the popular opinion +in favour of the coming struggle. Lord Raglan, so long the +Military Secretary of the great Duke of Wellington, and afterwards +the Master General of the Ordnance, was appointed to +the command of the British Forces destined for the East.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The official declaration of war appeared in the London +Gazette, on the 28th. of March, and that of the Emperor of +the French, the ally of England, was published simultaneously. +The first place of rendezvous was Malta, and thence the troops +proceeded to Gallipoli and Scutari, and subsequently to Varna, +which was reached towards the end of June. After the gallant +defence of Silistria, and the repulse of the Russians, in which +Captain James Armar Butler, Ceylon Rifle Regiment, and +Lieutenant Charles Nasmyth, Bombay Artillery, as volunteers, +so highly distinguished themselves, and where the former, with +the brave Turkish commander, Mousso Pasha, met a soldier’s +death, Turkey became no longer in danger of invasion, and +the allied armies, being released from supporting by their +presence the valour of the Ottoman troops;—the expedition +to the Crimea was determined upon.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_381'>381</span>On Thursday, the 7th. of September, 1854, the fleet conveying +the allied army, sailed from Baldjick Bay, whither the +troops had proceeded from Varna, for the Crimea. Cholera +still prevailed, but the voyage materially improved the health +of the soldiers. The British troops consisted of one thousand +one hundred cavalry, three thousand one hundred artillery, and +twenty-two thousand five hundred and ninety infantry; making +a total, of all arms, of twenty-six thousand eight hundred men. +The French troops, under the command of Marshal St. Arnaud, +amounted to nearly the same numbers, namely, twenty-six +thousand five hundred and twenty-six, which, with seven thousand +Turks, under Selim Pasha, attached thereto, made an +aggregate force of sixty thousand three hundred men, with +one hundred and thirty-two guns, of which sixty-five pieces of +ordnance belonged to the British Siege Train. The general +rendezvous was the Isle of Serpents, whence, on the 11th. of +September, the expedition proceeded direct to its destination, +and two days afterwards the fleets halted in the Bay of Eupatoria. +The occupation of Eupatoria was gained without resistance, +and the same night the fleet sailed for Kalamita Bay, +and anchored at 8 a.m. on the 14th., at the position near Old +Fort, distant about eighteen miles south of Eupatoria, which +had been ultimately selected as the point of debarkation.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The soldiers of No. 1 company of the 23rd. Royal Welsh +Fusiliers, under Major Lysons and Lieutenant Drewe, were the +first British troops that landed in the Crimea. Some arabas +having been seen in the distance, this party was at once dispatched +by Brigadier-General Airey, Quartermaster-General, in +pursuit of them; after marching some distance they got within +reach of the waggons, and fired a few shots at the Cossack +escort who were endeavouring to save them. These horsemen +forthwith galloped off, leaving fourteen arabas full of fire-wood +and fruit, with their drivers and bullocks; this was the commencement +of the Land Transport of the Army.</p> + +<p class='c008'>No opposition was offered to the landing, which was effected +without any casualties or accidents, save a few horses drowned. +The weather, which had been fine, changed; in the afternoon +it rained, and at night the troops on shore were deluged, rain +coming down in such torrents as could scarcely be surpassed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_382'>382</span>even in India. With morning the clouds cleared away, and +a bright sunshine made amends for the past night, and the +trials of the first bivouac in the Crimea.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The morning of the 19th. of September witnessed the +commencement of the march of the allied forces towards +Sebastopol, and in the evening occurred the first actual encounter +with the enemy. This took place between the advanced +cavalry of the British, supported by the first brigade of the +light division, and a strong body of Dragoons and Cossacks +with artillery. The Earl of Cardigan’s brigade of Light Cavalry +exhibited most praiseworthy steadiness, his lordship’s coolness +and spirit being specially mentioned in the official despatch, +and the enemy’s artillery was soon silenced by the batteries +which Lord Raglan ordered to be brought into action. Four +men only were wounded in this affair, and the allies bivouacked +on the left bank of the Bulganak. This insignificant stream +was most welcome after the wearisome day’s march, made under +a burning sun, and an absence of water. On the morning of +the 20th. of September both armies moved towards the Alma. +It was arranged that Marshal St. Arnaud should attack the +enemy’s left, by crossing this river at its junction with the +sea, and immediately above it; the rest of the French divisions +were to move up the heights in their front, whilst the right +and centre of the Russian position were to be attacked by +the British.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By nature the position taken up by the Russians, which +crossed the great road about two miles and a half from the +sea, was very strong. The bold and almost precipitous range +of heights, varying from three hundred and fifty to four hundred +feet, that from the sea closely bordered the left bank of the +river, here terminated and formed their left; and turning thence +round a spacious amphitheatre, or wide valley, ended at a +salient pinnacle, where their right rested, and whence the +descent to the plain was more gradual. The front was about +two miles in extent. Across the mouth of this great opening +occurred a low ridge of different heights, from sixty to one +hundred feet, distant about six hundred to eight hundred yards +from the river, to which it was parallel. The river, although +generally fordable, had extremely rugged banks, which were +<span class='pageno' id='Page_383'>383</span>in most parts steep;—the willows along it had been felled +to prevent them from affording cover to the assailants, with +the exception of those below the bridge, which were full of +Russian riflemen.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the right bank of the Alma, in front of the position, +at a distance of about two hundred yards from the river, is +situated the village of Bourliouk;—the wooden bridge of which +had been partly destroyed by the Russians.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The key of the position was the lofty pinnacle and ridge +before described, and there consequently the preparations for +defence were the most considerable. Half-way down the height, +and across its front, was a trench extending some hundred +yards, to afford cover against an advance up the even steep +slope of the hill. Somewhat retired on the right was a powerful +covered battery, armed with heavy guns, which flanked the +entire right of the position. Artillery was also posted at the +several points which best commanded the passage of the river +and its approaches. On the slopes of these hills, which formed +a kind of table-land, were placed dense masses of the enemy’s +infantry, and the heights above were occupied by his great +reserve, the whole variously estimated from thirty to upwards +of forty thousand men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Such was the Russian position; but its extraordinary strength +only stimulated the allies to deeds of more than ordinary +daring,—on this, for the first time during many centuries, that +British and French soldiers were to fight side by side.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Half an hour before the battle is thus vividly described by +Mr. N. A. Woods, in his work entitled “The Past Campaign: +a Sketch of the War in the East, from the Departure of +Lord Raglan to the Capture of Sebastopol”:—“The day was +clear and hot: not a cloud in the sky—not a breath in the +air. Except the clank of artillery chains, and the occasional +neigh of a horse, there was a dead silence, which, as your eye +glanced over the glittering masses of soldiers, was solemn and +impressive. The close dark lines of our adversaries at the +side of the Alma were equally steady. So still, so silent, lay +both posts, that had I shut my eyes, I could have imagined +myself in a perfect solitude.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>A change was soon to come over the scene, and the stillness +<span class='pageno' id='Page_384'>384</span>was about to be broken by the stern alarums of battle. +Both armies advanced on the same alignment, the British in +contiguous double columns, with the front of two divisions +covered by light infantry and a troop of horse artillery; the +second division, under Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy Evans, +forming the right, and touching the left of the third French +Division, under His Imperial Highness Prince Napoleon, and +the light division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, +the left; the first being supported by the third division under +Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England, and the last by the +first division, commanded by Lieutenant-General His Royal +Highness the Duke of Cambridge. The fourth division, under +Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George Cathcart, and +the cavalry, under Major-General the Earl of Lucan, were +held in reserve, to protect the left flank and rear against large +bodies of the Russian cavalry, which had shown themselves +in those directions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Upon approaching within range of the guns, whose fire soon +became extremely formidable, the two leading divisions deployed +into line, and advanced to attack the front, the supporting +divisions following the movement. Scarcely had this taken +place, when the village of Bourliouk, immediately opposite the +centre, was fired by the Russians at all points, creating a continuous +blaze for three hundred yards, obscuring their position, +and rendering a passage through it impracticable. In consequence +of this, two regiments of Brigadier-General Adams’s +brigade, part of Sir De Lacy Evan’s division, had to pass, +under a sharp fire, the river at a deep and difficult ford to +the right; whilst his first brigade, under Major-General Pennefather, +with the remaining regiment of Brigadier-General +Adams, crossed to the left of the conflagration, opposed by +the artillery from the heights above, and pressed on towards +the left of the position with the utmost gallantry and steadiness. +Meanwhile, Sir George Brown, with the light division, +effected the passage of the Alma in his immediate front. The +advance was made under great disadvantages, the rugged and +broken banks of the river offering most serious obstacles, +whilst the vineyards through which the troops had to pass +(the men suffering from thirst eagerly seizing bunches of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_385'>385</span>grapes,<a id='r154'></a><a href='#f154' class='c013'><sup>[154]</sup></a>) and the felled trees rendered every species of formation +under a galling fire almost an impossibility. Sir George, nevertheless, +persevered in this difficult operation, and the first brigade, +under Major-General Codrington, succeeded in carrying the +great redoubt, aided materially by the judicious and steady +manner in which Brigadier-General Buller moved on the left +flank, and by the advance of four companies of the Rifle Brigade, +under Major Norcott. The heavy fire of grape and musketry +to which the troops were opposed, and the casualties sustained +in consequence by the 7th., 23rd., and 33rd. regiments, compelled +this brigade partially to relinquish its hold. The Duke +of Cambridge had succeeded in crossing the river, and had +moved up in support; when a brilliant advance of the brigade +of Foot Guards, under Major-General Bentinck, drove the +enemy back, and secured the final possession of the work.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Colin Campbell, with the Highland +Brigade, advanced in admirable order and steadiness up the +high ground to the left, co-operating with the Guards. Major-General +Pennefather’s brigade, which had been connected with +the right of the light division, forced the enemy completely +to abandon the position they had taken such pains to defend +and secure, and which was considered almost impregnable.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 95th. Regiment, immediately on the right of the 7th. +Royal Fusiliers in the advance, suffered equally with that old +corps and the 55th. an immense loss. The aid of the Royal +Artillery in all these operations was most effectual, whilst the +exertions of the field officers and the captains of troops and +batteries to get the guns into action, were unceasing, and the +precision of their fire materially contributed to the victory. +Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England brought his division +to the immediate support of the troops in advance; and +Lieutenant-General Sir George Cathcart was actively engaged +in watching the left flank of the enemy. It likewise appears +by Lord Raglan’s despatch, that although the nature of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_386'>386</span>ground did not admit of the employment of cavalry, they +succeeded at the close of the battle in capturing some prisoners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The cheerfulness with which the regimental officers had +submitted to unusual privations was not forgotten. It being +necessary to bring into the country every available cavalry +and infantry soldier, prevented the embarkation of the baggage +animals, so that the officers had nothing but what they could +carry, and were, with the men, without tents or covering. Not +a murmur was, however, heard, for all appeared impressed +with the necessity of the arrangement. “The conduct,” adds +his lordship, “of the troops has been admirable. When it +is considered that they have suffered severely from sickness, +during the last two months; that since they landed in the +Crimea they have been exposed to the extremes of wet, cold, +and heat; that the daily toil to provide themselves with +water has been excessive, and that they have been pursued by +Cholera to the very battle-field,<a id='r155'></a><a href='#f155' class='c013'><sup>[155]</sup></a> I do not go beyond the truth +in declaring that they merit the highest commendation. In +the ardour of attack they forgot all they had endured, and +displayed that high courage, that gallant spirit, for which the +British soldier is ever distinguished, and under the heaviest +fire they maintained the same determination to conquer, as +they had exhibited before they went into action.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nor were the Royal Navy omitted, for his lordship continues,—“I +should be wanting in my duty, my Lord Duke, +if I did not express to your Grace, in the most earnest manner, +my deep feeling of gratitude to the officers and men of the +Royal Navy, for the invaluable assistance they afforded the +Army upon this, as on every occasion where it could be brought +to bear upon our operations. They watched the progress of +the day with the most intense anxiety; and as the best way +of evincing their participation in our success, and their sympathy +in the sufferings of the wounded, they never ceased, +from the close of the battle till we left the ground this morning, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_387'>387</span>to provide for the sick and wounded, and to carry them +down to the beach—a labour in which some of the officers +even volunteered to participate—an act which I shall never +cease to recollect with the warmest thankfulness.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The various episodes of this victory would fill a volume of +themselves; the newspapers were eagerly sought after, and +the letters from the actors in the busy scene of war, and +from correspondents of the public journals proved of untiring +interest. Some of the epistles are full of graphic touches; +they show how the Duke of Cambridge roughed it like the +rest, and slept with his head covered by a tilt cart. How +Sir George Brown’s horse, pierced by eleven shots, brought +him to the ground, but rising unhurt, he again led the soldiers +on. How Colonel Chester, with eight officers, fell at the head +of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and how severely the regiment +suffered. As Corporal Harwood writes—“Our artillery +kept up a tremendous fire at them for an hour and a half, at the +end of which the order ran through our lines, ‘Light division +advance and take the entrenchments.’ The 23rd. was in the +light division, and on we went, covered by two companies of the +Rifle Brigade. We crossed a vineyard, and were led by Colonel +Chester through the river, the opposite bank of which was +very steep. The Colonel went through with us,—we all +shared alike,—and as we clambered out the enemy gave us +a fierce fire, the cannon belching forth murderous volleys of +grape and round shot, and musket-balls fell as thick as hail. +The men fell dead and wounded before me and at my side. +They fell in every direction, and mechanically I still pressed +on untouched. Up the hill we went with the Rifle Brigades, +and half-way up the heights we reached the cannons’ mouths, +which were planted on the entrenchments. Our regiment +was about to cross to the stockade in the enemy’s position, when +the word was given, ‘Cease firing, and retire,’ because we +were in danger of firing on the French. Our Colonel rushed +in front of us, shouting ‘No, no, on lads!’ He fell with the +word on his lips; he never spoke or raised his head again. +We <i>did</i> retire then, and an unfortunate mistake it was, for +the enemy returned to the guns we had once silenced, and +gave us some terrific volleys; but we soon rallied, and supported +<span class='pageno' id='Page_388'>388</span>by the 7th., 33rd., a portion of the Guards, and the +Highlanders, we rushed up the hill again, and the enemy +fled in every direction.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>This letter refers to an unfortunate mistake which occurred. +A mounted officer called out “Cease firing; you are firing on +the French;” the words ran down the line and caused some +hesitation and confusion. The Russians took advantage of it +in a moment, and advancing some heavy columns, drove the +light division back from the redoubt; the first division, then +at some distance in the rear, at once advanced and re-took +the redoubt. The light division rallied, and again pushed on +in a second line, when the key of the enemy’s position +having been thus forced, and his left turned by the French, +the foe retreated on all sides.</p> + +<p class='c008'>More than ordinary interest was created by the circumstances +under which Captain and Lieutenant Eddington, of +the 95th., met their deaths. When the former dropped, early +in the charge, with a ball in his chest, he was left for a few +moments on the hill side, while the regiment fell back to +re-form. A Russian rifleman, kneeling down beside him +pretended to raise his canteen to the wounded officer’s lips, +and deliberately blew his brains out. This was in sight of +the regiment, and as they charged up the hill, the Lieutenant, +maddened by the sight, rushed forward to avenge his +beloved brother’s death, but in a few moments met a similar +fate, his breast being absolutely riddled with the storm of +grape shot and rifle balls.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the battle the Russians had succeeded in getting +away all their guns but two, one of which, a sixteen-pounder, +with two horses to it, was taken by Captain Bell, of the +23rd., who received the Victoria Cross. This officer ran up +to the driver as he was trying to make off, and held a +pistol to his head; the man jumped off his horse, when +the captain took the gun back to the rear. Captain Donovan, +of the 33rd., scratched his name on the other gun, but +there being no horses to it, he could not remove it. Lieutenant-Colonel +Chester and Captain Evans were killed near +the redoubt, and Major Lysons being at the time with the +second division, as Assistant Adjutant-General, Captain Campbell +<span class='pageno' id='Page_389'>389</span>next took the command, but was soon hit, first slightly on +the head;—in a few minutes afterwards he received a ball +in the thigh, which obliged him to go to the rear; the honour +of bringing the Royal Welsh out of the action was thus reserved +for Captain Bell.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In all battles the defence of the colours necessarily forms +an interesting feature, and Alma exhibited several instances. +The 33rd., Duke of Wellington’s Regiment, had nineteen +sergeants killed or wounded, chiefly in defence of the colours. +Captain Robert William Hamilton, of the Grenadier Guards, +was wounded when carrying the colours, but continued with +them throughout the day. The Scots Fusilier Guards had a +memorable contest for theirs. Lieutenants Lindsay and Thistlethwayte, +who carried the colours, cut their way through the +enemy, and though the broken staff and the marks of sixteen +bullets showed the severity of the struggle, and the colour-sergeants +were struck down pierced with bullets, yet, bearing +as it were “a charmed life,” these gallant officers, unwounded, +bore their colours triumphantly to the top of the hill.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant Anstruther, of the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, +having been killed near the redoubt, whilst carrying the Queen’s +colour, it was picked up by private William Evans, No. 8 +company, who gave it to Corporal Luby; it was afterwards +carried by Sergeant Luke O’Connor, who was shot in the +breast, and fell, but, recovering himself, would not relinquish +the colour, and carried it till the end of the action (although +urged by Lieutenant Granville to go to the rear on account +of his wound), for which he was praised by Major-General +Sir William Codrington on the field, was recommended for, +and obtained his commission in the 23rd. (in which he is now +a captain), on account of his gallantry, and has received the +Victoria Cross and the Sardinian War Medal.<a id='r156'></a><a href='#f156' class='c013'><sup>[156]</sup></a> Corporal Luby +has also obtained the latter for his services on this occasion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant Butler was shot under the regimental colour; +Lieutenant Granville next volunteered to carry it, but there +being no officer with his company, Major-General Codrington, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_390'>390</span>who was riding up and down the ranks on his grey horse +during the whole action, directed a sergeant to be sent to +take it. The honour of carrying the colour out of action +fell to the lot of Sergeant Honey Smith.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the action the regimental colour of the 7th. Royal +Fusiliers was found by Captain Pearson (Aide-de-Camp to +Sir George Brown), who was then riding by, in the hands +of a soldier lying on the ground, the officers and sergeants +that had carried it having been disabled. He picked it up, +but no officer of that corps being near, Major-General Codrington +desired him to give it to Captain Bell, saying that “it +cannot be in safer keeping than with the Royal Welsh.” The +colour was accordingly placed between those of the 23rd. +regiment, and there carried by a sergeant of the 7th., until +the termination of the battle.<a id='r157'></a><a href='#f157' class='c013'><sup>[157]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant the Honourable Hugh Annesley, of the Scots +Fusilier Guards, was severely wounded by a ball, which entered +the left cheek and went out at the mouth, taking away the +front teeth. So severe a wound did not damp the spirits +of this gallant officer, for in a letter to his mother (the Countess +Annesley), speaking of a friend who visited him and was scarcely +able to recognise him, he expressed a hope that one of his +decayed teeth had gone with the rest of his brethren; and +adds that “there is a good bit of tongue gone also, but the +doctors say that will not signify, and that I shall speak as +plainly as ever, or at most with a <i>becoming lisp</i>; so altogether +I think even you must allow that I have every reason to be +thankful, and I hope you will not allow yourself to fret the +least about me.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>In “Letters from Head Quarters,” by an Officer on the Staff, +the termination of the battle is thus graphically told:—“The +men were tired, and many almost exhausted for want of water. +Lord Raglan rode up and down the line of troops, the men +cheering him vociferously. There was such a shaking of hands; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_391'>391</span>one felt very choky about the throat, and very much inclined +to cry, as one wrung the hand of a friend; and “God bless +you, old fellow—so glad to see you all right!” and like expressions, +were heard on every side between brother officers. +It was a touching sight to see the meeting between Lord +Raglan and Sir Colin Campbell. The latter was on foot, as +his horse had been killed in the earlier part of the action. +He went up to his lordship, and, with tears in his eyes, shook +hands, saying it was not the first battle-field they had won +together, and that now he had a favour to ask, namely, that +as his Highlanders had done so well, he might be allowed +to claim the privilege of wearing a Scotch bonnet. To this +Lord Raglan, of course, gave a smiling assent; and, after a +few more words of friendship on both sides, they parted to +their several duties.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The French, with their wonted chivalry, commenced the +attack, and Marshal St. Arnaud’s words evinced that they had +not degenerated, and that “they are the soldiers of Austerlitz +and Jena;” and he thus paid a deserved tribute to the British:—“On +our left the English met with large masses of the enemy, +and with great difficulties, but everything was surmounted. +The English attacked the Russian positions in admirable order +under the fire of their cannon, carried them, and drove off +the Russians. The bravery of Lord Raglan rivals that of +antiquity. In the midst of cannon and musket-shot he displayed +a calmness which never left him.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>By six o’clock in the evening the French Marshal’s tent +was set up on the very spot where that of Prince Menschikoff +had stood in the morning; the Russian commander considered +himself so secure of victory, that he left his carriage there, +which Marshal St. Arnaud took possession of; and it is recorded +that a party of ladies had journeyed from Sebastopol, +and were stationed on a hill to witness the destruction of +the allies.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Such a success was not obtained without great loss. The +battle commenced about half-past one, and lasted a few minutes +over two hours. The British casualties were twenty-five +officers killed, and eighty-one wounded; three hundred and +thirty-seven non-commissioned officers and men were killed; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_392'>392</span>one thousand five hundred and fifty wounded, and nineteen +missing. The French casualties were reported as about fourteen +hundred <i><span lang="fr">hors de combat</span></i>, Generals Canrobert and Thomas being +amongst the wounded; these are believed to include all those +who died in the Dobrudscha.</p> + +<p class='c008'>According to Prince Menschikoff’s despatch, the Russians +had one thousand seven hundred and sixty-two killed, two +thousand three hundred and fifteen wounded, and four hundred +and five contusions. Amongst the former were forty-five +officers. Major-Generals Karganoff and Shokanoff (the first +was very severely wounded, and did not recover), were taken +prisoners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About midnight the Russians crossed the Katcha—the position +which it was reported to the Czar would, if not impregnable, +at least be held for three weeks, having been taken in as +many hours.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The sun went down on the evening of this memorable day +upon a scene which words fail to describe, and scarcely imagination +can conceive. For two days the armies continued on +the field,—the time passing rapidly in tending the wounded +and burying the slain. Short as the interval was, death had +been busy,—Brigadier-General Tylden, of the Engineers, died +of cholera on the morning of the 23rd. of September, just as +the victors were leaving the heights of the Alma, on their +march to the Katcha. Spite of warnings the soldiers devoured +large quantities of grapes, apples, and pears, so abundant in +the Crimea, which tended to encourage the disease. The +account of victory would be incomplete without the mention +of two volunteers, who remained to attend to the wants of +upwards of two hundred wounded Russians that still lay upon +the field; these were Dr. Thompson, surgeon of the 44th., and +his servant; and the prayers of many a dying foe must have +ascended to heaven for these good men who thus exhibited +the highest graces of Christian devotedness. The noble-hearted +Doctor fell a prey to cholera at Balaklava, on the 5th. of +October following, on which day the news of Marshal St. +Arnaud’s death was received in camp. He had been compelled, +a week previously, through ill-health, to resign his +command to General Canrobert, and died at sea on the 29th. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_393'>393</span>of September, his remains arriving at Constantinople on the +following morning, whence they were conveyed to Paris, and +honoured with a public funeral.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While thanks were being offered on Sunday, the 30th. of +September, 1854, for the plenteous harvest, in every church +and chapel of the land, a telegraphic address announced the +news of the glorious victory of the Alma, and rumour with +her thousand tongues volunteered the intelligence that Sebastopol +was taken. It does not appear that the false report +was the result of premeditation, and although the crowning +event of the war was not to take place so speedily, there +was a glorious commencement of the drama, notwithstanding +that the fifth act had yet to be played out. Her Majesty’s +gracious approbation of the gallant conduct of the army at +the battle of the Alma, was notified to the troops on the 27th. +of October following, and Lord Raglan particularly adverted +to that portion in which the Queen’s sympathy is expressed +for the fallen, the wounded, and their sorrowing relatives.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Ultimately the allies proceeded to attack the south side of +Sebastopol, and the combined forces quitted the Belbec (where +they had arrived on the 24th.) on the 25th. of September, +leaving a small force to threaten the northern side of the +fortress, in order to cover the celebrated flank march of the +combined armies, suggested by Lieutenant-General Burgoyne. +Whilst on the march through the “Bush,” by McKenzie’s +farm, to the valley of the Tchernaya, the cavalry and artillery +fell in with the rear of a Russian division, which was on its +march from Sebastopol to Simferopol; they captured all its +baggage and a great quantity of small-arm ammunition. The +light division was in support of the cavalry and artillery on +this occasion, and the 23rd. Royal Welsh Fusiliers were leading +the column; the second battalion of the Rifle Brigade went +on in advance with the guns, and were in immediate contact +with the enemy. On that evening, and the morning of the +26th., the troops arrived at the plain of Balaklava, having +passed through a tract of country densely wooded, and without +regular roads. The small garrison of Balaklava, consisting +of about sixty men, surrendered at the first approach of the +light division, after firing a few shot from some mortars, when +this little town was forthwith entered and placed by the British +in a posture of defence.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_394'>394</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF SEBASTOPOL.<a id='r158'></a><a href='#f158' class='c013'><sup>[158]</sup></a></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>On the 28th. of September, the British Siege Train, consisting +of eight companies of Royal Artillery, commenced +disembarking, and notwithstanding the smallness of the harbour +of Balaklava, and the want of suitable facilities for the reception +of the guns, shot, and shell, the whole <i>matériel</i> was landed +in five days, the sailors of the Royal Navy rendering good +service on this and other occasions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The basis of operations, in connection with the fleets, being +now attained, the main body of the British army moved forward +towards Sebastopol, and occupied ground on the western +side of the plateau, near the “Maison d’Eau,” General Bosquet’s +division taking up a position beyond Cathcart’s Hill, on the +extreme right. The celebrated Redan and Flagstaff batteries +occupied the centre of the position, and ships of war were +moored in the dockyard and careening creeks, and at the +head of the harbour, in order that their broadsides might be +brought to bear on any lines of approach attempted by the +storming parties of the allied troops. Batteries were at once +commenced, to be established in order to reduce the fire of +the enemy’s artillery, and an alteration was made in the relative +positions of the French and English forces, with a view of +bringing the former nearer their base of operations at Kamiesh. +To effect this, the British were ordered to carry on the attacks +on the left of the enemy, for which purpose they moved to +the right until their right was beyond the west of the ridge +on which the Russians had a large advanced white tower, +afterwards the famed Malakoff.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was a busy time for the assailants; guns and siege +matériel had to be brought to the front; ammunition, military +stores, and provisions were conveyed with great labour for +seven miles, that being the distance from the port of Balaklava. +Obstacles only nerved the soldiers to increased exertion, and +day by day some new earthwork was completed, some guns +placed, or heaps of ammunition accumulated for the destruction +of the place. Determined efforts at the same time were +made by the Russians to frustrate the efforts of the besieging +troops, and their sharpshooters had frequent skirmishes with +the outlying pickets.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_395'>395</span> + <h2 class='c006'>FIRST BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Every heart beat high with expectation on the 16th. of +October, for on the morrow was to commence the first bombardment +of Sebastopol, and at half-past six o’clock on the +morning of that day one hundred and twenty-six pieces of +ordnance from the French and British batteries opened their +<span class='pageno' id='Page_396'>396</span>fire on the fortress. The tower of the Malakoff by ten o’clock +had become untenable, and all its guns had been either damaged +or dismounted, whilst the earthen battery round it had slackened +its fire. Five hours afterwards the Redan was so considerably +injured by an explosion in its rear, that only three guns +remained standing; during the afternoon several explosions +occurred in the lines of the army.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was not until one o’clock that the allied fleets commenced +their share in the fray. At this period the French batteries +had ceased firing, two of their magazines having exploded, which +completely disabled two of their batteries. Thus the Russians +directed their whole attention to the British lines, and such +of their guns, relieved from the French bombardment, as could +be turned against the British batteries were brought to bear +thereon, but the latter did not suspend their fire until evening. +A determined sortie was made by the Russians against the +extreme left of the French, between four and five o’clock +in the afternoon, but, after displaying great gallantry, they +were compelled to retire.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The ammunition expended from the mortars and guns during +the bombardment of the 17th. of October, amounted to twenty-one +thousand eight hundred and eighty-one rounds, of which +two thousand seven hundred and forty-five were from mortars. +Each of the shells from the Lancaster guns cost about £25, +and three hundred and seventy were fired on this occasion, +which alone made it a costly proceeding.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shortly after daybreak on the 18th. of October the British +batteries re-opened their fire, and continued it during the day. +This was replied to by a formidable fire from the Russians, +who had repaired the works and re-mounted the guns in the +famous Redan. The French were employed in repairing +their batteries, and were therefore not in a position to assist, +so that the British stood alone in this day’s cannonade. On +the following morning, the French having succeeded in that +respect, the whole of the Anglo-French lines renewed the +bombardment. It however became evident that Sebastopol +could not be assaulted so early as was at first anticipated, and +consequently many changes in the works of attack had to be +made; the fire of the Russians continued such as to prevent +<span class='pageno' id='Page_397'>397</span>the principal alterations being effected otherwise than during +the night.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A naval brigade of over a thousand men, with fifty heavy +guns, had been landed from the fleet, and took part in the +bombardment. In the attack by the fleet it was arranged +that the English should take the north side of the harbour, +the French the south, the Turkish ships being in the centre. +The English sailing ships were placed in their proper positions +by steamers lashed alongside; the “Albion” by the “Firebrand,” +the “London” by the “Niger,” “Britannia” by “Furious,” +“Queen” by “Vesuvius,” “Trafalgar” by “Retribution,” +“Vengeance” by “Highflyer,” “Rodney” by “Spitfire,” “Bellerophon” +by “Cyclops,” and “Arethusa” by the “Triton.” +The “Terrible,” “Tribune,” “Samson,” “Sphinx,” “Spitfire,” +and “Lynx” took up independent positions, and engaged principally +the forts and earthworks on the cliff to the north of +Fort Constantine. The French ships were first engaged; and +about two p.m. the “Agamemnon,” Admiral Sir E. Lyons, piloted +by the steam tender “Circassian,” Master E. Bale, who had +volunteered for the service, anchored, amidst a storm of shot +and shell, about 750 yards from Fort Constantine, in five +fathoms water, and opened her fire. A few minutes afterwards, +the “Sanspareil” (Captain Dacres), and the “London” +(Captain Eden), anchored astern, followed soon after by the +“Albion” (Captain Lushington), and most ably supported Sir +Edmund, who from his position was exposed to a cross fire +from the forts. The action became general, but after an hour’s +furious cannonading the Albion and London, much shattered, +hauled off to a greater distance, and the Russians concentrated +their fire on the Agamemnon, but the greater part +of their shot (the ship lying so close to the forts), fortunately +struck her rigging instead of her hull. As it was, she was +almost reduced to a wreck, every spar being more or less +damaged, her rigging hanging in shreds, and her main top +and hammock nettings on fire. The “Queen,” “Rodney,” and +“Bellerophon,” by signal, bore down to support her, but the +Queen being set on fire by a shell was towed out again, +and the Rodney ran aground under Fort Constantine, but +was got off by the exertions of her own crew, and Commander +Kynaston in the Spiteful. The engagement continued +till dusk, and soon after six p.m. the ships drew off, when +darkness had compelled the combatants to cease firing. The +loss in the fleet was forty-four men killed, and two hundred +and sixty-six wounded, and two of the ships, the Albion +and Arethusa, had suffered so much in their hulls and +rigging that they were sent to Malta to be repaired. The +French had more ships disabled, but their loss in men was +less, and the Turks escaped with but trifling damage. The +result of the contest was not satisfactory. It was a trial of +strength between stone and wood, and stone proved itself +the stronger.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_398'>398</span> + <h2 class='c006'>ACTION AT BALAKLAVA.<br> <span class='sc'>25th. October, 1854.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The toils, difficulties, and sameness of trench life were shortly +to be varied by a conflict which will ever be memorable in +British military annals, occurring to, as it did, on the anniversary +of one of England’s remarkable victories, that of +Agincourt. The low range of heights traversing the plain +at the bottom of which Balaklava is situated, was protected +by four small redoubts, hastily constructed. Of these, three +had guns; and on a higher hill, in front of the village of +Kamara, in advance of the right flank of the British, a work +of somewhat more importance was established. No other +force being disposable, the several redoubts were garrisoned +by Turkish troops. The only British regiment in the plain, +with the exception of a portion of a battalion of detachments, +composed of weakly men, and a battery of artillery belonging +to the third division, was the 93rd. Highlanders. On the +heights, behind the right, were placed the Marines, who had +been landed from the fleet by Vice-Admiral Dundas. The +whole of these, including the Turkish troops, were under the +immediate orders of Major-General Sir Colin Campbell, who +had been taken, with the 93rd. from the first division.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At an early hour on the morning of the 25th. of October, +the enemy attacked the position in front of Balaklava. Lord +<span class='pageno' id='Page_399'>399</span>Raglan, in consequence, withdrew from before Sebastopol the +first and fourth divisions, commanded by Lieutenant-Generals +His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge and the Honourable +Sir George Cathcart, and brought them down into the +plain. General Canrobert subsequently reinforced these troops +with the first division of French infantry and the Chasseurs +d’Afrique.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The first operation of the enemy was the attack on the +work on the British side of the village of Kamara, which, +after very little resistance, they carried; they likewise obtained +possession of the three others in contiguity to it, being opposed +only in one, and that but for a very short space of time. +The farthest of the three they did not retain, but the immediate +abandonment of the others enabled them to take +possession of the guns in them, amounting in the whole to +seven. Those in the three lesser forts were spiked by the one +English artilleryman who was in each.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Advancing in great strength, supported by artillery, the +Russian cavalry appeared on the scene. One portion of +them assailed the front and right flank of the 93rd., but +were instantly driven back by the vigorous and steady fire +of that distinguished regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Ainslie. The other, and larger mass, turned towards the +heavy cavalry, and afforded Brigadier-General the Honourable +James Yorke Scarlett, under the guidance of Lieutenant-General +the Earl of Lucan, the opportunity of inflicting upon them a +most signal defeat. Notwithstanding that the ground was +anything but favourable for the attack of the dragoons, no +obstacle could check their advance, and they charged into +the Russian column, which, although far superior in numbers, +soon sought safety in flight.</p> + +<p class='c008'>No writer has surpassed Mr. Russell’s description of this +exciting scene.<a id='r159'></a><a href='#f159' class='c013'><sup>[159]</sup></a> “As lightning flashes through a cloud, the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_400'>400</span>Greys and Enniskilleners pierced through the dark masses of +Russians. The shock was but for a moment. There was a +clash of steel and a light play of sword-blades in the air, +and then the Greys and the red-coats disappeared in the +midst of the shaken and quivering columns. In another +moment we saw them emerging with diminished numbers, +and in broken order, charging against the second line. It +was a terrible moment. ‘God help them! they are lost!’ was +the exclamation of more than one man, and the thought of +many. With unabated fire the noble hearts dashed at their +enemy. It was a fight of heroes. The first line of Russians, +which had been utterly smashed by our charge, and had +fled off at one flank and towards the centre, were coming back +to swallow up our handful of men. By sheer steel and +sheer courage Enniskillener and Scot were winning their +desperate way right through the enemy’s squadron, and already +grey horses and red-coats had appeared right at the rear +of the second mass, when, with irresistible force, like one +bolt from a bow, the 4th. Dragoon Guards, riding straight +at the right flank of the Russians, and the 5th. Dragoon +Guards, following close after the Enniskilleners, rushed at +the remnants of the first line of the enemy, went through it +as though it were pasteboard, and put them to utter rout.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“This Russian horse in less than five minutes after it met +our dragoons, was flying with all its speed before a force +certainly not half its strength. A cheer burst from every +lip; in the enthusiasm officers and men took off their caps, +and shouted with delight; and thus keeping up the scenic +character of their position, they clapped their hands again +and again. Lord Raglan at once despatched Lieutenant +Curzon, Aide-de-Camp, to convey his congratulations to +Brigadier-General Scarlett, and to say ‘Well done!’”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lord Raglan observed in his despatch, that “the charge +of this brigade was one of the most successful I ever witnessed; +it was never for a moment doubtful, and is in the +highest degree creditable to Brigadier-General Scarlett, and +the officers and men engaged in it.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>As the Russians withdrew from the ground which they +had momentarily occupied, Lord Raglan directed the cavalry, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_401'>401</span>supported by the fourth division, under Lieutenant-General +Sir George Cathcart, to move forward and take advantage of +any opportunity to regain the heights. Not having been able +to accomplish this immediately, and it appearing that an +attempt was being made to remove the captured guns, the +Earl of Lucan was desired to advance rapidly, follow the +enemy in their retreat, and try to prevent them from effecting +their object. Meanwhile the Russians had time to re-form +on their own ground, with artillery in front and upon +their flanks.</p> + +<p class='c008'>From some misconception of the instruction to advance, +(so runs the despatch), the Lieutenant-General considered +that he was bound to attack at all hazards, and he accordingly +ordered Major-General the Earl of Cardigan to move +forward with the Light Brigade. This order was obeyed +in the most spirited and gallant manner. Lord Cardigan +charged with the utmost vigour, attacked a battery which +was firing upon the advancing squadrons, and, having passed +beyond it, engaged the Russian cavalry in its rear; but +there his troops were assailed by artillery and infantry, as +well as cavalry, and necessarily retired, after having committed +much havoc upon the enemy. This movement was +effected in some confusion; and the loss sustained was +severe in officers, men, and horses, only counter-balanced by +the brilliancy of the attack, and the gallantry, order, and +discipline which distinguished it, forming a striking contrast +to the conduct of the enemy’s cavalry, which had previously +been engaged with the Heavy Brigade.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The casualties in killed, wounded, and missing, in what is +popularly known as “the Death Ride,”<a id='r160'></a><a href='#f160' class='c013'><sup>[160]</sup></a> amounted to thirty-eight +<span class='pageno' id='Page_402'>402</span>officers and three hundred and fifty-six non-commissioned +officers and men. Three hundred and eighty-one horses were +killed. The 93rd. Highlanders did not sustain any loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It must not be omitted that the Chasseurs d’Afrique +advanced on the English left, and gallantly charging a +Russian battery, checked its fire for a time, and thus rendered +an essential service to the British cavalry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this the enemy made no further movement in advance, +and at the close of the day the brigade of Guards of the first +division, and the fourth division, returned to their original +encampment, as did the French troops, with the exception +of one brigade of the first division, which was left in support +of Sir Colin Campbell by General Canrobert. The remaining +regiments of the Highland brigade also continued in the +valley. Sir George Cathcart, the fourth division being advanced +close to the heights, caused one of the redoubts to +be re-occupied by the Turks, affording them his support, +and availed himself of the opportunity to assist with his +riflemen in silencing two of the enemy’s guns. This redoubt +had to be abandoned at nightfall, in consequence of its +being so exposed, from the enemy’s retaining possession of +the two others; and Lord Raglan, seeing that the means of +defending the extensive position which had been occupied +by the Turkish troops in the morning, had proved wholly +inadequate, decided, in concurrence with General Canrobert, +to withdraw from the lower range of heights, and to concentrate +the force, which was subsequently increased by a +considerable body of seamen. The Russians, although unsuccessful +in their chief object, had by their occupation of the +Turkish redoubts, obliged the British to abandon the use of +the Woronzoff road for the circuitous route by the Col de +Balaklava.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_403'>403</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SORTIE OF THE <span class='fss'>26TH. OF</span> OCTOBER.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The partial success already described induced the enemy +to make a sortie on the following day; and about noon, on +the 26th. of October, an assault was made on the right +flank of the British position at Inkermann, where the second +division was posted under Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy +Evans, who was attacked by several columns of infantry, +supported by artillery. The division immediately formed line +in advance of the camp,—the left under Major-General +Pennefather, the right under Brigadier-General Adams, whilst +Lieutenant-Colonel Fitzmayer, and the captains of batteries +(Turner and Yates) promptly posted their guns and opened +fire. Immediately on the cannonade being heard the Duke +of Cambridge brought up the brigade of Guards, under Major-General +Bentinck, with a battery under Lieutenant-Colonel +Dacres. General Bosquet, with similar promptitude, and from +a greater distance, approached the position with five French +battalions; Sir George Cathcart, with a regiment of rifles +hastened to the scene of action, and Sir George Brown +pushed forward two guns in co-operation by the left. The +enemy came on at first rapidly, assisted by their guns, on +the mound hill; but the pickets, then chiefly of the 30th. +and 49th. regiments, resisted them with remarkable determination +and firmness. Lieutenant Conolly, of the 49th., +Captain Atcherley and Bayly, of the 30th., all of whom +were severely wounded, greatly distinguished themselves. +Great bravery was also displayed at this point by Sergeant +Daniel Sullivan, of the 30th., who was subsequently appointed +to a commission in the 82nd. regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, the eighteen guns in position, including those +of the first division, were served with the utmost energy, and +in half an hour they forced the enemy’s artillery to abandon +the field. The batteries were then directed with equal accuracy +and vigour upon the Russian columns, which, being +also exposed to the close fire of the advanced infantry, soon +fell into complete disorder, and, taking to flight, were literally +chased by the 30th. and 95th. regiments over the ridges and +down towards the head of the bay. So eager was the pursuit, +that it was with difficulty Major-General Pennefather eventually +effected the recall of the men. The above regiments +and pickets were gallantly led by Lieutenant-Colonel Mauleverer, +30th.; Major Eman, 41st.; and Majors Champion and +Hume, 95th. The Russians were similarly pursued farther +towards the right, by four companies of the 41st., gallantly +led by Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Percy Herbert, +Assistant Quartermaster-General. The 47th. also contributed. +The 55th. were held in reserve.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Upwards of eighty prisoners were captured, and about one +hundred and thirty of the enemy’s dead were left within or +near the British position. It was estimated that the Russian +casualties could scarcely be less than six hundred. The +British loss exceeded eighty, of whom twelve were killed, and +five officers wounded. This affair has received the name of +“Little Inkermann.”</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_404'>404</span> + <h2 class='c006'>BATTLE OF INKERMANN.<br> <span class='sc'>November 5th., 1854.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Two days after the sortie of the Russians had been repulsed, +they were strengthened by considerable reinforcements, which +created an expectation that an extensive movement would not +be long deferred, and this anticipation was fully realized. According +to their own accounts they had seventy-six thousand +men assembled in and near Sebastopol, when Prince Menschikoff +resolved to attack the right wing of the English position. The +plan proposed to be carried out, was for twenty thousand men, +under Prince Gortschakoff, proceeding from Tchorgoun into the +plain of Balaklava, to make a demonstration against that place, +and against General Bosquet’s corps of observation, to prevent +any troops being detached to support the British; a like number +occupied Sebastopol, of whom a portion, under General Timofieff, +was ordered to make a strong sortie against the extreme +left of the French, and thereby occupy the attention of their +besieging army; five thousand men were to be in observation +<span class='pageno' id='Page_405'>405</span>on McKenzie’s Heights; the remaining thirty-one thousand, +divided into two columns of attack, were destined for the immediate +assault of the British position. Lieutenant-General +Soimonoff, with his column of seventeen thousand five hundred +men, issued from the Little Redan before daylight, on Sunday,<a id='r161'></a><a href='#f161' class='c013'><sup>[161]</sup></a> +the memorable 5th. of November, but instead of ascending the +ridge on which he then stood, so as to assault the Light +Division near the Victoria Redoubt, he crossed the Careening +Creek ravine at once upon quitting the town, and with his +three leading regiments proceeded to attack the position of the +Second Division. The two leading regiments of the second +Russian column of thirteen thousand five hundred men, under +Lieutenant-General Pauloff, having crossed the Tchernaya, and +finding part of Soimonoff’s column already occupying a portion +of the field of battle, fell upon the outposts of the Second +Division, occupying the Sandbag battery. With admirable +gallantry these pickets defended the ground foot by foot against +the overwhelming masses which poured in upon them, until +the Second Division, under Major-General Pennefather, with +its field guns, which had immediately been got under arms, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_406'>406</span>was placed in position. Without loss of time the Light Division +was brought to the front by Lieutenant-General Sir George +Brown, the long slopes to the left towards Sebastopol being +occupied by the first brigade, under Major-General Codrington; +thus protecting the British left, and guarding against attack +on that side; the second brigade, under Brigadier-General +Buller, formed on the left of the Second Division, with the +88th. Connaught Rangers, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel +Jeffreys, thrown in advance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Brigade of Guards, under His Royal Highness the Duke +of Cambridge and Major-General Bentinck, proceeded likewise +to the front, and took up most important ground to the +extreme right on the alignment of the Second Division, but +separated from it by a deep and precipitous ravine, and posting +its guns with those of the Second Division.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Brigade of Guards having driven the Russians out of +the Sandbag battery, maintained that post against repeated +efforts to acquire possession. The Grenadiers were in the +battery, the Scots Fusiliers on their left, and the Coldstreams, +who arrived afterwards, to the left of these. The Second +Division occupied the ground immediately in front of their +own camp, and repulsed all attempts to force that part of the +position.<a id='r162'></a><a href='#f162' class='c013'><sup>[162]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The Fourth Division, under Lieutenant-General Sir George +<span class='pageno' id='Page_407'>407</span>Cathcart, having been brought from its encampment, advanced +to the front and right of the attack; the first brigade, under +Brigadier-General Goldie proceeded to the left of the Inkermann +road; the second brigade, under Brigadier-General Torrens, +to the right of it, and on the ridge overhanging the +valley of the Tchernaya. The Third Division, under Lieutenant-General +Sir Richard England, occupied in part the ground +vacated by the Fourth Division, and supported the Light +Division by two regiments under Brigadier-General Sir John +Campbell, while Brigadier-General Eyre held the command +of the troops in the trenches.<a id='r163'></a><a href='#f163' class='c013'><sup>[163]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>So dark was the morning, independent of the drizzling rain, +that it was nearly impossible to discover anything save the +flash and smoke of artillery, together with a heavy musketry +fire. It however soon became evident that the enemy, under +cover of a vast cloud of skirmishers, supported by dense columns +of infantry, had advanced numerous batteries of large calibre +to the high ground to the left and front of the Second Division, +while powerful columns of infantry attacked with great +vigour the Brigade of Guards. Additional Batteries of heavy +artillery were also placed by the enemy on the slopes to +the British left; the guns in the field, amounting in the +whole to ninety pieces, independently however of the ship +guns and those in the works of Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Protected by a tremendous fire of shot, shell, and grape, +the Russian columns advanced in great force, requiring every +effort of gallantry on the part of the troops to resist them. +At this time two battalions of French infantry, which had on +the first notice been sent by General Bosquet, joined the +English right, and very materially contributed to the successful +resistance to the attack, cheering with the men, and charging +the enemy down the hill with great loss. About the same +period a determined assault was made on the extreme left of +the British, and for a moment the Russians possessed themselves +<span class='pageno' id='Page_408'>408</span>of four guns, three of which were retaken by the +88th., while the fourth was speedily recaptured by the 77th. +regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Egerton. In the opposite +direction the Brigade of Guards, under His Royal Highness +the Duke of Cambridge, was engaged in a severe conflict.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The enemy, under the cover of thick brushwood, advanced +in two heavy bodies, and assaulted with great determination +a small redoubt which had been constructed for two guns, but +was not armed. The combat was most arduous; and the +Brigade, after displaying the utmost steadiness and gallantry, +was obliged to retire before very superior numbers, until +supported by a wing of the 20th. regiment of the Fourth +Division, when they again advanced and re-took the redoubt. +This ground was afterwards occupied in gallant style by +French troops, and the Guards speedily re-formed in the rear +of the right flank of the Second Division.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George +Cathcart, with a few companies of the 68th. regiment, considering +that he might make a strong impression by descending +into the valley, and taking the enemy in flank, moved rapidly +forward, but finding the heights above him in full occupation +of the Russians, he suddenly discovered that he was entangled +with a superior force, and whilst attempting to withdraw his +men, he received a mortal wound, shortly previous to which +Brigadier-General Torrens, when leading the 68th., was likewise +severely wounded. Subsequently to this, the battle continued +with unabated vigour and with no positive result, the +enemy availing themselves not only of the fire of all their +field batteries, but of those in front of the works of the place, +and the ship guns, till the afternoon, when the symptoms of +giving way first became apparent, and shortly after, although +the fire did not cease, the retreat became general, and heavy +masses were observed retiring over the bridge of the Inkermann, +and ascending the opposite heights, abandoning on the field +of battle five or six thousand dead and wounded, multitudes +of the latter having already been carried off by them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the engagement, Major-General Codrington, fearing +that the British position would be forced near the five-gun +battery, and that the camp of the first brigade of the Light +<span class='pageno' id='Page_409'>409</span>Division would be endangered, sent Major Mc Kenzie back +to the camp, to order all the bâtmen, men on guard, and +any sick who could carry arms, to turn out at once. No +officer being in camp, Lieutenant-Colonel Lysons, of the 23rd., +who was at the time recovering from an attack of fever, +got up and took command of the parties of three regiments +of the first brigade; every man who could stand volunteered +to go out; they went to the front in support of +comrades, but no serious attack was ever made in the direction +of the Light Division hills, although the fire from +the enemy’s field pieces across the front, especially at the +before-mentioned battery (which they completely enfiladed), +and near the old redoubt, was very heavy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With the hope of diverting attention from the Inkermann +attack, a Russian column, five thousand strong, made a sortie +on the French lines, and succeeded in spiking several guns, +but were gallantly repulsed, and pursued to the very walls +of Sebastopol, the town being entered by a portion of the +French troops, their leader, General Lourmel, meeting his +death in the charge; General Forey experienced great difficulty +in recalling his soldiers, who were carried away by +the ardour of the chase. The Russians lost a thousand +men in this attack, and the French casualties were also +considerable.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus terminated one of the most sanguinary contests of +modern times. For several weeks the troops had been subjected +to constant labour, and many of them had passed +the previous night in the trenches. A zealous devotion to +duty characterized the gallantry of both French and English, +and, after a hard-fought day, the “soldier’s battle,” as it +has been designated, ended in a victory over, as regards +numbers, an infinitely superior force.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nq positive conclusion could be arrived at in regard to +the actual numbers brought into the field by the Russians, +as the configuration of the ground did not admit of any +great development of their force, the attack consisting of a +system of repeated assaults in heavy masses of columns. It +was, however, considered, judging from the numbers seen in +the plains after they had withdrawn in retreat, that they +<span class='pageno' id='Page_410'>410</span>could not have been less than sixty thousand men. The +number of British troops actually engaged scarcely exceeded +eight thousand<a id='r164'></a><a href='#f164' class='c013'><sup>[164]</sup></a> men, whilst those of General Bosquet’s +Division only amounted to six thousand, the remaining +available French troops on the spot having been kept in +reserve.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Prince Menschikoff’s intention was to drive the British from +their position, and to entrench himself at once on the heights, +for several waggons, laden with fascines and gabions, were +noticed in the retreating columns across the Tchernaya. +His first attack was made with vigour and determination +but it was completely defeated by the British before the +arrival of the French. No part was taken in the renewed +assault by the Russian regiments composing the above attack, +as they could not again be organized for further offensive +operations.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The casualties were heavy,—the British had forty-three +officers killed, one hundred wounded, and one taken prisoner; +five hundred and eighty-nine non-commissioned officers and +men were killed, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight +wounded, and sixty-two missing, in all two thousand +five hundred and seventy-three.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was stated that the French casualties amounted to about +<span class='pageno' id='Page_411'>411</span>one thousand eight hundred killed and wounded, whilst those +of the Russians were estimated at fifteen thousand men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There is a peculiar feature incident to the battle of Inkermann, +for the British soldiers were nearly all in their grey +great coats; this arose from the fact of their being turned +out before daylight, and on account of the rain, besides +which the greater portion of the Guards, and the Fourth +Division, had come from the trenches, in which they had +been employed for twenty-four hours, and were consequently +similarly clothed. It is also worthy of record that the battle +was fought fasting by the British.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The gallant deeds of the following officers and men at +Inkermann, will appear among the recipients of the Victoria +Cross, but their names are here mentioned to facilitate references:—Colonel +the Honourable Hugh Manvers Percy, +Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Russell, and Private Palmer, +of the Grenadier Guards; Lieutenant-Colonel Robert James +Lindsay, of the Scots Fusilier Guards; Lieutenant Walker, +30th. regiment; Brevet-Major Rowlands, 41st.; Private Mc +Dermond, 47th.; Private Thomas Beach, 55th.; Private John +Byrne, 68th.; Sergeant John Park, 77th.; Lieutenant-Colonel +the Honourable H. Clifford, Rifle Brigade; and Corporal +Prettyjohn, of the Royal Marines. In addition to these, the +list of officers and men who received French and Sardinian +War Medals, will shew the special acts of bravery performed +by them throughout the campaign.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There is a peculiar interest attaching to the soldiers’ accounts +of this hard-fought battle, and the two following are but types +of many others, all of which are full of natural characteristics. +The first is from a soldier in the Scots Fusilier +Guards:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>“We have had another general engagement, on the 5th. +of November. Well shall I remember that day. I ought +never to forget the goodness of God in bringing me off the +ground safe, and without a scratch.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“And now I will endeavour to give you an account, as +far as I am able, of the battle. But I must tell you that +on the night preceding the battle it was very foggy, and +the morning was misty. The Russians availed themselves +<span class='pageno' id='Page_412'>412</span>of it. A strong force, about forty thousand men (we are +informed) under the command of General Osten-Sacken, from +Odessa, with numerous artillery, got possession of some +heights, and when the mist cleared away opened fire, drove +in the outlying pickets, and got possession of the hills overlooking +the Second Division’s tents. It was about a quarter +part six a.m. when the firing commenced. I was just up, +and saw the Second Division falling in. Some men were +killed in front of their tents. We fell in anyhow. We had +only six companies—two on picket; the Grenadier Guards +five companies; and, I believe, the Coldstream Guards seven +companies. The brigade of Highlanders are guarding Balaklava; +the Second Division is encamped on our right. We +went up, and a fearful sight it was going through the +Second Division’s encampment. The shells were bursting +over our heads, and the cannon-balls rolling through us, +bringing down tents, and poor bât-horses were knocked to +pieces by them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“We were, of course, all taken by surprise, finding that +the enemy being so near, and had gained possession of a +redoubt; and the Duke of Cambridge, with only the Guards +and two companies of the 46th., said, ‘You must drive +them out of it.’ Well, then, they were only twenty yards +from us, and we were firing at each other. The pioneers +and drummers, with the stretchers, were told to find the +best shelter they could, and so I, myself, with our drum-major, +were lying down behind a small bush, and we both +expected every moment to be shot, the bullets actually passing +within a few inches of our heads, and breaking off the +branches over us as we lay there. Well, they succeeded in +driving the Russians out of the place, and got them down +the hill, when they were ordered to retire.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“They retired, and the Russians came up with redoubled +strength, and completely surrounded us. The Russians took +possession of the redoubt. The Duke<a id='r165'></a><a href='#f165' class='c013'><sup>[165]</sup></a> said, ‘They must come +<span class='pageno' id='Page_413'>413</span>out of it again.’ The Russians cheered, as also did the +Guards. Things now looked desperate, as we had no support +except the Almighty, and He defended the right.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“At it they went, and for half an hour things seemed to +favour the enemy. We were all surrounded—no getting out. +The Grenadier Guards nearly lost colours; they had only +about forty men to defend them. We gave another cheer, +and out of the redoubt they went again, and the Grenadier +Guards managed to keep their colours. We drove them out +at the point of the bayonet down the hill. The Guards +were ordered to retire again, but would not, and, in fact, +could not; if they had got down this steep hill, they could +not have got back again well. The brave French came up +to our assistance, and kept them at bay while we retired +and got our ammunition completed; and then the brigade +of Guards were formed into one regiment of six companies, +and at it we went again; and by this time, plenty of assistance +coming to us, we managed to do them, but at a +great loss to us. Officers behaved bravely. The Coldstreams +had eight officers killed on the field; the Grenadiers three +officers. Only picture to yourself eleven officers being buried +at one place and time! there was not a dry eye at the +funeral. We had Colonel Walker wounded in three places. +Colonel Blair died and was buried to-day. He had only +joined three weeks ago; he was shot in the breast. Our +Adjutant, Captain Drummond, Captain Gipps, Colonel F. +Seymour, and Mr. Elkington, were all wounded. Colonel +Ridley and Colonel Dalrymple left us to-day sick. We +have scarcely any officers now left. We had two sergeants, +four corporals, and thirty-one privates killed on the field, +and eleven have died since of their wounds.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The second is from a soldier of the 95th., who writes +thus:—“On the 5th. instant, the anniversary of the Gunpowder +Plot, we had a most terrible day of it. The Russians +<span class='pageno' id='Page_414'>414</span>advanced to attack our position, and drive us into +the sea (as has since been learned), at about six in the +morning, and continued the battle until four in the afternoon. +Not once or twice, but thrice and again did they +advance, and endeavour to take our position; and after our +repeated attacks and charges, and our great losses, they had +nearly carried the crest of our position, but were met by +a Division of our brave allies, the French, who formed like +the letter V, and drove them back. The battle was far +more desperate than that at Alma. The Russians fought +well, and attempted to advance up the face of the hill, +which was sheer madness, and can only be accounted for +by their state of intoxication, which, I believe, is usual; +the custom being to issue spirits before any enterprise is +undertaken. The loss on our side I cannot as yet inform +you of, but in our brigade the killed and wounded amounted +to three hundred and sixty-one. The Guards, I think, have +lost the most of any English regiment, and the point which +they defended shows their prowess—hundreds of Russians +lying dead and wounded (some say a thousand) in that spot +alone. It is said that we have taken a thousand prisoners. +I myself saw at least two hundred wounded brought in to-day +of the Russians, and I do not think that all have yet +been brought in.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Staff Officer, in his “Letters from Head Quarters,” a +most valuable and interesting work, relates the following +anecdote, regarding the battle of Inkermann, which shews of +what material the British soldier is made:—“I should also +tell you an instance of great self-possession on the part of a +sergeant, I think, of the 7th. Fusiliers. It was towards the +close of the battle, and Lord Raglan was returning from +taking leave of poor General Strangways, and was going up +towards the ridge. A sergeant approached us, carrying +canteens of water to take up for the wounded, and as Lord +Raglan passed, he drew himself up to make the usual salute, +when a round shot came bounding over the hill, and +knocked his forage-cap off his head. The man calmly picked +up his cap, dusted it on his knee, placed it carefully on +his head, and then made the military salute, and all without +<span class='pageno' id='Page_415'>415</span>moving a muscle of his countenance. Lord Raglan was +delighted with the man’s coolness, and said to him, ‘A near +thing that, my man.’ ‘Yes, my Lord,’ replied the sergeant, +with another salute, ‘but a miss is as good as a mile.’”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Not less interesting is the same writer’s account of the poor +wounded horses:—“One of the most painful things during +the action was the number of wounded horses. Some of the +poor creatures went grazing about the field, limping on three +legs, one having been broken or carried away by shot; others +galloping about, screaming with fright and terror. At times, +some would attach themselves to the Staff, as if desirous of +company; and one poor beast, who had its nose and mouth +shot away, used to come in amongst us, and rub its gory +head against our horses’ flanks; he was ordered to be killed +by one of the escort, which was of course done.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Field-Marshal Lord Raglan, to which rank his lordship was +advanced for this victory, in publishing to the Army in General +Orders the despatch of the Minister of War, conveying the +Queen’s entire approbation of the conduct of the troops at +Inkermann, especially drew attention to the passage, “Let not +any Private Soldier in those ranks believe that his conduct is +unheeded. The Queen thanks him—his Country honours him.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>In addition to the medal and clasps ordered for these successes, +the Queen, as a mark of Her Majesty’s recognition of +the meritorious services of the non-commissioned officers serving +in the Crimea, directed that one sergeant should be selected +from each regiment of cavalry, guards, and infantry, serving +under Lord Raglan, for promotion to a commission, to be dated +5th. November, 1854. The thanks of the House of Lords and +Commons were given for these services, and the same tribute +was conveyed to General Canrobert and the French Army for +their gallant and successful co-operation. This distinction was +most highly prized, and the French Commander, in his general +order, gave utterance to sentiments that found a ready response +in every heart, and which, it is hoped, time will never efface: +“You will all feel its value, and I shall, in your name and mine, +assure Field-Marshal Lord Raglan, that it will, if possible, +tighten still more the bonds of good fellowship, which a mutual +high esteem, and the blood we have shed in common, have +<span class='pageno' id='Page_416'>416</span>established between our British gallant companions in arms and +ourselves.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Contrasted with the painful though glorious scenes for which +medals were being gained, stands out the mission of Miss +Nightingale, who exemplified what womanly devotion could +effect. The public desire to alleviate the sufferings endured +by the soldiers in the far-off battle-field, met with a generous +response, and the subscription, originated by the all-powerful +“Times,” was liberally responded to, and a special correspondent +of that newspaper, Mr. Macdonald, judiciously administered +its distribution; whilst the devoted widow of the heroic Colonel +Moore, whose husband, preferring the lives of his men to his +own, met his death in the burning troopship “Europa,” +thinking the best consolation for her bereavement would be +found in administering consolation to the sick and wounded, +fell a victim to her self-denial, but left a name which will +be associated with Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge and Florence +Nightingale, and will never be forgotten, for the example of +the Dorcas of the Crimea and her Christian associates will +be ever held up as a noble instance in the holy cause of +suffering humanity. The difficult task which, at the pressing +instance of the Right Honourable Sidney Herbert, Secretary +of State for War, she undertook, was deemed by some at first +visionary, but the arduous enterprise was successfully carried +out by these ladies, and their arrival at Scutari at the period +of the battle of Inkermann was most opportune. This was +truly designated as a Christian episode in a Christian war.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Few will forget the exhibition of the fine arts in aid of +the patriotic fund, to which the Princess Royal, the Prince +of Wales, and Prince Alfred contributed. The touching picture +sent by Her Royal Highness, wherein the devoted wife +has found the dead body of her husband, was as appropriate +as it was truthful. This, and the pen-and-ink sketches of +knightly warriors and kings, furnished by the youthful princes, +realized handsome prices. The patriotic fund reached the +munificent amount of half a million of money, whilst by the +“Central Association,” ably superintended by Major the +Honourable Henry Littleton Powys, of the 60th., and the +regimental and other funds about two hundred thousand +pounds were obtained. Such appreciation by their country +of her gallant soldiers, and regard for their wives and +children, were alike worthy of the nation and of their noble +devotion and patient endurance before Sebastopol.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_417'>417</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The day following this victory a council of war was assembled, +and it was resolved to postpone the assault until fresh reinforcements +should arrive, and, at the same time, works +for the defence of the Inkermann position were ordered to be +forthwith commenced, as there was then every probability of +the allies having to winter in the Crimea.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is calculated that at this time forty-six thousand five +hundred and thirty-seven rounds of ammunition had been +expended. It is singular that Russian shot had been collected +by the soldiers, and fired back into Sebastopol. By the general +order, dated 24th. October, 1854, payment was authorized of +fourpence for each small shot, and sixpence for each large +shot brought into camp; but a subsequent order on the 4th. +of November following cancelled the foregoing. A similar +circumstance occurred during the Peninsular war, and it excited +the surprise of the Duke of Wellington.<a id='r166'></a><a href='#f166' class='c013'><sup>[166]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>At this time the nights became intensely cold, and the +incessant rain caused the roads to be anything but passable; +whilst on the 14th. a tremendous hurricane, tearing many +of the tents to pieces, and scattering their goods, added to the +discomforts of the troops. Several French, British, and Turkish +vessels were either lost or damaged from the same untoward +circumstance; and most unfortunately the “Prince” steamer, +with the winter clothing for the English army, and a good +supply of engineer stores and ammunition, was shattered to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_418'>418</span>pieces on the rocks at Balaklava, and one hundred and +thirty-seven souls perished. It would be difficult to depict +the desolation which the hurricane occasioned in the encampment +of the allies, and the next day the soldiers found +ample employment in repairing its ravages. Poor fellows, +they needed nothing further to aggravate the privations +already endured.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the night of the 20th. of November, an affair +occurred which drew forth the praise not only of Lord +Raglan, but also of the Commander-in-Chief of the French +army. The Russian advanced posts in front of the left attack +of the British, having taken up a position which incommoded +the troops in the trenches, and occasioned not a few casualties, +besides taking in reverse the French troops working in their +lines, a detachment of the first battalion of the Rifle Brigade, +of two hundred men, under Lieutenant Tryon, was directed on +the night of the 20th. to dislodge the enemy. The caves in +which the Russian riflemen had established themselves, were +popularly known as the Ovens. This service was most gallantly +and effectively performed, but at some loss in killed +and wounded. Lieutenant Tryon, who rendered himself conspicuous +on the occasion, was killed; he was considered a most +promising officer, and held in the highest estimation by all. +Several attempts were made by the Russians to re-establish +themselves on the ground before daylight on the 21st., but +they were instantly repulsed by Lieutenant Bourchier, the senior +surviving officer of the party. The detachment received well-merited +praise, and the conduct of Lieutenants Tryon, Bourchier, +and Cuninghame, was highly commended. So highly prized +was this little exploit by General Canrobert, that he instantly +published an “<i><span lang="fr">Ordre Général</span></i>,” announcing it to the French +army, and combining, with a just tribute to the gallantry of +the troops, the expression of his deep sympathy in the regret +felt for the loss of a young officer of so much distinction as +Lieutenant Tyron.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Russians moved upon the British advanced pickets, in +front of the left attack, on the 12th. of December, in some +force, but were instantly driven back by a detachment of the +first battalion of the Rifle Brigade on the right, and by one +<span class='pageno' id='Page_419'>419</span>of the 46th. on the left. The firing, however, was kept up +for some time afterwards.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A sortie was made by the enemy on both the right and +left attack, during the night of the 20th. of December, the +one being conducted silently, the other with drums beating, +and shouting; the first was probably the real object of the +advance, as nearer to the Inkermann heights. Owing to the +extreme darkness of the night, the Russians were enabled to +approach very near the right attack without being perceived, +and, having made a sudden rush upon the most forward +parallel they compelled the men occupying it to withdraw, +until reinforced by a party under Major Welsford, of the +97th. Regiment, when it was regained possession of, and the +enemy retired, not, however, without occasioning some loss in +both killed and wounded. Lieutenant John Byron, of the +34th., was taken prisoner.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the left attack the enemy were met with great gallantry +by Lieutenant Gordon, of the 38th. Regiment, who, when +supported by the covering party of the trenches, under +Lieutenant-Colonel Waddy, of the 50th., succeeded in at once +driving them back. Here the loss was still more severe, +Major Möller of the 50th., falling mortally wounded; Capt. +Frampton and Lieutenant Clarke, both of the 50th., were +taken prisoners. The gallantry and vigilance of these troops, +and the distinguished conduct of Lieutenant-Colonel Waddy, +were highly praised.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Christmas before Sebastopol will not be easily forgotten; +the time-honoured phrase of wishing a merry one, and a +happy new year, must have sounded almost as a mockery +to the suffering troops. During December the weather became +very severe, and the duties more and more arduous; +both officers and men were frequently on duty two and +three nights in succession, without any shelter from the +snow and rain; provisions and forage became scarce, owing +to the want of transport; and the young soldiers, unable to +bear the hardships and fatigue, died in numbers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Neither was the commencement of the new year more +promising; when the commissariat transport broke down, it +became necessary to send fatigue parties to carry up rations +<span class='pageno' id='Page_420'>420</span>and warm clothing from Balaklava, a distance of seven miles; +horses and mules were picked up wherever they could be found, +officers’ chargers not excepted. Men were frequently found +dead in the trenches from cold and exhaustion. The sick +present and absent at Scutari on the 11th. January, 1855, +amounted to sixteen thousand and one men.<a id='r167'></a><a href='#f167' class='c013'><sup>[167]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Such sufferings excited the public feeling, and Mr. Roebuck’s +motion for a committee of enquiry occasioned a change of +ministry, when Lord Palmerston became Premier, and Lord +Panmure was appointed Secretary of State for War. It is +not, however, within the scope of this work to dwell upon +the political view of the campaign; its object being to show +how the Medals were won. No sympathy could have cheered +the soldiers more than that expressed by the Queen in a +letter to Mrs. Sidney Herbert, which fortunately was published.<a id='r168'></a><a href='#f168' class='c013'><sup>[168]</sup></a> +Constant visits of the Sovereign to the bed-sides of +the invalids on their arrival in England, and substantial +acts of kindness in finding occupation for several of them, +shewed Her Majesty’s deep interest in her soldiers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In January a railroad was commenced from Balaklava to +the camp, which may be classed as one of the “curiosities +<span class='pageno' id='Page_421'>421</span>of war.” At this period the French army had been reinforced, +and consisted, in round numbers, of about sixty-seven +thousand men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Russians still retain the old style of reckoning, and, +during the night of the 12th. of January, 1855 (their New +Year’s Day), they made a powerful sortie, under protection +of a heavy cannonade, along the Woronzoff Road and the +ravine on the extreme left, on the French and English +trenches, but were ultimately forced to retire. The following +morning was the commencement of a severe frost, the snow +in some places on the plain being eighteen inches deep, whilst +the drifts were not only deep, but in many spots dangerous. +The old adage that “it’s an ill wind that blows nobody any +good,” was here realized, for the ground became hardened +and consequently improved, by the frost, which aided the +communication to the front: there was, however, a drawback +on account of the difficulty of obtaining fuel for cooking +and hospital requirements. Indeed the scarcity of wood of any +kind was great. The brushwood along the Inkermann ridge +had long been used up; the soldiers had even employed the +vine roots to cook their meals. Fortunately large quantities +of charcoal were arriving at Balaklava, and although the seige +works did not improve by the employment of the Turkish +troops in bringing up this necessary article, the comfort of +the army was materially increased. Warm clothing also +arrived; but sickness could not be reduced.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About the middle of January there was a marked improvement +in the weather, and on the 21st. a French Division +afforded valuable relief to the British by relieving the +pickets of the Second and Light Divisions, and enabled the +latter to afford better covering parties for their batteries. It +was fortunate at this period that the enemy was ignorant of +the small number of men employed in their defence.<a id='r169'></a><a href='#f169' class='c013'><sup>[169]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The hospitals in Constantinople, from the improvements +<span class='pageno' id='Page_422'>422</span>effected therein under the superintendence of Florence Nightingale, +were already bearing fruit, by the number of convalescent +soldiers constantly returning to the Crimea.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 2nd. of March occurred the death of the Emperor +of Russia, and the event appeared at first calculated to lead +to peace, but that hope soon vanished. During this month +the operations of the siege began to be more actively carried +on; large working parties were employed, and an approach +was made from the middle ravine to the twenty-one gun +battery; a new approach was also made to the right of the +advanced work, or third parallel; this trench was extended +to communicate with the new French right attack against the +Mamelon and Malakoff; old batteries were repaired, and new +ones constructed, and the guards of the trenches were increased. +On the 16th. of March, Lieutenant-General Simpson arrived +to undertake the duties of Chief of the Staff, and Sir John +McNeill and Colonel Tulloch, who had been sent out by the +government, to report upon the state of the army, arrived a +few days before.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Frequent night alarms occurred during this month, and on +the morning of the 22nd. of March, the French troops in the +advanced parallel moved forward, and drove the enemy out +of their rifle-pits in their immediate front, but nothing of any +importance happened during the day. Early in the night, +however, a serious attack was made upon the French works +in front of the Victoria redoubt, opposite the Malakoff tower. +The firing, which was very heavy, could scarcely be heard in +the British camp, the wind being so boisterous. After attacking +the head of the sap which the French were carrying on +towards the Mamelon, the Russians fell in with two heavy +masses on their new parallel, to the rear of which they succeeded +in penetrating, after a gallant resistance. Passing along +the parallel and in rear of it, until they came in contact with +the troops stationed in the advanced parallel, extending into +the ravine, from the right of the British advance, where it +was connected with the French trench, the enemy was there +met by detachments of the 77th. and 97th. regiments, forming +part of the guard of the trenches, who although thus taken +suddenly, both in flank and rear, behaved with the utmost +<span class='pageno' id='Page_423'>423</span>gallantry and coolness.<a id='r170'></a><a href='#f170' class='c013'><sup>[170]</sup></a> The detachment of the 97th., which +was on the extreme right, and which, consequently first came +in contact with the enemy, repulsed the attack at the point +of the bayonet. They were led by Captain Hedley Vicars, +who fell mortally wounded, not before he had knocked over +two Russians. The “Memorials” of this officer are well known +in every English home, and dissipate the prevalent error that +christian and military virtues cannot be united. His life was +an exemplification of the motto of the 97th., “<i>Quo fas et +Gloria ducunt</i>.” Lord Raglan stated in his despatch,—“I am +assured that nothing could be more distinguished than the +gallantry and good example which he set to the detachment +under his command;” and added, “the conduct of the 77th. +was equally distinguished; and the firmness and promptitude +with which the attack, in this part of our works, was met, +were in the highest degree creditable to that regiment.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>These troops were under the direction of Major Gordon, +of the Royal Engineers, who was severely wounded by a +musket-ball through the arm. The Russians were finally +driven out of the parallel, the repulse being conducted with +great judgment by this officer.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The attention of the troops in the advanced works having +been by these transactions drawn to the right, the enemy +took occasion to move upon, and succeeded in penetrating +into, the left front of the British right attack, near the +battery where two ten-inch mortars had recently been placed. +They advanced along the works until they were met by a +detachment of the 7th. and 34th. regiments, which had been +at work in the neighbourhood, under the direction of Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_424'>424</span>Tylden, of the Royal Engineers, who promptly +made them stand to their arms, and led them with the greatest +determination and steadiness against the enemy, who were +speedily ejected from their works, and fairly pitched over the +parapet, with but little or no firing on the part of the +British. The French, in retiring from their advanced parallel +upon their supports, speedily rallied, and fell upon the enemy, +whom they repulsed with great loss, and followed so far up +towards the Mamelon, that they were enabled to level and +destroy nearly all the “ambuscades,” or “rifle concealments,” +erected along their front. This success was not accomplished +without considerable loss, though that of the Russians was +much greater.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the enemy in great numbers found their way +into the advanced batteries on the extreme left of the +British, which were then not armed, and immediately obtained +possession of them. The working parties were, however, +speedily collected and re-formed by Captain Chapman, of the +20th. regiment, Acting Engineer, and they at once drove the +Russians out of the trenches with the utmost gallantry. +Captain Montagu, of the Royal Engineers, who was superintending +the works, unfortunately fell into their hands.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There was a suspension of hostilities for about three hours +on Saturday, the 24th. of March, for the purpose of burying +those who had fallen in the late encounters, when it became +evident from the number of bodies of the enemy, and of the +French, to whom the last sad offices had to be paid, that the +loss sustained both by the French and the Russians had been +very severe, particularly that of the latter. Some French, +too, were found lying close to the Mamelon, a proof that +their gallant spirit had carried them up to the enemy’s +entrenchments.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At this period of the siege, a sixty-eight pounder manned +by the Naval Brigade, caused so much damage to the +Mamelon, that the Russians specially brought up a gun of +similar calibre to dismount it. During the truce on March +24th., this fact was made known to the British by a Russian +officer, and the next day a regular duel took place between +the two guns. The enemy were confident of success, but +after the interchange of about seventeen shots, the Russian +gun was silenced, while that of the Naval Brigade continued +battering the Mamelon as before.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_425'>425</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SECOND BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>During Easter Sunday, the 8th. of April, 1855, the busy +hum of preparation might be heard in the allied camp, the +second bombardment of Sebastopol having been resolved on +for the morrow. Showers had been frequent during the day, +and in the evening there was heavy rain; the trenches in +consequence became flooded, and in more than one battery +the drenched soldiers were standing in eight inches of water; +this comfortless position was not improved by the darkness +of the night and the gale which was blowing. A thick fog +and drizzling mist heralded in the morning of the 9th. of +April, which prevented the enemy’s works from being seen; +but about half-past five the outlines of the Redan and +Malakoff were discerned, the mist having partially cleared. +A few minutes afterwards and the first gun fired from the +British batteries, was followed almost immediately by the +whole of the right and left attacks, with the single exception +of No. 9 battery, right attack; and on the French attacks +commencing, the south side of Sebastopol was environed by +the fire of the allies. The fleet had no share in this bombardment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was evident that the besieged were taken by surprise, +as for a short interval they did not return a shot, and it +was almost six o’clock before anything like a general fire was +opened by the enemy. Heavy rain fell throughout the day, +and the southerly wind driving the smoke from the allied +batteries over the town, completely concealed it and prevented +the effect of the fire being observed. Towards one o’clock a +somewhat brisker fire was opened by the enemy, which was +immediately checked by the British and French batteries. +When the mist was somewhat dispelled, towards three in the +afternoon, these works were noticed to be considerably injured. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_426'>426</span>Towards evening the fire of both parties, as if by consent, +slackened, but at daylight on the following morning the +fire was resumed from all the batteries, to which the enemy +vigorously responded. By ten o’clock, the sun, so long a +stranger, burst out, and the heavy rain subsided. The fire +of the Malakoff was considerably lessened, while that of the +Mamelon was soon checked; not so that of the Redan, which +still continued formidable. The fleets advanced at mid-day, +on the 11th. of April, but did not attack. Both officers and +men of the Royal Artillery now became exhausted, having +had only two reliefs since the afternoon of the 8th., and +their unparalleled exertions and overwork began to tell upon +them. So swollen were the men’s feet from being constantly +wet that they were fearful of not being able to get on their +boots again if they attempted to take them off. Nevertheless +both officers and men toiled on with persevering resolution, +and few gave up, although many were fitter for the hospital +than for these trying duties.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Another day dawned, and the 12th., as the others, opened +with fire. But the Russians, like the shoes of the dancing +princesses in the fairy-tale, seemed to be as fresh as ever, +their resources appearing inexhaustible; and their courage and +determination being fully equal to the emergency. The mornings +of the 13th., 14th., 15th., and 16th. of April, witnessed +the repetition of the previous ones, and the day after orders +were received from Lord Raglan to lessen the fire from all +the batteries, which was nearly confined to that from the +mortars, some of the guns firing daily about eight rounds. +The Russians also ceased firing.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus the second bombardment of Sebastopol terminated +without any decided result. Eight days’ incessant firing had +not succeeded in silencing the fire of the Russians, or in +destroying their works, although some of the heaviest guns +and mortars ever employed on a like occasion, had been +served with a precision, zeal, and determination unequalled in +any siege, but had not produced that permanent effect which +might have been anticipated from its constancy, power, and +accuracy. The advantages obtained daily over the Malakoff +and Mamelon, were, as before adverted to, repaired by night, +and their fire was not sufficiently subdued to justify an assault +being attempted. Forty-seven thousand eight hundred and +fifty-four rounds of ammunition (thirty-two thousand five +hundred and sixty-eight shot, and fifteen thousand two hundred +and eighty-six shell) had been expended during this +second bombardment, which lasted from the 9th. to the 16th. +of April, both days inclusive.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_427'>427</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CONTINUATION OF THE SIEGE.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Large rifle-pits having been made by the Russians in front +of the advanced works of the British right attack, it became +necessary to dislodge them. One of these rifle-pits was gallantly +taken during the night of the 19th. of April. The +resistance of the enemy, although obstinate, was speedily +overcome by the impetuosity of the troops, and the pit was, +without the loss of a moment, connected with the British +approach, thereby furnishing protection to the working party +to continue its labours without interruption for a considerable +time. At the interval, however, of about three hours, +the enemy brought a heavy fire of artillery and musketry +upon the party in advance of the pit, into which they retired, +and which they effectually defended and maintained; but this +brilliant achievement was not accomplished without considerable +sacrifice of life. Colonel Egerton, of the 77th., was killed +when forming troops for the support of those on the extreme +advance; and Captain Lemprière, of the same regiment, +fell in the first affair; in which also, Colonel Egerton received +a contusion that only incapacitated him from duty for +a few minutes. Five officers were wounded, three of them +dangerously. A second rifle-pit was abandoned by the enemy +on the following night, and not being required, was filled up +by the British. The other rifle-pits were connected with +each other and the quarries.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The “Staff Officer” relates the following characteristic anecdote, +in reference to the rifle-pits.—“A drummer-boy of the +77th. regiment went with his comrades in the first rush agains +<span class='pageno' id='Page_428'>428</span>the enemy’s pits, when he saw a Russian trumpet-boy trying +to clamber over the parapet in order to get away. He was +immediately collared by our drummer, who, having no arms, +began to pummel him in truly British fashion. The Russian +boy, not understanding this mode of treatment, tried to +grapple with him, but in this he signally failed, as the English +boy threw him on the ground, made him a prisoner and took +his trumpet from him. He afterwards gave it to Sir George +Brown, who liberally rewarded him, and praised him much +for his courage and daring. Lord Raglan, hearing of the +circumstance, also made the boy a present.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the night of the 5th. of May, the enemy assaulted +the advanced parallel on the right attack, and some actually +got into the trench; but they were speedily driven out and +repulsed with the utmost gallantry, by the detachments occupying +it, of the 30th. and 49th. regiments, under Captain +Williamson and Lieutenant Gubbins, of the former, and Lieutenant +Rochfort, of the latter, who was severely wounded. +On the same night Captain Arnold, of the 4th. Foot, was +wounded and taken prisoner whilst posting the advanced +sentries of the left attack, and died of his wounds. Lord +Raglan stated that “the loss of the services of this officer +is greatly to be lamented. He had done his duty unremittingly, +and in the most spirited manner, throughout the +operations of the siege.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two serious assaults were made by the enemy upon the +most advanced parallel of the right attack, during the night +of the 9th. of May, but they were, on each occasion, most +nobly met, and repulsed with considerable loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the following night the Russians opened a powerful +fire on the trenches, and exposed their columns to a heavy +musketry fire from the troops on duty. They did not, however, +reach the parapets, nor approach very near them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the night of the 11th. of May, a very determined +sortie was made upon the advance of the left attack. The +enemy moved forward in two columns from the Woronzoff +road. The advanced sentries having slowly retired, the guard +of the trenches was prepared to receive them, and drove +them back in the most determined manner. A few Russians +<span class='pageno' id='Page_429'>429</span>only got into the parallel, and five were left dead close +outside.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One of the most memorable events of the month was the +presentation of the Crimean Medal by Her Majesty to the +officers and men of the troops, and of the Naval Brigade and +Marines, who, from ill-health, or on account of wounds, had +returned from the seat of war. The Queen had already +shown her interest for the wounded, by visiting them in +hospital, and this requital of their valour was a becoming +sequel. Never had such an honour been thus conferred; and +it was a most touching sight to witness the officers and men, +many of whom by their pallid countenances or maimed limbs, +affectingly appealed to the sympathy of all, receiving from +their Sovereign’s own hands the well-earned guerdon of bravery; +they represented, as it were, their brethren in arms before the +beleaguered city, and the recital of this day’s proceedings +must have exercised a great effect upon the troops before +Sebastopol, although it was no new thing for them to experience +the Queen’s consideration.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This interesting ceremony took place on the parade of the +Horse Guards, on the 18th. of May, 1855, in the presence of +numerous spectators, including the members of the Royal +Family, and of both Houses of Parliament, for whom galleries +were erected, as well as for the fortunate persons who were +enabled to obtain tickets. Every exertion was made to accommodate +as many as possible, and the ceremony, which was +of a most impressive and affecting character, is not one +easily to be forgotten.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Colonel Sir Thomas Troubridge, Bart., of the 7th. Royal +Fusiliers, who lost both his feet at Inkermann, and Captain +Sayer, of the 23rd., who had the ankle joint of his right +leg shot away at the Alma, were drawn in wheeled chairs. +Captain Currie, of the 19th. regiment, desperately wounded +at the Alma, approached on crutches, with his disabled leg +supported by a soldier. To these, as to many other officers +whose wounds still crippled them, the Queen addressed expressions +of kind commiseration, and Sir Thomas was appointed +one of her aides-de-camp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The recipients of the medal were subsequently marched to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_430'>430</span>Buckingham Palace, in the riding-house of which the men +partook of a substantial repast, during which the Queen and +royal party visited them. The officers were entertained at +luncheon in the palace. Until the announcement of dinner +the whole were permitted to walk in the gardens of the +palace, and there, likewise, Her Majesty encouraged them +in their enjoyment by her presence and sympathy. The +formation of the troops was superintended by His Royal +Highness the Duke of Cambridge, who had been compelled, +through ill-health, to return to England.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Renewed exertions were made during this month by the +allies, the railway which had been constructed proving of +immense benefit. The enemy at the same time were actively +employed in covering their advanced works; they constructed +a new battery on their left of Mamelon, and troops were +constantly in motion on the north side. A welcome reinforcement +had arrived, in the shape of a portion of the Sardinian +troops. The expedition which had been embarked early in +May, for Kertch, and countermanded, again sailed on the +22nd. of May, and was attended with complete success. It +was composed of British, French, and Turkish troops, commanded +by Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, and +Admiral Sir Edmund Lyons,<a id='r171'></a><a href='#f171' class='c013'><sup>[171]</sup></a> the French being under General +D’Autremarre.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The forts were forced, and the magazines were exploded by +the Russians themselves; but all their guns, an immense +quantity of corn, grain, munitions of war, naval stores, and +military equipments, fell into the hands of the troops. A +most serious blow to the enemy was thus effected, and the +whole coast of the Crimea became open to the allies, and +the difficult route through Perekop was the only road by +which reinforcements or provisions could be sent to the +troops in Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After leaving a sufficient garrison, principally Turks, in +Kertch and Yenikale, the greater portion of the troops returned +to Balaklava on the 15th. of June. It was a matter +of congratulation that so much was effected without loss of +life.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An expedition to Anapa was in course of preparation, +when on the 5th. of June, the Russians withdrew from that +place, and thus abandoned their last stronghold on the coast +of Circassia.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_431'>431</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THIRD BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The third bombardment of Sebastopol was commenced at +about half-past two o’clock in the afternoon of the 6th. of +June, instead of at daybreak as in the two former instances. +Circumstances, too, were more favourable, for on this occasion +a summer sky made the works stand out in bold relief, +instead of being veiled in rain and mist. The additional +weight of metal of the British guns, and the increase in +the number of mortars, added to the plentiful supply of +ammunition in the several batteries, augured a speedy termination +of the siege. The Mamelon and Malakoff by half-past +four were nearly silenced.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The firing re-commenced at daybreak on the 7th. of June. +The Russians, with their wonted promptitude, having made +good the damage sustained, kept up a vigorous fire from +the Redan and Barrack batteries, and the Mamelon and +Malakoff soon became in the same plight as before.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was determined to make the attack on the enemy’s +outworks from the Quarries in front of the Redan, on the +Mamelon, and on the Ouvrages Blancs, during the evening; +and at six o’clock, as the Anglo-French troops formed in +the trenches, a crushing fire told with great effect on the +Mamelon, which, in half an hour afterwards, was occupied +by the French. The mortars and guns were then turned on +the Malakoff, towards which the French advanced, but were +driven back, and the Mamelon was again in possession of +its original owners, but after a short interval was once +more re-occupied by the French. A heavy fire was then +poured into the Malakoff until dusk.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_432'>432</span>Whilst the French had succeeded in their attack upon the +Mamelon (so named from its appearance—a rounded hill), +the British had obtained possession of the Quarries. This +success was thus achieved:—On the evening of the 7th. of +June, an assault was made upon these works, which, as +their name implies, were pits from which stone had been +excavated for the buildings in the town. They were situated +in front of the Redan, from the British advanced parallel in +the right attack. Their possession was achieved with great +gallantry and determination, and the ground was maintained, +notwithstanding that during the night and in the morning +of the 8th., repeated attempts were made to regain them; +but each terminated in failure, although supported by large +bodies of troops, by heavy discharges of musketry, and by +every species of offensive missile. On these occasions, overpowering +numbers succeeded in re-entering, but were each +time driven back at the point of the bayonet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops employed in storming the Quarries were composed +of detachments from the Light and Second Divisions, +and at night they were supported by the 62nd. regiment. +The charge of holding the Quarries, and of repelling the +repeated attacks of the enemy, was confided to Lieutenant-Colonel +Robert Campbell, of the 90th., after he had led the +assault, in which he was twice wounded. Colonel Shirley, of +the 88th., acted as General of the day in the trenches of the +right attack. The 55th. regiment received special commendation, +and had fifty-three out of one hundred and sixty killed +and wounded. Captain Cure commanded the party; Lieutenant +Stone was killed at the head of his men, charging the Russians +in their trench with the bayonet; Captain Elton was +particularly noticed, and Lieutenants Scott and Williams were +likewise named as most active in performing their duties.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shortly before, the French, on the right, had moved out of +their trenches, and attacked the Ouvrages Blancs, and the +Mamelon. These were carried without the smallest check, and +their leading column rushed forward and approached the +Malakoff tower. This it had not been contemplated to assail +and therefore the troops were brought back, and finally established +in the enemy’s works, from which the latter did not +succeed in expelling them, notwithstanding that the fire of +musketry and cannon brought to bear upon them was tremendous. +Nothing could be more spirited and rapid than +the advance of the French.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A heavy fire was opened on the morning of the 9th. of +June, and it was continued, with the exception of a truce for +the burial of the dead, which lasted from one till six o’clock. +No sooner was the white flag lowered than both sides again +opened fire, the Russians having, during the interval, mounted +additional guns in the Malakoff and Redan. During the 10th. +of June, the Malakoff and Redan rarely fired more than a +few shots at long intervals. Again the bombardment was +ordered to terminate, and it was decided that the attack on +the town should be deferred until the French had established +their batteries in the Mamelon. By the 16th. of June new +batteries were completed, which, it was hoped, would enable +the besiegers to resume the offensive with the utmost vigour. +From the 6th. to the 14th. of June, thirty-two thousand +eight hundred and eighty-three rounds of ammunition had +been expended.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_433'>433</span> + <h2 class='c006'>FOURTH BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The fourth bombardment commenced on Sunday, the 17th. +of June, at daybreak, when a very heavy fire was opened from +all the batteries in the British and French trenches, and maintained +throughout the day. The effect produced was so satisfactory, +that it was resolved the French should attack the +Malakoff on the following morning, and that the British should +assail the Redan as soon after as might be considered advisable.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was originally proposed that the artillery fire should be +resumed on the morning of the 18th., and should be kept up +for about two hours, with a view of destroying any works +which the Russians might have thrown up during the night, +and of opening passages through the <i>abatis</i> that covered the +Redan; but during the evening of the 17th., Lord Raglan +<span class='pageno' id='Page_434'>434</span>received an intimation from General Pelissier, who had in May +succeeded General Canrobert in the command of the French +army, that he had determined, upon further consideration, to +cause the French attack to take place at three o’clock on the +following morning. Before that hour Lord Raglan with the +head-quarter staff and other officers assembled at the appointed +post. As day broke the French commenced their operations, +and as their several columns came within range of the enemy’s +fire they encountered the most serious opposition, both from +musketry and the guns in the works which had been silenced +the previous evening. Lord Raglan observing this, at once +ordered the British columns to move out of the trenches upon +the Redan. It had been arranged that detachments from the +light, second, and fourth divisions, which were placed under +the command of Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, should +be formed into three columns; the right one to attack the +left face of the Redan, between the flanking batteries; the centre +to advance upon the salient angle; and the left to move upon +the re-entering angle formed by the right face and flank of the +work; the first and last preceding the centre column.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the signal being given the flank columns at once advanced, +preceded by covering parties of the Rifle Brigade, and by sailors +carrying ladders, and soldiers carrying wool-bags; but they +had no sooner shown themselves beyond the trenches than they +were assailed by a most murderous fire of grape and musketry, +and all in advance were either killed or wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir John Campbell, who led the left attack, +and Colonel Shadforth, of the 57th., who commanded the +storming party under his direction, were both killed, as was +also Colonel Yea, of the Royal Fusiliers, who commanded the +right column.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“I never before witnessed,” writes Lord Raglan, “such a +continued and heavy fire of grape combined with musketry +from the enemy’s works, which appeared to be fully manned; +and the long list of killed and wounded in the light and fourth +divisions, and the seamen of the Naval Brigade, under Captain +Peel, who was unfortunately wounded, though not severely, +will show that a very large proportion of those that went +forward fell.”</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_435'>435</span>By half-past three it was perceived that the French had +not succeeded in their attack upon the Malakoff. All the +batteries were ordered to resume their fire as heavily as possible, +but about half-past seven the firing slackened, in consequence +of the attack being relinquished.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The superiority of the fire of the allies had led both Lord +Raglan and Pelissier to conclude that the anniversary of +Waterloo would have been crowned with a happier result; +but the Russians shewed that their resources were not yet +exhausted, and that they had still the power, either from their +ships or from their batteries, to bring an overwhelming fire +upon their assailants.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Whilst the direct attack upon the Redan was proceeding, +Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England was directed to send +one of the brigades of the third division, under the command +of Major-General Barnard, down the Woronzoff Ravine, with +a view to give support to the attacking columns on his right; +and the other brigade, under Major-General Eyre, still further +to the left, to threaten the works at the head of the Dockyard +Creek.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The success achieved by the third division on this eventful +day, was detailed in a supplementary despatch from Lord +Raglan. By this it appears that the first brigade, under Major-General +Barnard, proceeded down the Woronzoff Road, and +was placed in position on the right of the ravine, ready to +co-operate with the columns of attack on the right; whilst +the second brigade, under Major-General Eyre, moved down +the ravine which separated the left of the English from the +right of the French advanced works, for the purpose of attacking +the enemy’s ambuscades, and making a demonstration on +the head of the Dockyard Creek.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The service was performed with the utmost gallantry, and, +notwithstanding that they were exposed to a most galling fire, +the troops maintained themselves in the position they had +taken up during the day, and in the evening withdrew, unmolested, +leaving a post at the cemetery, which had been one +of the objects of the attack in the morning.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Between one and two o’clock a.m., Major-General Eyre had +moved off with his brigade, consisting of the 9th., 18th., 28th., +<span class='pageno' id='Page_436'>436</span>38th., and 44th. regiments (total strength about two thousand +bayonets), and proceeded down the ravine, on the left, by the +French picket-house, for the purpose of attacking the enemy’s +ambuscades, and of making a demonstration on that side.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In attacking the first of these ambuscades the troops were +anticipated by the French, who cleverly took the Russians on +their left flank as they advanced in front, and made several +prisoners. Beyond this the French had no instructions to co-operate, +and the Major-General therefore pushed on an advanced +guard, under Major Feilden, 44th. composed of marksmen from +each regiment, supporting it on the right by the 44th. and 38th., +and on the left by the 18th. regiment, keeping at first the +9th. and 28th. in reserve.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The enemy, whose strength could not be estimated, occupied +a strong position; their right rested on a mamelon, their left +on a cemetery. These points were occupied by marksmen. +The intervening ground was intersected, and the road barricaded +with stone walls, which the men were obliged to pull down, +under fire, before they could advance. In rear of this position, +towards the fortress, the Russians occupied several houses, and +there were bodies of them seen in rear, as reserves. This +position, under the fire of the guns of the fortress, was strong, +and it could not be expected to be carried and retained without +incurring considerable loss, and which was experienced both +in officers and men, all most nobly discharging their duty. +The 18th. regiment pushed on, and occupied some houses immediately +under Garden Battery. The 44th. occupied some +houses on the right, from whence they kept up a fire on the +enemy’s embrasures. Lieutenant-Colonel Lowth moved on with +his regiment (the 38th.), and after taking possession of some +houses in front, endeavoured to turn the flank of a battery +which annoyed the troops in front. These parties were afterwards +from time to time reinforced or relieved by the 9th. +regiment, the 28th. regiment being drawn up in line in rear, +to support the whole.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having driven the enemy from these points, they were continued +to be occupied, with the view to ulterior movements, +in the event of the attack on the right being successful, and +until it was decided what portion of the ground should be +retained for siege operations.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_437'>437</span>The position was held until late in the evening, when the +troops, after being exposed all day to a concentrated fire from +the guns of the fortress, in addition to some field guns brought +up by the enemy, were gradually withdrawn, the ground being +too far in advance to be permanently occupied for siege operations, +when Major-General Eyre, who had received a wound +in the head in the early part of the day, gave over the command +of the brigade to Lieutenant-Colonel Adams, of the 28th. +regiment. No attempt was made by the enemy to molest +the troops on their retiring. The losses sustained amounted +to thirty-one officers, forty-four sergeants, and four hundred +and eighty-seven rank and file killed or wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 19th. of June orders were received to discontinue +the bombardment, during which, from its commencement on +the 17th., twenty-two thousand six hundred and eighty-four +rounds of ammunition had been fired against Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Twenty-two officers were killed and seventy-one wounded. +Two hundred and thirty men were killed, one thousand one +hundred and thirty-six wounded, and twenty-four missing. +The French losses exceeded this number.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 28th. of June, 1855, the following extract of a +telegraphic despatch from Lord Panmure was published to +the army in the Crimea:—“I have Her Majesty’s Commands +to express Her grief that so much bravery should not have +been rewarded with merited success; and to assure her brave +Troops that Her Majesty’s confidence in them is entire.” This +was the last general order published by Lord Raglan, for +about nine o’clock of the above day his gallant spirit breathed +its last. Posterity will endorse the Minister for War’s expression +of Her Majesty’s grief for this great loss. “The +country has been deprived of a brave and accomplished +soldier, a true and devoted patriot, and an honourable and +disinterested subject.” His lordship’s remains were borne to +Kamiesch Bay, and placed on board the Caradoc, for conveyance +to England, the officers and men of both armies vieing +with each other in paying the last honours to the departed +warrior.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the absence of Lieutenant-General Sir George Brown, on +account of ill-health, the command of the forces devolved on +<span class='pageno' id='Page_438'>438</span>Lieutenant-General Simpson, the next senior officer, upon +whom the Queen conferred the appointment of Commander-in-Chief +of the Army in the Crimea.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At five o’clock on the morning of the 10th. of July, a +heavy fire was opened upon the Redan, by the allied batteries, +in order to assist the advances upon that work, to which the +besieged responded, at intervals, with considerable warmth. +This had the effect of checking the musketry fire, which +had proved very annoying. Comparative tranquility reigned +in the batteries until the 17th. of July, when the enemy +opened a heavy fire upon the French in the Mamelon, +which was answered by the British on the Tower and Redan.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the night of the 22nd. of July, the Russians opened +a heavy fire of musketry from the parapets of the Malakoff +and adjacent works, but they did not attempt an attack. +They opened a similar fire in the course of the night on the +left of the French. It is believed that they apprehended an +attack from the French, and for this reason opened the +above fire, which did no damage to either the works or soldiers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Between ten and eleven o’clock at night on the 2nd. of +August the enemy made a sortie in considerable force, by +the Woronzoff road. Their strength was computed to be +about two thousand, and their object was to destroy a heavy +iron <i>chevaux-de-frize</i>, made across the above road, between +the right and left attacks, and being further supported by +heavy columns in rear, to take advantage of such circumstances +as might present themselves. They advanced with +loud cheers and bugling, and were received with great gallantry +by the advanced picket, under the command of Lieutenant +R. E. Carr, of the 39th., who withdrew his men, firing +at the same time upon the enemy, to the main body, under +the command of Captain Leckie, of the same regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A heavy and well-directed fire was opened upon the enemy +by the party under the latter officer, on the Woronzoff road; +as also by the guards of the trenches on the right of the +fourth parallel, under the command of Captain Boyle, of the +89th., and Captain Turner, of the 1st. Royals, which, in +about ten minutes, caused the enemy to retire from an +attack that, if it had not been so well met, might have +been a serious affair.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus passed the time during July and August in repelling +sorties from the enemy, combined with an occasional heavy +firing, and in preparations for a renewal of the bombardment. +As the movements of troops in Sebastopol, and the reliefs +moving to and from the Russian works, could be observed +from the deck of the flag-ship of Sir Houston Stewart, +“Hannibal,” which was anchored off the mouth of the harbour, +a telegraphic communication was established between it and +a station erected on the hill in front of the light division. +This directed the fire of the mortar batteries, and caused +serious losses to the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the beginning of August the troops had been unceasingly +employed in strengthening and improving the advanced works, +which, by the 10th., had become so close to the enemy, +that it was with the greatest difficulty any approach could +be made. Every precaution was taken by the allies to prevent +the Russians forcing them to raise the siege by a +vigorous attack from without, which was anticipated about +the middle of this month.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Czar’s last hope of relieving Sebastopol was dissipated +by the battle of the Tchernaya gained over the Russians on +the 16th. of August. This brilliant success was achieved by +the French and Sardinian troops, and the enemy’s attempt +to pass the above river, although made with overwhelming +numbers, met with a most decisive repulse. The British +cavalry, under Lieutenant-General Sir James Yorke Scarlett, +were placed in the plain of Balaklava, prepared to take advantage +of any circumstance that might present itself, but the +opportunity did not arise for calling upon their services.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_439'>439</span> + <h2 class='c006'>FIFTH BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The fifth bombardment of Sebastopol commenced at daylight +on the 17th. of August, the fire being directed against +the Malakoff and Redan, which continued throughout the day: +the Russian fire, which at first replied briskly became feeble +by the evening. The fire<a id='r172'></a><a href='#f172' class='c013'><sup>[172]</sup></a> from the batteries of the allies was +reported by General Simpson, in his despatch of the 21st. of +August, to have been very effective, and the result attained +to have been sufficient to enable the works against the place +to progress satisfactorily.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the night of the 30th. of August, the enemy’s pickets +made a rush at the advanced trench, upset a few gabions, +and killed Lieutenant Preston, of the 97th. In this affair +Captain Pechell, of the 77th., who commanded the advanced +party, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bunbury, of the 23rd. regiment, +who commanded the supports, behaved with great gallantry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The brightness of the nights prevented a large amount of +work being executed, and what was performed became a task +of great difficulty. By the 1st. of September the head of the +sap was about one hundred and fifty yards from the salient +of the Redan, and the garrison interrupted the work by all +possible means.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_440'>440</span> + <h2 class='c006'>FINAL BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Now arrived the time for the sixth and final bombardment +of Sebastopol, before which the allies had been nearly a year. +It was ordered that the firing should commence steadily on +the morning of the 5th. of September, and as the day progressed +it was to be increased, it being so regulated that +a sufficient quantity of ammunition should remain for a very +heavy fire during the assault, which was to take place on the +morning of the 8th. The French commenced a tremendous +cannonade about five o’clock a.m., the British batteries opening +on the Redan and Malakoff. During the 6th. and 7th. the +bombardment continued, and on the morning of the 8th. the +whole of the batteries were in full play. At a few minutes +before noon the French signal was given, and their columns +moved to the front. The Russians were at dinner, and the +Malakoff was taken by surprise without loss. This work was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_441'>441</span>retained by the French, who repulsed every attack to regain +possession of it. The tri-colour planted on the parapet was +the signal for the British to advance; and the fire of the +artillery having made as much of a breach as possible in the +salient of the Redan, it was decided that the columns of +assault should be directed against that part, as being less +exposed to the heavy flanking fire by which the work was +protected.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The arrangement for the attack were entrusted to Lieutenant-General +Sir William Codrington, who carried out the details in +concert with Lieutenant-General Markham. The Second and +Light Divisions were to have the honour of the assault, from +the circumstance of their having defended the batteries and +approaches against the Redan for so many months, and from +the intimate knowledge they possessed of the ground. The +assaulting column was to be formed by equal numbers of +these two Divisions, the column of the Light Division to lead, +and that of the Second to follow.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Leaving the trenches at the preconcerted signal, the troops +moved across the ground, preceded by a covering party of +two hundred men, and a ladder party of three hundred and +twenty. Upon arriving at the crest of the ditch, and the +ladders being placed, the men immediately stormed the parapet +of the Redan, and penetrated into the salient angle. Major +Welsford, of the 97th., who led the storming party, was killed, +and Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Henry Handcock, commanding +the regiment, was mortally wounded. Here a most +determined and sanguinary contest was maintained for nearly +an hour, but, though supported to the utmost, and the greatest +bravery displayed, it was found impossible to maintain the +position. It was a marvel that any escaped.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Colonel Windham’s gallantry on this occasion brought that +officer’s name prominently before the public. One of his +messages reached the trenches, and the right wing of the +23rd. was in consequence ordered out by Lieutenant-Colonel +Sir William Codrington, when a brilliant advance was made, +and a most severe loss sustained. All was of no avail; the +soldiers of the several corps employed had displayed undaunted +courage, but unfortunately the attack was not successful.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_442'>442</span>A loss of twenty-nine officers killed, and one hundred and +twenty-five wounded, together with three hundred and fifty-six +non-commissioned officers and men killed, one thousand +seven hundred and sixty-two wounded, and one hundred and +seventy-five missing, bore fatal evidence of the severity of +the struggle.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Simpson, whilst enumerating the services of the +army, did not omit the sister service; in his despatch it +was stated that “The Naval Brigade, under the command of +Captain the Honourable Henry Keppell, aided by Captain +Moorsom, and many gallant officers and seamen who have +served the guns from the commencement of the siege, merit +my warmest thanks.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Her Majesty’s navy, commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Edmund +Lyons, and ably seconded by Sir Houstoun Stewart, received +special mention. Of the former it was stated “when at +times affairs looked gloomy, and success doubtful, he was at +hand to cheer and encourage; and every assistance that could +tend to advance the operations was given with the hearty +good-will which characterizes the British sailor. Nothing has +contributed more to the present undertaking, than the cordial +co-operation which has so happily existed from the first +between the two services;” also the conduct of the Royal +Engineers, and of Major-General (afterwards Sir Harry) Jones; +the latter, although suffering on a bed of sickness, was conveyed +on a litter at the eventful hour of the assault, to witness +the completion of his arduous undertakings. The Royal Artillery, +under Major-General (afterwards Sir Richard) Dacres, the +chief of the Staff, the Adjutant and Quartermaster-Generals, and +General Staff, as well as Generals commanding divisions and +brigades, were all likewise thanked for their cordial co-operation +and assistance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was determined to renew the attack on the following +morning, with the Highlanders, to be supported by the Third +Division; this was arranged by General Simpson with Lieutenant-General +Sir Colin Campbell, who commanded the Highland +Brigade, and Major-General Sir William Eyre commanding +the Third Division. The Highland Brigade occupied the +advanced trenches during the night. About 11 o’clock the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_443'>443</span>enemy commenced exploding their magazines, and Sir Colin +Campbell, having ordered a small party to advance cautiously +to examine the Redan, found the work abandoned. It was +not, however, deemed necessary to occupy it until daylight.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the night extensive explosions were heard, and great +fires were seen in the town. It soon became known that +the Russians were retiring from the south to the north side, +by means of the raft bridge recently constructed, and which +was afterwards disconnected and conveyed to the other side. +The men-of-war were all sunk during the night.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In Mrs. Henry Duberly’s “Journal kept during the Russian +War” occurs the following description of the Redan after the +final contest:—“What wonderful engineering! What ingenuity +in the thick rope-work which is woven before the guns +leaving only a little hole, through which the man laying the +gun can take his aim, and which is thoroughly impervious to +rifle-shot! The Redan is a succession of little batteries, +each containing two or three guns, with traverses behind each +division; and hidden away under the gabions, sandbags, and +earth, are little huts, in which the officers and men used to +live. Coats, caps, bayonets lay about, with black bread and +broken guns.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus ended the great siege of Sebastopol. The fortress had +fallen, but Prince Gortschakoff, in his retreat, sustained his +well-earned fame. The following telegraphic message was +transmitted to the Commander of the Forces in the Crimea:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The Queen has received with deep emotion the welcome +intelligence of the Fall of Sebastopol. Penetrated with profound +gratitude to the Almighty, who has vouchsafed this +triumph to the Allied Army, Her Majesty has commanded me +to express to yourself, and through you, to her Army, the +pride with which she regards this fresh instance of their +heroism.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The Queen congratulates her Troops on the triumphant +issue of their protracted siege, and thanks them for the cheerfulness +and fortitude with which they have encountered +its toils, and the valour which has led to its termination.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The Queen deeply laments that this success is not without +its alloy, in the heavy losses that have been sustained; and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_444'>444</span>while she rejoices in the victory, Her Majesty deeply sympathizes +with the noble sufferers in their country’s cause.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“You will be pleased to congratulate General Pelissier, in +Her Majesty’s name, upon the brilliant success of the assault +on the Malakoff, which proves the irresistible force, as well +as the indomitable courage of our brave allies.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“(Signed) <span class='sc'>Panmure</span>.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>With the fall of Sebastopol the “Medal” History of the +Campaign in the Crimea terminates, and it therefore only remains +to add, that in October following Kinburn was captured +by the troops under Brigadier-General the Honourable Augustus +Spencer, and the garrison of thirteen hundred men became +prisoners. The troops employed on this successful service +consisted of an escort of cavalry, four guns, the 17th., 20th., +57th., and 63rd. regiments, and two battalions of Marines.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Crimean campaign will be ever remembered for the +first employment, to any extent, of the rifled musket, the use +of which has created a revolution in warfare. Other novelties, +before alluded to, were also adopted. The sacrifice of life +during this protracted siege was immense, but the numbers +who died from disease far exceeded those who fell on the +field of battle.<a id='r173'></a><a href='#f173' class='c013'><sup>[173]</sup></a></p> + +<div id='i445fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_445fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>French War Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>On the 11th. of November, General Sir William Codrington, +K.C.B., succeeded to the command of the army in the Crimea, +General Sir James Simpson having resigned that appointment. +Further proceedings were deferred in consequence of the commencement +of winter, and in February, 1856, a suspension of +hostilities took place. This was followed by a treaty of peace, +which was signed at Paris on the 29th. of March.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By official returns it appears that over two hundred and +fifty-one thousand shot and shell, weighing upwards of nine +thousand tons, were fired during the siege, and that more +than one thousand two hundred tons of powder were used. +The expenditure of ammunition was nearly one million five +hundred thousand rounds, or a thousand tons a day. The +position of the Russians extended about fifteen miles, whilst +the trenches of the besiegers were fifty-two miles in length, +and comprised one hundred and nine batteries, armed with +eight hundred and six pieces, the guns and mortars being of +a calibre seldom before used in a siege. For three hundred +and thirty-four days the trenches were open, and the batteries +for three hundred and twenty-seven days.</p> + +<p class='c008'>British valour and endurance were eminently shewn during +this campaign, and the troops, firm to a sense of duty, never +disappointed the expectations of their countrymen. The gallantry +of the French soldiery, too, and the mutual good-will existing +between the allied armies, cemented by dangers and difficulties +common to both, will ever be remembered, whilst the Sardinian +forces will dwell upon the battle of the Tchernaya, and be +inseparably linked with the valorous deeds performed before +Sebastopol.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_445'>445</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE FRENCH MILITARY WAR MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>In addition to the Decoration of the Legion of Honour +given to officers and men of the Army and Navy who had +distinguished themselves, the Emperor of the French sent +five hundred of the French Military War Medal for distribution +to a proportion of the British Army. The medal is +silver-gilt, and has on the obverse the head of the Emperor, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_446'>446</span>within a blue enamelled circle, inscribed “Louis Napoleon,” +surrounded by a laurel wreath. On the reverse are the words +“Valeur et Discipline,” surrounded by a similar circle and +wreath; the whole surmounted by the Imperial Eagle displayed, +with a loop for suspension. Ribbon—Orange, with +green edges. Only two officers received this medal, His Royal +Highness the Duke of Cambridge, and Sir Wm. Codrington.</p> + +<hr class='c026'> + +<p class='c008'>The deeds of the following non-commissioned officers and +men, who were selected for recommendation to His Majesty, +to receive the above medal, not only furnish exciting episodes, +but are valuable as examples of military daring, endurance, and +kind-heartedness:—</p> + +<p class='c015'>FOURTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major +<span class='sc'>William Joyce</span>, Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Cooke</span>, and Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Hogan</span>; +exemplary and uniform good conduct during the campaign of 1854 and +1855. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Joseph Drake</span>, exemplary conduct in living in +the same tents with, and unremitting attention to, numerous men +when ill and dying of cholera in the Crimea in 1854 and 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIFTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Acting Regimental Serjeant-Major +<span class='sc'>J. Russell</span>, served during the whole Eastern Campaign from May, 1854, +until the end of the war, and was never absent from his duty a single +day; he was present at the Battle of Balaklava, on which occasion he +had his horse killed under him, but procured for himself a second +horse, and immediately rejoined the regiment; he was also present at +Inkermann. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>S. Griffith</span>, served throughout +the whole Eastern Campaign, from May, 1854; whilst the regiment was +in Bulgaria, and cholera raging to a fearful extent, he was most +indefatigable in attending to the wants of the sick; he was present at +the battles of Balaklava and Inkermann, and never absent from duty +during the whole period of the war. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William +Stewart</span>, served in the Eastern Campaign from May, 1854, until the +end of the war; was present at the battle of Balaklava, on which +occasion he had two horses killed under him, but still continued to act, +procuring a third horse, and remaining in action with his regiment; +was present at Inkermann, and never absent from his duty a single +day throughout the war. Sergeant <span class='sc'>M. Davidson</span>, served throughout +the whole of the Eastern Campaign; was present at Inkermann, +Balaklava, and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SIXTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William +Lyons</span>, and Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Edwards</span>; length of service.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_447'>447</span>FIRST DRAGOONS.—Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Norris</span>, served +as Troop Sergeant-Major during the whole of the Eastern Campaign; +was present at the action of Balaklava, where he distinguished himself +by defending himself against four Russian Hussars, one of whom he +killed, and whose horse he captured. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Matthew +Bailey</span>, served as a Sergeant during the whole of the Eastern Campaign; +distinguished himself on patrol duty when his party was +attacked by some Cossacks. Private <span class='sc'>John Savage</span>, served during the +whole of the Eastern Campaign; distinguished himself on outpost +duty, and by his care and attention to his horse during the severe +winter.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SECOND DRAGOONS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Greene</span>, +Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>George Tilsley</span> and Private <span class='sc'>Andrew Wilson</span>; +gallantry in the field at the battle of Balaklava on the 25th. of October, +1854, and exemplary good conduct throughout the campaign, and +during their periods of service. Lance-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Borthwick</span>, +gallantry in the field in the action of Balaklava, and good conduct +during the period he served in the Crimea.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FOURTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Regimental Serjeant-Major +<span class='sc'>James W. Kelly</span>, Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Andrews</span>, Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Guthre</span>, +and Private <span class='sc'>George McGregor</span>; gallantry and distinguished conduct +in the charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade on the 25th. of October, +1854; served during the whole campaigns of 1854–5. Were present at +the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, Traktir, and expedition +to Eupatoria in October, 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SIXTH DRAGOONS.—Troop Sergeant-Majors <span class='sc'>T. J. Wakefield</span> +and <span class='sc'>Andrew Morton</span>, and Trumpeter <span class='sc'>Thomas Monkes</span>; gallantry in +the field in the action of Balaklava on the 25th. of October, 1854, and +served with uniform good conduct during the whole of the campaign. +Private <span class='sc'>Humphrey Polkinghorn</span>; embarked with the first detachment +of the regiment for the East, on the 2nd. of June, 1854. Was present +with it in Bulgaria, and during the first winter in the Crimea. +Received clasps for Balaklava, Inkermann and Sebastopol, and distinguished +himself much in the former action.</p> + +<p class='c015'>EIGHTH HUSSARS.—Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Pickworth</span>, +Sergeant <span class='sc'>Charles Macauley</span>, Corporal <span class='sc'>James Donaghue</span>, and Private +<span class='sc'>John Martin</span>; these men charged with the Light Brigade at Balaklava; +were also present in the ranks at the Alma and Inkermann, and +served with the regiment throughout the war.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TENTH HUSSARS.—Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William Finch</span>, this +non-commissioned officer was present with his troop, which was engaged +with the enemy near Kertch, on the 21st. of September, 1855, and +by his example and personal bravery was a great support to the officer +in charge of the party.</p> + +<p class='c015'>ELEVENTH HUSSARS.—Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Rourke Teevan</span>, +present at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, in which latter he +<span class='pageno' id='Page_448'>448</span>led a troop and behaved gallantly; was also present at the battle of Inkermann. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>Seth Bond</span>, battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and +Inkermann; at the Alma, when ordered to pursue and capture +prisoners, he exhibited great subordination in sparing (at the suggestion +of a staff officer) a Russian, who had wounded him; and also +at the action of Balaklava his coolness and gallantry were noticed. +Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Harrison</span>, the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, +where he behaved very gallantly in galloping to the rescue of +several comrades who were fighting against overwhelming odds; was +also present at the battle of Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Cornelius Teehan</span>, +battles of the Alma and Balaklava, where he behaved gallantly; was +also at the battle of Inkermann. All served the campaign in Bulgaria, +in 1854, and were present at the affair of Bouljanak, and throughout +the campaign in the Crimea from 1854 to 1856. Regimental Sergeant-Major +<span class='sc'>G. L. Smith</span>, recommended by the vote of his comrades, who +with himself returned from the Crimea previous to the first issue of +the French medal; served until the 25th. of January, 1856, and was +present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWELFTH LANCERS.—Corporal <span class='sc'>J. W. Cannings</span>, and Trumpeter +<span class='sc'>John Earson</span>; the former served as orderly and the latter as field +trumpeter to the commanding officer in the actions of Tchourgan and +Tchernaya, and the whole of the operations round Eupatoria, under +General d’Allonville.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTEENTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major +<span class='sc'>Thomas G. Johnson</span>, served the Eastern Campaign, including the reconnoissance +on the Danube under the Earl of Cardigan, battles of +Balaklava and Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, and expedition to Eupatoria. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Davis</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>George Dearlove</span> and +<span class='sc'>John Fenton</span>; served the Eastern Campaign, including the affairs of +Bouljanak and McKenzie’s Farm, battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and +Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, and expedition to Eupatoria.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTEENTH LANCERS.—Regimental Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Chas. +Wooden</span>, Sergeants <span class='sc'>John Shearingham</span> and <span class='sc'>James Nunnerly</span>, and +Private <span class='sc'>Charles Watson</span>; Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and +were never absent from their duties.</p> + +<p class='c015'>ROYAL ARTILLERY.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Kempton</span>, landed at +Varna with ‘I’ Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, and was present in every +skirmish and action in which the troop was engaged, including the +Bouljanak, Alma, McKenzie’s Farm, Balaklava, Inkermann, etc.; +joined “C” troop the 11th. of June, 1855, and went with the Light +Cavalry Brigade to Eupatoria; present in every affair with the enemy. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Scott</span>, served with the troop since its leaving +Woolwich for service in the East; present at the battles of the Alma, +Balaklava, Inkermann, Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol. Driver +<span class='sc'>Robert Smeaton</span>; present with the troop since its leaving Woolwich for +service in the East; present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_449'>449</span>Inkermann, Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol; on the 25th. of +September, 1854, this man gallantly jumped into the river Belbec, and +succeeded in saving the life of a French soldier, who would have been +drowned but for the timely assistance rendered by Driver Smeaton. +Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Henry Wood</span>, served in five bombardments with +zeal and gallantry, and exerted himself in bringing in a wounded +Croat, under a heavy fire, in the September bombardment. Gunner +and Driver <span class='sc'>Robt. Botfield</span>, five bombardments; one of a spiking party +on the 8th. of September, 1855, as a volunteer. Acting Bombardiers +<span class='sc'>George Gibson</span> and <span class='sc'>William J. Burrows</span>, skirmish with Russian +advanced posts September 19th., 1854; battle of the Alma, September +20th.; taking of Balaklava, September 26th.; action of Balaklava, +October 25th.; repulse of sortie from Sebastopol, October 26th.; and +battle of Inkermann, November 5th.; also served in the October, 1854, +April and June, 1855, bombardments. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Fredk. Iles</span>, present +at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and throughout the siege. +Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Douglas</span>, in the trenches during the October +bombardment, and with the exception of one month, he regularly +served in the trenches till the fall of the city, taking part in every +bombardment. Bombardier <span class='sc'>William Hewitt</span>, was present at the +battles of the Alma, and Inkermann, Shell Hill, October 26th., 1854, +first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth bombardments, and the +taking of the Quarries, June 7th., 1855; wounded in the head, June +18th., 1855. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>James Cannell</span>, distinguished himself +during six bombardments. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John M‘Ardle</span>, volunteered +for the spiking parties on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of +September, 1855; on the 18th. of June, during the storming of the +Redan, Gunner Glass left the advanced trenches of the right attack +with a few men, and advanced towards the Redan; on getting about +half-way he was badly wounded in three places, Gunner M‘Ardle crept +out of the trenches on his hands and knees, managed to get Gunner +Glass on his back, returning with him into the trenches. Gunner and +Driver <span class='sc'>John Hay</span>, served throughout the whole of the campaign, from +the first landing in Bulgaria, and was never absent from the battery. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Perkins</span>, landed in the Crimea on the 26th. of +December, 1854, and present in all the bombardments since that time; +was recommended by Captain Walcot, Royal Artillery, for distinguished +conduct; specially recommended by Captain Oldfield, R.A., and forwarded +by Lord Raglan with his recommendation for conduct in No. 8 +battery, on the 13th. and 14th. of April, 1855. Gunner and Driver +<span class='sc'>George Davis</span>, served in reserve at the battle of the Alma; at the +battle of Inkermann, as a driver (both his horses killed); in the siege +train from the 12th. of July till the fall of Sebastopol, including the +two last bombardments. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Powell</span>, distinguished +himself in the Sandbag battery; when the embrasure had +caught fire he leaped into it and extinguished the flame under a very +<span class='pageno' id='Page_450'>450</span>heavy fire; served trench duty from December, 1854, to the 8th. +of September, 1855, and in each bombardment. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Christopher +Fitzsimons</span>, served in the trenches, without intermission, from the 6th. +of March, 1855, to the reduction of the fortress; present at the +bombardments of the 9th. of April, 8th. of June, 18th. of June, and +5th. of September, 1855; commanded the Mortar Battery (No. 10) on +three occasions as a subaltern officer; armed the Quarries after they +were captured by the troops. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Adams</span>, in the trenches +from December, 1854, until the fall of Sebastopol, including intermediate +bombardments. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Acland</span>, present at the third +and fourth bombardments; wounded in August, 1855; lost an eye. +Corporal <span class='sc'>James Hamilton</span>, was engaged at five bombardments; on the +8th. of September, 1855, he was one of the spiking party in the attack +on the Redan; he also carried a wounded captain of the 3rd. Buffs +from the Redan ditch to the advanced trench; for this act he was +recommended for a distinguished conduct medal. Corporal <span class='sc'>Joseph +Milligan</span>, present at the battle of the Alma and served in the trenches, +and was present at all bombardments. Bombardier <span class='sc'>John Bower</span>, one +of the spiking party on the 8th. of September, 1855, for which duty he +volunteered, and then greatly exerted himself in bringing in wounded +men, until wounded himself; he was present in the trenches during +five bombardments. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Michael O’Donohue</span>, served +in five bombardments with zeal; one of the spiking party on the 18th. +of June, as a volunteer. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Michael Malowney</span>, at the +skirmish on the 19th. of September, 1854; battles of the Alma, Balaklava, +and Inkermann; Tchernaya (in reserve); bombardments of the +9th. of April, 6th. and 17th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Fairfax</span> +and Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>James Magee</span>, at the skirmish of the 19th. of +September, 1854; battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; +the former was at the Tchernaya (in reserve); bombardment of the +9th. of April, 1855; noticed on the field at battle of Inkermann for +his coolness and courage; the latter served at the bombardments on +the 9th. of April, and 6th. and 17th. of June, 1855. Acting Bombardiers +<span class='sc'>John Hagan</span> and <span class='sc'>Charles Henderson</span>, present at the bombardments +of the 9th. of April, 16th. and 17th. of June, 17th. of August, +and the 5th. of September, 1855; the former volunteered for the +assault on the 18th. of June, and the latter for that of the 8th. of +September following. Acting Bombardier <span class='sc'>David Jenkins</span>, spiked the +guns in the redoubt on Canrobert’s Hill, on the 25th. of October, 1854; +remained in the work after the Turks evacuated it, and although the +Russians were advancing rapidly up the hill, he did not quit the place +until he had spiked every gun; Lord Raglan mentioned his name in +a despatch, and by Her Majesty’s command the names of Gunner +Jenkins and three others were forwarded to the Horse Guards. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>James McGarrity</span>, present during the whole campaign, including +the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and the third and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_451'>451</span>fourth bombardments; took powder to the trenches on the 17th. of +October, 1854, under a very heavy fire. Corporal <span class='sc'>Patrick Conway</span>, +present at the battle of Inkermann, and was mentioned for very +gallant conduct by Major Boothby, R.A., and Captain Henry, Land +Transport Corps, the latter of whom he assisted in rescuing from the +enemy when severely wounded. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>George Bines</span>, +present at the battle of Inkermann; third, fourth, and fifth bombardments. +Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>James McGrath</span>, assisted Sergeant <span class='sc'>Henry</span> +(who received twelve bayonet wounds in this service) in limbering-up +a gun surrounded by Russians at Inkermann. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Walter +Flockhart</span>, landed with the siege train; served in the trenches during +five bombardments; present at Inkermann; was No. 1 of the gun +where the parapet was blown out to allow it to bear on the Russians +advancing after the storming of the Malakoff; slightly wounded in the +head. Corporal <span class='sc'>James Browne</span>, ditto; was present with the eighteen-pounders +at Inkermann; volunteered, and went with spiking party on +the 18th. of June, 1855. Bombardier <span class='sc'>Angus Sutherland</span>, landed with +the siege train; served in the first bombardment; severely wounded in +both legs by the bursting of a shell; served again in the April and +subsequent bombardments; at the explosion of the French gun park +was one of the first men to volunteer to carry away a number of live +shell and carcasses. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Norton</span>, landed in the +Crimea with the siege train; served in the trenches during five bombardments; +volunteered to go out with the rocket tube in front of the +twenty-one gun battery. Trumpeter <span class='sc'>John M‘Claren</span>, came out at the +commencement of the campaign; was in Turkey; present at the Alma, +Balaklava, and Inkermann; volunteered and served as No. 6 of No. 2 +gun at that battle, after Lieutenant-Colonel Dacres had taken his +horse, his own having been shot. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Vance</span>, +present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; engaged +on night fatigues during the whole siege, under fire, taking +ammunition to the trenches. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Patrick Knight</span>, +engaged in all the bombardments, and rendered himself conspicuous +by his general coolness and gallantry under fire; wounded in the side +by the bursting of a gun in the first bombardment. Corporal <span class='sc'>Matthew +Fenton</span>, in the trenches before Sebastopol from the 1st. of October, +1854, till the 8th. of September, 1855, and was also present at the battle +of Inkermann. Sergeant Conductor <span class='sc'>Job Smith</span>, landed in the Crimea +on the 30th. of September, 1854; served in the trenches from the 17th. +of October, 1854, to the 8th. of September, 1855, and was present +at the battle of Inkermann with the two eighteen-pounder guns. +Sergeant Conductors <span class='sc'>Joseph Buchanan</span> and <span class='sc'>James Boggie</span>, served in six +bombardments. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Joseph Smith</span>, constant duty in the trenches +from December, 1854. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John M‘Pherson</span>, landed at Balaklava +in September, 1854; present during the whole siege and at all the +bombardments; was in No. 7 Battery, left attack, the day it was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_452'>452</span>opened and knocked to pieces; was slightly wounded on the 20th. of +October, 1854; was at Inkermann. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Henry Bacchus</span>, served +throughout the Crimean campaign; at the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, +expedition to Eupatoria, etc. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Richard +Woodbridge</span>, was present at all the bombardments, and never absent +from his duty in the trenches; particularly distinguished himself at +the bombardment of the 18th. of June, for his zeal and gallant conduct. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Walsh</span>, served in the trenches from November, 1854, +until the fall of Sebastopol, and displayed on all occasions great bravery +and coolness under fire, setting a good example to young soldiers. +Bombardier <span class='sc'>John Trotter</span>, cleared an embrasure in the advanced +trenches on the 17th. of August, 1855, under a heavy fire. Corporal +<span class='sc'>Thomas Betts</span>, shewed great zeal and coolness under fire from the 18th. +of April to the fall of Sebastopol. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Thos. Margree</span>, +shewed general zeal and attention to his duties, and great coolness +under fire. Bombardier <span class='sc'>J. Bower</span>, gallant conduct at the assault on +the Redan on the 8th. of September, on which occasion he was +wounded; always behaved well under fire. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>E. +O’Brien</span>, for gallantry in the trenches, and volunteering for the assault +on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September. +Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Hugh Davis</span>, served with gallantry at the Alma and +Inkermann; specially mentioned by Lord Raglan for his conduct with +the two heavy guns at the latter engagement, where he lost both +his arms by a round shot. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Samuel Ewing</span>, shewed great zeal +and energy in command of a gun in the June bombardment; volunteered +for a spiking party and lost a leg. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>William +Hovenden</span>, strongly recommended for his zeal and gallantry throughout +the siege; lost his leg in the trenches. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>T. +Reynolds</span>, for gallant conduct throughout the siege; was wounded, but +remained at his gun until ordered away by an officer. Bombardier +<span class='sc'>William Ramsey</span>, strongly recommended for gallant conduct under fire +and general attention to duty in the trenches. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. McKown</span>, +served with great gallantry in all the bombardments since November, +1854.</p> + +<p class='c015'>ROYAL ENGINEERS.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Kester Knight</span>, joined +the army at Scutari, in May, 1854; present at every bombardment, and +has received a medal with two clasps; was specially selected by +Colonel Tylden for important daily duties in the trenches of the +right attack, and was subsequently recommended strongly by him +for promotion, which he received. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Ross</span>, served at +Bomarsund, and joined the army in the East in December, 1854; +since which time he was never absent from the army; mentioned +specially for distinguished conduct in Brigade Orders, dated the +22nd. of July, and 24th. of August, 1855, receiving a pecuniary gratuity +on both occasions by order of the Commander of the Forces. +Corporal <span class='sc'>Robert Hanson</span>, joined the army at the Katcha Bivouac, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_453'>453</span>and was never absent from it; has received a medal and two clasps; +was selected for special duties in the trenches by the director of the +left attack, who reported, at the close of the siege, that he had conducted +the operations entrusted to him with ability and perseverance, +whilst under a heavy fire. Second Corporal <span class='sc'>Walter Conning</span>, joined +the army in the East at the commencement of the war, and was never +absent from it; has received a medal with three clasps. Private +<span class='sc'>John Perie</span>, ditto; has received the war medal and four clasps; +distinguished himself by frequent good service in the trenches, and +especially at the assault on the Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855. +Corporal <span class='sc'>John McMurphy</span>, served in the Crimea five months; was +present at the capture of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855, +assault on the Redan, June 18th., bombardment of the 17th. of +August, and capture of Sebastopol; distinguished himself by carrying +into the trenches a wounded soldier from the open, under a +heavy fire from the enemy, before Sebastopol, in August, 1855, for +which act of gallantry he was awarded the sum of three pounds by +the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. Corporal <span class='sc'>William James +Lendrim</span>, served in the Crimea from November, 1854, and was several +times recorded as having displayed great skill and coolness under fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'>GRENADIER GUARDS, THIRD BATTALION.—Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Charles Sargeant</span>, embarked with the battalion in February, 1854; +served without intermission until the close of the war; was present at +the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann (wounded), siege and +capture of Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>Isaac Archer</span>, volunteered as one of +the sharpshooters of the Brigade of Guards in October, 1854; was +present in every action during the war. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Elger</span>, +served during the whole of the campaign. Private <span class='sc'>Aaron Hale</span>, +present during the whole of the campaign; favourably reported by +the engineer officer for his conduct on the night of the 24th. of +August, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>James King</span>, served throughout the campaign; +was present in every engagement. Private <span class='sc'>William Myers</span>, +distinguished conduct in the trenches in August, 1855, in volunteering +to bring in wounded men from the front. Private <span class='sc'>William +Williams</span> served through the whole campaign. Pay-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Robert +Powley</span>, he went out with the battalion in February, 1854; he was +present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, in which latter +battle he greatly distinguished himself. Private <span class='sc'>William Nurton</span>, +present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; severely wounded +at Inkermann.</p> + +<p class='c015'>COLDSTREAM GUARDS, FIRST BATTALION.—Sergeant-Major +<span class='sc'>Sheppard Carter</span>, served with the battalion from its embarkation in +February, 1854; actually engaged in the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, +and served in the trenches before Sebastopol. Drill-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>John Burnett</span>, and Sergeant <span class='sc'>Wm. Reed</span>, embarked with the battalion +in February, 1854; actually engaged at the Alma and Inkermann, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_454'>454</span>served in the trenches throughout the siege. Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Walden</span>, +ditto, and was wounded at the latter battle, which caused him +to be absent for a short time. Privates <span class='sc'>John Winter</span>, <span class='sc'>Philip Balls</span>, +and <span class='sc'>Charles Tutt</span>, actually engaged at the Alma and Inkermann, +and did duty in the trenches without any intermission throughout +the siege; Private Winter served since February, 1854, and Balls +and Tutt since July, 1854. Corporal <span class='sc'>Frederick Vile</span>, for gallant conduct +at Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>John Bott</span>, for general good and gallant +conduct during the campaign.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS, FIRST BATTALION.—Pay and +Colour-Sergeants <span class='sc'>William M‘Gregor</span>, and <span class='sc'>James Badenoch</span>, distinguished +themselves both at the Alma, Inkermann, and in the +trenches; conduct exemplary throughout the whole campaign. Drill-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>James Lennox</span>, in all the actions, and in the trenches up +to the 28th. of February, 1855, when he was employed at the +sanitorium at Balaklava. Sergeant <span class='sc'>David Manson</span>, came out with +the battalion; distinguished himself at the Alma; was present at +the other actions, and throughout the siege. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Judd</span>, +present in all the actions, and was conspicuous during the siege +for his unwearied zeal when he was constantly employed on a +fatiguing duty. Acting Corporal <span class='sc'>Joseph Coulter</span>, particularly +distinguished himself at the Alma; continuing to fire on the +enemy after being severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>John Drummond</span>, distinguished +himself throughout the whole campaign, and was present +in all the engagements. Pay and Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Attrill</span>, +served with distinction at the Alma, Inkermann, and in the trenches +before Sebastopol; was also present at Balaklava; he displayed energy, +gallantry, and zeal in the performance of all his duties until invalided. +Assistant Drill-Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Sharp</span>, was present at the Alma, +Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, in all of which his +conduct was very conspicuous.</p> + +<p class='c015'>ROYAL REGIMENT, FIRST BATTALION.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William +Sparks</span>, recommended by officers in charge of covering parties for +intrepid conduct and zealous performance of his duty. Corporal <span class='sc'>John +Horsfall</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>Daniel Moran</span>, and <span class='sc'>James Colver</span>, continued +faithful service in the trenches during the whole of the siege operations. +Private <span class='sc'>Andrew Campbell</span>, mentioned favourably in orders, through +the recommendation of an engineer officer, for zealous conduct whilst +employed on trench duty. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>A. J. Stewart</span>, and +Corporal <span class='sc'>W. J. Sullivan</span>, continued devotedness to their duty throughout +the siege.</p> + +<p class='c015'>ROYAL REGIMENT, SECOND BATTALION.—Sergeant-Major +<span class='sc'>Stephen Hunter</span>, constant, active, zealous, and efficient services in the +trenches before Sebastopol, from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of +September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Mulvany</span>, continuous, zealous, and +efficient service in the trenches, from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_455'>455</span>September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Charles Pulfer</span>, constant zeal and alacrity +in the performance of his duty in the trenches, from the 22nd. of April +to the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Frederick Lock</span>, distinguished +zeal and activity in the trenches, from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. +of September, 1855. Drummer <span class='sc'>Henry Clarke</span>, present at the attack +on the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855, when he took a rifle and +accoutrements, and performed the duties of a rank and file.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRD FOOT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Heyes</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>William +Brown</span>, <span class='sc'>John Connors</span>, <span class='sc'>John Eagan</span>, <span class='sc'>John Hall</span>, and <span class='sc'>John Walsh</span>, the +whole of these men were repeatedly mentioned for their soldier-like +behaviour throughout the siege; all specially distinguished themselves +at the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private John Connors +received the Victoria Cross.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FOURTH (KING’S OWN) REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William +O’Grady</span>, present at the head-quarters of his regiment during the whole +campaign, and performed his duty throughout in the most exemplary +manner in every respect. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Alexander Flemming</span>, +ditto, but was absent from the 2nd. of August, 1855, to the 25th. +of December following, being attached to the commissariat department. +Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Robert Marshall</span>, present at the head-quarters of +his regiment from the 9th. of December, 1855; was strongly recommended +for zeal and activity in the performance of his duties in the +trenches. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Clarkson</span>, present at the head-quarters of +his regiment during the whole campaign; twice wounded, namely, +on the 14th. of April, and the 22nd. of June, 1855. Lance-Corporal +<span class='sc'>John Fitzgerald</span>, present at the head-quarters of his regiment during +the whole Eastern Campaign; volunteered and acted as a sharpshooter +as long as that force was employed. Private <span class='sc'>Teddy Murray</span>, upon +volunteers being called for on the 16th. of October, 1854, to act as +marksmen, he was one of the first to offer his services, and he continued +to serve in that capacity as long as the force was employed. Private +<span class='sc'>James Murphy</span>, present at the head-quarters of his regiment during +the whole campaign, and never missed a trench duty until severely +wounded on the 18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Newth</span>, continuous +performance of his duty during the campaign, and in the +trenches before Sebastopol, from the commencement of the siege until +the 5th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John Fitzpatrick</span>, zealous in the discharge +of his duties before Sebastopol, from the commencement of +the siege operations until the 21st. of June, 1855, when he was severely +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTH ROYAL FUSILIERS.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Joseph Bell</span>, +landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; engaged at the +Alma and Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and both +assaults on the Redan. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Watts</span>, landed in the +Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was engaged at the Alma, +and brought the company out of action; engaged with the enemy +<span class='pageno' id='Page_456'>456</span>on the 26th. of October, 1854, also at Inkermann, on the 5th. of +November, 1854, and brought the company out of action; at the +taking of the Quarries, and both the assaults on the Redan. Sergeants +<span class='sc'>John Laws</span> and <span class='sc'>Thomas Poulton</span>, and Corporals <span class='sc'>Patrick Hanlon</span> and +<span class='sc'>William Marshall</span>, engaged at the Alma and Inkermann, both assaults +on the Redan, in all trench duties, and were never absent from their +regiment; Corporal <span class='sc'>Marshall</span> was wounded on the 18th. of June, +1855. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Edwards</span>, served at the Alma and Inkermann, +at both the assaults on the Redan, and the capture of the Quarries; +especially mentioned by the officer commanding the regiment on the +latter occasion; and never missed a day’s duty in the trenches. +Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William Bacon</span>, wounded at the attack on the Redan +on the 18th. of June, 1855; and desperately wounded on the 8th. of +September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William White</span>, was present at the battles +of the Alma and Inkermann, and in the trenches; left the Crimea in +May, 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINTH FOOT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Ripton</span>, conspicuous for gallantry +in the trenches throughout the siege of Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Ezekiel +Firmin</span>, exposed himself to great personal risk on the 18th. of June, +1855, in order to succour Lieutenant-Colonel Lowth, 38th. regiment, +when wounded. Private <span class='sc'>D. M‘Mahon</span>, exposed himself, and rescued a +wounded comrade in the trenches on the 18th. of August, 1855, when +the working party to which he belonged was driven back by the +destructive fire of the enemy. Private <span class='sc'>Christopher Farrell</span>, rejoined +the 9th. after volunteering to the 68th. Light Infantry, with which he +served with credit at the Alma, Inkermann, and throughout the siege; +volunteered for and behaved well during the capture of the Quarries on +the 7th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John Redmond</span>, distinguished himself +as a volunteer for the advance party, during the attack on the Cemetery, +on the 18th. of June, 1855; and generally in the trenches during the +siege. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Andrew Rielly</span>, served with conspicuous zeal in the +trenches throughout the siege, and distinguished himself during the +attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>Michael +Monaghan</span>, rendered valuable service on the 18th. of June, 1855, by +conveying a letter from his commanding officer to the Brigadier-General, +under a most perilous fire, by which he was wounded on his +return; again wounded in the trenches on the 5th. of July, 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTEENTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Godwin</span>, Senior +Sergeant with the regiment in the trenches during the bombardment, +from the 6th. to the 8th. of September; in command of party in the +rifle-pit near 2nd. Boyau, right attack, where he did good service. +Private <span class='sc'>Valentine Corry</span>, good conduct in the trenches, and good +service in the rifle-pits, 2nd. Boyau, during the night of the 7th. of +September, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>Edward Tallmann</span>, severely wounded in +the advanced parallel, right attack, on the 7th. of September. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Thomas Coopen</span>, good conduct when in charge of a detached party in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_457'>457</span>the rifle-pits, on the night of the 7th. of September, 1855. Private +<span class='sc'>Frederick Stokes</span>, was severely wounded during the bombardment.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FOURTEENTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Cooper</span>, volunteered +with twenty men to attack a rifle-pit in the Cemetery, left attack, +on the 18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Macdonald</span>, carried off, +under fire, from the open ground in front of the trenches, a wounded +man of the 39th. regiment. Private <span class='sc'>Robert Harrison</span>, zealous and +constant attention to his duty in the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Caby</span>, +volunteered to go out, under a heavy fire, to bring in a wounded man +from the first Royal Regiment. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Canty</span>, a clean and +well-conducted soldier in camp and in the trenches, where he was +wounded. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Brown</span>, served in the Crimea from the +19th. of January, 1855, to the 6th. of January, 1856; severely wounded +on the 18th. of June, 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTEENTH FOOT.—Corporal <span class='sc'>Philip Smith</span>, distinguished +himself by going out on the glacis of the great Redan several times on the +18th. of June, 1855, after the assault, under very heavy fire, and bringing +in several wounded men on his back; never missed a duty; present +during the whole time. Private <span class='sc'>John Davis</span>, distinguished himself by +cool bravery and remarkably steady gallantry at the assault on the +great Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855; reported by the officers and +several men of his company; wounded twice. Private <span class='sc'>Richard Hogan</span>, +distinguished by his officers and many of his comrades for superior +intelligence in the trenches; present with his regiment during the +whole period of service in the Crimea; wounded. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas +Lawless</span>, distinguished as one of the seven men who went out on the glacis +of the great Redan at the assault on the 18th. of June, 1855, under very +heavy fire, and brought in the dead body of their Captain, John Croker. +Private <span class='sc'>Benjamin Vaughan</span>, distinguished at the assault on the great +Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855, when orderly to the commanding +officer, for cool courage and steadiness; firelock broken in his hands +by a shot. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Charles Collins</span>, highly gallant conduct in the +morning of the 22nd. of March, 1855, in volunteering and remaining +out with the advanced sentries on the Woronzoff Road for two hours +during a sortie made by the Russians that night.</p> + +<p class='c015'>EIGHTEENTH ROYAL IRISH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Edward Dunne</span>, constant and good services in the trenches. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>John Harvey</span>, zealous performance of duty in the trenches. Corporal +<span class='sc'>Neil O’Donnell</span>, service in the trenches, and was remarked for his +gallantry at the assault on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John Cox</span>, +great bravery in the field and in the trenches, and always encouraging +others by a peculiarly cheerful manner of performing his duty. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>John Gleeson</span>, gallantry on the 18th. of June, 1855, and noted for his +unwearied zeal in the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>Edward Langton</span>, gallantry +on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John Byrne</span>, great bravery in +removing from the front, and under very heavy fire, wounded men, on +the 18th. of June, 1855; and zeal in the trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_458'>458</span>NINETEENTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William John +Britts</span>, present with his regiment during the whole of the campaign; +distinguished himself in repulsing the sortie made by the enemy on the +night of the 22nd. of March. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Murphy</span>, ditto.; never +absent from duty from sickness; was wounded severely in the attack +on the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855, when he distinguished +himself. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Murphy</span>, did duty with his regiment without +intermission throughout the whole campaign. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Smith</span>, +ditto; was slightly wounded on the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Henry Strick</span>, ditto; lost the forefinger of the left hand at the attack +on the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Hugh B. +Higgins</span>, ditto; was never absent from duty in the trenches through +sickness or any other cause. Private <span class='sc'>James Duffy</span>, ditto; volunteered +and was employed as sharpshooter for three weeks; wounded at the +attack of the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>George +Rolins</span>, for distinguished conduct when Corporal in the eight-gun +battery before Sebastopol, during a sortie made by the enemy on the +night of the 22nd. of March, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Samuel Evans</span>, for voluntarily +entering an embrasure, and assisting the sappers to reconstruct +it, under a heavy fire from the enemy, on the 13th. of April, 1855, +before Sebastopol; honourably mentioned in division orders, and +received a gratuity of five pounds, by order of Field-Marshal Lord +Raglan.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWENTIETH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>Joseph Moss</span>, all these non-commissioned +officers and men landed in the Crimea on the 14th of +September, 1854; was present at the three actions; brought prominently +to notice at the battle of Inkermann, and was through the whole +of the siege operations: Sergeants <span class='sc'>George Boxall</span> and <span class='sc'>John Brown</span> +were present at the three actions; through the whole of the siege +operations; and were active and zealous non-commissioned officers in +the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>Joseph Brown</span>, was present at all the actions, +and through the whole of the siege operations; behaved well at the +sortie on the 22nd. of March, 1855, and also at the attack on the Redan +on the 18th. of June. Private <span class='sc'>George Kirkham</span>, present at all the +actions; brought himself to notice at the battle of Inkermann, and +also in repulsing a sortie on the advance trench; through the whole +siege operations. Privates <span class='sc'>William Hennessy</span> and <span class='sc'>Henry Gray</span>, present +at all the actions, and through the whole of the siege operations; the +former behaved with great spirit in the trenches, when a live shell fell +amongst his party, depriving one of his comrades of his presence of +mind, who remained standing near it until Private Hennessy rushed +out and brought the man under cover. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Callaghan</span>, was +present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and the +siege of Sebastopol; was also one of a party who, under a heavy fire, +brought the body of Lieutenant-General the Honourable Sir George +Cathcart from the field. Private <span class='sc'>John Lowe</span>, was present at the battles +<span class='pageno' id='Page_459'>459</span>of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and during the whole siege; +never absent from any duty until he left the Crimea, in December, +1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWENTY-FIRST FUSILIERS.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Higdon</span>, for +distinguished conduct at the battle of Inkermann, and uniform good +conduct during the campaign. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Sim</span>, for gallant +conduct throughout the siege, and on the 18th. of June, with the ladder +party. Private <span class='sc'>Timothy Driscoll</span>, for having served without interruption +in the trenches during the whole siege, and for his very good +character, he not having a single entry in the defaulters’ book. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>Patrick Kelly</span>, for having served without interruption during +the whole siege, and for his very good character. Private <span class='sc'>Michael +M‘Phely</span>, for distinguished conduct during the sortie of the 22nd. of +March, 1855, and for general gallant conduct throughout the siege. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Russell</span>, for gallant conduct at the battle of Inkermann, +and uninterrupted performance of his duties throughout the siege. +Private <span class='sc'>Peter Crowley</span>, for distinguished conduct in having rescued an +officer of another regiment from a Russian soldier, whom he also took +prisoner at the battle of Inkermann; and for uniform good conduct +throughout the siege. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Ellis</span>, landed with the +regiment at Old Fort, on the 14th. of September, 1854; present at the +Alma; wounded at Inkermann. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Edward Marshman</span>, served +throughout the campaign in the Crimea; volunteered on the morning +of the 23rd. of March, 1855, when in an advanced trench, to lead a +party against a Russian sortie, and to outflank them, for which service +he was promoted to Corporal, and afterwards Sergeant.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William Handley</span>, +recommended for general good service during the war; shewed +great gallantry at the battle of the Alma, and in the trenches; and +especially in the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>James Collins</span>, recommended for general good service and great +gallantry throughout the various actions, including the attack of the +Quarries and the final assault of the Redan; mentioned particularly as +distinguishing himself on one occasion by reposting a line of sentries in +front of the five-gun battery, the first line of sentries having been driven +in; present at the Alma and Inkermann. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Charles Godden</span>, +recommended for general good service at the Alma and Inkermann, +and throughout the whole period, including the final attack on the +Redan; mentioned particularly as having distinguished himself on the +21st. of December, 1854, by remaining at his post after the rest of the +party had been driven in from the advanced trenches by the Russians. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Andrews</span>, distinguished himself particularly in the +final attack on the Redan. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Boyse</span>, especially +for very distinguished conduct in the attack on the Redan on the 8th. +of September, 1855, on which day he shewed great coolness in endeavouring +to keep up a fire on the enemy who lined the parapet on the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_460'>460</span>right of the British attack. Private <span class='sc'>John Brown</span>, and Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Charles Coviton</span>, particularly in the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of +September, 1855; all were at the Alma and Inkermann, and were +distinguished for general good service. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James O’Neill</span>, +served gallantly at the battle of the Alma, at Inkermann, and was +zealous throughout the siege; also at the assault on the Redan on the +8th. of September, 1855, where he was severely wounded. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>William Parkinson</span>, served gallantly at the Alma, and was zealous in +his duties throughout the siege in the trenches; was wounded in the +final assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private +<span class='sc'>Thomas Gerraghty</span>, behaved well at the battle of the Alma, and was +wounded at the final assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September, +1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Cook</span>: the +following all landed in the Crimea with the regiment, and were present +at the Alma and Inkermann; performed excellent duty in the trenches +the whole period, and gave general satisfaction to all officers employed +with him; was in the affair of the Cemetery on the 18th. of June. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Dunnery</span>, ditto; present during the whole siege; +behaved most gallantly in the affair of the Cemetery on the 18th. of June. +Private <span class='sc'>James Carson</span>, volunteered as sharpshooter under the command +of Captain Mounsell, who spoke in great praise of him; was employed +from the first bombardment till the end of December; present during +the whole siege. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Connell</span>, present in all the siege +operations; behaved gallantly, volunteering for the advanced party of +sharpshooters in the Cemetery, on the 18th. of June, when he was +severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>William Dunn</span>, engaged in the siege operations +the whole period; volunteered for the advanced party of sharpshooters +on the 18th. of June, in the Cemetery, when he was severely +wounded. Private <span class='sc'>John Blake</span>, present throughout the whole siege, +and was most active, forward, and energetic on all occasions in the +trenches. Private <span class='sc'>John Tobin</span>, volunteered as sharpshooter from the +first bombardment to the end of December, 1854; spoken highly of by +Captain Mounsell, who commanded the sharpshooters; present during +the whole siege, and did excellent service; was in the affair of the +Cemetery, on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Jonathan Hill</span>, present +at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and performed good duty in +the trenches during the whole winter of 1854, up to the 18th. of June, +on which day he was with the regiment in the Cemetery, and was +severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Tulley</span>, similar service until March, +1855, when he was sent back to Scutari; volunteered his services as +sharpshooter in the advanced works of the left attack during the winter +of 1854.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTIETH REGIMENT.—The following, except Private <span class='sc'>Smith</span>, +who was not at Inkermann, having been wounded in the sortie on the +26th. of October, all landed with the 30th regiment in the Crimea, on the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_461'>461</span>14th. of September, 1854, and were present at the battles of the Alma +and Inkermann, and at the sortie of the 26th. of October. Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>John Richardson</span>, served regularly in the trenches throughout +the siege; he was mentioned in orders after the battle of the Alma for +his distinguished conduct; he was present at the assault on the Redan. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>Owen Curran</span>, served in the trenches throughout the siege, +and was present at both assaults on the Redan. Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Thomas M‘Donogh</span>, at both assaults on the Redan, and throughout the +siege; he was slightly wounded on the 8th. of September, 1855. +Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Michael Byrne</span>, served in the trenches throughout the +siege; was present at the two assaults on the Redan; was slightly +wounded at the battle of Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>William Nicholl</span>, served +in the trenches during the whole siege; was present at both the assaults +on the Redan; was mentioned in orders, for gallant conduct, at the +battle of the Alma; wounded slightly at the Alma, Inkermann, and on +the 26th. of October, 1854, and severely at the assault on the Redan on +the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Charles Quigley</span>, served in the +trenches throughout the siege, and was present at the two assaults on +the Redan; received a medal for distinguished service in the field, for +his conduct at the Alma and Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>John Smith</span>, wounded +at the sortie of the 26th. of October, 1854; served in the trenches from +May, 1855, till the close of the siege, and was present at both the +assaults on the Redan, at the latter of which his gallant conduct was +especially remarked by Lieutenant-Colonel Mauleverer, C.B., and other +officers; he obtained a medal for distinguished service in the field, for +his conduct on the 26th. of October, 1854. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Hastings +McAllister</span>, landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of July, 1855; distinguished +himself greatly at the storming of the Redan, on the 8th. of +September, 1855, on which occasion he was wounded in five places. +Private <span class='sc'>Thomas McDonald</span>, landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of +September, 1854; present at the battles of the Alma, the sortie of the +26th. of October, 1854, and the battle of Inkermann, where he highly +distinguished himself, and was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Foley</span>, +strongly recommended for his cool and soldier-like bearing on the evening +of the 17th. of June, 1855, when the 31st. regiment occupied the +trenches for the first time, thus setting a good example to the young +soldiers. Privates <span class='sc'>Richard Stapleton</span> and <span class='sc'>James Ruth</span>, these two +soldiers were strongly recommended by Captain Rowlands, 41st. Regiment, +who commanded the party engaged in taking the rifle-pits, in the +advance of the right sap, advance trench, on the night of the 4th. of +September, 1855, and their conduct particularly mentioned for great +coolness and bravery in keeping possession of one of the pits till ordered +to retire. Private <span class='sc'>Lacky Ryan</span>, engaged with Lieutenant Leeson, +31st. regiment in taking the rifle-pits in the advance of the right sap, +advance trench, on the night of the 4th. of September, 1855, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_462'>462</span>particularly noticed for his coolness and bravery. Private <span class='sc'>John Spelman</span>, +this man was one of a party (engaged in taking possession of +the rifle-pits in the advance of the right sap, advance trench, on the +night of the 4th. of September, 1855), whose conduct was particularly +mentioned for coolness and bravery by Captain Rowlands, of the 41st. +regiment, in keeping possession of the pits for half an hour, till +ordered to retire; he was severely wounded on this occasion.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William Barwell</span>, +distinguished himself very much in the attack on the Redan on +the 18th. of June, and served nearly the whole campaign. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Patrick Whelan</span>, served through the whole campaign; was always a +first-rate soldier in the battle-field and in the trenches, and was one of +the first men of the regiment at the Redan on the 8th. of September. +Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Bacon</span>, was noticed by Sir William Codrington +at the battle of the Alma, and was wounded at the attack on the Redan +on the 18th. of June; served through the whole campaign, never being +absent. Private <span class='sc'>Francis Crotty</span>, served through the whole campaign; +distinguished himself on the 18th. of June. Private <span class='sc'>William Douglas</span>, +volunteered and served as a sharpshooter during the first bombardments +of Sebastopol; with nine other men charged a party of Russians +and made them retire, at Inkermann, where he volunteered to join +Colonel Waddy, 50th. regiment, to follow the retiring enemy; was +wounded on the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Crane</span>, +served at the Alma; was noticed by Captain Drewe, 23rd. Royal Welsh +Fusiliers, who strongly recommended him for gallantry on the 8th. of +September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Menaing</span>, served through +the whole campaign; present with the regiment the whole time. +Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Philip Read</span>, served through the whole campaign; +volunteered to go with the regiment on the 8th. of September, at the +attack on the Redan, when warned for that duty; was severely +wounded on that occasion. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick M‘Guire</span>, volunteered as +sharpshooter at the commencement of the siege of Sebastopol; was +taken prisoner on the 20th. of October, 1854, when employed on that +duty, by a party of Russians; killed the two men who had him in +charge, and made his escape; was present during the whole campaign.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Quirk</span>, +gallant conduct on the 7th. of June, 1855, during the attack on the +Quarries; also on the 19th. of April, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Haydon</span>, +general gallant conduct in the trenches, especially on the 19th. of April, +1855, at the taking of Egerton’s rifle-pit. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Carney</span>; +and Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Loft</span>, carrying Sergeant Harrison (34th.) in, when +wounded, on the 8th. of September, 1855, under a heavy fire. Corporal +<span class='sc'>William Coffer</span>, throwing a live shell out of a trench on the 29th. +of March, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>William Gill</span>, recommended by Major Gwilt, +34th. regiment, for binding up his arm when wounded, on the 18th. of +June, 1855, under a heavy fire. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Smith</span>, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_463'>463</span>gallant conduct at the assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, +when he was severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>Clement Brophy</span>, gallant +conduct at the repulse of the Russian sortie on the 22nd. of March, +1855; severely wounded in the trenches on the 31st. of August, 1855. +and lost his left arm.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—The following all served throughout +the war. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Patrick M‘Fadden</span>, did his duty well in +the trenches; was particularly distinguished in his conduct on the 18th of +June, 1855, in the attack on the Cemetery. Private <span class='sc'>John Walsh</span>, +particularly engaged in repelling a sortie on the 20th. of December, +1854, when the conduct of his company was commended in division +orders; in advance on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Robert Longheed</span>; +did his duty well in the trenches; volunteered for the advanced +guard on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Brennan</span>, engaged +in the repulse of the sortie of the 20th. of December, 1854; distinguished +particularly on the 18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Andrew +Clarke</span>, distinguished on the 18th. of June, 1855; wounded; always +a good soldier in the field. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Murphy</span>, distinguished +himself in the repulse of the sortie of the 20th. December, 1854; in +advance during the whole day of the 18th. of June, 1855. Private +<span class='sc'>Benjamin Newhall</span>, was a volunteer as sharpshooter in the beginning +of the siege; was present and wounded in the attack on the Cemetery +on the 18th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>William Moore</span>, distinguished +himself highly on the 18th. of June, 1855; received three wounds on +that day, from one of which he lost his arm from the socket. Private +<span class='sc'>James Blackmore</span>, particularly distinguished himself on the night of +the 20th. of December, 1854, in the repulse of a sortie.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Private <span class='sc'>Michael Boyle</span>, on the 25th. +of April, 1855, he volunteered to bring in a soldier of another regiment, +who was lying wounded outside the advanced line of sentries, beyond +the “Ovens,” a work, at the hour of the day when it was performed, +of considerable danger; was also one of the party on the Woronzoff +Road, on the 2nd. of August, 1855, when a sortie of the Russians, +reported to consist of two thousand men, attacked the <i>chevaux-de-frize</i>. +Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Garrett</span>, conduct highly spoken of by all ranks +for conspicuous gallantry, coolness, and intrepidity on all occasions +while on duty in the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>Lawrence Lind</span>, on the evening +of the 18th., of June, when a party of the 39th. was stationed in the +trenches overlooking the Cemetery, which that day had been taken +possession of by the brigade under Sir William Eyre, cries and groans +of a wounded man attracted attention. Lieutenant Smyth, in command +of the party, asked for volunteers to accompany him and ascertain +the cause, when Lawrence Lind, Martin Lyons, and McCluskey +of the light company, cheerfully volunteered to accompany him, and +they brought in a wounded Sergeant of the 38th. regiment, who had +been lying for fifteen hours at some distance from the Cemetery, in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_464'>464</span>advance. The party attracted the attention of the enemy, and consequently +had to perform the duty under a heavy fire. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>George Pegram</span>, almost every officer has on various occasions spoken +most highly of the service in the trenches of Sergeant Pegram, as +a remarkably brave, willing, and forward non-commissioned officer; +in former years, in 1843, his conduct attracted attention at Maharajpore, +where the regiment suffered so severely, and he had previously +obtained the character of being a brave soldier under Sir De Lacy +Evans, in Spain. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Ryan</span>, on the 29th. of March, when +a part of the guard went before it was dark, towards the Woronzoff +Road, under Captain Baird, and brought on a fire from which Colour-Sergeant +James Rodd lost his life, Ryan is reported to have been one of +four men who behaved remarkably well; on the 25th. of April he was +on sentry on the <i>chevaux-de-frize</i> on the Woronzoff Road when the +enemy opened a heavy fire, and remained at his post steadily, and +attracted attention by his good conduct; on the 2nd. of August, on the +occasion of the large sortie referred to in Michael Boyle’s case, Ryan +was on sentry, and when driven in kept retreating up the hill on one +side of the ravine, and continued firing on the Russians till they finally +abandoned the attack; he was wounded on the 23rd. of May, when +going to the trenches, in the thigh, by a splinter from a shell. +Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Omealy</span>, distinguished for coolness and intrepidity +while under fire, and duty in the trenches; wounded on the 15th. +of July, 1855, while on duty in the advanced trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Davis</span>, +served before Sebastopol during the greater part of the siege; was conspicuous +in having charged gallantly inside the Redan on the 8th. +of September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Kelly</span>, served before +Sebastopol during the greater part of the siege; was conspicuous in +having charged gallantly inside the Redan on the 8th. of September, +1855. Both landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; +the former was present at the Alma and Balaklava, and the latter at +the Alma and Inkermann. Privates <span class='sc'>Patrick Garvey</span>, <span class='sc'>John Kennelly</span>, +<span class='sc'>Thomas M‘Quade</span>, and Corporal <span class='sc'>Charles Nelson</span>; all landed in the +Crimea at the above date, and were present at the battles of the Alma +and Inkermann, and at the sortie of the 26th. of October; and all +served before Sebastopol during the whole of the siege. Privates Patrick +Garvey and John Kennelly were also conspicuous in having charged +gallantly inside the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private +<span class='sc'>Martin Rogerson</span>, landed in the Crimea in January, 1855, and served +before Sebastopol during the remainder of the siege; was in the +trenches on the 18th. of June, and was conspicuous in bringing +wounded men from the glacis of the Redan, under a heavy fire from +the enemy, on the same night. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Ambrose Madden</span>, +landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at +the battles of the Alma, Inkermann, sortie of the 26th. of October, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_465'>465</span>served in the trenches before Sebastopol till the 19th. of March, 1855; +headed a party which took prisoners a Russian officer and fourteen +privates, three of whom he personally and alone captured in the general +sortie of the 26th. of Oct., 1854; for this he received the Victoria Cross. +Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Smith</span>, for remarkable zeal in the field from the +date of the landing of the army in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, +1854, till June, 1855; was present at the battles of the Alma, the +sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, the battle of Inkermann, and the +attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Ridley</span>, +on the 3rd. of July, 1855, was one of a working party employed in turning +an old Russian trench in the advanced parallel, the party under fire, and +much exposed; he encouraged the men by working with them himself +in the most exposed position, and it was mainly owing to his example +and good conduct that the work was speedily and satisfactorily done. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Strathern</span>, on the 11th. of October, 1854, at the commencement +of the siege, when with a covering party on the right +attack, the enemy came out in force and attacked with field pieces, he +volunteered to pass, under a heavy fire, to a party of the Rifle Brigade, +with orders to bring them up to the assistance of the party in the +battery. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Robert M‘Nair</span>, on the 9th. of August, when +a sentry in front of the advanced trenches, under fire, was distinguished +for his coolness and daring; he was severely wounded on that occasion, +but remained at his post until regularly relieved. Private <span class='sc'>Donald +M‘Kenzie</span>, volunteered as a sharpshooter at the commencement of the +siege; was employed on that duty until he was wounded on the 19th. +of October, 1854; on the night of the 18th. of June, 1855, during a +sortie, was distinguished for his good conduct in encouraging the +young soldiers, and by his example giving them confidence; the next +morning he volunteered to go towards the old Russian trench from the +third parallel, to bring in a missing comrade, supposed to be wounded. +Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William Bennett</span>, on the night of the 18th. of June, +1855, when a sortie was expected and a sudden alarm given, the men +of another regiment, immediately on the left of where he was, having +retired, it was mainly owing to his steadiness and example that the +men of his party kept their ground. Private <span class='sc'>Neil Carmichael</span>, on the +night of the 6th. of August, 1855, when a partial attack was made by +some of the enemy’s pickets, he was distinguished for his good conduct; +on the same night an attack was expected from the Redan; he was one +of those who volunteered to go out to the front, under fire, to watch it +closely. Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Fox</span>, volunteered as a sharpshooter at the +opening of the siege of Sebastopol; was conspicuous for his coolness +and intrepidity, and continued at that duty daily till he was severely +wounded on the 19th. of October, 1854. Private <span class='sc'>Andrew Cromtie</span>, on +the night of the 18th. of June, 1885, during a sortie on the trenches, +was distinguished for his courage and daring when in a very exposed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_466'>466</span>position; on the 24th. of June, 1855, was one of a party sent to dislodge +some of the enemy’s riflemen, who were annoying a working party +in the right attack; on this occasion he received a musket-shot through +his wrist.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—The following all served throughout +the campaign (the first as Colour-Sergeant), except Private James +Edlow, who attended the sick on board ship for three weeks, for which +disagreeable duty he volunteered. Quartermaster-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Denis Reddin</span>, +was noticed for his vigilance and activity on all occasions when in +the trenches, and his gallantry was most conspicuous on the 18th. of June +at the attack on the Cemetery. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Brown</span> never missed +any duty; was always vigilant and alert in the trenches; was on guard +on the 18th. of June, but volunteered and accompanied the regiment in +the attack on the Cemetery, where his gallantry was noticed. Lance-Corporal +<span class='sc'>Denis Canty</span>, always noticed for his activity and daring in the +trenches, and especially on the 18th. of June at the attack on the +Cemetery. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Drenon</span>, was one of the few who constantly +remained at their duty; was always active and vigilant in the trenches; +was also present at the attack on the 18th. of June. Private <span class='sc'>James +Edlow</span>, was present at the attack on the 18th. of June, and on all +occasions in the trenches, when his activity and readiness for any duty +was noticed; was very forward and active during the whole day of the +18th. of June, especially in driving some Russians out of an adjoining +house. Private <span class='sc'>John Burnside</span>, was always ready and willing for any +duty; was present on the 18th. of June at the attack on the Cemetery. +Private <span class='sc'>Thomas M‘Carthy</span>, was present on the 18th. of June at the +attack on the Cemetery, when his gallantry was particularly noticed, +and where he several times exposed himself to a most galling fire, for +the purpose of rescuing his wounded comrades and soldiers of other +regiments; he volunteered and was sharpshooter at the commencement +of the siege, and again on the 18th., of June, when he was one of the +advanced guard. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Donelan</span>, served throughout +the campaign and siege of Sebastopol till the spring of 1856, and though +never in very good health persisted in remaining with his regiment. +Corporal <span class='sc'>Robert Murray</span>, served in the Crimea from the landing on the +14th. of September, 1854, also during the siege of Sebastopol, till the +18th. of June, 1855, when he was severely wounded in the attack on +the Cemetery.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Stephen Harbour</span>, +this sergeant was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and +Inkermann; he served in the trenches during the whole of the siege. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Blagdon</span>, was particularly remarked for his conduct +in the trenches during the whole siege, for which, and his activity in +camp, he was promoted to be corporal, and sergeant. Corporal +<span class='sc'>William Watt</span>, was particularly remarked for his conduct during the +sortie of the 11th. of May, 1855; both landed on the 8th. of November, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_467'>467</span>1854. Private <span class='sc'>James Hunt</span>, landed on the 14th. of September, 1854; +was present at the Alma, Inkermann, and Balaklava, and was particularly +remarked for his conduct during the whole campaign. Private +<span class='sc'>Jeremiah Condon</span>, landed on the 8th. of November, 1854, and was +remarkable on all occasions for gallantry and daring. The above five +never missed a duty in the trenches. Sergeants <span class='sc'>William Brommell</span>, +and <span class='sc'>Leonard Gooding</span>, both these sergeants landed in the Crimea on +the 8th. of November, 1854; the former was wounded in the trenches +before Sebastopol on the 21st. of December, 1854; leg amputated; was +remarkable for zeal and gallantry in the trenches; the latter never +missed a duty in the trenches up to the 24th. of August, 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>George M‘Donald</span>, +in holding the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, the detachment running +short of ammunition, this non-commissioned officer passed through a +heavy fire of grape, shell, and musketry for ammunition, and returned +through the same fire with a barrel of ammunition on his shoulder; +served throughout the siege from November, 1854. Corporal <span class='sc'>Connor +O’Loghlin</span>, recommended for distinguished conduct on the 7th. of June, +at the taking of the Quarries, and for having on all occasions throughout +the campaign, attracted the attention of the captain of his company +by his gallantry and good conduct when before the enemy. Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Gill</span>, distinguished himself by his gallantry and coolness at +the storming of the Quarries, and repulse of the several attacks of the +enemy on the night of the 7th. of June, and throughout the campaign +and siege generally. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Bowler</span>, distinguished himself +when on outlying pickets at the attack on the position of the second +division on the 26th. of October, 1854, on which occasion he was severely +wounded; served well during the siege; present at the Alma. Private +<span class='sc'>Daniel Flanagan</span>, recommended for volunteering under a very heavy +fire to place sandbags in the embrasures of the twenty-one gun +battery, on the 9th. of April, 1855; assisted in working a gun, and in +every possible way distinguished himself on that occasion. Private +<span class='sc'>John Dillon</span>, distinguished himself at the capture of the Quarries; +wounded at Inkermann; Privates Flanagan and Dillon were present +during the siege, and at all the engagements. Private <span class='sc'>John Dinneen</span>, +distinguished himself at the capture of the Quarries, and served +gallantly on all other occasions. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Robert Court</span>, present at +the battle of the Alma (wounded); rejoined his regiment on the 19th. +of January, 1855, and Was present in all the affairs from that time until +the end of the siege; distinguished himself by his coolness and gallantry +in assisting to lead and cheer on the men to repulse the attacks +of the Russians on the night of the 7th. of June, after taking the +Quarries (wounded). Private <span class='sc'>John McDermond</span>, gallant conduct at the +battle of Inkermann in rescuing Colonel Haly, 47th. Foot, when lying +wounded on the ground, from a party of Russians; present and +wounded at the battle of the Alma.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_468'>468</span>FORTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Acting Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>S. Francis</span>, +for having, when on duty in the trenches, on the night of the 4th. of +June, 1855, when an alarm was given that the Russians were approaching, +and a sortie about to be made, and when the sentries in advance had +retired in some confusion, supplied their place by a new line of sentries, +which he formed out of a number of volunteers who offered themselves, +and thereby prevented the further advance of the Russians. This took +place under a very heavy fire. On another occasion this non-commissioned +officer conveyed a message from Lieutenant-Colonel Riky, +commanding the 48th. regiment, to the general of the right attack, +regarding the movement of some troops, on the 9th. of June, 1855, +under a heavy fire. Corporal <span class='sc'>T. Kelly</span>, for having assisted in working +a gun, voluntarily, in the battery in which he was on duty, on the +night of the 7th. of September, 1855, for which he was particularly +brought to notice by the captain of artillery on duty in the battery; on +which occasion he received a severe wound. Corporal <span class='sc'>T. Goorly</span> and +Private <span class='sc'>J. Downey</span>, assisted the Adjutant of the 48th. regiment, early +on the morning of the 19th. of June, 1855, in endeavouring to bring +into the trenches a wounded British soldier who was lying in a rifle-pit +in the Cemetery. The attempt failed, in consequence of the ground +being swept by a cross fire from the enemy’s works, and from which +the men were placed in the most imminent danger, as the fire was very +heavy and well directed.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—The following were all at the Alma, +sortie of the 26th. of October, and at Inkermann. Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>George Vayng</span>, engaged in the trenches throughout the siege; at the +capture of the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855, and with the regiment +on the 8th. of September, 1855; a gallant soldier and most excellent +non-commissioned officer. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John M‘Coy</span>, present at +the attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of +September, 1855; constantly at his duty in the trenches during the +siege. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Alexander Pendridge</span>, engaged in the attack +and capture of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; shewed great +gallantry on the 25th. of August, 1855, when engaged on a working +party in the trenches, in setting a good example, when “breaking +ground” under a very heavy fire from the enemy; present at both +attacks on the Redan, on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of September, +1855; mentioned in division orders for gallant conduct on the 26th. of +October, 1854. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Michael Rooney</span>, highly distinguished himself +at Inkermann, and refused to go to the rear during action, although +seriously contused by a spent shot; attack and capture of the Quarries +on the 7th. of June, 1855; attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June +and the 8th. of September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Thompson</span>, +joined his regiment in the field at Inkermann, having marched that +morning, on hearing the firing, from Balaklava, where he had been on +detached regimental duty; constantly at his duty in the trenches +<span class='pageno' id='Page_469'>469</span>during the siege; in both attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June, +and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Robert M‘Kenna</span>, attack and +capture of the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855; both of the attacks +on the Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855; +brought to the notice of Lieutenant-General Markham, for his gallantry +in taking a rifle-pit on the 20th. of April, 1855. Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Charles Barnes</span>, landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; +was present at the battle of the Alma; at the repulse of the sortie by +the second division on the 26th. of October, 1854; was severely wounded +on the 7th. of June, 1855, in storming the Quarries before Sebastopol, +up to which time he had been always at his duty in the trenches, but +on account of his wounds was invalided to England. Corporal <span class='sc'>William +Reilly</span>, present at the battle of the Alma on the 20th. of September, on +the 26th. of October, 1854, battle of Inkermann on the 5th. of November, +1854; served in the trenches until the 8th. of June, 1855, when he +was wounded, and sent in consequence to England.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIFTIETH REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Robert Foley</span>, most +zealous in supporting the discipline of his regiment. Private <span class='sc'>Lawrence +Ward</span>, a good soldier on duty, and was remarkable for his conduct at the +battle of Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Hannan</span>, was distinguished for +his coolness and steadiness at Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>John Brennan</span>, was +distinguished for gallant conduct in the trenches on the occasion of a +sortie in December, 1854. Private <span class='sc'>William Cooney</span>, gallant conduct +in the trenches on the occasion of a sortie in December, 1854. Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>William Turner</span>, was very active and attentive to his duties in +the trenches. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard W. Newcombe</span>, a most trustworthy +non-commissioned officer; he volunteered to take charge of the sharpshooters +of his regiment in front of the left attack; Sergeants <span class='sc'>Foley</span>, +<span class='sc'>Turner</span>, and <span class='sc'>Newcombe</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>Hannan</span> and <span class='sc'>Brennan</span> served +throughout the whole of the Crimean Campaign.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIFTY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—Sergeants <span class='sc'>Hendrick</span>, <span class='sc'>Spencer</span>, and +<span class='sc'>Campion</span>, and Privates <span class='sc'>Wilson</span> and <span class='sc'>Whelan</span> landed with the regiment in +the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854, and were present at the +battle of the Alma, repulse of the sortie on the 26th. of October, and battle +of Inkermann; and served in the trenches to the fall of Sebastopol. +Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Henry Hendrick</span>, present at the taking of the Quarries, +on the 7th. of June, 1855; attack on the Redan, on the 18th. of June +and the 8th. of September, 1855, where he commanded a company +(there being no officer with it); was wounded, and mentioned for his +distinguished conduct in the assault. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Spencer</span> particularly +distinguished himself at the storming of the Quarries, on the +7th. of June, 1855, by his gallantry, and promptness in carrying orders, +and getting up extra ammunition under a heavy fire; present at the +attacks on the Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, +1855. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William M‘Lachlan</span>, with the regiment in the +Crimea from the 24th. of October, 1854; present at the sortie at +<span class='pageno' id='Page_470'>470</span>Inkermann, on the 26th. of October; battle of Inkermann; served in +the trenches up to the fall of Sebastopol; distinguished himself by his +gallant conduct at the storming of the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, +1855, and in volunteering to fetch a wounded comrade out of the +enemy’s advanced work under a heavy fire; at the attacks on the +Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private +<span class='sc'>Joseph Wilson</span>, present at the taking of the Quarries, on the 7th. of +June, and attacks on the Redan, on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of +September, 1855; distinguished himself by his conduct in the trenches +throughout the whole siege; but particularly at the storming of the +Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855, on which occasion he was +severely wounded. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Campion</span>, present at the attack +on the Redan, on the 18th. of June, and distinguished himself by his +gallantry at the storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. +Private <span class='sc'>Jeremiah Whelan</span>, present at the attack on the Redan on the +18th. of June, at the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855, and particularly +distinguished himself by his gallant conduct at the storming of +the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Johnstone</span>, +landed in the Crimea on the 31st. of December, 1854; served in the +trenches up to the fall of Sebastopol; present at the storming of the +Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; attack on the Redan on the 18th. +of June, 1855; and distinguished himself by his gallant conduct at the +storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Peter Pope</span>, landed with the 55th. regiment in Turkey on the +21st. of May, 1854; present at the battle of the Alma, (wounded), +repulse of the sortie at Inkermann on the 26th. of October, 1854, battle +of Inkermann, and served in the trenches during the whole of the +siege; received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his gallantry at +Inkermann; at the storming of the Redan, on the 8th. of September, +1855, on which occasion he was severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>James +Dunn</span>, landed with the 55th. regiment in Turkey on the 21st. of May, +1854; present at the battle of the Alma, repulse of the sortie at Inkermann +on the 26th. of October, and battle of Inkermann; received a +Distinguished Conduct Medal for his gallantry at Inkermann, where he +was severely wounded; served during the whole siege of Sebastopol, +and mentioned by Captain J. R. Hume, 55th. regiment, as having +particularly distinguished himself at the storming of the Redan on the +8th. of September, where he lost his arm.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIFTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeants <span class='sc'>William Dibbs</span> +and <span class='sc'>Joseph Whittaker</span>, and <span class='sc'>John Lord</span> and <span class='sc'>Lewis Hogan</span>; fearless and +steady conduct when employed in the trenches; the first on the 29th. +of August and the 1st. of September, 1855; the second on the 29th. +of August and the 2nd. and 5th. of September, 1855; and the third and +fourth on the 29th. of August and the 5th. of September, 1855. Private +<span class='sc'>James Butler</span>, severely wounded whilst doing his duty in the trenches +on the 4th. of September, 1855; right arm amputated.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_471'>471</span>FIFTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeants <span class='sc'>John +McCardle</span> and <span class='sc'>John Coughlan</span>, Sergeant <span class='sc'>James F. Andrews</span>, Corporal +<span class='sc'>Thomas Connell</span>, Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William Kinnarney</span>, and Private +<span class='sc'>John Murray</span>; were present at the battles of Balaklava on the 25th. of +October, and Inkermann, on the 5th. of November, 1854; assault on the +Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855; and in the trenches during the siege. +Lance-Corporal Kinnarney and Private Murray were severely wounded +on the 18th. of June, 1855, and the latter was twice wounded in the +trenches during the siege. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Jones</span>, for gallant +conduct at the battle of Inkermann, where he was severely wounded. +Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Anderson</span>, for gallant conduct during the +siege of Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SIXTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Reilly</span>, and +Privates <span class='sc'>Michael Brophy</span> and <span class='sc'>James McKee</span>, served in the trenches from +the arrival of the regiment in the Crimea on the 12th. of November, +1854, till the fall of Sebastopol, on the 9th. of September, 1855, and were +present with the regiment on all occasions of its being engaged against +the enemy during that period. Privates <span class='sc'>Thomas Carney</span> and <span class='sc'>John +M‘Carthy</span>, served in the trenches from the arrival of the regiment +in the Crimea on the 12th. of November, 1854, till the fall of Sebastopol +on the 9th. of September, 1855, and were present with the regiment on +all occasions of its being engaged against the enemy during that +period; the former was mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch +as having volunteered to bring in wounded men from the front on the +8th. of September, 1855; and the latter was severely wounded in the +attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Drummer +<span class='sc'>Thomas Finnigan</span>, served with the regiment from its arrival in the +Crimea on the 12th. of November, 1854, and was present at the attack +on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855, the attack on the Redan on +the 18th. of June, 1855, and on the 8th. of September, 1855. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>James Warren</span>, captured a French soldier, who was deserting and +going to the enemy; the above was performed under a heavy fire from +the enemy’s advanced post on the 22nd. of February, 1855; served +during the siege of Sebastopol; was present at the attack on the +Quarries on the 7th. of June, and the assaults of the Redan on the 18th. +of June and the 8th. of September. Private <span class='sc'>John McSharry</span>, wounded +in the right shoulder by a musket-ball, and lost one finger of the left +hand on the 8th. of September, 1855, at the assault on the Redan.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SIXTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Robert Hughes</span>, +distinguished himself in the trenches before Sebastopol on the 3rd. of +October, 1855, being with a company of the regiment far in advance to +cover a working party, and the company being exposed to a cross fire; +he shewed great coolness and intrepidity, keeping the men steady and +firm; and subsequently, the colours of the regiment having been +brought from the camp by a company left to guard them, and afterwards +ordered out, he took one of the colours and carried it under +<span class='pageno' id='Page_472'>472</span>a heavy fire. He was wounded at Inkermann, but notwithstanding +was very instrumental in defending an officer of the regiment who had +been severely wounded; he continued with his regiment the whole war. +Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Ward</span>, when in the trenches on a sortie of the +enemy which excited some alarm, immediately went round the sentries +and posted himself with the most advanced one, and took a prominent +part in repulsing the enemy, maintaining the character he had acquired +during previous engagements. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Morris</span>, at the +battle of Inkermann, finding himself far in advance, with a number of +men, he collected them, took the command, and, though attacked by +superior numbers, he retained his post, repulsing the attacking party. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Ahern</span>, during the battle of Inkermann a portion of +the regiment in their ardour having gone beyond their position, and on +their return it being known that Ensign Clutterbuck was killed, and +that his body was left on the field, Sergeant Ahern instantly volunteered +to fetch it, and being accompanied by a private, he went far in +advance and brought in the body; on the same day, the only officer of +his company being wounded, he took the command of the company, +and held it during the charge. Private <span class='sc'>John McGowan</span>, at the battle +of Inkermann behaved in a particular gallant and bold manner, +charging, forwarding, and being the first to clear a breastwork in +pursuit of the enemy. Private <span class='sc'>Daniel Sullivan</span>, one of his comrades +being made prisoner at the battle of Inkermann by five of the enemy, +he rushed at them, killed three, and rescued his comrade; he was in +the battle, and on every occasion, whether in the trenches or in open +field, distinguished for his valour and spirit. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>John Brophy</span>, +4th. Lancashire Militia, late Colour-Sergeant 63rd. Foot, was colour-sergeant +of the regiment at the battle of Inkermann, and accompanied +the colours; the regiment and the enemy were engaged in a hand to +hand struggle; Ensign Clutterbuck, who carried one of the colours, +which was separated from the other, was killed; Sergeant Brophy immediately +took it up, and, though severely wounded, defended it, and +brought it safe from the mêlée. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Arthur Roberts</span>, at the +battle of Inkermann, carrying one of the colours, the ensign having +been severely wounded, he received a wound which caused him to fall, +he got up quickly, took up the colours, and, refusing to leave the field, +continued to carry the colours until incapacitated by a second +wound.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SIXTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Gibbons</span>, +struck in the chest by a grape shot at Inkermann, and a bullet through +his cap; particularly distinguished for “discipline.” Sergeant <span class='sc'>Peter +Delany</span>, was twice wounded at Inkermann, and did not go to the rear; +came back with a draft from Scutari directly his wounds were well, and +went to his duty. Corporal <span class='sc'>Patrick Finns</span>, particularly distinguished +himself at Inkermann; two musket-balls through the jaw; never went +into hospital, and did his duty in the trenches through the siege. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_473'>473</span>Private <span class='sc'>James Sims</span>, on the 22nd. of November, 1854, in broad daylight, +volunteered, under a heavy fire, to bring in a wounded rifleman from +the pits. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas Watson</span> and Privates <span class='sc'>William Ferris</span> and +<span class='sc'>Charles Ross</span>, on the 11th. of May, 1855, during a sortie; the latter +was wounded, but volunteered to leave the hospital on the 18th. of +June. Private <span class='sc'>Joseph Mitchell</span>, wounded at Inkermann; on return +from Scutari, was wounded a second time. Corporal <span class='sc'>Donohue</span>, wounded +in a sortie on the 11th. of May, 1855, in which the enemy was repulsed +with much loss.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Hughes</span>, +and Privates <span class='sc'>William Don</span>, <span class='sc'>Roger Martin</span>, and <span class='sc'>Alexander Rattray</span>; +service not specified. Privates <span class='sc'>John Cousins</span> and <span class='sc'>James Laughlan</span>, +present in the ranks from the 22nd. of December, 1854, to the 21st. +of March, 1856; the latter served to the 17th. of May following.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Corporal <span class='sc'>Archibald Duncan</span>, +gallant conduct in the unfinished portions of the fifth parallel, on the +night of the 18th. of August, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Alison</span>, gallantry +on outlying picket, when engaged with the enemy, on the night of the +18th. of August, 1855, in the Karabelnaia Ravine. Private <span class='sc'>John Harper</span>, +gallantry when on out-sentry on the nights of the 22nd. of July and +the 12th. of August, 1855; likewise in assisting to bring in the +wounded on the 8th. of September, under heavy fire, in front of +the Redan. Private <span class='sc'>Samuel McNeish</span>, gallant conduct when on sentry, +detached from the outlying picket, under heavy fire, on the 16th. +of July, 1855, above the Woronzoff Ravine; also distinguished for +general good behaviour under fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—The following served +throughout the war with gallantry. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Toohey</span>, +distinguished on various occasions, more particularly on the night of the +19th. of April, 1855, at the capture of the Russian rifle-pits, when he +was severely wounded. Drummer <span class='sc'>Thos. McGill</span>, distinguished on various +occasions, more particularly on the night of the 19th. of April, 1855, +at the capture of the Russian rifle-pits, when he was one of the first in +the pits, and took a Russian bugler prisoner. Private <span class='sc'>Alexander Wright</span>, +distinguished on various occasions, more particularly on the night of +the 19th. of April, 1855, at the capture of the Russian rifle-pits, where +he was severely wounded. Private <span class='sc'>Murdock Charleston</span>, distinguished +on various occasions; he was noticed for conspicuous bravery at the +battle of Inkermann, and at the attack on the Redan on the 8th. +of September, 1855, when, though severely wounded, he refused to +quit the ranks or fall to the rear. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William Wilson</span>, +distinguished on various occasions, more particularly on the night of +the 30th. of August, 1855, in front of the advanced trench. Private +<span class='sc'>William M‘Guire</span>, noticed for conspicuous bravery at the battle of +Inkermann, at the capture of the rifle-pits on the 19th. of April, 1855, +and the taking of the Quarries. Private <span class='sc'>John Quinlan</span>, noticed for +<span class='pageno' id='Page_474'>474</span>conspicuous bravery at the battle of Inkermann, at the capture of the +Russian rifle-pits, and at both attacks on the Redan.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeants <span class='sc'>James Spence</span> +and <span class='sc'>Alexander Goodbrand</span>, Sergeants <span class='sc'>Colin Campbell</span> and <span class='sc'>William +Davie</span>, Privates <span class='sc'>Robert Bruce</span> and <span class='sc'>James Wilkie</span>; for good and gallant +conduct at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and in the trenches +before Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Davie</span> and Private <span class='sc'>Wilkie</span>, volunteered +and acted as sharpshooters at the early part of the siege. Sergeant +<span class='sc'>William Gunn</span> and Private <span class='sc'>James Sloan</span>, present at the Alma, Balaklava, +and siege of Sebastopol; the former volunteered to act in front +as a sharpshooter.</p> + +<p class='c015'>EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Stephen Conyngham</span>, +took a very active part in the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. +of June, 1855, and was recommended for a medal and £5 on that occasion, +but could not obtain it, the regiment having received the allotted +number; was noted at the Horse Guards. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Hubert +Kelly</span>, very distinguished conduct on the 8th. of September, 1855, in +going out of the advanced trench under a heavy fire and bringing +in the body of Colour-Sergeant Gilmore, who was lying mortally +wounded some distance in front. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Maurice Canty</span> +volunteered to form one of the attacking party ordered against +“Egerton’s Pit” on the 12th. of April, 1855, as also on several other +occasions. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Ryan</span>, distinguished himself on the 8th. of +September, 1855, in bringing in his officer, Captain Beresford, who was +severely wounded. Both these were present and did duty during the +whole campaign. Private <span class='sc'>Bernard M‘Namara</span>, was a sharpshooter at +the beginning of the siege, and recommended for a medal for distinguished +service in December, 1854, but did not receive it, as he was +invalided to Scutari. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Handley</span>, distinguished himself +about the night of the 14th. of August, 1855, when some young sentries +were disposed to retire before a body of Russians, by forcing them back +to their posts, and remaining out himself all night close to a Russian +rifle-pit. Private <span class='sc'>Henry Spellacy</span>, a sharpshooter; on the 22nd. of +October, 1855, wounded and made a Russian officer prisoner; volunteered +on all occasions. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Myers</span>, commanded sharpshooters, +and was conspicuous on the 17th. of October, 1854. Drummer +<span class='sc'>Richard Grannon</span>, gallant conduct at Inkermann. Acting Corporal +<span class='sc'>Henry McKeon</span>, sharpshooter, and shewed general gallant conduct in +the trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'>EIGHTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Grant</span>, commanded +a detached party of ten men, in a cutting, just over the <i>chevaux-de-frize</i>, +on the night it was broken down; held his ground and kept up a very +effective fire on the enemy. Corporal <span class='sc'>John Tremwith</span> and Privates +<span class='sc'>Patrick Kinneally</span>, <span class='sc'>Darby Lenaghan</span>, and <span class='sc'>Willlam Heffernan</span> performed +zealous and constant service in the trenches from the arrival of +the regiment on the 15th. of December, 1854, to the 9th. of September, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_475'>475</span>1855; did not miss a single duty; Private Heffernan volunteered +to go to the Cemetery in the day-time, under a heavy fire, to bring in +a wounded man, in August, 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINETIETH REGIMENT.—Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Charles Sanderson</span>.—Brought +back Captain Tinling, on the 8th. of September, 1855, after the +Redan was given up; distinguished conduct generally during the assault +and during the siege. The following never missed a trench duty: Private +<span class='sc'>John Alexander</span>, present at the capture of Egerton’s pits; present on +the 8th. of June and on the 18th. of June, in the Quarries; on the 6th. +of September, 1855, brought back Captain Buckley, Scots Fusilier +Guards, when mortally wounded; on the 8th. of September, 1855, was +one of the last men in the Redan; generally distinguished. Bugler +<span class='sc'>Edward Flaxman</span>, on the 18th. of June, 1855, rescued several wounded +men in front of the Quarries under a heavy fire; on the 8th. of +September, 1855, volunteered for the assault in place of another bugler, +and brought back Lieutenant-Colonel Hancock, and secured his jewellery, +watch, etc.; also brought back Lieutenant Deverill, 90th; +generally gallant behaviour. Private <span class='sc'>John Lawless</span>, present on the +19th. of April, 1855; assault on Egerton’s rifle-pits; on the 18th. of +June, 1855, present; recommended by Captain Preston for distinguished +conduct, when a working party was assaulted, when he remained with +him after all had retired; on the 8th. of September, at the Redan, took +the first Russian prisoner; brought in a wounded comrade. Private +<span class='sc'>Thomas Bayley</span>, distinguished conduct during a sortie, when he +remained with his captain, the others, except one, having retired; +present on the 18th. of June in the Quarries, and working party in the +Quarries on the 8th. of September; conduct always gallant and +permanent. Private <span class='sc'>John Goldsmith</span>, attack of rifle-pits, on the 19th. +of April, 1855; defence of Quarries, on the 8th. of June; attack on the +Redan, on the 18th. of June; assault on the Redan, on the 8th. of +September; personal encounter with a Russian soldier while in the act +of stabbing an officer of the 97th. regiment, and wounded through the +face and nose. Corporal <span class='sc'>Henry Hill</span>, was in the attack on the Redan +on the 8th. of September, 1855, and wounded in the Redan; generally +gallant conduct. Private <span class='sc'>Michael Whelan</span>, was in the attack on +Egerton’s Rifle-pits on the 19th. of April, 1855, and in reserve in the +attack on the Quarries, on the 7th. of June, 1855, and in the attack on +the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855; was wounded in nine +places; generally gallant behaviour; both landed in the Crimea with +the regiment, on the 5th. of December, 1854, and never missed a trench +duty.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINETY-THIRD REGIMENT.—The following (except Private +<span class='sc'>Leslie</span> who was not present at Balaklava, but was at the other actions,) +served throughout the war, and were present at the Alma, Inkermann, +and Balaklava, and the assaults of the 18th. of June and the 8th. of +September, 1855. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Alexander Knox</span>, Colour-Sergeant +<span class='pageno' id='Page_476'>476</span>at the Alma and Balaklava, and distinguished himself by his coolness +and activity in the trenches. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Archibald Crabtree</span>, was +sergeant of the volunteers of the regiment who entered the Redan on +the night of the fall of Sebastopol. Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>William M‘Kenzie</span>, +was the first man to step out when volunteers were called for from the +regiment to enter the Redan on the night of the fall of Sebastopol. +Private John Leslie, was severely wounded at the Alma, but refused +to leave the field, and remained fighting in the ranks, although shot +through the right arm, until the battle was over. Private <span class='sc'>Peter +M‘Kay</span>, was the first man of the volunteers of his regiment who +entered the Redan on the night of the fall of Sebastopol. Private +<span class='sc'>John Forbes</span> was severely wounded in the trenches on the 14th. of +July, 1855, and discharged from hospital on the 26th. of July, 1855; +rejoined his regiment, and was present at the final assault. Private +<span class='sc'>James Davidson</span>. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Kiddie</span> and Private <span class='sc'>James Cobb</span>, +both present throughout the war, including the actions of the Alma +and Balaklava, till severely wounded in the trenches, the former on the +16th. of July, 1855, and the latter on the 8th. of September following.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINETY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—The following seven men were +present at the Alma, sortie of the 26th. of October, and Inkermann, +and (with the exception of Privates <span class='sc'>English</span> and <span class='sc'>Jacques</span>) served in +the trenches throughout the whole siege. Private <span class='sc'>James Cody</span>, wounded +at Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick Dooley</span>, volunteered to carry ammunition +to the Quarries on the 8th. of June, 1855, and remained there +fighting when the enemy attempted to retake them. Corporal <span class='sc'>James +Linn</span>, present at the battle of the Alma, repulse of sortie on the 26th. of +October, 1854, and battle of Inkermann. Corporal <span class='sc'>Samuel Webb</span>, +volunteered to carry ammunition to the Quarries on the 8th. of June, +1855, and remained therein when the enemy attempted to retake them; +mentioned in division orders by Sir De Lacy Evans for his gallantry at +the Alma. Private <span class='sc'>James English</span>, served in the trenches nearly +throughout the siege. Private <span class='sc'>Peter Gallagher</span>, served in the trenches +throughout the whole siege. Private <span class='sc'>John Jacques</span>, present at the +Alma, (wounded in shoulder and right arm); served in the trenches +from March, 1855, to the end of the siege. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Nathan Ormond</span>, +gallantry at the Alma. Private <span class='sc'>William Harris</span>, gallantry in the +trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINETY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Sergeant <span class='sc'>Patrick Donnellan</span>, +was mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch on account of his gallant +conduct on the 8th. of September, 1855; he spiked one of the enemy’s +guns. Corporal <span class='sc'>Andrew Curran</span>, was bugler to the regiment on the +above assault, and behaved in a remarkably cool and gallant manner, +and was mentioned in the despatch. Private <span class='sc'>Henry Jackson</span>, was +mentioned in the despatch as having highly distinguished himself at the +assault on the Redan, on the 8th. of September, 1855, and was wounded. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_477'>477</span>Private <span class='sc'>John Cotterill</span>, was likewise mentioned for his gallant bearing, +and was severely wounded; he was also engaged with the enemy on +the 22nd. of March, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>Patrick M‘Miltry</span>, highly distinguished +himself on the occasion of the assault on the Redan, on the +8th. of September, and was severely wounded; he was also engaged in +the sortie on the 22nd. of March, 1855, and greatly distinguished +himself. Sergeant <span class='sc'>William Newmann</span>, was one of the first to enter the +Redan, on the 8th. of September, and took the Russian captain of +artillery prisoner, when, taking him to the rear, he was so severely +wounded that his life was for a long time despaired of. Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>Francis Wedgeworth</span>, landed with the regiment in the Crimea, +and did duty uninterruptedly until the date of his promotion to the +Depôt Companies, on the 22nd. of February, 1856; was present at the +attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, and was severely +wounded; he was mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch among +those highly distinguished. Private <span class='sc'>William Fitzgerald</span>, highly distinguished +himself on the occasion of the assault on the Redan, on the +8th. of September, 1855; lost his left leg.</p> + +<p class='c015'>RIFLE BRIGADE, FIRST BATTALION.—Each of the following +received a medal and four clasps: Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Hicks</span>, was a +volunteer for the attack on the rifle-pits, on the 20th. of November, 1854, +under Lieut. Tryon, by whose side he was when that officer was killed; +was one of the covering party on the 18th. of June, and was distinguished +throughout the siege for his coolness and gallantry. Private +<span class='sc'>Bernard M‘Mahon</span>, was serving in the band, and displayed great +coolness and courage on various occasions in bringing in wounded; on +the 18th. of June he joined the ranks (a volunteer) in order that he +might take a more active part in the attack of that day. Privates +<span class='sc'>John King</span>, <span class='sc'>Patrick M‘Cann</span>, <span class='sc'>Henry Bailey</span>, <span class='sc'>Thomas Davis</span>, and <span class='sc'>John +Green</span>, were in the attack on the rifle-pits, under Lieutenant Tryon, +on the 20th. of November, 1854; retaking of the third parallel on the +2nd. of December, 1854; and the sortie on the Woronzoff Road on the +12th. of December, 1854. Privates King, Bailey, Davis, and Green +were also volunteers for the rifle-pits on the 17th. of October, in advance +of Greenhill, and volunteers to occupy the rifle-pits on the 12th. of +April, 1855. Private Bailey was not at the sortie on the 12th. of +December, but was a volunteer sharpshooter in April, 1855; and Private +Davis was one of the covering party on the 18th. of June following. +Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>Richard Cornelius</span>, present at the battles of the Alma, +Balaklava, and Inkermann; Sergeant-Major of the battalion during +the siege of Sebastopol from October, 1854, to October, 1855, and distinguished +for his zeal and activity during the winter of 1854–5; medal +and four clasps. Private <span class='sc'>Walter Eagle</span>, present at the taking of the +rifle-pits on the 20th. of November, 1854; retaking of the third parallel +on the 2nd. of December, 1854; in the sortie on the Woronzoff Road +on the 12th. of December, 1854; volunteer for sharpshooting on the +12th. of April, 1855; severely wounded, and subsequently discharged +on pension; granted a medal and four clasps.</p> + +<p class='c015'>RIFLE BRIGADE, SECOND BATTALION.—The following three +sergeants were present at the Alma and Inkermann: Sergeant-Major +<span class='sc'>John Waller</span>, general gallant conduct during siege operations; severely +wounded on the 8th. of September. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Daniel Fisher</span>, +formed up a party, and silenced two carronades in the caponnière of +the Redan, on the 8th. of September; went in search of wounded comrades +same afternoon, under heavy fire. Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Harrywood</span>, +good and gallant conduct during the whole of the campaign; severely +wounded in the new sap on the 1st. of September. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Thomas +Burge</span>, present at the Alma, commanded sharpshooters with much +credit during the latter part of the siege; rendered great service to +Lieutenant Blayne, in command of a covering party, on the 8th. of +September. Corporal <span class='sc'>Joseph Bradshaw</span>, accompanied Captain Forman +in a night reconnaissance to Russian advanced works on the 16th. of +June; volunteered on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September; +Alma and Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Charles Feough</span>, acted as volunteer +sharpshooter through the whole of the siege; present at the Alma and +Inkermann; general gallant conduct. Private <span class='sc'>Michael M‘Cormick</span>, +conspicuous on the 18th. of June in his exertions to assist the officer in +command of the ladder party under very heavy fire, when the latter +was disabled; present at the Alma. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>C. F. Munro</span>, +general gallant conduct in the trenches and at the Alma. Private +<span class='sc'>Mark Benn</span>, present during the whole campaign; gallant conduct +during the siege and at the Alma. Private <span class='sc'>Charles Dencer</span>, present at +the Alma, and a volunteer sharpshooter during the siege.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_478'>478</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE SARDINIAN WAR MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The King of Sardinia, following the example of the Emperor +of the French, presented four hundred war medals for military +valour to the British troops; and fifty to the Royal Navy and +Marines. This medal was distributed both to officers and men. +It has a watered, dark blue ribbon. On the obverse are the +arms (white cross of Savoy) and crown of Sardinia, with a +branch of laurel and of palm, and the inscription “<span class='sc'>Al Valore +Militare</span>,” For Military Valour. The reverse bears two laurel +branches, with the words “<span class='sc'>Spedizione d’Oriente</span>,” Expedition +of the East, and the date 1855–1856. The following officers +and men were selected for the Sardinian Medal, on account of +the services specified against their names:—</p> + +<div id='i477fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_478fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Sardinian War Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_479'>479</span>GENERAL OFFICERS.—General Sir <span class='sc'>George Brown</span>, G.C.B., commanded +the light division at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and +was severely wounded on the last-named occasion; commanded the expedition +to Kertch; was in command of the light division, except while +absent on account of his wound, and while in command of the expedition +to Kertch; served also during the siege of Sebastopol up to the +27th. of June, 1855, when he was compelled to return to England +by severe illness. Lieutenant-General Sir <span class='sc'>Richard England</span>, G.C.B., +commanded the third division at the battles of the Alma and +Inkermann, and the siege of Sebastopol, till August, 1855, when he +was compelled to return to England by severe illness. Major-General +Sir <span class='sc'>Henry John William Bentinck</span>, K.C.B., commanded the brigade +of Guards at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and was severely +wounded on the last-named occasion; on his return to the army he +commanded the fourth division during the remainder of the siege of +Sebastopol. Major-General Lord <span class='sc'>Rokeby</span>, K.C.B., commanded the +brigade of Guards from February, 1855, till the end of the siege of +Sebastopol; for part of the time also was in command of the first +division. Major-General the Honourable Sir <span class='sc'>James Yorke Scarlett</span>, +K.C.B., commanded the heavy cavalry brigade at the Alma, Balaklava, +and Inkermann; subsequently in 1855, the cavalry division. Major-General +Sir <span class='sc'>Harry David Jones</span>, K.C.B., Royal Engineers, commanded +the Royal Engineers during the siege of Sebastopol, from March, 1855. +Major-General Sir <span class='sc'>William Eyre</span>, K.C.B., commanded a brigade at the +battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and the siege of +Sebastopol. Major-General <span class='sc'>John Edward Dupuis</span>, C.B., Royal Artillery, +served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the +Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c015'>STAFF.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>George Wynel Mayow</span>, unattached; +served as a Staff officer attached to the cavalry in the campaign +of 1854–5, and was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, +and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable +<span class='sc'>Adrian Hope</span>, 93rd. regiment; served on the Staff of the third +division at the Alma, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, till April, +1855, when he was ordered to join his regiment at home, in consequence +of regimental promotion. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel Honourable +<span class='sc'>Leicester Curzon</span>, Rifle Brigade; served the Eastern Campaign of +1854–5 as Assistant Military Secretary to the Field Marshall (Lord +Raglan); and afterwards, in the same capacity, to General Sir James +Simpson, G.C.B.; was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, +and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Kenneth Douglas Mackenzie</span>, 92nd. regiment; served the Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5; served at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann +<span class='pageno' id='Page_480'>480</span>as a brigade-major attached to the light division; afterwards as an +assistant quartermaster-general at Balaklava. Brevet-Lieut.-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Hugh Smith</span>, 3rd. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; +at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann as a deputy-assistant quartermaster-general +attached to the fourth division; afterwards, during the +siege of Sebastopol, as assistant adjutant-general to that division; and +in the same capacity with the expedition to Kinburn. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Joseph Edwin Thackwell</span>, unattached; served the +Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, +and sortie of the 26th. of October, 1854, and till August, 1855, +as a brigade-major attached to the second division; subsequently as +assistant adjutant-general to the third division. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Robert Lockhart Ross</span>, served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 +as a captain with the 93rd. regiment at the battles of the Alma and +Balaklava; and subsequently on the Staff as an assistant adjutant-general +at Balaklava. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Lawrence Shadwell</span>, +unattached; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of +the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and part of the siege of Sebastopol, +as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Colin Campbell, +G.C.B., subsequently, during the remainder of the service, as an +assistant adjutant-general. Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Edward Bruce Hamley</span>, +Royal Artillery; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the +battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, sortie of the 26th. of +October, 1854, and the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +Honourable <span class='sc'>Augustus Murray Cathcart</span>, unattached; served the +Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann +as aide-de-camp to Major-General the Honourable Sir George +Cathcart, K.C.B.; during the siege of Sebastopol as deputy-assistant +quartermaster-general to the light division. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>John Agmondisham Vesey Kirkland</span>, unattached; served the Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, +and siege of Sebastopol, up to August, 1855, as deputy-assistant +adjutant-general. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Vincent Wing</span>, 95th. regiment; served +the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; was severely wounded at the battle +of the Alma, when he was on the Staff of Major-General Sir John +Lysaght Pennefather, K.C.B.; was afterwards with his regiment +during part of the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Edward +Fellowes</span>, 11th. Hussars; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 as +deputy-assistant quartermaster-general attached to the cavalry division; +was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, +and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>John Hackett</span>, unattached; +served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 as deputy-assistant quartermaster-general; +was present at the battles of Balaklava and Inkermann, +and the early part of the siege of Sebastopol, till ordered to +proceed to Scutari, where the services of an officer of the quartermaster-general’s +department were required. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Archibald +<span class='pageno' id='Page_481'>481</span>Henry Plantagenet Stuart Wortley</span>, unattached; served the Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5 as a deputy-assistant quartermaster-general +attached to the third division; was present at the battles of the Alma +and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, including the attack by Sir +William Eyre’s column on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. +Brevet-Major Honourable <span class='sc'>Gilbert Elliot</span>, Rifle Brigade; served the +Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava +as aide-de-camp to Major-General the Honourable Sir George +Cathcart, K.C.B.; was compelled by ill-health to be sent to England, +but returned after a short absence, and served during the remainder of +the siege of Sebastopol, and till the army broke up, as a deputy-assistant +quartermaster-general. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>William Faussett</span>, +44th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 as a brigade-major +attached to the third division; was present at the battles of the +Alma and Inkermann, and during the siege of Sebastopol, including +the attack on the Cemetery by Major-General Eyre’s column on the 18th. +of June, 1855. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Archibald Campbell Snodgrass</span>, 38th. +regiment; served the campaign of 1854–5; was present at the battles of +the Alma and Inkermann, expedition to Kertch, and siege of Sebastopol, +and was severely wounded at the assault on the Redan on the +18th. of June, 1855, as aide-de-camp to Major-General Sir John +Campbell, K.C.B.; rejoined the 38th. regiment on his recovery, and +served with it till the conclusion of the war. Brevet-Major the +Honourable <span class='sc'>William James Colville</span>, Rifle Brigade; served the Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5; with the Rifle Brigade at the battle of the Alma, +and subsequently as aide-de-camp to General Sir James Simpson, +G.C.B., during the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Algernon +Robert Garrett</span>, 46th. regiment; served as brigade-major attached to +the fourth division, during the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major +<span class='sc'>Frederick Augustus Thesiger</span>, Grenadier Guards; served during part +of the siege of Sebastopol with his regiment, and as aide-de-camp to +Major-General Markham till that officer’s return to England at the end +of the siege. Major <span class='sc'>Andrew Pitcairn</span>, 42nd. regiment; served the +campaign of 1854–5; including the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, +expedition to Kertch, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Richard +George Amherst Luard</span>, 77th. regiment; served at the siege of Sebastopol +from March, 1855, as a deputy-assistant adjutant-general. Brevet-Major +<span class='sc'>Richard Lyons Otway Pearson</span>, Grenadier Guards; served the +campaign of 1854–5 as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir George +Brown, G.C.B., including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, +expedition to Kertch, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Frederick +Hammersley</span>, 14th. regiment; served during the siege of Sebastopol, +in the early part with his regiment, and subsequently as a deputy-assistant +quartermaster-general. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Charles William St. +Clair</span>, 57th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including +the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_482'>482</span>was severely wounded at the attack on the Redan, on the 18th. +of June, 1855. Captain <span class='sc'>Arthur Edward Valette Ponsonby</span>, Grenadier +Guards; served as aide-de-camp to General Sir George Brown at the +expedition to Kertch, and subsequently at the siege of Sebastopol, till +Sir George Brown’s return to England after the 18th. of June; after +that, till the end of the war, as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General +Sir William Codrington, K.C.B. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry Clarke Jervoise</span>, +Coldstream Guards; served the campaign of 1854–5 with the 42nd. +regiment at the Alma and Balaklava, and as aide-de-camp to Major-General +Sir Richard Airey, K.C.B., the Quartermaster-General of the +army during the siege of Sebastopol. Captain the Honourable <span class='sc'>Charles +James Keith</span>, 4th. Light Dragoons; served the campaign of 1853–5 as +aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Richard England, G.C.B.; +was present at the battle of Inkermann and during the siege of Sebastopol. +Captain <span class='sc'>Roger Swire</span>, 17th. regiment; served at the siege of +Sebastopol from December, 1854; was severely wounded at the assault +on the Redan on the 8th. of September; served subsequently as aide-de-camp +to Major-General Wyndham, C.B. Captain <span class='sc'>Charles Edward +Mansfield</span>, 33rd. regiment; served the campaign of 1854–5 as aide-de-camp +to Lieutenant-General Sir Colin Campbell, G.C.B., including the +battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. Captain +<span class='sc'>Richard George Ellison</span>, 47th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign +of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and sortie +on the 26th. of October, 1854; in the latter part of the siege as aide-de-camp +to Major-General Sir John Lysaght Pennefather, K.C.B. Captain +<span class='sc'>William Earle</span>, 49th. regiment; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, +including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. +of October, 1854, and siege of Sebastopol; latterly as a Brigade-major +attached to the second division. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry Hooper Day</span>, 88th., +regiment; served at the battle of Inkermann and siege of Sebastopol, +including the attack on the Quarries and assaults on the Redan on the +18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855; in the latter part of +the siege as aide-de-camp to Brigadier-General Shirley. Captain +<span class='sc'>George Montague Stopford</span>, Royal Engineers; was present at the +battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and part of the siege +of Sebastopol as aide-de-camp to General Sir John Fox Burgoyne, +Bart., G.C.B.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FOURTH DRAGOON GUARDS.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William +Charles Forrest</span>, served the campaign of 1854–5, including the +battles of Balaklava and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major +<span class='sc'>Francis Rowland Forster</span>, commanded the first squadron of the +regiment at the action of Balaklava, on the 25th. of October, 1854. +Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Thomas Westropp M‘Mahon</span>, C.B., served the campaign +of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and +Inkermann, and the siege of Sebastopol; served in 1854, as Assistant Quartermaster-General +of the cavalry division, and in 1855, as +<span class='pageno' id='Page_483'>483</span>Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the 5th. Dragoon Guards. Assistant-Surgeon +<span class='sc'>William Cattell</span>, was present during the whole of the +campaign in the Crimea, and shewed the greatest zeal during the time +of the cholera, and during the action at Balaklava, and wherever +his services were required under fire. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John +Evans</span>, displayed gallant conduct at the action of Balaklava, where +he was wounded. Lance-Sergeant <span class='sc'>James Gamble</span>, was under fire a +considerable portion of the day on the 25th. of October, as orderly +to Major-General the Honourable Sir James Yorke Scarlett, K.C.B.; +had his horse shot through the thigh, but procured another, and +returned to his duty immediately.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIRST DRAGOONS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>John Yorke</span>, C.B., served in the Crimea +until the action at Balaklava, when he was so severely wounded in +command of his regiment, as to oblige him to retire from active service. +Captain <span class='sc'>George Campbell</span>, displayed gallant conduct under fire in the +cavalry action at Balaklava, on the 25th. of October, 1854, and continued +in command of his troop, although <i>severely</i> wounded, until the +regiment was out of fire. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Hill</span>, displayed coolness and +intrepidity when on patrol and attacked by a party of Russians on the +10th. of October, 1854; and again on the 25th. of October, 1854, when +his horse was shot under him, on which occasion, having captured one +belonging to the enemy, he immediately rejoined his regiment and did +duty with it for the rest of the day.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SECOND DRAGOONS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Henry Darby Griffith</span>, C.B.; served +the campaign of 1854–5; commanded his regiment at the battle of Balaklava. +Captain <span class='sc'>George Buchanan</span>, this officer’s conduct in the heavy +cavalry charge at the action of Balaklava was cool and gallant, and by +his example great execution was done against the enemy; he afterwards +commanded a squadron under fire in support of the light +brigade charge. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>John Wilson</span>, was under arrest for a +minor offence, but on finding the regiment was likely to be engaged, +he made ready his horse, and coming up to the adjutant, said, “I have +broken my arrest, sir, as I could not see my regiment going into action +and remain quiet in camp; I have come to report myself, and wish to +join and do my duty.” In the heavy cavalry charge at Balaklava +he fought most gallantly, using his sword with great execution, and he +was afterwards wounded by a round shot when his regiment went +in support of the light brigade. He was promoted to troop sergeant-major +for his gallant conduct.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FOURTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Colonel Lord <span class='sc'>George Augustus +Frederick Paget</span>, C.B., served the campaign of 1854–5, including the +battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, +and the battle of the Tchernaya; in 1854 was in command of the 4th. +Light Dragoons; in 1855 in command of a brigade of light cavalry. +Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Alexander Lowe</span>, served the campaign of +1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_484'>484</span>Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol; in 1854 as Major of the 4th. Light +Dragoons; in 1855 in command of the regiment. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Robert +Portal</span>, served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, +Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>William +Waterson</span>, displayed very gallant conduct at the action at Balaklava, +in the light cavalry charge, particularly in the retreat of the regiment +after they had sabred the artillerymen at their guns.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SIXTH DRAGOONS.—Captain <span class='sc'>Edward D’Arcy Hunt</span>; Captain +Hunt was squadron leader of the second squadron of the 6th. Dragoons, +which was detached under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Shute, +during the action of Balaklava, and led the squadron with great steadiness +and gallantry. Trumpeter <span class='sc'>John Hardy</span>, acted as field trumpeter +to Lieutenant-Colonel White, C.B., during the action of Balaklava, and +was consequently more exposed during the whole of that day than any +other man in the regiment, more particularly during the charge of the +heavy brigade.</p> + +<p class='c015'>EIGHTH HUSSARS.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Robert de Salis</span>, served +the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, +Inkermann, and Tchernaya, and siege of Sebastopol; also commanded +the cavalry in the expedition to Kertch; in 1854 as Major of the 8th. +Hussars; in 1855 in command of the regiment. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Edward +Tomkinson</span>, advanced with the light brigade to Balaklava, and led the +squadron he commanded with courage and steadiness; he had his +horse shot under him; he was subsequently present at the battle of the +Tchernaya. Trumpeter <span class='sc'>William Wilson</span>, charged with the light +brigade at Balaklava, and evinced great coolness and courage, being +then only sixteen years of age; he was subsequently at the battle of +the Tchernaya.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TENTH HUSSARS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>William Parlby</span>, commanded a +brigade of cavalry in the campaign of 1855, before Sebastopol, and at +the battle of the Tchernaya.</p> + +<p class='c015'>ELEVENTH HUSSARS.—Lieutenant and Adjutant <span class='sc'>John Yates</span>, was +present in the Crimea from the commencement of the campaign until +August, 1855; was present at the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, +and behaved gallantly; acted as brigade-major to Major-General the +Earl of Cardigan, K.C.B., at Balaklava, and for a fortnight previously. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>Robert Davies</span>, after having passed through the battery in +the light cavalry charge, perceiving a Russian field-piece limbered up +to retreat, Sergeant Davis called Private John T. Bambrick, who was +riding next him, to follow and endeavour to capture it; in going to +perform this duty he was attacked by two Russian lancers, one of whom +he cut down, the other shot his horse; when on the ground he received +a lance wound on the right thigh; he then caught a loose horse and +rejoined his regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWELFTH LANCERS.—Major <span class='sc'>Thomas George Alexander Oakes</span>, +commanded a squadron of the 12th. Lancers, detached as the escort +of General La Marmora, at the battle of the Tchernaya.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_485'>485</span>THIRTEENTH LIGHT DRAGOONS.—Captain <span class='sc'>Percy Shawe +Smith</span>, distinguished conduct in the light cavalry charge at Balaklava, +on the 25th. of October, 1854. Corporal <span class='sc'>William Gardiner</span>, distinguished +conduct on the same occasion.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTEENTH LANCERS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>John Lawrenson</span>, commanded +the 17th. Lancers at the Alma, and a brigade of cavalry in the +campaign of 1855. Cornet <span class='sc'>James Duncan</span>, served the Eastern campaign +of 1854–5 to the end of the war, including the affair of the Bulganak, +the battles of the Alma, Balaklava (horse killed), and Inkermann (horse +killed), and siege of Sebastopol; was never absent from the regiment. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>A. Ranson</span>, embarked with the regiment for foreign service; +was present at the battles of the Alma, where he distinguished himself; +Balaklava, where he again distinguished himself by engaging +and cutting down a Russian officer; and Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol; +was never absent from the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'>ROYAL ARTILLERY.—Major <span class='sc'>Francis Beckford Ward</span>, served at +the siege and fall of Sebastopol; commanded the Royal Artillery at the +battle of the Tchernaya. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Charles +William Fortescue</span>, served at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and +Inkermann, and was present during the whole of the siege of Sebastopol. +Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Henry Morris</span>, C.B., joined +the army in October, 1854, and remained with it until the termination +of the war; was present at the sortie on the 26th. of October, at Inkermann, +and in the trenches; was with Marshal Bosquet at the assault +of the Mamelon and Malakoff. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonels <span class='sc'>Samuel +Enderby Gordon</span> and the Honourable <span class='sc'>Edward Thomas Gage</span>; served +at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and was present during the +whole of the siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles +Stuart Henry</span>, the siege of Sebastopol; was severely wounded (with +siege train.) Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Henry John Thomas</span>; the +siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Philip Gosset Pipon</span>, the campaign +of 1854–5; battles of the Alma and Balaklava; siege of Sebastopol. +Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>Gaspard Le Marchant Tupper</span> and <span class='sc'>Charles Henry +Ingilby</span>, the campaign of 1854–5; Balaklava and Inkermann, where +they were wounded; sortie on the 26th of October, 1854; and siege of +Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Henry Peel Yates</span>, the campaign of 1854–5; +battles of the Alma and Inkermann; sortie on the 26th. of October, +1854; and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>James Farrell Pennycuick</span>, +the campaign of 1854–5; battle of Inkermann and siege of +Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>Alexander Cæsar Hawkins</span> and <span class='sc'>George +Shaw</span>, served in the trenches to the fall of Sebastopol, the former from +March, and the latter from January, 1855. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Edward +Moubray</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; battle of Inkermann; siege of +Sebastopol; commanded a battery in the Tchernaya. Brevet-Major +<span class='sc'>William Wigram Barry</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; battles of the +Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major +<span class='pageno' id='Page_486'>486</span><span class='sc'>John Edward Michell</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, +Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>George Cecil Henry</span>, +<span class='sc'>James Sinclair</span>, and <span class='sc'>Lewis William Penn</span> (with siege train); Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5; Inkermann; and siege of Sebastopol; Major +Sinclair was very severely wounded during the siege. Brevet-Major +<span class='sc'>Edward Taddy</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, +and Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Paget Walter +L’Estrange</span>, Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the siege of Sebastopol +(with siege train.) Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>Reginald Henry Champion</span> (with +siege train), and <span class='sc'>William Gilly Andrews</span>, the campaign of 1854–5; +battle of Inkermann and siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>William +George Le Mesurier</span>, the Alma, Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. +Lieutenants <span class='sc'>Benjamin Geale Humfrey</span>, Sir <span class='sc'>John William Campbell</span>, +Bart., <span class='sc'>Edward John Ward</span>, <span class='sc'>Frederick Augustus Anley</span>, <span class='sc'>Charles Orde +Browne</span>, <span class='sc'>Henry Barlow Maule</span>, and <span class='sc'>Charles Fyshe Roberts</span>; all +served in the trenches to the fall of Sebastopol; the first, second, fourth, +and seventh from March, 1855; the third and sixth from May; and the +fifth from April. Staff-Surgeon <span class='sc'>William Perry</span>, served at the battle of +the Alma, the repulse of the sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and +the battle of Inkermann; was also present throughout the whole of the +siege of Sebastopol. Assistant-Surgeon <span class='sc'>Essex Bowen</span>, served at the +battle of Inkermann; was also present throughout the whole of the +siege of Sebastopol; served in the trenches from October, 1854 (the first +bombardment) to May, 1855. Troop Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>J. Beardsley</span>, was +present during the whole of the campaign, and served at the battles of +the Alma and Balaklava with great zeal and gallantry. Company +Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>J. Hamilton</span>, recommended for his bravery and distinguished +conduct in the trenches; was also remarkable for the +example of coolness and intrepidity he offered to others; received the +medal for distinguished conduct in the field. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Hamilton</span>, +served in the trenches without intermission from December, 1854, to +the fall of Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Samuel Ewing</span>, served in the first, +second, third, and fourth bombardments against Sebastopol; when in +command of a gun in the bombardment between the 6th. and the 10th. +of June, 1855, he exposed himself freely in the embrasures, and +encouraged the men; was a volunteer for the spiking party which left +the trenches to assail the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, on which +occasion he lost a leg. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Daniel Dowling</span>, afterwards Lieutenant, +military train; served throughout the whole of the Crimean +Campaign; was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, sortie +on the 26th. of October, 1854, and Inkermann; served as a volunteer +in the second and third bombardments against Sebastopol; was +wounded on the 7th. of June, 1855, and noticed for his gallant conduct +on two occasions. Sergeant <span class='sc'>George Symons</span>, served with great gallantry +with the eighteen-pounders at the battle of Inkermann, and distinguished +himself repeatedly in the trenches during the siege by his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_487'>487</span>great zeal, gallantry, and good conduct; was severely wounded in +June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Moses Hunter</span> and Bombardier <span class='sc'>Daniel Cambridge</span>, +served in the trenches throughout the whole of the siege of +Sebastopol; the former was distinguished for his good conduct and +bravery in the trenches, and the latter formed one of the spiking party +on the 8th. of September, 1855, on which occasion he was severely +wounded; Bombardier Cambridge received the Victoria Cross. Bombardier +<span class='sc'>W. Ramsey</span>, served with zeal and distinction in the trenches +throughout the whole siege of Sebastopol; particularly distinguished +himself in the June bombardment in the advanced batteries of the left +attack, where he took charge of the gun on which the heaviest fire was +directed, and performed the duties required of him in a most gallant +and able manner. Acting Bombardier <span class='sc'>H. Collier</span>, was present at the +battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and during the whole +of the siege of Sebastopol; as a driver he was constantly engaged in +taking ammunition to the trenches; also accompanied the expedition +to Kinburn. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Edward O’Brien</span>, served in the +trenches in five bombardments against Sebastopol, and with the spiking +party (as volunteer) upon two different occasions, namely, the 18th. of +June and the 8th. of September, 1855. Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>Jacob +M‘Garry</span>, served at the battle of the Alma, and was detached with the +Turks in one of the advanced redoubts in front of Balaklava, on the +25th. of October, 1854; upon the Turks retiring from the redoubts +on the advance of the Russians he remained to spike the guns in his +charge, for which conduct he received the approval of Her Majesty, +conveyed through the Secretary of State for War. Gunner and Driver +<span class='sc'>Thomas Arthur</span>, was present at five bombardments against Sebastopol, +and formed one of the spiking party of artillery on the 18th. of June, +1855, as a volunteer, on which occasion he was severely wounded. +Gunner and Driver <span class='sc'>John Death</span>, served in the trenches throughout the +whole of the siege of Sebastopol, and was present with one of the two +eighteen-pounders at the battle of Inkermann. Gunner and Driver +<span class='sc'>John Barrett</span>, served at the battle of the Alma, and was detached with +the Turks in one of the advanced redoubts in front of Balaklava, on +the 25th. of October, 1854; when the Turks retired from the redoubts +on the advance of the Russians, he remained to spike the guns in his +charge, for which conduct he received the approval of Her Majesty, +conveyed through the Secretary of State for War.</p> + +<p class='c015'>ROYAL ENGINEERS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>John William Gordon</span>, C.B., the +Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, the battle of the Alma, and the siege +of Sebastopol; was second in command of the Royal Engineers; +was severely wounded on the night of the 22nd. of March, 1855. +Colonel <span class='sc'>Frederick Edward Chapman</span>, C.B., and Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Edward Stanton</span>, C.B.; the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, battles +of the Alma, and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. +Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>James Frankfort Manners Browne</span>, C.B., the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_488'>488</span>siege of Sebastopol; was engaged at the capture of the Quarries; +was very severely wounded in the trenches on the 24th. of August, +1855. Major <span class='sc'>Horace William Montague</span>, the Eastern Campaign +of 1854–5; the siege of Sebastopol till taken prisoner on the 22nd. of +March, 1855; rejoined the army shortly before the termination of +the siege. Major <span class='sc'>Fairfax Charles Hassard</span>, the siege of Sebastopol; +expedition to Kertch. Major <span class='sc'>Charles Brisbane Ewart</span>, +the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, +and siege of Sebastopol. Major <span class='sc'>Francis Horatio De Vere</span>, the Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, and the siege of Sebastopol. +Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Wilbraham Oates Lennox</span>, rendered distinguished service +during the siege of Sebastopol; has received the decoration of the +Victoria Cross. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Arthur Leary</span>, rendered distinguished +service during the early part of the siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant +<span class='sc'>Francis Edward Pratt</span>, rendered distinguished service during the siege +of Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>A. M‘Caughey</span>, rendered distinguished service +on various occasions during the siege of Sebastopol, particularly at +Egerton’s rifle-pit. Second Corporal <span class='sc'>W. Baker</span>, distinguished for his +courage and coolness on the morning after breaking ground in the +trenches before Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>W. Tumble</span>, rendered distinguished +service during the siege in the trenches before Sebastopol, particularly +on the 5th. of November, 1854.</p> + +<p class='c015'>GRENADIER GUARDS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles William Ridley</span>, C.B., +commanded the Grenadier Guards for the first six months of the siege +of Sebastopol, in 1855, and subsequently a brigade in the first division +during the remainder of the siege, and till the end of the year. Lieutenant-Colonel +Lord <span class='sc'>Arthur Hay</span>, served during the siege of Sebastopol +from the end of 1854 until the termination of the war; a great part of +the time as assistant adjutant-general to the first division. Captain +<span class='sc'>Charles Napier Sturt</span>, served during the Eastern Campaign, including +the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; at the latter was +severely wounded; and siege of Sebastopol. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry William +Verschoyle</span>, served through the whole of the campaign, and carried +the regimental colours at Inkermann, when surrounded by the enemy. +Captain <span class='sc'>Robert William Hamilton</span>, was wounded when carrying the +colours at the Alma, but continued with them throughout that day; +was with the colours again at Inkermann, when surrounded by the +enemy. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Minor</span>, was with the colours when +surrounded by the enemy at Inkermann. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Sharpe</span>, +served with distinction both at the Alma and Inkermann.</p> + +<p class='c015'>COLDSTREAM GUARDS.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Clement William +Strong</span>; served in the Eastern Campaign, including the battles of the +Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel +Lord Augustus <span class='sc'>Charles Lennox Fitz Roy</span>; served at the +battles of Balaklava and Inkermann, and at the latter was very +severely wounded; siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Majors <span class='sc'>Philip Sambrook +<span class='pageno' id='Page_489'>489</span>Crawley</span> and <span class='sc'>Sir James Dunlop, Bart.</span>; were present at the +Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and the whole of the trench duty. +Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>John Augustus Connolly</span>; served during the Eastern +Campaign of 1854, with the 49th. regiment, including the battle of the +Alma and siege of Sebastopol; was highly distinguished and severely +wounded at the repulse of the sortie made on the second division on +the 26th. of October, 1854; has received the decoration of the Victoria +Cross. Sergeant <span class='sc'>G. Haynes</span> and Lance-Sergeant <span class='sc'>F. File</span>; were +present at the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and the whole of the +trench duty. After the battle of Inkermann, Lance-Sergeant File was +sent with a party of four men to collect the wounded; having sent the +party to camp with the wounded men, he found, when alone, twenty-nine +Russians (three of them severely wounded) in a quarry; he took +them prisoners, without resistance, and brought them to camp.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Edward Walker Forestier +Walker</span>, C.B.; Commanded the Scots Fusilier Guards in the Crimea +from the 22nd. of September to the end of the war; was at the action +of Balaklava and Inkermann (where he was severely wounded), and the +siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major the Honourable <span class='sc'>Wenham Clarence +Walpole Coke</span>; served with zeal at the siege of Sebastopol, and +distinguished himself by his coolness under fire in the trenches. +Brevet-Major the Honourable <span class='sc'>Alexander Edward Frazer</span>; served +during the Eastern Campaign of 1854 and part of 1855, including the +battles of the Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. +Captain <span class='sc'>Seymour John Blane</span>; served during the Eastern Campaign +of 1854–5, including the action of Balaklava and battle of Inkermann, +where he was severely wounded. Siege of Sebastopol. Captain <span class='sc'>John +Scott</span>; served the Crimean Campaign with distinction, especially at +the battle of the Alma; he was then in the 79th. regiment. He afterwards +served before Sebastopol in the Scots Fusilier Guards, with +credit to himself and benefit to the service. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John McBlain</span>; +served throughout the whole campaign; he was present at the Alma, +Balaklava, Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Stewart</span>; +distinguished himself by his gallantry at the battles of the Alma, +Balaklava, and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIRST REGIMENT, FIRST BATTALION.—Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Alexander Barry Montgomery</span>, C.B.; served through the Eastern +Campaign of 1854, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, +and siege of Sebastopol, up to the 23rd. of August, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +the Honourable <span class='sc'>Charles Dawson Plunkett</span>; +served during the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of +the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Captains <span class='sc'>William +Frederick John Rudd</span>, and <span class='sc'>William Spicer Cookworthy</span>; faithful, +zealous, and active in the discharge of their duties throughout the +whole campaign. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Frederick Harry Hope</span>; served the +Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_490'>490</span>Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>R. Henshall</span> +and Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>William M‘Dowell</span>; faithful, zealous, and active +in the discharge of arduous duties throughout the whole campaign.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIRST REGIMENT, SECOND BATTALION.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Francis Gregor Urquhart</span>; was present at the siege of +Sebastopol from the 22nd. of April, 1855. Major <span class='sc'>William James +Gillum</span>; rendered constant, zealous, and efficient service in the trenches +before Sebastopol from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of September, +1855, on which day, during the attack on the Redan, he was severely +wounded (lost a leg). Private <span class='sc'>G. Woodhouse</span>; rendered constant, +active, willing, and efficient service in the trenches before Sebastopol +from the 22nd. of April to the 8th. of September, 1855. His claims +to distinction were considered to entitle him to receive the French +Military War Medal had there been more for distribution.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRD REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Thomas Van Straubenzee</span>, +C.B.; served during the siege of Sebastopol from the 22nd. of April, +1855, and commanded a brigade of the light division at the assault on +the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>George +James Ambrose</span>; displayed conspicuous bravery when in command of +a party (two hundred) of the Buffs on the 7th. of June, 1855, +in repelling a sortie of the enemy in their endeavour to retake the +Quarries, when he was dangerously wounded; was also present at the +attack and capture of the Quarries in the earlier part of the day; +promoted to be Brevet-Major for his services on that occasion; was +mentioned in the despatch of the 20th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>John +Fahey</span>; on the night of the 14th. of August, 1855, was one of a picket +posted at the head of a ravine in front of a working party; the picket +was in the open; a very heavy fire was commenced by the enemy upon +the working party; Private Fahey was the only one of the picket who +stood his ground, which he did all night.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FOURTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Josiah Hort</span> +and Captain <span class='sc'>Francis Fisher Hamilton</span>; served the Eastern Campaign, +including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann and siege of +Sebastopol; Captain Hamilton was wounded at the Alma. Captain +<span class='sc'>Augustus Joseph Sykes</span>; was present with the head-quarters of his +regiment during the whole Eastern Campaign; was cheerful and zealous +in the performance of his duties during the period of the siege operations. +Lieutenant <span class='sc'>John Howley</span>; joined the head-quarters of his +regiment in the Crimea on the 8th. of November, 1857; was remarkable +for zeal and activity in the discharge of his duty on all occasions +when under fire; remained with his regiment until the embarkation of +the army for England in 1856. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. M‘Ardell</span>; served continuously +with his regiment throughout the Eastern Campaign; was +always most conspicuous for the active, cheerful, and zealous performance +of his duty in the trenches during the winter of 1854–5; +frequently volunteered and went on the trenches night after night +<span class='pageno' id='Page_491'>491</span>with readiness, when (owing to excessive sickness), sufficient non-commissioned +officers could not be found for duty. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas +Scannells</span>; served continuously with his regiment during the whole of +the Eastern Campaign. On the night of the 5th. of May, 1855, this +man was on sentry in front of the advanced trench before Sebastopol, +when a small party of the 4th. regiment, under the command of +Captain Arnold, was surprised by a large body of Russians, who fired +upon them (mortally wounding and taking prisoner Captain Arnold) +and compelled them to retire; when consequent on the surprise and +confusion which existed, some of the sentries on adjacent posts ran +into the trench; Private Scannells, however, remained firm at his post, +and by his example encouraged the other sentries to stand fast.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Reginald Yonge +Shipley</span>; was present at the battle of the Alma, where he was very +severely wounded. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Rowley Heyland</span>; +served in the siege of Sebastopol in 1855; he was very severely +wounded at the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. +Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Hugh Robert Hibbert</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of +1854–5; the Alma (wounded), Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, assaults +on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September; was +wounded in the trenches, and very severely on the 8th. of September, +1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>William Hope</span>; at the great explosion of the French +siege train, on the 15th. of November, 1855, Lieutenant Hope was conspicuous +for his coolness and activity when in charge of a fatigue party +to cover the mill with wet blankets; the roof had been blown off, and +one hundred and sixty tons of gunpowder were exposed to the fire of +burning materials, rockets, etc.; he mounted the mill and by his +courage and example saved the magazine, which was momentarily +expected to explode, and preserved the lives of probably hundreds of +the light division. He had previously distinguished himself at the +assault and taking of the Quarries. He received the decoration of the +Victoria Cross. Private <span class='sc'>William Barrack</span>; volunteered for sharpshooting +on the 17th. of October, 1854, and continued with the sharpshooters +until the battle of Inkermann, where he was severely wounded; +on the 17th. of October, 1854, he was taken prisoner while out with the +sharpshooters, and made his escape the same day. Private <span class='sc'>John +M‘Guire</span>; on the 6th. of May, 1855, Private John M‘Guire, at the risk +of his own life, brought in a wounded comrade who was lying in +the Woronzoff road; to perform this meritorious act he was obliged +to cross a considerable space of open ground, exposed to the fire of the +Russian sharpshooters. Private John M‘Guire was also present at the +battles of the Alma and Inkermann, the storming of the Quarries, and +both the assaults on the Great Redan. Deserted since he was recommended +for the medal, which he, in consequence, forfeited.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Frederick D. Lister</span>; +served during the siege of Sebastopol, from the 27th. of November, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_492'>492</span>1854, till the capture of the place. Captain <span class='sc'>William Nugent</span>; displayed +gallant conduct in the trenches on several occasions between the +27th. of November, 1854, and the 8th. of September, 1855; also during +the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>P. +Donohue</span>; displayed gallant conduct in the trenches on many occasions +during the siege of Sebastopol; also on the 18th. of June, 1855, during +the attack on the Cemetery.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FOURTEENTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Maurice Barlow</span>, Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +Sir <span class='sc'>James Edward Alexander</span>, and Brevet-Major +<span class='sc'>W. C. Trevor</span>; served in the siege of Sebastopol from January, 1855. +Colonel Barlow was in command of a brigade at the fall of the place. +Captain <span class='sc'>John Gittens Maycock</span>; was present with the 47th. regiment +at the battles of the Alma, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and +Inkermann; wounded at the Alma. Sergeant <span class='sc'>W. Hopkins</span>; particularly +recommended by the officers of the regiment for zealous and +exemplary conduct in the trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTEENTH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Alexander M‘Kinstry</span>; +displayed gallant conduct on the 18th. of June, 1855, at the +assault on the Great Redan. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>H. Gibson</span>; displayed +remarkable intelligence and general gallantry in the trenches throughout +the whole time the regiment served at the siege of Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c015'>EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Clark +Kennedy</span>, C.B.; served in the siege of Sebastopol from December, +1854, including the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. of June, 1855. +Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>George Frederick Stevenson Call</span>; siege +of Sebastopol in 1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Thomas Durand Baker</span>; displayed +great gallantry on the 18th. of June, 1855, at the assault of Sebastopol, +and zeal in the trenches. Private <span class='sc'>J. Weir</span>; displayed gallant conduct +at the assault of Sebastopol on the 18th. of June, 1855, specially, and +on several previous occasions.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINETEENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Robert Warden</span>; +served the campaign of 1844 and 1855, including the battles of the +Alma and Inkermann, at both of which he was wounded; the whole +of the siege of Sebastopol; and was also engaged at the attack on the +Quarries, and on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Captain +<span class='sc'>Henry Turner Uniacke</span>; served the campaign of 1854 and 1855, +present at the battle of the Alma and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol, +including the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, +1855. Captain <span class='sc'>George Alexander Warburton</span>; landed in the Crimea +on the 17th. of January, 1855; served during the siege of Sebastopol, +including the assault of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855; was +never absent from his duty during this period from sickness or any +other cause. Lieutenant and Adjutant <span class='sc'>Thomas Thompson</span>; landed +with his regiment in the Crimea; was present at the battles of the +Alma and Inkermann, and during the siege of Sebastopol, until +ordered to England on duty on the 14th. of February, 1855; was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_493'>493</span>never absent from his duty during the period of his service with the +Eastern expedition. Sergeant <span class='sc'>John Sherlock</span>, and Private <span class='sc'>John +Halloran</span>; served during the whole of the campaign of 1854–5, during +which period they were never absent from duty, from sickness or any +other cause. The former was present at the Alma, Inkermann, the +taking of the Quarries, and at the two assaults on the Redan on +the 8th. of September, 1855, when he was slightly wounded. The +latter was present at the Alma, Inkermann, and the assault of the 8th. +of September, 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWENTIETH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Frederick Horn</span>, C.B.; +served the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and +Inkermann, at the last of which he was wounded; commanded a +brigade during the siege of Sebastopol. Major <span class='sc'>William Pollexfen +Radcliffe</span>; served the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the +Alma and Inkermann, and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol. +Captain <span class='sc'>Charles Edward Parkinson</span>; landed in the Crimea on the +14th. of September, 1854; was present at the battles of the Alma, +Balaklava, and Inkermann, and through the whole of the siege (except +twenty-one days’ sick leave at Balaklava); discharged his duty at all +times with zeal and activity. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Hector Barlow Vaughan</span>; +landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at +the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and throughout the whole +of the siege of Sebastopol (except ten days sick on the heights). +Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Whybrow</span> and Private <span class='sc'>Peter Rowe</span>; both landed +with the expedition on the 14th. of September, 1854, and were present +at all the actions. Colour-Sergeant Whybrow was wounded at Inkermann, +and served through the whole of the siege operations, performing +his duty with zeal. Private Rowe brought himself prominently to +notice at the battle of Inkermann, in a position against a considerable +force of the enemy, where he behaved in a very gallant +manner, and was conspicuously in the front of the small party of +which he was one. Was afterwards severely wounded in the trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWENTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Richard Sackville</span> +(<span class='sc'>Lord West</span>), C.B.; served the campaign of 1854–5, including +the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and the whole of the siege of +Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>George Neeld Boldero</span>; served the +campaign of 1854, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, +at the last of which he was severely wounded, and siege of Sebastopol. +Captains <span class='sc'>Henry King</span> and <span class='sc'>Richard Stephens</span>; both landed with the +regiment at Old Fort, on the 14th. of September, 1854. The former +was present at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; +was dangerously wounded through the neck at the latter engagement. +The latter was present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and +was very severely wounded (arm amputated) when carrying the Queen’s +colours in the latter battle. Each did duty in the trenches to the 5th. +of November, 1854. Captain <span class='sc'>S. H. Clerke</span>; served in the Crimea from +<span class='pageno' id='Page_494'>494</span>the 14th. of September to the 26th. of October, 1854, and from the 27th. +of December to the end of the war. Present at the Alma and Kinburn. +Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>W. Fowler</span> and Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>R. Ellis</span>; both +landed with the regiment at Old Fort. The former was present +at the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; did duty +in the trenches, and was present with his regiment throughout the +war. The latter was present at the Alma and Inkermann (wounded in +the arm at the latter), and did his duty in the trenches till the 11th. +of May, 1855.</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Daniel Lysons</span>, C.B.; +served the campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and +Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol; engaged in the assaults +on the Redan on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855; on +the latter occasion he was severely wounded. Major <span class='sc'>Francis Edward +Drewe</span>; for going out to the front under a heavy fire on the evening +of the 8th. of September, 1855, to assist in bringing in Lieutenant and +Adjutant Dyneley, 23rd. Fusiliers, who was lying mortally wounded +near the Redan, where he had fallen during the unsuccessful assault +that day. This voluntary duty Major Drewe performed with the +assistance of Corporal Shields and a party of four other volunteers. +Major Drewe further served with credit throughout the whole of the +siege, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; capture +of Egerton’s Rifle-pits; capture of the Quarries; sortie on the 22nd. of +March; assaults on the Redan, the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, +1855. Wounded on the 8th. of September. Captain <span class='sc'>Sydney +Crohan Millett</span>; served the campaign of 1854–5, the battles of the +Alma and Inkermann, and the whole of the siege of Sebastopol. Was +severely wounded on the 8th. of September, 1855, at the assault on the +Redan. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Luke O’Connor</span> and Corporal <span class='sc'>E. Luby</span>; services +at the Alma as already detailed; the former also behaved with great +gallantry in the assault on the Redan, the 8th. of September, 1855, +where he was severely wounded through both thighs. The latter +served throughout the siege, and displayed great coolness and courage +at the assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, where he +acted as Orderly to Lieutenant-Colonel Bunbury, and made himself +very useful while on the parapet and in the ditch of the Redan. +Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Symonds</span>; for going out to the front of the trenches, +right attack, with another man (since dead), and bringing in a wounded +corporal of the 97th. regiment. Was mentioned for it by Lieutenant-General +Sir William Codrington, K.C.B., in Divisional Orders, 7th. of +September, 1855, as follows:—“The Lieutenant-General has great +pleasure in referring to the good conduct of two men of the 23rd. +regiment, named James Brown and Thomas Symons, who brought in +from the front a corporal of the 97th. regiment, who had been severely +wounded, and left in a very exposed position, to which they went out +most gallantly and humanely at the risk of their own lives. The +<span class='pageno' id='Page_495'>495</span>Commander of the Forces, in wishing their names to be publicly +noticed, desires they may receive a gratuity of £3 each.”</p> + +<p class='c015'>TWENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Frank Adams</span>, C.B., +and Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Robert Julian Baumgartner</span>, C.B.; served +the campaign of 1854–5, the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, the +whole siege of Sebastopol, and engaged in the attack on the Cemetery +on the 18th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Edmund +Gilling Hallewell</span>, unattached; served the campaign of 1854–5, the +battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. +Major <span class='sc'>Thomas Maunsell</span>; served with the 28th. regiment in Turkey; +landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was present at +the battles of the Alma and Inkermann. Volunteered as captain to +command the sharpshooters of the third division; was employed as +such from the opening of the siege before Sebastopol till he was +severely wounded on the 30th. December, 1854. Captain <span class='sc'>Sussex +Lennox Aubrey Beauclerk Messiter</span>; served the campaign of 1854–5, +battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. +Captain <span class='sc'>Thomas Lynden Bell</span>; served with the 28th. regiment in +Turkey; landed in the Crimea on the 14th. of September, 1854; was +present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; served at the +siege before Sebastopol from the commencement of the operations till +August, 1855, when he was obliged to leave on account of sickness. +Was at the attack and occupation of the Cemetery before Sebastopol, +on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>J. M‘Loughlin</span> and Private +<span class='sc'>W. Gleeson</span>; both served with the regiment in Turkey; landed in the +Crimea on the 14th. September, 1854; were present at the battles +of the Alma and Inkermann, the fall of Sebastopol, and at the attack +and occupation of the Cemetery before Sebastopol on the 18th. of June, +1855. During the whole siege Corporal <span class='sc'>M‘Loughlin</span> was never sick or +absent from his duty one day, and took his regular tour of the trench +duty. On the 18th. of June he volunteered to carry a letter to the +advanced party from Major-General Sir William Eyre, then commanding +the attack, which duty was performed in a most gallant +manner, under a very heavy and galling fire from the enemy. Private +Gleeson on the same occasion volunteered for the advanced party as +sharpshooter, and distinguished himself by carrying to the rear, from +an advanced post, a wounded comrade, under a very heavy and galling +fire from the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTIETH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>James Thomas +Mauleverer</span>, C.B.; served the campaign of 1854–5; battles of the +Alma, Inkermann (severely wounded); sortie on the 26th. of October; +the whole siege of Sebastopol; and was wounded in the assault on the +Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Thomas Henry Pakenham</span>; displayed especial gallant conduct in +leading his company to the attack at the battle of the Alma, where +he was dangerously wounded. Major <span class='sc'>Robert Dillon</span>; rendered good +<span class='pageno' id='Page_496'>496</span>and gallant service in the trenches before Sebastopol, and on Inkermann +heights during the winter of 1854–5. Lieutenant and Adjutant +<span class='sc'>Gilbert Howard Sanders</span>; the siege of Sebastopol; was twice +wounded and lost a leg at the assault on the Redan on the 8th. of +September, 1855. Sergeant <span class='sc'>T. Shaw</span>; displayed distinguished conduct +in the field in making a Russian mounted officer prisoner, for +which service he was specially thanked in orders, by the General, +on the 13th. November, 1854. Private <span class='sc'>J. Andrews</span>; for distinguished +conduct in the field in having aided Sergeant Shaw to capture a +Russian mounted officer, for which service he (in conjunction with the +Sergeant) was specially thanked in orders, by the General, on the +13th. of November, 1854.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>George Staunton</span>; served +in the siege of Sebastopol from May, 1855, to the capture of the place.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>George +Valentine Edward Mundy</span>, C.B.; served the campaign of 1854–5, the +Alma, Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol; was engaged +in the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>John Elias Collings</span>; served the campaign of +1854–5, the Alma, Inkermann and siege of Sebastopol; was engaged in +the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June. Captain <span class='sc'>Alexander +Bruce Wallis</span>; was present with his company at the battle of the +Alma, and was called upon during the action to carry one of the +regimental colours; while so employed he was severely wounded +through the right thigh, and although suffering much he remained +with the colours until the close of the action. Lieutenant the Honourable +<span class='sc'>R. H. De Montmorency</span>; on the 8th. of September, 1855, +Lieutenant De Montmorency went most gallantly over the parapet of +the Redan at the commencement of the assault, cheering on the men; +and on the same day he volunteered to lead a party to occupy some +rifle-pits, in order to prevent their being taken by the Russians, which +he held for some time after the attacking party had been withdrawn. +Assistant-Surgeon <span class='sc'>Thomas Clark</span>; served the campaign of 1854–5, +battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. +Private <span class='sc'>P. Leary</span>; was one of the first men to enter the Redan on the +8th. of September, 1855, and after having been severely wounded in +the head, he volunteered to assist in taking some rifle-pits, to prevent +their being occupied by the Russians. This man was recommended +for the French Military War Medal. Private <span class='sc'>James Bond</span>; behaved +very gallantly after the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, +by volunteering to go out between the advanced works and the Redan, +under a very heavy fire, to bring in the Honourable Edward Fitzclarence, +of the 7th. Fusiliers, who was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>John Simpson</span> and Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Joseph Jordan</span>; both served during +the siege of Sebastopol from the 9th. of December, 1854; the former +<span class='pageno' id='Page_497'>497</span>was engaged at the capture of the Quarries and assault on the Redan +on the 8th. of September, 1855; and the latter was engaged in the +sortie on the 22nd. of March; at the capture of the rifle-pits, 19th. of +April; and assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, when he +was severely wounded. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Abel Woodroffe Boyce</span>; for +having at the assault on the Redan, on the 18th. of June, 1855, after +the troops had retired to the trenches, gone out in front of the advanced +trenches under a heavy fire of grape, and rendered great assistance in +bringing in Lieutenant and Adjutant Hobson, 7th. Fusiliers, who was +lying outside, severely wounded. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Francis Peel</span>; for cool +and gallant conduct at the assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, +1855, on which occasion he was wounded. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Pratt</span>; +displayed gallant conduct at the assault on the Redan, in encouraging +the men and assisting to carry a scaling ladder to the <i>abattis</i>, on which +occasion he was wounded. Corporal <span class='sc'>D. Coughlan</span>; displayed gallant +conduct at the assault on the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, in +assisting to carry a scaling ladder to the <i>abattis</i>, when the rest of the +bearers first employed were either killed or wounded. He also brought +in a wounded comrade to the trenches under a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>James +Pattoun Sparkes</span>, C.B., and Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William +James Loftus</span>; Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma and whole +siege of Sebastopol; engaged in the attack on the Cemetery on the +18th. of June, 1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Constantine William Septimus +Gaynor</span>; rendered good and zealous service in the trenches before +Sebastopol, till he was wounded severely by a rifle-ball on the 21st. of +February, 1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Arthur Johnson Allix Ewen</span>; was in +advance on the 18th. of June, 1855, in the attack and capture of the +Cemetery by the second brigade, third division. Privates <span class='sc'>P. McGuire</span> +and <span class='sc'>T. Reynolds</span>; both were in advance on the 18th. of June, 1855, in +the attack and capture of the Cemetery by the second brigade, third +division. Was one of those who reached close under the Russian +batteries. Private M‘Guire, though severely wounded in the left hand, +remained at his post during the whole day, firing on the Russian embrasures; +and Private Reynolds always behaved well in the trenches +during the siege.</p> + +<p class='c015'>THIRTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Major <span class='sc'>Thomas Wright Hudson</span>; +served throughout the siege of Sebastopol from the 19th. of December, +1854. Lieutenant and Adjutant <span class='sc'>Thomas Westropp Bennett</span>; displayed +general zealous and good conduct in the trenches before +Sebastopol during the bombardments, and was present at the attacks +on the 18th. of June and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private +<span class='sc'>J. M‘Cluskey</span>; on the 18th. of June, 1855, when a party of the 39th. +regiment was stationed in the trenches overlooking the Cemetery, +which had that day been taken possession of by the brigade under Sir +William Eyre, cries and groans of a wounded man attracted attention. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_498'>498</span>Lieutenant Smith, in command of the party, asked for volunteers to +accompany him to ascertain the cause. This man and another (who +has received the French War Medal), came forward, and they brought +in a wounded sergeant of the 38th. regiment, who had been lying there +for several hours. This act was performed under a heavy fire, and very +close to the Russian sentries.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Robert Pratt</span>; +served throughout the siege of Sebastopol, and was wounded at the +attack on the Redan on the 18th. of September, 1855. Major <span class='sc'>George +Skipworth</span>; campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, sortie on the 26th. +of October, and Inkermann; the whole siege of Sebastopol. Major +<span class='sc'>Henry Stratton Bush</span>; for having gallantly led men of his company +to an advanced position, which he succeeded in holding against +a superior force, at the battle of Inkermann (severely wounded.) +Captain <span class='sc'>George Peddie</span>; for having commanded a working party, +under a heavy fire, with zeal, determination, and courage, on duty, to +reverse the enemy’s trenches, after the taking of the Quarries. +Corporal <span class='sc'>W. Crawford</span>; for having on the 26th. of October, 1854, +volunteered and been conspicuous in cutting off and taking prisoners a +Russian officer and fourteen soldiers. Private <span class='sc'>P. Collins</span>; for being +conspicuous in going to the front to carry off the late Colonel Carpenter, +when mortally wounded, under a heavy fire, at the battle of Inkermann, +and for repeated zeal in the discharge of a similar arduous duty.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Duncan Alexander +Cameron</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; commanded +the 42nd. regiment at the battle of the Alma, and the Highland +Brigade at Balaklava, and during the remainder of the siege of Sebastopol; +served on the expedition to Kertch. Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Alexander Cameron</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including +the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. +Captain <span class='sc'>Henry Montgomery</span>; served the whole campaign in the +Crimea, the greater part of the time on the Staff as Aide-de-Camp +to Major-General Cameron, C.B. Was present at the battles of the +Alma and Balaklava, and throughout the siege of Sebastopol. +Captain <span class='sc'>Sir Peter Arthur Halkett, Bart.</span>; served with the 42nd. +regiment in the Crimea to the 24th. of October, 1855; was present at +the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol. Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>D. Dalgleish</span> and Private <span class='sc'>E. M‘Millan</span>; served the whole +campaign in the Crimea; were present at the battles of the Alma and +Balaklava, and siege of Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-FOURTH REGIMENT.—Colonel the Honourable <span class='sc'>Augustus +Almeric Spencer</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; +commanded the 44th. regiment at the Alma and Inkermann, and siege +of Sebastopol, including the attack on the Cemetery on the 18th. +of June, 1855. Commanded the troops on the expedition to Kinburn. +Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles William Dunbar Staveley</span>, C.B.; served +<span class='pageno' id='Page_499'>499</span>the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and +Balaklava, siege of Sebastopol, and attack on Cemetery on the 18th. +of June, 1855. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William M‘Mahon</span>, and +Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>William Fletcher</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of +1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, siege +of Sebastopol, and attack on Cemetery, on the 18th. of June, 1855. +Captain <span class='sc'>Robert Baillie</span>; landed in the Crimea with the 44th. regiment; +served throughout the whole campaign. Was present at the +capture of Kinburn. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>William Arthur Wood</span>; landed in +the Crimea with the 44th. regiment; served throughout the whole +campaign with it, until the regiment returned to England. Was +present and in advance at the affair of the Cemetery on the 18th. of +June. Served as Adjutant to the regiment from the 29th. of January, +1855, till the end of the siege. Private <span class='sc'>William Doole</span>; served +throughout the campaign, except for four months, on account of +wounds. Volunteered as a sharpshooter at the commencement of the +siege, and was wounded in October, 1854. He again volunteered on +the 18th. of June, 1855, for the advance guard of Major-General +Sir William Eyre’s brigade, when he was again wounded, and particularly +noticed. Private <span class='sc'>William Woodgate</span>; served throughout the +whole war in the trenches. He was present at the attack on the +Cemetery, where his gallantry was particularly noticed. Always set a +good example to his comrades by his readiness and cheerfulness under +the most trying circumstances during the bad winter of 1854.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Sir Robert Garrett</span>, +K.C.B, K.H.; the siege of Sebastopol; in command of a brigade in +the fourth division from the 8th. of November, 1854, till the end of the +service. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Colin Frederick Campbell</span>; +the siege of Sebastopol; was wounded in the trenches. Captain +<span class='sc'>Nicholas Dunscombe</span>; landed with the regiment in the Crimea on the +8th. of November, 1854, and served uninterruptedly till the end of the +campaign. Captain <span class='sc'>George Henry Knapp</span>; was present at the battles +of the Alma, Inkermann, and Balaklava, and served uninterruptedly +till the end of the campaign. Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>P. Cullen</span>; landed +with the regiment in the Crimea on the 8th. of November, 1854, and +was particularly noticed for gallantry in the trenches and attention +to his duties during the campaign. Private <span class='sc'>P. Flinn</span>; never missed a +duty in the trenches from the 8th. of November, 1854, and was remarkable +on all occasions for gallantry and daring.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Richard +Thomas Farren</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, +including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. +of October, 1854, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonels +<span class='sc'>James Villiers</span> and <span class='sc'>John Henry Lowndes</span>; served +the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the Alma, Inkermann, +sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, the whole of the siege of Sebastopol, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_500'>500</span>and was engaged in the attack and capture of the Quarries on +the 7th. of June, 1855. Captain the Honourable <span class='sc'>Bernard Matthew +Ward</span>; distinguished himself on the morning of the 5th. of November, +1854, in support of the pickets of the second brigade, second division. +The conduct of this officer was particularly noticed by Lieutenant-Colonel +Fordyce, C.B. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry James Buchanan</span>; served the +Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, the Alma, Inkermann, sortie of the 26th. +of October, 1854, and siege of Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>W. Grant</span> and +Private <span class='sc'>Edward M‘Mahon</span>; distinguished themselves particularly on +the night of the 7th. of June, 1855, by their cool and gallant conduct +in assisting to drive the enemy from the Quarries, and repulsing his +attacks.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Captain <span class='sc'>Wm. Henry Cairnes</span>; +for steadiness and soldier-like conduct whilst in command of a party +of his regiment, sent to relieve and reinforce a party of the fourth +regiment on the night of the 22nd. of June, 1855, in the trenches +before Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>Richard Batlin</span>; for volunteering to +join the party above referred to, and accompanying his captain.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Thornton +Grant</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854 and 1855, including +the Alma, Inkermann, sortie of the 26th. of October, 1854, the +whole siege of Sebastopol, and rendered important service in command +of strong working parties of the second and light divisions at the +attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855. Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>John Hynde King</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including +the Alma, Inkermann, sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, the whole +siege of Sebastopol; was engaged in the attack and capture of the +Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; was severely wounded at the +attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September (arm amputated.) +Captain <span class='sc'>George Kemp Chatfield</span>; joined the service companies on +the 14th. of November, 1854, and was present during the whole of the +siege of Sebastopol; also at the assault and capture of the Quarries on +the 7th. of June, 1855. Was mentioned in Field-Marshal Lord Raglan’s +despatch on the 18th. of June, 1855, at the first attack on the Redan. +Was wounded in the trenches on the 7th. of September, 1855. Captain +<span class='sc'>William Young</span>; joined the service companies on the 14th. of November, +1854, and was present in the Crimea during the whole siege of +Sebastopol; the attack and capture of the Quarries on the 7th. +of June, 1855 (wounded); attacks on the Redan on the 18th. of June +and the 8th. of September, 1855. Surgeon <span class='sc'>John Davies</span>; landed in the +Crimea in medical charge of the 49th. regiment. Was present at the +battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol, with +the exception of the last attack on the Redan. During the period the +Army occupied Bulgaria, Surgeon Davies’s unceasing solicitude and +attention to the sick of the regiment was attended with the most beneficial +results, and during the whole of the campaign in the Crimea, up +<span class='pageno' id='Page_501'>501</span>to the month of July, 1855, he was scarcely ever out of his hospital +tending the sick and wounded. Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>R. Holden</span>; was +present at the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and repulse of +sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854. Was with his regiment during +the whole siege of Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>J. Gibbons</span>; greatly distinguished +himself on the 26th. of October, 1854, in personal encounter +with the Russians. Was mentioned in division orders on the occasion +by Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy Evans, G.C.B. Was present +during the whole campaign, including the battles of the Alma and +Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIFTIETH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Richard Waddy</span>, C.B., and +Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Lucas Wilton</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5, including the Alma, Inkermann, and siege of +Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Henry Edward Weare</span>; +served the Eastern Campaign of 1854 as Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General, +and was severely wounded at the Alma; also was present at +the latter part of the siege of Sebastopol. Major <span class='sc'>Edward George +Hibbert</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles +of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant +<span class='sc'>Montague De Salis M‘Kenzie George Augustus Clarke</span>; this officer +was in command of a company in the advanced trench of the left +attack before Sebastopol, in December, 1854, when the Russians made +a sortie. He was engaged in a personal encounter with a Russian +officer, whom he cut down with his sword, but being wounded in two +places, he was overpowered and taken prisoner. His sword was found +next day in front of the trench, broken in two and covered with blood. +Lieutenant <span class='sc'>James Lamb</span>; this officer served throughout the Crimean +Campaign, and his conduct was conspicuous on the occasion of a sortie +made by the Russians on the advanced trench of the left attack before +Sebastopol in December, 1854, when a few companies of the 50th. +regiment suffered severely in repelling the attack. Private <span class='sc'>A. O’Leary</span>; +this man (with another, since dead) volunteered to go out to look for +the body of the captain of his company, who was supposed to have +been killed in December, 1854, when the Russians made a strong sortie +on the advanced trench of the left attack. The Russians were repelled, +but (the night being very dark) it was some time before it was +ascertained that the works were completely cleared of them. However, +this man at once proposed to go out from the second parallel +to look for his captain; he was permitted to do so. His captain had +been taken prisoner. Private <span class='sc'>Thomas Reghan</span>; served throughout the +Crimean Campaign, and was remarkable for his coolness under fire +when in the trenches before Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIFTY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Warren</span>, C.B.; +served the Eastern Campaign of 1854, including the battles of the +Alma, and Inkermann (where he commanded a brigade and was severely +wounded), and took part in the sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_502'>502</span>was present during the latter part of the siege of Sebastopol in 1855. +Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Alfred Capel Cure</span>; the siege of Sebastopol in +1855. Commanded the regiment in the assaults on the 18th. of June +and the 8th. of September, 1855. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>William Byrne Johnson</span>; +served from the 22nd. of November, 1854, to the end of the war, +including the siege of Sebastopol and the trenches; was severely +wounded at the final assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September, +1855, where he distinguished himself, as on several other occasions, by +his forward gallantry. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>James Scott</span>; landed in Turkey +with the regiment in May, 1854; served at the battles of the Alma and +Inkermann, siege of Sebastopol, and in the trenches, including the +repulse of the sortie on Inkermann heights on the 26th of October, +1854, and the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855; was +wounded, and mentioned in the despatches for his distinguished +gallantry. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Meara</span>; landed with the regiment in Turkey, +in May, 1854; served in the Crimea during the whole campaign, including +the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; took part in the +repulse of the sortie at Inkermann on the 26th. of October, 1854, and +served in the trenches generally; distinguished himself particularly by +his gallantry at the storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, +1855, where he was severely wounded. Lance-Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. O’Donnell</span>; +landed with the regiment in Turkey, in May, 1854; was present at the +battle of the Alma (severely wounded); served in the trenches, and +distinguished himself at the storming of the Redan on the 8th. of September, +1855, when he was again severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'>FIFTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Alfred +Street</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the +battles of the Alma and Inkermann, the whole of the siege of Sebastopol, +and expedition to Kinburn. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Gerald John +Forsyth</span>; this officer’s conduct on every occasion when under fire, from +the 23rd. of September, 1854, to the end of the siege, on the 8th. of +September, 1855; was most conspicuous for gallantry and coolness. +On the 18th. of June, when one of the assaulting party, he remained +with three or four men of his company close under the <i>abattis</i> of the +Redan, awaiting reinforcements. These men kept up a constant fire +at the embrasures, and Captain Forsyth himself remained with them +until the whole of their ammunition was exhausted, when, finding no +support come to their aid, he retired to the trenches. Lieutenant +<span class='sc'>Alfred Frederick Adolphus Slade</span>; this officer volunteered to join +the service companies in the field on the 15th. of November, 1854, and +obtained permission to do so without joining the depôt. His conduct +was marked by conspicuous bravery during his service in the trenches +from the above date to the 18th. of June, 1855, when he was severely +wounded in front of the Redan. Although suffering from a severe +wound in the shoulder, and directed to go back to the trenches, he +continued to encourage the men to advance under a heavy fire from +<span class='pageno' id='Page_503'>503</span>the Russian batteries, until he was struck again, and, the attack having +failed, he retired with the remainder of the regiment. Drummer +<span class='sc'>M. Norton</span>; landed with the regiment at Katcha River on the 22nd. +of September, 1854, and was present at Inkermann, Balaklava, and +during the siege of Sebastopol; at the assaults on the 18th. of June +and the 8th. of September, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>J. Healy</span>; was recommended +for the medal and gratuity for his very distinguished conduct throughout +the whole period of his service in the Crimea, namely, from the +23rd. of September, 1854, to June, 1856, and more particularly at the +assault of the Redan on the 18th. of June, 1855, when he remained in +advance of the trenches, with Major Forsyth and two or three other +men, until the whole of his ammunition was expended. He did not +receive the medal on that occasion, because the whole amount of +gratuities allowed the regiment were expended.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SIXTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Charles Trollope</span>, C.B., +and Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William Lennox Ingall</span>, C.B.—Both served +the siege of Sebastopol from the 13th. of November, 1854. Colonel +Trollope was in command of a brigade in the second division up to +July, and afterwards as a Brigadier-General; also in command of one +in the third division. Lieutenant-Colonel Ingall was severely wounded +at the storming of the Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855. Brevet-Major +<span class='sc'>Charles Cooch</span> and Captain <span class='sc'>George Hampden Wilkieson</span>; +for long service in the trenches before Sebastopol. Major Cooch was +mentioned in the despatches of General Sir James Simpson, G.C.B. +Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Warren</span> and Private <span class='sc'>J. Farrell</span>; for capturing a French +soldier who was deserting to the enemy from the advanced trenches on +the 22nd. of February, 1855, they being at the time exposed to a heavy +fire from the enemy’s advanced posts, and for which service they +received the thanks of the Commander-in-Chief in the Crimea.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SIXTY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable +<span class='sc'>Robert Alexander George Dalzell</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern +Campaign of 1854, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, +and the first part of the siege of Sebastopol in 1855. Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Charles Edward Fairclough</span>; served the Eastern Campaign +of 1854; the Alma, and Inkermann; at the latter he was severely +wounded. Captain <span class='sc'>F. T. Logan Paterson</span>; served the Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and +Inkermann; siege of Sebastopol; also in expeditions to Kertch and +Kinburn. Private <span class='sc'>P. Ceaton</span>; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, +including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann; expedition +to Kertch; assault and fall of Sebastopol; capture of Kinburn. +At the battle of Inkermann, Private Ceaton attacked and stabbed two +Russians. Was himself wounded, but refused to leave the field.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SIXTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Henry Smith</span>, C.B.; +served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the +Alma and Inkermann, and the whole siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_504'>504</span><span class='sc'>George Macbeath</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of +1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and siege +of Sebastopol. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Sheffield Grace</span>; under the command of +a captain in the 63rd. regiment, Lieutenant Grace took post at the +<i>chevaux-de-frize</i>, in front of the position in the Woronzoff road, with +only one man to support him, the remainder (of a party of twelve) +having fallen back in consequence of the heavy fire. Lieutenant +<span class='sc'>Francis De Luttrell Saunderson</span>; on the 11th. of May, 1855, Lieutenant +Saunderson was actively engaged repelling a sortie. The night +was wet and stormy, and some of the rifles were difficult to load, and +this officer particularly distinguished himself by assisting the men in +loading. Private <span class='sc'>Samuel Burrows</span>; on the morning of the 22nd. of +November, 1854, in broad daylight under a heavy fire from the enemy, +he proceeded from the rifle-pits, in company with another man, to +bring in a wounded officer of the rifle brigade. This occurred in the +left attack of the siege of Sebastopol. Private <span class='sc'>J. Magner</span>; when on +duty in the trenches before Sebastopol on the 11th. of May, 1855, +during a sortie, when volunteers were called for by Captain Hamilton +to charge the enemy, Private Magner was one of the first to leap on the +parapet, and say, “Here is one, sir.” He afterwards volunteered to +go out on patrol to see that the enemy had all retired. On another +occasion, when on duty in the fourth parallel, he was wounded in the +hip, and though told by an officer and surgeon to go home, he refused, +saying, “The Russians are coming out, and I would sooner stay with +my company.”</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT.—Captains <span class='sc'>Frederick J. Colin +Halkett</span> and <span class='sc'>John Otway Wemyss</span>; rendered general good service +in the trenches before Sebastopol, and at Kertch. Privates <span class='sc'>H. +Gourley</span> and <span class='sc'>J. Cathcart</span>; rendered general good service; both +slightly wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Parke</span>; +in the Crimea from the 13th. of June, 1855, to the end of the war.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>George Harry Smith Willis</span> and Captain <span class='sc'>Richard Butler Willington</span>; +served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of +the Alma and Inkermann, and siege of Sebastopol. Assistant-Surgeons +<span class='sc'>Robert Graves Burton</span> and <span class='sc'>Alexander Humfrey</span>; for distinguished +courage in the trenches during the whole siege of Sebastopol, where +they were exposed, under fire, and in presence of the enemy, to as +much danger as executive officers, and where their humanity to the +wounded was valuable and constant. Sergeant <span class='sc'>R. Bushell</span> and +Lance-Corporal <span class='sc'>G. Brown</span>; for conspicuous courage under fire in the +presence of the enemy, in every action, sortie, or attack during the +whole war.</p> + +<p class='c015'>SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonels <span class='sc'>John +Douglas</span>, C.B., and <span class='sc'>Richard Chambre Hays Taylor</span>, C.B., and BrevetLieutenant-Colonel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_505'>505</span><span class='sc'>Robert Douglas Clephane</span>; served the Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5, including the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, +and siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonels Douglas and Clephane +served in the expedition to Kertch. Captain <span class='sc'>Henry Holford +Stevenson</span>; was employed on important duty in the advanced trenches +the night preceding the fall of Sebastopol, while on the Staff of Lieutenant-General +Sir Colin Campbell, G.C.B. Also present at the battles +of the Alma and Balaklava. Quartermaster <span class='sc'>R. Jameson</span>; was present +at the battle of the Alma; acted as a volunteer subaltern at the action +of Balaklava; rendered constant good and gallant service under fire in +the trenches before Sebastopol. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Anderson</span> and Private +<span class='sc'>W. Campbell</span>; were present at the battles of the Alma and Balaklava, +and rendered constant good and gallant service in the trenches before +Sebastopol.</p> + +<p class='c015'>EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT.—Colonel <span class='sc'>Horatio Shirley</span>, C.B., +and Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>George Vaughan Maxwell</span>, C.B.; served the +Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the battles of the Alma and Inkermann; +siege of Sebastopol; attack on the Quarries. The former was general +officer in the trenches at the attack on the Quarries on the 7th. of June, +1855, and at the attack on the Redan on the 18th. of June, and commanded +a brigade at the assault on the 8th. of September. Lieutenant-Colonel +Maxwell also commanded the 88th. regiment at the assaults on +the Redan on the 18th. of June, and the 8th. of September, 1855, and +at the last he was severely wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Edward +John Vesey Brown</span> and Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Thomas Gore</span>; served the +Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Inkermann, and siege of +Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Edward Gilling Maynard</span>; for leading +the men under his orders into the Russian works (called the Quarries) +in a most gallant manner, on the night of the 7th. of June, 1855. +Captain <span class='sc'>John Edward Riley</span>; for gallant conduct at Inkermann. He +was most active in rallying his men when retreating; also was most +active during the action, as Adjutant. He likewise behaved exceedingly +well on picket, in the Middle Ravine, in the beginning of October, +1854, when the enemy advanced upon him on a certain occasion. +Lieutenant <span class='sc'>George Priestly</span>; was very conspicuous in the attack on +the Redan, leading the Grenadier company in a dashing manner. +Private <span class='sc'>J. Sullivan</span>; displayed general activity and gallantry during +the night of the 7th. of June, 1855, in the attack on the Quarries. +Private <span class='sc'>W. Durwoode</span>; this man, with only one other, answered to +the call of Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, to rally round a gun, when the +regiment was repulsed at the beginning of the battle of Inkermann. +He served throughout the whole campaign, and was at last wounded in +the attack on the Redan.</p> + +<p class='c015'>EIGHTY-NINTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Caledon +Richard Egerton</span> and Major <span class='sc'>Robert B. Hawley</span>; served the siege of +Sebastopol till the end of the service; the former from the 17th. of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_506'>506</span>December, 1854, and the latter from the 31st., of January, 1855. +Major <span class='sc'>Leslie Skynner</span>; landed in the Crimea on the 15th. of December, +1854, and performed good service in the trenches during the whole +campaign. Corporal <span class='sc'>P. Scott</span>; landed with the regiment in the Crimea +on the 15th. of December, 1854. Never missed a tour of duty in the +trenches until after the 5th. of December, 1855, when he was wounded +severely by a piece of shell in the right knee.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINETIETH REGIMENT.—Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Thomas +Smith</span>; served the siege of Sebastopol from the 5th. of December, 1854, +till the end of the service. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>James Perrin</span>; rendered uninterrupted +service with his regiment from its arrival in the Crimea +until its embarkation for England, in June, 1856. Never missed +a tour of duty in the trenches. In reserve during the attack on the +Quarries on the 7th. of June, 1855. Assault on the Redan, on the +8th. of September. Captain <span class='sc'>James Herne Wade</span>; landed in the +Crimea with his regiment; was always present, except during a short +period when laid up with fever at Scutari. Was at the assault of the +Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, where he was severely wounded. +Sergeant-Major <span class='sc'>A. Kirkland</span>; displayed gallant conduct at the +assault of the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, he being one of +the first soldiers who entered that battery. Went to the assistance +of Sergeant-Major Moynihan (afterwards Ensign) and Major Rowlands, +41st regiment, when attacked by five or six of the enemy, and shot +three Russians dead as fast as he could load and fire. Also went to the +assistance of Lieutenant Swift, 90th regiment. Was wounded in the +Redan and left there after the troops had retired, but subsequently +fought his way out. Private <span class='sc'>W. Smith</span>; accompanied his regiment to +the Crimea, and served uninterruptedly till the fall of Sebastopol. +Was present at the capture of the rifle-pits on the 18th. of April, 1855, +and at the attack on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, where +he was wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINETY-THIRD REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>William +Bernard Ainslie</span>, C.B.; served the Eastern Campaign of 1854 and +part of 1855; the Alma, Balaklava, and latter part of the siege of +Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>John Alexander Ewart</span>; +served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5; the Alma, Balaklava, and +entire siege of Sebastopol, except while employed in the expedition to +Kertch. Captain <span class='sc'>James Dalzell</span>, Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Richard Augustus +Cooper</span>, and Colour-Sergeant <span class='sc'>G. Allan</span>; served without interruption +throughout the campaign, and showed on all occasions conspicuous +zeal and gallantry. Lance-corporal <span class='sc'>J. Robertson</span>: served throughout +the whole campaign, and was conspicuous as a volunteer upon two +occasions, once in repairing damages in an advanced trench under a +heavy fire, and once in accompanying his captain by night to reconnoitre +a trench near the Redan, believed to be occupied by the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINETY-FIFTH REGIMENT.—Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Alfred +<span class='pageno' id='Page_507'>507</span>Thomas Hayland</span>, C.B., served the Eastern Campaign of 1854–5 at +the Alma, where he was severely wounded, and arm amputated; siege +of Sebastopol. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Julius Augustus Robert Raines</span>; served +with zeal and distinction from the opening of the Crimean Campaign. +Was engaged at the battle of the Alma; was present at the repulse of +a sortie on the 26th. of October, 1854, and battle of Inkermann as an +assistant engineer, and in the trenches; also at the battle of the +Tchernaya. Brevet-Major <span class='sc'>Alexander James John Macdonald</span>; +ordered Private James Murphy, who had volunteered to protect him, +when wounded, to retire and leave him, when overpowered by numbers +of the enemy, by whom he was afterwards wounded in eighteen +different parts of the body on the 5th. of November, 1854. Captain +<span class='sc'>Basil Charles Boothby</span>; served the campaign of 1854. Severely +wounded at the battle of the Alma (foot amputated.) Colour-Sergeant +<span class='sc'>F. Cluney</span>; discovered and dug out of the ground a number of +fougasses laid by the enemy, and by the explosion of some of which +several men were wounded on the 9th. of June, 1855. Private <span class='sc'>James +Keenan</span>; seized the Queen’s colours, and planted them in a Russian +battery on the 20th. of September, 1854, the officer who had previously +carried them having been wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'>NINETY-SEVENTH REGIMENT.—Major <span class='sc'>Fowler Burton</span>; +served in the siege of Sebastopol from the 20th. of November, 1854. +Captain <span class='sc'>George Henry Hibbert Ware</span>; for having highly distinguished +himself (when Lieutenant) on the night of the 30th. of August, +1855, having been ordered out with a party under Captain Brinkley to +retake a sap, and bring in the wounded who were lying under the +enemy’s rifle-pits, which duty he was performing in a gallant manner, +when he received a severe wound which obliged him to retire. This +officer did duty in the trenches from the 28th. of November, 1854, to +the 30th. of August, 1855, under trying circumstances, in a most unflinching +manner. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Charles Henry Browne</span>; distinguished +himself at the assault on the Redan on the 8th. of September, 1855, +having entered that work, where he was slightly wounded. He did +duty in the trenches from the 4th. of May, 1855, to the end of the +siege, and was remarkable for the soldier-like manner in which he +always did his duty, although a young officer, with but little experience. +Sergeants <span class='sc'>M. Kemmy</span> and <span class='sc'>W. Moore</span>; for having highly distinguished +themselves on the 8th. of September, 1855, at the assault on the Redan, +having been severely wounded inside that work. The former was +mentioned in General Simpson’s despatch for his general gallantry on +that occasion; did duty in the trenches from November, 1854, to the +end of the siege, and was distinguished on several other occasions; +and the latter was taken prisoner inside the Redan. Sergeant Moore +likewise did duty in the trenches from November, 1854, to the end of +the siege, and was remarkable for the unflinching manner in which he +did his duty under very trying circumstances.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_508'>508</span>RIFLE BRIGADE, FIRST BATTALION.—Colonel <span class='sc'>William +Sherbrook Ramsay Norcott</span>, C.B.—Served in the Eastern Campaign +of 1854–5, including the Alma and entire siege of Sebastopol. Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Alfred Hastings Horsford</span>, C.B., (now Deputy +Adjutant-General to the Forces, and K.C.B.); served in the Eastern +Campaign of 1854, including the Alma and Inkermann, and first part +of the siege of Sebastopol, until compelled to return to England on +account of ill-health, after which he commanded the third battalion. +Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Alexander Macdonell</span>, C.B., and Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='sc'>Charles John Woodford</span>; served in the Eastern +Campaign of 1854–5, the battles of the Alma and Inkermann, and +siege of Sebastopol. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel <span class='sc'>Lord Alexander +George Russell</span>; served in the siege of Sebastopol in 1855. Brevet-Major +the Honourable <span class='sc'>James Stuart</span>; was present with the army +during the whole war, having embarked with the second battalion for +Varna, and was afterwards promoted into the first battalion. He was +present at the Alma as aide-de-camp to Colonel Norcott, in command +of the left wing of the second battalion. Served during the siege in +the first battalion, and commanded the storming party on the 18th. of +June, for which he received his brevet rank. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>George +Robert Saunders</span>; joined the battalion in December, 1854, before +Sebastopol, and performed his duties without interruption to the end +of the war; was present (under Major Stuart), with the covering party +on the 18th. of June, 1855. Corporal <span class='sc'>J. Rudling</span>; was present at the +Alma, Inkerman, Balaklava, sortie on the Woronzoff road, the storming +party on the 18th. of June, and when the advanced party in the +graveyard was attacked; also accompanied Major-General Windham +on a reconnoitring party at the commencement of the siege. Was +present at the front with the battalion from the landing in the Crimea +until the withdrawal of the army. Corporal <span class='sc'>Thomas Tarrant</span>; volunteered, +on the 17th. of October, to lie out in front of the works, to keep +down the enemy’s fire. He was present at the sorties on the 13th. of +August, 1855, and served through the whole of the campaign without +leaving the front.</p> + +<p class='c015'>RIFLE BRIGADE, SECOND BATTALION.—Lieutenant <span class='sc'>Fitz +Roy William Fremantle</span>; joined in the Crimea on the 1st. of December, +1854, and did duty in the trenches from that date until the 18th. +of June, 1855. Was present at the last sortie made on the Quarries on +the 8th. of June. Commanded the woolsack party of the right column +of attack on the 18th. of June, 1855, on which occasion he was severely +wounded. Lieutenant <span class='sc'>John Croft Moore</span>; joined in the Crimea on +the 10th. of June, 1855, and served in the trenches until the fall of +Sebastopol. On the attack of the 8th. of September he commanded an +advanced party of about thirty men, which was pushed forward for the +purpose of keeping down the fire of some embrasures on the proper +right of the Redan, which enfiladed the attack. He was mentioned in +General Simpson’s despatch. Sergeant <span class='sc'>J. Cherry</span>; two men employed +as sharpshooters having ventured down to the gardens near the +Woronzoff road, in July, 1855, one of them was wounded and disabled. +Sergeant Cherry went to his assistance under a heavy fire, and returned +to report that it was impossible to remove him during daylight. When +it was sufficiently dark, he headed a party, and brought in the wounded +man. Volunteered for secret service on the 6th. of September, 1855. +Was wounded in four places. Served during the whole campaign. +Private <span class='sc'>E. Tarvish</span>; served with great gallantry during the whole +campaign in the Crimea, especially in the assault of the 8th. of September, +1855, on which occasion he entered the Redan and was taken +prisoner.</p> + +<div id='i509fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_509fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Turkish War Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_509'>509</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE TURKISH WAR MEDAL.<a id='r174'></a><a href='#f174' class='c013'><sup>[174]</sup></a></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This medal was distributed generally to the allied forces. On +the obverse are the four flags of France, Turkey, England, and +Sardinia, and beneath is a map of the Crimea spread over +a gun wheel, which rests upon the Russian flag; a mortar +and anchor, etc., are arranged alongside. The word “Crimea,” +and the date, 1855, are under all. On the reverse is the +Sultan’s cypher, beneath which is inscribed “Crimea” in Turkish, +and lower still is the year of the Hegira, 1271, written from +right to left, corresponding with the year 1855. Ribbon crimson, +with light green edges. These medals were issued without +names, or regiments, engraved, or indented on them. There +is a variation in the arrangement of the flags; in those medals +intended for the Sardinian forces the flag of that country is +next to that of Turkey, and the words “La Crimée,” with +the date, are inserted. This, it is needless to state, is Italian, +and many of the medals first issued to the British soldiers +are of that pattern, arising probably from the demand being +greater than the supply, or from the fact of a number of them +being lost in consequence of the wreck of the vessel conveying +them to this country. The medal issued to the French army +has the flag of that nation next to that of Turkey, corresponding +with the Sardinian and British, and inscribed “La Crimée.” +Those supplied to the latter are like the engraving, and although +the difference is but slight, yet the reason of it may not be +uninteresting.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_510'>510</span> + <h2 class='c006'>MEDAL FOR DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT IN THE FIELD.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This medal and the gratuity adverted to in the list of recipients +of the Sardinian Medal, and also in the list of the +recipients of the French Medal, were authorized by the Royal +Warrant of the 4th. of December, 1854, with the special view +of marking the Sovereign’s sense of the distinguished service +and gallant conduct in the field, of the army then serving in +the Crimea, under Field-Marshal Lord Raglan. By its provisions +the commanding officer of each regiment of cavalry was allowed +to recommend one sergeant, two corporals, and four privates; +and the commanding officer of each regiment of infantry, and +of each battalion of the Foot Guards, and of the Rifle Brigade, +was permitted to select one sergeant, four corporals, and ten +privates, to receive a medal and a gratuity of fifteen pounds +for a sergeant, for a corporal ten pounds, and for a private five +pounds. The gratuity was to be placed in the regimental +savings’ bank, there to remain in deposit at interest until the +discharge of the soldier, and to be considered his personal +property. On the obverse of the medal are the Royal Arms, surmounted +by a cuirass and helmet, and surrounded with helmets, +cannon, shot, drums, trumpets, muskets, swords, and flags; +and on the reverse is inscribed “For Distinguished Conduct +in the Field.” The ribbon is red and ribbed, with a broad blue +stripe in the centre. This medal has since been awarded to +soldiers for services performed during the Indian Mutiny and +subsequent campaigns. The name of the recipient, with his +rank and regiment, are indented on the edge of the medal, +and in most cases the date of the action for which the medal +was given.</p> + +<div id='i510fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_510fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div id='i511fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_511fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Victoria Cross.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_511'>511</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE VICTORIA CROSS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The year 1856 was memorable for the establishment of a +decoration to which all ranks of the army and navy might +aspire. It was instituted by a warrant dated June 29th., +1856, and revised April 23rd., 1881. This new reward of +valour appropriately bears the name of the “Victoria Cross,” +and its value is heightened by the fact of the Queen personally +conferring the distinction, when the recipient happens +to be in this country. It consists of a Maltese cross of bronze, +attached by the letter V to a bar, on which a sprig of laurel +is embossed. On the obverse, in the centre is the British +Lion and Crown, and beneath it a scroll, bearing the inscription +“For Valour;” the reverse is plain, the name and +corps of the recipient being engraved on the bar to which +the ribbon is attached, and the date of the act of bravery +in the centre of the Cross. The ribbon for the army is +red, whilst for the navy it is blue. All are placed on an +equal footing as regards eligibility for this decoration, as +neither rank, long service, wounds, nor any other circumstance +whatever, save conspicuous bravery, can establish a +claim to the honour. Every non-commissioned officer or +soldier is entitled to a special pension of ten pounds a +year from the date of the act by which the decoration was +gained. Should further acts of bravery be performed by the +recipient, which, had he not already received the Cross, +would have entitled him thereto, additional bars attached to +the ribbon are accorded, carrying with them further pensions +of five pounds per annum for each. The same of course holds +good for the navy. The names of recipients are published +<span class='pageno' id='Page_512'>512</span>in the “London Gazette,” and a registry thereof is kept in +the office of the Secretary of State for War. The following +is a list, arranged alphabetically, of the winners of the +Cross since its institution to the present time (1892), giving +the date when, and the campaign in which, the act of +bravery was performed, with a brief notice of the same, +and the rank the recipient eventually attained.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ablet</span>, Sergeant A., Grenadier Guards. Sept. 2, 1855. Throwing +outside trench a live shell from the midst of a number of ammunition +cases, which burst as it touched the ground.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Adams</span>, Rev. J. W., Bengal Ecclesiastical Establishment, Killa Kazi, +Afghanistan. Dec. 11, 1879. Rescuing from drowning some of the 9th. +Lancers, in the immediate presence of the enemy, under a heavy fire, +and up to his waist in water.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Addison</span>, Private H., 43rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Jan. 2, 1859. Defending +and saving the life of Lieut. Osborne. Addison received two +wounds and lost a leg in this service.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Aikman</span>, Colonel F. R., 4th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian Mutiny, +March 1, 1858. Routing a body of 500 rebel infantry, 200 horse, and +two guns, which he captured, with only 100 of the 3rd. Sikh Cavalry.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Aitken</span>, Colonel R. H. M., late of the 13th. Bengal Native Infantry. +Indian Mutiny, 1857. Various gallant acts during defence of Lucknow +Residency, among others saving a powder magazine from explosion, +capturing guns, etc., from June 30 to Nov. 22, 1857.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Alexander</span>, Private J., 90th. Foot. Redan, June 18 and Sept. 6, 1855. +Bringing in wounded men on two occasions, under heavy fire, one +being Capt. Buckley, Scots Fusilier Guards.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Allen</span>, Corporal W., 2nd. Batt. 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, +Jan. 22, 1879. Severely wounded in defending the hospital till the +patients were removed. <i>See</i> Private F. Hitch.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Anderson</span>, Corporal C., 2nd. Dragoon Guards. Indian Mutiny, Oct. +8, 1857, and Trumpeter T. Monaghan. Saving the life of Lieut.-Col. +Seymour, C.B., commanding the regiment, when cut down and surrounded +by a body of mutineers.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Anson</span>, Brevet-Lieut.-Col. A. H. A., 84th. Regiment. Indian Mutiny, +Sept. 28 and Nov. 16, 1857. For conspicuous bravery at Bolundshahur, +and the storming of the Secundra Bagh at Lucknow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Arthur</span>, Gunner T., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, June 7 and 18, +1855. Carrying barrels of ammunition to the 7th. Fusiliers, several +times, under fire, and volunteering for the spiking party at the assault +on the Redan.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ashford</span>, Private J., Royal Fusiliers. Candahar, Aug. 16, 1880. Assisting +in removing wounded, under a heavy fire. <i>See</i> Lieut. Chase.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Baker</span>, Lieutenant C. G., Bengal Police Batt. Indian Mutiny, Sept. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_513'>513</span>27th., 1858. For gallant conduct in an attack on 1000 mutineers at +Suhejnee, near Peroo, which ended in the rout of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bambrick</span>, Private V., 60th. Rifles. Indian Mutiny, May 6th., 1858. +For conspicuous bravery at Bareilly, where he was attacked by three +Ghazees, and though wounded twice, cut down his assailants.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Banks</span>, Cornet W. G. H., 7th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, Dec. 31, +1858. Cross provisionally conferred upon him by the Commander-in-Chief +in India, for his gallantry in thrice charging a body of fanatics, +who had rushed upon the guns near Lucknow, but he died from his +wounds before the recommendation was confirmed.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Beach</span>, Private T., 55th. Foot. Inkermann, Nov. 5, 1854. Defending +Lieut.-Colonel Carpenter, 41st., when wounded, from the attacks +of several Russians, two of whom he killed.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bell</span>, Captain M. S., Royal Engineers. Ordashu, Ashanti, Jan. 4, +1874. Gallantry in encouraging an unarmed party of Fantees to +work under fire without a covering party.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bell</span>, Private David, 2nd. Batt. 24th. Foot. Island of Little Andaman, +May 7, 1867. For the gallant manner in which, with Surgeon +Douglas and three other privates, he manned a boat, and rowed +through a dangerous surf to the rescue of seventeen officers and men +from almost certain destruction. <i>See</i> Surgeon C. M. Douglas.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bell</span>, Captain E. W. D., 23rd. Fusiliers. Alma, Sept. 20, 1854. The +first to capture a Russian gun, which was limbered up and being +driven off. During the battle he succeeded to the command of the +regiment, all his senior officers being killed or wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Beresford</span>, Lord W. L. de la Poer, 9th. Lancers. Umvolosi River, +Zululand, July 3rd., 1879. For his gallant conduct in mounting +Sergt. Fitzmaurice, 24th. Foot, behind him on his horse, and bringing +him off, under a close and heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bergin</span>, Private J., 33rd. Foot. April 13, 1868, and Michael Magner, +Drummer of the same regiment. For their gallantry in the assault of +Magdala, being the first to enter the fortress, by climbing a cliff and +forcing their way through a strong fence, and over the wall.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Berryman</span>, Major J., 17th. Lancers. Alma and Balaklava. For +distinguished conduct in the above battles. At Balaklava, his horse +being shot under him, he remained on the field with Capt. Webb, who +was wounded, under a heavy fire, and refused to leave him till he was +placed in safety. He has also a bar for bravery at Inkermann.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Blair</span>, Colonel J., 2nd. Bombay Light Cavalry. Indian Mutiny, +Aug. 12 and Oct. 23, 1857. For volunteering to apprehend armed +rebels at Neemuch, who had barricaded themselves in a house, the door +of which he burst open. At Jeerum he fought his way through a body +of rebels who had surrounded him, and his sword breaking, he, though +wounded, charged at the head of his men with his broken sword, and +routed the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_514'>514</span><span class='sc'>Blair</span>, Lieutenant R., 2nd. Dragoon Guards. Indian Mutiny, Sept. +28, 1857. For attacking a body of about sixty rebel cavalry, with a +sergeant and twelve men. He killed four of the enemy himself, and +though severely wounded, retreated without losing a man.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Boyle</span>, Major A. C., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 29, 1857. +Leading the way into a loopholed house occupied by the enemy, at +Oonao, in which service he was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Booth</span>, Colour-Sergt. A., 80th. Foot. South Africa, March 12, 1879. +In the Zulu attack on the Intombi river, he rallied a few men, and +covered the retreat of fifty soldiers for three miles, before an overwhelming +force of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Boulger</span>, Major A., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, 1857. “For distinguished +bravery and forwardness as a skirmisher, in all the twelve +actions fought between July 12 and Sept. 22, 1857.”—<i>From Orders of +Major-General Sir H. Havelock.</i></p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bourchier</span>, Colonel C. T., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, Nov. 20, 1854. +For distinguished bravery at the capture of the rifle-pits. (His conduct +was recorded in the French General Orders).</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Boyes</span>, D. G., Midshipman, H.M.S. “Euryalus.” Seki, Japan, +Sept. 6, 1864. Carrying the colours in the face of a heavy fire, at the +capture of a stockade, both his colour-sergeants having been wounded +(one mortally). The colours were six times pierced with balls.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bradshaw</span>, Private J., 2nd. Batt. Rifle Brigade. Crimea, April 22, +1855. With another rifleman carrying a rifle-pit in broad daylight. +He also received the French War Medal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bradshaw</span>, W., Assist.-Surgeon 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow, +Sept. 26, 1857. For his intrepidity, with Surgeon Home of the +90th., in removing the wounded men of the column that forced its way +into Lucknow; in close proximity to the enemy, and abandoned by the +dhooly bearers.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Brennan</span>, Bombardier J., Royal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, April 3, +1858. For his gallantry at the assault of Jhansi, in bringing up two +guns, under a heavy fire, and so directing them as to compel the enemy +to abandon their battery.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bromhead</span>, Major G., 2nd. Batt. 24th. Foot. Zululand, Jan. 22 and +23, 1879. For his gallant conduct with Lieutenant J. R. Chard, R. E., +at the defence of Rorke’s Drift, against an enormously superior force +of Zulus.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Brown</span>, Lieut.-Colonel F. D. M., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. +Indian Mutiny, Nov. 16, 1857. For his gallantry at Narrioul, where, +at the risk of his life, he carried off a wounded soldier, under a heavy +fire, with the enemy’s cavalry close upon him.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Browne</span>, Trooper P., Cape Mounted Rifles, Zululand, April 8, 1879. +For carrying water to wounded men at the assault on Moirosi’s Mountain, +under fire, in which service he was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Browne</span>, Captain E. S., 1st. Batt. 24th. Foot. Zululand, March 29, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_515'>515</span>1879. Saving life of a soldier at Inhlobana, by twice returning towards +pursuing enemy under heavy fire, and assisting him to mount +his horse.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Browne</span>, Colonel H. G., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Aug. 24, 1857. +Leading sortie during siege of Lucknow Residency, to spike two guns, +protected by palisades and the embrasures fitted with sliding shutters. +He removed the shutters and spiked the guns.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Browne</span>, Lieut.-General Sir S. J., <span class='fss'>K.C.B., K.C.S.I.</span>, Commandant of +the 2nd. Punjaub Cavalry. Indian Mutiny, Aug. 31, 1858. For attacking +at Seerporah, with one orderly, the gunners of a 9-pounder, and +preventing gun being served until captured by his men. In this service +he was severely wounded, his left arm being severed at the shoulder +by a sword cut.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Buckley</span>, Captain C. W., Royal Navy. Crimea, May 29, 1855. Twice +undertaking the desperate service of firing Russian stores, at Genitchi +and Taganrog, in a four-oared gig, in the face of 3000 Russian troops.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Buckley, J.</span>, Assistant-Comm. of Ordnance, Bengal Establishment. +Indian Mutiny, May 11, 1857. Defending Delhi magazine against the +mutineers.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Buller</span>, Colonel Sir R. H., <span class='fss'>C.B., K.C.M.G.</span>, 60th. Rifles. Zululand, +March 28, 1879. For saving lives of two officers—Capt. D’Arcy and +Lieut. Everett, of the Frontier Light Horse—and one trooper, on the +same day, at the retreat of Inhlobana.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Burgoyne</span>, Captain H. T., Royal Navy. Crimea, May 29, 1855. +Assisting to fire Russian stores at Genitchi, in the presence of a strong +force of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Burslem</span>, Captain N., 67th. Foot. Capture of Taku Forts, Aug. 21, +1860. Swimming the ditch, accompanied by Private T. Lane, and +obtaining entrance into the North Taku Fort, during the assault, in +which both were severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Butler</span>, Major T. A., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian +Mutiny, Lucknow, March 9, 1858. Swimming the Goomtee and climbing +the parapet of a work and remaining there, under heavy fire, till +the work was occupied.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Byrne</span>, Private J., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 3, 1858. Carrying +in Lieut. Sewell, who was lying wounded, under a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Byrne</span>, Private John, 68th. Foot. Inkermann, 1855. For bringing +in wounded soldier under heavy fire, when the regiment was ordered to +retire, and defending entrance of work.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bythesea</span>, Rear-Admiral J., <span class='fss'>C.B., C.I.E.</span> Island of Wardo, Baltic Sea, +Aug. 9 and 12, 1854. Assisted by W. Johnstone, stoker, seizing +Russian despatches from five men, three of whom they took prisoners, +and brought on board the “Arrogant.”</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cadell</span>, Lieut.-Colonel T., late 2nd. Bengal European Fusiliers. +Indian Mutiny, June 12, 1857. For his gallant conduct before Delhi, +in bringing in two wounded soldiers under a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_516'>516</span><span class='sc'>Cafe</span>, Major-General W. M., 56th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian +Mutiny, April 15, 1858. Bearing away, under heavy fire, the body of +Lieut. Willoughby, assisted by Privates Thompson, Crowie, Spence, +and Cook; and going to the rescue of Spence, who was severely +wounded in this service.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cambridge</span>, Sergeant D., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, Sept. 8, 1855. +Volunteering for spiking party at assault on the Redan, and remaining +when severely wounded; and bringing in a wounded man under +heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cameron</span>, Colonel A. S., 72nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, March 30, 1858. +For bravery at Kotah, in heading a small party against a body of armed +fanatic rebels, strongly posted in a loopholed house, which he stormed. +He killed three of the rebels in single combat, and was severely +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Carlin</span>, Private P., 13th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 6, 1858. For +rescuing a wounded Naick of the 4th. Madras Rifles on the field of +battle.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Champion</span>, Sergeant-Major J., 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, Sept. +8, 1858. For continuing at his duty during the pursuit at Beejapore, +although severely wounded by a ball through his body, and for distinguished +conduct at Gwalior.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Channer</span>, Lieut.-Colonel G. N., Bengal Staff Corps. Perak, Dec. 20, +1875. In the command of a small party of the 1st. Ghoorka Light Infantry, +he jumped into a strongly fortified stockade, shooting one man +and keeping the rest at bay till his men followed him, and captured +the place.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Chaplin</span>, Colonel J. W., 67th. Foot (afterwards 8th. Hussars). Capture +of Taku Forts, Aug. 21, 1860. Planting the colours of the regiment +on the breach made by the storming party, assisted by Private T. +Lane, and subsequently on the cavalier of the fort, which he was the +first to mount. In doing this he was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Chard</span>, Major J. R. M., Royal Engineers. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, +1879, and Major G. Bromhead. For the defence of Rorke’s Drift +against enormously superior force. <i>See</i> Bromhead, Major G.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Chase</span>, Lieutenant W. St. L., Bombay Staff Corps. Candahar, Aug. +16, 1880, and Private J. Ashford. Carrying off wounded soldier under +heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Chicken</span>, Mr. G. B., Indian Navy. Indian Mutiny, Sept. 27, 1858. +For his bravery at Suhejnee, where he charged into the middle of a +body of rebels, and killed five before he was cut down himself.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Clifford</span>, Major-General Hon. Sir H. H., Rifle Brigade. Inkermann, +1855. Leading a charge, in which he killed one of the enemy +with his sword, disabled another, and saved the life of a soldier.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Clogstoun</span>, Captain H. M., 19th. Madras Native Infantry. Indian +Mutiny, Jan. 15, 1859. For conspicuous gallantry in charging the +rebels at Chichumbah, with only eight men, and compelling them to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_517'>517</span>abandon their plunder. In this affair he was severely wounded, and +seven of his men were killed.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cochrane</span>, Colonel H. S., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 1, 1858. +Near Jhansi, capturing single-handed a gun under a heavy fire, and +holding it till his company came up. Also for attacking the rear-guard +of the enemy, when he had three horses shot under him in succession.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Coffey</span>, Private W., 34th. Foot. Sebastopol, March 29th., 1855. +Throwing live shell over the parapet.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Coghlan</span>, Sergeant-Major C., 75th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 8 +and July 18, 1857. For penetrating with others into a Serai strongly +occupied by the enemy, and removing Private Corbett, 75th. Regiment, +who was severely wounded. Also encouraging a party to charge down +a lane, raked with a cross fire, at Delhi, and returning under fire for +dhoolies for wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Coghill</span>, Lieutenant, 24th. Foot, Zululand, Jan. 22, 1879. Endeavouring, +together with Lieutenant Melville, of the same Regiment, to +save the colours of the 24th. after the disaster at Isandhlwana, in +which duty they were both killed. (Conferred posthumously).</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Coleman</span>, Sergeant J., 97th. Foot. Sebastopol, Aug. 30th., 1855. +Defending a new sap until all his comrades had been killed or wounded, +and carrying in a wounded soldier under fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Collis</span>, Gunner J., Royal Horse Artillery. Afghanistan, Maiwand, +July 27, 1880. For drawing enemy’s fire from wounded to himself, +until they were removed out of danger.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Commerell</span>, Admiral, Sir J. E., k.c.b. Crimea, Oct. 11, 1855. For +crossing the Isthmus of Arabat, with Wm. Rickard, Quartermaster, +and Geo. Milstone, Seaman, and destroying large quantities of stores on +the Crimean shore of the Sivash, retreating under a heavy fire of +musketry.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Conolly</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel J. A., 49th. Foot. Balaklava, October +26th., 1854. Personally encountering several Russians when in command +on outlying picket duty, till he fell dangerously wounded. His +conduct was highly praised in General Orders.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Connolly</span>, Gunner W., Bengal Horse Artillery. Indian Mutiny, +July 7th, 1857. For his gallantry at Jhelum, when he continued to +serve his gun when twice severely wounded, and declined to go out +of action. He was again, soon after shot through the leg, but continued +to load until he fainted from loss of blood.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Connors</span>, Private J., 3rd. Foot. Redan, September 8th., 1855. +Conspicuous gallantry during the assault, and rescuing a officer of the +30th. Regiment, when surrounded by Russians. Selected by his +company for the French war medal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cook</span>, Major J., Bengal Staff Corps. Afghanistan, Peiwar Kotal, +December 2nd., 1878. For his intrepidity in charging the enemy, who +broke and fled, and rescuing Major Galbraith, who was personally +engaged with an Afghan soldier.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_518'>518</span><span class='sc'>Cook</span>, Private W., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, January 15th., 1859. +At Maylah Ghaut, when all the officers were killed or wounded, and +the colour-sergeant killed, with Private D. Miller going to the front, +and directing the company.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cooper</span>, Boatswain H. Crimea, June 3rd., 1855. Performing +desperate service at Taganrog, landing and firing stores in the +presence of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cooper</span>, Private J., 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Little Andaman +Island, May 7th., 1867. <i>See</i> Private D. Bell and Assistant-Surgeon +C. M. Douglas.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Corbet</span>, Private T., 3rd. Battalion the King’s Royal Rifle Corps. +Egypt, Kafr Dower, August 5th., 1882. Remaining under fire with +wounded officer, and assisting to bring him in.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Craig</span>, Sergeant J., Scots Fusilier Guards. Redan, September 6th., +1855. For volunteering and collecting volunteers to go out under fire +and search for Captain Buckley, of his regiment, and bringing in his +body, during which duty he was wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Creagh</span>, Major O’Moore, Bombay Service Corps, Afghanistan, April +21st., 1879. Defending the village of Kam Dakka, with 150 men, +against 1,500 Mohmunds, whom he repeatedly repulsed, till relieved.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Crimmin</span>, Surgeon J., Bombay Medical Service. Eastern Karenni, +Burmah, January 1st., 1889. Attending to wounded under fire and +murderous attack of Red Karens, one of whom he killed with his +sword.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Crowe</span>, Lieutenant J. P. H., 78th. Highlanders. Indian Mutiny, +August 12th., 1857. For being the first to enter a redoubt at Bourzekee +Chowkee, an entrenched village.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cubitt</span>, Colonel W. G., 13th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian +Mutiny, June 30th., 1857. Saving lives of three men of the 32nd. +regiment, at risk of his own, during retreat from Chinhut.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cunninghame</span>, Major Sir W. J. M., Bart., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, +November 20th., 1854. For his gallantry at the capture of the rifle-pits. +Recorded in French General Orders.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cunyngham</span>, Captain W. H. D., Gordon Highlanders. Afghanistan, +December 13th., 1879. For exposing himself to the heavy fire of the +enemy at Shurpur, and by his example encouraging the men who were +wavering.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Curtis</span>, Boatswain’s Mate H. Sebastopol, June 18th., 1855. +Rescuing wounded soldier. <i>See</i> Rear-Admiral H. J. Raby, c.b.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dalton</span>, Assistant-Commander J. L. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, +January 22nd., 1879. For his conspicuous gallantry during the +defence, and saving a man’s life; was severely wounded during the +conflict.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Danaher</span>, Trooper J., Nourse’s Horse. South Africa, June 16th., +1881. For attempting to save wounded soldier. <i>See</i> Lance-corporal +J. Murray.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_519'>519</span><span class='sc'>Daniels</span>, Midshipman E. St. J., Royal Navy. Inkermann and +Redan, November 5th., and June 18th., 1854–55. Bringing in powder +under heavy fire, and bandaging the arm of his leader, Captain Peel, +on the glacis of the Redan, exposed to a very close and heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>D’Arcy</span>, Captain Cecil, Frontier Light Horse. Ulundi, Zululand, +July 3rd., 1879. Endeavouring to save a dismounted trooper, when +his horse had kicked them both off, and the Zulus had closed upon +him.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Daunt</span>, Colonel J. C. C., 11th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian +Mutiny, October 2nd., and November 2nd., 1857. For his bravery at +Chota Behar, where, with Sergeant Dynon, of the 53rd. Foot, he captured +two guns; and gallantry in attacking a large body of mutineers, +when he was dangerously wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Davis</span>, Major-General Gronow, Royal Artillery. Redan, September +8th., 1855. Gallantry during the attack, and saving the life of Lieutenant +Sanders, 30th. regiment, and other wounded soldiers, under a +“murderous” fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Davis</span>, Private James, 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 18th., 1858. +Carrying Lieutenant Bramley’s body from under the very walls of +Fort Ruhya.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Day</span>, Captain G. Fiott, Royal Navy. Crimea, October, 1855. +Successfully making two reconnaissances within enemy’s lines at +Genitchi, by night, often up to his knees in water.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dempsey</span>, Private D., 10th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, August 12th. and +March 14th., 1857–58. For carrying a bag of powder through a burning +village, exposed to a heavy fire from the enemy behind loopholed +walls, and being the first man to enter the village of Jugdispore, under +a very hot fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Diamond</span>, Gunner B., Bengal Horse Artillery. Indian Mutiny, +September 28th., 1857, and Gunner R. Fitzgerald. Together working +their guns under heavy fire, and clearing the road of the enemy at +Boolundshuhur, after all their comrades had been killed or wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dickson</span>, General Sir C., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, +October 17th., 1855. Personally assisting in carrying powder barrels +to supply the batteries, under a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Divane</span>, Private John, 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 10th., +1858. Heading a successful charge on the trenches of the mutineers +before Delhi. Elected by privates of his regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dixon</span>, Major-General M. C., Royal Artillery. Sebastopol, April +17th., 1855. When his battery was blown up by a shell, which +destroyed the parapet and disabled five guns, continuing to defend it +till sunset with one gun.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Donohoe</span>, Private P., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, September +28th., 1857. Going to the support of Lieutenant Blair, who was +severely wounded, and bringing him in through enemy’s cavalry.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Doogan</span>, Private J., 1st. Dragoon Guards. South Africa, January +<span class='pageno' id='Page_520'>520</span>28th., 1881. Although himself wounded, he endeavoured, under heavy +fire of the Boers, to induce a wounded officer to take his horse, receiving +another wound while doing so.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Douglas</span>, Brigadier-Surgeon C. M., <span class='fss'>M.D.</span>, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. +Little Andaman Island, May 7th., 1867, and Privates T. Murphy, +J. Cooper, D. Bell, and W. Griffiths. For proceeding in a boat, +through a most dangerous surf, to rescue some comrades. <i>See</i> Privates +Bell, Cooper, etc.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dowell</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel G. D., Royal Marine Artillery. Attack +on Viborg, Baltic, July 13th., 1855. Rowing to the assistance of a +disabled rocket-boat of the “Arrogant,” saving three of the crew, and +bringing off the boat under heavy fire of grape and musketry.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dowling</span>, Private W., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 4th. and +9th., and September 27th., 1857. Going out on three occasions to +spike guns under heavy fire from the enemy, and killing a Soubadar +by one of the guns.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Down</span>, Ensign J. F., 57th. Foot. New Zealand, October 2nd., 1863, +and Drummer D. Stagpoole. Bringing in wounded man under close +and heavy fire at Pontoko.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Duffy</span>, Private T., 1st. Madras Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, September +26th., 1857. For his cool intrepidity and daring in saving a 24-pounder +gun from falling into the enemy’s hands.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dundas</span>, Lieutenant J., Royal Engineers. Bhootan, April 30th., +1865. For his gallantry in leading attack on a loopholed Blockhouse +at Dewangiri, and entering the place head foremost, through an +opening two feet wide, in the face of 200 desperate men. <i>See</i> Major +Trevor.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dunlay</span>, Lance-Corporal J., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November +16th., 1857. For being the first man (surviving) of the regiment to +enter the Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow. Elected by the privates of +regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dunn</span>, Lieutenant A. R., 11th. Hussars. Crimea, October 25th., +1854. For saving the lives of Sergeant-Major Bentley and a private, +by attacking and cutting down some of the enemy in the light cavalry +charge at Balaklava.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Dynon</span>, Sergeant D., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 2nd., +1857. For his distinguished bravery in capturing two guns at Chota +Behar, by shooting the gunners. <i>See</i> Colonel Daunt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Edwards</span>, Private T., 1st. Batt. Royal Highlanders. Egypt, Tamai, +March 13th., 1884. For his gallantry in defending gun, and, though +wounded, remaining by it.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Edwards</span>, Captain W. W. M., 2nd. Battalion 74th. Light Infantry. +Egypt, Tel-el-Kebir, 1882. For rushing single-handed into a battery +of the enemy, and killing officer in charge.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Elphinstone</span>, Colonel Sir H. C., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, Royal Engineers. Crimea, +Redan, June 18th, 1855. For volunteering to command a party of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_521'>521</span>volunteers to recover ladders left behind after repulse, on the night +preceding, and rescuing twenty wounded men.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Elton</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel F. C., 55th. Foot. Sebastopol, August +4th., 1855. Setting example to his men by personally working under a +dreadful fire in front of the Quarries, and volunteering with a small +party to drive off a body of Russians.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Esmond</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel T., 18th. Foot. Redan, June 18th. and +20th., 1855. For his intrepidity in repeatedly rescuing wounded under +heavy fire, and extinguishing a fire-ball before it could betray the +position of his working party.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Evans</span>, Private Samuel, 19th. Foot. Sebastopol, April, 18th., 1855. +For repairing embrasure under a very heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ewart</span>, Sergeant R., 5th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 24th., +1857. For conspicuous bravery at the Alumbagh, in going to aid +wounded comrade under heavy fire, and bringing him safe into the +camp.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Farmer</span>, Lance-Corporal J. J., Army Hospital Corps. South Africa, +Majuba Mountain, February 27th., 1881. He held a white flag over +the wounded, and when his arm was shot through by the Boers, he +called out that he had “another.” He then held the flag up with the +other arm, until it also was disabled by a bullet.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Farquharson</span>, Lieutenant F. E. H., 42nd. Highlanders. Indian +Mutiny, March 9th., 1858. Storming bastion and spiking two guns at +Lucknow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Farrell</span>, Quartermaster J., 17th. Lancers. Balaklava, October 25th., +1854. For his devotion in remaining with Captain Webb, when +wounded, and assisting to bring him in, under a shower of shot +and shell.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ffrench</span>, Captain A. K., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September +16th., 1857. For his gallantry at the taking of the Secundra Bagh, +being one of the first to enter the building. Elected by the officers +of regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fitzgerald</span>, Gunner, R., Bengal Horse Artillery. Indian Mutiny, +September 28th, 1857. For working gun under very heavy fire. <i>See</i> +Gunner B. Diamond.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fitzgibbon</span>, Hospital Apprentice A. F., Indian Medical Establishment. +Taku Forts, August 21st., 1860. Attending to wounded under +heavy fire, in which duty he was himself severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fitzpatrick</span>, Private Francis, 94th. Foot. Sekukuni’s Town, South +Africa. November 28th., 1879, and Private T. Flawn. For carrying +out of action a wounded officer under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Flawn</span>, Private T., 94th. Foot. South Africa, November 28th., 1879. +<i>See</i> Private F. Fitzpatrick.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Flinn</span>, Private T., 64th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 28th., +1857. For his gallantry in a charge on the enemy’s guns, in which he +was wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_522'>522</span><span class='sc'>Forrest</span>, Captain G., Bengal Veterinary Estab. Indian Mutiny, +May 11th., 1857. For gallant conduct in defence of Delhi magazine.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fosbery</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel G. V., late 4th. Bengal European +Regiment. India, October 30th., 1863. For volunteering to lead +a party to recapture the Craig Piquet after its garrison had been +driven in by the enemy, and sixty of them killed in desperate hand to hand +fighting.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fowler</span>, Private E., 90th. Foot. South Africa, March 28th., 1879. +For his behaviour at the assault of the Inhlobani Mountain. <i>See</i> +Lieutenant H. Lysons.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fraser</span>, Major-General C. C., 7th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, +December 31st., 1858. Swimming, under heavy fire, to the rescue of +Captain Stisted and men of the 7th. Hussars, who were in danger +of drowning in the Raptee, while in pursuit of the mutineers.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Freeman</span>, Private J., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, October 10th., +1857. Going to the assistance of Lieutenant Jones, who was wounded, +and defending him against several of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gardiner</span>, Colour-Sergeant George, 57th. Foot. Sebastopol and +Redan, March 22nd., and June 18th., 1855. Rallying covering party +which had been driven in by enemy; and in the attack on the Redan, +remaining, under fire, firing at enemy on the parapet till his ammunition +was exhausted.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gardner</span>, Quartermaster-Sergeant W., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, +May 5th., 1858. For his gallant conduct at Bareilly in saving the life +of his commanding officer, Colonel Cameron, when attacked by three +fanatics, killing two of them.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Garvin</span>, Colour-Sergeant S., 1st. Battalion 60th. Rifles. Indian +Mutiny, June 23rd., 1857. Leading a small party, under heavy fire, +and dislodging enemy from the “Sammy House,” also for gallant +conduct during operations before Delhi.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gifford</span>, Major Lord E. F., 24th. Foot. Ashanti, February 1st., +1874. For his gallantry at the head of scouts during the war, and +especially at the taking of Becquah.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gill</span>, Sergeant-Major P., Loodiana Regiment. Indian Mutiny, +June 4th., 1857. For volunteering with Sergeant-Major Rosamond to +bring into barracks Captain Brown and family from detached bungalow +at Benares; also saving the life of non-commissioned officer, and twice +saving the life of Major Barrett, 27th. Native Infantry.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Goat</span>, Lance-Corporal W., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, March +6th., 1858. For his conduct at Lucknow in twice attempting to +recover the body of Major Smyth in face of the enemy, succeeding the +second time.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Goodfellow</span>, Colonel C. A., Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, +October 6th., 1859. At the attack on the Fort of Beyt, for recovering, +under a sharp fire, the body of a soldier who was then dead, but whom +he supposed to be only wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_523'>523</span><span class='sc'>Goodlake</span>, Lieutenant-General G. L., Coldstream Guards. Sebastopol, +October 26th., 1854. For holding the Windmill ravine against +a much superior force, and surprising enemy’s piquet.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gorman</span>, Seaman J., Inkermann, November 5th., 1854. Defending +the Lancaster Battery, under a heavy fire, using the muskets of the +disabled soldiers. <i>See</i> Seamen T. Reeves and M. Schofield.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gough</span>, Colonel Sir C. J. S., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 5th. Bengal European Cavalry. +Indian Mutiny, August 15th. and 18th., 1857; January 27th. and +February 23rd., 1858. Distinguished gallantry at Khurkowdah, where +he saved his wounded brother, killing two of the enemy; and for his +intrepid conduct at Shumshabad and Meangunge, where he went to +the assistance of Major O. St. George Anson, and killed his opponent.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Gough</span>, Colonel Sir H. H., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 1st. Bengal European Light +Infantry. Indian Mutiny, November 15th., 1857, and November 25th., +1858. Capturing two guns near Alumbagh, and for charging the +enemy’s guns near Lucknow, where he had two horses killed under him, +and was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Grady</span>, Sergeant T., 4th. Foot. Sebastopol, October 18th., 1854. +For volunteering to repair embrasures, under a heavy fire, and refusing +to leave front when severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Graham</span>, Major-General Sir G., Royal Engineers. Redan, June +18th., 1855. Determined gallantry at the head of a ladder party, and +on several occasions going out of the trenches and bringing in wounded +officers and men, under fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Graham</span>, Private P., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 17th., +1857. Bringing in wounded comrade, under heavy fire, at Lucknow. +Elected by privates of the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Grant</span>, Private P., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., +1857. For his gallantry in killing five of the enemy with one of their +own swords, in defence of Colonel Ewart, carrying the colours at +the Secundra Bagh. Elected by privates of regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Green</span>, Colour-Sergeant P., 75th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September +11th., 1857. Rescuing wounded comrade at Delhi, when hotly pressed +by the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Grieve</span>, Sergeant-Major J., 2nd. Dragoons. Balaklava, October +25th., 1854. Saving the life of an officer surrounded by the enemy, +killing one, and disabling and dispersing the others.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Griffiths</span>, Private W., 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Little Andaman +Island, May 7th., 1867. <i>See</i> Brigadier-Surgeon C. M. Douglas.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Guise</span>, Lieutenant-General J. C., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, +November 16th. and 17th., 1857. For conspicuous gallantry in action +at Lucknow. Elected by the officers of the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hackett</span>, Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel T. B., 23rd. Fusiliers. Indian +Mutiny, November 18th., 1857. For rescuing, with Private Monger, +at Secundra Bagh, Lucknow, a wounded corporal, under fire, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_524'>524</span>removing thatch from bungalow in order to prevent its being set on +fire, under a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hale</span>, Surgeon-Major T. E., <span class='fss'>M.D.</span>, 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, September +8th., 1855. For remaining with Captain H. M. Jones, who was +wounded, and bringing in wounded under a very heavy fire, after the +troops had retired to the trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hall</span> (Coloured) Seaman W., H.M.S. “Shannon.” Indian Mutiny, +November 10th., 1857. <i>See</i> Commander J. Young.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hamilton</span>, Major-General T. de Courcy, 68th. Foot. Sebastopol, +May 11th., 1855. During a sortie, at the head of a small force, recovering +possession of a battery strongly held by the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hamilton</span>, Lieutenant W. R. P., Bengal Staff Corps. Futtehabad, +April 2nd., 1879. For leading charge (in which his commander, +Major W. Battye, was killed), against a superior force of the Guides, +and rescuing a sowar by cutting down three of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hammond</span>, Major A. G., Bengal Staff Corps. Kabul, December +14th., 1879. For his distinguished conduct in defending the top of a +hill with rifle and bayonet, covering retiring party, and assisting +to carry away wounded Sepoy under very close and heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hancock</span>, Private T., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, June 19th., +1857, and Private J. Purcell; before Delhi. Remaining by and assisting +in action Brigadier Grant, his commanding officer, whose horse had +been shot. In doing this he was severely wounded, and Purcell’s +horse was shot under him.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Harding</span>, Chief Gunner Israel, H.M.S. “Alexandra,” Alexandria, +July 11th., 1882. For extinguishing fuse of live shell by throwing +it into a tub of water.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Harrington</span>, Lieutenant H. E., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, +1857, with E. Jennings (roughrider), J. Park, T. Laughnan, and H. +M‘Innes (gunners.) Elected by officers, non-commissioned officers, +and privates generally, of each troop or battery, for conspicuous +gallantry at the relief of Lucknow, from 14th. to 22nd. November, +1857.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Harrison</span>, Boatswain’s Mate J., Royal Navy. Indian Mutiny, +November 16th., 1857. For conspicuous gallantry at Lucknow, in +volunteering and climbing up a tree to reply to the fire of the enemy. +<i>See</i> Rear-Admiral N. Salmon.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hart</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel R. C., Royal Engineers. Afghanistan, +January 31st., 1879. For running, exposed to the fire of the enemy, +some 1200 yards, and risking his own life to save that of a private +sowar of the 13th. Bengal Lancers.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hartigan</span>, Pensioned Sergeant H., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, +June 8th. and October 10th., 1857. For distinguished gallantry in +rescuing a wounded comrade surrounded by enemy; also rescuing a +comrade from four of the enemy near Delhi, being disabled in doing +so. He ran, unarmed, to the assistance of Sergeant Crews, who was +<span class='pageno' id='Page_525'>525</span>attacked by four rebels. Hartigan, with his right hand, seized a +tulwar from one of them, and with his left, hit him in the mouth, then +attacking the other three, he killed one and wounded two.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hartley</span>, Surgeon-Major E. B., Cape Mounted Rifles, South Africa, +Basutoland, June 5th., 1879. Attended to wounded under heavy fire, +and carrying wounded corporal to place of safety, afterwards returning +under fire to attend again to the wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Havelock-Allan</span>, Lieutenant-General Sir H. M., Bart., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 10th. +Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 16th., 1857. Charging and capturing the +last gun of the enemy at Cawnpore.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hawkes</span>, Private D., Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny, March 11th., +1858. Rescuing a wounded comrade under fire. <i>See</i> Corporal Nash +and Major Sir H. Wilmot, Bart., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span></p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hawthorne</span>, Bugler R., 52nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September +16th., 1857. For his gallantry when forming one of the explosion +party at Delhi, and assisting a wounded officer (Lieutenant Salkeld), +under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Heaphy</span>, Major C., Auckland Militia, New Zealand, February 11th., +1864. For his conduct at the Mangapiko River in assisting a wounded +soldier who had fallen in the midst of the enemy, under a very close +and heavy fire. Five balls pierced his clothes and cap, and he was +wounded in three places.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Heathcote</span>, Lieutenant A. S., 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, 1857. +Volunteering for services of extreme danger, and for gallantry during +the siege of Delhi, June to September, 1857. Elected by officers +of his regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Heneage</span>, Major C. W., 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, June 17th., +1858. With Sergeant J. Ward, Farrier G. Hollis, and Private J. +Pearson. For their bravery in a desperate charge at Gwalior, in which +two guns were captured. Elected by their comrades in the charge.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Henry</span>, Captain A., Land Transport Corps. Inkermann, 5th. +November, 1854. Continuing to defend the guns of his battery until +he had received twelve bayonet wounds.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hewett</span>, Rear-Admiral Sir W. N. W., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span> Sebastopol, October +26th., 1854. Being Mate of H.M.S. “Beagle,” for defending his +battery with one gun against heavy advance of Russians. By mistake +an order to spike the gun was brought, which he disregarded; also for +conspicuous gallantry at Inkermann.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hill</span>, Lieutenant A. R., 2nd. Battalion Northamptonshire Regiment. +South Africa, Laing’s Nek, January 28th., 1881. Bringing wounded +soldier out of action, then returning and rescuing another, under +heavy fire of the Boers. He had previously attempted to save Lieut. +Baillie, but that officer was again struck and killed while he was +carrying him out of fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hill</span>, Sergeant S., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny November 16th. +and 17th., 1857. Saving the life of Captain Irby, his commanding +<span class='pageno' id='Page_526'>526</span>officer, at the storming of the Secundra Bagh, Lucknow, and going +out under a heavy fire to aid two wounded men; also for his gallant +conduct all through the relief of Lucknow. Elected by the officers of +his regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hills-Johnes</span>, Major-General Sir J., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, Royal Artillery. +Indian Mutiny, July 9th., 1857. For gallant defence of his post before +Delhi. <i>See</i> Tombs, General Sir H.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hinckley</span>, Seaman G., H.M.S. “Sphinx.” China, October 9th., +1862. For his gallant conduct at Fung Wha, in volunteering to carry +two wounded men to place of safety, under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hitch</span>, Private Frederick, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, +Zululand, January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879, and Corporal W. Allen. +Together holding the hospital, a most dangerous post, raked by the fire +of the enemy from a hill, until the patients could be withdrawn. +When prevented by wounds from fighting they continued serving out +ammunition during the night.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hodge</span>, Private S. (coloured), 4th. West India Regiment. Africa, +June 30th., 1866. For distinguished bravery at storming and capture +of Tubabecolong, River Gambia. Presented by his commanding +officer, Colonel D’Arcy, to his comrades as the bravest soldier in the +regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hollis</span>, Farrier G., 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, June 17th., 1858. +<i>See</i> Major C. W. Heneage.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hollowell</span>, Private J., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September +26th., 1857. Successfully directing defence of a burning house in +Lucknow, against a large force of rebel Sepoys.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Holmes</span>, Private Joel, 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 17th., +1857. Volunteering to assist in working gun under a heavy fire, by +which almost all the artillerymen were killed.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Home</span>, Surgeon-General Sir A. D., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 90th. Foot. Indian +Mutiny, September 26th., 1857, and Assistant-Surgeon W. Bradshaw. +Gallantly defending the wounded left under their charge, for twenty-two +hours, when the troops under General Havelock forced their way +into the Residency of Lucknow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Home</span>, Lieutenant D. C., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, 1857, +and Lieutenant P. Salkeld and Sergeant J. Smith. Provisionally +conferred upon them by General Sir A. Wilson, Bart., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, for +performing the desperate duty of blowing in the Cashmere Gate, at +Delhi, in broad daylight, September 14th. None of them survived for +the nomination to be confirmed.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hook</span>, Private Henry, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, +Zululand, January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879. Defending the hospital +and rescuing eight patients. <i>See</i> Private J. Williams.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Hope</span>, Lieutenant W., 7th. Foot. Redan, June 18th., 1855. Assisting +in bringing in wounded officer (Lieut. Hobson), under a very +heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_527'>527</span><span class='sc'>Hughes</span>, Corporal M., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 7th. and 18th., +1855. Twice fetching ammunition under heavy fire, and bringing +in at different times a wounded officer (Lieut. Hobson, 7th. Fusiliers), +and a wounded private, while so doing he was severely wounded +himself.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Humpston</span>, Sergeant R., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, April 22nd., +1855. With another rifleman capturing rifle-pit occupied by enemy +in broad daylight. For this act he received a gratuity of £5, and was +promoted.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ingouville, G.</span>, Captain of Mast H.M.S. “Arrogant.” Attack on +Viborg, Baltic, July 13th., 1855. Jumping overboard, swimming to +and recovering disabled cutter, which had drifted under enemy’s +battery.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Innes</span>, Colonel J. J. McLeod, Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, +February 23rd., 1858. At the action of Sultanpore he was the first up +to seize a gun, and holding another, although quite unsupported and +under heavy fire, till assistance reached him.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Irwin</span>, Private C., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., +1857. Although severely wounded he was one of the first to enter the +Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow. Elected by the privates of his regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jarrett</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel H. C. T., 26th. Bengal Native Infantry. +Indian Mutiny, October 14th., 1858. For daring bravery at Baroun, +with only four men, in attempting to take possession of a house occupied +by seventy Sepoys, the only approach to which was up a very +narrow street, and under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jee</span>, Deputy-Inspector-General J., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, +September 25th., 1858. For conspicuous gallantry in attending, protecting, +and saving a number of wounded at Lucknow, on the entry of +General Havelock’s relieving force.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jennings</span>, Roughrider E., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow, +November, 1857. <i>See</i> Lieut. H. E. Harrington.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jerome</span>, Colonel H. E., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 3rd. and +May 28th., 1858, and Private J. Byrne. For his intrepid conduct at +Jhansi, in bringing in Lieut. Sewell, who was severely wounded, with +the assistance of Private J. Byrne, under very severe fire, and daring +gallantry on other occasions, particularly in an action with a very +superior force of rebels on the Jumna, when he was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Johnstone</span>, Stoker W., Royal Navy, H.M.S. “Arrogant.” Baltic +Sea, April 12th., 1854. <i>See</i> Rear-Admiral J. Bythesea.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jones</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred S., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, +June 8th., 1857. Capturing one of the enemy’s guns and turning it +upon them. “This was a well conceived act, gallantly executed.”—<i>Despatch +of Major-General Hope Grant.</i></p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jones</span>, Captain H. M., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 7th., 1855. +At the storming of the Quarries, for repeatedly leading on his men +<span class='pageno' id='Page_528'>528</span>to repel continual night attacks of the enemy, although himself +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jones</span>, Private R., 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, January +22nd. and 23rd., 1879, and Private W. Jones. Defending their post in +the hospital till the last, until six out of seven patients were removed +into the inner line of defence.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Jones</span>, Private W., 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, 1879. <i>See</i> +Private R. Jones.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kavanagh</span>, Mr. T. H. (“Lucknow Kavanagh”) Assistant Commissioner +in Oudh, Indian Civil Service, Indian Mutiny, November +8th., 1857. Voluntarily proceeding through the city of Lucknow in +disguise, to camp of Commander-in-Chief, and guiding the relieving +force to the beleaguered garrison in the Residency.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Keatinge</span>, Colonel R. H., Bombay Artillery. Indian Mutiny, +March 17th., 1858. At the assault of Chundairee volunteering to lead +the column through the breach, under a heavy cross fire, by a path +across the ditch which he had discovered, receiving two dangerous +wounds in the act.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kellaway</span>, Boatswain J., Royal Navy, H.M.S. “Wrangler.” +Russia, Azoff, September, 1855. Returning towards enemy to assist +Mr. Odevaine, mate, who had fallen, and endeavouring to rescue him +from fifty Russians. Both taken prisoners after stout resistance.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kells</span>, Trumpet-Major R., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, September +28th., 1857. For his bravery at Bolundshuhur, in defending his +commanding officer (Captain Drysdale), who was wounded, against +numbers of the enemy and remaining with him till out of danger.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kenny</span>, Private J., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., +1857. For bravery at the taking of the Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow, +and for bringing up ammunition under severe cross fire. Elected by +the privates of his regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kerr</span>, Lieutenant W. A., 24th. Bombay Native Infantry. Indian +Mutiny, July 10th., 1857. Taking a stronghold near Kholapore, held +by a party of mutineers, by making a dash at a gateway with his +dismounted horsemen, forcing an entrance under fire, and killing and +capturing the whole of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Kirk</span>, Private J., 10th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 4th., 1857. +Assisting to rescue officer and family who were besieged by rebels +in a house at Benares.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Knox</span>, Major J. S., Scots Guards. Alma and Redan, 1854–55. For +his exertions in re-forming the ranks of the Guards at Alma, and +volunteering for the ladder party in the attack on the Redan, June 18th.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lambert</span>, Sergeant-Major G., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, 1857. +Distinguished conduct at Oonao, July 29th., Bithoor, August 16th., +and Lucknow, September 26th.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Laughnan</span>, Gunner, Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow, +November, 1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant H. E. Harrington.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_529'>529</span><span class='sc'>Lawrence</span>, Major S. H., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 7th. and +September 26th., 1857. In a sortie from Lucknow he was the first +to mount a ladder and enter the window of a house strongly held by +enemy. Also charging in advance of his company with two men and +capturing a nine-pounder gun in a sortie.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lane</span>, Private T., 67th. Foot. Gallantry at the capture of the Taku +Forts, August 22nd., 1860. <i>See</i> Captain M. Burslem.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Leach</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel E. P., Royal Engineers. Afghanistan, +March 17th., 1879. For his bravery in action near Maidanah, in +promptly charging with some men of the 45th. Sikhs a superior force +of the enemy, thereby saving his party from annihilation. In this +encounter he killed two or three of the enemy, and was himself +severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Leet</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel W. K., 1st. Battalion 13th. Foot. Zululand, +March 26th., 1879. Rescuing Lieutenant A. M. Smith from +Zulus, under close fire, during the retreat from the Inhlobana.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Leitch</span>, Colour-Sergeant P., Royal Engineers. Redan, June 18th., +1855. Forming a caponière and ramp across the ditch by tearing +down gabions from the parapet, filling and placing them, under heavy +fire, until he was wounded and disabled.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Leith</span>, Major J., 14th. Light Dragoons. Indian Mutiny, April 1st., +1858. For his distinguished conduct at Bretwah, in charging alone, +and rescuing Captain Need from a large number of rebel infantry.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lennox</span>, Major-General W. O., Royal Engineers. Sebastopol, +November 20th., 1854. Establishing a lodgement in rifle-pits, and +assisting to repel assaults. Specially noticed in French general order +by General Canrobert.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lennon</span>, Major E. H., 67th. Foot. Capture of Taku Forts, August +22nd., 1860. For swimming the ditch, and entering the North Fort by +an embrasure during the assault.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>LeQuesne</span>, Surgeon F. S., M.S. Upper Burmah, May 4th., 1889. +For his gallantry in assisting, while under a close fire from a stockade, +Lieutenant Michel, Norfolk Regiment, who was mortally wounded. +Shortly after he was himself severely wounded while attending to +another wounded officer.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lindrim</span>, Quartermaster-Sergeant W. J., Royal Engineers. Crimea, +April 11th., 1855. Intrepidity in climbing to top of magazine and +extinguishing burning sandbags, and making good the breach, under +fire; also superintending replacing of capsized gabions under very +heavy fire, and for being one of four who volunteered to destroy a +Russian rifle-pit, April 20th.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Loyd-Lyndsay</span>, Brevet-Major (afterwards Lord Wantage), <i>which see</i>.</p> + +<p class='c015'><a id='r175'></a><a href='#f175' class='c013'><sup>[175]</sup></a><span class='sc'>Lucas</span>, Captain C. D., Royal Navy. Attack on Bomarsund, June +21st, 1854. Throwing overboard a live shell, which fell on board +H.M.S. “Hector.”</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_530'>530</span><span class='sc'>Lucas</span>, Colour-Sergeant J., 40th. Foot. New Zealand, March 18th., +1861. Going to the assistance of Lieutenant Rees, under close and +heavy fire; also remaining at his post guarding arms, though wounded, +till the arrival of supports.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lumley</span>, Major C. H., 97th. Foot. Redan, September 8th., 1855. +For his bravery at the assault, in which he was severely wounded, +being one of the first inside the work.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lyons</span>, Private J., 19th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 10th., 1855. +Throwing live shell over the parapet, which fell in the trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lysons</span>, Lieutenant H., 2nd. Battalion Cameronians. South Africa, +March 28th., 1879, and Private Fowler. Gallantry in dislodging the +enemy from a cave at the assault of the Inhlobane Mountain.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Lyster</span>, Colonel H. H., 72nd. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian +Mutiny, May 23rd., 1858. Singly charging and breaking a square of +retreating mutineers from Calpee, killing several of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McBean</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel W., 93rd. Highlanders. Indian +Mutiny, March 11th., 1858. For his distinguished bravery in the +breach of the Begum Bagh, Lucknow, where he killed eleven of the +enemy with his own hand.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McCorrie</span>, Private C., 57th. Foot. Sebastopol, June 23rd., 1855. +Throwing a live shell over parapet.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McCrea</span>, Surgeon J. F., 1st. Regiment Cape Mounted Police. +Transvaal, January 14th., 1881. For his conduct in attending to the +wounded, under a close and heavy fire, though wounded himself, and +carrying a wounded man to place of safety under a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McDermond</span>, Private J., 47th. Foot. Crimea, November 5th., 1854. +Rescuing Colonel Haly, lying on the ground, surrounded by a number +of Russians, killing the man who had wounded him.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Macdonald</span>, Captain H., Royal Engineers. Sebastopol, April 19th., +1855. Gallantry in effecting a lodgment in enemy’s rifle-pits, and +persistently carrying on the sap under constant attacks.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McDonnell</span>, Mr. H. T., Magistrate of Sarun, Bengal Civil Service. +Indian Mutiny, July 30th., 1857. Exposing himself to an incessant +fire in order to cut loose the rudder of a boat during retreat of the +troops from Arrah.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Dougall</span>, Private John, 44th. Foot. Taking of Taku Forts, +China, August 21st., 1860. For swimming the ditch. <i>See</i> Major +E. H. Lennon.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McGauran</span>, Sergeant John, 1st. Bengal Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, +June 23rd., 1858. Gallantry before Delhi, when he carried a wounded +comrade, under fire, into camp, at the risk of his own life.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Gaw</span>, Lance-Sergeant S., 42nd. Foot. Amoaful, Ashanti, January +21st., 1874. Skilfully leading his section through the bush through +the whole day, although severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McGregor</span>, Sergeant R., 2nd. Battalion Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, +April 22nd., 1855. In the advanced trenches, for crossing open space, +under fire, and dislodging two Russians from a rifle-pit.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_531'>531</span><span class='sc'>M‘Guire</span>, Sergeant J., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian +Mutiny, September 14th., 1857, and Drummer M. Ryan. At the +assault on Delhi saving many lives at the risk of their own, by throwing +burning ammunition boxes over parapet into the water.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Hale</span>, Private P., 5th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 2nd. and +December 22nd., 1857. For conspicuous bravery at Lucknow, being +the first man, on two occasions, at the capture of a gun from the +enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Innes</span>, Gunner H., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow, +November, 1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant H. E. Harrington.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Macintyre</span>, Major-General Donald, Bengal Staff Corps. Looshai +Expedition, January 4th., 1872. For his gallantry in storming a +stockade at Lalgnoora, under very severe fire, being the first man to +climb over.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mackay</span>, Private D., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., +1857. Capturing the enemy’s colours at the Secundra Bagh, Lucknow. +Elected by the privates of his regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McKechnie</span>, Sergeant J., Scots Fusilier Guards. Alma, September +20th., 1854. For his conduct in rallying the men round the colours +when the regiment was disordered.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McKenna</span>, Colour-Sergeant E., 65th. Foot. New Zealand, September +7th., 1863. For his intrepid coolness in drawing off a small force +through a rugged country while harassed by the enemy, after an engagement +near Cameron Town.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>MacManus</span>, Private P., 5th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, Lucknow, September +26th., 1857. Protecting a party besieged in a house by firing +at rebels from behind a pillar outside; and, with Private J. Ryan, +rushing into the street and rescuing Captain Arnold out of a dhooly, +under close and heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>M‘Master</span>, Assistant-Surgeon V. M., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, +September 25th., 1857. At Lucknow, for attending to, and bringing in +wounded men under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McNeill</span>, Major-General Sir J. C., <span class='fss'>K.C.M.G.</span>, 107th. Foot. New +Zealand, March 30th., 1864. For his gallantry in rescuing Private +Vosper, thrown from his horse and surrounded by enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Macpherson</span>, Major-General Sir H. T., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 78th. Foot. Indian +Mutiny, September 25th., 1857. Distinguished bravery at Lucknow, +in capturing two brass nine-pounders, at the point of the bayonet.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McPherson</span>, Colour-Sergeant S., 78th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September +26th., 1857. For rescuing a wounded private lying in exposed +situation, under heavy fire, at the Residency, Lucknow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>McQuirt</span>, Sergeant B., 95th Foot. Indian Mutiny, January 6th., +1858. For his gallant conduct at the capture of Rowa, when he +attacked three of the enemy single-handed, killing one, and wounding +another. In this service he was wounded by five sabre cuts, and a +musket-shot.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_532'>532</span><span class='sc'>McWheeney</span>, Sergeant W., 44th. Foot. Sebastopol, October 20th. +and December 5th., 1854; and June 18th., 1855. For his conspicuous +bravery in volunteering as a sharpshooter, bringing in wounded men, +on two occasions under a very heavy fire, and volunteering for the +advanced guard on the Cemetery. He was never absent from duty +during the war.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Madden</span>, Sergeant-Major A., 41st. Foot. Inkermann, November +5th., 1854. Heading a party of his regiment and taking prisoners one +officer and fourteen privates, three of whom he took himself, alone.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Magner</span>, Drummer M., 33rd. Foot. Abyssinia, April 13th., 1868, +and Private J. Bergin. For their gallantry at the assault of Magdala, +being the first to enter. <i>See</i> Private J. Bergin.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mahoney</span>, Sergeant P., 1st. Madras Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, September +21st., 1857. For distinguished gallantry in aiding in the +capture of the colours of the mutineers at Mungulwar.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Malcolmson</span>, Lieutenant J. G., 3rd. Bombay Light Cavalry. Persia, +February 8th., 1857. Saving the life of Colonel Moore in the midst of +a square of the enemy. <i>See</i> Colonel A. T. Moore.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Malone</span>, Sergeant Joseph, 13th. Light Dragoons. Balaklava, +October 25th., 1854. Staying by Captain Webb, 17th. Lancers, +mortally wounded, under heavy fire, himself on foot, his horse having +been shot.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mangles</span>, Mr. R. L., Assistant-Magistrate, Patna, <span class='fss'>B.C.S.</span> Indian +Mutiny, July 30th., 1858. As a volunteer; during the retreat from +Arrah, binding up the wounds, and carrying for several miles to the +boats, a wounded soldier, while wounded himself, and under a murderous +fire, which killed or wounded almost the whole detachment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Manley</span>, Deputy-Surgeon-General W. G. N., Royal Artillery. New +Zealand, April 29th., 1864. At the assault on the Gate Pa, near +Tauranga, risking his life to save Commander Hay, R.N., and others.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Marling</span>, Lieutenant P. S., King’s Royal Rifle Corps. Soudan, +Tamai, March 13th., 1884. Saving the life of a wounded soldier at the +risk of his own, by placing him on his horse.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Marshall</span>, Quartermaster-Sergeant W. T., 19th. Hussars. Soudan, +El Teb, February 29th., 1884. Saving life of Colonel Barrow, 19th. +Hussars, whose horse had been killed under him.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Maude</span>, Colonel F. C., <span class='fss'>C.B</span>., Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, July +12th., 1857. At the head of his artillerymen, one third of whom were +killed in this service, checking advance of the enemy in General +Havelock’s march on Cawnpore.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Maude</span>, Lieutenant-General Sir F. F., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 3rd. Foot. Redan, +September 8th., 1855. For remarkable bravery during the attack, and +holding a position till dangerously wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mayo</span>, Midshipman A., Indian Navy. Indian Mutiny, November +22nd., 1857. For his gallantry in leading the advance against two six-pounder +guns, which were keeping up a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_533'>533</span><span class='sc'>Melville</span>, Lieutenant, 24th. Foot. <i>See</i> Lieutenant Coghill.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Millar</span>, Private D., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, January 15th., +1859, and Private W. Cook. In the action at Maylah Ghaut, when all +the officers and the colour-sergeant were either killed or wounded, +going to the front and directing the company, displaying a courage +which was admired by all who witnessed it.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Miller</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel F., Royal Artillery. Inkermann, Nov. +5th., 1854. For having personally attacked three Russians, and +gallant defence of guns when surrounded by the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Miller</span>, Conductor J., Bengal Ordnance Department. Indian +Mutiny, November 28th., 1857. Going to assistance of Lieutenant +Glubb, who was wounded, at great personal risk, and carrying him out +of action.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mitchell</span>, Captain of the Foretop of H.M.S. “Harrier.” New Zealand, +April 29th., 1864. Bringing Commander Hay out of the Gate +Pah when mortally wounded, although ordered by that officer to leave +him, and seek his own safety.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Monaghan</span>, Trumpeter T., 2nd. Dragoon Guards. Indian Mutiny, +October 8th., 1858. For saving the life of Lieutenant-Colonel Seymour, +commanding the regiment. <i>See</i> Corporal C. Anderson.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Monger</span>, Private G., 23rd. Regiment. Indian Mutiny, November +18th., 1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant-Colonel B. Hackett.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Moore</span>, Colonel A. T., 3rd. Bombay Light Cavalry. Persia, February +8th., 1857, and Lieutenant J. G. Malcolmson. Colonel Moore +leaped his horse into the enemy’s square, his horse was killed and his +sword broken, and he would have been killed had not Lieutenant +Malcolmson fought his way to his aid and carried him off through +a crowd of enemies.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Moore</span>, Colonel H. G., 88th. Foot. South Africa, December 29th., +1877. For his gallant conduct in an action against the Gaikas, near +Komgha, in endeavouring to save the life of a soldier surrounded by +the enemy, not giving up the attempt till the man was killed, and himself +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Morley</span>, Private S., Bengal Military Train. Indian Mutiny, April +15th., 1858, and Private M. Murphy. Bravery in saving the life of +Lieutenant Hamilton, when unhorsed, wounded, and surrounded by +enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mouat</span>, Surgeon-General J., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 6th. Dragoons. Balaklava, +October 26th., 1854, and Quartermaster C. Wooden. Going to the +assistance of Lieutenant-Colonel Morris, 12th. Lancers, who was lying +wounded in an exposed situation, and dressing his wounds in presence +of the enemy, under fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Moynihan</span>, Ensign A., 8th. Foot. Redan, September 8th., 1855. +Personally engaging and killing five Russians, and rescuing a wounded +officer under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mullane</span>, Sergeant P., Royal Horse Artillery. Afghanistan, Maiwand, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_534'>534</span>July 27th., 1880. Carrying a wounded comrade out of action, +and fetching water under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Munro</span>, Colour-Sergeant J., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November +16th., 1857. For gallantry at Secundra Bagh in going to the assistance +of Captain Walsh, who was wounded, and removing him to a place +of safety.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Murphy</span>, Private M., Military Train. Indian Mutiny, April 15th., +1858. <i>See</i> Private S. Morley.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Murphy</span>, Private T., 24th. Foot. Little Andaman Island, 1867. +<i>See</i> Surgeon-Major C. M. Douglas, Private Bell, etc.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Murray</span>, Lance-Corporal J., 2nd. Battalion Connaught Rangers, and +Trooper J. Danaher, Nourse’s Horse. South Africa, January 19th., +1881. Attempting to save a wounded private under heavy fire of the +Boers, by which Murray was himself severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Murray</span>, Sergeant J., 68th. Foot. New Zealand, June 21st., 1864. +For distinguished bravery in attacking alone a rifle-pit, occupied by +eight or ten Maories, killing or wounding them all.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mylot</span>, Private P., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 21st., 1857. +Being first to take possession of an enclosure under a shower of balls, +and gallantry on all occasions. Elected by the privates of his regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Napier</span>, Sergeant W., 13th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 6th., 1858. +For his gallant conduct near Azimghur in protecting a wounded +private and carrying him to a place of safety, under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Nash</span>, Corporal W., Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny, March 11th., +1858. For his conduct in helping rescue a wounded comrade, though +severely wounded himself. <i>See</i> Major Sir H. Wilmot, Bart., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span></p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Newell</span>, Private E., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, March 19th., +1858. Gallantry at Lucknow, in assisting comrade whose horse had +fallen, and bringing him away under heavy fire of musketry.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Norman</span>, Private W., 7th. Foot. Sebastopol, December 19th., 1854. +When on sentry, in a post of much danger, capturing two out of three +Russians who were reconnoitring, without alarming the Russian +pickets.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>O’Connor</span>, Colonel Luke, Royal Welsh Fusiliers. Alma and Redan, +September 20th., 1854, and September 8th., 1855. When Sergeant at +the Alma, taking colours from wounded officer and carrying them till +end of action, though himself wounded; and gallantry at the assault +on the Redan, where he was shot through both thighs.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Odgers</span>, Seaman W., H.M.S. “Niger.” New Zealand, March 28th., +1860. Being the first to enter a Pah and assisting to haul down +the enemy’s colours.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>O’Hea</span>, Private T., 1st. Battalion Rifle Brigade. Canada, June +19th., 1866. For extinguishing fire in a railway car containing ammunition, +between Quebec and Montreal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Olpherts</span>, General W., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, Royal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, +September 25th., 1857. For distinguished bravery in capturing two +<span class='pageno' id='Page_535'>535</span>guns in face of a heavy fire of grape, in the city of Lucknow, and +returning under fire for limbers and horses to carry them off.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Osborne</span>, Private J., 58th. Regiment. South Africa, February 22nd., +1881. Going to assist a wounded soldier in the front of a strong body +of Boers, and removing him under a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>O’Toole</span>, Sergeant E., Frontier Light Horse. Ulundi, Zululand, +July 3rd., 1879. For his gallantry on several occasions, especially in +assisting Lord W. Beresford to rescue Sergeant Fitzmaurice when +almost surrounded by Zulus.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Owens</span>, Sergeant J., 49th. Foot. Sebastopol, October 30th., 1854. +Gallantry in personal encounter with the Russians, and nobly assisting +Major Connolly, Coldstream Guards.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Oxenham</span>, Corporal W., 32nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 30th., +1857. Saving the life of Mr. Capper, Bengal Civil Service, under +heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Palmer</span>, Private Anthony, Grenadier Guards. Inkermann, November +5th., 1855. For his gallantry in charging singly a party of the +enemy, and saving Sir C. Russell’s life. <i>See</i> Russell, Sir C.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Park</span>, Sergeant J., 77th. Foot. Alma and Inkermann, September +20th. and November 5th., 1854, and April 19th., 1855. For distinguished +bravery at the battles of Alma and Inkermann, and gallantry +at taking of rifle-pits and at both assaults on the Redan.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Park</span>, Gunner J., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, November, +1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant H. E. Harrington.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Parkes</span>, Private Samuel, 4th. Light Dragoons. Balaklava, October +25th., 1854. Defending Trumpet-Major Crawford in the retreat on two +occasions against overwhelming odds, and saving his life the first time.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Paton</span>, Sergeant J., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 16th., +1857. For conspicuous gallantry at Lucknow, in proceeding alone +round the Shah Nujiff, under fire, and discovering a breach on the +opposite side, to which he conducted his regiment, and the place was +taken. Elected by non-commissioned officers of the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pearson</span>, Sergeant J., 86th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 3rd., 1858. +Attacking a number of armed rebels at the storming of Jhansi, killing +one and wounding two others; also bringing in a wounded private +under heavy fire, at Calpee.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pearson</span>, Sergeant John, 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny. Gwalior, +June 17th., 1858. <i>See</i> Major C. V. Heneage.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Peel</span>, Captain W., Royal Navy. The Crimea, 1854–1855. On +October 18th., 1854. For his intrepidity in taking up a live shell from +the midst of several powder cases, outside a magazine, and throwing it +over the parapet (it burst as it left his hands), thereby saving the magazine +and many lives. On November 5th., 1854, at Inkermann, he joined +the officers of the Grenadier Guards in defending the colours of the +regiment. On June 18th., 1855, he volunteered to lead a ladder party +at the assault on the Redan, and carried the first ladder until he was +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_536'>536</span><span class='sc'>Percy</span>, Colonel Hon. H. H. M., Grenadier Guards. Inkermann, +November 5th., 1854. Charging singly into the sandbag battery and +extricating some men who had charged too far, and were surrounded +by the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Perie</span>, Sapper J., Royal Engineers. Redan, June 18th., 1855. For +conspicuous bravery in leading the sailors with ladders, and rescuing +a wounded man under fire, although himself wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Phillips</span>, Ensign E. A. L., 11th. Bengal Native Infantry. Indian +Mutiny. Would have received the Victoria Cross for many gallant +deeds during the siege of Delhi had he survived. He captured the +Water Bastion with small party of men at the assault of that city, +and was killed there on September 18th.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pickard</span>, Lieutenant A. F., Royal Artillery. New Zealand, November +20th., 1863. For gallantry at the assault on Rangiriri, in crossing +and re-crossing a point exposed to a concentrated fire, to procure +water for the wounded, when no one else would perform the service. +<i>See</i> Surgeon-Major W. Temple.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pitcher</span>, Captain H. W., 4th. Punjaub Infantry. Umbeyla, India, +October 30th., 1863. For his bravery in leading two assaults to retake +the Crag Piquet, in the latter of which he was severely wounded. <i>See</i> +Fosbery, G. V.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Prendergast</span>, Major-General H. N. D., Madras Engineers. Indian +Mutiny, November 21st., 1857. For attempting to cut down a Velaitee +who was about to shoot Lieutenant Dew; and for gallantry in the +actions at Ratgurh and Betwa, when he was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Prettyjohn</span>, Corporal J., Royal Marines. Inkermann, November +5th., 1854. For placing himself in an advanced position and shooting +four Russians.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pride</span>, T., Captain of Afterguard H.M.S. “Euryalus.” Seki, +Japan, September 6th., 1864. Gallantly supporting Midshipman +Boyes when carrying the colours in action, until wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Probyn</span>, Lieutenant-General Sir D. M., <span class='fss'>K.C.S.I.</span>, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 2nd. Punjaub +Cavalry. Indian Mutiny, September, 1857. For several acts of +distinguished gallantry, amongst them capturing a standard in the +midst of a number of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Prosser</span>, Private J., 1st. Foot. Sebastopol, June 16th. and August +11th., 1855. Pursuing and capturing, while exposed to two cross fires, +a soldier in act of deserting to the enemy; and assisting to bring in a +wounded man under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Purcell</span>, Private J., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, June 19th., 1857. +Assisting Brigadier Grant. <i>See</i> Private T. Hancock.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Pye</span>, Lieutenant C., 53rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November 17th., +1857. For bringing up ammunition under fire at Lucknow, and +gallantry on every occasion. Elected by the non-commissioned officers +of the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Raby</span>, Rear-Admiral H. J., c.b., Sebastopol, June 18th., 1855, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_537'>537</span>Captain of Forecastle J. Taylor, and Boatswain’s mate H. Curtis. +After the assault on the Redan, carrying in a wounded soldier under +heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ramage</span>, Sergeant H., 2nd. Dragoons. Balaklava, October 26th., +1854. Saving the life of a wounded comrade when surrounded by +seven Russians; also bringing in prisoner from the Russian lines, and +carrying to the rear another wounded soldier, under a very heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Raynor</span>, Captain W., Bengal Veterinary Estab. Indian Mutiny, +May 11th., 1857. For his gallantry in defence of the magazine at +Delhi.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Reade</span>, Deputy Surgeon-General H. T., 61st. Foot. Indian Mutiny, +September 14th. and 16th., 1857. For dislodging with a small force a +party of rebels firing on the wounded, and gallantry at the assault of +Delhi, where he was one of the first up the breach, and helped to spike +one of the guns of the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Reeves</span>, Seaman T., Royal Navy. Inkermann, November 5th., 1854. +Defending battery under heavy fire, and repeated attacks. <i>See</i> Seamen +J. Gorman and M. Scholefield.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rennie</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel W., 90th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September +21st. and 25th., 1857. For his bravery in the advance on +Lucknow, and at that city, in charging guns in advance of his column, +in the face of a heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Renny</span>, Major-General G. A., Royal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, +September 16th., 1857. For his heroism in preventing the enemy +firing the magazine at Delhi, by climbing to the top of the wall and +throwing lighted shells amongst them.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Reynolds</span>, Surgeon-Major J. H., <span class='fss'>M.B.</span>, Army Medical Department. +Rorke’s Drift, Zululand. January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879. For his +attention to the wounded under fire, and for fetching ammunition for +defenders of the hospital under a cross fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Reynolds</span>, Private W., Scots Fusilier Guards. Alma, September +20th., 1854. For his conspicuous gallantry in rallying the men round +the colours when the line was disordered.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Richardson</span>, Private G., 34th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 27th., +1859. For his determined courage at Kewanie, having, when one +of his arms was disabled, closed with and secured a rebel armed with a +loaded revolver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rickard</span>, Quartermaster W., Royal Navy. Black Sea, October +11th., 1855. Remaining to assist fallen comrade under close fire. <i>See</i> +Admiral Sir J. E. Commerell.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ridgeway</span>, Captain R. K., Bengal Staff Corps. Konoma, Eastern +frontier of India, November 22nd., 1879. For his bravery in attempting +to destroy a barricade, under a heavy fire, in which duty he was +severely wounded, at Genitchi.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Roberts</span>, Lieutenant-General Sir F. S., Bart., <span class='fss'>G.C.B.</span>, Bengal Artillery. +Indian Mutiny, January 2nd., 1858. Capturing a standard from two +<span class='pageno' id='Page_538'>538</span>Sepoys, single-handed, at Khodagunge, and for conspicuous gallantry +on every occasion.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Roberts</span>, Chief Gunner John. Black Sea, May 29th., 1855. Setting +fire to stores, in face of enemy. <i>See</i> Captain Buckley.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Roberts</span>, Private J. R., 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, September +28th., 1857. Bringing a wounded comrade through a street under +heavy fire, in which he was himself wounded, at Bolundshuhur.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Robinson</span>, Seaman E., Naval Brigade. Indian Mutiny, March 13th., +1858. For having, at Lucknow, extinguished a fire among the sandbags +of a battery under very heavy fire of musketry.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Roddy</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel P., Bengal Army. Indian Mutiny, +September 27th., 1857. For charging and cutting down a rebel armed +with a musket, who killed his horse; and other gallant acts.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rodgers</span>, Private G., 71st. Foot. Indian Mutiny, June 16th., 1858. +For daring conduct in attacking alone a party of seven rebels strongly +posted, killing one of them, at Marar, Gwalior.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rogers</span>, Colonel R. M., 44th Foot. Capture of Taku Forts, China, +August 21st., 1860, with Lieutenant E. H. Lenon, and Private +J. M‘Dougal. For swimming the ditches, and being the first in the +fort, entering through an embrasure. <i>See</i> Lieutenant Lenon.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rosamond</span>, Serjeant-Major M., 37th. Bengal Native Infantry. +Indian Mutiny, June 4th., 1857. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel +Spottiswoode to fire the lines of mutinous Sepoys at Benares, and +volunteering to bring in Captain Brown, his family, and others from +a detached bungalow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ross</span>, Corporal J., Royal Engineers. Sebastopol and Redan, July +21st. and August 23rd., 1855. For distinguished conduct in placing +and filling gabions under heavy fire and light balls, and creeping to +the Redan and reporting its evacuation on the night of September +8th.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rowlands</span>, Major-General H., c.b., 41st. Foot. Inkermann, +November 5th., 1854. Rescuing Colonel Haly when wounded and +surrounded by Russians, and gallantly holding his post on picquet.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rush</span>, Serjeant-Major David, 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, March +19th., 1858. For conspicuous bravery near Lucknow, in attacking +with one man eight of the enemy, killing three of them.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Russell</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir C., Bart., Grenadier Guards. Inkermann, +November 5th., 1854. Volunteering to dislodge a party of +Russians from the Sandbag Battery, if anyone would follow him. +The attack was successful.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ryan</span>, Private John, 1st. Madras Fusiliers. Indian Mutiny, September +26th., 1857. For his gallantry in saving the wounded from being +massacred at Lucknow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ryan</span>, Lance-Corporal J., 65th. Foot. New Zealand, September +7th., 1863. For his conduct, with Privates Bulford and Talbot of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_539'>539</span>same regiment, in removing Captain Smith, who was mortally +wounded, from the field of action, and remaining beside his body all +night in the bush.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ryan</span>, Drummer M., 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers. Indian +Mutiny, Delhi, September 14th., 1857. <i>See</i> Serjeant-Major J. M‘Guire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Salkeld</span>, Lieutenant P., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, September +14th., 1857. Mortally wounded in the desperate duty of +blowing in the Cashmere Gate. <i>See</i> Lieutenant D. C. Home.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Salmon</span>, Rear-Admiral N., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, Naval Brigade. Indian Mutiny, +November 16th., 1857; and Boatswain’s Mate John Harrison. Climbing, +under fire, a tree, touching the angle of the Shah Nujiff, in order +to reply to the fire of the enemy, when Captain Peel had called for +volunteers.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sartorius</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel E. H., 59th. Foot. Afghanistan, +October 24th., 1879. Leading party of five men of the 59th. Regiment +at Shahjui against enemy of unknown strength, and dislodging +them from a strong position on the top of a hill. In this service he +was wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sartorious</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel R. W., <span class='fss'>C.M.G.</span>, 6th. Bengal Cavalry. +Ashanti, January 17th., 1874. At Abogov, removing wounded non-commissioned +Houssa officer under heavy fire and placing him under +cover.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Schiess</span>, Corporal, Natal Native Contingent. Rorke’s Drift, Zululand, +January 22nd., 1879. For conspicuous gallantry in repulsing +Zulus with the bayonet; also creeping along a wall and shooting three +others who were firing from the wall which had been abandoned.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Scholefield</span>, Seaman M. Inkermann, November 5th., 1854. <i>See</i> +Seamen J. Gorman and T. Reeves.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Scott</span>, Major A., Bengal Staff Corps. India, July 6th., 1877. +Saving the life of Lieutenant Kunhardt, at Quetta, from some Pathan +coolies, bayoneting two and closing with a third.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Scott</span>, Lieutenant R. G., Cape Mounted Rifles. South Africa, April +8th., 1879. In the attack on Moirosi’s Mountain, attempting to throw +time shells over a stone barricade amongst the enemy, under a heavy +fire. In the performance of this duty he was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seely</span>, Seaman W., H.M.S. “Euryalus.” Japan, September 6th., +1864. Daring in ascertaining enemy’s position, and remaining at the +front after being wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sellar</span>, Lance-Corporal G., Seaforth Highlanders. Kabul, December +14th., 1879. For his bravery at Asmai, being first at top of a hill +and cutting down one of the enemy after fierce fight, in which he was +wounded himself.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Shaw</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel H., 18th. Foot. New Zealand, January +24th., 1865. Rescuing a wounded soldier under heavy fire, and with +the assistance of four privates who volunteered, bringing him in, on two +occasions the same day.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_540'>540</span><span class='sc'>Shaw</span>, Private S., 3rd. Battalion Rifle Brigade. Indian Mutiny, +January 13th., 1858. Attacking and killing a Ghazee with his short +sword, after a desperate struggle, in which he was himself wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Shebbeare</span>, Captain R. H., 60th. Bengal Native Infantry. September +14th., 1857. At the assault on Delhi, attempting to reorganise his +men before walls of loopholed serai, and conducting rear-guard of +retreat across a canal, though severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sheppard</span>, Boatswain J., H.M.S. “St. Jean d’Acre.” Sebastopol, +July 15th., August 16th., 1855. Twice proceeding into the harbour +alone in a punt, and endeavouring to blow up a Russian man-of-war.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Shields</span>, Corporal R., 23rd. Foot. Sebastopol, Redan, September +8th., 1855. Volunteering to go out and bring in Lieutenant Dynely, +who was mortally wounded, under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Simpson</span>, Major J., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 15th., 1858. +At the attack on the fort of Ruhya, bringing in first a wounded officer, +and then a wounded man, under close and heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sims</span>, Private J., 34th. Foot. Redan, 18th. June, 1855. Bringing in +wounded under heavy fire, in broad daylight.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sinnot</span>, Lance-Corporal J., 84th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, October 6th., +1857. For distinguished gallantry at Lucknow in going out with +Sergeants Glynn and Mullins, and Private Mullins, to the rescue of +Lieutenant Gibaut, who was wounded, and bringing him in under +heavy fire. Selected by his companions as the most worthy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sleavon</span>, Corporal M., Royal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, April 3rd., +1857. At the attack on the fort at Jhansi, continuing to work at head +of sap under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Gunner Albert, Royal Artillery. At Abu Klea, Soudan, +January 17th., 1885. Defending Lieutenant Guthrie, Royal Artillery, +who was mortally wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Colonel F. A., 43rd. Foot. New Zealand, June 21st., 1864. +Gallantly leading his company to attack a position at Tauranga, +although wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Lance-Corporal H., 52nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September +14th., 1857. Carrying away wounded comrade under heavy fire of +grape and musketry at Delhi.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Sergeant J., Bengal Engineers. Indian Mutiny, Delhi, +September 14th., 1857. <i>See</i> Lieutenant Home.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Private J., 1st. Madras Fusiliers (102nd. Regiment). Indian +Mutiny, November 16th., 1857. For having been one of the first to try +and enter the Secundra Bagh, and on the gate being forced, he +was among the first inside. He received immediately three desperate +wounds, but fought his way out, and performed his duties for the day. +Elected by the privates of the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Corporal P., 17th. Foot. Redan, June 18th., 1855. For +repeatedly going out in front of the trenches and bringing in wounded, +under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_541'>541</span><span class='sc'>Spence</span>, Troop Sergeant-Major, 9th. Lancers. Indian Mutiny, +January 17th., 1858. Rescuing a wounded comrade from a number of +rebels, at Shumsabad.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Spence</span>, Private E., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April 15th., 1858. +He, with Lance-Corporal Thomson, would have been recommended for +the decoration, for having covered retreat of the party bringing in the +body of Lieutenant Willoughby, under heavy fire, but he died from +wounds received when doing so.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Stagpoole</span>, Drummer D., 57th. Foot. New Zealand, October 2nd., +1863. Has also the medal for distinguished service in the field. <i>See</i> +Ensign J. T. Down.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Stanlock</span>, Private W., Coldstream Guards. Sebastopol, October, +1854. For volunteering to crawl up within six yards of Russian sentry, +thereby enabling officer in command of reconnoitring party to effect a +surprise.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Stewart</span>, Major W. G. D., 93rd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, November +16th., 1857. For his gallantry at Lucknow in leading attack and +capturing two guns. Elected by the officers of the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Strong</span>, Private George, Coldstream Guards. Sebastopol, September +1855. Throwing away live shell which fell in the trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sullivan</span>, Chief Boatswain J. Sebastopol, April 10th., 1855. +Placing flag on a mound at great risk, so as to enable fire to be opened +on a concealed Russian battery.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sutton</span>, Bugler W., 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, September 13th., +1857. Reconnoitring the breach at Delhi the night before the assault, +and rushing over trenches when the enemy was attacking in force, and +killing a bugler who was about to sound. Elected by the privates of +the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sylvester</span>, Assistant-Surgeon H. T., 23rd. Foot. Redan, September +8th., 1855. Going out under heavy fire to dress the wounds of Lieut. +Dynely, who was laying mortally wounded, and assisting the wounded +under fire on other occasions.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Symons</span>, Lieutenant G., Military Train. Sebastopol, June 6th., 1855. +Unmasking battery under terrific fire, in which act he was severely +wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Taylor</span>, J., Captain of the Forecastle. Sebastopol, June 18th., 1855. +<i>See</i> Rear-Admiral H. J. Raby, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span></p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Teesdale</span>, Colonel C. C., Royal Artillery. Defence of Kars, September +29th., 1855. Driving the enemy from a redoubt, the key of the +position, and rallying Turkish artillerymen when driven from their +guns, and inducing them to return to their post; and also, at great +personal risk, saving many of the wounded Russians from the fury +of the Turks.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Temple</span>, Surgeon-Major W., Royal Artillery. New Zealand, November +20th., 1863; and Lieutenant A. F. Pickard. For their devoted +conduct in assisting the wounded under heavy fire, during the assault +of Rangiriri.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_542'>542</span><span class='sc'>Thackery</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel E. T., Bengal Engineers. Indian +Mutiny, September 16th., 1857. For daring in extinguishing a fire +in the magazine at Delhi, under close musketry fire, and at imminent +risk of being blown up.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thomas</span>, Bombardier J., Bengal Artillery. Indian Mutiny, September +27th., 1857. Carrying away wounded comrade under heavy fire, +during a sortie from Lucknow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thomson</span>, Lance-Corporal A., 42nd. Foot. Indian Mutiny, April +15th., 1858. Volunteering to assist in bringing in an officer’s body +under heavy fire. <i>See</i> General Cafe.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thompson</span>, Private J., 60th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, July 9th., 1857. +For saving the life of his captain (Wilton) when surrounded by a party +of Ghazees, and gallantry on all occasions. Elected by the privates of +the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tombs</span>, Major-General Sir H., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, Bengal Artillery. Indian +Mutiny, July 9th., 1857. Twice going to the assistance of Lieutenant +Hills, before Delhi, killing his man on each occasion. <i>See</i> Lieutenant +Hills.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Travers</span>, General J. Indian Mutiny, July 1st., 1857. For his +bravery in the attack on the Presidency at Indore, when, supported by +only five men, he charged the guns of the mutineers, and by this act +saved the lives of many European fugitives.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Trevor</span>, Colonel W. S., Royal Engineers. Bhootan, April 30th., +1865; and Lieutenant J. Dundas. Gallantry in leading attack on a +loopholed blockhouse at Dewangiri. <i>See</i> Lieutenant Dundas.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Trewavas</span>, Seaman J., H.M.S. “Beagle.” Straits of Genitchi, July +3rd., 1855. Cutting hawsers of the floating bridge at Genitchi under +heavy fire, in which he was wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Turner</span>, Private S., 60th. Rifles. Indian Mutiny, June 19th., 1857. +At Delhi, during a severe fight with the mutineers, he carried off on +his shoulders Lieutenant Humphreys, who was mortally wounded, and +was himself wounded in so doing.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tytler</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel J. A., 60th. Bengal Native Infantry. +Indian Mutiny, February 10th., 1858. For charging rebel guns in +advance at Choorpoorah, and engaging gunners alone hand to hand, +till the guns were carried. In the action he was severely wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Vousden</span>, Major W. J., Bengal Staff Corps. Kabul, December +14th., 1879. Charging with a small party through and through superior +force of retreating Kohistanees, backwards and forwards several times, +on the Asmai heights.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wadeson</span>, Colonel R., 75th. Foot. Indian Mutiny, before Delhi, +July 18th., 1857. Twice saving a soldier’s life when attacked by rebel +sowars.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Walker</span>, Major-General M., 30th. Foot. Inkermann, November +5th., 1854. By his example encouraging his comrades to repulse a +superior force of Russian Infantry.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_543'>543</span><span class='sc'>Waller</span>, Colour-Sergeant G., 60th. Rifles. Indian Mutiny, September +14th. and 18th., 1857. For conspicuous gallantry at Delhi, in +charging and capturing guns. Elected by the non-commissioned +officers of the regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Waller</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel W. F. F., 25th. Bombay Light Infantry. +Indian Mutiny, June 20th., 1858. For distinguished bravery in +capturing Gwalior by storm, with a handful of men. Lieutenant Rose, +the only other European present, was killed in the assault.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Walters</span>, Sergeant G., 49th. Foot. Inkermann, November 5th., +1854. Rescuing Brigadier-General Adams when surrounded by the +enemy, one of whom he killed.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wantage</span>, Lord (Loyd-Lindsay, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir R. J., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>), +Scots Fusilier Guards. Alma and Inkermann, 1854. At the Alma, +re-forming the line, and standing firm with the colours; and at Inkermann, +charging and repulsing a strong body of Russians with a +few men.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ward</span>, Private H., 78th. Highlanders. Indian Mutiny, September +25th. and 26th., 1857. Escorting and protecting Lieutenant H. M. +Havelock, and a private, who were wounded, through heavy cross fire, +to a place of safety, at Lucknow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ward</span>, Sergeant J. 8th. Hussars. Indian Mutiny, June 17th., +1858. For gallantry at Gwalior. <i>See</i> Major C. W. Heneage and +Private Pearson.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wassal</span>, Private S., 80th. Foot. Zululand, Isandhlwana, January +22nd., 1879. Rescuing comrade from drowning, under heavy and close +fire, in the Buffalo river.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Watson</span>, Major-General J. C. B., 1st. Punjaub Cavalry. Indian +Mutiny, November 14th., 1857. For distinguished conduct in attacking +rebel cavalry in advance of his men, and dismounting their leader +in single combat.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wheatley</span>, Private F., Rifle Brigade. Sebastopol, November 10th., +1854. Throwing live shell over parapet of the trenches.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Whirlpool</span>, Private F., 3rd. Bombay European Regiment. Indian +Mutiny, April 3rd. and May 2nd., 1858. Bringing in wounded under +heavy fire, at the attack on Jhansi, and going to the rescue of Lieutenant +Donne, who was wounded, at Lohari. In this service he +received <i>seventeen</i> wounds, but his gallant example greatly contributed +to the success of the day.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>White</span>, Lieutenant-Colonel G. S., 92nd. Foot. Afghanistan, +October 7th., 1879, and September 1st., 1880. For his gallantry at +Charasiah, in dislodging overwhelming numbers of enemy from fortified +hill, with only two companies of his regiment. His men exhausted +with climbing, he advanced alone and shot the enemy’s leader, causing +the rest to retreat; also dashing forward on another occasion and +capturing a gun at Candahar.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wilkinson</span>, Bombardier Thomas, Royal Marine Artillery. Sebastopol, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_544'>544</span>June 5th., 1855. For his conduct in the advanced trenches, in +repairing work under heavy fire.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Williams</span>, Private John, 2nd. Battalion 24th. Foot. Rorke’s Drift, +Zululand, January 22nd. and 23rd., 1879, and Private H. Hook. +Gallantly defending and rescuing hospital patients. <i>See</i> Privates +Hitch, Jones, etc.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wilmot</span>, Major Sir Henry, Bart., <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, Rifle Brigade. Indian +Mutiny, March 11th., 1858; and Corporal W. Nash and Private D. +Hawks. For his gallantry in covering retreat of three of his men, who +were carrying away a wounded comrade exposed to the fire of the +enemy.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wilson</span>, Captain A. K., H.M.S. “Hecla.” Soudan, El Teb, February +29th., 1884. Engaging, in defence of a Gardner gun, several of +the enemy, single-handed and wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wood</span>, Major-General, Sir H. E., <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, 17th. Light Dragoons. +Indian Mutiny, October 19th., 1858. Attacking and routing almost +single-handed, a body of rebels at Sindwaho; and with two soldiers +rescuing a Potail from band of robbers, near Sindhora.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wood</span>, Colonel J. A., Bombay Staff Corps. Persia, December 9th., +1856. At Bushire he was first on the parapet, and although struck by +seven bullets, he cut down the leader of the enemy, and established +himself in the place.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wooden</span>, Quartermaster Charles, 17th. Lancers. Balaklava, October +26th., 1854. Saving life of Colonel Morris. <i>See</i> Surgeon-General +J. Mouat, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span></p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wright</span>, Private A., 77th. Foot. Crimea. For conspicuous +gallantry throughout the whole war. He greatly distinguished himself +on several occasions, and was twice wounded.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Young</span>, Commander J., Royal Navy. Indian Mutiny, November +10th., 1857, and Captain of Foretop, W. Hall, H.M.S. “Shannon.” +Gallantry in working a 24-pounder gun brought up to the angle of the +Shah Nujiff, at Lucknow.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Since the above list has been in type, three officers have +won the Cross, for the distinguished bravery shown by them +during the recent operations in the Hunza and Nagar Country, +on the Gilgit frontier, in December, 1891; namely, Captain F. +H. Aylmer, of the Royal Engineers, and Lieutenants G. H. +Boisragon and J. M. Smith, of the Indian Staff Corps. Capt. +Aylmer and Lieutenant Boisragon gained the decoration for +their conspicuous gallantry in the assault and capture of the +Nilt Fort, December 2nd., 1891. Captain Aylmer accompanied +the storming party, and blew open the inner gate of the place +with gun cotton, and, though severely wounded, continued +fighting till he fainted from loss of blood. Lieutenant Guy H. +Boisragon led the assault, and returned for reinforcements, +under a heavy cross fire. The Cross was given to Lieutenant +J. M. Smith for the gallantry with which he led the storming +party at the attack and capture of a very strong position near +Nilt, in the Hunza-Nagar country, December 20th., 1891, +which had stopped the advance of the force for seventeen +days.</p> + +<div id='i545fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_545fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Indian Mutiny Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_545'>545</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN MUTINY MEDAL.<br> <span class='c016'>1857–1858.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This medal, which is by L. C. Wyon, Esq., was granted by +a General Order, dated August 18th., 1858. The obverse has +the Queen’s head, diademed, with the superscription “Victoria +Regina,” and on the reverse Britannia is represented in an +erect position, instead of being seated. In her right hand, +outstretched, is a laurel wreath. An oval shield with the +crosses of the Union is on the left arm, and in the hand +are other wreaths. The British Lion forms an appropriate +background, above is the word “India,” and in the exergue +the date 1857–1858. The ribbon is French-white, with two +red stripes. It was granted to all engaged in operations +against the rebels or mutineers, and was also conferred on +non-military persons who had borne arms as volunteers +against them. There are five bars attached, respectively inscribed +“Delhi,” “Defence of Lucknow,” “Relief of Lucknow,” +“Lucknow,” and “Central India.” The first clasp was granted +to the troops employed in the operations against, and at +the assault of, Delhi; that for the “Defence of Lucknow” +was conferred on all of the original garrison, under Major-General +Inglis, and to those who succoured them, and continued +the defence under Major-Generals Sir Henry Havelock +and Sir James Outram, until relieved by Lord Clyde; “Relief +of Lucknow” was given to the troops engaged in the operations +against that place, under the immediate command of Lord +Clyde, in November, 1857; and the clasp of “Lucknow” was +awarded to the force engaged under his lordship’s immediate +command in March, 1858, in the final capture of the town, +and in all operations connected therewith; “Central India” +was granted to the column under Major-General Sir Hugh +Rose, G.C.B., engaged in the operations against Jhansi, +Calpee, and Gwalior, and also to the troops, which, under +the command of Major-Generals Roberts and Whitlock respectively, +performed such important service in Central India. +Four was the greatest number of bars issued with any one +medal, and the medal was given to the Naval Brigade, +without a bar, and with bars, for “Relief of Lucknow,” and +“Lucknow.”</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_546'>546</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SIEGE OF DELHI.<br> <span class='sc'>30th. May to 14th. September, 1857.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Sunday, the 10th. of May, 1857, will never cease to be +remembered in India. An outbreak, for some time contemplated, +broke out at Meerut in the afternoon of that day. +A century had elapsed since Clive’s celebrated battle of +Plassey, the forerunner of so many victories gained in India, +by the valuable co-operation of the Native troops, when the +latter, forgetful of their former glories and of their loyalty, +burst out into mutiny, with the view of overthrowing British +supremacy in the East; the outbreak of Vellore, in the +Madras Presidency, in 1806, having been the only exception +to the long-continued fidelity of the Sepoy soldier. During +the operations against Persia the Court of Delhi had entered +into correspondence with the Shah, and Dost Mahomed, the +Sovereign of Cabool, had been urged to invade the Punjab +when, by the secession of the Bengal native army, the time +should be opportune. The grievance of the greased cartridges +was indeed urged, but the combination had been for +some time forming, and the name of the King of Delhi, +over eighty years of age, was imagined to be a “tower of +strength” in the endeavour to be made to restore the +supremacy of the Mogul dynasty.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_547'>547</span>There is no doubt the rebellion was prematurely commenced; +but scenes of the most heart-rending descriptions occurred, and +several officers, ladies, and even children fell victims to the +brutality of the Sepoys. Outbreaks occurred at Allahabad, +Jhansi, Azimghur, Bareilly, Lucknow, Cawnpore, Benares, and +other places; the European women and children being, in +many cases, murdered, and the several mutinous regiments +all made for Delhi, hastening thither, as a central point, +from all quarters, and committing the greatest outrages.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When the mutineers had seized Delhi, and proclaimed a +descendant of the Mogul as king, their next object was to +gain the chief magazine in that city. After a gallant defence +it was exploded by order of Lieutenant Willoughby, who died +of his wounds. Sculley and Buckley were the two gunners, +and the former, who fired the train, escaped, together with +the other heroes Lieutenants Forrest and Raynor.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At this momentous period the Commander-in-Chief in India +was General the Honourable George Anson, who had proceeded +to Simla to escape the heat of the plains. Immediately upon +receiving intelligence of the mutiny, he hurried to Umballa, +and collecting all the available troops,<a id='r176'></a><a href='#f176' class='c013'><sup>[176]</sup></a> marched on Delhi, +but died of cholera at Kurnaul on the 27th. of May. His +successor was Major-General Reed, who on the day following +quitted Rawul Pindee, and arrived early in June at the camp +of Major-General Sir Henry Barnard, K.C.B., at Aleepore, +where a numerous force had been collected.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While Brigadier-General Archdale Wilson hastened with a +body of troops from Meerut to join the former, the mutineers +from Delhi attempted to intercept his march. He was attacked +on the 30th. of May at Ghazee-ood-deen-nuggur, when seven +<span class='pageno' id='Page_548'>548</span>hundred British soldiers defeated a disciplined force more +than seven-fold their number. This is considered as the commencement +of operations before Delhi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the following day (Whit-Sunday) the attack was renewed, +and the enemy was again repulsed, twenty-six guns +being captured. The 6th. Dragoon Guards and first battalion +60th. Rifles have reason to be proud of their deeds performed +this day. No further opposition was encountered, and Brigadier-General +Wilson joined Sir Henry Barnard at Aleepore. The +united forces commenced their march shortly after midnight, +and Brigadier-General Reed being unable from sickness to +proceed with the army, the command devolved on Major-General +Sir Henry Barnard.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At dawn on the 8th. of June the British arrived before +Badlee-ke-Serai, a fortified position, when the enemy opened +fire. Brigadier Hope Grant, C.B., with his column, consisting +of portions of the 9th. Lancers, 6th. Dragoon Guards. 75th., +first battalions 60th. and 87th. were highly distinguished. +On the regimental colour of the 75th. appeared the Royal +Tiger, gained in former fields in India, and they added to +their well-earned reputation by charging the enemy with +the bayonet, who abandoned the whole of his guns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This entrenched position being carried, Sir Henry Barnard +divided his army into two columns, one of which proceeded +along the main trunk road under Brigadier-General Wilson, +while the other marched under his own command to the site +of the Delhi cantonments, before they were burnt. Here on +an eminence the mutineers were posted, which position was +taken by Sir Henry Barnard, the enemy being forced to +abandon their guns; while this rapid flank movement to the +left, by Brigadier Wilson’s column forcing its way through +gardens with high walls, compelled the foe to take refuge +in Delhi, the two commanders meeting at a place named +Hindoo’s Rao’s House.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In these actions the Ghoorkas, evinced that gallantry which +was so prominent during every subsequent encounter with +the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After these events the British army took up a position +before Delhi. The force at this period comprised the following +<span class='pageno' id='Page_549'>549</span>Queen’s regiments:—two squadrons of the 6th. Dragoon +Guards (Carabineers), the 9th. Lancers; head-quarters and +six companies of the 60th. Rifles; head-quarters and nine +companies of the 75th. Regiment; in addition to these were +three troops of horse artillery; a company of foot artillery, a +detachment of sappers and miners, the first Bengal Fusiliers; +and the head-quarters and six companies of the second +Fusiliers, and the Sirmoor battalion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A strongly-built residence, named Hindoo Rao’s House, on +the top of a high eminence about half a mile in advance +of the camp, offered an excellent position for bombarding +the town, and from the three batteries erected thereon a constant +fire of shot and shell was kept up. Between Hindoo +Rao’s House and the Grand Trunk Road the ground was +rough and rocky, covered with brushwood and enclosed gardens, +over which the Sepoys frequently crept up in skirmishing +order, availing themselves of the shelter thus afforded, +but they were always repulsed by the guides and riflemen, +being at times pursued nearly to the city walls. Every +mutineer who was captured was at once shot or bayoneted.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The lines of defence were gradually advanced, and the +rebels were driven from the Subzee Mundee, formerly used +as a market for vegetables, and the Serai, a large building +in front of it, which the British strongly fortified, together +with the Pagoda opposite the Moree Gate.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Early in June cholera appeared in the camp; this added to +the trials of the troops; there being in consequence of the +small force scarcely any rest by night, as the limited numbers +barely admitted of relief, lessened as they were by +those required for picket duty. Fighting by day, and being +on the alert for a renewal of the conflict by night, occasioned +great fatigue, and shewed what British troops can +endure; besides which the ammunition supplies were not +very plentiful for heavy ordnance.<a id='r177'></a><a href='#f177' class='c013'><sup>[177]</sup></a> Another large Serai, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_550'>550</span>near the Ajmeer Gate, was gallantly taken on the 17th. of +June, by a body of troops under Major Tombs, of the +artillery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In consequence of a prophecy that the 23rd. of June, the +centenary anniversary of Plassey, was to be fatal to British +rule in India, a determined effort was made by the mutineers +on that morning, who advanced from the city in large bodies, +and attacking the batteries, kept up a sustained and vigorous +fire throughout the day. Their prophets proved false, for +the enemy was beaten as usual.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This victory of the 23rd. of June occasioned much rejoicing +in the camp. Frequent skirmishes occurred towards +the end of the month, and during July. The besieging +force had now been strengthened by a wing of the 8th. Foot +and of the 61st. Regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Early in July Sir Henry Barnard died of cholera, when +the command devolved on Major-General Reed, who, although +the senior, had relinquished it to him upon the decease of +General Anson. Reed, on account also of ill-health, was soon +compelled to give over the command to Brigadier-General +Wilson. The 8th. and 61st. Regiments suffered severely from +cholera, attributed to their long march during the height of +the rainy season. The former, in four months, from July to +October, lost one hundred and thirty-three men, and the +deaths in the latter during the same period amounted to +two hundred and forty-six.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A sortie was made by the enemy on the 9th. of July. +During the forenoon of the 14th. another attack occurred +in which Brigadier-General Chamberlain, the Adjutant-General, +was severely wounded; Captain Norman, of the 31st. Native +Infantry (frequently thanked in the dispatches for his services), +the second in the department, was appointed to carry +on the duties of this arduous office. On the 18th. and +23rd. other sorties took place, and the rebels were again +repulsed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two dense columns of the enemy attempted, on the 31st. +of July, to gain the rear of the British camp, but the +bridges having been destroyed, they were unable to cross the +canal, and after a brisk cannonade the troops returned to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_551'>551</span>the city. An attack sustained with great determination occurred +on the 1st. of August, the anniversary of the great +Mahomedan festival, commemorating Abraham’s sacrifice, not +of Isaac, but of Ishmael, when the mutineers received a +severe punishment. Brigadier Showers, on the 12th. of that +month, succeeded in capturing four of the enemy’s guns. +Four days previously Brigadier-General Nicholson reached +the camp in advance of his column, which had been employed +in disarming rebellion in the Punjab;<a id='r178'></a><a href='#f178' class='c013'><sup>[178]</sup></a> his force consisting +of two thousand five hundred men, Europeans and +Sikhs, was a welcome addition to the army before Delhi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Brigadier-General Nicholson gained a brilliant victory over +the enemy at Nujjuffghur, twenty miles from Delhi, on the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_552'>552</span>25th. of August, and thus prevented an attack upon the rear +of the British camp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For some time the siege train from Meerut had been +anxiously expected, and on the morning of the 4th. of +September it arrived.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A crisis was now fast approaching; fifty-four siege guns +were placed in position in several batteries, and on the 11th. +of September an incessant fire was opened, and sustained, +upon the line of defence between the Water and Cashmere +Gates. The latter was in ruins on the 13th., and shortly +after three o’clock on the following morning, the assaulting +columns prepared to advance. There were four columns of +attack; Brigadier-General Nicholson commanded the first; +Brigadier-General Jones the second; Brigadier Campbell the +third; and Major Reid the fourth. There was also a fifth +reserve column under Brigadier Longfield.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It being necessary to blow open the Cashmere Gate, in +order that the attacking force might effect an entrance into +the city, this desperate duty was performed by Lieutenants +Home and Salkeld,<a id='r179'></a><a href='#f179' class='c013'><sup>[179]</sup></a> of the Engineers. The latter died of +his wounds, and the former was shortly afterwards killed by +<span class='pageno' id='Page_553'>553</span>an explosion, whilst blowing up a fort abandoned by the +rebels in Bolundshuhur.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Brigadier Nicholson with the first column of attack, consisting +of three hundred men of the 75th., two hundred +and fifty of the 1st. European Bengal Fusiliers, and five +hundred of the 2nd. Punjab Infantry was ordered to assault +the breach in the Cashmere Curtain Gate. A portion escaladed +the left face of the bastion of the gate, while the +remainder, covered by the fire of the 60th., rushed up the +breach made upon their left of the gate. After reaching +the Cabool Gate, so destructive a fire was opened by the +enemy, that the advancing troops were compelled to desist. +Their gallant commander, Nicholson, whilst inducing the men +to renew the attempt, here fell mortally wounded, and died +nine days afterwards. Colonel Herbert, of the 75th., was +previously wounded on the glacis, and the command of this +portion of the assaulting column devolved on Captain William +Brookes, of that regiment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Brigadier William Jones with the second column, composed +of the 8th., 2nd. European Bengal Fusiliers, and 4th. Sikh +regiment of infantry (the storming party consisted of seventy-five +men of these corps, and the assault was led by Brevet-Major +R. S. Baynes, of the 8th. Foot, who was dangerously +wounded), covered by the fire of the skirmishers of the +60th. Rifles, advanced through the breach in the bastion at +the Water Gate, and gained possession of the walls as far +as the Cabool Gate without meeting any check. Upon +reaching the latter the troops turned one of the guns immediately +on the Lahore Gate, from which the foe was firing +grape and round shot.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Colonel George Campbell, of the 52nd. Light Infantry, +proceeded with the third column of assault, consisting of two +hundred and forty of the 52nd., five hundred of the 1st. +Punjab Infantry, and two hundred and sixty of the Kumaon +battalion, and when the Cashmere Gate had been blown open +by the explosion, the stormers rushed in, and in a short +time the column gained possession of the main guard, where +so many murders had occurred at the outbreak of the mutiny +and at once advanced to the attack of the great mosque, the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_554'>554</span>Jumma Musjid, situated about the centre of the city. When +almost close to the mosque, it was found that there were +no means of gaining an entrance, the force being without +powder-bags or artillery; and having to sustain a concentrated +musketry fire from the surrounding houses, the column +was eventually compelled to withdraw.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major Reid, of the Sirmoor Battalion, who led the fourth +column (consisting of fifty men of the 60th. Rifles, two +hundred Sirmoor Battalion, one hundred and sixty 1st. +Fusiliers, two hundred Guides, twenty-five Coke’s Corps, +sixty-five Kumaon Battalion, eighty 61st. Regiment,—seven +hundred and eighty in all), was severely wounded; his fall +checked the advance of the Goorkhas; Captain D. D. Muter, +of the 1st. battalion of the 60th., succeeded to the command; +and the rush of the Rifles and Fusiliers placed them for a +moment in possession of the breastwork at the end of the +Serai of Kishengunge, but being unsupported, were unable to +maintain the position, under the heavy flanking fire to which +they became exposed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the cavalry brigade (consisting of two hundred +of the 9th. Lancers, and four hundred and ten Natives from +the Guides, 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjab Cavalry, and Hodson’s +Horse; with three guns of the first Troop Horse Artillery, +and four guns of the second, under Major Toombs), commanded +by Brigadier Hope Grant, forming in front of the +walls, proceeded to the Cabool Gate, and although exposed +to a heavy fire, did excellent service by preventing the +mutineers, who came out in great numbers through the gardens, +from attacking the British batteries. During the operation +on the 14th. of September the casualties amounted to +eleven hundred and seventy killed, wounded, and missing.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-Colonel Deacon, of the 61st., succeeded in capturing +the magazine in the city of Delhi, on the 16th. of +September. Not a word was spoken, not a trigger pulled, until +the stormers and the support had reached the summit of the +breach and the magazine yard, when a cheer and a charge +were given and made, on which the enemy, taken most completely +by surprise, fled precipitately, throwing down the port-fires +at their guns. Several of them were bayoneted close to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_555'>555</span>the breach, the others were closely pursued by the 61st. and +the 4th. Punjab Infantry. A party under Lieutenant-Colonel +Rainey, of the former (under the guidance of Captain H. W. +Norman, Assistant-Adjutant-General), having passed through +the magazine, turned to their left, and spiked a gun, which +was in position on the eastern wall of the city, and which +was pointed at the College Garden Battery; here the enemy +fought desperately. Assistant-Surgeon Reade and Colour-Sergeant +Mitchell, both of the 61st., also spiked a gun. One +hundred and seventy guns, together with stores of all descriptions, +were found in the magazine. During the fore and +afternoon attacks were made by the rebels, which were repulsed +on every occasion by the troops then within the walls, +under Lieutenant-Colonel Farquhar, of the Belooch Battalion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A determined opposition was kept up for a few days in +the city, and only slow progress was made; but on the +morning of the 20th., possession was secured of the Lahore +Gate, and the troops then advanced upon the other bastions +and gates, until the entire defences of the city were acquired. +The enemy, unable to withstand the uninterrupted +and vigorous fire from the guns and mortars, from the first +entrance of the city by the British, and the steady and persevering +advance of the troops, at length took to flight, +abandoning their camp, property, and several of their sick +and wounded, besides the greater portion of their field artillery; +some four or five thousand fled across the bridge of +boats into the Doab, or country between the Jumna and the +Ganges, and the rest along the right bank of the former +river.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After the gate of the palace had been blown in, it was +occupied by the troops about noon on Sunday, the 20th. of +September, and the head-quarters of Major-General Wilson +were established therein the same day. The rapid advance +upon the Jumna Musjid by Major Brind, of the artillery, +with a detachment of fifty men of the 8th. Foot, and twenty +of the 1st. Bengal European Fusiliers, under the command of +Captain Bannatyne, of the former regiment, an entrance into +which was forced about an hour and a half prior to the +assault upon the palace, contributed towards the success of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_556'>556</span>operations, and the complete occupation of the city. At +sunrise on the 21st. a royal salute proclaimed that Delhi was +again under British rule; the aged Sovereign, after a trial, +being sent a prisoner for life to Rangoon.<a id='r180'></a><a href='#f180' class='c013'><sup>[180]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>When the capture of Delhi was completed, a flying column, +under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel E. H. Greathed,<a id='r181'></a><a href='#f181' class='c013'><sup>[181]</sup></a> +consisting of the 9th. Lancers, 8th. and 75th. Regiments, the +2nd. and 4th. Punjab Infantry, two hundred of Hodson’s Horse +with the 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjab Cavalry and Horse Artillery, +proceeded on the morning of the 23rd. of September, +from Delhi in a south-easterly direction upon Bolundshuhur +and Allyghur, with a view of cutting off the mutineers on the +right bank of the Jumna, in their endeavour to pass the +river into the Doab. At Bolundshuhur, on the 28th. of +September, the column defeated a body of the enemy, and +afterwards destroyed the fort of Malaghur; here, Lieutenant +Home, who shared in the blowing open of the Cashmere +Gate at Delhi, met an accidental death by an explosion of +gunpowder. While on the march along the Great Trunk +road to Allyghur, the rebels were again encountered and +scattered.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Pursuing this successful course the troops arrived at Agra, +after a night march from Hattrass; fatigued as they were, +and while preparing to encamp, an attack was suddenly made +upon them on the 10th. of October, by a numerous body +of the enemy. In the action which ensued, the 9th. Lancers +were specially mentioned. Lieutenant-Colonel Cotton, commanding +at Agra, at once repaired to the camp, and assumed +the command, but Lieutenant-Colonel Greathed was not +aware of his presence for some time. The attack was soon +overpowered, and turned into a complete rout, notwithstanding +several ineffectual attempts to make a stand, and the +pursuit was continued during the rest of the day for a +distance of eleven miles, the whole of the enemy’s guns, +twelve in number, being captured. This was effected under +the rays of an Indian sun, and with comparatively small +loss, but the casualties of the enemy were immense.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant-Colonel Greathed having crossed the Jumna was +joined, on the 14th. of October, by Brigadier Hope Grant,<a id='r182'></a><a href='#f182' class='c013'><sup>[182]</sup></a> +who, as senior officer, took the command. After dismantling +the fort of a rebel Rajah of Mynporee, who did not attempt +any resistance, the column put to flight a body of fugitives +from Delhi, killing many of them. Possession was gained of +the fort of Jhujjur by Brigadier Showers, on the 17th. +of October, which is regarded as the close of the operations +against Delhi. Brigadier Grant, continuing his march, arrived +at Cawnpore on the 28th. of October, and on the 30th. crossed +the Ganges, reaching the vicinity of the Alumbagh on the +8th. of the following month.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops engaged at Delhi were—Artillery (European and +Native); 6th. Dragoon Guards; 9th. Lancers; 1st. and 2nd. +Hodson’s Horse; and 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry; +8th., 52nd., 60th., 61st., and 75th. Royal Bengal Fusiliers; +Bengal Sappers and Miners; 32nd. Bengal Infantry; 1st., 2nd., +4th. and 24th. Punjaub Infantry; 2nd. and 3rd. Ghoorkas; +4th. Sikh Infantry; 27th. Bombay Light Infantry; Irregular +and Guide Cavalry and Infantry; and the Belooch Battalion.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_557'>557</span> + <h2 class='c006'>DEFENCE OF LUCKNOW.<br> <span class='sc'>29th. June to 25th. September, 1857.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Sir Henry Lawrence, having received information in the +evening of the 29th. of June, that a body of rebels were about +to march upon Lucknow from the village of Chinnahut, distant +<span class='pageno' id='Page_558'>558</span>about eight miles from the town, determined on making a reconnoissance. +This was accordingly commenced on the following +day. Misled by the reports of wayfarers, who stated that there +were few or no men between Lucknow and Chinnahut, the +troops proceeded a greater distance than was originally intended, +and suddenly fell in with the enemy, who had up to that moment +eluded the vigilance of the advanced guard by concealing themselves, +in overwhelming numbers, behind a long line of trees.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For some time the foe was held in check by the force, composed +of three hundred of the 32nd., and portions of the 13th., +48th., and 71st. Native Infantry, with the howitzer; but the +Oude artillerymen and drivers were traitors, and they overturned +their six guns into ditches, cut the traces of their horses, +and abandoned them, notwithstanding the remonstrances of +their own officers, and of those on Sir Henry Lawrence’s staff, +the Brigadier himself heading them, and drawing his sword upon +the caitiffs. Thus exposed to a vastly superior fire of artillery, +and completely outflanked on both sides by the enemy’s infantry +and cavalry, which actually penetrated to the rear, the British +were forced to retire with the loss of three pieces of artillery, +and with a sad list of killed and wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By this untoward event the whole available force was so +far diminished, that there was not a sufficient number of men +remaining to occupy the Residency and the fort named Muchhee +Bhowun, an old dilapidated edifice which had been hastily put +in repair, although the defences were far from complete, and +were moreover commanded by many houses in the city. The +Brigadier-General therefore, on the 1st. of July,<a id='r183'></a><a href='#f183' class='c013'><sup>[183]</sup></a> signalled the +garrison of the Muchhee Bhowun to evacuate and blow up +that fortress in the course of the night. The orders were ably +carried out, and at twelve p.m. the troops marched into the +Residency with their guns and treasure, without the loss of +a man; and shortly afterwards the explosion of two hundred +and forty barrels of gunpowder and six millions of ball cartridges, +which were lying in the magazine, announced to Sir Henry +<span class='pageno' id='Page_559'>559</span>Lawrence and his officers—who were anxiously waiting the +report—the complete destruction of that post, and all that it +contained. If it had not been for this wise and strategic +measure, no member of the Lucknow garrison, in all probability, +would have survived to tell the tale: for, as the Muchhee +Bhowun was commanded from other parts of the town, and +was moreover indifferently provided with heavy artillery ammunition, +while the suffering and loss which the Residency garrison +(even with the reinforcements thus obtained) endured in holding +the position, proved that if the original intention of holding +the two posts had been adhered to, both would inevitably have +fallen.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A sad calamity occurred at the outset. On the first of July, +an eight-inch shell burst in the room of the Residency in which +Sir Henry Lawrence was sitting. The missile burst between +him and Mr. Couper, close to both, but without injury +to either. The whole of his staff implored Sir Henry to +take up other quarters, as the place had then become the +special target for the round shot and shell of the enemy. +This, however, he jestingly declined to do, observing that +another shell would certainly never be pitched into that +small room. On the very next day, however, he was mortally +wounded by the fragment of another shell which +burst exactly in the same spot, and Captain Wilson, Deputy-Assistant +Adjutant-General, received a contusion. Sir Henry +Lawrence terminated his distinguished career on the morning +of the 4th. of July, having previously directed Brigadier-General +Inglis to take the command of the troops, and Major Banks +to succeed to the office of chief commissioner.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Scarcely had the garrison recovered this shock, when it +had to lament the death of Major Banks, who received a +bullet through his head while examining a critical outpost +on the 21st. of July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When the blockade was commenced only two of the +batteries were completed, and the defences were in an unfinished +condition, the buildings in the immediate vicinity, +which gave cover to the enemy, being only partially cleared +away. Indeed the heaviest losses were caused by the fire +from the enemy’s sharpshooters, stationed in the adjoining +<span class='pageno' id='Page_560'>560</span>mosques and houses of the native nobility, the necessity of +destroying which had been repeatedly pressed on Sir Henry +by the staff of engineers, but his invariable reply was, +“Spare the holy places, and private property as far as +possible;” and the garrison consequently suffered severely +from this tenderness to the religious prejudices, and respect +to the rights, of the rebellious citizens and soldiery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Then ensued a defence as heroic as any in the annals of +war. The narrative of Brigadier Inglis, simple and earnest, +will never be forgotten by his countrymen. By it the +reader will see that not a building within the walls of the +Residency was safe;<a id='r184'></a><a href='#f184' class='c013'><sup>[184]</sup></a> the wounded were shot while in hospital, +and ladies and children met the same fate in houses +considered secure. The enemy, while working the guns concealed +by the trenches, were shielded from the fire of the +garrison, upon whom an incessant cannonade was kept up +until the 20th. of July, at ten o’clock, on which morning +the besiegers, in great numbers, after exploding a mine +within the British defences, attempted to storm the Residency, +and did not cease their efforts until two o’clock in +the afternoon, being driven back by the gallant defenders, +who were sustained by the consciousness of the mighty trust +committed to their charge.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was not until the 10th. of August that another assault +was attempted, although during the interval the forlorn +garrison became exposed to a constant fire, with famine +staring it in the face. This second attempt, similar in its +features to the first, commencing with the springing of a +mine close to the brigade mess, although repeated at various +points, met with a like result; in some instances the defenders, +acting like grenadiers of a former time, dislodged +the foe with hand-grenades. On the 18th. of August another +mine was sprung in front of the Sikh lines with deadly +effect, burying alive eleven men beneath the ruins, whence +it was impossible to extricate them, owing to the tremendous +<span class='pageno' id='Page_561'>561</span>fire kept up by the enemy from houses distant less +than ten yards in front of the breach. Captain Orr, unattached, +and Lieutenants Mecham and Soppitt were blown +into the air, but, wonderful to state, received no further +injury than a severe shaking. A general assault followed +the explosion, which was soon repulsed; but the enemy +succeeded in establishing themselves in one of the houses of +the British position, from which they were driven in the +evening by the bayonets of the 32nd. and 84th. regiments.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Fresh mines were sprung on the 5th. of September, when +the last serious assault was made. It was in vain; all +these repeated attacks met everywhere with defeat. Thus +ended the four great struggles which occurred during the +siege. For eighty-seven days and nights officers and men +stood or slept under arms.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Notwithstanding all the hardships experienced, the garrison +made no less than five sorties, in which two of the enemy’s +heaviest guns were spiked, and several of the houses, from +which a harassing fire was experienced, were blown up. +Cholera, small pox, and an unknown, but fatal disease, +added to the loss sustained from the enemy’s fire. Delicate +women, some whilst in their earliest grief for the loss of +their husbands, assisted in nursing the sick and wounded. +The names of Birch, Polehampton, Barbor, and Gall, will +descend to posterity as worthy imitators of Florence Nightingale.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The conduct of the 32nd. (reduced to less than three +hundred), and the detachment of the 84th. was splendid. +The loyalty of the native troops, but especially the 13th., +was never surpassed. The other regiments were the 48th. +and 71st. Native Infantry,<a id='r185'></a><a href='#f185' class='c013'><sup>[185]</sup></a> the European and Native Artillery, +and the Sikhs of the respective corps.<a id='r186'></a><a href='#f186' class='c013'><sup>[186]</sup></a> The number +<span class='pageno' id='Page_562'>562</span>of artillerymen was so reduced, that on the occasion of an +attack, the gunners, although aided by men of the 32nd. +regiment, and by volunteers of all classes, had to run from +one battery to another, wherever the enemy’s fire was hottest, +there not being nearly sufficient men to serve half the +number of guns at the same time. Eventually the number +of European gunners was only twenty-four, while, including +mortars, there were no less than thirty guns in position. +So near too were the heavy guns of the assailants, that +their taunts and threats addressed to the native defenders +could be easily heard; besides which many of the British +military airs, such as “Brighton Camp,” “See, the Conquering +Hero Comes,” and the “National Anthem,” were, with matchless +effrontery, frequently played by the enemy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In general orders it was announced that “There does not +stand recorded in the annals of war an achievement more +truly heroic than the defence of the Residency at Lucknow. +The good services of H.M.’s 32nd. regiment throughout this +struggle have been remarkable.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>“<span class='sc'>Lucknow</span>” has been authorized to be borne on the +regimental colour and appointments of the 32nd., which for +its gallantry, has been constituted light infantry; and the +Queen’s officers and men of the garrison were allowed to +reckon one year’s additional service.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While the force, under Brigadier Inglis, afterwards advanced +to the rank Major-General, and appointed a Knight Commander +of the Bath, had been defending the Residency of +Lucknow, the eyes of Europe were directed to the efforts +made for its relief by Brigadier-General Havelock, who, +after his Division in Persia had been broken up, proceeded +to Bombay, and thence to Calcutta. He was immediately +selected to command a moveable column, and hearing that +the mutineers were proceeding from Cawnpore<a id='r187'></a><a href='#f187' class='c013'><sup>[187]</sup></a> towards +<span class='pageno' id='Page_563'>563</span>Futtehpore, a forced march, under a burning sun, was made +upon that place. Major Renaud joined him on the road +with about eight hundred troops, the latter having been +actively engaged in suppressing the mutiny in the neighbourhood. +This column consisted of the third company +eighth battalion of the Royal Artillery, seventy-six; 1st. Madras +Fusiliers, three hundred and seventy-six; 64th. regiment, +four hundred and thirty-five; 78th. Highlanders, two hundred +and eighty-four; 84th. regiment, one hundred and ninety; +detachment of the Bengal Artillery, twenty-two; Volunteer +Cavalry, twenty; total British, one thousand four hundred +and three. The native troops:—The Regiment of Ferozepore, +four hundred and forty-eight; 13th. Irregular and 3rd. +Oude Irregular Cavalry, ninety-five; Galundauze, eighteen; total +native troops, five hundred and sixty-one; in all, one thousand +nine hundred and sixty-four. It is computed that the +mutineers numbered three thousand five hundred, and they +occupied a strong position at Futtehpore, with twelve guns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Pushing forward two of their guns, they commenced, on +the 12th. of July, a cannonade on the British front, while +a body of infantry and cavalry threatened the flanks. The +enemy had imagined an easy victory over Major Renaud’s +force, but they found Brigadier-General Havelock ready to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_564'>564</span>receive them. Astonished by the precision of the fire of the +guns under Captain Maude, of the Royal Artillery, and the +deadly aim of the Enfield rifles, they fell back upon +Futtehpore in disorder, leaving three of their cannon. Here +they endeavoured to make a stand, but were compelled to +take to flight, abandoning twelve guns. This victory, in +Havelock’s order of the day, was attributed “to the British +Artillery, to the Enfield rifle, to British pluck, and to the +blessing of Almighty God.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Brigadier-General Havelock continued his march upon Cawnpore, +and on the 15th. of July was twice engaged with the +mutineers, first at the village of Aeng, and next at the +bridge over the Pandoo Nuddee. Successful in both instances, +the column pushed on, having captured the two guns with +which it had been intended to defend the bridge. After it +had been carried, information was received that Nena Sahib +occupied a position at Ahirwa; this position was a very strong +one, and in order to save the troops from the fire of his +heavy guns, the British General make a flank movement, +which resulted on the 16th. in a direct charge with the +bayonet. The 78th. Highlanders, gallantly led by Colonel +Hamilton, supported by the Madras Fusiliers, succeeded in +turning the enemy’s left flank; while the 64th. and 84th., +and the Regiment of Ferozepore, broke the right: the +mutineers were driven headlong on Cawnpore, leaving a +twenty-four pounder on the field.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The victors bivouacked on the ground, from which the roofless +barracks at Cawnpore could be perceived. When Nena +Sahib<a id='r188'></a><a href='#f188' class='c013'><sup>[188]</sup></a> saw that nothing could withstand the advance of +the avenging column, he gave directions on the 17th. for +the massacre of the women and children in his power, and +with savage barbarity caused their bodies to be thrown into +a well.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_565'>565</span>Early on that morning a heavy explosion was heard, arising +from the blowing up, by the enemy, of the magazine at +Cawnpore, when Nena Sahib was withdrawing thence upon +Bithoor. Cawnpore was at once occupied, and the troops +were horrified at the traces which remained of the massacre. +The capture of the castellated palace of Nena Sahib at +Bithoor, where he was unable to make a stand, was effected +without firing a shot, and twenty guns were taken.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Upon Brigadier-General Neill’s arrival at Cawnpore, from +Benares, he was left in command of the former place, +whilst Brigadier-General Havelock commenced his march +upon Lucknow. Having passed the Ganges into Oude, +the mutineers were next encountered near Unao, on the +29th. of July. The action was commenced by the 78th. +Highlanders and the 1st. Fusiliers, with two guns. Afterwards, +the 64th., commanded by Colonel Wilson, were +ordered up. Patrick Cavanagh, a private of that regiment, +was hewn in pieces by the Sepoys whilst exhibiting to his +comrades an example of the highest gallantry. This valiant +soldier had he survived would have received the Victoria +Cross. At the narrow pass between the village and the +town of Unao the mutineers were discovered in great force, +but, after an obstinate contest, they sought safety in flight. +Subsequently the troops pushed on towards Busherut Gunge, +a walled town, with wet ditches, which was captured by the +1st. Fusiliers, 64th., and 78th. regiments.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Havelock’s<a id='r189'></a><a href='#f189' class='c013'><sup>[189]</sup></a> force was not of sufficient +strength to continue the advance upon Lucknow, cholera +having broken out amongst them; and he fell back on the +2nd. of August, on Munghowar. On the 5th. he again attacked +the enemy at Busherut Gunge, driving them out of +the town with great slaughter. Preparations were next commenced +for passing over the Ganges to Cawnpore. The +baggage had already been forwarded across the river, when he +resolved, on the 11th. of August, to attack the mutineers a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_566'>566</span>third time at Busherut Gunge, where they had once more +collected in great force, and again defeated them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Returning to their former position at Munghowar, the troops, +on the 12th. and 13th. of August, crossed the Ganges to +Cawnpore, where they arrived, nearly worn out by fatigue, +sickness, and constant exposure to an Indian sun. Almost +immediately, however, they struck another effective blow on +the mutineers. A large body of them had collected at +Bithoor, and were menacing Brigadier-General Neill at Cawnpore. +Major-General Havelock, uniting his force with the +former, marched on Bithoor, and gained another victory. +During these several encounters forty guns had been taken, +and sixty more recovered for the government. Great loss had +been inflicted on the enemy, while the British casualties +were comparatively small.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British column afterwards remained at Cawnpore waiting +for reinforcements, and on the 16th. of September, +Major-General Sir James Outram arrived with the welcome +aid; although the senior officer, he nobly relinquished to +Major-General Havelock the honour of relieving the Lucknow +garrison, and accompanied the column as Chief Commissioner +of Oude, proffering his military services as a volunteer.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 19th. and 20th. of September, the relieving force, +amounting to about two thousand five hundred men, and +seventeen guns crossed the Ganges. The 5th. Fusiliers, 84th., +detachments of the 64th. and 1st. Madras Fusiliers, composed +the first infantry brigade, under Brigadier-General +Neill; the 78th. Highlanders, 90th. Light Infantry, and the +Sikh Ferozepore regiment, made up the second brigade, +under Brigadier Hamilton, of the 78th.; Major Cooper commanded +the artillery brigade, consisting of Captains Maude, +Oliphant, and Major Eyre’s batteries; Captain Borrow commanded +the Volunteers and Irregular Cavalry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Only a feeble resistance was offered by the enemy, who +retired upon the old position of Munghowar. Here they +were attacked on the morning of the 21st. of September, +and after an obstinate contest were routed, two of the four +guns captured, being taken in a cavalry charge led by Sir +James Outram.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_567'>567</span>Continuing the march on Lucknow, the rebels were discovered +on the 23rd., in a strong position, with their left +resting on the enclosure of the Alumbagh, an isolated building +to the south-east of the city of Lucknow, and about three +miles from the Residency, their centre and right being +drawn up behind a chain of hillocks. Five guns were taken +by the British on this day, but the relieving force was incessantly +cannonaded throughout the 24th. The enemy’s cavalry, +one thousand strong, made a sudden irruption upon the baggage +massed in the rear; when the soldiers of the 90th. Light +Infantry forming the baggage guard gallantly dispersed the +whole body, but not without losing some brave officers and +men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As the troops had been marching for three days under a +perfect deluge of rain, irregularly fed, and badly housed in +villages, the assault on the city was deferred until the 25th. +On that morning the baggage and tents were deposited in +the Alumbagh, and the force advanced. The gratifying +object of relieving the garrison was the result, but great +loss was sustained by the constant fire from the flat-roofed +and loopholed houses, the gallant Brigadier-General Neill +being shot dead; but every obstacle was at length overcome, +and the troops established themselves within the enclosure +of the Residency.<a id='r190'></a><a href='#f190' class='c013'><sup>[190]</sup></a> It was not, however, until the following +evening that the remainder of the force, with the sick and +wounded, constantly exposed to the attacks of the foe, could +be brought in. This succour is regarded, in respect to the +medal-clasps, as a continuation of the defence of Lucknow.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_568'>568</span> + <h2 class='c006'>RELIEF OF LUCKNOW.<br> <span class='sc'>17th. November, 1857.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Sir Colin Campbell,<a id='r191'></a><a href='#f191' class='c013'><sup>[191]</sup></a> who, like Sir Charles Napier, had +proceeded at a moment’s notice to India, did not find the +task completed, as was the case in the Punjaub emergency. +There was work to be done, and how nobly and successfully +it was performed is now matter of history. Troops constantly +arrived from England at Calcutta, and were moved up to +Cawnpore as speedily as possible, but owing to the want of +transport, only slow progress was made, and Sir Colin was +not prepared to proceed therefrom for the final relief of the +garrison at Lucknow before the 9th. of November. By a rapid +march he joined, on the same day that he quitted Cawnpore, +the column under Brigadier-General Grant in camp at Buntara, +about six miles from the Alumbagh. Remaining there for +reinforcements until the 12th. of November, he advanced on +the Alumbagh, which he reached in the evening, after having +captured the guns of a body of the enemy who had attacked +his vanguard. As the direct road from the Alumbagh to the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_569'>569</span>Residency was through the heart of the city of Lucknow,<a id='r192'></a><a href='#f192' class='c013'><sup>[192]</sup></a> +wherein every street was a fortification, the houses being loopholed +and filled with desperate men, Sir Colin determined to +make a detour to the right, and after forcing his way through +the Dilkoosha park and the Martinière, to cross the canal to +the east of Lucknow, and then arrive at the Residency by a +circuitous route round the north-east corner of the city. Very +great assistance was afforded to the military operations at +Cawnpore and the vicinity by the Naval Brigade, under their +gallant leader, the late Captain (afterwards Sir William) Peel. +The Brigade consisted of about five hundred and eighty officers +and men the crew of H.M.S. “Shannon,” with six 8-inch guns +from the ship. With a small military force of about seven hundred +men, under Captain Powell, they were engaged on the 1st. +of November at Kadjwa, twenty-four miles from Futtehpore, +and succeeded in routing with severe loss, the mutineers, +amounting to four thousand men. On the loss of Captain +Powell, who was killed in this encounter, the command fell +upon Captain Peel. The duties were very arduous; after this +battle, with the exception of a day’s rest for the footsore men, +who had marched seventy-two miles in three days, besides +gaining the above victory, daily marches had to be made in +order to join the column before Lucknow, where the brigade +arrived on November 12th. At the attack on the Secundra +Bagh, Midshipman Daniel and three or four of the brigade +were killed, and Lieutenant Salmon and above a dozen men +wounded. On January 2nd. the brigade took part in the +battle of Kallee-Nuddee, in which the mutineers were severely +defeated; and on the 3rd. of March was before Lucknow, +and shared in the capture of the Dilkoosah. Captain Peel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_570'>570</span>was wounded on March 9th. and died of small pox on his +way to Calcutta. With the capture of Lucknow the active +services of the brigade ended, and on September 15th. following, +the “Shannon” sailed for England. Another Naval +Brigade, under Captain Sotheby, of H.M.S. “Pearl,” numbering +about two hundred and fifty officers and men, known as the +“Pearl Brigade,” served for about fifteen months with the +Goruckpore Field Force, and took part in several engagements +with the mutineers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 15th. of November, as the troops approached the +park, the leading men were met by a long line of musketry +fire; the advanced guard was quickly reinforced by a field +battery and companies of infantry, when after a running fight +of nearly two hours, the rebels were driven across the garden +and park at the Martinière, and far beyond the canal. Both +the park and the latter building were at once occupied by +the troops, when they sustained an attack in front, and promptly +driving back the enemy, pursued them across the canal.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Early on the morning of the 16th. of November, the victorious +troops proceeded to attack the Secundra Bagh (garden +or plantation), a high walled enclosure of strong masonry, +one hundred and twenty yards square, and carefully loopholed +all round. This post was numerously defended. Opposite +to it, at a distance of one hundred yards, was a village which +was likewise loopholed, and filled with men. As the head +of the column advanced along the lane to the left of the +Secundra Bagh, a fire was opened on it by the enemy, which +was hotly maintained for an hour and a half on both sides. +A small breach having been made, it was determined to storm +the position, and this was effected by the remainder of the +Highlanders and the 53rd. and 4th. Punjaub Infantry, supported +by a battalion of detachments under Major Barnston.<a id='r193'></a><a href='#f193' class='c013'><sup>[193]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>After this brilliant commencement Captain Peel’s Royal +<span class='pageno' id='Page_571'>571</span>Naval Siege Train proceeded to the front, and advanced +towards the Shah Nujjeef, together with the field battalion +and some mortars, the village to the left having been cleared +by Brigadier the Honourable Adrian Hope and Lieutenant-Colonel +Gordon. This position was resolutely defended against +a heavy cannonade of three hours. It was then stormed in +the boldest manner by the 93rd. Highlanders, under Brigadier +Hope, supported by a battalion of detachments under Major +Barnston, who was wounded. Captain Peel gallantly led up +his heavy guns within a few yards of the building, to batter +the massive stone walls. This concluded the day’s operations, +and about three o’clock in the afternoon of the 17th. a building +named the “Mess House,” after being cannonaded by +Captain Peel, was stormed by a company of the 90th. under +Captain Wolseley, and a picket of the 53rd., under Captain +Hopkins, supported by Major Barnston’s battalion of detachments +under Captain Guise of the 90th., with some of the +Punjaub Infantry under Lieutenant Powlett. The place was +immediately carried, and the troops pushed forward with +great vigour, and lined the wall separating the Mess House +from the Motee Mahal. Here a final stand was made, but +after an hour’s fighting, during which openings had been broken +in the wall, the opposition was overcome, and the soldiers +pouring through with a body of sappers, accomplished the +communications with the Residency. Shortly afterwards Sir +Colin had the gratification of greeting Sir James Outram and +Sir Henry Havelock, who came out to meet him before the +action was terminated.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While the final relief of the besieged garrison had been +thus achieved by the indomitable gallantry of the army under +Sir Colin Campbell, the garrison within the walls had not +been inactive. The mines which had been driven under the +outer wall of the garden in advance of the palace, already +breached in several places by the enemy, and also under +some buildings in its vicinity, were exploded as soon as it +was ascertained that the Commander-in-Chief was assailing +the Secundra Bagh; at the same time two powerful masked +batteries poured shot and shell into the palace. When the +advance sounded the effect was electrical; pent up for six +<span class='pageno' id='Page_572'>572</span>weeks, and subjected to constant attacks, the soldiers felt +that the hour of retribution had arrived. It was impossible +to withstand them, and in a few minutes the whole of the +buildings were in their possession, were armed with cannon, +and steadily held against all attacks.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was now Sir Colin Campbell’s great object to effect the +removal of the non-combatants from the Residency, including +the sick and wounded, without subjecting them to the enemy’s +fire. By a series of masterly arrangements, which may be +regarded as a perfect example of such combinations, the desired +object was attained. A fire was opened upon the Kaiserbagh +on the 20th., and when the foe was led to believe that +an immediate assault was contemplated, orders were issued +for the garrison to withdraw through the line of pickets at +midnight on the 22nd. Brigadier the Honourable Adrian +Hope so ably carried out the dispositions to cover the movement, +that the mutineers were completely deceived, and instead +of following, they commenced firing on the old positions, many +hours after they had been quitted by the British.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During all these operations from the 16th. of November, +the remnant of Brigadier Greathed’s brigade closed in the +rear, and again formed the rear-guard as the troops retired +to Dilkoosha, which was reached by the whole force by four +o’clock in the afternoon of the 23rd. of November. On the +previous day that valued soldier whose name is so identified +with Lucknow, the gallant Sir Henry Havelock, died of an +attack of dysentery, to the universal regret of the army, and +of his country.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops which took part in the relief of Lucknow, were +the Naval Brigade; 9th. Lancers; 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjaub +Cavalry; Hodson’s Horse; Bengal Horse and Field Artillery; +Punjaub Sappers and Miners; the 8th., 53rd., 75th., and 93rd. +Foot; 2nd. and 4th. Punjaub Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_573'>573</span> + <h2 class='c006'>LUCKNOW.<br> <span class='sc'>2nd. to 21st. of March, 1858.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Sir Colin Campbell, leaving a portion of his army at the +Alumbagh, under Sir James Outram, commenced his march +upon Cawnpore on the 27th. of November, 1857, and arrived +at Bunnee that evening. On the following morning he received +intelligence of the attack made upon Major-General +Windham,—who had been fiercely engaged with the Gwalior +rebels. That officer on the 26th. attacked one of the enemy’s +Divisions, eight miles from Cawnpore, routed them and captured +all but one gun. Next morning, being reinforced, they +returned to the assault, forced the British within their lines +at Nuwabgunge, burning down the camp of three regiments. +The Rifle Brigade under Colonel Walpole, supported by the +88th. under Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, which suffered very +severely, were highly distinguished. On the 28th. the renewed +attempts of the enemy were triumphantly defeated.<a id='r194'></a><a href='#f194' class='c013'><sup>[194]</sup></a> Then +followed the decisive battle of the 6th. of December,<a id='r195'></a><a href='#f195' class='c013'><sup>[195]</sup></a> when +the Commander-in-Chief utterly routed the rebel army, which +had been augmented by four regiments from Oude, and the +followers of Nena Sahib, estimated at not less than twenty-five +thousand men, with about thirty-six guns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this action Sir Colin Campbell continued at Cawnpore +<span class='pageno' id='Page_574'>574</span>until the beginning of 1858, employed in restoring order in +the stronghold of the mutiny, and in preparing to advance +on Lucknow. Several assaults were made by the rebels to +dislodge Sir James Outram from his position at the Alumbagh, +before he could be aided by Sir Colin Campbell; especially +on the 12th. and 16th. of January, and subsequent months, +but they were all defeated. The first portion of the army +crossed the Ganges at Cawnpore on the 4th. of February. +Brigadier Franks, while on his road to Lucknow, on the 19th., +defeated two separate bodies of the enemy, at Chanda and +Amereepore, and on the 23rd. of that month gained a decisive +victory over their united forces, when attempting to capture +Badshahgunge, a strong fort near Sultanpore. In this action +the enemy lost twenty-one guns and nearly two thousand +men. The loss of the victors was <i>eleven</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Being joined on this day by the siege train from Agra, and +all the requisite arrangements having been completed, Sir +Colin Campbell proceeded direct from Cawnpore to the Alumbagh, +where the army arrived on the 1st. of March. The Divisions +under Brigadier-Generals Sir Hope Grant and Walpole, +who had been employed watching the mutineers, had meanwhile +rejoined, and on the following morning the Dilkoosha +palace was seized after a skirmish, in which a gun was captured +from the enemy.<a id='r196'></a><a href='#f196' class='c013'><sup>[196]</sup></a> This palace was at once occupied +as an advanced post on the right, and the Mahomed Bagh on +the left, heavy guns being placed at each point to keep down +the fire of the rebels. The remainder of the siege train +<span class='pageno' id='Page_575'>575</span>and additional troops arrived on the next and succeeding +days: the right of the British line now rested on Bibiapore +and the river Goomtee; the left stretching in the direction +of the Alumbagh. Brigadier-General Franks, C.B., joined +with his division on the 5th. of March,<a id='r197'></a><a href='#f197' class='c013'><sup>[197]</sup></a> after a march of +one hundred and thirty miles, during which four actions +had been fought, with the small loss of thirty-seven killed +and wounded. Thirty-four pieces of ordnance were captured.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir James Outram was withdrawn from the Alumbagh, and +having crossed to the left bank of the Goomtee<a id='r198'></a><a href='#f198' class='c013'><sup>[198]</sup></a> on the 6th. +of March, at once pushed on to turn the first line of the +works abutting on the river, and on the morning of the 9th. +attacked the position, driving the enemy before him at all +points, until he was enabled to occupy the Fyzabad road, and +plant his batteries so as to enfilade the works on the canal.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Meanwhile a heavy fire was kept up by the British on +the Martinière, from the batteries at the Dilkoosha palace; +and in the afternoon of the 9th. of March the former was +stormed by the troops under Brigadiers Sir Edward Lugard<a id='r199'></a><a href='#f199' class='c013'><sup>[199]</sup></a> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_576'>576</span>and the Honourable Adrian Hope. The regiments were the +42nd., 53rd., and 90th. Next came into operation the second +part of the plan of attack against the Kaiser Bagh, which +was to use the great blocks of houses and palaces extending +from Banks’s house to the former as the approach, instead +of sapping up towards the front of the second line of works. +By these means the Commander-in-chief was able to turn +towards his own left, at the same time that the enemy was +enfiladed on the right by Sir James Outram’s advance. The +latter had received orders to plant his guns with a view of +raking the position of the rebels, to annoy the Kaiser Bagh +with a vertical and direct fire,—also to attack the suburbs +in the vicinity of the iron and stone bridges shortly after +daybreak, and to command the iron bridge from the left +banks. These instructions were carried out with the most +marked success, but the enemy still clung pertinaciously to +his own end of the iron bridge, on the right bank, and heavy +cannonading ensued from both sides, until the bridge was +subsequently taken in reverse. On the 11th. Sir Edward +Lugard pressed forward in like manner. As the operation +had now become one of an engineering character, the most +earnest endeavours were used to save the infantry from being +hazarded before due preparation was made. The chief +engineer, Brigadier Napier, placed the batteries so as to breach +and shell a large block of the palaces designated the Begum +Kotee. At four o’clock in the morning the latter were +stormed with great gallantry by the 93rd. Highlanders, supported +by the 4th. Punjaub Rifles and one thousand Ghoorkas, +led by Brigadier the Honourable Adrian Hope, under Brigadier-General Sir Edward Lugard’s direction. The whole block of +buildings was secured by the troops, who inflicted a heavy +loss on the enemy, and the attack was pronounced by Sir +Colin Campbell to have been “the sternest struggle which +occurred during the siege.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The chief engineer pushed forward the approach with the +greatest judgment through the enclosures, by the aid of the +sappers and heavy guns, the troops immediately occupying +the ground as he advanced, and the mortars being moved from +one position to another, as the ground was won on which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_577'>577</span>they could be placed. The buildings to the right, and the +Secundra Bagh, were taken early in the morning of the same +day, without opposition, and during the night of the 12th. +Sir James Outram was reinforced with a number of heavy +guns and mortars, and directed to increase his fire upon the +Kaiser Bagh, while the mortars placed in a position at the +Begum’s house never ceased playing on the Imambarrah, +the next large palace it was found necessary to storm, between +the Begum Kotee and the Kaiser Bagh.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Upon Brigadier-General Franks, C.B., who had relieved +Sir Edward Lugard, and the second division with the fourth, +on the 12th. of March, devolved the duty of attacking the +Imambarrah. For this purpose a column of attack was formed +on the morning of the 14th., by Brigadier David Russell, +who at the second relief of Lucknow had been severely +wounded. The Maharajah Jung Bahadoor too had joined, +with a force of about nine thousand men and twenty-four +field guns, drawn by men, and took up his position in the +British line on the 12th., and moved close to the canal on +the following day. His Highness passed the canal and attacked +the suburbs in his front, and considerably to the left of +Banks’s house, at the request of the Commander-in-chief; +his troops were thus most advantageously employed in covering +Sir Colin Campbell’s left for several days, during which, +from the nature of the operations, it was necessary to mass +all the available strength of the British force towards the +right in the joint attack carried along both banks of the +Goomtee.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Early on the 14th. the Imambarrah was carried, and the +Sikhs of the Ferozepore Regiment, under Major Brasyer, +pressing forward in pursuit, entered the Kaiser Bagh, the +third line of defences having been turned without a single +gun being fired from them. Supports were quickly thrown +in, and all the well-known ground of former defence and +attack, the Mess House, the Tara Kotee, the Motee Mahul, +and the Chutter Munzil, were rapidly occupied by the troops, +while the engineers devoted their attention to securing the +position towards the south and west. The doomed city was +now hastily evacuated by the enemy, thousands of fugitives +being seen to escape to the north and west. Flying columns +were sent after them, and building after building which had +been occupied as a defence, was successively taken, until all +save the city itself was in the hands of the British.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A combined movement was organized on the 19th. of March. +Sir James Outram moved forward directly on the Moosa +Bagh, the last position of the foe on the line of the Goomtee; +the latter was cannonaded from the left bank by Sir James +Hope Grant, whilst Brigadier Campbell moved round the +western side from the Alumbagh, preventing retreat in that +direction. The <a id='t578'></a>rout was complete, great loss being inflicted +on the enemy by all these columns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Sir Edward Lugard was directed to attack, +on the 21st., a stronghold in the heart of the city, held by +the Moulvie. This he occupied after a sharp contest, and +it then became possible to invite the return of the inhabitants, +and to rescue the city from the horrors of this prolonged +struggle. Brigadier William Campbell, of the 2nd. Dragoon +Guards, attacked the enemy with his cavalry, when retreating +from the city in consequence of Sir Edward’s advance, occasioning +them heavy loss, and pursuing the fugitives for six +miles.<a id='r200'></a><a href='#f200' class='c013'><sup>[200]</sup></a> Two days after, Sir Hope Grant defeated a strong +body of rebels, twenty miles from the city, and captured their +guns, and with this action the recapture of Lucknow was +completed.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_578'>578</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CENTRAL INDIA.<br> <span class='sc'>January to June, 1858.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Major-General Sir Hugh Rose, K.C.B., at the end of +January, 1858, captured Rathghur, a strong fort in Central +India. For two whole days, the 26th. and 27th. of January, +the guns of the British played upon the walls, and when a +practicable breach had been effected, the garrison, on the +28th., endeavoured to escape by using ropes to aid them in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_579'>579</span>their descent. Meanwhile an attempt was made by the enemy +outside to relieve the fort by an attack on the rear of the +camp; this was, however, soon frustrated, and the place was +taken. On the 31st. of January a victory was gained over +the insurgents, near Baroda.</p> + +<p class='c008'>An advance was next made by Sir Hugh Rose upon Saugor, +where several Europeans, amongst whom were about a hundred +women and children, had been closely besieged since July, +1857. The British general arrived before the fort on the 3rd. +of February, 1858, and effected its immediate relief. Meanwhile +Major-General Whitlock, commanding the Madras column, +had been marching towards Saugor with the same view, and +reached Jubbulpore on the 7th. of that month. Thus the +Bombay and Madras troops were gradually sweeping the country +before them: and compelling the mutinous bands to withdraw +towards the line of the Jumna, where at Calpee and Gwalior +they mustered strongly.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 10th. and 11th. of February the fort at Garakota +was captured and demolished, when Sir Hugh Rose withdrew +to Saugor, which he quitted on the 27th. of February, and +marched upon Jhansi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The forts of Serai, Marowra, and Thal Behut, next fell +into the hands of the British. Brigadier C. S. Stuart, with the +first brigade, took by assault the fort of Chandairee on the +17th. of March; the impetuous rush of the stormers of the +86th. Foot, and the 25th. Bombay Native Infantry, carried +everything before them; the loss before this place amounted +only to two killed and twenty-eight wounded, nineteen of these +casualties falling on the first-named regiment. The Brigadier +having effected a junction with Sir Hugh Rose, was sent on +with a body of cavalry and artillery to invest the fortress +of Jhansi, a place of great strength both natural and artificial, +defended by a garrison of about twelve thousand men, headed +by a determined Amazon, the Ranee of Jhansi. Sir Hugh +Rose with the rest of the troops arrived before this stronghold +on the 21st. of March.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 1st. of April, the so-called army of the Peishwah, +under Tantia Topee, advanced across the Betwa to relieve the +place, but this attempt was defeated, and the enemy was pursued +<span class='pageno' id='Page_580'>580</span>some distance beyond the river. This was a remarkable +action, and was fought by the small force left in camp<a id='r201'></a><a href='#f201' class='c013'><sup>[201]</sup></a>, without +relaxing in the least the arduous siege and investment +of Jhansi. The victory was gained with the small loss of +fifteen killed and sixty-six wounded; seven died of wounds. +The casualties of the 14th. Light Dragoons were the greatest, +namely, five killed and twenty-four wounded. Fifteen hundred +of the enemy were killed, and all his artillery, stores, +and ammunition were captured. Captain Need’s troop of +this regiment was specially commended, and Lieutenant Leith +gained the Victoria Cross for having charged alone, and +rescued that officer when surrounded by a large number of +rebel infantry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The assault was made on the 3rd. of April, the storming +parties being divided into two columns, one of which formed +the right, under Lieutenant-Colonel Lowth, of the 86th., +and the other the left attack. The latter was led by Major +Stuart, of the same regiment, and making its way partly +through the breach and partly by escalading a bastion into +the city, penetrated to the palace; here it was met by the +right column, which had advanced along the streets in the +midst of a galling fire from the houses on each side.<a id='r202'></a><a href='#f202' class='c013'><sup>[202]</sup></a> The +conduct of the 86th. received high commendation. Possession +having been gained of a large portion of the city by the 3rd. +Europeans and 86th. Foot, these two corps occupied with +pickets commanding houses, and several hand to hand combats +occurred.<a id='r203'></a><a href='#f203' class='c013'><sup>[203]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_581'>581</span>Preparations were being made for the continuance of the +attack, when intelligence reached Sir Hugh Rose that the +Ranee had during the preceding night fled from the fortress, +attended by a small escort; she was seen mounted on +a grey horse, and although hotly pursued, was not overtaken; +this was succeeded by a general abandonment of +the place by the rebels, who proceeded in a north-easterly +direction. Jhansi was taken possession of without further +opposition, when nothing could exceed the humanity shewn +by the victorious troops.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the meantime Awah, in Rajpootana, a strongly fortified +town, had been taken by Colonel Holmes, on the 24th. of +January, and Major-General Roberts in March advanced +against Kotah, the Rajah of which was friendly to the +British, but was coerced by his followers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two hundred men of the 83rd., and the Rifle Company of +the 13th. Native Infantry, under Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel +Heatly, of the former regiment, were sent by Major-General +Roberts, commanding the Rajpootana Field Force, on the +26th. of March, into the portion of the town held by the +Maha Rao, who had been assaulted on two successive mornings +by the rebels; the service rendered by Lieutenant-Colonel +Heatly with this detachment on this occasion, and +up to the time of the assault was prominently noticed. +Late on the evening of the 28th., the 8th. Hussars, under +Lieutenant-Colonel Salis, arrived.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 30th. of March the place was carried with the +greatest gallantry, the 72nd. and 95th. regiments<a id='r204'></a><a href='#f204' class='c013'><sup>[204]</sup></a> leading the +way. The first column, under Brigadier Parke, of the +72nd. was composed of two hundred and fifty men from +each of the following regiments, namely, the 72nd., under +Major Thellusson, 13th. Native Infantry, under Captain Adams, +accompanied by a party of Sappers, under Lieutenant Paterson, +Royal Engineers. The second column, under Lieutenant-Colonel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_582'>582</span>Holmes, comprised a like number of the 83rd. +under Major Steele, and of the 12th. Native Infantry, under +Lieutenant Howison; and the third column, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Raines, of the 95th., was similarly made up of the +95th., under Major the Honourable Eyre Massey, of that +regiment, and the 10th. Native Infantry, under Lieutenant +Roome, each accompanied by a party of Sappers, under an +engineer officer. The reserve under Brigadier Macan, consisted +of two hundred and fifty of the 83rd., under Lieutenant-Colonel +Heatly, and of the 13th. Native Infantry, +under Captain Steuart.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By the explosion here of a magazine fired by the rebels, +after the capture of the city, Captain Robert Bainbrigge, of +the 23rd. Bombay Light Infantry, Brigade-Major of the first +brigade of the Rajpootana Field Force, and Captain Evelyn +Bazalgette, of the 95th. regiment, were unfortunately killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>From the 23rd. to the 30th. of March the British casualties +amounted to fourteen killed and forty-six wounded—a small +loss when compared with the importance of the capture. The +cavalry and Colonel Blake’s troop of Horse Artillery were +sent in pursuit.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Whitlock, in command of the Madras column, +gained a decisive victory at Banda, on the 19th. of April, +over the troops of the Nawab of that place. The battle lasted +four hours.<a id='r205'></a><a href='#f205' class='c013'><sup>[205]</sup></a> The enemy mustered about seven thousand, +including one thousand mutinous Sepoys of the Bengal army, +and their loss amounted to five hundred men and several guns.<a id='r206'></a><a href='#f206' class='c013'><sup>[206]</sup></a> +Banda surrendered at once, and the Major-General then moved +<span class='pageno' id='Page_583'>583</span>on towards Calpee to co-operate in the attack intended to be +made by Sir Hugh Rose upon that stronghold. The latter on +the 7th. of May, attacked and captured the fort of Koonch. +Marching thence to Golowlie on the Jumna, three miles distant +from Calpee, a determined attack was there made by the insurgents +upon the British, on the 22nd. of May, and the enemy +sustained another defeat. On the 23rd. Sir Hugh Rose +moved upon Calpee. Seized with a panic, the mutineers, +after firing a few shots fled from the town, which was at once +occupied; here was discovered a subterraneous magazine, containing +five hundred barrels of gunpowder, and vast quantities +of ordnance; besides which were four foundries for cannon, +several guns used by the enemy having been cast there. +Owing to the intense heat, the flying column sent after the +rebels to the fort of Sheerghur, whither they had retired, +was compelled to relinquish the pursuit; but they were subsequently +overtaken on the road, and between five and six +hundred of them killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The work of the gallant Central India Field Force was now +considered to be terminated, and it was announced in orders +that it was about to be broken up, but there was further employment +for the troops. Tantia Topee, the leader of the +rebels at Calpee, had given proofs of being the most active +and vigorous opponent of the British during the mutiny, being +nearly the only rebel leader who had gained anything approaching +to a military reputation, having defeated with great +adroitness all attempts to capture him. Prior to the capture +of Calpee he retired therefrom towards Gwalior, and after his +arrival at the capital of Scindiah’s territory, endeavoured to +gain over the Maharajah’s troops. A numerous body of the +enemy retreated westward in the direction of Gwalior; Scindiah +attacked them at the Morar cantonment, near the capital, +on the 1st. of June, and sustained a complete defeat; his men +deserted during the action, and he was obliged to take refuge +in the British cantonments at Agra. After this success the +rebels placed upon the musnud or throne of Gwalior, Rao Sahib, +a nephew of Nena Sahib.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Upon receiving this intelligence Major-General Sir Hugh +Rose, recalling his detachments, marched to Sassowlee, where +<span class='pageno' id='Page_584'>584</span>he arrived on the 15th. of June. Meanwhile the insurgents +at Gwalior, after making themselves masters of the treasure +in the capital, commenced deserting in great bodies. Even +the Nawab of Banda and Tantia Topee left the place, but the +valorous Ranee of Jhansi remained, attired in male costume, +to head the Sepoys and the Gwalior contingent, who alone +remained to abide the fortune of war.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the 16th. of June, Sir Hugh Rose advanced upon Gwalior, +and on that day, in the action upon Morar, Lieutenant Neave +of the 71st., which regiment well maintained its historical +renown, was killed. Brigadiers Smith and Orr, with additional +troops, arrived on the 17th. at Kota-ki-Serai, ten miles from +Gwalior, where they defeated some of the advanced posts. +The charge through the enemy’s camp of the 8th. Hussars +and the conduct of the 95th., were most highly spoken of. +The infantry was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Raines, +of the latter regiment. In a hand to hand contest the stout-hearted +Ranee of Jhansi was killed, and as her body could +not be discovered, it is supposed to have been burnt. Sir +Hugh Rose subsequently arrived, and a fierce attack was +made on the 19th. by the insurgents, who were repulsed, and +after a severe contest on the plain between the town and the +heights, were completely defeated. Next day, Lieutenant W. F. +Waller and Lieutenant Rose, with a handful of men, captured +the fortress of Gwalior in a most gallant manner. Climbing +on the roof of a house, they shot down the gunners opposed +to them, and carried the fort, killing every man in it. In this +daring action Lieutenant Rose was killed, these two officers +being the only Europeans present. Gwalior was then occupied, +and the Maharajah Scindiah was once more restored to his +throne.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this decisive battle the Central India Field Force +was broken up, and was distributed in the garrisons of Gwalior, +Jhansi, and other places. Sir Hugh Rose afterwards returned +to the Bombay Presidency, prior to which, in general orders, +the Commander-in-chief in India thanked him and Major-Generals +Roberts and Whitlock for their eminent services.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Such is a brief account of the special services for which +clasps have been awarded, which naturally divide into five +<span class='pageno' id='Page_585'>585</span>acts the exciting drama of the Indian Mutiny; there are, +however, several episodes which alone would fill a volume.<a id='r207'></a><a href='#f207' class='c013'><sup>[207]</sup></a> +In this campaign there were many separate columns, which +afforded officers greater opportunities of distinguishing themselves +than in ordinary cases. So various were the military +operations that it is almost impossible to condense them into +one connected whole.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Amongst the most determined opponents of the British was +the ex-Queen of Oude, commonly known as the Begum, under +whom many of the fugitives had rallied. She endeavoured to +gain over that active ally Jung Bahadoor, but without success. +Moveable columns successfully effected the objects intended. +Beni Madho, a powerful chieftain, whilst Lieutenant-Colonel +Carmichael was in pursuit, was intercepted and driven across +the Goomtee, by Brigadier (now Sir Alfred) Horsford, who, +at the head of a separate column, had highly distinguished +himself. On the 30th. of December, Nena Sahib and his +followers were attacked and driven through a jungle which +they endeavoured to defend; afterwards across the Raptee, +the 7th. Hussars entering that river with the fugitives. The +Nena escaped punishment for the time, but although not taken +<span class='pageno' id='Page_586'>586</span>by the British, there is no reason to doubt the certainty of +his death. Tantia Topee, in pursuit of whom so many long +marches had been made, was ultimately captured and hanged.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus may the contest be said to have terminated, and the +resistance of one hundred and fifty thousand armed men +overcome; in no campaign had greater exertions been displayed, +and more honour acquired by the British soldier.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Besides the names of Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram, +Major-Generals Sir Henry Havelock, Sir Hugh Rose, Roberts, +Whitlock, Sir Archdale Wilson, Sir James Hope Grant, Sir +William Rose Mansfield, Sir Thomas Harte Franks, Sir Edward +Lugard, Windham, and Sir John Michel, the campaign produced +a number of Brigadier-Generals, such as Neill, the Honourable +Adrian Hope, Walpole, Sir Robert Napier, Russell, Nicholson, +Horsford, Barker, Wetherall, Jones, Parke, Rowcroft, and others, +who are intimately associated with the military operations by +which an extensive country may be said to have been re-conquered, +and peace restored.</p> + +<div id='i587fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_587fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Abyssinia Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Lord Canning, the able Governor-General of India, and the +Earl of Elgin, who nobly diverted the troops ordered for +China, are inseparably connected with these events; and if +difficulty has been experienced in doing justice to individual +officers during the mutiny, it is enhanced when attempting +to record the deeds of him who, linked with military services +extending over half a century, brought this momentous struggle +to a successful termination. In other times enemies had to be +encountered in India, and great battles had been won, but in +this instance the men had been armed and disciplined by +their conquerors. Ho words can be more applicable than +those of His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, when +the vote of thanks to the Army in India was proposed in the +House of Lords, on the 14th. of April, 1859:—“As to Lord +Clyde it would be preposterous in me to sing his praises; +they are not only patent to every nobleman present, but they +are known throughout the length and breadth of this country +of the continent, and in other parts of the world.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments that received the medal for the Indian Mutiny +were:—Royal Artillery, 3rd. and 6th. Dragoon Guards, 7th., +8th. and 14th. Hussars, and 9th. and 12th. Lancers. The +4th., 5th., 6th., 8th., 10th., 13th., 19th., 20th., 23rd., 24th., +27th., 32nd., 34th., 35th., 37th., 38th., 42nd., 43rd., 52nd., +53rd., 54th., 61st., 64th., 70th., 71st., 72nd., 73rd., 74th., 75th., +78th., 79th., 80th., 81st., 82nd., 83rd., 84th., 86th., 87th., +88th., 89th., 90th., 92nd., 93rd., 95th., 97th., 101st., 102nd., +104th., 107th., 108th., and 109th. Foot; 60th. Rifles, and +Rifle Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_587'>587</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE ABYSSINIAN MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This medal is smaller and altogether different in design to +those usually issued, granted by a General Order, dated +March, 1869, and designed by Messrs. Wyon. Obverse, a +crowned and veiled head of the Queen, surrounded by a +star of nine points, containing the letters <span class='fss'>A. B. Y. S. S. I. N. I. A.</span> +Reverse, a laurel wreath, with inner circle, within which, in +raised letters, is the recipient’s name, rank, regiment, or +ship; above the medal is a crown, with a ring for suspension. +Ribbon, crimson, with broad white edges. Twenty +thousand of the medals were struck, and given to both +services.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_588'>588</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE ABYSSINIA EXPEDITION.<br> <span class='sc'>October, 1867, to April, 1868.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Since the time of Bruce, Abyssinia remained almost a <i>terra +incognita</i> to Europeans till nearly the middle of the nineteenth +century. Soon after 1850, missionaries and traders +who visited the region, reported that a chieftain, who claimed +descent from King Solomon, and professed the Christian +faith, had by a series of victories over the Gallas tribes, the +Shoans, and other half-savage races, made himself master of +Tigré and Amhara, the principal provinces of Abyssinia, and +aspired to the sovereignty of the whole country. In the year +1855, this ruler, a fierce, but able and ambitious man, assumed +the title of Theodore, Emperor of Abyssinia, fixed his +capital at Magdala, a steep and lofty height which he deemed +to be impregnable, and had a seal engraved with the motto +“King of Kings.” An ancient prophecy existed that a King +Theodore would establish the Christian religion in Abyssinia, +and become the ruler of the world; and this, and his successes, +excited the vanity of Theodore almost to insanity, he +looked upon himself as the destined monarch, and expected +an alliance with England on equal terms. He was desirous +of having Europeans about him, his grand chamberlain was +an Englishman; English and German missionaries settled in +the country, with artizans of various nations, who were +employed by the king in the manufacture of cannon and +muskets.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The English Government in 1861 appointed Captain Cameron +as Consul to Abyssinia, who, on his arrival at Massowah, +on the shore of the Red Sea, was welcomed by Theodore +with letters and presents. In October of the same +year, Theodore despatched a letter to the Queen, stating that +his mission was to subjugate the Gallas and Turks, his +enemies, and asking for her friendship and support. The +letter was forwarded by Captain Cameron, but for a long +time it lay unnoticed at the Foreign Office, and in the reply of +Earl Russell to the Consul, was not mentioned. This circumstance, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_589'>589</span>and a visit which Cameron made to a frontier province, +excited the suspicions and anger of Theodore; his +vanity was wounded by his letter remaining unanswered, +and in the Consul’s expedition he suspected a desire to assist +the Egyptians, who he believed were preparing to invade +Abyssinia. In revenge for what he regarded as insults and +injuries, the half-savage potentate made prisoners of the Consul, +and all the Europeans he could seize in his territories. +The missionaries and workmen were also imprisoned in +wretched huts—some put in irons—and treated alternately with +kindness and severity, according to the caprice of Theodore, +who removed them from place to place, and generally kept +most of them strictly guarded in his camp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mr. Rassam, who was partly of African descent, with Lieut. +Prideaux and Dr. Blane, was then sent by the British Government +to endeavour to obtain the release of the captives. At +first they were received with some show of respect, but almost +before the negociations were begun, they were also made +prisoners and taken to Theodore’s camp. The good offices of +the Armenian patriarch were employed in vain, and every +effort to induce Theodore to release his prisoners proving +useless, the English Government determined to send an expedition +to compel their deliverance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The difficulties of the undertaking were well known and +counted on. Colonel Merewether, the Resident at Aden, was +sent in command of a reconnoitring party to select a place for +the landing of the troops, and he fixed on Annesley Bay as +best suited for the base of operations. Sir Robert Napier, +Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay army, was appointed to +command the expedition, and Major-General Sir Charles +Staveley was second in command, having under them a force +of nearly twelve thousand men, and about fourteen thousand +camp followers. Most of the troops were natives belonging to +the Bombay Establishment, but four thousand of them were +British.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Piers and storehouses were constructed by the sailors at +Annesley Bay, wells were dug, mules and cattle purchased for +the transport service, and guides procured from the tribes who +were in rebellion against Theodore.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_590'>590</span>On January 3rd., 1868, Sir Robert Napier arrived on board +H.M.S. “Octavia,” and found a port formed on a desert +shore, a road made through a rugged mountain pass, friendly +relations existing with tribes who had been notorious robbers, +and his advance force firmly established at Senafé, on the +highlands of Abyssinia. The advance pushed on to Antalo, +where it halted for nearly a month, when the operations for +keeping open communication with the transports and supplies +being complete, on March 12th. the march on Magdala began +in earnest. The pioneer force, under Brigadier-General Field, +with whom was Colonel Phayre, Quartermaster-General, led the +advance, and formed part of the First Division, under Major-General +Sir Charles Staveley. The rest of the troops were +divided into two Brigades, commanded by Brigadiers Schneider +and Wilby.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The country traversed was extremely rough and mountainous, +with difficult passes, and ravines filled with loose +boulders and rocks. Often before any advance, a road had to +be made for the mules, and men, carrying besides their accoutrements, +fifty-five pounds weight each, more than half the +load of a mule. All superfluous baggage was left behind, and +tents, except for hospitals, were reduced to the smallest number +practicable. The rations were of the roughest description, +no spirits and scarcely any tea were procurable, and the officers +fared the same as the private soldiers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Day after day the troops toiled on, over mountains eleven +thousand feet above the sea level; during the day oppressed by +the heat, and suffering often severely from the cold after sunset.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During this time Theodore had been strengthening his +stronghold at Magdala, and making all possible efforts by +forming roads, to transport his heavy guns into that place.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Charles Staveley arrived with the Second Brigade at +Santara, at the end of March, and on the 1st. of April the +three Brigades were formed into two, the whole numbering +about four thousand men, and in addition fourteen hundred +and four men were advancing to reinforce these two Brigades.<a id='r208'></a><a href='#f208' class='c013'><sup>[208]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_591'>591</span>Magdala was now almost reached. It stands among a sea +of hills, its sides frowning and precipitous, at a height of +more than 9,000 feet above the level of the sea, on the eastern +part of a crescent; of which the hill called Fahla is the western +extremity, while midway between the two rises the peak of +Sellasye, looking in the distance like a triple topped mountain. +Sellasye and Magdala are connected by a saddle about a mile +long, flanked by precipices sloping down to ravines 3,000 feet +below the level of the stronghold. On April 8th. the British +Army encamped on the Talanta plateau, in full view of Magdala, +and by the close of the next day the preparations for storming +the fortress were complete. The army of Theodore, with his +heavy guns, were posted on the flat-topped hill of Fahla, +behind which rose his stronghold, towering on three sides +precipitously from the plain. Between these hills and the +British camp was a deep ravine, through which flows the +muddy stream of the river Bashilo. While waiting for the +arrival of the 2nd. Division, in the afternoon of April 10th., +a reconnoitring party, with a mountain battery, under Colonel +Milward, crossed the Bashilo, and advanced up the pass. The +head of the baggage train was just reaching the plateau from +the ravine below, when suddenly Theodore’s guns on Fahla +opened fire on Colonel Milward, and several thousand men +yelling defiance, led by chiefs on ponies, rushed furiously +down the slopes of the hill. Part advanced across the plain +but a large body hastened to attack the baggage train. Sir +R. Napier sent the Punjab Pioneers to the assistance of Colonel +Milward, and the Naval Brigade sent rocket after rocket among +<span class='pageno' id='Page_592'>592</span>the Abyssinians, which for a time checked their progress, the +missiles being new and strange to them; which enabled the +4th. regiment to get into line, and open fire with their Snider +rifles, here for the first time used in actual warfare. The fire +of the 4th. made terrible havoc in the ranks of the enemy; +their General—Gabri<a id='r209'></a><a href='#f209' class='c013'><sup>[209]</sup></a>—fell, shot through the head, and the +shattered remnant of his troops fled in confusion. In the +ravine, the attack on the baggage train was more serious. +The baggage guard defended themselves gallantly, but the +Abyssinians pressed forward till the Punjaubees took them +in flank, and after firing volley after volley into them, charged +with the bayonet, and drove them back with a loss of more +than 500 in killed alone. As the enemy retreated, the Naval +Brigade again plied them with rockets, till they fled in all +directions, few returning to Magdala. The blue jackets then +turned their attention to the guns on Fahla, near which stood +Theodore himself, and sent a shower of rockets among them +with so accurate an aim that they were speedily deserted, and +were quietly taken possession of a day or two afterwards by +six men of the 33rd., two artillerymen, and three officers. The +action only lasted about half an hour, and ended in a tempest +of rain and thunder.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After this defeat Theodore made overtures for peace, and +on the morning of the 11th. Mr. Flad and Lieutenant Prideaux +were sent into the British camp to propose terms. None could +be offered but those of unconditional surrender, with honourable +treatment for himself and family. With this answer the +envoys returned to Magdala. Great fears were entertained +for their safety, as only two days before Theodore had butchered +over three hundred native political prisoners, slaying some +with his own hand, and throwing their bodies half-way down +a precipice. The tyrant refused to surrender, but in the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_593'>593</span>evening the captives were released and arrived in the British +camp. Theodore then sent in a present of cattle, but finding +no better terms could be obtained, gave way to despair, and +attempted to escape from his stronghold. But the British +were in front, and the Gallas, his most inveterate enemies, +encircled Magdala on all other sides, rendering escape +impossible. The greater part of his followers had also +disbanded, or refused to obey his orders. On Easter Monday, +April 13th., Magdala, naturally one of the strongest fortresses +in the world, was carried by storm. The 33rd. regiment led +the assault, and gained the top of Fahla, where some thousands +of natives were found, who tendered their submission without +a shot being fired. The men were disarmed, and all then +allowed to depart, while the troops marched on over the +shoulder of Sellasye towards Magdala. About two o’clock a +fire of shot, shell, and rockets was opened on the huts and +gateway of the fortress, and the 33rd., with a company of +Engineers and Sappers, advanced to the attack. The ascent +was by an extremely steep and narrow path, crowned by a +rude gateway which had been filled up with stones; +the approach to which was defended on both sides by a +thick hedge, with stakes. A few determined men could have +held the position against the assault of an army. The column +reached the gate keeping up a continuous fire with their +sniders, receiving but a few scattered shots in reply, by which +not a man was killed, and only ten wounded; when the right +hand companies planted their ladders, broke through the +bushes, and entered the place. A few dead bodies were lying +near the gate, which after some trouble was opened from +inside, and the rest of the stormers rushed in. All resistance +then ceased. Theodore was found about fifty yards from a +second gate, lying shot through the head. In the moment of +his utter defeat, resolving never to be taken alive, he had +discharged a pistol into his mouth. His body was buried +in a church within the precincts of the fortress, the huts of +which were burnt, the gates blown up, and all the guns burst +and destroyed. Theodore’s Queen, with her son, placed herself +under the protection of the British, but the Queen died +during the return march. Her son was brought to England, +when he was carefully educated, but died a few years after +of consumption. The return of the expedition was as successful +as its advance, and before the end of June, the last man had +left Annesley Bay.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For his services Sir R. Napier was raised to the peerage +by the title of Lord Napier of Magdala, with a pension; and +a large number of Commanderships and Companionships of +the Bath were distributed among the other officers who took +part in the operations. The total expense of the expedition +was between eight and nine millions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following regiments received the medal:—3rd. Dragoon +Guards; Royal Artillery and Engineers; the 4th., 26th., 33rd., +and 45th. Foot; the Naval Brigade; Scinde Horse; 3rd. +Bombay Cavalry; 10th. Bengal Lancers; 12th. Bengal Cavalry; +Bombay and Madras Sappers and Miners; 1st., 2nd., 3rd., +10th., 18th., 21st., 25th., and 27th. Bengal Native Infantry.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_594'>594</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE ASHANTEE MEDAL.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This Medal was granted by a General Order of June 13th., +1874, to all officers and men who had served on the Gold +Coast between the 9th. of June, 1873, and February 4th., +1874. Obverse, head of the Queen, veiled and crowned, +with the inscription “Victoria Regina.” Reverse, a bush fight, +in relief, from the design of E. J. Poynter, R.A., the name and +regiment, or ship, of the recipient, with the date, “1873–4,” +are engraved on the edge of the medal. A clasp inscribed +“Coomassie” was added. Ribbon, alternate stripes of yellow +and black. Given to both services. About eleven thousand +of this medal was issued.</p> + +<div id='i594fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_594fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p><span class='sc'>The Ashantee Medal.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_595'>595</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE ASHANTEE WAR.<br> <span class='c016'>1873–74.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Cape Coast Colony is situated on the west coast of Africa. +The town, called Cape Coast Castle, has been in the possession +of the British since the 17th. century, and a tract of +country extending back eighty miles from the coast to the +river Prah, is under their protection. To the west of Cape +Coast Castle is the Dutch post of Elmina. North and west +of the river Prah, is the country of the Ashantees, a fierce +and warlike tribe, who had conquered or driven out all their +neighbours, and founded Coomassie as their capital, about +one hundred and forty miles to the north of Cape Coast +Castle. Their religion is the most degraded fetishism, and +hundreds of human beings were slaughtered yearly as sacrifices +by their king.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Ashantees had a communication with the sea through +Elmina, and the Dutch were in the habit of sending their +king an annual present—or tribute as he considered it—but +the Dutch having exchanged Elmina with the British for +some ports higher up the coast, in 1868, the transfer gave +great offence to the black potentate, who asserted that the +place belonged to him, and that the Dutch had no right to +dispose of it.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The unwarlike Fantis inhabiting the country between Cape +Coast Castle and the Prah, were regarded with utter contempt +by the Ashantees, who also held the fighting powers of +the British in no high estimation, for in the year 1824, Sir +Charles Macarthy, Governor of Cape Coast Castle, crossed +the Prah with a small force, against them, and being deserted +by the Fantis, was surrounded and completely destroyed—three +white men only escaping. This defeat had never been +avenged, and encouraged the Ashantees, in 1873, to cross the +Prah with the intention of capturing Elmina. A small force +comprising seven companies of the 2nd. West India Regiment, +with a large body of Fantis under Lieutenant Hopkins, +endeavoured to stop their advance, but after a short skirmish +<span class='pageno' id='Page_596'>596</span>the Fantis fled, and the Lieutenant was obliged to retreat. +The Ashantees took possession of Dunquah, and threatened +to attack Elmina and Cape Coast Castle, and had they +pushed on, both places would probably have fallen into their +hands. At this juncture H.M.S. “Barracouta,” Captain Fremantle, +arrived on the coast, having on board a detachment +of one hundred and ten marines, commanded by Colonel +Festing, R.M.A. The marines landed at Cape Coast Castle +June 9th.; Colonel Festing took command of the troops, and +martial law was proclaimed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The native inhabitants of Elmina joined the Ashantees, a +strong body of whom advanced on the town, which was bombarded +and burnt by the “Barracouta.” Colonel Festing, +with the marines, a detachment of the 2nd. West India +Regiment, a body of Houssas, a party of sailors from the +“Barracouta,” “Druid,” “Seagull,” and “Argus,” under Capt. +Fremantle, attacked the enemy, and drove them back with +a loss of two hundred men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>More skirmishes followed; the “Simoon” arrived with a +strong body of marines, also Commodore Commerell in the +“Rattlesnake” from the Cape of Good Hope, who assumed +the command of the marine forces; but shortly after in an +advance up the Prah with the boats of the squadron, he was +fired upon by the enemy concealed in the bush, and so +severely wounded that he was ordered at once to return to +the Cape.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On October 2nd. Sir Garnet Wolseley landed at Cape +Coast Castle, with some twenty British officers, but no troops, +having called at Sierra Leone <i>en route</i>, and made arrangements +for raising men from the tribes on the coast. Efforts +were immediately made to form an army of Fantis, but +after a month’s experience, Sir Garnet gave up the attempt +as hopeless, and wrote to England for a force of disciplined +troops. A body of Houssas were trained as gunners by +Captain Rait and Lieutenant Wilmot, R.A., who performed +their duties admirably throughout the expedition, and two +regiments of natives from the bravest tribes, of about four +hundred men each, were raised and well drilled by British +officers. One of these regiments was commanded by Lieut.-Colonel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_597'>597</span>Evelyn Wood, the other by Major Russell, and the +men on all occasions behaved well and courageously.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Captain Glover, formerly of the Royal Navy, also raised a +large Native force, with which he prepared to make the river +Volta his base of operations, and to march on Coomassie from +the east. Glover had been administrator at Lagos, and possessing +a thorough knowledge of the native tribes on the +coast, his undertaking proved to be completely successful.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the meantime, Sir G. Wolseley, with a body of marines, +sailors, and Houssas, made an attack on the Ashantees occupying +villages near Elmina, and put them to flight. A +camp had been formed at Abrakampa, a place of much importance, +which had been a missionary station, surrounded +by thick woods. It was garrisoned by Major Russell with +his black regiment, and a body of seamen and marines, who +totally defeated a determined attack made on the position by +the enemy, who after this repulse began to retreat across the +Prah.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The invasion of the Protectorate had failed, and the invaders +were driven across the frontier, by native levies, +“admirably conducted by British officers, without the assistance +of any English troops except the marines and blue +jackets who were on the station.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Major Home, R.E., now commenced a road twelve feet in +width, towards the Prah. A camp was formed at Prahsu to +accommodate two thousand European troops, with a hospital +and storehouses, which on January 3rd., 1874, was occupied +by a Naval Brigade of about two hundred and eighty men, +under Commodore Hewett and Captain Grubbe.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On new year’s day, the 42nd. Highlanders, the Rifle Brigade, +with detachments of the 23rd. Fusiliers, Royal Engineers, and +Royal Artillery disembarked at Cape Coast Castle, numbering +in all two thousand five hundred and four men. Early in +January the whole of the British troops reached Prahsu, and +on the 20th., a bridge across the Prah being completed by the +sailors and engineers, the march on Coomassie began.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lord Gifford, in command of a party of native scouts, led +the advance, and was followed by the two regiments of +natives, under Colonels Wood and Russell. The country +<span class='pageno' id='Page_598'>598</span>through which the troops marched was almost entirely +covered by trees, with an undergrowth of dense scrub +and creepers, through which it was impossible to pass, +unless where natural paths existed, or a way had been cut +by the pioneers. Marshes also lay in every direction, which +emitted exhalations destructive to the health and lives of +Europeans exposed to their noxious influence. Fommanah, +a village thirty miles from Coomassie, was entered without +opposition, January 24th.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Koffee Kalkalli, the Ashantee king, alarmed by the British +advance, sent in some German missionaries, whom he had +kept for some time as prisoners, and dispatched letter after +letter asking for peace. His object being only to gain time, +and the demand of Sir G. Wolseley for hostages being disregarded, +the troops continued their march, and the reply sent +to the king was, the British meant to go to Coomassie.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Information that the Ashantees were posted in great force +in the villages of Amoaful and Becquah, being received by +the General, he resolved to attack them immediately. On +the morning of January 31st. was fought the battle of Amoaful, +about twenty miles from Coomassie, where Amanquatia, the best +Ashantee General, had concentrated an army of twenty thousand +warriors. The British force consisted of the 42nd. Highlanders, +under Major Macpherson; 2nd. Battalion Rifle Brigade, under +Lieutenant-Colonel Warren; and a detachment of the 23rd. +Fusiliers, under Lieutenant-Colonel Mostyn. These regiments +formed the “White Brigade,” commanded by Brigadier Sir +A. Alison. The other troops consisted of the Naval Brigade, +under Captain Grubbe; a detachment of the 2nd. West India +regiment, under Lieutenant Jones; the Houssa Artillery, under +Captain Rait, R.A.; and the native regiments of Russell and +Wood. The 42nd. led the attack, with the Naval Brigade +and Russell’s and Wood’s natives on the flanks; the Rifle +Brigade being held in reserve. The enemy fought most stubbornly, +and the thick bush favouring their mode of fighting, +for some time but little advance was made. Though the village +of Agamassie had been carried, the Ashantees still held the +bush not two hundred yards from it, and made desperate efforts +to retake the place, while so heavy was the fire they maintained +<span class='pageno' id='Page_599'>599</span>that the air seemed literally alive with slugs. Two +companies of the Rifles were sent up as reinforcements. Rait’s +Artillery poured round after round of grape into the bush, +till the fire of the enemy slackened, and they fled before the +rush of the 42nd. At the top of the hill they again made a +stand, and contested every foot of ground, but gave way at +another charge, and the British gained the open clearing in +which the village of Amoaful was situated. A fire was opened +from the houses, but the 42nd. drove the Ashantees out of +the place, and all resistance in that quarter was at an end. +But the enemy were not yet beaten. When the battle seemed +to be over they made a final and furious attempt to turn +the flank of the British, and retake the village of Agamassie. +The Rifle Brigade marched back and met them, and after a +sharp contest of an hour the Ashantees rapidly retreated, and +the day was won. The action altogether lasted twelve hours, +the British casualties being Captain Buckle, R.E., and three +men killed, and twenty-one officers and one hundred and +seventy-three men wounded. Nearly every fourth man of +the 42nd. had been hit, among them being Major Macpherson. +The loss of the enemy was estimated at between two and +three thousand, including their General Amanquatia. The +troops took up their quarters for the night at Amoaful.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Next day the village of Becquah was taken, and the advance +continued to a place called Aggemamu, fifteen miles from +Coomassie. The General now stated his intention of making +a dash on the capital, and the men were asked if they would +make their rations for four days last for six, if required. Their +answer was “Most willingly.” Over streams and through +swamps they pushed on, disregarding a message from King +Koffee, without hostages, and reached the river Ordah, over +which the Engineers at once commenced to make a bridge. +By daybreak on February 4th. the bridge was finished, and +the troops passed over, the Naval Brigade being left to guard +the passage. The enemy immediately fired on the advance, +but with a dash the village of Ordashu was carried by the Rifles, +and held in spite of repeated efforts of the Ashantees to retake +it. About noon, the 42nd., supported by the Rifles and +Rait’s Artillery, moved direct on Coomassie, and disregarding +<span class='pageno' id='Page_600'>600</span>repeated flank attacks and ambuscades, carried position after +position; till the enemy finally broke and fled in complete +disorder, leaving the ground strewn with umbrellas, war-chairs +of chiefs, drums, muskets, and killed and wounded. An halt +of about an hour was then made, when the whole force again +advanced, crossing the pestilential swamp which surrounds +the town, and entered Coomassie without opposition about +half-past five p.m. A party was sent to the palace, who found +the King and Princes had fled. To remain at Coomassie was +impossible, owing to the lack of supplies, and the rains having +commenced the rivers would soon become impassable. Sir +G. Wolseley therefore determined to destroy the town and +palace, and return to the coast.<a id='r210'></a><a href='#f210' class='c013'><sup>[210]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Next morning the return march began. The King’s palace +was blown up, and the town set on fire and destroyed. So +thorough had been the defeat of the Ashantees that the troops +were not molested on their return, and on February 12th., +during a halt at Fommanah, ambassadors from King Koffee +overtook the army, bringing with them one thousand ounces +of gold, as a portion of the indemnity of the fifty thousand +ounces demanded, and returned with a treaty of peace which +the King eventually signed. The chief terms dictated by Sir +G. Wolseley were, besides the indemnity, the abolition of +human sacrifices, and perpetual peace. So salutary has been +the effects of this successful expedition on the Ashantees, that +they have never since disturbed their neighbours across the +Prah. About a week after Sir G. Wolseley had left Coomassie, +Captain Glover, at the head of nearly five thousand natives, +entered the town, having marched from the Volta river. +King Koffee sent him by an ambassador, a plateful of gold +as a sign of submission, and Glover then proceeded southwards +with his forces into friendly territory, having performed +his arduous undertaking with the utmost daring, judgment, +and success. A day or two before, Captain R. Sartorius, of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_601'>601</span>the 5th. Bengal Cavalry, was dispatched by Captain Glover<a id='r211'></a><a href='#f211' class='c013'><sup>[211]</sup></a> +to report to Sir G. Wolseley that he was within eighteen miles +of the capital. He started on his adventurous errand with +forty natives, but without provisions, as he expected to meet +the General at Coomassie. At the close of the first day he +halted at a village, seven miles from the capital, when he +heard that the place was burnt and the English gone. Fully +aware of his danger he determined to push on, and the next +morning rode through Coomassie, which he found destroyed +and deserted. Night found him at Amoaful, and the day +following he reached the head-quarters at Fommanah, having +travelled fifty-five miles through the heart of the Ashantee +country. Not a shot was fired at him throughout his journey, +and he saw but few Ashantees, who fled at his approach.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For this and other services, Captain Sartorius deservedly +gained the Victoria Cross. The troops, with the Major-General +and his staff, reached Cape Coast Castle on February 19th. +In the actions during the march on Coomassie the total number +of officers and men killed and wounded was two hundred +and sixty-nine. Eight only were killed, and about one hundred +and sixty were but slightly wounded, but many of the troops +and Naval Brigade died of fever.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thirty-three officers engaged in the expedition received the +Order of the Bath; Lord Gifford received the Victoria Cross, +and Captain Glover was made a Knight of St. Michael and +St. George. Sir G. Wolseley, who declined a baronetcy offered +him, was voted a sum of £25,000 in recognition of his services.<a id='r212'></a><a href='#f212' class='c013'><sup>[212]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The cost of the war was estimated at £900,000.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops who served in this campaign were the 23rd. +and 42nd. Foot; 2nd. Battalion Rifle Brigade; 2nd. West +India Regiment; the Houssa Artillery; and Naval Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_602'>602</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE EGYPTIAN AND SOUDAN MEDALS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>By a General Order in October, 1882, a medal was +granted to all troops who landed in Egypt, and served there, +between July 16th. and September 14th., 1882. Obverse, +head of the Queen, veiled and crowned, with the inscription, +“Victoria Regina et Imperatrix.” Reverse, a Sphinx, on +a pedestal, above which is the word “Egypt” and the date +“1882” below. The name and regiment, or ship of the recipient, +are engraved on the edge. Ribbon, alternate stripes +of blue and white. Two clasps were issued with this medal, +“Alexandria,<a id='r213'></a><a href='#f213' class='c013'><sup>[213]</sup></a> 11th. July,” and “Tel-el-Kebir.” The first +was given to the seamen and marines engaged in the action +of July 11th., and who landed in Alexandria after the bombardment; +and the other to all who were present at Tel-el-Kebir—soldiers, +sailors, and marines.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At the end of the first Soudan War, 1884, a similar medal, +but without a date, was given to all men of both services +who took part in the operations against the Arabs in the +neighbourhood of Suakim, from July 19th. to March 26th., +1884. Ribbon, blue and white. Four bars were issued with +this medal:—“Suakim, 1884”; “El Teb—Tamaai”; to those +who were present at both these battles; “El Teb,” to those +present there only; and “Tamaai,” to those who were only +in that action.</p> + +<div id='i602fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_602fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Egyptian Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>By a General Order in 1885, at the close of the second +Soudan campaign, the same medal was granted to the troops +and Naval Brigade, with five additional bars. Ribbon, the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_603'>603</span>same. The order specified that—“Individuals already in +possession of the decoration will only be eligible to receive +such of the clasps specified hereafter, as they may be entitled +to. All officers and soldiers who served south of Assouan +on or before March 7th., 1885, will be held entitled to the +medal, except those who are already in possession of it. All +officers and soldiers who were on duty at Suakim between +27th. March, 1884, and 14th. May, 1885, will also be entitled +to the medal, except those already in possession of it. Her +Majesty has further approved of clasps being issued as follows: +a clasp, inscribed ‘The Nile, 1884–85,’ to those officers and +soldiers who served south of Assouan on or before March +7th., 1885. A clasp, inscribed ‘Abu Klea,’ to those officers +and soldiers who took part in the action fought there on +17th. January, 1885, under the late Major-General Sir H. +Stewart, K.C.B. A clasp, inscribed ‘Kirbekan,’ to those +officers and soldiers who took part in the action fought there +on the 10th. February, 1885, under the late Major-General +Earle, C.B. A clasp, inscribed ‘Suakim, 1885,’ to those officers +and soldiers who were engaged in the operations at Suakim +between the 1st. March and 14th. May, 1885, both inclusive. +A clasp, inscribed ‘Tofrek,’ to those officers and men who were +actually present at the action fought there on the 22nd. +March, 1885.” No medals were issued with single clasps for +Tofrek, Abu Klea, or Kirbekan, as all who were present at +Tofrek received also the clasp for Suakim, 1885; and all +present at the other two actions, were given the clasp for the +Nile, 1884–5. The medals without a bar, dating from 1882 +to 1885–86, were also given to the captains of all ships employed +as transports, and to others who shared in the campaign, +not belonging to the service. The whole number issued was +forty-four thousand. The medal, without clasp, was also given +to all officers and soldiers who served at, and to the South +of Wady Halfa, between November 30th., 1885, and January +11th., 1886, under Lieutenant-General Sir J. Stephenson, if +they had not received it for any previous campaign.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A General Order of January 2nd., 1890, granted a further +issue of the Soudan medal, with a clasp, inscribed “Gemaizah, +1888,” to all troops who were at Suakim before December +20th., 1888, and who were present at the action on that day. +By the same order, the medal was given to all troops who +were employed on the Nile, at, and south of Korosko, on August +3rd., 1889, and a clasp, inscribed “Toski, 1889,” was given to +all who were present at that action on August 3rd. of the +same year. The total number of clasps already issued with +this medal is thirteen.<a id='r214'></a><a href='#f214' class='c013'><sup>[214]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The Khedive of Egypt gave a bronze star, to every officer +and man of both services who was entitled to the English +medal. The star is five-pointed, and suspended by a ring +and bar, on which is a small star and a crescent. On the +obverse is a Sphinx, with the Pyramids in the background, +surrounded by a band, with the word “Egypt,” and the date +1882, 1884, or 1884–6 above, and the same in Arabic below. +On the reverse is the Khedive’s monogram in a circle, surmounted +by a crown. Ribbon, dark blue. The decoration +was issued without names, but some of the recipients had +their names and regiments engraved on the reverse at their +own expense.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_604'>604</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE EGYPTIAN WAR. BOMBARDMENT OF ALEXANDRIA.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'><span class='sc'>July 11th., 1882.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Early in the year 1882, what may be styled a revolution +took place in Egypt. The army, headed by Arabi Pasha, set +aside the authority of the Khedive, and assumed the supreme +power, with the intention of emancipating the country +from all foreign control. Arabi had entered the Egyptian +army, and had risen from the ranks to the position of colonel. +Being the idol of the ignorant soldiers, he imprisoned the +Khedive in his own palace, and compelled him to bestow the +post of Minister of War on himself. He next made himself +Pasha, and the bulk of the Egyptian people supporting the +army, Arabi became the head of the national movement, and +inscribed on his banners: “Egypt for the Egyptians.” These +proceedings were viewed with apprehension in England. The +Khedive had always been favourable to British interests, and +the support afforded him by the British so excited the hostility +of Arabi and his party, that they threatened to seize +the Suez Canal, and so block the highway to India. The +Egyptians beginning to show the greatest animosity towards +all foreigners, an English and French fleet appeared before +Alexandria, to give moral support to the Khedive, and to +protect the European inhabitants. In June, serious riots +broke out in the city, many Europeans were killed and +wounded, and the remainder driven to seek shelter on board +the ships in the harbour. Preparations for war were made +on both sides. The fortifications of Alexandria were strengthened, +new batteries constructed, and the garrison increased. +Sir Beauchamp Seymour, the British Admiral, ordered the +Egyptians to discontinue these operations, with no effect; +upon which he sent in an ultimatum threatening an immediate +bombardment, unless the working on the fortifications +was suspended, and the forts surrendered to him. No attention +was paid to this demand, and the fleet prepared for +action.</p> + +<div id='i604fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_604fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>The Khedive’s Star.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_605'>605</span>The French fleet had already left Alexandria; all neutral +vessels were warned to leave the harbour, and the British +fleet steamed out and took its position opposite the outer +forts. On the evening of July 10th., the “Invincible” (10), +“Monarch” (6), and “Penelope” (10), anchored to the west +of Fort Mex, and by daybreak on the 11th. all the other +ironclads were in the positions assigned to them. At 6.30 +all the ships cleared for action, which was begun by the +“Alexandra” pitching a shell into Fort Ada. It was immediately +replied to, upon which all the ships and the forts +opened fire, and the engagement became general. The “Sultan” +(13), “Alexandra” (12), “Superb” (4), and “Inflexible” (4), +were opposed to the forts at Pharos Point and Ras-el-Tin, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_606'>606</span>and the “Téméraire” (8), supported the Invincible, Monarch, +and Penelope, in the attack on Fort Mex, and the adjoining +batteries. The gunboats “Bittern,” “Condor,” “Decoy,” “Cygnet,” +and “Beacon” were placed in a second line behind the +ironclads, with orders to hold themselves at the disposal of +the Admiral.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The wind was favourable to the Egyptians, and after the +first broadside or two a thick cloud of smoke enveloped the +ships, making it impossible to see the effects of their firing, +which could only be directed from the tops.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The gunboats were not willing to remain idle spectators, so, +without orders, the “Cygnet” opened fire, and the “Condor,” +with two 64-pounders, and one 7-inch rifled gun, steamed +away to the west, and alone engaged the Marabout Fort, +armed with two 18-ton, and two 12-ton guns, twenty 32-pounders, +and five mortars; for nearly two hours. Sir B. +Seymour, seeing the disproportion of force, signalled the +“Bittern” and “Beacon” to join her, and the other gunboats +also moved off to assist the “Condor.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>About 8.30, Fort Marsa-el-Kanat was blown up by shells +from the “Invincible” and “Monarch,” and by nine o’clock, +the “Téméraire,” “Monarch,” and “Penelope” had disabled +all the guns but four, in Fort Mex. It was difficult through +the smoke to hit on the locality of these guns, but by 11 +a.m. the Fort was almost in ruins, and silent. About the +same time the gunboats had silenced Fort Marabout, and +joined the ironclads before Fort Mex, which was entered by +a small party of volunteers from the “Invincible,” covered by +the “Bittern” and “Condor,” and found deserted by all but +the dead. The guns in the Fort were blown up and destroyed, +and the party returned to the ships without loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Egyptians stood to their guns well, but before five +o’clock all their guns were disabled, and soon after all firing +from the fleet ceased, and the ships drew off the shore. The +“Alexandra” suffered the most, she was hit fourteen times in +her hull, and a shell burst in the captain’s cabin. All the +ships except the “Monarch” were struck more or less, but +none of the projectiles of the enemy pierced the armour of +one of them. The casualties of the British were five men +killed and twenty-seven wounded, those of the Egyptians +were estimated at nine hundred or a thousand.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the night Alexandria was seen to be in flames. The +convicts had been liberated, and with the Arabs, had set fire +to, and plundered the European quarter, and massacred all the +Europeans they could find.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Next day, a force of six hundred seamen and marines landed, +and found that Arabi with his troops, and most of the inhabitants, +had left the town. Captain Lord C. Beresford, of +the “Condor,” was appointed chief of the British forces acting +as police in Alexandria, the streets were cleared of rioters, all +incendiaries shot on the spot, and natives entering the place, +disarmed<a id='r215'></a><a href='#f215' class='c013'><sup>[215]</sup></a> For his services, Admiral Sir F. B. Seymour received +the thanks of both Houses, and was raised to the +peerage by the title of Lord Alcester, with a grant of +£25,000.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_607'>607</span> + <h2 class='c006'>TEL-EL-KEBIR.<br> <span class='sc'>September 13th, 1882.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Sir Archibald Alison commanded the troops at Alexandria, +and kept the Egyptians at bay till the arrival of Sir +Garnet Wolseley from England, on August 15th., who at once +changed the base of operations from Alexandria to the Suez +Canal. Leaving a division of troops under Sir E. Wood to +protect the town, on August 19th. the fleet and army sailed +for Port Said,<a id='r216'></a><a href='#f216' class='c013'><sup>[216]</sup></a> and proceeded up the Suez Canal to Ismailia, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_608'>608</span>which place was occupied without resistance, and the army +disembarked. Owing to the difficulties of transport there was +considerable delay before the troops were able to advance, +and in the meantime Arabi had collected a large army at +a strongly fortified position at Tel-el-Kebir. On August 28th. +a most determined attack was made on the British advanced +force at Kassassin; consisting of under two thousand men, including +the Marine Artillery, commanded by General Graham, by +about ten thousand of the enemy, with twelve guns; but after +a day’s hard fighting, the cavalry, under General Drury Lowe, +charged the Egyptians in the rear, and routed them with loss. +By September 11th., the whole expeditionary force, including the +Indian contingent,<a id='r217'></a><a href='#f217' class='c013'><sup>[217]</sup></a> commanded by General Sir H. Macpherson, +was assembled at Kassassin, and the next day General Wolseley +having carefully reconnoitered the enemy’s position, explained +to his officers his plan of attack. This was, to move with his +whole force at nightfall, and marching eight miles through +the desert, to attack the Egyptian entrenchments with the +bayonet at daybreak.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The enemy’s position was defended by sixty guns, and a +disciplined force of about twenty thousand men, besides several +thousand irregular troops. The British army consisted of +eleven thousand infantry, two thousand cavalry, and forty-two +guns, including the Indian contingent. In the evening +the camp was struck, and the troops moved out, piled their +arms, and lay down on the sand till one o’clock in the morning, +when they silently fell into rank and advanced. Marching +across the desert, guided by the light of the stars, with occasional +halts; as day began to break the dim outlines of +the entrenchments of Tel-el-Kebir became visible. On the +extreme right were the Cavalry and mounted Infantry, with +two batteries of Horse Artillery; next was General Graham’s +Brigade, with the Guards in support; in the centre was +massed the Artillery, forty-two guns, and on the left the +Highland Brigade, supported by the 46th., 3rd. Battalion 60th. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_609'>609</span>Rifles, and a Battalion of Royal Marine Artillery; on the +line of railway was the Naval Brigade, with a forty-pounder +on a truck, and on the other side of the canal the 72nd. and +the Indian troops. So silent was the advance of the assailants +in the early dawn that they were not perceived by the enemy +till they were within three hundred yards of the works. +Then suddenly a terrific fire flashed along the line of sand-heaps, +and a storm of bullets swept over the heads of the +advancing troops. Not a shot was fired in reply, but a wild +cheer broke from the Highlanders as they dashed at the +enemy’s trenches. The first line of entrenchments was carried, +but from a second line the enemy opened a heavy fire. For +a few minutes the Highlanders replied, and then, making +another rush, a hand to hand contest followed, till some +of the force penetrated between the redoubts and opened +a flank fire on the Egyptians, who soon broke and fled. +Graham’s brigade was vigorously opposed on the other flank. +The enemy here were not taken by surprise, and for a while +held their ground stubbornly. The 18th. Royal Irish were +sent to turn their left, and with a yell they went straight at +the works, and carried them at the bayonet’s point. The 18th. +were followed by the 84th. and 87th., but the Egyptians, +though outflanked, clung to an inner line of trenches, and +at every angle and redoubt, rallied and sustained the fight. +But they fell in scores before the bayonet charges, the inner +entrenchments were won, the Highlanders were in the midst +of their camp, and the enemy, losing heart, fled in confusion, +pursued by the cavalry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Within an hour from the commencement of the attack the +Egyptian army was in complete rout. The whole of their +guns (sixty-six) and military stores, several trains of ammunition, +and other <i>matériel</i>, fell into the hands of the victors. +The British pressed on in pursuit. Zagazig was occupied in +the afternoon, and the next day, General Drury Lowe, with +fifteen hundred Cavalry and a battery of Horse Artillery, +entered and took possession of Cairo, containing twenty-seven +thousand fanatics and its citadel garrisoned by ten thousand +men. At ten o’clock the same night, Arabi surrendered himself +to General Lowe, and on September 15th., Sir Garnet +Wolseley, with a portion of his infantry, entered the city,<a id='r218'></a><a href='#f218' class='c013'><sup>[218]</sup></a> +and telegraphed to London—“The war is over, send no more +troops to Egypt.” The British loss in this battle was nine +officers and forty-eight non-commissioned officers and men +killed<a id='r219'></a><a href='#f219' class='c013'><sup>[219]</sup></a>; twenty-seven officers, and three hundred and fifty-three +non-commissioned officers and men wounded; and twenty-two +men missing; total of casualties, four hundred and fifty-nine. +The loss of the enemy, exclusive of prisoners, was +over two thousand killed and wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The regiments which shared in this decisive victory were +detachments of 1st. and 2nd. Life Guards and Royal Horse +Guards; 4th. and 7th. Dragoon Guards, and 19th. Hussars; +a battalion each of Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Guards; +the 18th., 42nd., 46th., 60th., 72nd., 74th., 75th., 79th., 84th., +and 87th. Also a Naval Brigade of about two hundred men; +a battalion of Marine Artillery and Light Infantry, and the +Indian Contingent.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_610'>610</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE WAR IN THE SOUDAN. BATTLE OF EL TEB.<br> <span class='sc'>February 29, 1884.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Khedive, Tewfik, had been reinstated in Egypt, the +English army of occupation had been reduced, and preparations +made for the evacuation of the country, when in 1883, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_611'>611</span>a formidable insurrection against the Egyptian rule broke out +in the Soudan. It was headed by a fanatic who assumed +the title of the Mahdi, or Messiah, and who was regarded +by the Soudanese as the successor of Mahomet, and their deliverer +from the yoke of the Egyptians. An Egyptian army +sent against him under Hicks Pasha, was almost annihilated +on November 3rd., and his followers then overran the Soudan, +and besieged the Egyptian garrisons in the towns they occupied. +One of the chiefs of the Madhi, called Osman Digma, +had invested the towns of Sinkat and Tokar, and was threatening +the port of Suakin, on the Red Sea. Admiral Sir W. +Hewitt was ordered to protect Suakin, and with the “Ranger,” +“Spynx,” “Decoy,” and “Euryalus,” took his station off the +town, landed a body of seamen and marines, and effectually +defended it against Osman Digma and his followers. Valentine +Baker Pasha, with an ill-disciplined force of 5000 Egyptians, +was then sent to relieve the beleagured garrisons. He landed +at Trinkitat, and marched towards Tokar, but was attacked +by the tribesmen of Osman Digma at El Teb, on February +1st., and disastrously defeated, with the loss of more than +half his men; nearly all the British officers accompanying +him being slain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Egyptian garrison of Sinkat, finding themselves without +hope of relief, and their provisions exhausted, then gallantly +marched out, and endeavoured to cut their way to the coast, +but were surrounded, and exterminated, not a man escaping +to tell the tale.</p> + +<p class='c008'>English troops were then sent from Egypt and Aden, and +a force was assembled at Suakin under Major-General Graham, +which proceeded by sea to Trinkitat, and disembarked there +February 23rd. A day or two before, the garrison of Tokar +surrendered and joined the enemy. By February 26th., most +of the stores being landed, the bulk of the troops marched +out of Trinkitat and encamped at Fort Baker, about two +miles on the road towards Tokar, where a supply of food +and water for three days had been provided. The 65th. +regiment having arrived from Aden, the next morning, February +29th., the advance towards Osman Digma’s position at +El Teb began in earnest. Numbered roughly, the column +<span class='pageno' id='Page_612'>612</span>consisted of about 4000 men. The advance was made in a +hollow square, the transport animals and hospital equipment +being in the centre. In front was the 75th. Highlanders; in +rear the 42nd.; on the right the 89th. and 60th. Rifles; on +the left the 65th. Royal Marine Artillery, and Light Infantry. +Intervals were left at the angles for the guns and gatlings; +the Naval Brigade of one hundred and sixty-two men, under +Commander Rolfe, of the “Euryalus,” occupying the front +and the Royal Artillery the rear angles. Two squadrons of +the 10th. and 19th. Hussars were in the front and on the flanks, +the rest of the cavalry in the rear, under Colonel Stewart. +With the troops were Admiral Sir W. Hewitt, General Baker +Pasha, in charge of the Intelligence Department, and Colonel +F. Burnaby. The square advanced over the track taken by +Baker’s ill-fated troops a few weeks previously, whose bodies +lay about in hundreds, polluting the air. The position of the +enemy was on a low ridge, marked by a number of banners, +and at several points along the line, which extended nearly +a mile, guns could be seen placed. As the troops neared the +enemy, who were seen to be in great strength, General Graham +determined to turn their position and take it in reverse. The +square continued to march obliquely past the left front of +the enemy, when a sharp fire of musketry broke out, and two +Krupp guns opened upon it with case shot and shell. This +was about 11 o’clock. The square halted, the men ordered +to lie down, and four guns of the Royal Artillery and the +machine guns were brought into action. The Krupp guns +which had been captured from Baker’s force, and were now +worked by Egyptian artillerymen from Tokar, were well handled, +many men were struck, and General Baker wounded in the +face by a piece of a shell; but the machine guns of the Naval +Brigade poured such a stream of bullets upon them, that the +two guns were silenced, being taken in reverse, and the +gunners killed, or driven from them. Then the order was +given to advance, the bagpipes struck up, the men sprang to +their feet with a cheer, and went straight at the enemy’s position. +From every bush and pit the Arabs leaped up, and rushed +on the advancing troops. The brunt of their attack fell on +the 42nd., the 65th., and the Naval Brigade. Swept away +<span class='pageno' id='Page_613'>613</span>by the deadly fire of the machine guns and rifles, the Soudanese +came on again with their spears and cross-hilted swords, in +groups of twenty and thirty, and sometimes alone, but not +one broke through the line of bayonets. The Cavalry then +swept round the right flank of the square, and charged in +three lines, over the broken ground, swarming with Arabs; +who crouching among the scrub, hamstrung the horses as they +passed over them, and then speared the dismounted troopers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In this conflict Major Slade, Lieutenants Probyn and Freeman, +were killed; and Colonel Barrow, commanding the 19th. +Hussars, severely wounded, and his life only saved by the +gallantry of three of his men. The position of the enemy was +carried, their guns captured and turned against them, but +they still fiercely contested every foot of ground till the village +of El Teb, with its wells, were taken by the Highlanders; +when they gave up the contest and sullenly retired in the +direction of Tokar. The British loss was thirty killed, including +four officers, and about one hundred and sixty officers +and men wounded, several of whom, including Lieutenant +Royds, of H.M.S. “Carysfort,” afterwards died. Colonel Burnaby +had his horse shot under him, and a bullet through one of +his arms. The loss of the Arabs was over two thousand, and +four Krupp guns, two brass howitzers, and a Gatling gun +were captured. The next day, Tokar, eleven miles distant, +was occupied without opposition, and a quantity of rifles and +ammunition destroyed. The force then returned to Trinkitat, +and re-embarked for Suakin.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops engaged at El Teb were the 10th. and 19th. +Hussars; 6th. Battery First Brigade Royal Artillery; 26th. +Company Royal Engineers; the 42nd., 65th., 1st. Battalion +60th. Rifles, 75th., 89th. Foot; a Battalion of Royal Marine +Artillery and Light Infantry; and the Naval Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_614'>614</span> + <h2 class='c006'>TAMAAI.<br> <span class='sc'>March 13th, 1884.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The power of Osman Digma, though shaken, was yet +far from destroyed. The victors of El Teb, had scarcely +reached Suakin, when they were again put in motion against +a strong body of Arabs, reckoned to be about eight thousand, +which he had collected at a place called Tamaai, and with +which he threatened utter destruction to all unbelievers. On +March 11th. General Baker marched out to Baker’s zareba, +seven miles from Suakin, and the next day continued his +advance towards Tamaai. At nightfall the troops bivouacked +in a hastily constructed zareba, within two miles of the enemy’s +position, which Commander Rolfe, R.N., after darkness had +set in, alone set out from the zareba to reconnoitre, and saw +the Arabs asleep around their fires. About one o’clock the +enemy opened a random fusilade on the British camp, which +they kept up the remainder of the night, but fortunately +with little effect. At eight on the morning of March 13th., +the troops formed in front of the zareba in two brigades. +On the left was the 2nd. Brigade, commanded by General +Davis, consisting of the 42nd., 65th., Marines, and Naval +Brigade, with machine guns. Then came the Artillery, under +Major Holley, and on the right the 1st. Brigade, commanded +by General Buller, comprising the 75th., 89th., and 60th. Rifles, +with a battery of Artillery. Two squadrons of cavalry were +sent to the front as skirmishers, and a brisk fire began on +both sides; but the enemy advancing, the cavalry fell back, +and the brigade opened a heavy fire of rifles and machine +guns on the Arabs. The 42nd., who were in front, with a +cheer charged the enemy at the double, but this movement +leaving a gap between them and the 65th., the Arabs seeing +their advantage, rushed like a torrent on the right side of +the square, and for a time all was confusion.<a id='r220'></a><a href='#f220' class='c013'><sup>[220]</sup></a> The 65th. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_615'>615</span>wavered, and fell back on the Marines, and the Naval Brigade +surrounded by a mass of soldiers mixed in a wild <i>mêlée</i> with +the foe, were unable to use their guns and compelled +to abandon them, with the loss of three officers and many +seamen. But Buller’s brigade advancing on the right rear in +perfect order, by its terrible fire prevented the enemy from +coming to close quarters,<a id='r221'></a><a href='#f221' class='c013'><sup>[221]</sup></a> and the 42nd. and the Marines +fighting back to back checked further disaster, and the brigade +was re-formed. The two brigades now advanced abreast, +the captured Gatlings were recovered, and turned by the seamen +with great effect on a fresh body of Arabs, who charged +out of a deep ravine in force, till their masses seemed to +melt away under the tremendous fire poured into them. The +ravine was carried, and a ridge beyond it; the bravest men +of the enemy had fallen, and the rest lost heart and fled. +After a brief halt General Graham pushed on to the wells +of Tamaai, three miles from the battle-field, and occupied +the camp of Osman Digma. Next day, the camp, with the +village of Tamaai, was destroyed, and the troops returned to +Suakin.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British casualties were five officers—Lieut. Montressor, +H.M.S. “Carysfort”; Lieut. Almack, H.M.S. “Briton”; Lieut. +H. Stewart, H.M.S. “Dryad”; Major Aiken, 42nd., and Capt. +Ford, 65th. regiment; and one hundred and four men killed; +and eight officers and one hundred and twenty men wounded +and missing. The 42nd. had no less than eight sergeants +killed. The loss of the Arabs was estimated to be at least +three thousand in killed alone.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops present at Tamaai were—10th. and 19th. Hussars; +Royal Artillery; the 42nd., 60th., 65th., 75th., and 89th. +Foot; Royal Marines; and Naval Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_616'>616</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SUAKIN.<br> <span class='c016'>1884.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>After his defeat at Tamaai, Osman Digma was reported +to be occupied in the Tamanieb Valley, about four miles from +the last battle-field, in collecting more tribesmen to oppose +the British. A party of the 75th. and 19th. Hussars were +sent to occupy Handoab, on the road to Berber, and native +spies brought the information that Osman was encamped near +Tamanieb with two thousand men, who were all willing to +fight again. On March 25th. General Graham, with the 10th. +and 19th. Hussars, 42nd., 60th., 65th., 75th. Mounted Infantry +and Marines, marched out from Suakin once more against +the Lieutenant of the Mahdi; Admiral Sir W. Hewitt landing +two hundred seamen to hold the town in the absence of the +troops. The heat was intense, causing the men much suffering, +and there were many cases of sunstroke. The troops bivouacked +at night in an oblong square, and slept in all their accoutrements. +In the morning the cavalry and mounted infantry +were sent out in advance, and two or three skirmishes took +place during the day, but the enemy fired at a distance, and +did not come to close quarters. At half-past four a.m. on +March 27th., the troops fell in, and at six, advanced up the +valley, the cavalry being out all round as scouts. At seven +the enemy showed themselves, but were driven back by the +mounted infantry, and they were dislodged from a height on +which they attempted to make a stand, by the fire of the +artillery. Osman’s camp, or the remains of it, was committed +to the flames, and the column returned unmolested to Suakin +on March 28th. Soon after, Sir G. Graham and the bulk +of the troops, sailed for Cairo and England.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_617'>617</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE NILE,<br> <span class='c016'>1884–85.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The British Government having decided to abandon the +Soudan, General Gordon, C.B., R.E., of Chinese celebrity, +and who had been Governor of the equatorial provinces of +Africa, under the Khedive, was sent to Khartoum to withdraw +the Egyptian garrisons from the country, and to make +the best arrangements he could for its future government. +He had no connection with the Egyptian Government, which +he declined to serve under any circumstances. He was accompanied +by Colonel J. D. Stewart, who had been at Khartoum +in the preceding year. On February 18th. they reached +Khartoum, where they were received by the inhabitants with +the greatest joy and enthusiasm. But General Gordon soon +found that his mission to carry out the evacuation of the +Soudan by the Egyptian garrisons, numbering about thirty +thousand men, was impracticable. In March, the whole country +south of Berber declared for the Mahdi; in May, Berber was +taken by the enemy, and Gordon, with Colonel Stewart and +Mr. Power, the British Consul, was closely besieged in Khartoum. +For months he defended himself with the greatest +skill and valour against overwhelming odds, but it was not +until August that the British Government decided to despatch +an expedition for his relief, under the command of General +Lord Wolseley.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Regiments were then ordered from India, Malta, and other +places, to Egypt; eight hundred boats, at a cost of £75 each, +were built in England for the conveyance of the troops up +the Nile; steam pinnaces and light steamers were provided +for towing purposes; and five hundred Canadian boatmen, +and three hundred Kroomen, were engaged to navigate the +boats and steamers over the cataracts of the river. British +troops were pushed on to Wady Haifa, and on September +10th. Lord Wolseley reached Cairo,<a id='r222'></a><a href='#f222' class='c013'><sup>[222]</sup></a> with instructions to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_618'>618</span>advance up the Nile and bring away General Gordon and +Colonel Stewart from Khartoum, and to undertake no further +offensive operations of any kind.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On his arrival at Cairo the General formed a camel corps +from volunteers from the Guards and Cavalry, consisting of +over one thousand two hundred officers and men, divided +into three bodies, called, the Guards, Heavy, and Light camel +regiments. These chosen men sailed from England on September +26th., and by their conduct in the desert march to the Nile, +in January following, amply justified their organization. For +nearly four months a British army of nine thousand men, +with their baggage and <i>matériel</i> were toiling hundreds of miles +up the broken and tortuous course of the Nile, tugging at +the oar, transporting stores, and dragging boats by main force +through rapids and over cataracts.<a id='r223'></a><a href='#f223' class='c013'><sup>[223]</sup></a> On November 3rd. Lord +Wolseley and his Staff reached Dongola, and on December +16th. arrived at Korti, one thousand two hundred and fifty +miles from Cairo. The situation of Khartoum was known +to be critical, and on December 30th., 1884, General Sir +Herbert Stewart was despatched, with about one thousand +six hundred men and two thousand camels, across the desert +to Metammeh, on the Nile, one hundred and seventy miles +from Korti; from whence he was to proceed in Gordon’s +steamers to Khartoum, one hundred miles further up the +river.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sometime previous, Colonel Stewart and Mr. Power had +been sent by Gordon down the Nile to Dongola, to endeavour +to open communications with the British, but their steamer +was wrecked near Berber on October 6th., and the two Europeans +with most of their party were massacred by the natives. +Two days before Lord Wolseley reached Korti, on December +14th., Gordon wrote in his diary—“Now mark this: If the +Expeditionary Force—and I ask no more than two hundred +men—does not come in ten days, the town may fall, and I +have done my best for the honour of our country. Good +bye.”<a id='r224'></a><a href='#f224' class='c013'><sup>[224]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_619'>619</span> + <h2 class='c006'>ABU KLEA.<br> <span class='sc'>January 17th, 1885.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Sir H. Stewart, after a long and waterless march, reached +Gakdul, about one hundred miles from Korti, on January +2nd. Here, water was found in abundance, and a halt of some +days was made. On the 14th. the march to the Nile was +resumed, but on approaching Abu Klea, two short marches +from Metammeh, the scouts of the 19th. Hussars reported +the enemy to be encamped in force near the wells. The troops +were in need of water, but formed a zareba about four miles +from the Arab camp, and slept on their arms, exposed to a +desultory fire all night, by which five or six men were wounded +and several camels killed. As soon as it was daylight, on the +morning of January 17th., General Stewart began his preparations +for an advance, his object being to drive the enemy +from the wells of Abu Klea. A strong body of skirmishers +with the guns were sent out, who engaged the enemy at long +range, but failed to draw them from their position, though +a brisk fire was kept up for some time by both sides. At +about half-past eight o’clock, leaving most of the camels and +the sick and wounded in the zareba, with a guard of Mounted +Infantry, and one hundred and twenty-five men of the 35th. +regiment, the troops advanced against the enemy in a square, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_620'>620</span>which was formed as follows:—“Left front face, two companies +Mounted Infantry; right front face, two companies Guards, +with the three guns Royal Artillery in the centre; left face, +two companies Mounted Infantry; one company Heavy Camel +Regiment; rear face, four companies Heavy Camel Regiment, +with Naval Brigade with Gardner gun in the centre.” The +19th. Hussars, numbering one hundred and twenty men, under +Colonel Barrow, were stationed on the flanks. The square +moved towards the left flank of the enemy, under a hot fire +from the sharpshooters, and was nearly abreast of their position, +when several thousand Arabs, with loud yells and beating of +tom-toms, rushed down on the left and left rear of the square. +The three guns of Captain Norton, and a heavy rifle fire was +opened on them, but did not check their advance; the British +skirmishers came racing for life into the square, while with +waving flags the enemy rushed on like a vast black wave of +surf. “By twos and threes our skirmishers had now reached +our lines, and the left face being nearly clear, a volley was +sent into the enemy at one hundred and fifty yards, as they +rose over the last crest between our opposing fronts. A hundred +or more Arabs dropped, and for a moment I saw the force +waver and halt, as a man stops to gasp for breath. Had +that volley been promptly repeated, there would have been +little more of the battle to tell.” The Gardner gun of the +Naval Brigade<a id='r225'></a><a href='#f225' class='c013'><sup>[225]</sup></a> was brought into action at the left flank, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_621'>621</span>but after a few rounds had been fired, the gun jammed, and +was rendered useless, and Lieutenants Piggott and De Lisle +with several seamen were killed. Many of the rifles were also +rendered temporarily useless from the same cause, the jamming +of the cartridges. Colonel F. Burnaby, who had arrived a +few days before from Korti, called on the Heavies to meet +the Arab charge, and riding out to assist two or three skirmishers, +was surrounded and slain, and the enemy closed in +upon the square, throwing its left face into confusion. So +furious was their rush that many of them penetrated to the +middle of the square, where they killed the camels and slew +the wounded in their litters, but none of them returned, being +all slain to a man. Meanwhile the Guards and Mounted Infantry +poured such a heavy fire into the dense crowds of the Arabs, +that after a few minutes they began to waver and recoil, and +at length took to flight, under a fire of rifles and shell from +the guns; and followed by the Hussars and Mounted Infantry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The hard-fought battle was won, the square re-formed and +presently advanced, while the Hussars pushed on and took +possession of the wells at Abu Klea, at which place, the whole +force, with the wounded, arrived at the close of the day.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British loss was Colonel Burnaby, Major Carmichael, +5th. Lancers, and seven other officers killed; nine officers +wounded (Lord St. Vincent and another, mortally); sixty-five +non-commissioned officers and men killed; and eighty-five +wounded. The total Arab force was estimated at over twelve +thousand men, and of these more than two thousand were +killed and wounded. “Five or six hundred of the enemy lay +heaped in front of, and around our dead camels.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops present at Abu Klea, were detachments of 19th. +Hussars; Royal Artillery, with three seven-pounders; the +Guards, and Heavy Camel Corps; Mounted Infantry; 35th. +Regiment; a detachment of Royal Engineers; Naval Brigade +of fifty-two officers and men, under Lord C. Beresford; and +Departmental Corps.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At four p.m. on January 18th., the column pushed on for +the Nile, marching all night, and found at daybreak it was +still six miles from the river, with the enemy, in force, barring +the way. Sir H. Stewart halted near Abu Kru, and formed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_622'>622</span>a zareba under a continual fire, which caused many casualties. +The General himself fell, severely wounded, and the correspondents +of the <i>Standard</i> and <i>Morning Post</i> were killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sir Charles Stewart then took the command, and it was +decided that if the Arabs did not attack by two p.m., to march +out and cut a passage to the Nile. About three hundred men +with the guns were left in the zareba, under Lord C. Beresford +and Colonel Barrow; and the rest of the column, in square, +pushed on for the river, under a heavy rifle fire from the +scrub. The accurate fire of the British guns scattered the +masses of the enemy, and prevented many from joining in +the attacks; but a body of several thousands made a furious +rush on the square, about two miles from the zareba, and +were repulsed with fearful loss. The Arabs then retreated +to Metammeh, and the wearied troops reached the Nile at +about five in the evening.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British losses in the battle of Abu Kru, or Gubat, were +two officers and twenty-two men killed, and nine officers and +ninety-two men wounded, many severely. Next day the bulk +of the column returned to the zareba, the dead were buried, +the wounded removed, and at night the whole force was encamped +on the bank of the Nile.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the following morning, January 21st., a reconnaissance +in force was made towards Metammeh, the column being +joined by two hundred and fifty of Gordon’s men, with four +guns. These, with four steamers, had been waiting the arrival +of the relief force for some weeks on an island a little way +above Metammeh. The place was cannonaded with little +effect, and being considered too strong to be taken by assault, +the troops retired. On the 24th., Sir. C. Wilson started for +Khartoum with two of Gordon’s steamers, but on approaching +the town he was met by so heavy a fire from rifles and Krupp +guns, that he was compelled to return, with the knowledge +that the expedition had failed in its object, and that Khartoum +was in the possession of the Mahdi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Information was soon received that on the night of January +26th. the place had fallen through treachery, and the heroic +Gordon, with many of his followers, had perished. On his +return down the river the two steamers of Sir Charles were +wrecked by the treachery of the pilots, about thirty miles from +the British camp, and Sir C. Beresford was sent with another +steamer to rescue him and his party. In this service Beresford’s +steamer was for a time disabled by a shot from the enemy, +but after many dangers and difficulties, Sir C. Wilson and his +men were taken on board, and all reached Gubat in safety. +As the recovery of Khartoum was impracticable, General Sir +Redvers Buller was dispatched by Lord Wolseley to withdraw +the troops from Gubat to Korti. On February 14th. the +return commenced, and after a smart skirmish at Abu Klea, +the column reached Gakdul without further opposition. Here +many of the sick and wounded died, among them, on February +16th., the gallant Sir Herbert Stewart, to the unfeigned regret +of every officer and man. By March 9th. the whole of the +troops returned to Korti, and a few weeks after, the expedition +was broken up.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Khartoum had fallen after a noble defence of over ten +months, maintained by the pluck and endurance of a single +Englishman, who scorned to desert his post; and the efforts +and lives of his countrymen who bravely struggled in the +face of countless perils and difficulties to effect his deliverance, +were fruitlessly thrown away. As Gordon had written months +before, the expedition was “just too late.”</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_623'>623</span> + <h2 class='c006'>KIRBEKAN.<br> <span class='sc'>February 10th, 1885.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>While the fate of Khartoum was trembling in the balance, and +the battles of Abu Klea and Gubat were being fought, another +column was dispatched up the Nile, under Major-General Earle, +C.B., to punish the Monassir tribe for the treacherous murder +of Colonel Stewart and his companions in the preceding September. +As already stated, Stewart was sent by General +Gordon from Khartoum to Dongola, but his steamer was wrecked +near Berber, and most of the party massacred. General Earle +was also ordered afterwards to push on to Berber, and after +<span class='pageno' id='Page_624'>624</span>capturing it, to take part in any further operations at, or +beyond Khartoum. Leaving Korti, Earle concentrated his +troops—consisting of the 38th. and 42nd. Foot, a squadron of +19th. Hussars, and the Egyptian Camel Corps, with two guns—at +Handab. On January 24th. he began his advance, but the +difficulties of the river were many, and his progress slow, so +that he did not reach the vicinity of Kirbekan, near Dulka +Island, seventy miles from Merawi, till February 9th. The +enemy had fallen back as he advanced, but now, reinforced +by a body of Dervishes from Berber, were encamped on a rocky +range of hills near the Nile, and prepared for an obstinate +resistance. The front of their position was very strong, and +fortified in places with loopholed walls. At sunrise on the +morning of February 10th. the assault commenced. Leaving +two companies of the 38th., with his two guns in front, to +make a feigned attack, the General with the bulk of his troops +made a detour, and turning the left of the enemy’s position +attacked them in the rear. The Arabs, being taken by surprise, +but having the advantage of the ground, fought most desperately, +and contested the possession of every rock and boulder, till +the British by rushes gained fastness after fastness, and dislodged +the defenders at the point of the bayonet. A determined +band of the enemy made a frantic charge on the 42nd., +but were all killed or driven into the Nile, save some who +took possession of a stone built hut. General Earle, though +warned that the building was full of Arabs, attempted to +enter it, and was immediately shot dead by one of them. The +door of the hut being strongly barricaded, it was set on fire, +and all the enemy within were shot down or burned alive. +Another steep hill, on which the Soudanese made their last +stand, was stormed by the 38th., and in the meanwhile the +Hussars had captured their camp, three miles in the rear. +This ended the battle of Kirbekan, after a contest of five +hours.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The loss of the British, besides their General, was Colonel +Eyre, of the 38th.; Colonel Coveny, V.C., of the 42nd.; and +seven men killed; and about fifty of all ranks were wounded, +some severely. The loss of the enemy was heavy. Many +were drowned in the Nile, and, as Lord Wolseley wrote, +“Scarcely any can have escaped.” Their force was estimated +at above two thousand men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General H. Brackenbury assumed the command on the fall +of General Eyre, and pushed on towards Abu Hamed, in the +direction of Berber, but was recalled to Korti by Lord Wolseley, +acting on orders from England. Soon after, the force returned +to Cairo, with the exception of a detachment left on the +frontier of Egypt proper.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_625'>625</span> + <h2 class='c006'>SUAKIN.<br> <span class='c016'>1885.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The news of the fall of Khartoum and the death of General +Gordon caused a profound impression in England, and the +Government, influenced by public opinion, resolved on another +campaign for the recovery of the Soudan. Troops were dispatched +from England, Cairo, and India, to Suakin, to break +the power of Osman Digma; and it was determined, at an +enormous expense, to construct a line of railway in the face +of the enemy, from Suakin to Berber, a distance of two +hundred and eighty miles. From this place it was contemplated +to operate with Lord Wolseley, in his projected march +from Korti to Khartoum; which, owing to a change of purpose +of the Government, was never carried out. The force collected +at Suakin, consisting of a brigade of Guards and an Indian +contingent, was commanded by General Sir G. Graham. The +Engineers having selected some hills near the village and wells +of Hasheen, about fourteen miles distant, as the site of an +entrenched camp, after a reconnaissance, March 20th., General +Graham moved out of Suakin to occupy the place in force. +He advanced in a square formation, the 49th. and 70th. regiments +and Marines, in the front, on the right the Guards, on +the left the Indian Contingent, with the guns and camels in +the centre. The cavalry scouted in front and on the flanks.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The first ridge of hills were reached without opposition, +the outposts of the enemy falling back as the troops advanced, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_626'>626</span>and the sappers began to throw up redoubts on two of them. +The square pushed on through a pass, into a plain surrounded +by rugged bills, on one of which, on the left, the enemy were +seen to be posted in strength. Their sharpshooters opened +a hot fire from among the rocks and scrub; the Marines and +49th. were sent against them, and climbing some hills on the +right, after a smart contest dislodged the Soudanese, who in +their retreat were charged by the Indian Cavalry. But the +Arabs being reinforced, rallied, and closed in upon the Indians, +to whose movements the broken ground was altogether unfavourable, +and forced them to retire upon the Guards, formed +in square. Over two thousand of the enemy, in pursuit of +the cavalry, led by a youth on a white camel, rushed with +loud yells straight on the square, but were received by such a +withering fire, that not an Arab was able to reach the outer +line of levelled bayonets by several yards. The cavalry having +re-formed, again charged the now disordered enemy and +scattered them in all directions. Another body of Arabs +then came round on the right, with the most daring bravery, +but were received by such a hot fire from rifles and the +artillery that they were unable to concentrate for a charge, +and withdrew in confusion, followed by the British.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At half-past ten a.m. all the hills had been cleared of the +enemy, and about one o’clock the force was on the point of +being withdrawn, but the Soudanese made another furious +onset on the 17th. and 28th., but were driven back after a +hotter contest than any during the day, and pursued by the +5th. Lancers. The 70th. Regiment was left to hold the redoubts +in the hills, and the rest of the troops returned to +Suakin, after an engagement which lasted nearly seven hours. +In this affair Captain Dalison, Scots Guards, and twenty-two +non-commissioned officers and men were killed, and about +fifty officers and men wounded.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Four thousand was the estimated strength of the enemy, +and of these, three hundred were killed. After the battle, the +bulk of them retreated southwards in the direction of Tamaai.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Little more than a week afterwards the New South Wales +contingent, of about eight hundred officers and men, landed +at Suakin, and were welcomed with enthusiasm. The railway +<span class='pageno' id='Page_627'>627</span>was pushed on to Otao and Tambouk, about fifteen miles +on the road to Berber, but the enemy made almost nightly +attempts to destroy it, and, by orders from England, it was +presently abandoned.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Osman Digma being reported to be again occupying Tamaai +in force, on April 2nd., General Graham, with about eight +thousand men, including the Australian contingent, marched +from Suakin to meet him. After a fatiguing march of five +hours Tesilah was reached, where a zareba was constructed, +and on the following morning the troops advanced to Tamaai, +which they found to be unoccupied, and which they burnt. +During the advance some skirmishing took place, in which +two men were killed and fourteen men (including two Australians) +wounded; but on its return to Suakin the column +was not molested by the enemy. A strong body of Arabs +having taken up a position at Dhakdul, with the intention +of harassing the British outposts and destroying the railway, +two flying columns were despatched from Suakin and Otao +to disperse them. The columns, consisting of the Camel Corps, +Lancers, Hussars, and Mounted Infantry, left Suakin at midnight, +and, marching all night, reached Dhakdul at daybreak +on the morning of May 7th. The troops advancing upon the +place from two directions, the enemy were completely taken +by surprise, and after a running fight fled to the hills, +abandoning their flocks and herds, pursued by the cavalry. +The expedition was well planned and executed; about one +hundred and fifty Arabs were killed, and above two thousand +cattle, horses, camels, and sheep captured; the casualties of +the British being only two or three men wounded. Dhakdul +was destroyed, the wells there blown up with gun cotton, and +the force returned to Suakin. The heat now became almost +unbearable, and the troops suffered much from sickness.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On May 2nd. Lord Wolseley arrived at Suakin, and on the +7th. proceeded with his Staff to Otao and Handoub, and inspected +the troops. A few days afterwards he inspected and +thanked the Australian contingent, and on May 16th. he issued +his last general order to the “Soldiers, Seamen, and Marines +of the Army of the Soudan,” at Suakin. The place was then +evacuated by the British troops except the 53rd., a battery +of Artillery, and some Engineers, which, with the Indian +contingent of three regiments of Infantry and one of Cavalry, +held the place till May, 1886, when they were replaced by an +Egyptian garrison, under Watson Pasha (Major Watson, R.E.).</p> + +<p class='c008'>The troops engaged in the operations at and around Suakin, +were a battalion each of the Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots +Guards; Royal Artillery; 5th. Lancers; 19th. Hussars; Engineers; +49th., 53rd., and 70th. Foot; the New South Wales +contingent; the Indian contingent, comprising the 9th. Bengal +Lancers, three battalions of Native Infantry, and a company +of Sappers; Mounted Infantry; Royal Marines; and Naval +Brigade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_628'>628</span> + <h2 class='c006'>TOFREK.<br> <span class='sc'>March 22nd., 1885.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Two days after the engagement at Hasheen, Major-General +Sir John McNeill, V.C., an officer who had served in India, +New Zealand, and in the Ashantee Expedition, moved out of +Suakin at daybreak, with a squadron of the 5th. Lancers, the +49th. Regiment, a battalion of Marines, the three Infantry +Regiments of the Indian Contingent (under Brigadier-General +Hudson), a detachment of Engineers, and a Naval Brigade, +with four Gardner guns, in the direction of Tamaai. His +purpose was to construct some zarebas, about six miles out, +to be garrisoned by the 49th., while the other troops were +to return to Suakin. Though the enemy were seen to be in +force on the hills, and spies and prisoners had reported the +intention of Osman Digma to attack the British advanced +zarebas, no intimation of this seems to have reached General +McNeill.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Between ten and eleven o’clock in the morning the troops +commenced making their zarebas, a large one in the centre +for the camels, and two on the angles of this, each to contain +a battalion, and two Gardner guns manned by the Naval Brigade. +So little was an attack expected, that one zareba being completed, +with the guns mounted, and the others in progress +<span class='pageno' id='Page_629'>629</span>of formation, the camels and baggage animals which brought +the supplies, were beginning to slowly to move off on their +return to Suakin, and a portion of the troops were at breakfast. +The working parties were in the bush hacking at the tough +underwood, with a picket or two and a few cavalry scouts thrown +out, but none more than about thirty yards in advance, when +suddenly the outposts came rushing in, breaking through +the working parties, with the enemy at their heels uttering +the most frightful yells. “Stand to your arms” resounded +on all sides, but the men were scattered, many working at +a distance from the piles of arms, but all did their best to +get into proper position and to form in squares. Everything +was in favour of the enemy, before whose furious onset the +whole assemblage of transport animals plunged forward upon +the zareba. “There was a multitude of roaring camels heaped +one upon the other, with strings of screaming mules entangled +in one moving mass. Crowds of camp followers were carried +along by the huge animal wave—crying, shouting, fighting. +Mingled with this mass of brutes and terrified natives, which +swept all before it, were the Arab swordsmen, hewing and +slashing at men and animals with the ferocity of demons. +They hamstrung every animal they could reach and cut the +helpless camp followers to pieces, amidst a shower of bullets +from all sides, and there can be little doubt but that many +men and camels were killed by our own fire in the confused +<i>mêlée</i>.” The British force found itself suddenly engaged in a +most desperate hand to hand conflict with masses of a fanatical +and fearless enemy. The 17th. Native Infantry gave way +before the terrific rush of the Arabs, their commanding officer, +Major Von Beverhoudt, being killed in an attempt to rally +his men; and sixty of the enemy got inside the square +of the Marines, to be all shot or bayonetted. Half of the +49th. were in the zareba, and the remainder in a rallying +square outside. On the first rush of the enemy about one +hundred and twenty of them entered the zareba at the corner, +and were all killed after a desperate conflict. The Gardner +guns, under Lieutenant Paget, now came into action, and +checked the advance of the enemy by a rain of bullets, while +a steady fire from the zareba and the squares outside, mowed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_630'>630</span>down the charging masses of the Arabs like grass. The +Soudanese saw that their attack had failed, and sullenly withdrew, +vanishing into the bush from which they had so suddenly +burst forth.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In this brief but furious action the 49th. had Lieutenant +Swinton and twenty-five men killed; the Naval Brigade, Lieutenant +Seymour and six men; the Engineers, Captain Romily, +Lieutenant Newman, and thirteen men killed; the total casualties +(exclusive of the loss of the Indian contingent) being +five officers and ninety-four men killed; six officers and one +hundred and thirty-six men wounded; and one officer and +seventy men missing. The Indians had about one hundred +and twenty men killed and wounded, and the Departmental +Corps and camp followers suffered heavily. Upwards of eight +hundred camels and transport animals were also killed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When the clouds of smoke and dust had cleared away, the +ground in and around the zarebas was seen to be thickly +strewn with the bodies of the enemy, in every conceivable +attitude. It was computed that nearly one thousand five +hundred Arabs lay there, for the most part dead.<a id='r226'></a><a href='#f226' class='c013'><sup>[226]</sup></a> Outside +the zareba the dead and wounded camels and baggage animals +lay literally in heaps. The enemy still swarmed in the bush, +and were active all night in removing their slain and wounded, +and searching for their standards, of which three were captured<a id='r227'></a><a href='#f227' class='c013'><sup>[227]</sup></a> +during the fight.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The next morning General Graham arrived from Suakin, +with the Guards and Mounted Infantry, and a new zareba +was constructed away from the vicinity of the reeking battle-field. +The wounded were sent in the afternoon to Suakin, +escorted by the Grenadier Guards and Indians, and were +taken on board the hospital ship “Ganges.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The withdrawal of the Nile expedition commenced in May, +1885, and on the 25th., the advanced post of Merawi was +evacuated by the 42nd. Regiment. Garrisons of British +troops and Egyptians however held various places in Upper +Egypt, which presently were attacked by the Dervishes. In +December, three thousand of them attacked Mograkeh, occupied +by the 79th. and two hundred Egyptians, but were repulsed +with heavy loss. On the 30th. of the same month, General +Sir F. Stephenson, with a force of British and Egyptian troops, +consisting of about four thousand five hundred men, moved +out early in the morning and attacked the Arabs, about six +thousand strong, who were entrenched at Ginnis. With +General Stephenson, were Generals Grenfell, Butler, and Huyshe, +and Colonel Ardagh. The action commenced at six a.m., and +by nine o’clock the enemy were totally defeated and their +position captured, with four guns and twenty banners.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British loss was trifling. Lieutenant Soltau, of the +49th. Regiment, was killed; and one officer and twenty-one +men wounded; and of the Egyptians about twenty men were +killed and wounded. The loss of the Arabs was computed +to be about six hundred killed. In these operations the +19th., 38th., 49th., 79th., and 106th. Foot, were engaged.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_631'>631</span> + <h2 class='c006'>GEMAIZAH.<br> <span class='sc'>December 20th., 1888.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Arabs having again advanced in force on Suakin, +and preparing by the construction of trenches and redoubts +to invest the place, General Grenfell, commanding the British +and Egyptian troops there, resolved to attack them. The +men were under arms before dawn on December 20th., and +at half-past five the action commenced by H.M.S. “Racer” +opening fire on the trenches of the enemy. The garrison +batteries and forts also poured a heavy fire on the enemy’s +redoubts, which was hurriedly returned. General Grenfell and +his <i>aide</i>, Captain Maxwell, then rode to the front, and having +made a hasty inspection, ordered the troops to advance. The +first brigade, under Colonel Kitchener, of three regiments of +Soudanese, was on the right, and the second, under Colonel +Holled Smith, consisting of Soudanese and two Egyptian +regiments, were on the left. The cavalry, comprising the +20th. Hussars, and Egyptian Mounted Infantry, numbering +about three hundred men, with the 25th. and 41st. Regiments, +were held in reserve about five hundred yards in the rear. +The advance was made about seven o’clock, the British Infantry +opening fire to cover the Soudanese, who rushed on +the Arab entrenchments. They were received with a hot fire, +and the enemy brought a heavy gun to bear on them, but the +Soudanese dashed at the gun, and drove the Dervishes out +of their trenches. At the same time the redoubts in spite +of a determined resistance were carried, and the Arabs were +completely routed, and pursued by the Hussars. H.M.S. “Starling”<a id='r228'></a><a href='#f228' class='c013'><sup>[228]</sup></a> +and the Egyptian steamers then shelled the wells. At +half-past eight the fighting was over, and the enemy dispersed, +with the loss of about four hundred men, all their <i>matériel</i>, +and camp. The British casualties were four men of the 20th. +Hussars killed, and two officers and three men wounded. +The loss of the Egyptians was also trifling.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_632'>632</span> + <h2 class='c006'>TOSKI.<br> <span class='sc'>August 3rd., 1889.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>The Nile Expedition having been withdrawn, and the +Soudan, with the exception of Suakin, practically abandoned +by the British and Egyptians, the Dervishes resolved on an +invasion of Egypt proper. In June 1889, an army of them, +about fourteen thousand strong, crossed the frontier, and +steadily advanced northwards. Near Wady Halfa they were +met on the first of July, by an Egyptian force under Colonel +<span class='pageno' id='Page_633'>633</span>Wodehouse, R.A., and, after a smart action, defeated with +the loss of five hundred men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This failed to stop their progress, but Wodehouse’s column +harassed them by constant attacks during their advance of +fifty miles in the Egyptian territory.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the morning of August 3rd. they had pushed on to +within six miles of Toski, a place about three miles from the +Nile, occupied by Sir F. Grenfell, Sirdar, or Commander-in-Chief, +of the Egyptian army. The General sent out his +mounted troops, consisting of the 20th. Hussars, the Egyptian +Cavalry, and the Camel Corps, to skirmish with the enemy, +who rapidly advanced, their riflemen driving back the mounted +troops, who slowly withdrew in the direction of Toski, keeping +up an incessant fire. The enemy were drawn on step by step +till two guns came up at a gallop, and opened fire on them +with great effect, giving time for the infantry to arrive and +take a position on a ridge of hills lying almost due east and +west, completely checking the movement of the Dervishes +northwards. Thus out-manœuvred, they formed in order of +battle on several small hills, which they covered with waving +flags and thousands of spears glittering in the morning sun, +their riflemen being extended in an attempt to turn the Egyptian +right. A hot fire was kept up on both sides, but the enemy +finding themselves enfiladed on their left, charged down the +hill, and were literally mown down by the volleys poured into +them. The first brigade was then ordered to advance direct +on the hillocks held by the Arabs, and at the same time the +second brigade advanced on the extreme left, and took their +position in flank. The enemy for a time held their ground +with the utmost bravery, and though driven from post to post, +charged again and again in the most fearless manner. But +they were beaten from the hills in disorder to the plain below, +where they were repeatedly charged by the Hussars and the +Egyptian Cavalry.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Their chief, Wadj-el-Njumi, and every Emir of importance +but one was killed, and the Dervishes, completely overwhelmed, +fled in confusion, closely pursued by both infantry and cavalry +for some miles. The enemy’s force was entirely broken up, +upwards of fifteen hundred of them being killed, and nearly +three thousand spears and swords, one gun, one hundred and +fifty rifles, a large quantity of ammunition, and over three +thousand prisoners being taken.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The British loss was one private of the 20th. Hussars and +sixteen Egyptians killed; and one hundred and thirty men +wounded, including six British.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This action closes the long list of the generally useless, +and almost profitless fields of bloodshed and slaughter which +crimsoned the sands of Egypt and the Soudan.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_634'>634</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE NORTH WEST CANADA MEDAL.<br> <span class='c016'>1885.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This medal was given by the British Government to the +Canadian Militia, Volunteers, and Mounted Police, for the +suppression of the rebellion of Louis Riel in the North West +of Canada, March to May, 1885. The obverse of the medal +is the same as the medal for Egypt, and on the reverse are +the words “North West Canada, 1885,” within a wreath of +maple leaves. With the medal was given a clasp inscribed +“Saskatchewan,” to all those who had been under fire. The +medal without the clasp, was given to the troops called +out to suppress the revolt, but who were not present at any +of the engagements. It was issued without names. Ribbon, +dark blue, with two red stripes. No English troops +were engaged in the operations. The rebels were mostly +French half-breeds and Indians. The force which suppressed +them numbered about five thousand men, under the command +of Major-General Sir F. D. Middleton. Battleford was besieged +by the Indians, and relieved by a force under Colonel +Otter, who routed the rebels with a loss of 150 killed and +wounded. Riel entrenched himself at Batoche, where he was +attacked and defeated by General Middleton on May 11th., +and this action virtually ended the rebellion. Riel was +afterwards tried and executed.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_635'>635</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN GENERAL SERVICE MEDAL.<br> <span class='c016'>1891.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Since the pages of this work describing the actions for +which the Indian General Service Medal and Clasps have +been given, were written, three additional clasps have been +granted, inscribed “Hazara, 1891,” “N. E. Frontier, 1891” and +“Hunza, 1891”—making a total of fifteen clasps issued to +the present time (1892). Officers and men who already possessed +the medal received the new clasps only; and a bronze +medal and clasp of similar pattern was given to all authorised +Government followers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The force operating against the Hazara tribes, under +Major-General Ellis, advanced from Derband, on March 12th., +and defeated the tribesmen at Dilari on March 23rd. All +active operations ceased by May 16th., and before the end +of the month the tribes surrendered unconditionally, and +their chiefs accepted the terms imposed on them by General +Ellis. The 78th. Highlanders, and 23rd. Welsh Fusiliers, were +the British regiments engaged in this affair.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The clasp inscribed “N. E. Frontier,” was given to the +native troops employed in the Manipur Expedition, between +the dates of their advance from Tamu, March 28th.; Silchar, +April 15th; and Kohimar, April 20th.; to May 7th., 1891; +when the operations were ended, by the submission of the +Rajah, and the punishment of the officials who had incited +the attack on the British Resident.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The clasp for “Hunza, 1891,” was granted to all troops +employed in the Hunza-Nagar Expedition, between the 1st. +and 22nd. of December, 1891, both dates inclusive.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Hunzas are a nation of robbers and slave dealers, +inhabiting an almost inaccessible country. The expedition +against them was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel A. G. +Durand, who, after some sharp fighting, stormed the strongly +fortified fort of Nilt, on the Hunza river, December 2nd. +In this service he was severely wounded. Only Indian +troops were engaged in these operations.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_636'>636</span> + <h2 class='c006'>MEDAL FOR LONG SERVICE AND GOOD CONDUCT.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>This Medal was first instituted by King William IV., on +July 30th., 1830, for non-commissioned officers and men who +had been discharged in receipt of gratuities, under the provisions +of the Royal Warrant of November 14th., 1829. The +men recommended must have served twenty-one years in the +Infantry, Artillery, or Engineers, or twenty-four years in the +Cavalry, with irreproachable characters. A gratuity not exceeding +£5 for a European soldier, or £3 for a black soldier, +is given to each recipient. On the obverse of the medal is +a military trophy, with a shield bearing the royal arms, with +a smaller shield in the centre bearing the arms of Hanover. +The reverse has the inscription “For long service and good +conduct.” Ribbon: crimson, suspended by a steel loop. The +name and regiment of the recipient, with the date, were indented +on the edge of the medal. After the accession of +Queen Victoria the arms of Hanover were omitted on the +medal, and some years subsequently, but before the Crimean +War, the steel suspender was replaced by a silver clasp, similar +to other medals.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By a Royal Warrant of January 16th., 1860, the medal, +<i>without gratuities</i>, was in future to be given to such soldiers +as might fulfil the conditions previously required, but who +were precluded from becoming recipients of the medal with +a gratuity, in consequence of the aggregate amount to be +annually awarded having been already appropriated. No +soldier is entitled to the medal unless he has specially distinguished +himself, or has, at least, three good conduct badges. +A record of the recipients of these medals is kept in the +office of the Secretary of State for War.</p> + +<div id='i637fp' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_637fp.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Meritorious Service Medal.<br> <br> The Cape Medal.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_637'>637</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE MEDAL FOR MERITORIOUS SERVICE.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>By a Royal Warrant, dated December 19th., 1845, it was +ordered that a sum, not exceeding £2000 per year, should be +distributed in annuities, as rewards for distinguished or meritorious +service, to Sergeants recommended by the Commander-in-Chief, +either while serving, or after discharge, with, or +without pension, in sums not exceeding £20 in each case.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By a Warrant of June 4th., 1853, the sum to be distributed +was increased to £4000 per annum; and by another Warrant +dated December 4th., 1854, it was ordered that one sergeant +of each regiment of Cavalry and Infantry, and one from each +battalion of Foot Guards and Rifle Brigade, should be selected +for the annuity, as a reward for their services in the Crimea. +The obverse of the medal bears the Queen’s head, crowned, +with the legend “Victoria Regina” and date of issue. The +reverse has the inscription “For Meritorious Service,” surrounded +by laurel, with a crown above. Ribbon: crimson. +The name and regiment of the recipient are engraved on the +edge of the medals. The annuity and medal are also given +to Sergeants of the Marines, and worn with a blue ribbon. +If an annuitant is promoted to a commission the medal may +be retained, but the annuity must be relinquished.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A sergeant on becoming an annuitant, is required to relinquish +the gratuity of which he may be in possession, making +a declaration in writing that he does so voluntarily. The +medal inscribed for “Meritorious Service” cannot be held +together with that for “Good Conduct and Long Service;” +but the latter must be surrendered on receipt of the former. +Neither can two medals for “Distinguished Conduct” be +held by the same individual, but a sergeant, on becoming an +annuitant, must relinquish one of them. An annuitant may, +however, hold the “Meritorious Service” medal, or that for +“Good Conduct and Long Service,” together with the medal +for “Distinguished Conduct in the Field.”<a id='r229'></a><a href='#f229' class='c013'><sup>[229]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_638'>638</span> + <h2 class='c006'>EAST INDIA COMPANY’S MEDALS.<br> <span class='c016'>1848.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>By a General Order of the Right Honourable the Governor-General +of India, dated “Fort William, May 20th., 1848,” +medals for Long Service and Good Conduct, and for Meritorious +Service, were granted to the troops of the East India Company. +On the obverse of the medal is a shield bearing the Arms of +the East India Company, surrounded by military trophies; and +on the reverse, the words “For Long Service and Good Conduct” +in a circle, within which is engraved the name, rank, and +regiment of the recipient. Ribbon, red. The medal for +Meritorious Service was given to non-commissioned officers, +with an annuity not exceeding £20 in any case. On the +obverse is the head of the Queen, with the words “Victoria +Regina,” and the date “1848.” On the reverse are the Arms +of the East India Company, surrounded by the words “For +Meritorious Service.” The name and regiment of the recipient +are engraved on the edge of the medal. Ribbon, red. A medal +for Long Service and Good Conduct was struck with the intention +of giving it to the men of the Company’s Navy, but it was +never distributed. A few were issued by mistake to the Army. +On the obverse is the head of the Queen, and on the reverse +the words “For Long Service and Good Conduct,” with +a crown and anchor, surrounded by oak leaves. Ribbon, red.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_639'>639</span> + <h2 class='c006'>THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Was instituted by Royal Warrant, dated September 6th., +1886. It is given to officers of the Navy, Land Forces, +Marines, and Indian and Colonial Naval and Military Forces, +who have been specially mentioned in despatches for meritorious +or distinguished services in the field before the enemy. +This Order ranks next after the Order of the Indian Empire. +The badge consists of a gold cross, enamelled white, edged +with gold. On the obverse in the centre, within a wreath +of laurel, enamelled green, is the Imperial crown in gold, +upon a red ground. On the reverse, within a similar wreath, +and on a similar red ground is the Imperial and Royal cypher—V.R.I. +It is worn on the left breast, with a red ribbon, +edged with blue.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c006'>THE INDIAN ORDER OF MERIT.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>A similar decoration to the Victoria Cross, called the +Order of Merit, is given to native officers and men of the +Indian Army, for personal bravery only. It is an eight-pointed +star, having, on a blue enamelled ground, two crossed +swords, surmounted by the words “Reward of Valour,” within +a gilt laurel wreath. It is divided into three classes: the +first, or senior star is gold; the second silver; and the third +also silver, without the gilding. Ribbon: dark blue, with +red edges. The third class is to be obtained by any conspicuous +act of gallantry on the part of any native officer +or soldier in the field, or in the attack or defence of fortified +places. The second class is to be obtained by those only +who already possess the third, and for similar services. The first +class is to be obtained in like manner, only by those who +already possess the third and second classes. Every member +of the Order of Merit is entitled to additional pay, and on +his death his widow receives this allowance for three years.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_640'>640</span> + <h2 class='c006'>MISCELLANEOUS MILITARY MEDALS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>A medal was struck by the Scottish Darien Company in +1700, to reward the services of Colonel Alexander Campbell, +of Finab, and his surviving companions, for their services +against the Spaniards in that unfortunate settlement. Campbell +was an old soldier who had served in Flanders under +William III. On learning the distressed state of the new +settlers, Campbell was sent to Darien to take the command +there. With two hundred men and forty Indians, he attacked +and totally routed a body of one thousand six hundred Spaniards, +at a place called Toubocanti. In spite of this success the +colonists were compelled to surrender to the enemy, and +Campbell, with a few others, were all that ever returned to +Scotland. The Darien Council ordered a gold medal of the +value of £16 to be struck for Campbell, and silver ones of +the value of ten shillings for his companions. The medal was +designed by M. Smeltzing. On the obverse, is Campbell with +sword and shield, advancing to storm a fort in the distance, +on a scroll above are the words “Quid non pro patria,” and +in the exergue, “Toubocanti—Ubi 1600, Hispan. fudit, Dux +Alexander Campbell, MDCC., 8 Feb., M.S.” Reverse, a shield +with the arms of the Scottish African Company, above—on +the scroll the words “Qua panditur orbis,” below, “Vis unita +fortior.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Caribs, or natives of the Island of St. Vincent, West +Indies, instigated by the French settlers, rebelled against the +English in 1772, but, after a severe struggle, were reduced +to submission by Major-General Dalrymple, Commander-in-Chief +in the West Indies, in February, 1773. The troops engaged +in this campaign were the 14th., 31st., and 70th. Foot, and +a strong force of local Militia and Volunteers. After the +rebellion was suppressed, the Legislative Assembly voted that +silver medals should be given to the local troops as a reward. +The medal is of large size, having on the obverse the bust +of George III. in a cuirass, with the legend “Georgius III. +M.B. Rex.” and on the reverse, Britannia standing, with her +right hand on her shield, and offering with her left an olive +<span class='pageno' id='Page_641'>641</span>branch to a Carib, who has laid his gun and bow and arrows +at her feet. Above are the words “Peace and prosperity to +St. Vincents,” and in the exergue the date 1773. Worn with +a red ribbon. For a subsequent war in the same island, in +1795, with the French and Caribs, a bronze medal was given +to the native troops who took part in it. This has on the +obverse a figure of Victory, with the legend “St. Vincent’s +Black Corps,” and on the reverse a negro soldier with a +musket.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the American War of Independence, large and +handsome medals in silver were struck and presented to the +chiefs of the North American Indians, as rewards for their +loyalty and good service to King George III. They were of +various sizes, and with some were given silver chains for suspension. +One of the largest bears on the obverse a laureated +bust of George III., in a cuirass, with the legend “Georgius +III., D. G. M. Bri. Fra. et Hib. Rex. F. D.” Reverse, an Indian +and European sitting under a tree, with their hands clasped, +and the Indian offering his pipe to his companion as a token +of friendship. In the background are wigwams, and above, +the words “Happy while united.” The loop for suspension +is formed of the wing of an eagle and the calumet of peace, +placed crosswise. Another specimen has on the obverse the +bust of the King, and on the reverse the arms of Great +Britain<a id='r230'></a><a href='#f230' class='c013'><sup>[230]</sup></a>; and another, of large size, with an obverse almost +similar, bears on the reverse the British lion—reclining, watching +a snarling wolf (America); in the background, is a church +with trees.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To commemorate the long and successful defence of Gibraltar, +1779–1783, against the combined forces of France and Spain, +a large medal was struck in silver. On the obverse is a bird’s-eye +view of Gibraltar, with the words “Battering ships destroyed” +in a scroll above, and in the exergue, “September 13th., 1782.” +<span class='pageno' id='Page_642'>642</span>On the reverse is inscribed “By a zealous exertion of patience, +perseverance, and intrepidity, after contending with unparalleled +succession of dangers and difficulties in the defence of Gibraltar +during a blockade and siege of almost four years; the Garrison, +under the auspices of George III., triumphed over the combined +powers of France and Spain”; surrounded by a wreath +springing from a pedestal, on which reclines the British lion, +holding a shield charged with a castle and key, and below +which, in the exergue, is the inscription “Blockade commenced +June 21st, 1779; siege terminated Feby. 11th., 1783.” This +medal was not worn as a decoration, but another of smaller +size was struck in silver by General Elliott, and given to the +officers and men of the Hanoverian Brigade who took part +in the defence. The English troops did not receive this medal, +but specimens in gold were struck for George III. and the +Royal Family. Obverse, a view of Gibraltar, besieged, with +the Spanish fleet in the fore ground; above are the words +“<span lang="la">Per tot discrimina rerum</span>,” and in the exergue “13th. September, +1782.” On the reverse, within a laurel wreath, are +the names of the principal officers “Reden, Lamotte, Sydow, +Eliott,” surrounded by the German motto “Bruderschaft.” +This medal was designed by L. Pingo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In 1794 a gold medal was given by Pope Pius VI. to twelve +officers of the 12th. Light Dragoons (now 12th. Lancers) as +a mark of his approbation of their conduct while stationed +at Civita Vecchia. On the obverse is a bust of the Pope, +with the legend “Pius Sextus Pont Max. A. XVII.” Reverse, +a figure of Ceres, seated, with a cornucopia in her right hand, +her left arm extended, and a wreath on her head; above +are the words “Aero Pomptin Colonis Rest,” and in the +exergue, the date “1791.” Two or three Naval officers also +received this medal, which was originally struck to commemorate +the restoration of the harbour of Civita Vecchia +by the Pope, and not specially as a reward to the British +officers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A large and handsome gold medal and chain was presented +by the Emperor of Germany, Francis II., on May 1st., 1798, +to eight officers of the 15th. Light Dragoons, for the gallant +conduct of the regiment at the action of Villiers-en-Couché, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_643'>643</span>near Cambray, April 24th., 1894; by which the Emperor +was preserved from being taken prisoner by the French. +There were but two squadrons of the 15th. engaged, but +they, with a small body of German Cavalry, attacked and +routed several thousands of the enemy, and captured three +guns. The medal weighs 4 ozs. 7 dwts., with a gold chain +of the same weight. On the obverse is a laureated head of +the Emperor, with the words “Imp. Caes. Franciscus. II., +P. F. Aug.”; beneath the head is the name of the engraver, +J. N. Wirt, F. On the reverse “Forti Britanno in Exercitu. +Foed. ad Cameracum, XXIV. Apr., MDCCXCIV.,” with laurel +branches beneath.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The officers who received the medal were, Major William +Aylett; Captains Edward Pocklington, and Edward M. Ryan; +Lieutenants Thomas G. Calcraft, Wm. G. Keir, and Thomas +B. Blount; Cornets Edward G. Butler, and Robert Wilson.<a id='r231'></a><a href='#f231' class='c013'><sup>[231]</sup></a> +Only nine medals were struck in gold, and one of these was +deposited in the Imperial cabinet at Vienna.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In 1835 a body of English Volunteers, called the Anglo-Spanish +Legion, commanded by General Sir de Lacy Evans, +was raised by permission of the Government, for service in +Spain, on the side of the Queen, Doña Isabella, against Don +Carlos. A Naval force of seamen and Marines, under Lord +John Hay, also took part in the operations on the north +coast of Spain. A medal was given by the Spanish Government +to the officers and men of the British Volunteers present +at the action near San Sebastian, May 5th., 1836. The medal +was made of white metal, or pewter; but the officers, on +their return to England, in 1837, had a similar medal struck +in silver for themselves, by Messrs. Loewenstark, of London. +On the obverse is a lion, statant, surrounded by the collar +of the Golden Fleece. Reverse, a Maltese cross, with crowns +in the angles; in the centre within a wreath, the words “San +<span class='pageno' id='Page_644'>644</span>Sebastian, 5 de Mayo, 1836.” It was worn with a dark purple +ribbon with two yellow stripes.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About twenty officers and men of the Royal Artillery were +given a small gold cross for their services at Bilbao in 1836, +and a detachment of Royal Artillery and Marines received +the Order of Maria Isabella Luisa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The East India Company, in 1837, gave a medal to the +chiefs of the loyal Coorgs, who had suppressed an insurrection +in the Canara country. The two principal Dewans each received +a gold medal and chain, valued at 400 rupees; twelve +Subadars, medals valued at 200 rupees each; twenty medals, +without chains; and ten, valued at 50 rupees each, were given +to leaders who had distinguished themselves; and two hundred +silver medals, without chains, of the value of 10 rupees each, +were bestowed on the inferior leaders and distinguished Ryots. +On the obverse is a Coorg warrior in a fighting attitude, +surrounded by an inscription in Canarese, “For a Memorial +of Fidelity to the Government of the East India Company, +in suppressing disturbances during the months of April and +May, 1837.” Reverse, a trophy of Coorg arms, suspended in +a laurel wreath, surrounded by the words “For distinguished +loyalty to the British Government, Coorg, April, 1837.” The +medals were struck at the Calcutta Mint, and are two inches +each in diameter, but of varying thickness.</p> + +<p class='c008'>General Sir H. G. Smith, commanding the troops in South +Africa, in 1851, to express his approbation of the conduct +of a detachment of Cape Mounted Rifles and colonial levies, +presented each man with a silver medal. On the obverse +is a lion, statant; above, a wreath of laurel; and below, in +the exergue, the date “1851.” On the reverse, in raised letters, +“Presented by His Excellency Sir H. G. Smith, G.C.B., +to —— for gallantry in the field.” Ribbon: dark blue, +with red edges. Only about thirty of this medal were issued.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By an Army Circular in 1869, a medal was instituted to be +given annually, with a gratuity of £20, to the best shot in +the Army. It was at first struck in bronze, but afterwards +in silver. Only sixteen of these medals were issued, the last +being given in 1883, when the system was altered. In the +years 1875 and 1876 two medals were given, one to the best +shot with the Martini-Henry, and the other to the best shot +with the Snider rifle. Private G. Bryant, of the 62nd. Foot, +won the medal and gratuity two years in succession, in 1870 +and 1871. The obverse is the same as the Ashantee medal. +The reverse, which was designed by E. J. Poynter, R.A., +bears a figure of Victory rising from a throne on a pedestal, +in the act of crowning an ancient warrior with a wreath of +laurel; in his right hand is a bow, and in his left a shield +transfixed with three arrows. The medal is worn on the +right breast, with a red ribbon edged with black and white +stripes.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_645'>645</span> + <h2 class='c006'>REGIMENTAL MEDALS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Towards the end of the last century the officers of a few +regiments instituted Orders of Merit, and gave medals to +their men as rewards for particular acts of gallantry, distinguished +service in the field, long service, good conduct, etc. +These medals were not issued by the Government, but were +presented by the officers of the different regiments at their +own expense. They were generally discontinued on the institution +of the medal for long service and good conduct by +William IV. in 1830.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Subjoined is a List of the principal Regimental Medals +known. It is not exhaustive, and exigences of space compel +the omission of detailed descriptions of each medal. Of some +of them, especially those struck in gold, and given as a +reward for a special act of bravery, but a single specimen +was ever issued, and of many of those in silver but one or +two specimens are known. When bestowed as a reward for +gallant conduct, the names of the battles in which the recipient +had been engaged were usually engraved on the medal. +They were generally in silver, but were sometimes struck in +bronze and white metal.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One of the first regiments to introduce a system of honourable +distinction in its ranks was the 5th. Fusiliers. The +medals were of three classes—worn, suspended by a green +<span class='pageno' id='Page_646'>646</span>ribbon, from a button-hole of the left lapel. The first, or +lowest class, which was given to such men as had served +irreproachably for seven years, was made of bronze, having +on the obverse the badge of the regiment, St. George and +the Dragon, with the motto “Quo fata vocant”; and on the +reverse, within a laurel wreath, “Vth. Foot, Merit, March +10th., 1767.” The second class was silver, having on the +reverse the words “Reward of fourteen years’ Military Merit.” +The third was similar to the second, but was inscribed with +the name of the individual whose conduct had earned it,—“A. B., +for twenty-one years’ good and faithful service as +a soldier, has received from his commanding officers this +honourable testimony of his merit.” These medals were bestowed +only upon soldiers who, for the respective periods +of seven, fourteen, or twenty-one years, had never incurred +the censure of a court-martial. They were given by the commanding +officer at the head of the assembled battalion; and +if, which rarely happened, the owner of a medal subsequently +forfeited his pretensions to enrolment among the men of merit, +his medal was cut from his breast by the drum-major as +publicly as he had been invested with it. Those who obtained +the third, or twenty-one years’ medal, had also an +oval badge of the colour of their facings on the right breast, +embroidered round with gold and silver wreaths, and inscribed +in the centre with the word “Merit” in gold letters.<a id='r232'></a><a href='#f232' class='c013'><sup>[232]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The 5th. Fusiliers being one of the earliest, if not the first +<span class='pageno' id='Page_647'>647</span>regiment to reward meritorious soldiers with medals, has been +placed first in the list, as a typical example how regimental +decorations were commonly won and conferred.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Royal Artillery.</span>—In 1813 a troop of the Royal Horse Artillery was +armed with rockets, and served in the battle of Vittoria, and afterwards +at Leipsic, in the German Allied Army, against the French. A +silver medal was given to the men of the rocket troop, who were present +at these battles, inscribed “Vittoria and Leipsic,” but by whom +is not known.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninth Lancers.</span>—1837. Silver. Two sizes. Ribbon, red with blue +edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tenth Hussars.</span>—1843–46. Silver. Ribbon, dark blue.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twelfth Lancers.</span>—Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fourteenth Hussars.</span>—1812. Silver. Ribbon, red.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sixteenth Lancers.</span>—1813. A large Maltese cross. Silver. Given +by Lieutenant-General Sir J. Vandeleur.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventeenth Lancers.</span>—A small engraved gold medal, presented by +the non-commissioned officers and privates of Captain Willett’s troop +to Troop Sergeant-Major Farley.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twenty-Second Light Dragoons.</span>—“Reward of Merit.” 1815. +Silver. Ribbon, yellow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>First Foot.</span>—1847. Silver. Ribbon, red.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Second Foot.</span>—A Maltese cross, in bronze for six years’ service; in +silver for ten years. Ribbon, dark blue.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Third Buffs.</span>—Gold medal given to Lieutenant Latham. (See page +<a href='#Page_129'>129</a>).</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventh Foot.</span>—1788. Silver and bronze. Ribbon, dark blue.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninth Foot.</span>—Silver. Ribbon, yellow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tenth Foot.</span>—“For Expertness in Ball-firing.” Bronze. Ribbon, +yellow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirteenth Foot.</span>—Medal of Merit. Gold for twenty years’ good +conduct; silver for fourteen, ten, and seven year. Also a silver badge +of a bugle and sphinx. Ribbon, yellow with red edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sixteenth Foot.</span>—1838. A Temperance Medal. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventeenth Foot.</span>—1816. Reward of Merit. Silver. Ribbon, blue.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_648'>648</span><span class='sc'>Twentieth Foot.</span>—1838. Gold and silver, with an ornamental clasp. +Ribbon, yellow. The silver medal was a reward for good shooting.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twenty-Second Foot.</span>—Order of Merit. 1785. Silver gift for twenty-one +years’ good conduct; silver for fourteen years; and bronze for +seven. Ribbon, blue or yellow.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twenty-Third Foot.</span>—1816. Silver. Engraved. Ribbon, red, blue +edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Twenty-Sixth Foot.</span>—1823. Silver and bronze. Ribbon, red with +yellow edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirty-First Foot.</span>—In 1804 a gold medal was presented to Private +W. Pentency and his two companions, for their bravery in extinguishing +a fire in the powder magazine at St. Heliers, Jersey.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirty-Fourth Foot.</span>—1836–43. Silver, of large size, with a bar.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirty-Seventh Foot.</span>—1843. Gold and silver for the best marksmen. +Also a large oval badge. Silver. Ribbon, red, with blue +edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Thirty-Eighth Foot.</span>—Silver and bronze.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fortieth Foot.</span>—Silver. Struck to commemorate the gallant defence +of German Town, a village six miles from Philadelphia, and +repulse of the Americans, by this regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Musgrave. October 4th., 1777. Suspended by a narrow dark blue +string.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_b_648.jpg' alt='A line drawing showing the obverse and reverse of a circular military medal. The left side features a laurel wreath with text '40 Regt GERMAN TOWN OCT 4 1777'. The right side depicts a battle scene at a large house with 'Reward of Merit' inscribed above.' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Second Foot.</span>—1819. Silver. Three varieties.<a id='r233'></a><a href='#f233' class='c013'><sup>[233]</sup></a> Ribbon, red, +with blue edges; also a circular badge in the form of a garter, given to +the best marksman.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Third Foot.</span>—Medal “Presented by the officers of the +regiment to Private Henry Wharton,”—who served seven campaigns +in Spain and France.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Fourth Foot.</span>—1812. Silver. A Forlorn Hope medal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_649'>649</span><span class='sc'>Forty-Fifth Foot.</span>—A gold oval medal, presented by the inhabitants +of Wexford, 1793, to Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver Nicolls.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Sixth Foot.</span>—Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Eighth Foot.</span>—1819. Silver. Engraved. Ribbon, red with +blue edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Forty-Ninth Foot.</span>—1837. Silver. A temperance medal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Second Foot.</span>—1812–13. Silver. A Forlorn Hope medal, +given to volunteers in the assault on Badajoz and San Sebastian. Ribbon, +red, with blue edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Third Foot.</span>—1812. A silver plate, with an engraved clasp. +Ribbon, blue and red. This decoration was given to fifteen sergeants +for distinguished conduct in the Peninsula.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Fifth Foot.</span>—A small Maltese cross. Silver. Given to +marksmen.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Sixth Foot.</span>—Silver. A temperance medal, with a bar.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Seventh Foot.</span>—1798. A social medal for officers.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fifty-Eight Foot.</span>—“Gibraltar, 1782.” A gilt medal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sixty-Second Foot.</span>—Silver. A good conduct medal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventieth Foot.</span>—Silver. Given to marksmen.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-First Foot.</span>—Silver. Given for long service. Four varieties. +Also, a silver star—a prize for marksmen. Ribbon, red with blue +edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Third Foot.</span><a id='r234'></a><a href='#f234' class='c013'><sup>[234]</sup></a>—Silver. “Prize for the best marksman.”</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Fourth Foot.</span>—1814. Silver. Given in three classes. +First, to men who had been in eight or nine general actions. Second, +to those present in six or more. Third, to those who had been in four +or upwards. The different classes vary slightly in size, and the names +of the battles are engraved on the medal. Specimens were also issued +in bronze. Ribbon, yellow. Permission was granted by the Commander-in-Chief +to wear this medal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Sixth Foot.</span>—1837. Silver. Prize for best shot.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Seventh Foot.</span>—1818. Silver. For services in the Peninsula. +Ribbon, red, with blue edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Seventy-Ninth Foot.</span>—1819. Silver, for fourteen years’, and bronze +for seven years’ good conduct. Ribbon, dark green.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Eighty-Eighth Foot.</span>—1818. Silver. In three classes. First class, +a large Maltese cross, given to men present in twelve general actions; +the names of the battles being inscribed on the arms of the cross. +Second class, a medal bestowed on men present in six to eleven general +actions. Third class, a similar medal, but smaller, given to men present +in six, or less number of actions. All the medals had a bar for +suspension. Ribbon, red, with blue edges. Seventy first class crosses, +one hundred and forty-five second class, and two hundred and seventeen +third class medals, were issued.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninety-Fourth Foot.</span>—Silver; with a clasp inscribed “Peninsula,” +Ribbon, red, with blue edges.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninety-Fifth Foot</span> (Rifle Brigade).—1807–13. Silver medals were +given to eleven sergeants for their gallant conduct at the storming of +Monte Video, 1807. A Forlorn Hope medal for San Sebastian, 1813. +Also, a Maltese cross (silver), a prize for marksmen.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninety-Sixth Foot.</span>—A silver star. Prize for the best marksman.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Ninety-Seventh Foot</span> (Queen’s German Regiment).—1801. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>One Hundred and First Foot</span> (First Bengal Europeans).—1837. +Silver. Good conduct medal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>One Hundred and Fifth Foot.</span>—1780. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Second West India Regiment.</span>—1846. Bronze, silver-gilt.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_650'>650</span> + <h2 class='c006'>MEDALS OF THE MILITIA, YEOMANRY, AND VOLUNTEERS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>About the end of the last century, and the beginning of +the present, England was in constant danger of invasion, and +regiments of volunteers started into existence all over the +country. The inhabitants of every town and village turned +out to defend their homes and property, and in the years +1803–4, the number of the Volunteers in Great Britain amounted +to nearly three hundred and eighty thousand men. Most of +them were disbanded after the battle of Waterloo, in 1815. +Medals and prizes were freely given by the officers of each +regiment, as rewards for merit and good shooting, and there +was scarcely a single corps that did not decorate some of +its members. The shapes and designs of these medals were +various, and the dates of their issue are generally from about +1790 to 1814.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_651'>651</span>Appended is an alphabetical list of corps that issued medals, +but with no pretensions to completeness.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Acrotormentarian Society of Riflemen.</span>—1816. Brass.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Artillery Company, London.</span>—1803. Silver. Oval shape.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bank of England Volunteers.</span>—1805. Gold.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bantry Garrison.</span>—1797.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Barrack Light Company.</span>—Dublin, 1803. Silver. Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bethnal Green Volunteers.</span>—1803. Silver, by P. Wyon.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Birmingham Light Horse.</span>—1798. Bronze and white metal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Birmingham Volunteers.</span>—1802. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Breadalbane Highlanders.</span>—1798. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bristol Volunteers.</span>—1814. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Bucks Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1821. Silver. Given to the men who +formed the royal escort at the coronation of George IV.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Camberwell Volunteers.</span>—1805.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Carmarthen Militia.</span>—1798. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Carmarthen Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1827. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cork True Blues.</span>—1745. (A hundred gentlemen, equipped at their +own expense.)</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Cork (Royal) Volunteers.</span>—1776. Silver. Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Drumkeen Infantry.</span>—1797. Silver-gilt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Duke of Cumberland’s Sharpshooters.</span>—1803. “The first Volunteer +Rifle Corps in Great Britain” (now the Victoria Rifles). Silver +and bronze; given by Colonel Beaumont.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_b_651.jpg' alt='A circular line drawing of a commemorative medal featuring the profile of a man with curly hair and sideburns, with the name BARBER BEAUMONT inscribed around the edges.' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Edinburgh Royal Volunteers.</span>—1803. Silver. Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Essex Light Dragoons.</span>—1820. Bronze.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Fermoy Cavalry.</span>—1798. Silver-gilt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Godley Volunteer Cavalry.</span>—1804. Silver. Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Irvine Volunteers.</span>—1820. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>John of Gaunt’s Bowmen.</span>—1795. Silver. Large oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Liberty Rangers.</span>—Dublin, 1797. Silver-gilt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Limerick Militia.</span>—1798. Silver. (The Colooncy medal, given to +the Militia for defeating the French, near Sligo.)</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_652'>652</span><span class='sc'>Liverpool Volunteers.</span>—1806. Silver-gilt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>London (Loyal) Volunteers.</span>—1st., 1803. Silver. 5th., 1805. Gold. +6th., 1805. Silver. 7th., 1804. Silver. Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Louth Volunteers.</span>—1755. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Manchester Rifle Regiment.</span>—1804. Gold.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Manchester and Salford Volunteers.</span>—Light Horse, 1802. Gold, +white metal, and bronze.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Manchester and Salford Volunteers.</span>—Grenadier Company, 2nd. +Battalion. Gold, silver, and bronze.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mid-Lothian (Royal Loyal) Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1808. Silver. +Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Mid-Lothian 3rd., the Westerns.</span>—1803. Silver and bronze.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Montgomeryshire Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1820. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Newcastle Volunteers.</span>—1801. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Nithsdale Volunteers.</span>—1805. Silver. Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Norfolk (Loyal) Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1796. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Norfolk (East) Militia.</span>—1804. An oval badge. Gilt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>North Somerset Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1814. Gold and silver. Also, +a silver-gilt cross, given in 1800.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Nottinghamshire Riflemen.</span>—1810. White metal.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Penrhyn Volunteers.</span>—1794. Bronze.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Prince of Wales’s Loyal Volunteers.</span>—1804. Large. Silver-gilt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rathdown Cavalry.</span>—1796. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Renfrewshire Yeomanry.</span>—1804. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rutland Yeomanry.</span>—1819. Silver. Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Rutland Legion Riflemen.</span>—1796. Silver, suspended from a clasp, +inscribed “Good conduct.”</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sadborow Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1823. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sherwood Rangers (Yeomanry).</span>—1821. Bronze.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>South Devon Militia.</span>—1799. Silver. Given by the citizens of +Waterford.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>South Circular Road Infantry.</span>—1808. (Dublin). Silver. Large oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Stirlingshire Volunteers</span> (East Battalion).—1804. Silver. Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Suffolk Loyal Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1795. Silver and bronze.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Surrey Volunteers (1st).</span>—1808. Silver-gilt. Large oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sutherland Volunteers.</span>—1802. Silver-gilt. Large oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Sutton’s (Captain) Rifle Company.</span>—1806. Silver. Large size.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tyrone Militia (Royal).</span>—1797. Silver and bronze.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Tyrone Volunteers (Royal).</span> Silver. Oval.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Westminster Loyal Volunteers.</span>—1803. Silver-gilt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>West and East Ham Loyal United Volunteers.</span>—1798. Silver-gilt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>West Somerset Yeomanry Cavalry.</span>—1820. Silver, and silver-gilt.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Wicklow Militia.</span>—1797. Silver. Presented by the Westmeath +Grand Jury.</p> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Worlingworth Volunteers.</span>—(Suffolk), 1798. Silver.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_653'>653</span>These very interesting decorations are now almost the only +memorials existing of the patriotic exertions of the people of +the British Islands at an important epoch in the history of +their country. It is to be regretted that of many medals +issued, not a single specimen can now be found, having +probably been consigned to the melting pot, and any descriptions +of their designs, if such there were, have equally disappeared.<a id='r235'></a><a href='#f235' class='c013'><sup>[235]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>The brave men who served in the campaigns of the latter +half of the 19th. century, have been honoured by a far +more lavish distribution of medals and clasps than were +ever granted to the veterans, who, after a contest of years, +vanquished Napoleon by sea and land; but the list of the +glorious deeds of these, though unrewarded by medal or +cross, form with the no less distinguished actions of their +successors, a chronicle of achievements which none of their +countrymen can regard but with feelings of pride and exultation, +and which will ever be regarded as examples for +imitation by the British Army.</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><span class='small'>THE END.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_654'>654</span> + <h2 class='c006'>INDEX.</h2> +</div> + +<ul class='index c002'> + <li class='c027'>Abercrombie, Sir R., Death of, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Abu Klea, Battle of, <a href='#Page_619'>619</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Abyssinian Medal, <a href='#Page_587'>587</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Expedition, <a href='#Page_588'>588</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Afghanistan Medals, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Afghan War, first, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ second, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Afridis, Expedition against, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ahmed Khel, Battle of, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Abu Kru, Battle of, <a href='#Page_622'>622</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Albuhera, Battle of, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Medal for, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Alexandria, Battle of, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Bombardment of, <a href='#Page_604'>604</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Allan, bugler, noble conduct of, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Allighur, Capture of, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ali Musjid, Action of, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Aliwal, Battle of, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Alma, Battle of, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Amoaful, Battle of, <a href='#Page_598'>598</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Argaum, Battle of, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Arrah, Defence of, <a href='#Page_585'>585</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Artillery, Royal, Gallant Conduct of, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ashantee Medal, <a href='#Page_594'>594</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ War, <a href='#Page_595'>595</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Assaye, Battle of, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Australian, Contingent at Suakin, <a href='#Page_627'>627</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ava, War in, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Badajoz, Capture of, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Balaklava, Battle of, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Barrosa, Battle of, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Basuto War, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Battles fought on Sundays, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Beresford Lord Charles, Dispatch of, <a href='#Page_620'>620</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Bhootan Expedition, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Bhurtpore, Storming of, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Bilbao Cross, <a href='#Page_644'>644</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>“Birkenhead,” Wreck of the, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Black Mountain Expedition, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Booth, Sergeant, Gallant Conduct of, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Bourbon Medal, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Burmese War, second, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ third, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Burmah, Annexation of, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Burnaby, Col. F., death of, <a href='#Page_621'>621</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Busaco, Battle of, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'><span class='pageno' id='Page_655'>655</span>“Buffs” at Albuhera, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Byrne, Corporal J., and Sergeant Murray, Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Cabul, Actions at, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Campbell, Sir C., Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_568'>568</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Canada, North West, Medal, <a href='#Page_634'>634</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Cannon Shot, rewards for picking up, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>, <a href='#Page_549'>549</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Canton, Capture of, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Cape Medal, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Carib Medals, <a href='#Page_640'>640</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Cashmere Gate blown in at Delhi, <a href='#Page_552'>552</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Cavalier Badges, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Cavanagh, Private, death of, <a href='#Page_565'>565</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Cawnpore, Evacuated, <a href='#Page_563'>563</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Central India Campaign, <a href='#Page_578'>578</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ceylon Medal, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Charasia, Battle of, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Chateauguay, Action of, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Chilianwala, Battle of, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>China Medals, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Chinese War, the first, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ second, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Chin-Lushai Expedition, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Chrystler’s Farm, Action of, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ciudad Rodrigo, Storming of, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Civita Vecchia Medal, <a href='#Page_642'>642</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Colooncy Medal, <a href='#Page_651'>651</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Colours of the 78th. Regiment at Argaum, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Coomassie, Capture of, <a href='#Page_600'>600</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Coorg Medal, The, <a href='#Page_644'>644</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Corunna, Battle of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Last Survivor of, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Corygaum, Defence of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Crimean Medal, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Cromwell, O., Letter of, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Cross of the 88th Regiment, <a href='#Page_650'>650</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Darien Company’s Medal, <a href='#Page_640'>640</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Deccan Medal, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Deig, Battle of, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Capture of, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>De Lancey, Sir W., Death of, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Delhi, Battle of, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Siege of, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>“Die Hards” at Albuhera, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Distinguished Service Order, <a href='#Page_639'>639</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Doab Field Force, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Duke of Cumberland’s Sharpshooters’ Medal, <a href='#Page_651'>651</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Earle, General, Death of, <a href='#Page_624'>624</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'><span class='pageno' id='Page_656'>656</span>East India Company’s Medals for Long Service and Good Conduct, and Meritorious Service, <a href='#Page_638'>638</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Edwardes Medal, The, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Egyptian Medal, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Egyptian Campaign (1801), <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Egyptian and Soudan Medals, <a href='#Page_602'>602</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Elliott’s Gibraltar Medal, <a href='#Page_642'>642</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>El Teb, Battle of, <a href='#Page_610'>610</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Eusufzye Expeditions, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Fatshan Creek, Action of, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ Commodore Keppel’s Account of, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ferozeshuhur, Battle of, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Fifty-second Regt. at Busaco, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Fordyce, Col., Death of, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Forlorn Hope Medal, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Fort Detroit, Capture of, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>French War Medals and Recipients, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Fuentes d’Onor, Battle of, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ Medal for, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Galekas and Gaikas, Campaign against the, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Gate Pah, Action at, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Gawilghur, Storming of, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Gemaizah, Battle of, <a href='#Page_631'>631</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>German Town Medal, <a href='#Page_648'>648</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ghuznee, Capture of, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Recapture of, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ginnis, Battle of, <a href='#Page_631'>631</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Glover Capt., March of, <a href='#Page_600'>600</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Gonine, Battle of, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Goojerat, Battle of, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Gordon, General C., at Sebastopol, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ „ Entry in his Diary, <a href='#Page_619'>619</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ „ Death of, <a href='#Page_622'>622</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Griquas, Campaign against the, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Hackett, Major, at Kambula, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Hardinge, Viscount, Letter of, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Harwood’s, Corporal, Account of the Battle of Alma, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Hazara Expedition, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>, <a href='#Page_635'>635</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Honorary Colours of the 76th. Regiment, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Howell, Private, Gallantry of, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Hullock, R., Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Hunza Expedition, <a href='#Page_635'>635</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Hyderabad, Battle of, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Indian War Medal, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Indian General Service Medal, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>, <a href='#Page_635'>635</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'><span class='pageno' id='Page_657'>657</span>Indian Mutiny Medal, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Indian Order of Merit, <a href='#Page_639'>639</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Inkermann, Battle of, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Isandhlwana, Action of, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Java, Capture of, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ Medal for, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Jellalabad, Defence of, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Jones, Capt. J., Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Jowaki Expedition, <a href='#Page_369'>369</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Kaffir War, the first, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ second, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ third, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Kandahar, Defence of, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ March to, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Kelat-I-Ghilzie, Defence of, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Kendal Medal, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Kirkee, Battle of, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Kirbekan, Battle of, <a href='#Page_623'>623</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Laswarree, Battle of, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Latham, Lieut., at Albuhera, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Light Brigade, March of, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Looshai Expedition, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Lucknow, Defence of, <a href='#Page_557'>557</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Relief of, <a href='#Page_568'>568</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Magdala, Storming of, <a href='#Page_593'>593</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Maharajpore and Punniar, Battles of, and Star for, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Maheidpore, Battle of, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Maida, Battle of, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ Gold Medal for, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Main, Lieutenant, Gallant conduct of, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Manipur, Expedition to, <a href='#Page_635'>635</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Martinique and Guadaloupe, Capture of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>McCabe, Sergeant, Gallantry of, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Medals, mode of wearing, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Medal for Distinguished Conduct, <a href='#Page_510'>510</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, <a href='#Page_636'>636</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Medal for Best Shot in the Army, <a href='#Page_644'>644</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Meeanee, Battle of, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Medals, <a href='#Page_650'>650</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Mohammerah, Bombardment of, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Moodkee, Battle of, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Mooltan, Siege of, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Moore’s, Sir J., Campaign, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ Death of, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ Sword of, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Mysore Medal, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'><span class='pageno' id='Page_658'>658</span>Naga Expedition, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Nagpore, Capture of, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Napier, Sir C., <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ wounds of, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Napoleon’s opinion of Medals, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Nepaul Medal, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ War in, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>New Zealand Medal, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ War, the first, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ second, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Nile Expedition, <a href='#Page_617'>617</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Ninety-Second Regiment at the Pass of Maya, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Nivelle, Passage of, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Nive, Passage of, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>North American Chiefs Medal, <a href='#Page_641'>641</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>O’Connor, Col., at the Alma, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Old Ninety-fourth Regiment, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Orthes, Battle of, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Paget, General, Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Pearl Brigade, <a href='#Page_570'>570</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Peiho or Taku Forts, Capture of, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Peiwar Kotul, Battle of, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Pekin, Occupation of, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Peninsula Medal, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ Notes on, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Gold Cross and Clasps, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Perak, Naval Brigades at, <a href='#Page_368'>368</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Persian War, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Phillpotts, Lieutenant, R.N., Death of, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Picton, Sir J., Remains of, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Pyrenees, Battles of, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Quatre Bras, Battle of, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>“Queen’s,” the losses of, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Red Karens, Expedition against, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Regimental Medals, <a href='#Page_645'>645</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Roleia and Vimiera, Battles of, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ „ Gold Medals for, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Rorkes Drift, Defence of, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Royal Irish, winners of prize, <a href='#Page_619'>619</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Sahagun and Benevente, Actions of, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Salamanca, Battle of, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Anecdotes of, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Conduct of the 11th. and 61st., Regts. at, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Samana Expedition, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>San Sebastian Medal, <a href='#Page_643'>643</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Sardinian War Medal and Recipients, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'><span class='pageno' id='Page_659'>659</span>Scinde Medals and Campaign, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Sebastopol, Bombardments of, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a>, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Sekukuni, Operations against, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Seringapatam, Capture of, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Seventy-third Regt. in Ceylon, <a href='#Page_649'>649</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Shannon Brigade, <a href='#Page_569'>569</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Sikkim Expedition, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Sittana Expedition, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>“Slashers,” The, at San Sebastian, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Smith’s, General Sir. H. G., Medal, <a href='#Page_644'>644</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Sobraon, Battle of, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Stewart, General Sir. H., Death of, <a href='#Page_623'>623</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Stopford, Brigadier, Noble Conduct of, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>St. Sebastian, Capture of, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Suakin, Battle at, <a href='#Page_626'>626</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Sutlej and Punjaub Medals, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Talavera, Battle of, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Gold Medal for, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Tamaai, Battle of, <a href='#Page_614'>614</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, <a href='#Page_607'>607</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Thibetan Army defeated, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Tofrek, Battle of, <a href='#Page_628'>628</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Toski, Battle of, <a href='#Page_632'>632</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Toulouse, Battle of, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Tryon, Lieutenant, Death of, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Turkish Medal, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Turkish War Medal, <a href='#Page_509'>509</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Twenty-eighth Regt. in Egypt, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Ulundi, Battle of, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Umbeyla Campaign, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Uylett, Sergeant, Noble Conduct of, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Victoria Cross, <a href='#Page_511'>511</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ „ Winners of, <a href='#Page_512'>512</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Villiers-en-Couché Medal, <a href='#Page_642'>642</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Vittoria, Battle of, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Vittoria and Liepsic Medal, <a href='#Page_647'>647</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Walsh Medal, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Waterloo, Battle of, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Anecdotes of, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>    „ Medal for, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Wives of Infidels, <a href='#Page_610'>610</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Wood, Sir E. Speech of, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Wood, Captain J. A., Anecdote of, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> + <li class='c027'>Wyatt-Rawson, Lieutenant, R.N., Death of, <a href='#Page_610'>610</a>.</li> + <li class='c002'>Zulu War, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class='c028'> +<div class='footnote' id='f1'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. These Medals were of silver, and oval in shape, having on one side +the head of the Queen, and on the other an Ark on the Sea, inscribed—<i>Sœvas +tranquilla per undas</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f2'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. See Naval Medals.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f3'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Both are in the British Museum; one is in gold and the other +in silver; there is an aperture at the top for the ribbon.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f4'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. It is recorded that when Napoleon surrendered himself on board +the Bellerophon, he was received by a captain’s detachment of the +Royal Marines. After acknowledging the salute, he minutely inspected +the men, and having remarked that they were very fine and well +appointed, the ex-emperor added, “are there none amongst them who +have seen service?” Upon being told that nearly the whole of them +had seen much service, he exclaimed, “What! and no marks of merit.” +The officer explained that it was not customary to confer medals, except +upon officers of the highest ranks. The conversation terminated by +Napoleon remarking, “Such is not the way to excite or cherish the +military virtues.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f5'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. See Naval Medals.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f6'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. These medals were almost invariably given to the Native troops only.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f7'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. As the 12th. Foot moved forward, a large body of Mysorean cavalry +formed in the shape of a wedge, having an elephant with a howdah on +his back in front, appeared advancing to charge the regiment, and the +British line halted to receive the attack. Immediately afterwards two +other very large bodies of the enemy were discovered in two topes or +woods, preparing to support the first charge. Lieutenant-General +Harris, seeing the danger which menaced the regiment, placed himself +in its rear, frequently repeating the words, ‘Steady, Twelfth!’ +‘Steady, old Twelfth!’ and when the wedge approached within a +hundred yards of the line, the Mysoreans discharged their carbines and +pistols, but without doing execution. The 12th. remained steady, +with their muskets at the recover, until the enemy arrived within +about thirty yards, when a well-directed volley, followed by rapid +file firing, carried destruction into the enemy’s ranks; a rampart of +killed and wounded men and horses lying along the front of the regiment. +The rear of the wedge were embarrassed by the killed and +wounded in front, and could not continue the charge. The elephant +was severely wounded, his conductor killed, and the chiefs on his back +had fallen, when, turning round, he directed all his fury on the Mysoreans, +overturning everything in his retrograde movement, and producing +great havoc with a prodigious chain, which he swayed. A few +Mysorean horsemen broke through the regiment, but they were instantly +shot in its rear, and the British artillery arriving, and opening +its fire, the enemy’s cavalry fell back; at the same time the line advanced, +and decided the fate of the day at that part of the field; a +distant cannonade, however, indicated that the battle was raging elsewhere.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f8'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. Eight stand of colours were captured by the 12th. Foot. A forlorn +hope of each attack consisted of a sergeant and twelve Europeans, followed +by two subaltern’s parties; that of the right column, under +Lieutenant Hill, of the 74th., and that of the left column, commanded +by Lieutenant Lawrence, of the 77th., the father of sons subsequently +memorable in Indian annals, and especially during the mutiny.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f9'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. This was the old 94th., and not the present regiment which was +only ordered to be raised in December, 1823, now known as the 2nd. +Battalion Connaught Rangers. The former was known for years, as +the Scots Brigade, before receiving its numerical title on the 25th. of +December, 1802. This corps had been formed in 1568, for service in +Holland against the oppression of Spain. Being a British corps, it +was demanded from the United Provinces by King James II, on the +rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth, in 1685, after the suppression of +which it returned to Holland. It again embarked for England with +the Prince of Orange, at the revolution of 1688, and remained there +until the Protestant cause had been established, when it re-embarked +for Flanders in 1691, and served in the campaigns of King William III. +It remained in the service of Holland until 1793, until it was decided +by King George III., upon the application of the British officers remaining +in it, to require the corps to return to Great Britain. It was +taken on the British establishment on the 5th. of July, 1793. It then +consisted of three battalions; in 1795 it was reduced to two battalions, +and embarked for Gibraltar. In 1796 it was formed into one battalion, +and embarked for the Cape of Good Hope; it proceeded in 1798 to the +East Indies, from whence it returned to England in 1808. It embarked +for Cadiz and Lisbon, and served in the Peninsula War from +January, 1810, to July, 1814. It was disbanded at Belfast on the 24th. +of December, 1818.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f10'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. For the specimen of the ribbon of the Seringapatam medal I have +to acknowledge my obligations to Albert Woods, Esq., Lancaster +Herald, and Inspector of Regimental Colours, who has furnished me +with much valuable information on this and other points. From a +letter addressed to him by the gallant General Sir James L. Caldwell, +G.C.B, now in his 91st. year, in reply to a query on this subject, the +following interesting particulars have been afforded:—When the +medal was issued no ribbon accompanied it, but the recipients were +given to understand that it was to be of a deep yellow colour, and +about an inch in width. This colour was adopted in reference to the +tiger, selected by the Sultan Tippoo as his favourite insignia, the +golden throne found in the palace being constructed on the back of +that animal, and his chosen Sepoys being clothed in tiger jackets. The +head of this animal of the throne is now at Windsor Castle, having been +obtained by the Marquis of Wellesley, from the prize agents, together +with the ideal and fictitious bird termed the “Huma,” supposed to +ensure perpetual royalty to the person over whose head it is suspended, +and being regarded as a bird of Mahomedan Paradise: it is shewn to +strangers under the misnomer of the Seringapatam Peacock. The +above information was accompanied by a piece of the ribbon, the +colour of which resembles the light fur of the tiger. It may be added +that the name Tippoo signifies Tiger, and that the tiger-stripe was +adopted in the uniform of the Sultan’s infantry. In the United Service +Museum, amongst other oriental curiosities, are two of Tippoo’s +pistols, having a tiger’s head at the end, and also the dress he wore +when killed. The famous organ of Tippoo representing a tiger tearing +a prostrate British soldier is in the East Indian Museum, together with +his suit of chain armour. When the handle of the organ is turned +sounds are emitted similar to the shrieks of a human being and the +growl of the animal.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f11'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. “I think that General Lake’s capture of Allighur is one of the +most extraordinary feats that I have heard of in this country. I never +attacked a fort that I did not attempt the same thing, namely, to blow +open the gates; but I never succeeded. I have always taken them by +escalade, which appears to have been impossible in this instance.”—<i>Wellington +Dispatches.</i></p> + +<p class='c008'>This practice of blowing open the gates has since, on more than one +occasion, been successfully practised in India.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f12'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. The 19th. Dragoons (since disbanded), the 74th. and 78th. regiments, +had honorary colours for Assaye conferred by the Governor-General +of India. In consequence, however, of the inconvenience +occasioned by taking a third officer from his duty to carry it, the 74th. +received the orders of the Commander-in-Chief on the 31st. of August, +1830, to discontinue the use of the third colour in the field, and to +carry it only at reviews, inspections, and on gala days.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f13'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. The 19th. Light Dragoons, who had their commanding officer, +Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, killed, and the 74th. and 78th. regiments +received honorary colours as stated in note at page <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>. In the latter +part of the action Major-General the Honourable Arthur Wellesley had +a horse killed under him close to the 78th. Nearly all the mounted +officers lost horses, some having two and even three killed. No part of +the Mysore or Mahratta allies were engaged; their infantry were left +with the baggage, and the cavalry not being in uniform, it was apprehended +that mistakes might have arisen had they been brought into +action.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f14'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. Colonel Thomas Pakenham Vandeleur rode a celebrated race-horse, +of a jet-black colour. Long after the melancholy fate of his rider, this +horse kept his place with the regiment, and afterwards became the property +of Cornet Burrows, who took great care of him until the regiment +left India, when he was shot, that he might not fall into unworthy +hands.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f15'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. The following officers were engaged in this brilliant affair:—<i>Madras +Artillery.</i>—Lieutenant Chisholm, killed; Assistant-Surgeon +Wylie. <i>2nd. Battalion 1st. Regiment Bombay Native Infantry.</i>—Captain +Staunton; Lieutenant and Adjutant Pattinson, died of wounds; +Lieutenant Connellan, wounded; Lieutenant Jones, 10th regiment, +doing duty with the 2nd battalion 1st. regiment; Assistant-Surgeon +Wingate, killed. <i>Auxiliary Horse.</i>—Lieutenant Swanston, Madras +Establishment, wounded.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f16'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. Additional troops proceeded from Madras in the autumn, and before +the close of the year His Majesty’s 47th., with the governor-general’s +body-guard, had joined the expedition, which then amounted to about +thirteen thousand men.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f17'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. “All their artillery, stores, and reserve depôts, which had cost +them so much labour to get up, with a great quantity of small arms, +gilt chattahs, standards, and other trophies fell into our hands. Never +was victory more complete or decided, and never was the triumph of +discipline and valour, over the disjointed efforts of irregular courage +and infinitely superior numbers, more conspicuous. Majors Dennie and +Thornhill, of the 13th. Light Infantry, and Major Gore, of the 89th., +were distinguished by the steadiness with which they led their men.”—<i>Brigadier-General +Sir A. Campbell’s despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f18'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. In the same general orders it was announced that “Medals also, +bearing a suitable device, are to be distributed to the native troops +which at any period during the war, were employed under the command +of Major-General Sir Archibald Campbell, including the officers and +men of the gunboats serving in the Irrawaddy.” This medal, also +designed by William Wyon, Esq., contained on the obverse a quaint +device—the Asiatic elephant crouching to the British Lion. It was not +conferred on the regiments of the Crown, and therefore does not come +within the scope of this work. When the medal for services in India +from 1803 to 1826 was authorized, a bar inscribed Ava was granted.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The 1st., 13th., 38th., 41st., 44th., 45th., 47th., 54th., 87th., and +89th. King’s regiments were permitted to bear the word <span class='sc'>Ava</span> on their +colours, in commemoration of their gallantry during this service.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f19'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. In consequence of the scarcity of European infantry with the +infantry, it was deemed necessary to call for volunteers from the +cavalry, each King’s regiment to furnish three officers and eighty +rank and file. This number was at once obtained. The officers’ +names were Captain Browne, Lieutenant Windus, and Comet Pearson, +of the 11th. Dragoons, and Captain Luard, and Lieutenants McConchy +and Walker, of the 16th. Lancers. Viscount Combermere had formerly +served in the latter regiment.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f20'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. From the 24th. of December, 1825, to the 18th. of January, 1826, +the expenditure of shot and shells during the twenty-six days was as +follows:—Shot 42,215, shells 17,060, shrapnells 1,096, grape 693, case +404, carcasses 4; in all 61,472.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f21'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. One officer wrote:—“It is very vexatious to honourable feelings, +when we go into society at home and abroad, to meet foreigners of all +nations covered with medals and orders, when we, who have had the +pleasure of licking them in every part of the world, have neither +orders nor medals.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f22'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. Long before this order was issued, the majority of these old +warriors, the survivors of a hundred fights, had fallen before the +irresistible scythe of Time, with no mark of their glorious services, +except the honourable scars which they had received on the field of +battle.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f23'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. As to the rarity of the Peninsula medal, it is very uncommon to +meet with any having more than eight or nine bars, and if any of the +bars should have inscribed on them the actions of “Fort Detroit.” +“Chateauguay,” or “Chrystler’s Farm;” the value of the medal is +greatly enhanced. The clasps for the cavalry actions of “Sahagun” +and “Benevente,” in the Peninsula; and the bars for “Maida,” +“Martinique,” “Guadaloupe,” and “Java,” are also of rare occurrence. +The old 45th., Sherwood Foresters, bore more Peninsula honours on +their colours than any other regiment.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f24'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. As the soldiers were burying a Highlander of the 42nd. regiment, +who was supposed to be dead, Captain David Stewart, of Garth, requested +them to take him out of the grave, and carry him to the surgeon; +he soon recovered of a swoon, his wound was cured, and he resumed +his duty shortly afterwards. It is to be hoped that this soldier +did not evince his gratitude like the private of the 31st. regiment, +mentioned in the following anecdote:—In 1799, the 31st. regiment was +serving in Holland, and at Egmont-op-Zee crossed bayonets with the +French regiment bearing the same number; a ball fired during the +retreat of the latter, passed through the jaws of a soldier of the former, +named Robert Hullock; in the course of the afternoon he was buried +in the sand-hill where he had fallen, by a soldier of his regiment named +John Carnes. During the night Hullock having been but lightly +covered with sand, crept out and crawled to a picket of his corps posted +near. He was sent to hospital, recovered, and was serving with his +regiment in Malta, in 1809. His face having been much disfigured, +and his voice scarcely intelligible, (a part of his tongue and palate +having been carried away,) he had for some years served as pioneer to +his company; a soldier of it died, and Hullock, as a part of his duty, +dug the grave, in which he was found, on the arrival of the body for +interment, still at work, though then nearly ten feet deep. On being +drawn out he was asked for his reason in making it so unusually deep, +he replied, “Why, Sir, it’s for poor John Carnes, who buried me, and +I think, Sir, if I get him that deep, it will puzzle him to creep out as I +did.” On the burial service being read, he proceeded to fill up the +grave, and actually buried the man who ten years previously had +buried him. Hullock was discharged and pensioned in 1814.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f25'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. When the standard was delivered up to Major Stirling, of the 42nd., +he gave it in charge to a sergeant to remain close to the gun which that +corps had captured, but in a subsequent charge, this non-commissioned +officer was ridden over by the French Dragoons, was stunned in consequence, +and when he returned to consciousness the standard of the “Invincible +Legion” was gone. It was afterwards recaptured from the French +by Private Anthony Lutz, of the Minorca regiment in the British service, +was sent to England, and placed in the Royal Military Chapel, Whitehall, +and subsequently in Chelsea Hospital.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f26'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. The Highland Society, at London, in grateful acknowledgment, and +commemoration of the valour of their countrymen, on this day, presented +the 42nd. regiment with a piece of plate, value one hundred guineas, inscribed +with an appropriate motto and designs. A silver medal was also +struck, in commemoration of the capture of Buonaparte’s invincible standard; +one to be given to each private as well as officer in the regiment, +or, if killed or dead, to their nearest surviving relations. The cool and +intrepid courage of Colonel Stewart’s foreign corps, and of the 28th. and +42nd. regiments, on whom the fury of the enemy principally fell, +it is agreed on all hands, was also, on this important day, particularly +distinguished. In this battle, the 28th., now the 1st. Gloucestershire regiment, +gained the privilege of wearing their badge on the back and front +of their helmets. The regiment while in line, was attacked in front by +infantry, and in the rear by cavalry, under cover of the mist. There was +no time to form in square, the rear rank went to the right about, and thus +back to back, the 28th. repulsed both attacks of the enemy.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f27'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. The regiments which proceeded from India were the 10th., 80th., +86th., and 88th. regiments; a troop of the 8th. Light Dragoons and the +61st. regiment embarked from the Cape of Good Hope, joined the army, +under Major-General Baird, at Cosseir, in July, 1801, and proceeded +through the desert to Kenna, on the Nile, where the troops afterwards +embarked for Cairo.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f28'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. The 22nd. Light Dragoons, 20th. (two battalions,) 24th., 25th., and +26th. Regiments, the Ancient Irish Fencibles, and the foreign corps of +De Watteville and Chasseurs Britanniques, joined the Army in Egypt, in +July, 1801.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f29'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. The same incident is related in the “Record of the 52nd. Light +Infantry,” edited by Captain Moorsom, late captain of that regiment, +by which it appears there were three men, one a straggler from the +artillery, another from the guards, and the third a man named Lewis, of +the 52nd. Lewis generally contrived to have an attack of rheumatism +soon after getting into action, and thus got out of sight of his officers, +for the purpose of filling his havresack. Although a sad plunderer, he +was a gallant soldier, and was afterwards killed at Orthes, by the side +of the late Duke of Richmond.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f30'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. “The rear regiments of the reserve only were present when the +money was cast away, and certainly not a man of those left their ranks +in the hope of obtaining a portion. This discipline, however, did not +extend to the ‘followers,’ who, as soon as they arrived at the spot +where the dollars were rolling over the mountain side, at once began +a scramble, in which the wife of the regimental master-tailor, Malony, +(who was a merry one, and often beguiled a weary march to the men +with her tales,) was so successful that her fortune was apparently made. +The poor woman went through all the subsequent perils and hardships +of the retreat, but on stepping from the boat to the ship’s side on embarking +at Corunna, her foot slipped, and down she went, like a shot, +and owing to the weight of dollars secured about her person she never +rose again.”—<i>Historical Record of the 52nd. Light Infantry.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f31'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. “Our baggage animals were all left on the beach. Major Browne +was fortunate enough to get a pig in exchange for a horse. The Major +was rather unlucky with his pork; for in the hurry of embarkation, +piggy was taken on board one ship, and the Major on board another.”</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>—<i>Lieutenant-Colonel Cadell’s Narrative.</i></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f32'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. This sword is now in the possession of the Officers’ Mess of the +43rd. Regiment (Oxford Light Infantry). It was presented to the +regiment by General Lynedoch Gardiner.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f33'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. The following remarkable circumstance occurred in the 2nd. +Foot:—“Samuel Evans, a private in the Grenadier Company of the +2nd. Foot, was carried off amongst the wounded at Corunna. He +arrived in England, and died in the military hospital at Plymouth, on +the 30th. of January, 1809. On a <i>post mortem</i>, examination being made, +it was discovered that he had been shot through the heart, and yet had +survived sixteen days.”—<i>Curiosities of War.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f34'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. Major (afterwards Sir Charles) Napier received five terrible wounds +at Corunna, and but for the aid of a generous French drummer, would +there have been killed; he was made a prisoner, and his fate being long +unknown, he was mourned for as dead by his family. In the battle of +Busaco, a bullet struck his face, and lodged behind the ear, splintering +the articulation of the jawbone; yet with this dreadful hurt, he made +his way, under a fierce sun, to Lisbon, more than one hundred miles! +Returning from France, after the battle of Waterloo, the ship sunk off +Flushing, and he only saved himself by swimming to a pile, on which +he clung until a boat carried him off, half drowned, for the pile was too +large to climb up; he had caught it during the recession of a wave, and +was overwhelmed by each recurring surge. He escaped Cholera, and a +second shipwreck off the Indus, and marvellously recovering from the +stroke of a rocket at Kurrachee, was again firm on horseback, and conducted +a dangerous war to a glorious termination. On the 13th. of +December, 1842, whilst in Scinde, he was observing the practice of a +rocket-train, when one of the fiery missiles burst, rocket and shell +together, and tore the calf of his right leg open to the bone; but +neither the bone itself nor the great artery were injured, and the wound +was instantly stitched. His decease did not occur until some years +afterwards.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f35'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. The last survivor of the victory of Corunna, Thomas Palmer, +of the 32nd. Regiment, died April 20th, 1889.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f36'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. These two battalions were formed on the 1st. February, 1809, and +consisted of detachments that had been left in Portugal, belonging to +the regiments composing the division of the army which had marched +into Spain under the orders of Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f37'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. The 43rd. and 52nd. are now known as the 1st. and 2nd. Battalions +of the Oxford Light Infantry, the old 95th. being the present +Rifle Brigade.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f38'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. Some of the general officers applied to Viscount Wellington to +ascertain whether, upon ordinary occasions, they might not wear the +ribbon of the medal at the button-hole, instead of round the neck;—“This,” +his lordship remarked, “would be a more convenient way of +wearing it, and they would consequently wear it more frequently, which +would be desirable.” In the reply to the general officers, dated Cartaxo, +3rd. February, 1811, his lordship acquainted them that an answer +had been received from Lieutenant-Colonel Torrens, Military Secretary, +“stating that the General Officers should wear the ribbon of the medal +at their button-hole, the same as the Field Officers, in undress; but +when the medal is worn itself, it should be round the neck.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The medal for Maida was worn at the button-hole, and that mode +is alluded to in a letter from the Marquis of Wellington to Earl +Bathurst, dated Grenada, 20th. April, 1813. “To Earl Bathurst.—We +must have the orders of the Secretary of State for any alteration in +the mode of wearing the medal by the General Officers. It may do +very well for an admiral to wear his medal round his neck on his +quarter-deck, but we on horseback ought to wear it always at our +button-hole. Indeed this is the common practice in all distributions +of this description, and was the rule at first on the grant of the medal +for the battle of Maida; and I don’t know why it was altered.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f39'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. “Several prisoners were taken by the regiment, and amongst +others the French General Simon. He surrendered himself to Private +James Hopkins, of Captain Robert Campbell’s company, who received +a pension of twenty pounds per annum, as the reward of his bravery +on this occasion. Private Harris, of the 52nd., also shared in the +capture, and a pension was awarded to him in 1843, by the late Viscount +Hardinge, then the Secretary at War, on the representation of +Lieutenant-General Sir J. F. Love, who was present at the capture of +General Simon, and who delivered him as a prisoner to Brigadier-General +Craufurd.”—<i>Historical Record of the 52nd. Light Infantry, by +Captain Moorsom.</i></p> + +<p class='c008'>Captain Moorsom also relates the following <i>medal</i> incident:—“When +the head of Simon’s column appeared in the act of deploying, and the +52nd. advanced to charge, Captain William Jones, more commonly +known in the division by the name of “Jack Jones,” a fiery Welshman, +rushed upon the Chef de Bataillon, who was in the act of giving the +word to his men, and killed him on the spot with a blow of his sword. +Jones immediately cut off the medal with which the major was decorated, +and appropriated it to himself.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f40'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. In the midst of the engagement, Sergeant Patrick Masterson, of +the 87th., seized and kept possession of the eagle of the 8th. French +regiment of light infantry, (which was the first taken in action since +the commencement of the Peninsula war,) and for this His Royal Highness +the Prince Regent promoted him to an ensigncy in the Royal York +Light Infantry Volunteers; he was subsequently removed to the 87th. +regiment, now the 1st. Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f41'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. An interesting anecdote has been preserved of this officer’s canine +friend:—“After the battle of Barrosa, the wounded of both nations +were, from want of means of transport, necessarily left upon the field +of action the whole night and part of the following day. General +Rousseau, a French general of division, was of the number; his dog, a +white one of the poodle kind, which had been left in quarters upon the +advance of the French force, finding that the general returned not +with those who escaped from the battle, set out in search of him; +found him at night in his dreary resting-place, and expressed his +affliction by moans, and by licking the hands and feet of his dying +master. When the fatal crisis took place, some hours after, he seemed +fully aware of the dreadful change, attached himself closely to the +body, and for three days refused the sustenance which was offered +him. Arrangements having been made for the interment of the dead, +the body of the general was, like the rest, committed to its honourable +grave; the dog lay down upon the earth which covered the beloved +remains, and evinced by silence and deep dejection his sorrow for the +loss he had sustained. The English commander, General Graham, +whose fine feelings had prompted him to superintend the last duties +due to the gallant slain, observed the friendless mourner, drew him, +now no longer resisting, from the spot, and gave him his protection, +which he continued to him until his death, many years after, at the +general’s residence in Perthshire.”—<i>Maxwell’s Victories of the British +Army.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f42'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. The following British troops were engaged at the battle of Albuhera. +Cavalry, under Major-General the Honourable Sir William Lumley:—3rd. +Dragoon Guards, 4th. Dragoons, and 13th. Light Dragoons. +Second division, Major-General the Honourable W. Stewart:—3rd. +Foot, first battalion, 31st., second battalion, 48th., second battalion, +66th., second battalion 60th., one company fifth battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel +Colborne; 29th. Foot. 48th., first battalion, 57th., first battalion +60th., one company fifth battalion, Major-General Hoghton; 28th. +Foot, second battalion, 34th., second battalion, 39th., second battalion, +60th., one company fifth battalion, Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel +Abercromby. Fourth division, Major-General the Honourable Lowry +Cole: 27th. Foot, first battalion, 40th., first battalion, 97th Queen’s +Own 60th., one company fifth battalion, Colonel Kemmis; Fusilier +Brigade,—7th. Foot, first and second battalions, 23rd., first battalion, +Brunswick Oels, one company. First and second light battalions +German Legion, Major-General Baron Charles Alten.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f43'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. No description can surpass that given by Sir William Napier:—“Such +a gallant line issuing from the midst of the smoke, and rapidly +separating itself from the confused and broken multitude, startled the +enemy’s heavy masses, which were increasing and pressing onwards as +to an assured victory; they wavered, hesitated, and then vomiting +forth a storm of fire, hastily endeavoured to enlarge their front, while +a fearful discharge of grape, from all their artillery, whistled through +the British ranks. Myers was killed, Cole, and the three colonels, +Ellis, Blakeney, and Hawkshawe fell wounded, and the Fusilier +battalions, struck by the iron tempest, reeled and staggered like sinking +ships. But suddenly and sternly recovering, they closed on their +terrible enemies, and then was seen with what a strength and majesty +the British soldier fights. In vain did Soult, by voice and gesture, +animate his Frenchmen; in vain did the hardiest veterans, extricating +themselves from the crowded columns, sacrifice their lives to gain time +for the mass to open out on such a fair field; in vain did the mass +itself bear up, and, fiercely striving, fire indiscriminately upon friends +and foes, while the horsemen, hovering on the flanks, threatened to +charge the advancing line. Nothing could stop that astonishing infantry. +No sudden burst of undisciplined valour, no nervous +enthusiasm weakened the stability of their order; their flashing eyes +were bent on the dark columns in their front; their measured tread +shook the ground; their dreadful volleys swept away the head of +every formation; their deafening shouts overpowered the dissonant +cries that broke from all parts of the tumultuous crowd, as slowly, and +with a horrid carnage, it was pushed by the incessant vigour of the +attack, to the farthest edge of the height. There the French reserve, +mixing with the struggling multitude, endeavoured to sustain the +fight; but the effort only increased the irremediable confusion; the +mighty mass gave way, and like a loosened cliff, went headlong down +the steep. The rain flowed after in streams discoloured with blood, +and fifteen hundred unwounded men, the remnant of six thousand unconquerable +British soldiers, stood triumphant on the fatal hill.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f44'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. Mustering the living and recording the dead became afterwards +our melancholy duty. On reckoning our numbers, the 29th. regiment +had only ninety-six men, two captains, and a few subalterns remaining +out of the whole regiment; the 57th. regiment had but a few more, and +were commanded out of action by the adjutant; the first battalion of +the 48th. regiment suffered in like manner; not a man of the brigade +was prisoner; not a colour was lost, although an eloquent historian most +unwarrantably stated that the 57th. had lost theirs—the 57th. lose their +colours!—never! Major-General Hoghton, commanding the brigade, +and Lieutenant-Colonel Duckworth, of the 48th. regiment, were killed; +Lieutenant-Colonel White, of the 29th. regiment, mortally wounded; +Colonel Inglis, of the 57th., and Major Way, of the 29th. regiments, very +severely. In fact, every field officer of the whole brigade was either +killed or wounded, so that at the close of the action the brigade remained +in command of a captain of the 48th. regiment, and singular +enough, that captain was a Frenchman (Cemetiere.)</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f45'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. “During the operations on the right, Colonel Gillespie pursued his +advantage to the left, carrying the enemy’s redoubts towards the rear, +and being joined by Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander M‘Leod, of the +59th., with part of that corps, he directed him to attack the park of +artillery, which that officer carried in a most masterly manner, putting +to flight a body of the enemy’s cavalry that formed and attempted to +defend it. A sharp fire of musketry was now kept up by a strong body +of the enemy, who had taken post in the lines in front of Fort Cornelis, +but were driven from them, the fort taken, and the enemy completely +dispersed. They were pursued by Colonel Gillespie, with the 14th. +regiment, a party of Sepoys, and the seamen from the batteries under +Captain Sayer, of the Royal Navy. By this time the cavalry and horse +artillery had effected a passage through the lines, the former commanded +by Major Travers, and the latter by Captain Noble; and, with the +gallant Colonel at their head, the pursuit was continued, till the whole +of the enemy’s army was killed, taken, or dispersed. Major Tule’s +attack was equally spirited, but, after routing the enemy’s force at +Campong Maylayo, and killing many of them, he found the bridge on +fire, and was unable to penetrate further.”—<i>Lieutenant-General Sir +Samuel Auchmuty’s despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f46'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. After the capture of Java the 14th. regiment remained on the +island for some time. The Sultan of Mataram, who governed a +portion of the interior, trusting to his power, and the strength of his +fortified palace, at Djocjocarta, meditated the expulsion of all Europeans +from the island, and committed aggressions of which it became +necessary to stop the progress. To effect this, his palace was captured +by storm on the morning of the 20th. June, 1812; on which occasion the +14th. had another occasion of distinguishing themselves. Lieutenant-Colonel +Watson (now General Sir James Watson, K.C.B., and Colonel +of the 14th.) commanded the main attack, and the grenadiers of the +regiment headed the assault with their usual gallantry.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f47'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. “Lieutenant Gurwood, (afterwards the editor of the Wellington +Dispatches,) of the 52nd., who led the forlorn hope, took the French +Governor, General Barrié, prisoner in the citadel. Lord Wellington +presented Lieutenant Gurwood with the sword of General Barrié on +the breach by which Gurwood had entered,—a fitting and proud compliment +to a young soldier of fortune!”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f48'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. At its head marched the 45th. regiment, supporting the advanced +storming party, composed of the flank companies of the division and +the 83rd. regiment. Few more desperate conflicts are on record than +that which took place. After repeated assaults the escalade was effected, +and the place carried.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant M‘Pherson, of the 45th., though wounded previous to his +ascending the ladders in the escalade, was distinguished in hauling +down the French flag from the staff of the citadel, which being brought +to Major Greenwell, who commanded the regiment, he ordered a jacket +of the 45th. to be substituted, in its place, acting upon the well-known +adage of—“exchange no robbery.” It had been a point of emulation +amongst the different regiments during the siege, which should have +the honour of striking the French flag, and spiking a certain gun in +the castle, which had been particularly offensive during the operations; +the 45th. had the good fortune to do both.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f49'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. On the enemy’s commencing to give way, a French officer picked +up a firelock, thrown down by one of his men, and levelled it at Major-General +the Honourable Edward Pakenham; the piece missed fire, +when the intrepid officer snatched up another, and presented it, on +which Corporal Patrick Cavanagh, of the 45th., advanced out of the +ranks, shot the officer, and saved the general; but both parties were +now so near, that in the act of firing the Corporal was himself shot.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f50'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. The 11th. and 61st. regiments specially distinguished themselves +on this occasion; evening was fast approaching, and the legions of +Napoleon were retreating in much disorder, when the French division, +commanded by General Maucune, made a determined stand to cover +the retreat of the broken battalions; then ensued a desperate musketry +action in the dark. The difficulty of the ascent gave the enemy’s +division, formed on the summit, a decided advantage; but at length +Maucune’s battalions were forced from the height. Of Major-General +Hulse’s brigade, (the 11th., 53rd., and 61st.,) only nine officers and +three hundred men remained, which were formed on the following day +into one battalion. A round shot (probably fired at the colours of the +11th.,) took the heads off the two sergeants, posted between the colours, +and of a black man who beat the cymbals in the band, and who was in +rear of them, without injuring either of the officers carrying the +colours; one of them (Ensign Scott) was afterwards killed. The colour +party of the 61st. regiment, being all shot down, the colours were +seized by Privates Crawford and Coulson, who carried them till the close +of the battle. Crawford was made a sergeant on the field, and the +same rank was offered to Coulson, who declined it, saying that he was +already over rewarded by the cheers and congratulations of his comrades. +The regiment went into action with 27 officers and 420 men, +and at the close of the fight had only 3 officers and 78 men left.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f51'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. Southey thus describes the bâton:—“It was rather more than a +foot long, and covered with blue velvet, on which the imperial eagles +were embroidered; and it had been tipped with gold, but the first +finder had secured the gold for himself. The case was of red morocco, +with silver clasps, and with eagles on it, and at either end the Marshal’s +name imprinted in gold letters.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f52'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. In this desperate combat in the Pass of Maya, the 6th., 28th., +34th., 50th., 71st., 82nd., and 92nd. regiments had opportunities of +distinguishing themselves. The latter having been hotly engaged for +ten successive hours, and in want of ammunition, was ordered by Lieutenant-General +the Honourable William Stewart not to charge, and the +gallant Highlanders, for the first time, disregarded orders, not only +charging, but leading the charge. Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron, of +the 92nd., who commanded the first brigade, was permitted by his +Sovereign to bear on his shield the word Maya in commemoration of +this action. The 92nd. had thirty-four men killed and two hundred +and sixty-eight men wounded; one officer was killed, and eighteen +officers were wounded, one of whom died of wounds. Sir William +Napier, in his history of the Peninsula War, has remarked that “so +dreadful was the slaughter, especially of the 92nd., that it is said the +advancing enemy was actually stopped by the heaped mass of dead and +dying. The stern valour of the 92nd., principally composed of Scotchmen, +would have graced Thermopylæ.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f53'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. “Although our wounded are numerous, I am happy to say that +the cases in general are slight, and I have great pleasure in reporting +to Your Lordship that the utmost attention has been paid +to them by the Inspector General, Dr. M‘Grigor, and by the officers +of the department under his directions.”—<i>Marquis of Wellington’s +despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f54'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. Just before the assault was given, a sergeant of the 28th. regiment, +named Bull, being sent with a party to the coast from Roncesvalles, +to make purchases for the officers, placed the money entrusted to him, +2000 dollars, with a Commissary, and took a receipt. He then persuaded +his party to join the stormers, so, as he said, that the ‘Slashers’ +should be represented, and took part in the assault, which he survived, +reclaimed his money, made his purchases, and rejoined his regiment. +Singularly this gallant little party did not sustain any loss.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f55'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. The illustration is copied from the Cross and Clasp conferred upon +the late General Sir George Scovell, G.C.B. Gold medals were struck +to commemorate the battles of Roleia, Vimiera, Corunna, Talavera, +Busaco, Barrosa, Fuentes d’Onor, Albuhera, Salamanca, Vittoria, +Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Toulouse, the capture of Java, Martinique, +Guadaloupe, etc. These were only granted to superior officers, and +worn with a red ribbon with blue edge. For example, see plate of +“Talavera Gold Medal.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f56'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. “Richoso, 1st. October, 1811.—Adverting to your Lordship’s despatch +of the 3rd. September, regarding the grant of medals to the +officers of the army, it occurs to me that an improvement might still be +made in the system; for instance, many officers, in the course of service, +become entitled to two or three or more medals. In my opinion, they +should receive but one; but for every additional action deemed worthy +of the medal, in which any officer having a medal should be present, he +should be warranted to have the name of that action engraved on his +medal, and that in that case the fresh medal for that action should be +given to the officer next in command in the regiment, who was present +and distinguished in the action.”—<i>The Wellington Dispatches.</i></p> + +<p class='c029'>“To the Earl of Liverpool.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f57'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. Some correspondence had taken place on the subject with the +Marquis of Wellington, as appears by the following:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>“Freneda, 16th. March, 1813.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c015'>“I have received your letter of the 24th. February, in regard to the +medals, and I concur entirely with you regarding all the improvements +you propose on the subject. You have provided a remedy for a difficulty +which I could never get over in a way at all satisfactory to +myself. I likewise agree with you in the propriety of having a cross +with eight bars, or a star with eight points, for those who are entitled +to more than seven distinctions. I am not certain that it would not +be best that all general officers, as well as others, should wear the +medal or cross at the button-hole, till they should receive the last distinction. +It is very awkward to ride in round the neck.”</p> + +<p class='c015'>“To Earl Bathurst.”</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>The Wellington Dispatches.</i></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f58'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. It appears that the Duke of Wellington was in favour of a more +general distribution, for in a letter dated Vera, 6th. November, 1813, +addressed to Marshal Sir William Carr Beresford, K.B., in reference to +his claim for the Ciudad Rodrigo medal, he remarked, “In regard to +the medals, I have always been of opinion, that government should +have extended the principle more than they did; and in executing their +orders, I believe it will be found that, whenever a medal could be given +to an individual under the orders of government, I have inserted his +name in the return. However, my decision on this or any other subject +is not final; and if anybody doubts, I wish he would apply to +superior authority.”—<i>The Wellington Dispatches.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f59'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. Whilst the British were in position on the banks of the Nive, in +November, 1813, the French used to meet the English officers at a narrow +part of the river, and chat over the campaign. One of the latter, in +order to convince them of the reverses of Napoleon in Germany, rolled +a stone up in the <i>Star</i> newspaper, and endeavoured to throw it across +the stream. The stone, unfortunately, went through it, which made it +fall into the water. The French officer thereupon remarked, in pretty +fair English, “Your good news is very soon damped.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f60'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. “This attack, led by the 52nd. regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel +Colborne, and supported on their right by Major-General Brisbane’s and +Colonel Keane’s brigades of the third division, and by simultaneous +attacks on the left by Major-General Anson’s brigade of the fourth +division, and on the right by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton, +with the remainder of the third division, and the sixth division, under +Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton, dislodged the enemy from the +heights, and gave us the victory.”—<i>Wellington’s despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f61'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. “I walked down to the bridge with Lord Wellington yesterday (6th +March, 1814,) and found him limp a little, and he said he was in rather +more pain than usual, but it was nothing. At dinner yesterday, he said +he was laughing at General Alava having had a knock, and telling him +it was all nonsense, and that he was not hurt, when he received this +blow, and a worse one in the same place himself. Alava said it was to +punish him for laughing at him.”—<i>Larpent’s Journal.</i></p> + +<p class='c008'>In “Recollections, by Samuel Rogers,” recently published, there is a +remark of Wellington’s in allusion to the above circumstance:—“The +elastic woven corselet would answer very well over the cuirass. It saved +me, I think, at Orthes, where I was hit on the hip. I was never struck +but on that occasion, and then I was not wounded. I was on horseback +again the same day.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f62'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. The 7th. Hussars, who highly distinguished themselves in this battle +do not bear “Orthes” on their <a id='t176'></a>accoutrements; though Wellington in his +despatches, said, “The charge of the 7th. Hussars under Lord E. +Somerset, was highly meritorious.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f63'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. The following statement gives the number of troops employed in +Spain and the South of France, at the periods of the several actions +mentioned:—</p> + +<table class='table1'> + <tr> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022 bbt' rowspan='2'>Actions.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt brt c022' colspan='4'>Number of Troops.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + + <th class='bbt blt c022'>Present and fit for Duty.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>Sick.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>On Command.</th> + <th class='bbt blt brt c022'>Total.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Roleia</td> + <td class='blt c024'>14,871</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c024'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Vimiera</td> + <td class='blt c024'>18,903</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c024'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Talavera</td> + <td class='blt c024'>28,987</td> + <td class='blt c024'>48,827</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1596</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>35,410</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Busaco</td> + <td class='blt c024'>29,138</td> + <td class='blt c024'>7,079</td> + <td class='blt c024'>2526</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>38,743</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Fuentes d’Onor</td> + <td class='blt c024'>34,647</td> + <td class='blt c024'>9,298</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4912</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>48,857</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Ciudad Rodrigo</td> + <td class='blt c024'>37,014</td> + <td class='blt c024'>12,392</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4217</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>53,623</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Badajoz</td> + <td class='blt c024'>36,025</td> + <td class='blt c024'>12,711</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4433</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>53,169</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Salamanca</td> + <td class='blt c024'>38,531</td> + <td class='blt c024'>13,891</td> + <td class='blt c024'>5004</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>57,426</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Vittoria</td> + <td class='blt c024'>47,927</td> + <td class='blt c024'>9,605</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4294</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>61,826</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Pyrenees</td> + <td class='blt c024'>41,263</td> + <td class='blt c024'>12,698</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4916</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>58,877</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Nivelle</td> + <td class='blt c024'>45,104</td> + <td class='blt c024'>13,658</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4425</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>63,187</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Nive</td> + <td class='blt c024'>43,680</td> + <td class='blt c024'>14,732</td> + <td class='blt c024'>5007</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>63,419</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Orthes</td> + <td class='blt c024'>42,959</td> + <td class='blt c024'>12,972</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4690</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>60,621</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c030'>Toulouse</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>42,807</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>12,907</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>5638</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>61,352</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f64'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. A few notes on the Peninsula Medals may be given in addition to +that on page <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>. Of the <i>Gold</i> Medals, large and small, given only to +General Officers, four hundred and sixty-nine were issued. Of these, +one hundred and forty-three had <i>one</i> clasp, seventy-two <i>two</i> clasps. +Sixty-one gold Crosses were awarded; forty-six with <i>one</i> clasp, eighteen +with <i>two</i>, seventeen with <i>three</i>, eight with <i>four</i>, seven with <i>five</i>, three with +<i>six</i>, two with <i>seven</i>, and one only with <i>nine</i> clasps, given to the Duke of +Wellington, for thirteen general engagements. To the cavalry which +served during the war, the highest number of bars issued with any +medal was <i>eleven</i>, and only <i>four</i> medals with this number. There were +only <i>six</i> survivors to claim the medal with <i>fifteen</i> bars in 1847. <i>Two</i> +medals only with <i>two</i> bars—“Fort Detroit” and “Chrystler’s Farm”—were +issued; one of these was sold in 1887 for £25 10s. 0d. A medal +with the bar “Chrystler’s Farm” was sold in 1878 for £6 6s. 0d. A +medal with <i>fourteen</i> bars was sold for £14. A medal with clasp for +“Nive” was given as recently as March, 1889, to an old veteran, Capt. +Gammell, who as an ensign was present at the sortie from Bayonne; +but leaving the army soon afterwards, and neglecting to forward his +claim in 1847, did not receive this recognition of his services till <i>seventy-five</i> +years had elapsed, when nearly all his companions in arms had +long been in their graves.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f65'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. “As the 42nd. regiment advanced through a field of rye, which reached +nearly to the men’s shoulders, a body of cavalry was seen approaching, +which was supposed to be either Prussians or Flemings, but which +proved to be French. The mistake was not discovered in time to complete +the proper formation to receive the charge; the regiment, however, +attempted to form square, and while in the act of so doing, the +French lancers galloped forward with great impetuosity, being assured +of victory when they saw the unprepared state of the regiment. The +regiment suffered severely; but the lancers were repulsed with loss. +When the enemy’s ardour was cooled and the attacks had become less +frequent and fierce, the regiment completed its formation. It had sustained +a severe loss in killed and wounded: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir +Robert Macara, K.C.B., had fallen, and the command of the regiment +devolved on Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards Sir Robert Henry) +Dick.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f66'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. “The Duke, on this occasion, was very nearly overtaken by the +French cavalry; and being obliged to gallop towards the 92nd. Highlanders, +he called out to the nearest men to lie down in the ditch, when +he fairly leaped over them.”—<i>Captain Siborne.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f67'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. “It is only recently that the remains of Sir Thomas Picton were +removed to St. Paul’s. In the <i>Times</i> of Thursday, May 5th, 1859, +appeared a letter from W. Brewer, Esq., of 21, George Street, Hanover +Square, stating that in the vaults of the burying ground in the +Bayswater road, might be seen the thick chest or oak box, in which the +remains of this general, as they were packed up in the village of +Waterloo, and sent to England, were deposited. As these vaults were +just closed by order of the Privy Council, and the brickwork to close +in the coffins was at once to be commenced, this gentleman appealed +to the country that the body of this illustrious warrior might be deposited +in some distinguished mausoleum:—the result of this appeal +was that the remains of this gallant general were removed on the 8th. +of June, 1859, to St. Paul’s, and the following account of the ceremony +appeared in the <i>Morning Post</i> of Thursday, June 9th., 1859:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Yesterday morning, according to arrangement, the remains of the +late Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Picton were removed from the +cemetery belonging to the parish of St. George, Hanover Square, to St. +Paul’s Cathedral.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The coffin was placed on a gun-carriage, drawn by eight horses, +It was covered with a rich silk Genoa velvet pall with richly emblazoned +armorial bearings of the late general, and with the union-jack. +The procession was under the direction of the Royal Artillery. +The first carriage contained Mr. J. Picton, the Hon. Colonel Vereker, +Colonel Bagot, and General Wood. The second contained the Rev. +Henry Howarth, rector of St. George’s, Hanover Square, Mr. Stanley, +and Dr. Brewer. In the third were Mr. Cooper, Mr. Westerton, and Treherne. Then followed the carriages of Lord Strafford, the +Right Hon. Mr. Estcourt, the Home Secretary, Lord Gough, General +Sir F. Stovin, Sir John Burgoyne, Sir Hew Ross, Sir Robert Gardiner, +and Sir James Coleman.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Amongst the others who appeared as mourners was the Rev. Dr. +Macnab, of Canada, representing his uncle, Captain Alexander Macnab, +of the 30th. Regiment of Foot, who was aide-de-camp to General +Picton, and who fell at the battle of Waterloo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The procession moved slowly through the principal streets to St. +Paul’s Cathedral. When the body reached St. Paul’s Cathedral, some +time was taken up in removing the ponderous mass from the gun-carriage, +and bearing up the steps on the south side into the Cathedral. +It was there met by the Very Rev. the Dean Milman, Archdeacon Hale, +the Rev. W. Murray and several other prebendaries and minor canons, +who preceded the body to the crypt, where a vault had been constructed +not far from the tomb of Wellington, the illustrious chief of +the noble hero. At that moment the organ began to play the ‘Dead +March in Saul.’ Followed by the old comrades of the illustrious +general, the body was conveyed, in the most solemn silence, to the +tomb, where it was received and lowered into the grave in the presence +of Colonel Vereker, Mr. J. Picton, and a large number of private +mourners.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f68'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. Lady de Lancey, a sister of Captain Basil Hall, carefully attended +her dying husband, Sir William de Lancey, in a peasant’s cottage at +Waterloo, for seven or eight days after the battle, in which he had been +severely wounded, and, in fact, was at first returned as killed. In +“Recollections, by Samuel Rogers,” the following account is given by +the Duke:—“De Lancey was with me when he was struck. We were +on a point of land that overlooked the plain, and I had just been +warned by some soldiers, (but as I saw well from it, and as two +divisions were engaging below, I had said, ‘Never mind,’) when a ball +came leaping along <i>en richochet</i>, as it is called, and striking him on the +back, sent him many yards over the head of his horse. He fell on his +face, and bounded upward and fell again. All the staff dismounted, +and ran to him; and when I came up he said, ‘Pray tell them to +leave me, and let me die in peace.’ I had him conveyed into the rear: +and two days afterwards, when, on my return from Brussels, I saw +him in a barn, he spoke with such strength that I said, (for I had reported +him among the killed,) ‘Why, De Lancey, you will have the +advantage of Sir Condy in Castle Rackrent; you will know what your +friends said of you after you were dead.’ ‘I hope I shall,’ he replied. +Poor fellow! We had known each other ever since we were boys. +But I had no time to be sorry; I went on with the army, and never +saw him again.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f69'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. </p> +<table class='table1'> + <tr> + <td class='btt bbt blt c030'></td> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Cav.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Art.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Guns.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt brt c022'>Infantry.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>British</td> + <td class='blt c024'>5843</td> + <td class='blt c024'>2967</td> + <td class='blt c024'>78</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>15,181</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>King’s German Legion</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1997</td> + <td class='blt c024'>526</td> + <td class='blt c024'>18</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>3,301</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Hanoverians</td> + <td class='blt c024'>497</td> + <td class='blt c024'>465</td> + <td class='blt c024'>12</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>10,258</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Brunswickers</td> + <td class='blt c024'>866</td> + <td class='blt c024'>510</td> + <td class='blt c024'>16</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>4,586</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Nassausers</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>2,880</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c030'>Dutch Belgians</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>3205</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>1177</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>32</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>13,402</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c022'>Total</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>12408</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>5645</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>156</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>49,608</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f70'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. The Life Guards and Blues were without cuirasses at Waterloo; +and the 1st. Foot Guards received the royal authority to be styled +Grenadier Guards, to commemorate their having been victorious over +the Imperial Guard.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f71'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. In an interesting paper, entitled “<span class='sc'>Apsley House</span>,” which appeared +in the “Quarterly Review,” for March, 1853, descriptive of a visit to +the late Duke’s residence, the writer thus alludes to this medal,—“His +own Waterloo medal, engraved ‘Arthur, Duke of Wellington,’ and +much worn by use, with the ring cobbled and mended by himself, is +indeed a relic.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f72'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. At this period the Fingo tribes placed themselves under the +protection of the British government; great care was ordered to be +observed that they should not be taken for the enemy. Their +warriors were distinguished from the Kaffirs, by carrying shields.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f73'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. At this period the 27th. Foot joined. On the arrival of the +regiment at Graham’s Town, on the 8th. of September, a provisional +battalion, consisting of four hundred Hottentots, divided into four +companies, and officered by colonists, was attached to the corps. +The 72nd. and 75th. regiments had similar battalions attached to +them.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f74'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. “The conduct of the troops has well maintained the character of +British soldiers, and the losses sustained by the 2nd. Queen’s Royal +Regiment, will stand prominent on the Regimental Records of the +former achievements of this gallant corps.”—<i>Cape General Orders.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f75'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. “At the moment he was hit, he was giving directions to a company +of his own well-loved corps, which was skirmishing in the bush, and +the position of which he wished to alter a little. Whilst raising his +arm to indicate the ground he alluded to, a huge Hottentot stepped +rapidly from a thick clump close by, and delivered the fatal shot; observing +with characteristic cunning the irreparable mischief he had +done, he screeched out, in hellish accents, ‘<i>Johnny, bring stretcher</i>,’ +and, turning on his heel, dived into the clump again before the infuriated +74th. could wreak their vengeance upon him.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Fordyce lived a quarter of an hour after receiving his death-wound. +The ball had passed through his abdomen; and, as he was borne away +in the consciousness of approaching death, he was just able to utter, +in faint accents, the words—‘<i>Take care of my poor regiment</i>—<span class='sc'>I am +ready</span>,’ when he passed placidly away.”—<i>United Service Magazine, April, +1852.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f76'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. The “Birkenhead,” an iron steam transport, sailed from Queenstown +for the Cape, with drafts of the 12th. Lancers, 2nd., 6th., 12th., +43rd., 45th., 60th., 73rd., 74th., and 91st. Regiments; the whole under +the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Seton of the 74th. Off Simon’s +Bay, on 26th. February, 1852, she struck on a sunken rock, and shortly +afterwards sank. Out of six hundred and thirty-eight souls on board, +only 184 were saved. Colonel Seton and his men exhibited an example of +the highest coolness and self-possession, and died at their post with the +courage and resolution of British soldiers. A graceful tribute has been +paid by the Queen to his memory, and that of the officers, non-commissioned +officers, and men who perished in the wreck. Her Majesty, +desirous of recording her admiration of their heroic constancy and unbroken +discipline, has caused to be placed in the colonnade at Chelsea +Hospital, a tablet in commemoration of this event. When the ship +struck, Colonel Seton called all the officers about him, and impressed +upon them the necessity of preserving order and silence among the +men, and intimated to the soldiers by his sergeant-major, that he +would be the last to quit the ship. After placing the women, +children, and sick, in the over-crowded boats, with his men drawn +up on the deck, as if standing on parade, they all went down together +with the wreck; one of the noblest examples of heroism ever +recorded. As a splendid instance of heroic constancy, the late William +I., Emperor of Germany, then King of Prussia, ordered the +glorious story to be read on parade at the head of every regiment in +his service.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f77'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. The body of Sandilli was found in the bush, and was brought on +a horse into the British camp. As he lay on the ground wrapped +in a piece of old sail cloth, the Fingoes marched past, and each shook +his assagai in the face of the dead chief. He was then interred by +them in the presence of the troops.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f78'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. Some time after, a Zulu chief in speaking of the battle at Isandhlwana, +said: “The red soldiers killed many of us with their bayonets; +when they found we were upon them, they turned back to back. They +all fought till they died, they were hard to kill. Not one tried to +escape.” Another said: “Ah, those red soldiers, how few they were, +and how they fought! They fell like stones, each man in his place.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f79'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. “He was last seen with his back to a rock, six Zulus lying dead at +his feet, his empty revolver in his left hand, a bloody sabre in his right, +and two assegais quivering in his body.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f80'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. One of the wounded officers was the gallant Major Hackett, V.C., +of the 90th. Perthshire Regiment, who led his men into action with a +pipe in his mouth. He was shot through the head, but recovered with +the loss of both eyes.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f81'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. On the preceding evening, Sir E. Wood paraded his men, and thus +addressed them, to their great encouragement:—“This is the last +of the laagering business. The Zulus think we cannot beat them in +the open, and we are going to try. I have conversed with Oham’s +men and others who were at Isandlhwana, and they all state that the +Zulus would never have beaten those companies of the 24th., but that +they got in rear of them. Now, I want you, to-morrow, to pay +attention to your officers, as we are going to fight them in square, and +I have every confidence in you, providing you keep shoulder to shoulder, +fighting back to back. I cannot promise all will return, but that we +shall be victors I am sure.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f82'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. This Medal was struck at the Government Mint in Calcutta.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f83'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. The first Jellalabad medal is also very scarce. Since 1842 it has +been the custom with medals granted for service in India to present +them to the legal representatives of deceased officers and soldiers.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f84'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. A gold Maltese cross, on a larger cross of silver, supported by two +crossed swords, in the centre, a circle of pearls, worn with a red +and green ribbon.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f85'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. The 44th. regiment arrived at Jellalabad in January 1841, and was +moved to Cabool in May following. On the 1st. of October of that year, +the strength of the regiment in Afghanistan was 25 officers, 35 sergeants, +14 drummers, and 635 rank and file. The number killed at Cabool, +and during the retreat, amounted to 22 officers and 543 men; three +officers, Lieutenant-Colonel Shelton, and Lieutenants Evans and +Souter, and 51 men were taken prisoners. The officers killed between +the 10th. of November, 1841, and the 13th. of January, 1842, were +Lieutenant-Colonel Mackrell, Major Scott, Captain Swayne, McCrea, +Leighton, and Robinson; Lieutenants Dodgin, Collins, White, Wade, +Hogg, Cumberland, Raban, Cadett, Swinton, Fortye, and Gray; +Paymaster Bourke; Quartermaster Halahan; Surgeon Harcourt, and +Assistant-Surgeons Balfour and Primrose.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lieutenant Souter, severely wounded, preserved the colours of the +44th. by tying them round his waist. 102 officers were killed at +Cabool, and during the retreat.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f86'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. This was the place where the massacre of the British troops +occurred, and not as too frequently stated, in the <i>Khyber</i> pass, which +had they been able to reach, being on the Indian side Jellalabad, they +would have been safe.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f87'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. It is remarkable that the Sikhs, afterwards such formidable opponents +during the Sutlej and Punjab campaigns, were able supporters +at this period, and during the recent Indian Mutiny they sustained +their former character, the Sikh regiments being most valuable allies.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f88'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. One of these officers, Lieutenant Mein, was thus alluded to in +reference to his conduct, while serving with the army on its retreat +from Cabool, by Sir Robert Peel, on moving the vote of thanks to the +army employed in Afghanistan:—“I have said that, in the course of +this campaign, instances of the most generous devotion, of friendly +sympathy, and of desperate fidelity, were displayed, which deserve at +least a passing notice. Lieutenant Eyre says: ‘Lieutenant Sturt (son-in-law +to Sir Robert and Lady Sale) had nearly cleared the defile, when +he received his wound, and would have been left on the ground to be +hacked to pieces by the Ghazees, who followed in the rear to complete +the work of slaughter, but for the generous intrepidity of Lieutenant +Mein, of Her Majesty’s 13th. Light Infantry, who, on learning what +had befallen him, went back to his succour, and stood by him for +several minutes, at the imminent risk of his own life, vainly entreating +aid from the passers by. He was, at length, joined by Sergeant +Deane, of the Sappers, with whose assistance he dragged his friend, on +a quilt, through the remainder of the Pass, when he succeeded in +mounting him on a miserable pony, and conducted him in safety to the +camp, where the unfortunate officer lingered till the following morning, +and was the only man of the whole force who received Christian burial. +Lieutenant Mein was himself at this very time suffering from a +dangerous wound in the head, received in the previous October; and +his heroic disregard of self, and fidelity to his friend in the hour of +danger, are well deserving of a record in the annals of British valour +and virtue; I think, Sir, it is but just that the name of Lieutenant Mein +should be mentioned with honour in the House of Commons, and I do +not regret having noticed this circumstance, as it has called forth so +generous, and general an expression of sympathy and approval.’”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The name and sufferings of Lady Sale will be ever connected with the +disasters in Afghanistan. Her Journal is one of exciting and absorbing +interest.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f89'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. A General Order of October, 1842, announced: “To every officer, +non-commissioned officer, and private present within Kelat-i-Ghilzie, +and forming part of the garrison during the late investment, will be +presented a silver medal,” &c. The garrison consisted of 600 of the +Shah’s army and three companies of the 12th. Bengal Native Infantry. +No Queen’s regiment took part in the defence, but there were present +forty European artillery and sixty Sappers and Miners, the whole being +under the command of Captain John Craigie.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f90'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. On the south face of the fort was a large bastion, close to which +was an open space which had been converted into a burial ground; +here the remains of Colonel Dennie, with many other gallant soldiers +were laid, and the engineer officer in mining the bastion caused the +whole mass to be thrown by the explosion over the graves, thus leaving +a lasting and appropriate monument over them, and effectually preventing +the bodies being disturbed by the Afghans.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f91'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r91'>91</a>. The shots were fired by two Pathan soldiers in the 29th. to rouse +their neighbours, the Afghans, at the top of the Pass. A native officer +detected them at the time by smelling the barrels of their rifles, but, +to screen his co-religionists, kept his knowledge to himself, and made +no report to his superior of the matter. The traitors were subsequently +discovered and tried by court-martial; one was condemned to death +and hanged, and the other imprisoned for two years with hard labour. +The native lieutenant was also sentenced to transportation for seven +years.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f92'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r92'>92</a>. Among the guns captured were seventeen Armstrongs, and an old +brass Dutch piece, with the date 1625. How it got to Cabul is a +mystery.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f93'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r93'>93</a>. The Rev. J. W. Adams, Chaplain to the Force, who had accompanied +the troopers, gained the Victoria Cross for rescuing some men +of the 9th. Lancers, who had fallen into a deep ditch, he being all the +time under a heavy fire, and up to his waist in water. Haying dismounted +in order to give more effectual assistance, he made his escape +on foot, when the Afghans were within a few yards of him.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f94'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r94'>94</a>. In this charge, Major White shouted to his men: “Just one charge +more to settle the business.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f95'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r95'>95</a>. The first design for this medal showed the Chinese Plenipotentiaries +signing the treaty, and on the cloth of the table was an embroidered +pattern representing the British Lion trampling on the Chinese dragon. +So much was this part of the design approved of, that it was adopted +for the reverse, instead of the whole, with the motto as above, and +“Nankin, 1842,” underneath; but the present medal was ultimately +struck, the first being deemed offensive to the feelings of the conquered +people.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f96'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r96'>96</a>. There was but one medal for the second Chinese war, <i>issued with +five clasps</i>, to a Royal Marine artilleryman. When first issued, the ribbon +of the medal was blue, yellow, red, white and green, in stripes, +but afterwards changed to crimson and yellow.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f97'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r97'>97</a>. “The grenadier company of H. M. 55th. Foot, and two companies +of the 6th. regiment of M. N. I., with the Sappers carrying the ladders, +under the command of Brevet-Major Maclean, 55th. Foot, advanced +against the north-east angle. The Sappers, commanded by Lieutenant +Johnstone, with the greatest steadiness and gallantry reared their +ladders against the wall, and in a few minutes the grenadiers of the +55th. had mounted, and dividing into two parties, proceeded to clear +the ramparts, one party turning to the right, under Brevet-Major +Maclean, and another to the left, under Lieutenant Cuddy, 55th.”—<i>Major-General +Schoedde’s despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f98'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r98'>98</a>. The 59th. regiment, Royal Sappers and Miners, first landed, then +the French Naval Brigade, followed by that of the Royal Marines, and +later in the day by the British Naval Brigade. The numbers amounted +to five thousand six hundred and seventy-nine, namely, eight hundred +troops; Royal Marines, two thousand one hundred; Naval Brigade, +one thousand eight hundred and twenty-nine; and French Naval +Brigade, nine hundred and fifty. The <i>mot d’ordre</i>, or parole, throughout +the operations was “France and England.” Shortly after the +landing, Lieutenant Hacket, of the 59th., aide-de-camp to Colonel +Graham, whilst carrying an order, was surprised by a party of Chinese, +who inhumanly beheaded him, and then made off. Two of them were +shot, and a third was afterwards hanged.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f99'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r99'>99</a>. Yeh was captured while endeavouring to escape, by a party of blue +jackets, under the command of Captain Key, who took the Commissioner +with his own hand. He was eventually sent as a prisoner to +Calcutta, where he died in the month of April following.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f100'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r100'>100</a>. The loss in this brilliant affair was trifling, 21 English being +killed and wounded, and 67 on the side of the French, principally +through the explosion of a magazine in one of the forts after its +capture.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f101'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r101'>101</a>. The storming party consisted of a wing of the 44th., under +Lieutenant-Colonel Mac Mahon, and one of the 67th., under Lieutenant-Colonel +Thomas, supported by the other wings of those two +regiments and the Royal Marines, under Lieutenant-Colonel Gascoigne. +A detachment of the latter, under Lieutenant-Colonel Travers, carried +a pontoon bridge for crossing the wet ditches, and Major Graham, of +the Royal Engineers, conducted the assault. The whole were commanded +by Brigadier Reeves; who, although severely wounded in +three places, did not quit the field until he had conducted his men into +the fort.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f102'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r102'>102</a>. Mr. Parkes and all his companions, with Mr. Loch and Captain +Brabazon, were made prisoners; the whole number being twenty-six +British, and twelve French subjects. Twenty of them died from the +horrible treatment of the Chinese. The remains of Lieutenant Anderson, +Messrs. de Norman, and Bowlby were subsequently delivered up by +their captors, or rather murderers, and were publicly and solemnly +interred in the Russian cemetery, within the walls of Pekin.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f103'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r103'>103</a>. The late Lord Herbert, in his first speech in the House of Lords, +in moving the vote of thanks to the Forces in China, alluded to this +service:—“The Tartar cavalry had posted themselves upon an eminence, +which had a sudden fall at the foot of it, and in the deepest part they +had made a ditch. They evidently thought our cavalry could not pass +this ditch, and that they should be able to pick off our men as they +came up with the greatest ease with their matchlocks. The spot has +been described to me by an eye-witness as what would be called, in +hunting phraseology, “a very ugly place,” one which very many +would have looked at twice, and which very few would have gone +at. The probability is that the majority of the field would have gone +round, and attained their object in some other way. The 1st. Dragoon +Guards however rode at it, and so successfully, that they cleared the +place without more than one or two of the men getting out of the +ranks. This struck dismay into the Tartars, who had no conception +such a feat was possible, and they instantly scattered themselves all +over the plain. A Chinese force afterwards attempted to clear the +place, as our men had, but they utterly failed, and fell back into the +ditch. It is said to have been singular to witness the great respect the +enemy always paid to our cavalry, whether regulars or irregulars, but +the alarm depicted in their countenances, and their sudden change of +tactics whenever our Dragoon Guards afterwards came into the field, +was something remarkable.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f104'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r104'>104</a>. As a lesson to the Emperor and his officials, and as a punishment +for their perfidy and cruelty towards these unfortunate gentlemen, the +summer residence of the Emperor, called Yuen-ming-yuen, which extended +for six or seven miles, was plundered and burnt. Some idea +of its extent may be given in the fact that it took two days to set fire +to and destroy all the buildings. The grounds were more than ten miles +in diameter, and the palace consisted of thirty distinct residences with +appendages.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Corps employed against Canton, in 1857, and the Taku Forts and +Pekin, in 1860. Those present at Canton, Taku Forts, Pekin, (as +shewn by the figure 1,) have been authorised to bear the names of +these places on their regimental colours; the 60th., being Rifles, have +them on their appointments. The Artillery, Engineers, and Marines +have a general motto, and do not receive such distinctions:—</p> + +<table class='table1'> + <tr> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022'><span class='fss'>CORPS.</span></th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Canton.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Taku Forts.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022'>Pekin.</th> + <td class='btt bbt blt brt c030'></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Royal Artillery<a id='r105'></a><a href='#f105' class='c013'><sup>[105]</sup></a></td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c030'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Madras Artillery</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c030'>Two Companies.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Royal Engineers<a id='r106'></a><a href='#f106' class='c013'><sup>[106]</sup></a></td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c030'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Madras Engineers</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c030'>Two Companies.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>1st. King’s Dragoon Guards</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c030'>Two Squadrons.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>1st. Sikh Irregular Cavalry, now 11th. Bengal Cavalry</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c030'>Head-quarters.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Fane’s Horse, now 19th. Bengal Cavalry</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>1st. Battalion Military Train</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>1st. (Royal) Regt., 2nd. batt.</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>2nd. (Queen’s) Regt., 1st. batt.</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>3rd. (Buffs) Regt., 1st. batt.</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>31st. Regiment</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>44th. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>59th. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>60th. „ 2nd. batt.</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>67th. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>99th. „</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Royal Marines<a id='r107'></a><a href='#f107' class='c013'><sup>[107]</sup></a></td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c030'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>8th. Punjaub Infantry, now 20th.</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c030'>Head-quarters.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>15th. „ now 22nd.</td> + <td class='blt c024'> </td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt brt c022'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c030'>38th. Madras Native Infantry<a id='r108'></a><a href='#f108' class='c013'><sup>[108]</sup></a></td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c030'> </td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f105'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r105'>105</a>. Three batteries at Canton, nine at Taku Forts, five at Pekin.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f106'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r106'>106</a>. Half a Company at Canton, two and a half companies at Taku +and Pekin.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f107'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r107'>107</a>. Three Battalions at Canton, one at Taku Forts.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f108'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r108'>108</a>. Detachment of two officers and forty men; being so small a +portion of the corps, the word “Canton” was not authorised for the +regiment.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f109'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r109'>109</a>. The only Queen’s regiment at Meeanee was the 22nd., and the following +extracts from the despatch of Major-General Sir Charles Napier +testify the part borne by it in this victory:—“Lieutenant-Colonel +Pennefather was severely wounded, as, with the high courage of a +soldier, he led his regiment up the desperate bank of the Fulailee. +Major Wyllie, Captains Tucker and Conway, Lieutenants Harding +and Phayre, were all wounded while gloriously animating their men to +sustain the shock of numbers. Captains Meade, Tew, and Cookson, +with Lieutenant Wood, all fell honourably, urging on the assault with +unmitigated valour. Major Poole, of the 22nd., and Captain Jackson, +of the 25th. Native Infantry, who succeeded to the command of those +regiments, proved themselves worthy of their dangerous posts. The +Acting Assistant Quartermaster-General, Lieutenant McMurdo, of the +22nd. regiment, had his horse killed, and, while on foot leading some +soldiers in a desperate dash down the enemy’s side of the bank, he cut +down a chieftain. He has greatly assisted me by his activity and zeal +during the whole of our operations. Innumerable are the individual +acts of intrepidity which took place between our soldiers and their +opponents, too numerous for detail in this despatch, yet well meriting +a record.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f110'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r110'>110</a>. Major Poole, commanding the 22nd. regiment, in consequence of +Lieutenant-Colonel Pennefather having been severely wounded, stated +in his report, respecting the soldiers of the regiment under his command, +who had distinguished themselves in the battle of Meeanee, +“that the officers generally assert that they feel difficulty in making +selections, where the conduct of every man of their companies was so +satisfactory. In so general a field of action and persevering exertion, +I equally feel at a loss where to draw a distinction; but it may be +proper to mention the names of Private James O’Neill, of the light +company, who took a standard whilst we were actively engaged with +the enemy, and Drummer Martin Delaney; the latter shot, bayoneted, +and captured the arms of Meer Whullee Mahomed Khan, who was +mounted, and directing the enemy in the hottest part of the engagement.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f111'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r111'>111</a>. The words “Meeanee,” “Hyderabad,” and “Scinde,” were authorised +to be borne on the colours of the 22nd. regiment.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f112'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r112'>112</a>. In the pursuit of Meer Shere Mahomed, the following men of the +22nd., concealing their wounds received in the battle of Hyderabad, +marched with their regiment the next day, thinking another action was +at hand:—Sergeant Haney, John Durr, John Muldowney, Robert +Young, Henry Lines, Patrick Gill, James Andrews, Thomas Middleton, +James Mulvey, and Silvester Day.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f113'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r113'>113</a>. Brigadier Stopford, C.B., of the 64th., who was killed on the 9th. +of December, 1856, at the attack on Reshire, in Persia, commanded +the 40th. at Maharajpoor, and fell whilst leading on his regiment, +dangerously wounded, at the very muzzles of the enemy’s guns. For +this service he was made Lieutenant-Colonel and a C.B. He lay for a +considerable time wounded on the field, among the dying and the dead, +men and horses, and might have fallen a victim to his own generosity. +When his dooly or stretcher was sent for him from the rear, and he +perceived Major-General Churchill lying near him mortally wounded, +with both legs carried away by a cannon ball, like another Sidney, he +said, “Oh! General you are worse than I am, you’ll bleed to death, +you must go on this dooly.” Colonel Stopford was at last carried to +the rear, and was only in time to bid farewell to the general who died +immediately afterwards.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f114'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r114'>114</a>. The total casualties, including the Native corps, exceeded a thousand +killed and wounded.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f115'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r115'>115</a>. The British army consisted of 5,674 Europeans and 12,053 natives, +with sixty-five guns.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f116'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r116'>116</a>. “Near the middle of it, one of their heavy guns was advanced, and +played with deadly effect upon our troops. Lieutenant-General Sir +Henry Hardinge immediately formed Her Majesty’s 80th. Foot and +the 1st. European Light Infantry. They were led to the attack by +their commanding officers, and animated in their exertions by Lieutenant-Colonel +Robert Blucher Wood (Aide-de-Camp to the Lieutenant-General), +who was wounded in the outset, the 80th. captured the gun, +and the enemy dismayed by this counter-check, did not venture to +press on further.”—<i>General Sir Hugh Gough’s Despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f117'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r117'>117</a>. A vivid picture of this sanguinary struggle was given by the late +Viscount Hardinge, in a letter to a member of his family, which was +quoted by Sir Robert Peel, when the vote of thanks to the army was +proposed in Parliament. “It was the most extraordinary of my life. +I bivouacked with the men, without food or covering, and our nights +are bitter cold. A burning camp in our front, our brave fellows lying +down under a heavy cannonade which continued during the whole +night, mixed with the wild cries of the Sikhs, our English hurrah, the +tramp of men, and the groans of the dying. In this state, with a handful +of men, who had carried the batteries the night before, I remained +till morning, taking very short intervals of rest by lying down with +various regiments in succession, to ascertain their temper and revive +their spirits. I found myself again with my old friends of the 29th., +31st., 50th., and 9th., and all in good heart. My answer to all and +every man was, that we must fight it out, attack the enemy vigorously +at daybreak, beat him, or die honourably in the field. The gallant old +General, kind-hearted and heroically brave, entirely coincided with +me. During the night I occasionally called upon our brave English +soldiers to punish the Sikhs when they came too close, and were imprudent; +and when morning broke we went at it in true English style. +Gough was on the right. I placed myself, and dear little Arthur by +my side, in the centre, about thirty yards in front of the men, to prevent +their firing, and we drove the enemy without a halt from one +extremity of their camp to the other, capturing thirty or forty guns as +we went along, which fired at twenty paces from us, and were served +obstinately. The brave men drew up in an excellent line, and cheered +Gough and myself as we rode up the line, the regimental colours +lowering to me as on parade. The mournful part is the heavy loss I +have sustained in my officers. I have had ten aides-de-camp <i><span lang="fr">hors de combat</span></i>, +five killed and five wounded. The fire of grape was very heavy +from 100 pieces of cannon. The Sikh army was drilled by French +officers, and the men the most warlike in India.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f118'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r118'>118</a>. “The Governor-General’s thanks are due to all the infantry regiments +of Her Majesty, and to the 1st. European Light Infantry of the +East India Company’s service, all of which regiments distinguished +themselves by the most devoted courage in braving the destructive fire +of the enemy’s batteries, and valiantly capturing their guns. The +Governor-General offers his thanks more especially to Her Majesty’s +3rd. Dragoons, who on all these occasions, sought opportunities of +useful conflict with the enemy, and fought with that superiority over +their opponents which skill and discipline impart to brave and determined +men.”—<i>General Orders by the Right Honourable the Governor-General.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f119'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r119'>119</a>. Shortly after the storming of the village of Aliwal, an European +officer in the Sikh service was given in charge to the 31st. regiment, +having surrendered himself as a prisoner to an officer of one of the +cavalry regiments in the Company’s service. He said his servant had +galloped off with his charger, and, being rather stout, preferred giving +himself up to the chance of running away; his name was John Potter, +a native of Maidstone, in Kent; he had deserted from the Company’s +artillery twenty years before, and was now a Colonel of artillery in the +Sikh service, having a native wife and family at Lahore. The +Governor-General afterwards permitted him to hold an appointment +in the Sikh service.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f120'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r120'>120</a>. A most gallant act was performed by Sergeant Bernard McCabe, of +the 31st. Foot. Lieutenant Tritton, bearing the Queen’s colour, was +shot through the head, and Ensign Jones, who carried the regimental +one, was nearly at the same time mortally wounded. The regimental +colour falling to the ground, was seized by Sergeant McCabe, who +rushing forward, crossed the ditch, and planted it on the highest point +of the enemy’s fortifications, maintaining his position under a most +tremendous fire, the colour being completely riddled with shot. The +men, cheering, scrambled into the works as best they could, and drove +the enemy into the river, Lieutenant Noel bearing the Queen’s colour, +the staff of which shivered in his hand. Sergeant McCabe was +appointed to an ensigncy in the 18th. Royal Irish Regiment, on the +recommendation of the late General Sir Harry Smith, who pronounced +this deed to be one of the most daring he ever witnessed, and which he +considered tended much to shorten the struggle. Captain McCabe, of +the 32nd., to which regiment he was afterwards promoted, died of +wounds, received while leading his fourth sortie, at Lucknow, on the +1st. of October, 1857.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f121'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r121'>121</a>. Guns mounted upon camels, and carrying shot about one pound +in weight.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f122'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r122'>122</a>. “Major-General Sir Joseph Thackwell has established a claim on +this day to the rare commendation of having achieved much with a +cavalry force, where the duty to be done consisted entirely of an attack +on field works, usually supposed to be the particular province of +infantry and artillery. His vigilance and activity throughout our +operations, and the superior manner in which our outposts duties have +been carried on under his superintendence demand my warmest +acknowledgements.”—<i>General Sir Hugh Gough’s despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f123'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r123'>123</a>. A superb gold medal, designed by William Wyon, Esq., was +presented to this officer by the Honourable East India Company. The +obverse bears the head of the Queen, superscribed <span class='sc'>Victoria Regina</span>, +and on the reverse are Victory and Valour crowning the arms of Major +Edwardes; these figures are resting on the lotus flower, and beneath is +the infant Hercules strangling the serpents, in allusion to the youth +of the hero; within the border thus formed is the following +inscription:—<span class='sc'>From the East India Company to Lieutt. and Brevt.-Major +H. B. Edwardes, C.B., for his services in the Punjab</span>, A.D. +MDCCCXLVIII.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f124'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r124'>124</a>. Brevet-Major Edwardes, C.B., in his despatch to Major-General +Whish giving such details of the action of the 7th. of November as +concerned the Irregular Auxiliary Force under his command, and +Lieutenant Lake, stated:—“I regret to say that the head of the +British line reached the east side of the nullah as our Irregulars arrived +at the passage in the canal, which connected the entrenchments on the +east and west, and a party of Sheikh Emamoodeen’s Rohillas, disregarding +the heat of the action the orders they had received to keep +on their own side of the nullah, crossed over and had captured a gun +on the eastern bank, when they were mistaken by the Sepoys for +Moolraj’s troops, and two were shot down before the error could be +explained.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“I deem it my duty to bring to your notice the noble conduct of a +private of Her Majesty’s 32nd. Foot, who at this juncture, perceiving +what was going on, leaped down the canal, and putting himself in +front of my Pathans, faced the British troops, and waved his shako on +the end of his bayonet as the signal to cease firing. Thus many +friendly lives were saved. The name of this brave man is Howell.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f125'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r125'>125</a>. During this siege, the first Naval Brigade was organised. It consisted +of about one hundred men from Captain Powell’s steamers of +the Indus flotilla, who worked a battery of eighteen-pounders, in the +most effective manner.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f126'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r126'>126</a>. The Sikhs “were magnificently placed, on a low hill surrounded +by a thick jungle, equalling the British in number of guns, and more +than doubling them in troops.”—<i>Letter from Officer engaged in the battle.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f127'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r127'>127</a>. When Brigadier Pennycuick fell mortally wounded, a Sikh was +mangling the body; on seeing which his son rushed forward, dealt an +avenging blow, and across his father’s corpse endeavoured to protect the +remains; but it was in vain, and the heroic youth fell overpowered by +numbers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Another father and son met a like fate in this campaign. Colonel +Cureton was killed at Ramnuggur, and his son, Lieutenant A. J. +Cureton, of the 14th. Light Dragoons, fell at Chilianwala.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f128'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r128'>128</a>. The loss of the 24th., which advanced on the Sikh guns with unloaded +muskets, and blown by the run, was fearful; it was the central +regiment of the fifth brigade, under Brigadier Pennycuick, which +formed the right brigade of the third division, under Brigadier-General +Colin Campbell. Lieutenants-Colonels Brookes and Pennycuick, +C.B., Major Harris, Captains Lee, Travers, Harris, and Shore, Lieutenants +George Phillips, Payne, Woodgate, and Ensigns William +Phillips, Collis, and Pennycuick were killed; Major Paynter, Captains +Brown and Bazalgette, Lieutenants Williams, Croker, Berry, +Thelwall, and Hartshorn (Adjutant), Macpherson, and Archer (96th. +Foot,) were wounded. Of the men the casualties were returned as +four hundred and ninety-seven killed or wounded; two hundred and +twenty-seven of these were killed in action, and nine subsequently +died of their wounds.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f129'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r129'>129</a>. “This division nobly maintained the character of the Indian Army, +taking and spiking the whole of the enemy’s guns in their front, and +dispersing the Sikhs wherever they were seen.”—<i>Lord Gough’s despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f130'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r130'>130</a>. Forty guns, twelve of which were brought into the British camp.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f131'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r131'>131</a>. Thirty-eight officers and five hundred and sixty-four men killed, +ninety-four officers and one thousand five hundred and fifty-seven men +wounded, and one hundred and four missing.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f132'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r132'>132</a>. Lieutenant Philpotts having been some time on the station was well +known and respected by Heke and the natives. At the head of his +men, while endeavouring to hew down the palisades with an axe, the +defenders called to him by name, and told him to go away, or they +should shoot him. This he disregarded and fell. His body being left +in possession of the Maories, was by them cooked and partly eaten.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f133'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r133'>133</a>. The loss would have been greater but for the noble conduct of +Allen, the bugler of the detachment, a mere lad: who when struck on +the right arm by a tomahawk in the act of sounding the alarm, seized +the bugle with his left, and gave a blast which effectually roused his +sleeping comrades, when another stroke laid him dead on the ground.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f134'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r134'>134</a>. The soldiers blamed the sailors for the miscarriage of this affair, +who retaliated by making a similar charge against the military. The +day was closing when the assault took place, and it appears that when +the party led by Commander Hay got into the interior of the “pa,” +nothing could at first be seen but a few wounded Maories lying about, +and concluding the place to be abandoned, some of the men began +straggling in search of plunder. The enemy, who had lain concealed +and secure from the bombardment, in holes dug out of the earth +covered with turf and brushwood, suddenly rose up on all sides, +and poured in such close and withering volleys that the stormers seeing +their officers all shot down, were seized with a panic, and discipline was +at an end.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f135'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r135'>135</a>. General Cameron wrote in his despatch “The 43rd Regiment: the +Service have sustained a serious loss in the death of Lieut.-Colonel +Booth, which took place on the night after the attack. I have already +mentioned the brilliant example shown by the officers in the assault; +and when I met him on the following morning as he was being carried +out of the work, his first words were an expression of regret that +he had found it impossible to carry out my orders.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f136'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r136'>136</a>. Corporal J. Byrne, V.C., of the 68th., when the order to charge +was given, was the first man of his company into the rifle-pits; a +Maori, whom he ran through with his bayonet, seized his rifle with +one hand, and holding it firm, with the bayonet through his body, +tried to cut down the corporal with his tomahawk, but his life was +saved by Sergeant Murray, who for his distinguished bravery on +the occasion was awarded the Victoria Cross. Sergeant Murray +charged a rifle-pit containing from eight to ten of the enemy, and, +single-handed, killed or wounded every one of them.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f137'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r137'>137</a>. So numerous were these expeditions, that no less than <i>fifteen</i> occurred +between the years 1849 and 1855 inclusive.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f138'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r138'>138</a>. 18th., eight hundred and fifty men; 51st., nine hundred; 80th., +four hundred and sixty; Artillery, five companies, five hundred and +seventeen; Native Infantry, three regiments, two thousand eight +hundred; Gun Lascars, seventy; Sappers and Miners, one hundred +and seventy; in all five thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven men.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f139'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r139'>139</a>. Captain John Augustus Wood, of the 20th. Bombay Native Infantry, +gained the Victoria Cross for his gallantry on the 9th. of +December. On that day he led the grenadier company, which formed +the head of the assaulting column. He was the first man on the parapet +of the fort, where he was instantly attacked by a large number of +the garrison, who suddenly sprang on him from a trench cut in the +parapet itself. These men fired a volley at Captain Wood and the head +of the storming party, when only a yard or two distant; although +struck by no less than seven musket-balls, he at once threw himself +upon the enemy, passed his sword through the body of their leader, +and, being closely followed by the men of his company, speedily overcame +all opposition, and established himself in the place. His wounds +compelled him to leave the force for a time; but with the true spirit of +a good soldier, he rejoined his regiment, and returned to his duty at +Bushire before the wounds were properly healed.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f140'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r140'>140</a>. Lieutenants Arthur Thomas Moore (Adjutant), and John Grant +Malcolmson, of the 3rd. Bombay Light Cavalry, here gained the Victoria +Cross. On the occasion of an attack on the enemy on the 8th. of +February, 1857, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Forbes, C.B., Lieutenant +Moore, the Adjutant of the Regiment, was, perhaps, the first of all by +a horse’s length. His horse leaped into the square, and instantly fell +dead, crushing down his rider, and breaking his sword as he fell among +the broken ranks of the enemy. Lieutenant Moore speedily extricated +himself, and attempted with his broken sword to force his way through +the press; but he would have assuredly lost his life had not Lieutenant +Malcolmson, observing his peril, fought his way to his dismounted +comrade through a crowd of enemies, and, giving him his stirrup, +safely carried him through everything out of the throng.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f141'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r141'>141</a>. “To Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram, and to his brave companions +in arms, the Governor-General in Council desires to offer an +early assurance of the warm approbation and thanks which they have +so well merited. These are especially due to Major-General Stalker, +C.B., and to Colonel Lugard, C.B., chief of the staff, who are described +by Sir James Outram as having guided the troops to victory in the +time—most happily not of long continuance—during which he was +disabled by a severe fall from his horse.”—<i>Fort William, March 12th, 1857.</i></p> + +<p class='c008'>Major-General Stalker and Commodore Ethersey both destroyed +themselves at Bushire, while labouring under mental aberration; the +former on the 14th. of March, 1857, and the latter three days afterwards.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f142'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r142'>142</a>. Sir Charles Napier, in a General Order of February 16th., 1850, +thus speaks of these operations. “The fighting and labour fell on +those who had to scale precipices to secure the camp, and when marching +to protect the front, flank, and rear of the column while passing +through a dangerous defile, thirteen miles in length, under a constant +fire of matchlock men. It is said that in making this march Runject +Singh lost 1,000 men. The Commander-in-Chief does not know +whether this story is correct or not, but Brigadier Sir Colin Campbell +has not lost twenty, nor was there one bit of baggage taken by our +enemies, though they are renowned for being the most daring and +dexterous plunderers in the world.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f143'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r143'>143</a>. The Afridis are divided into eight principal Khails, or tribes, +which are nearly always at war with each other. Each tribe has +a debtor and credit account with its neighbour, life for life, and +consider revenge the strongest of all obligations, but among them +hospitality is the first of virtues.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f144'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r144'>144</a>. In 1858, a force under Sir Sidney Cotton was despatched to +Sittana, on the Eusufyze border, against a body of Hindostanee +Wahabee fanatics, who had committed depredations on British villages. +The 81st. and 98th. Regiments were the only British troops employed +in this expedition, which was successful.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f145'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r145'>145</a>. “An officer seeing a stir upon the hill side amongst the European +troops sent out to the scene of an action fought two days before, and +a large group assembled about some object on the ground, ascended a +rock above them to learn the cause. A curious sight presented itself. +In the centre lay the mutilated body of a slain comrade, and at its head +stood a non-commissioned officer with a Testament in his hand. Man +after man came up, and to each was administered a solemn oath that +from that day they would neither save nor spare, but pay that debt +to the uttermost. That oath was afterwards well kept.”—<i>Fosbery’s +Umbeyla Campaign.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f146'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r146'>146</a>. The Umbeyla expedition was scarcely ended, when the Mohmund +tribe made a raid into British territory at Shubkuddur, and killed an +officer of the Irregular Cavalry who opposed them. To punish the +tribe, the Doab Field Force was formed under Colonel Macdonnel, who +encountered and severely defeated the Mohmunds near Shubkuddur, +January 2nd., 1864. The European troops engaged in this affair were +three troops of the 7th. Hussars, and 3rd. Battalion Rifle Brigade; +who, twelve years afterwards, were given the Indian Medal, with the +“North West Frontier” clasp.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f147'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r147'>147</a>. Two guns and a number of wounded were abandoned during the +retreat, the men of the 43rd. Bengal Infantry refusing to carry them; +but to the honour of the Bhootan General, Tongso Punlow, he treated +all the wounded very kindly, fed them, and sent them to the British +camp, each man with a small present.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f148'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r148'>148</a>. In one of their raids the Looshais carried off an English girl from a +plantation, which was one cause of the expedition being organised +against them. At the end of war the girl was given up by the Looshai +chiefs.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f149'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r149'>149</a>. The following is a portion of the farewell order issued by General +Bourchier, on the breaking up of the force:—“From the beginning of +November to the present time, every man has been employed in hard +work, cheerfully performed, often under the most trying circumstances +of heat and frost—always bivouacking on the mountain side, in rude +huts of grass or leaves; officers and men sharing the same accommodation, +marching day by day over precipitous mountains,—and having +made a road fit for elephants from Luckipur to Chipoune, a distance of +103 miles. The spirits of the troops never flagged; and when they +met the enemy, they drove them from their stockades and strongholds, +until they were glad to sue for mercy.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f150'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r150'>150</a>. Three Naval Brigades were employed in these expeditions. One, +under Captains Butler and Singleton, co-operated with General Colborne +on the Perak river; another, under Commander Garforth, +comprising officers and men of the “Philomel,” “Modeste,” and +“Ringdove,” co-operated with the column under Brigadier-General +Ross; and a third, under Commander Stirling, was engaged on the +Perak and Lakut rivers. The brigade under Captain Butler, was for +one month without vegetables or bread, and lived on tinned meats, +varied occasionally by the flesh of a wild buffalo. During the ten days +advance to Kinta, the men frequently marched through stagnant water +waist-deep, under torrents of rain, and slept in the open-air without +cover of any kind. The officers and crews of H.M.S. “Egeria,” “Charybdis,” +and “Hart” also took part in the operations.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f151'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r151'>151</a>. A Naval Brigade, under Captain Clutterbuck, captured a Burmese +position at Mayangyan on November 23rd.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f152'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r152'>152</a>. By a General Order issued January 3rd., 1888, the Indian Medal of +1854, with a clasp inscribed “Burma, 1885–87” was granted “to the +troops engaged in the operations between November 14th., 1885, and +April 30th., 1887.” A bronze medal and clasp, of a similar pattern was +given to all recognised Government followers who accompanied the +troops so engaged. Another Order of December 3rd., 1889, notifies—“the +Queen’s command, that the grant of the Indian Medal of 1854, +with a clasp inscribed “Burma, 1887–89,” shall be extended to all +troops engaged in the military operations in Upper Burma, and to those +actually engaged in Lower Burma, between the 1st. of May, 1887, and +the 31st. of March, 1889. A medal and clasp of similar pattern, but in +bronze, is to be issued to all authorised Government followers, who +accompanied the troops. Officers and men who already possess the +Indian medal, including those wearing the clasp “Burma, 1885–87,” +will receive the clasp only.” The medal was struck in England, but +the clasp was made in Calcutta. The names of the recipients and their +regiments are engraved on the edge of the medal.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f153'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r153'>153</a>. The European regiments engaged in this expedition were the +1st. Battalions of the 6th. and 19th. Foot, who received the Indian +Medal, with the “North West Frontier” clasp.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f154'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r154'>154</a>. A parallel circumstance is found in the campaigns in Spain, during +the reign of Queen Anne. The day before the battle of Saragossa, +which was fought on the 20th. August, 1710, several men who were +so pressed with hunger and thirst as to venture to gather grapes +in a vineyard situated between the two armies, were shot by the +enemy’s outposts.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f155'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r155'>155</a>. As an instance of this, the following circumstance has been narrated +to the author by an officer, who, on following the second division +up the heights after the battle, found a poor fellow that had escaped +untouched by the enemy’s fire, dying of cholera. He offered the man +a drop of brandy, who refused it, saying, “It’s too late, sir, there is no +use wasting it on me.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f156'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r156'>156</a>. This officer also behaved with great gallantry at the assault on the +Redan, 8th. September, 1855, where he was shot through both thighs.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f157'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r157'>157</a>. For this and other interesting information the author is indebted +to Colonel Lysons, C.B., who served throughout the Crimean Campaign, +and is now employed as Assistant Adjutant-General upon the +Staff of Lieutenant-General Sir James Frederick Love, K.C.B., +Inspector General of Infantry.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f158'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r158'>158</a>. It cannot be too generally known that there is an excellent model +of the Siege of Sebastopol deposited in the Museum of the United +Service Institution, Whitehall Yard, which forms a worthy companion +to that of the Battle of Waterloo, by Captain Siborne, also to be seen +there. The Sebastopol model owes its origin to the following circumstances:—While +the war in the Crimea was still being carried on, +His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, as a mark of the continued +interest he has always taken in the above Institution, presented to its +Museum, in November, 1855, a model of the Siege of Sebastopol, +based upon the best information that could at that time be procured +in England. His Royal Highness, on presenting it, made a stipulation +that the council would take steps to mark (in colour or otherwise), +the exact position of the attacks of the allies, and of the Russian +defences at the time of the capture of the place.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The council lost no time in inviting some officers who had lately +returned from the Crimea, to undertake the completion of the model, +according to His Royal Highness’s wishes; difficulties, however, +presented themselves in endeavouring to carry this out in a satisfactory +manner, which it was found impossible to overcome. In the +meantime, at the expiration of the war in 1856, the officers of the +Royal Engineers and of the Quartermaster-General’s department +had completed their official surveys of the country, and, with His +Royal Highness’s concurrence, it was resolved to construct a new +model, based upon the latest and most accurate information. Colonel +F. W. Hamilton, C.B., of the Grenadier Guards, who was wounded at +the Battle of Inkermann, undertook the execution, the officers of the +Army and Navy being invited to subscribe to a fund for defraying +the necessary expenses, the Prince Consort heading the list with a +donation of £50. The model is constructed to a horizontal scale +of eleven inches to one mile, or one inch to four hundred and eighty +feet. A succinct but valuable description of the model by Colonel +Hamilton has been printed, from which the above particulars have +been extracted.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f159'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r159'>159</a>. All inventions and resources were pressed into service during +the war: photography lent its aid; a telegraph and a railroad were +ultimately constructed; and Soyer made his culinary campaign; but +from the first the leading public journals had their representatives in +the field. The letters of Mr. W. H. Russell, the special correspondent +of “The Times,” were eagerly read by all, and the above has been extracted +from that gentleman’s work, “The British Expedition to the +Crimea.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f160'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r160'>160</a>. “The English cavalry, commanded by Lord Cardigan, had attacked +our brigade of hussars (6th. Cavalry Division), with extraordinary impetuosity, +but being themselves assailed in flank by four squadrons of +our combined regiment of Lancers, they were thrown back, while the +artillery of the 12th. and 16th. divisions fired after them with canister, +and the Lancers with their carbines.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The English cavalry, while charging our hussars, succeeded in +penetrating to the battery of Don Cossacks, No. 3, and cut down some +of its gunners.”—<i>Extract from Prince Menschikoff’s despatch, dated 25th. +October, 1854.</i></p> + +<p class='c008'>“The enemy’s attack was most pertinacious; he charged our cavalry +in spite of the grape fired with great precision from six guns of the light +battery, No. 7, in spite of the fire of the skirmishers of the regiment +“Odessa,” and of a company of the fourth battalion of “Tirailleurs,” +that stood on the right wing, and even unheeding the artillery of +General Yabokritski.”—<i>General Liprandi’s report to Prince Menschikoff, +26th. October, 1854.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f161'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r161'>161</a>. In the “Curiosities of War,” are shown the numerous battles +which have been fought on Sundays, especially on Palm, Easter, and +Whit Sundays. From the Wars of the Roses to the time of Wellington, +Sunday has been memorable in English military annals. It is a stern +necessity, that offers so strong a contrast to the prayer which then +is ascending from ivied village church or stately city fane, to preserve +us “from battle and murder, and from sudden death.” The Peninsular +War was fruitful in Sunday fighting, and the following instances +in that and more recent campaigns are here inserted, as being intimately +connected with the “Medals of the British Army.”—The +second battle in Portugal, that of Vimiera, was fought on Sunday, +21st. August, 1808. The battle of Fuentes d’Onor was gained on +Sunday, the 5th. of May, 1811. On Sunday evening, 10th. January, +1812, Lord Wellington issued the brief and determined order, that +“Ciudad Rodrigo must be carried by assault this evening, at seven +o’clock.” The battle of Orthes was fought on Sunday, the 27th. of +February, 1814, and that of Toulouse—the last general action of the +Peninsular War—occurred on Easter Sunday, the 10th. of April +following. The Battle of Waterloo was also decided on Sunday, the +18th. of June, 1815. The second Burmese War afforded two examples:—Easter +Sunday the 11th. April, 1852, the attack on the +lines of defence at Rangoon; and the attack and capture of Pegu, +on Sunday, the 21st. of November, 1852. The victory of Inkermann, +as above narrated, was achieved on Sunday, the 5th. of November, +1854. And it was on Sunday, the 10th. of May, 1857, that the terrible +Indian Mutiny broke out at Meerut.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f162'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r162'>162</a>. “Every bush hid a dead man, and in some places small groups +lay heaped. In a spot which might have been covered by a common +bell-tent, I saw lying four Englishmen and seven Russians. All the +field was strewn; but the space in front of the two-gun battery, +where the Guards fought, bore terrible pre-eminence in slaughter. +The sides of the hill, up to and around the battery, were literally +heaped with bodies. It was painful to see the noble Guardsmen, with +their large forms and fine faces, lying amidst the dogged, low-browed +Russians. One Guardsman lay, in advance of the battery, on his back, +with his arms raised in the very act of thrusting with the bayonet; he +had been killed by a bullet entering through his right eye. His coat +was open, and I read his name on the Guernsey frock underneath—an +odd name—‘Mustow.’ While I was wondering why his arms had not +obeyed the laws of gravity, and fallen by his side when he fell dead, a +Guardsman came up and told me he had seen Mustow rush out of the +battery and charge with the bayonet, with which he was thrusting +at two or three of the enemy, when he was shot. In their last charges +the Russians must have trodden at every step on the bodies of their +comrades.”—<i>“The Story of the Campaign of Sebastopol,” by Lieutenant-Colonel +E. Bruce Hamley, Royal Artillery.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f163'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r163'>163</a>. The first notice of the advance of the Russians was given by Sir +Thomas Troubridge, who commanded the outposts of the first brigade +of the Light Division. After relieving the advanced sentries, he went +down before daybreak towards the Mamelon, and, sweeping the +ground with a field-glass, descried the enemy on the opposite side +of the ravine.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f164'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r164'>164</a>. Some misapprehension having arisen regarding the numbers then +actually belonging to the army in the Crimea, in consequence of the +above statement in Lord Raglan’s despatch, the following return of +the strength on the 4th. of November, 1854, is inserted:—</p> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr> + <td class='c031'></td> + <th class='c032'>Cavalry.</th> + <th class='c032'>Artillery and Sappers & Miners.</th> + <th class='c033'>Infantry.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Under arms</td> + <td class='c034'>1,417</td> + <td class='c034'>3,154</td> + <td class='c035'>17,436</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Detached on command, Bâtmen, and otherwise employed</td> + <td class='c034'>449</td> + <td class='c034'>260</td> + <td class='c035'>4,353</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Sick { Present</td> + <td class='c034'>149</td> + <td class='c034'>50</td> + <td class='c035'>1,131</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Sick { Absent</td> + <td class='c034'>512</td> + <td class='c034'>130</td> + <td class='c035'>5,104</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'> </td> + <td class='c034'><hr></td> + <td class='c034'><hr></td> + <td class='c035'><hr></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'> </td> + <td class='c034'>2,527</td> + <td class='c034'>3,594</td> + <td class='c035'>28,024</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Officers</td> + <td class='c034'>107</td> + <td class='c034'>147</td> + <td class='c035'>708</td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='4'>Total officers and men, 4th. November, 1854 35,107.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>The brigade of Highlanders, upwards of 2,000 men, was at Balaklava; +the third division of 3,400 men occupied the heights in rear of the +trenches, a sortie from the town being expected: and about 3,600 +were in the trenches; these, deducted from 17,436, the “Infantry +under arms,” leave 8,436, nearly agreeing with the number given +in the despatch.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f165'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r165'>165</a>. “At one time, while the Duke was rallying his men, a body of +Russians began to single him out, and to take shots at him in the most +deliberate manner. A surgeon, Mr. Wilson, 7th. Hussars, who was +attached to the brigade, perceived the danger of his Royal Highness, +and with the greatest gallantry and coolness, assembled a few men of +the Guards, led them to the charge, and utterly routed and dispersed +the Russians. The Duke’s horse was killed in the course of the fight. +At the close of the day he called Mr. Wilson in front of the regiment +and publicly thanked him for having in all probability saved his life.”—<i>“Expedition +to the Crimea,” by W. H. Russell, L.L.D.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f166'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r166'>166</a>. The incident is thus alluded to in a letter written on the day +following the escape of the French garrison of Almeida, by the Duke +of Wellington to Viscount Beresford:—“Villa Formosa, 11th. May, +1811. You will hardly believe that we were obliged to pick up the +French shot in our camp to make up ammunition for Arentschild’s +guns, his reserve having been left behind at Saragossa.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f167'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r167'>167</a>. Non-commissioned officers and men, 11th. January, 1855:—</p> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr> + <td class='c031'></td> + <th class='c032'>Cavalry.</th> + <th class='c032'>Artillery and Sappers & Miners.</th> + <th class='c033'>Infantry.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Under arms</td> + <td class='c034'>1,086</td> + <td class='c034'>2,971</td> + <td class='c035'>17,050</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Bâtmen, & otherwise employed</td> + <td class='c034'>306</td> + <td class='c034'>100</td> + <td class='c035'>3,040</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>On command</td> + <td class='c034'>242</td> + <td class='c034'>206</td> + <td class='c035'>2,029</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Sick { Present</td> + <td class='c034'>193</td> + <td class='c034'>564</td> + <td class='c035'>4,821</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Sick { Absent</td> + <td class='c034'>576</td> + <td class='c034'>673</td> + <td class='c035'>9,174</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'> </td> + <td class='c034'><hr></td> + <td class='c034'><hr></td> + <td class='c035'><hr></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'> </td> + <td class='c034'>2,403</td> + <td class='c034'>4,514</td> + <td class='c035'>36,114</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031'>Officers</td> + <td class='c034'>111</td> + <td class='c034'>161</td> + <td class='c035'>832</td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c011' colspan='4'>Total officers and men, 11th. January, 1855 44,135.</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f168'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r168'>168</a>. “Would you tell Mrs. Herbert that I begged she would let me see +frequently the accounts she receives from Miss Nightingale or Mrs. +Bracebridge, as I hear no details of the wounded, though I see so many +from officers, etc., about the battle-field, and naturally the former +must interest me more than anyone. Let Mrs. Herbert also know +that I wish Miss Nightingale and the ladies would tell these poor +noble wounded and sick men that no one takes a warmer interest, or +feels more for their sufferings, or admires their courage and heroism +more than their Queen. Day and night she thinks of her beloved +troops; so does the Prince. Beg Mrs. Herbert to communicate these +my words to those ladies, as I know that our sympathy is much valued +by these noble fellows.—<span class='sc'>Victoria.</span>”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f169'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r169'>169</a>. “The covering party for the entire right attack (upwards of a mile +in extent) never had exceeded, at this period of the siege, three hundred +and fifty men, and on the night of the 21st. of January it numbered +only two hundred and ninety men. The guards for the other attacks +were equally small.”—<i>Major Elphinstone’s “Journal of Operations +conducted by the Royal Engineers.”</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f170'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r170'>170</a>. “The gallant old 7th. Fusiliers had to run the gauntlet of a large +body of the enemy, whom they drove back <i><span lang="fr">à la fourchette</span></i>. The 34th. +regiment had an enormous force to contend against, and their Colonel, +Kelly, was carried off by the enemy. In the midst of the fight, Major +Gordon, of the Royal Engineers, displayed that cool courage and +presence of mind which never forsook him. With a little switch in his +hand, he encouraged the men to defend the trenches, and standing up +on the top of the parapet, unarmed as he was, hurled down stones +upon the Russians. He was struck by a ball, which passed through +the lower part of his arm, and at the same time received a bullet +through the shoulder. All rejoiced that he was not dangerously +wounded.”—<i>The British Expedition to the Crimea, by W. H. Russell, L.L.D.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f171'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r171'>171</a>. The British ships employed in this expedition were the “Royal +Albert,” “Agamemnon,” “Hannibal,” “Algiers,” “St. Jean d’Acre,” +“Princess Royal,” ships of the line; and twenty-seven frigates and +gunboats. The land forces amounted to nearly 16,000 men, with six +batteries of artillery.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f172'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r172'>172</a>. “From the 13th. to the 19th. of August, inclusive, the expenditure +of ammunition amounted to twenty-six thousand two hundred and +seventy rounds, and that of powder to about eighty-one tons.”—<i>Artillery +Operations, compiled by Captain and Brevet-Major W. E. M. +Reilly, C.B., Royal Artillery.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f173'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r173'>173</a>. Number killed, wounded, etc., of the British army in the Crimea, +from the date of embarkation for the East, to the 30th. April, 1856.</p> + +<table class='table1'> + <tr> + <td class='btt bbt blt c030 bbt' rowspan='2'></td> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022' colspan='2'>Cavalry.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022' colspan='2'>Artillery.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c022' colspan='2'>Engineers.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt brt c022' colspan='2'>Infantry.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + + <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>N.-C. O. & Men.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>N.-C. O. & Men.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>N.-C. O. & Men.</th> + <th class='bbt blt c022'>Officers.</th> + <th class='bbt blt brt c022'>N.-C. O. & Men.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Killed in action</td> + <td class='blt c024'>9</td> + <td class='blt c024'>114</td> + <td class='blt c024'>11</td> + <td class='blt c024'>121</td> + <td class='blt c024'>9</td> + <td class='blt c024'>32</td> + <td class='blt c024'>125</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>2331</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Died of wounds</td> + <td class='blt c024'>4</td> + <td class='blt c024'>26</td> + <td class='blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='blt c024'>52</td> + <td class='blt c024'>6</td> + <td class='blt c024'>23</td> + <td class='blt c024'>73</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>1832</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c030'>Died of disease, etc.</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>23</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>1007</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>10</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>1298</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>5</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>175</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>105</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>13,414</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c022'>Total deaths</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>36</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>1147</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>22</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>1471</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>20</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>230</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>303</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>17,577</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c030'>Wounded { severely</td> + <td class='blt c024'>12</td> + <td class='blt c024'>113</td> + <td class='blt c024'>6</td> + <td class='blt c024 bbt' rowspan='2'>632</td> + <td class='blt c024'>7</td> + <td class='blt c024'>31</td> + <td class='blt c024'>254</td> + <td class='blt brt c024'>5186</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c030'>Wounded { slightly</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>14</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>124</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>24</td> + + <td class='bbt blt c024'>6</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>55</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>181</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>5220</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c022'>Total wounded</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>26</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>237</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>30</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>632</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>13</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>86</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>435</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>10,406</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c030'>Number who suffered amputation</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>22</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>1</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>32</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>2</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>7</td> + <td class='bbt blt c024'>34</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c024'>810</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f174'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r174'>174</a>. The “Turkish General Service Medal,” instituted by Mahomet +II., in 1831, was given by the Sultan, to Colonel (afterwards General +Sir J. Lintorn) Simmons, two officers, and sixteen men of the tenth +company Royal Engineers, and to two officers, and thirty men forming +the crew of a gunboat, for services in the Danube in 1854. The +medals given to Colonel Simmons and Commander Carr-Glyn, were in +gold, the others in silver. On the obverse is the Sultan’s cypher, +within a circle, surmounted by the crescent and star, on the sides are +flags and laurel branches. The reverse has a large elliptical star, +surmounted by another of six points, below is a scroll with a Turkish +inscription, signifying Medal, or Mark of Honour. Ribbon: red, with +green edges. Medals—one in gold, and the others in silver—were also +given to seven British officers in command of Turkish troops at the +successful defence of Silistria, in 1854; and a silver medal was given +to General Sir F. Williams and the officers under him for the defence +of Kars, 1855.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f175'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r175'>175</a>. The first act of bravery for which the Cross was given.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f176'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r176'>176</a>. Queen’s Regiments in India on the 1st. of May, 1857:—6th. Dragoon +Guards, 9th. and 12th. Lancers, and 14th. Light Dragoons, 8th. Foot, +10th. (first battalions), 24th., 27th., 29th., 32nd., 35th., 43rd., 52nd., +53rd., 60th. (first battalion), 61st., 64th., 70th., 74th., 75th., 78th., +81st., 83rd., 84th., 86th., and 87th. Regiments. Strength:—seven +hundred and fifty-seven officers and twenty-two thousand four hundred +and seventy-one men. The East India Company’s troops raised this +force to two hundred and seventy-seven thousand seven hundred and +forty-six; the Native Troops included therein amounting to two hundred +and thirty-two thousand two hundred and twenty-four, and the +Europeans to forty-five thousand five hundred and twenty-two.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f177'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r177'>177</a>. The following fact is significant of the scarcity of this kind of +ammunition:—In one of the field force orders it was notified that two +annas would be given for each of the enemy’s twenty-four pounder +round shot that might be brought into camp, to be again used up. +Similar instances occurred during the siege of Sebastopol, and in the +Peninsula, as noticed in the account of the War in the Crimea, at page +<a href='#Page_417'>417</a> of this work.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f178'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r178'>178</a>. Sir John Lawrence, the able chief commissioner of the Punjab, by +his wise and prompt measures secured the tranquility of that portion +of India. The necessary steps to disarm the Native Regiments were +ably carried into effect by the 81st., the only Queen’s regiment at +Lahore. Putteeala, a powerful Sikh chieftain, also gave zealous aid, +not only by sending troops to replace those who had marched from +Umballa to join their comrades before Delhi, but also by affording protection +to fugitives, and exercising his influence to keep his countrymen +faithful to the British; his relative, the Jheend Rajah also proceeded +to Delhi with a body of his own troops, and bore an active share in the +subsequent operations. The authorities at Peshawur, where fourteen +thousand men were stationed, only about one-fourth being Europeans, +were on the alert; the fort of Attock was at once provisioned for a +siege, the 57th. Queen’s regiment forming the garrison, and the 64th. +Native Infantry were distributed in the frontier forts, the treasure being +deposited at Peshawur. The Guides were sent to join the army before +Delhi, where they arrived in June, after a march of about six hundred +miles, pronounced by Sir Henry Barnard to be without a parallel. +Colonel Edwards, of Punjab fame, also by his appeals caused several +bodies of Sikh troops to uphold British rule, and they were found +most welcome at Delhi, above all, the great object of disarming +the suspicious regiments was carried out. Colonel Ellice with three +companies of the 24th. regiment, had an affair with the 14th. Native +Infantry, at Jhelum on the 7th. of July; in which he himself was +dangerously wounded; and a flying column, under Brigadier-General +Nicholson, encountered the mutineers about noon on the 12th. +of July, as they were crossing the Ravee; in this action the 52nd. Light +Infantry, under Colonel Campbell, maintained their high character. +After another attack on the 16th. of that month, the Brigadier proceeded +to several disturbed parts of the country, and eventually joined +the troops before Delhi on the 14th. of August. The column from the +Punjab comprised the 52nd. Light Infantry, a wing of the 61st., No. +17 Light Field Battery, 2nd. regiment of Punjab Infantry, a wing of +the 7th. Punjab Police Battalion, 4th. Sikh Infantry, two hundred and +fifty Mooltanee Horse, with siege guns and ordnance stores. The 52nd. +were six hundred and eighty strong, with six sick, but on the 14th. of +September, owing to the ravages of fever and cholera, they only mustered +two hundred and forty effectives of all ranks.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f179'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r179'>179</a>. In addition to these two officers there were Sergeants John Smith +and A. B. Carmichael, and Corporal F. Burgess, <i>alias</i> Joshua Burgess +Grierson, of the Sappers and Miners; Bugler Hawthorne, of the 52nd. +Light Infantry, and twenty-four Sappers and Miners, viz.:—fourteen +Native and ten Punjabees. Covered by the fire of the 60th. Rifles, this +party advanced at the double towards the Cashmere Gate; Lieutenant +Home, with Sergeants John Smith and Carmichael, and Havildar Madhoo, +all of the Sappers, leading and carrying the powder-bags, followed +by Lieutenant Salkeld, Corporal Burgess, and a section of the remainder +of the party. Sergeant Carmichael was killed whilst laying his powder, +and Havildar Madhoo was wounded. Whilst endeavouring to fire the +charge Lieutenant Salkeld was shot through the leg and arm, and +handed over the slow match to Corporal Burgess, who fell mortally +wounded just as he had successfully performed his duty. Havildar +Tiluk Singh, of the Sappers and Miners was wounded, and Ram Heth, +Sepoy, of the same corps, was killed during this part of the operation. +The demolition having been most successful, Lieutenant Home then +caused the bugle to sound the regimental call of the 52nd. as the signal +for the advance of the column; this was repeated three times, as it +was feared that amidst the noise of the assault the sound might not be +heard. The bugler, Robert Hawthorne, after performing his own +dangerous duty, humanely attached himself to Lieutenant Salkeld, and +after binding up that officer’s wounds under a heavy musketry fire, had +him removed without further injury. For this deed, pronounced to be +“as noble as any that has ever graced the annals of war,” he received +the Victoria Cross.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f180'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r180'>180</a>. Well might the Governor-General, in his “Notification,” remark, +that “Before a single soldier, of the many thousands who are hastening +from England to uphold the supremacy of the British power, has set +foot on these shores, the rebel force, where it was strongest and most +united, and where it had the command of unbounded military appliances, +has been destroyed or scattered by an army collected within the +limits of the North-western Provinces and the Punjab alone.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f181'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r181'>181</a>. At one time there were three brothers of this name before Delhi, the +8th. Foot being in command of Lieutenant-Colonel Greathed at the +assault on that city; this was the elder; the other, H. H. Greathed, +Esq., Commissioner and Political Agent of the Bengal Civil Service, +died of cholera on the 19th. of September, the day previous to its +capture; and the youngest, Brevet-Major William Wilberforce Harris +Greathed, C.B., of the Bengal Engineers, was severely wounded in +the storming of Delhi.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f182'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r182'>182</a>. Afterwards General Sir Hope Grant, G.C.B.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f183'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r183'>183</a>. The strength of the Lucknow garrison on the 1st. of July, 1857, +consisted of one thousand six hundred and eighteen officers and men, +“effective, fit for duty”; the sick and wounded amounted to eighty +officers and men.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f184'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r184'>184</a>. One of the most remarkable relics of the siege that I have seen was +the mess plate of the 32nd. regiment. The spoons were twisted by the +effect of the enemy’s shot, and the soup tureen presented a singular +appearance, the handles being nearly wrenched off. These battered +articles were sent to Windsor Castle for the inspection of Her Majesty.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f185'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r185'>185</a>. The native non-commissioned officers and men who formed part of +the garrison, received the Indian Order of Merit, and were permitted +to count three years of additional service. The 13th., 48th., and 71st. +regiments of Native Infantry were afterwards formed into one corps, +designated the “Regiment of Lucknow.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f186'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r186'>186</a>. The garrison of Lucknow, from the 30th. of June to the 26th. of +September, 1857, had one hundred and forty officers and men, Europeans, +killed, and one hundred and ninety wounded; Natives, seventy-two +killed and one hundred and thirty-one wounded.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f187'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r187'>187</a>. Cawnpore unfortunately occupies a prominent place in the history +of the mutiny. General Sir Hugh Wheeler, seeing the state of the +native troops, which composed part of the garrison, formed an entrenched +camp round the hospital barracks, and collected a supply of +provisions. Owing to the defection of the native corps, some of which +at first appeared faithful, the force ultimately consisted of the first +company sixth battalion of artillery, sixty-one; 32nd. regiment, eighty-four; +1st. European Fusiliers, fifteen; 84th. regiment, fifty; in all, +two hundred and ten. To these may be added the officers of the three +native infantry regiments, and others, amounting to about one hundred. +The non-combatants amounted to five hundred and ninety, one hundred +and sixty women and children being included in the latter number, +in all nine hundred. Considering the defenceless state of the +camp, it was wonderful that the garrison could withstand the enemy +for a single day. The Sepoys commenced their attack on the 7th. of +June, and continued an almost constant fire on the camp until the +24th. The garrison had only eight guns, while some opposed to them +were twenty-four pounders. Frequent attempts were made to carry +the enclosure by storm, but they were unsuccessful, the Sepoys being +driven back each time. The sufferings of the garrison were so extreme, +that on the 25th. of June, arrangements were entered into with Nena +Sahib for the evacuation of the place. The result is but too well known. +While the unfortunate people were proceeding towards Allahabad, the +treacherous mutineers fired upon all in the boats; the one in which +General Wheeler (who had been severely wounded) was in they brought +back to Cawnpore. Only a few escaped, one of whom, Lieutenant +Delafosse, has given a narrative of what he witnessed. All who were +not killed in the boats were carried back to Cawnpore; the men being +shot, and the females detained prisoners.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f188'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r188'>188</a>. This miscreant’s real name was Doondoo Punt, and he was the +adopted son of Bajee Kao, the ex-Peishwah of Poona. After the death +of the latter, in 1852, he made claim to the pension which had been +allowed to that chief by the treaty of 1818, when he gave himself up to +Sir John Malcolm. The refusal of the Indian authorities to recognise +his right made him commence his vindictive course. He had been +permitted to keep up a retinue of two hundred soldiers, and had a +fortified place of residence at Bithoor, ten miles from Cawnpore.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f189'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r189'>189</a>. Promoted to the rank of Major-General on the 30th. of July, 1857, +and was afterwards appointed a Knight Commander of the Bath; also +created a baronet, but dying before the patent was sealed, the dignity +was conferred upon his son, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry M. +Havelock, Bart., of the 18th. Royal Irish regiment.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f190'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r190'>190</a>. Captain William Robert Moorsom, of the 52nd. Light Infantry, +rendered most important service in guiding Havelock’s second column. +This young officer had been selected in 1856 to conduct a scientific +survey of Lucknow, and having preserved rough copies of it, his knowledge +of the city proved of the highest importance, not only on this, +but subsequent occasions, his gallantry being repeatedly mentioned in +the despatches. Captain Moorsom met a soldier’s death at the early +age of twenty-four, at the head of a column of attack on the rebel parts +of the city of Lucknow, on the 11th. of March, 1858, and the 52nd., +feeling that the career of this young officer, who had been engaged in +nine pitched battles and numerous skirmishes, having been twice +wounded, was an honour to the regiment, erected a monumental tablet +to his memory in the cathedral of Rochester. The Division of Sir +James Outram also erected in Westminster Abbey a memorial window +to their youthful Quartermaster-General.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f191'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r191'>191</a>. Captain Oliver J. Jones, R.N., in his “Recollections of a Winter +Campaign in India, 1857–8,” gives the following amusing anecdote of +his first peep at the Commander-in-Chief. The author was wandering +through the rooms of a “strongish place” taken from a Rajah.—“In +one of them I found a couple of glass candlesticks, not worth sixpence +a piece; but as my establishment only sported an empty porter bottle, +I thought they would make a handsome addition, and took them. +Coming down stairs, I met Forster—poor fellow! he is now dead—one +of the Chief’s aide-de-camps, who said,—‘By Jove, old fellow, you’d +better not let Sir Colin catch you looting—here he comes!’ upon which +I dropped them, as Paddy says, like a hot murphy; and in a couple of +minutes after saw a Sikh walking off with my elegant candlesticks. +Soon afterwards I saw the Chief serving out <i>bamboo backsheesh</i> to some +Sikhs who had passed him with loot, with a big stick, and I rejoiced at +the warning my friend Foster had given me, else, perhaps, in his wrath, +he might have broken my head too.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The promising young officer above referred to, namely Captain W. F. +Godolphin Forster, of the 18th. Royal Irish Regiment, son of Major-General +W. F. Foster, K.H., Military Secretary at Head Quarters, died +at Lucknow on the 14th. of May, 1858, and up to that date had accompanied +Sir Colin Campbell in all his battles and operations against the +mutineers.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f192'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r192'>192</a>. Mr. Thomas Henry Kavanagh, Assistant Commissioner in Oude, +when serving under the orders of Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram, +in Lucknow, on the 8th. of November, 1857, volunteered on the +dangerous duty of proceeding through the city to the camp of the +Commander-in-Chief, for the purpose of guiding the relieving force to +the beleaguered garrison in the Residency,—a task which he performed +with chivalrous gallantry and devotion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A highly interesting work has been written by this gentleman, showing +how he won the Victoria Cross, which was conferred upon him under +the Royal Warrant of the 13th. of December, 1858; by which this high +distinction was accorded to certain non-military persons, who, as Volunteers, +had borne arms against the mutineers in India.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f193'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r193'>193</a>. “There never was a bolder feat of arms, and the loss inflicted on +the enemy, after the entrance of the Secundra Bagh was effected, was +immense,—more than two thousand of the enemy were afterwards +carried out. The officers who led the regiments were Lieutenant-Colonel +L. Hay, H.M.’s 93rd. Highlanders, Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon, +H.M.’s 93rd. Highlanders; Captain Walton, H.M.’s 53rd. Foot; +Lieutenant Paul, 4th. Punjaub Infantry (since dead); and Major +Barnston, H.M.’s 90th. Foot.”—<i>Sir Colin Campbell’s despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f194'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r194'>194</a>. “The fighting on the 28th. was very severe. On the left advance, +Colonel Walpole with the Rifles, supported by Captain Greene’s +battery, and part of the 82nd. regiment, achieved a complete victory +over the enemy, and captured two eighteen-pounder guns. The glory +of this well-contested fight belongs entirely to the above-named companies +and artillery.”—<i>Major-General Windham’s Despatch.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f195'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r195'>195</a>. Force employed on the 6th. of December:—Brigadier Greathed’s +Brigade—8th., 64th., and 2nd. Punjaub Infantry. Artillery Brigade—two +troops Horse Artillery; three light field Batteries; guns of the +Naval Brigade; heavy field Battery Royal Artillery. Cavalry Brigade—9th. +Lancers; detachments 1st., 2nd., and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry +and Hodson’s Horse. 4th. Brigade—53rd. Foot; 42nd. and 93rd. +Highlanders; 4th. Punjaub Rifles. 5th. Infantry Brigade—23rd. +Royal Welsh Fusiliers; 32nd. and 82nd. Regiments. 6th. Brigade—second +and third battalions Rifle Brigade; detachment 38th. Foot. +Engineer Brigade—Royal Engineers, and detachments Bengal and +Punjaub Sappers and Miners attached to the various brigades of +Infantry.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f196'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r196'>196</a>. Troops employed:—Head-quarters of the division of Artillery and +of the Field Artillery brigade under Major-General Sir A. Wilson, +<span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, and Colonel D. Wood, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span> Royal Horse Artillery: Lieutenant-Colonel +D’Aguilar’s troop, Royal Horse Artillery; Lieutenant-Colonel +Toombs, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, and Lieutenant Bishop’s troops; Bengal Horse Artillery, +under Lieutenant-Colonel Turner; two twenty-four pounders and two +eight-inch howitzers of the “Shannon’s” Naval Brigade; two companies +Punjaub Sappers and Miners. Head-quarters of the Cavalry +division and the 1st. Cavalry Brigade, under Brigadier-General Sir +J. H. Grant, <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, and Brigadier Little. 9th. Lancers; 2nd. Punjaub +Irregular Cavalry; detachment of 5th. Punjaub ditto; 1st. Sikh +Irregular Cavalry. Second division of Infantry, under Brigadier-General +Sir E. Lugard, <span class='fss'>K.C.B.</span>, consisting of third brigade, Brigadier +P. M. M. Guy, 34th., 38th., and 53rd. Foot; fourth brigade, Brigadier +the Honourable Adrian Hope, 42nd. and 93rd. Highlanders and 4th. +Punjaub Rifles.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f197'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r197'>197</a>. The force under Brigadier-General Franks consisted of one +hundred and forty European and one hundred and seven Native +officers, and five thousand six hundred and forty-six men, and was +composed of two companies of Royal, one of Bengal, and one of +Madras Artillery; detachments of Benares Horse; Lahore Light +Horse, Pathan Horse, and third Sikh Irregular Cavalry; Her Majesty’s +10th., 20th., and 97th. regiments, and six battalions of Ghoorkha +infantry and artillery. A dashing cavalry combat occurred at Nyapoorwa, +on the 1st. March, in which Captain Aikman, commanding +the 3rd. Sikh cavalry, was greatly distinguished; and on the 4th. of +that month, the fort of Dhowrara was captured.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f198'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r198'>198</a>. Force sent across the Goomtee under Sir James Outram:—Lieutenant-Colonel +D’Aguilar’s troop Royal Horse Artillery; Major Remmington’s +and Captain McKinnon’s troops Royal Horse Artillery, +under Lieutenant-Colonel F. Turner; Captains Gibbons’ and Middleton’s +Light Field Batteries; Royal Artillery and head-quarters Field +Artillery Brigade; head-quarters Cavalry Division and of first Cavalry +Brigade; 2nd. Dragoon Guards; 9th. Lancers; 2nd. Punjaub Cavalry, +detachments 1st. and 5th. Punjaub Cavalry, under Captains Watson +and Sanford; third Infantry Division under Brigadier-General R. +Walpole; fifth Brigade, Brigadier Douglas, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, 23rd. Royal Welsh +Fusiliers, 97th. Highlanders, and 1st. Bengal Fusiliers; sixth Brigade, +Brigadier Alfred Horsford, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, second and third battalions Rifle +Brigade, and 2nd. Punjaub Infantry.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f199'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r199'>199</a>. Promoted Major-General for his services on this occasion, and also +when in command of the force employed at the relief of Azimghur, in +April, 1858.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f200'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r200'>200</a>. From the 2nd. to the 25th. of March, 1858, the British had one +hundred and twenty-seven officers and men killed, and five hundred +and ninety-five wounded.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f201'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r201'>201</a>. Force employed at the Betwa.—Artillery, three siege guns, sixteen +light field guns; 14th. Light Dragoons, two hundred and forty-three +rank and file; Hyderabad Cavalry, two hundred and seven sabres; 86th. +Regiment, two hundred and eight rank and file; 3rd. Bombay +European Regiment, two hundred and twenty-six rank and file; +24th. Bombay Native Infantry, two hundred and ninety-eight rank +and file; and 25th. Bombay Native Infantry, four hundred rank and +file.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f202'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r202'>202</a>. Several standards were captured, together with a silk Union Jack +which had been given by Lord William Bentinck to the grandfather +of the Ranee’s husband, with permission to have it carried before him +as a reward for his fidelity, a privilege accorded to no other Indian +Prince. The soldiers who had so bravely won this flag of their country, +asked permission to hoist it on the place,—a request to which Sir Hugh +Rose at once acceded.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f203'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r203'>203</a>. See Recipients of the Victoria Cross.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f204'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r204'>204</a>. Lieutenant Cameron, of the 72nd., received the Victoria Cross for +conspicuous bravery on this day, in having headed a small party of +men, and attacked a body of armed fanatic rebels, strongly posted in +a loopholed house, with one narrow entrance. He stormed the house, +and killed three rebels in single combat. This officer was severely +wounded, having lost the half of one hand, by a stroke from a tulwar.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f205'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r205'>205</a>. In addition to four killed and fourteen wounded, the 14th. Light +Dragoons had eighteen cases of sunstroke, two proving fatal. The +71st. Highland Light Infantry suffered from the same cause, eight out +of the nineteen cases dying from the intense heat, one day in the +shade it rose to 130 degrees. Sir Hugh Rose stated in his despatch, +that when a wing of the 71st. was prostrated by sun-sickness, the only +complaint he heard in the field hospitals from these gallant fellows, +was that they could not rise and fight.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f206'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r206'>206</a>. Troops employed in the action at Banda:—Horse Artillery, European +and Native; 12th. Lancers (left wing); one squadron Hyderabad +Cavalry, one hundred and thirty-six; detachments Royal Artillery; +Madras Artillery; Sappers and Miners; 3rd. Madras European Regiment; +1st. Regiment of Native Infantry; Detachment 50th. Native +Infantry.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f207'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r207'>207</a>. One of these, the defence of Arrah, is most remarkable. Sixteen +Europeans and fifty Sikh soldiers, made a noble stand against three +thousand mutineers. The Europeans were Mr. Littledale, judge; Mr. +Bombe, collector; Mr. Wake, magistrate; and Mr. Boyle, railway +engineer—all civilians. The first attempt to relieve them failed; on +the 27th. of July portions of the 10th. and 37th. regiments, and some +Sikhs, about four hundred in all, were sent up the river from Dynapore +in two steamers, one of which grounded: this caused a delay, but in +the evening of the 29th. the troops were disembarked. Captain +Dunbar pushed on until he reached the outskirts of the town, when +the Sepoys suddenly opened a destructive fire of musketry from the +wood, a great number, including himself, being killed, the survivors +being hotly pursued to the steamer. Major Vincent Eyre, of the +Bengal Horse Artillery (author of the well-known work on the disasters +at Cabool), who was in command of a flying force, on hearing of this +event advanced from Shawpore, a distance of twenty-eight miles, and +on the 2nd. of August encountered the rebels near Goojerajunge; and +although the odds were twenty to one, gallantly defeated them. Mr. +Ross Lowis Mangles, Assistant-Magistrate at Patna, and Mr. William +Fraser M‘Donell, Magistrate of Sarun, both of the Bengal Civil Service, +received the Victoria Cross for their services; the former for volunteering +to serve with the above, having, on the morning of the 30th. of +July, after Captain Dunbar’s death, during the retreat, with signal +gallantry and generous self-devotion, and notwithstanding that he had +himself been previously wounded, carried for several miles, out of +action, a wounded soldier of the 37th. regiment, bore him in safety to +the boats, after binding up his wounds under a murderous fire, which +killed or wounded almost the whole detachment; and the latter for +great coolness and bravery on the same day and occasion, in having +climbed, under an incessant fire outside the boat in which he and +several soldiers were, up to the rudder, and with considerable difficulty +cut through the lashing which secured it to the side of the boat; on +this being cut the boat obeyed the helm, and thus thirty-five European +soldiers escaped certain death. In this feat of arms, by which the +gallant garrison was relieved, one hundred and fifty-four men of the +5th. Fusiliers, under Captain L’Estrange, maintained the ancient fame +of their regiment, and shared with the first company of the 5th. +battalion of the Bengal Artillery, and the Buxar Gentlemen Volunteers, +in this important result; so honourable to them and to their daring +commander. Captain Scott, Ensigns Lewis Oldfield (wounded), and +Mason, and Assistant-Surgeon Thornton, were the other officers of +the detachment of the 5th. Fusiliers.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f208'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r208'>208</a>. The First Brigade, with whom was Sir Robert Napier, consisted of +the third Scinde Horse; head-quarters 12th. Bengal Cavalry; a battery +21st. Brigade Royal Artillery, with steel 7-pounder guns; head-quarters +10th. Company Royal Engineers; 4th. King’s Own; 23rd. Punjaubees, +and wing of 27th Beloochees, also a Naval Brigade of eighty-three +men under Commander Fellowes, H.M.S. “Dryad,” with twelve 12-pounder +rocket tubes, divided into two batteries. The Second Brigade +comprised four troops 3rd. Bombay Cavalry; a battery of the 14th. +Brigade Royal Artillery, with four 12-pounder Armstrong guns; detachment +5th. battery 25th. Brigade R.A., with two 8-inch mortars; +battery 21st. Brigade, with steel 7-pounders; company of Sappers and +Miners; 2nd., 3rd., and 4th. Companies of Bombay Sappers and +Miners; the 33rd. Regiment, and wing of the 10th. Bombay Native +Infantry. The reinforcement consisted of six companies of 45th. Regiment; +wing of 3rd. Native Infantry; wing of the 27th. Native Infantry; +one troop 3rd. Cavalry; wing of 3rd. Dragoon Guards; and a +squadron of 10th. Bengal Cavalry.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f209'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r209'>209</a>. “The body of Fitaurari Gabri could be distinguished from the remainder +of the fallen by its gorgeous attire. He had been one of the +first to fall, and seven chiefs who had attempted to bear away his body +were laid in a heap around him. On the left, where the pioneers and +baggage guard had been engaged, the dead lay thickest. Along the +ravine where the bayonet charge was made men and horses were +heaped in tens and twenties. In addition to those that lay there, hundreds +had been carried into the fortress during the night.”—(<span class='sc'>Lieut. +Shepherd</span>, correspondent of the <i>Daily News</i>).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f210'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r210'>210</a>. “Nothing was left us but to leave marks of our power or vengeance, +which would long be remembered. No more utterly atrocious Government +than that which has thus, perhaps fallen, ever existed on the face +of the earth. Their capital was a charnel-house, their religion a combination +of cruelty and treachery, their policy the natural outcome of +their religion.”—<i>Despatch of Sir G. Wolseley to Lord Kimberley.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f211'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r211'>211</a>. Among the small body of British officers with Captain Glover, +besides Captain Sartorius, were Lieutenants Cameron and Barnard, +19th. regiment; Commander Larcom, Lieutenant Moore, Dr. Rowe, +and Dr. Bailey, R.N., and three master gunners of the Royal Artillery.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f212'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r212'>212</a>. The plunder captured at Coomassie, consisting chiefly of the gold +ornaments of the King’s wives, was sold at Cape Coast Castle, and +realised nearly £6,000. Among it was an ivory-hilted sword, having +on one side of the blade the following inscription, “From Her Majesty +Queen Victoria to the King of Ashantee.” This sword which was +found in the King’s bedchamber, was purchased by the Officers of the +Staff, and presented by them to Sir Garnet Wolseley. On the reverse +of the blade is another inscription, “Major-General Sir Garnet Joseph +Wolseley, K.C.B., from the Officers of his Staff. Coomassie, 4th. +February, 1874.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f213'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r213'>213</a>. Only one military officer, Colonel A. B. Tulloch, <span class='fss'>C.B.</span>, Chief of the +Intelligence Department, who was present at the bombardment, +received this clasp.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f214'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r214'>214</a>. The greatest number of bars given with any single medal was six, +and but four were issued with this number, to four men of the 19th. +Hussars. The medals were supplied by the Mint, but a Birmingham +firm assisted in their production. All the officers above the rank of +captain, who served in the campaign of 1882, received the Order of the +Medjidie from the Khedive.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f215'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r215'>215</a>. The Naval Brigade held Alexandria till the end of July, by which +time so many troops had arrived, that the services of the seamen on +shore were no longer required, with the exception of those serving in +Captain Fisher’s moveable armoured battery. The marines remained +on shore, and took the chief part in a smart engagement near Ramleh, +on August 5th.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f216'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r216'>216</a>. Port Said was seized by Captain Fairfax, R.N., and Ismailia +occupied by Captain Fitzroy, R.N. On August 20th. the seamen and +marines of the “Seagull” and “Mosquito,” with two hundred of the +72nd. Highlanders, attacked and carried an entrenched position +at Chalouf.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f217'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r217'>217</a>. The troops from India consisted of 1st. Battalion 72nd. Highlanders; +7th. Native Infantry; 29th. Punjaubees; 29th. Beloochees; +a battery of seven-pounder screw guns; and the 2nd., 6th., and 13th. +Bengal Cavalry.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f218'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r218'>218</a>. The Highland Brigade, on entering Cairo, was first quartered in +the Citadel, but removed and occupied a camp without the walls during +the months of October and November. One night in October a curious +incident happened. A large number of Bedouins were prowling +around the city and encampment, into which they now and then fired. +The dress of the Highlanders completely puzzled the Arabs, and +imagining them to be the wives of the Infidel soldiers in Cairo, they +made a dash at the tents, hoping to capture some of the damsels to +enliven their homes in the desert. They were undeceived by being +saluted with a volley that stretched forty of them on the ground, and +the survivors sought safety in flight.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f219'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r219'>219</a>. Among the officers killed was the gallant Lieutenant Wyatt-Rawson, +R.N., who had guided the Highland Brigade by the stars, +throughout the night, and was among the first to enter the Egyptian +works. He was Naval <i>aide-de-camp</i> to Sir G. Wolseley, to whom his +last words were “Didn’t I lead them straight, General!” Major +Strong and Captain Wardell, of the Royal Marines, were both shot +dead while leading and cheering on their men up the glacis, within +twenty yards of the enemy.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f220'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r220'>220</a>. When the order to charge was given, the 42nd. charged instantly, +and the 65th. after a short interval, and more quickly than the flank +half battalion. This inequality of movement left the right corner and +part of the right flank of the square open. Worse still, the charge was +made, to quote the common expression in the camp “at nothing.” +The line stopped short, and in a few moments came the Arab rush, and +the Highlanders and 65th. were so closely jammed together that they +had hardly elbow room to use their weapons. Only three or four +of the enemy got inside the square, and they were killed as soon +as they entered.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f221'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r221'>221</a>. “The formation of the Arabs, which was like a half moon, overlapped +the front and right face of the 1st. Brigade. Buller had his +men well in hand, just as if they were at a review. He commenced +firing volleys at them. The Arabs, who were in irregular formation, +and from three to ten deep, came along at a run, and it was just like a +big black wave running up a beach. It began to break on the crest, +the white foam being represented by the men that fell simultaneously +with every volley, and the wave began to grow less and less the more +it neared the square. Within two hundred and fifty yards it nearly +ceased, and not one man could get near enough to use his spear.”—<i>Wylde’s—In +the Soudan.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f222'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r222'>222</a>. With Lord Wolseley were Major-General Sir Redvers Buller, V.C., +Chief of the Staff; Colonel W. F. Butler, C.B., Assistant Adjutant-General; +Colonel Sir C. W. Wilson, R.E., Chief of Intelligence +Department; and Colonel Sir H. Stewart, K.C.B. Colonel H. Brackenbury, +R.A.; Colonel R. Harrison, R.E.; Colonel Webber, R.E.; and +others, for special service.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f223'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r223'>223</a>. The advance of the troops up the Nile was difficult and onerous in +the extreme. Some of the cataracts extended for two and three miles, +and all the stores had to be taken out of the boats and carried miles +round, over broken and rocky ground, and then shipped again beyond +the obstruction. It often took seventy men to haul one boat through +the rapids, and some days the whole progress made was under a mile. +Many of the boats were capsized and wrecked, and fifty men of the +expedition, including ten Canadians, were drowned before reaching +Dongola.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f224'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r224'>224</a>. The troops which proceeded up the Nile were detachments of the +1st. and 2nd. Life Guards; the Horse Guards; 2nd., 4th., and 5th. +Dragoon Guards; 1st. and 2nd. Dragoons; 5th. and 16th. Lancers; +and 3rd., 4th., 7th., 10th., 11th., 15th., 18th., 19th., 20th., and 21st. +Hussars. Most of them served as mounted infantry, or in the camel +corps. Detachments of Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Guards; +13th., 21st., and 94th. Foot, 60th. Rifles and Rifle Brigade, and the +18th., 35th., 38th., 42nd., 46th., 50th., 56th., 75th., 79th. Foot; Royal +Marines; and Naval Brigade. The 18th. Foot were the winners of +Lord Wolseley’s prize of £100 in the race up the Nile to Debbah.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f225'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r225'>225</a>. “Immediately I perceived the enemy coming down, I ran the gun +to a position in the centre of the left flank, and commenced firing. +After about thirty rounds the gun jammed. The enemy then were +about two hundred yards from the muzzle of it. The captain of it, +Will Rhoods, and myself, unscrewed the plate to clean the barrel, +when the enemy were upon us. Rhoods was killed by a spear; Miller, +drummer, I also saw killed at the same moment. I was knocked down +in rear of gun, but uninjured, except a spear scratch on left hand. As +I struggled up I was carried against the face of the square, which was +literally pressed back by sheer weight of numbers. The crush was so +great, that at the moment few on either side were killed, but fortunately +this flank of the square was forced up a very steep little mound, which +enabled the rear rank to open a tremendous fire over the heads of the +front rank men. This relieved the pressure, and enabled the front +rank to bayonet or shoot those of the enemy nearest them. The enemy +then turned to the right and streamed away along the rear face of the +square, where, I afterwards heard they effected an entrance. None of +them got into the square at the place I indicated, where the crush was, +which was held by the Mounted Infantry.”—<i>Despatch of Lord Charles +Beresford, R.N.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f226'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r226'>226</a>. All the Arabs killed belonged to the Hadendowa tribe, and among +them were several women, clad as men. Their fanaticism was +amazing. As an eye-witness wrote—“When our men went out to +bring in the wounded rebels lying in the bush, these latter crept +bleeding on all fours, with the spears in their mouths to stab them, +and even hobbled on broken legs to attack them.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f227'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r227'>227</a>. One of the standards had this inscription—“From the Mahdi, the +true Prophet of God. Whoever fights under this banner shall be +victorious.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f228'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r228'>228</a>. The Soudan Medal, with the clasp “Gemaizah, 1888,” was given +to the officers, seamen, and marines of H.M.S. “Racer” and “Starling” +who belonged to those vessels on December 20th., 1888, the date +of the action.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f229'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r229'>229</a>. Medals granted for service in the field, as well as medals and +gratuities, and medals and annuities, for good conduct, are forfeited +by soldiers on conviction of desertion or felony, or being sentenced to +penal servitude, or on discharge with ignominy. They are also liable +to forfeiture by sentence of court-martial, on conviction of disgraceful +conduct; or, in case of sergeants, on reduction to the ranks. Medals +thus forfeited are transmitted to the Horse Guards, in order to their +being returned to the Mint. Under certain regulations lost medals are +replaced; if the loss be proved to have occurred from carelessness or +neglect, the loser may be recommended to the Commander-in-Chief for +a new medal, at his own expense, after two years’ absence from the +regimental defaulters’ book. In order to justify the replacement of a +medal at the public expense, the loss must be shewn to have occurred +while on duty, or by some accident entirely beyond the control of the +loser; in all other cases, such as the loss of a medal cut from a tunic, +or stolen from the person, the soldier has to pay for it himself. In +cases wherein the clasps are not lost, they are forwarded to the +Adjutant-General to be attached to the new medal. When medals are +designedly made away with, or pawned, the soldier is to be tried by +court-martial, and, if convicted, put under stoppages, the amount +being credited to the public. After five years’ absence from the +regimental defaulters’ book, the offender may be recommended for +a new medal, on again paying the value thereof.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f230'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r230'>230</a>. A somewhat similar medal was given to the Indian chiefs who had +distinguished themselves by their loyalty, at the close of the war +between America and England, in 1814. On the obverse is a laureated +bust of George III., in the mantle and collar of the garter, with the +legend “Georgius III. Dei Gratia, Britannarum Rex. F. D.”; and +on the reverse, the Royal Arms, with the date 1814 in the exergue. +All these medals are of extreme rarity.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f231'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r231'>231</a>. Two years afterwards, in November, 1800, the Emperor further +rewarded the eight officers of the 15th., by conferring on each of them +the Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa, permission to accept and wear +the insignia being granted by George III. At the Greg sale, May 16, +1887, the medal and chain, with the cross of Maria Theresa, given to +Cornet E. G. Butler, were sold for £240.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f232'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r232'>232</a>. This “Order of Merit” having attracted the attention of the local +military authorities, the commanding officer was called upon by Lord +Hill, to explain under what regulations and arrangements it was conferred. +The explanation produced the following letter:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Horse Guards, 20th June, 1832.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c015'>Sir,—I have had the honour to submit to the General Commanding +in Chief your letter of the 4th. instant, with its enclosure, on the +subject of the “Order of Merit” existing in the 5th. Foot, and am +directed to acquaint you, that the explanation afforded by Lieutenant-Colonel +Sutherland, shews that the order in question is dispensed under +the most laudable regulations, and has been productive of the best +effects, during the long period since its original establishment in the +regiment.</p> + +<p class='c015'>It is considered highly desirable, however, that both officer and +soldier should, under all circumstances, be taught to expect professional +honours from the Sovereign alone; and under this impression, Lord +Hill has been induced to recommend to the King to give the royal +authority for the confirmation and continuance of this regimental +badge of distinction, an arrangement which, while it bestows upon it +legitimate existence, will, at the same time, no doubt enhance its value +in the estimation of those on whom it is conferred.</p> + +<p class='c015'>You will, therefore, be pleased to communicate this decision to +Lieutenant-Colonel Sutherland, and acquaint him that he is at liberty +to proceed in the distribution of the medals and badges as heretofore.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>I have, etc.,</div> + <div class='line in8'><span class='sc'>John Macdonald</span>,</div> + <div class='line in13'>Adjutant-General.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-l c014'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Lieutenant-General</div> + <div class='line in2'>Sir Wm. Houstoun, G.C.B. and G.C.H.,</div> + <div class='line in4'>Commanding at Gibraltar.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f233'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r233'>233</a>. This medal was struck in Dublin, and issued to those entitled to +wear it, at their own expense.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f234'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r234'>234</a>. In the year 1818, the 73rd. were engaged in suppressing a rebellion +of the Candians in Ceylon. A small party of the regiment, in charge +of Lance-Corporal R. McLoughlin, while on a march, was attacked by +a numerous body of the enemy, and two men were killed. As the +Candians generally mutilated the remains of British soldiers, the little +party of the 73rd. divided; part remaining to guard the bodies, and the +other part, at an equal risk, forcing their way to Badulah, a few miles +distant. From this place they returned with a reinforcement, drove +back the enemy, and carried off the bodies of their slain comrades. To +reward this gallant conduct, a medal was struck by the Ceylon government +for presentation to Corporal McLoughlin, and three privates, but +they all died of fever before it was issued.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f235'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r235'>235</a>. The following account of the presentation of medals to a body +of Volunteers, on their disbanding, appeared in the <i>Morning Chronicle</i> +of April, 1802, just after the signing of the Treaty of Amiens:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Yesterday the Hon. John Henniker Major met his respectable +corps of Suffolk Volunteers, in that county; and, after thanking them, +in an elegant and appropriate speech, for the zeal and activity that +they had manifested in the defence of their country, delivered to each +of them a silver medal, decorated with military devices, as a mark of +the high sense he entertained of their services; after which, Mr. Major +informed them they were now disbanded, conformably to the regulation +of the Government, with a reward the most gratifying, viz., their +Sovereign’s approbation of their conduct.”</p> +</div> + +</main> + +<div class='pbb'> + <hr class='pb c004'> +</div> +<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> + +<div class='chapter ph2'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c036'>Page</th> + <th class='c036'>Changed from</th> + <th class='c037'>Changed to</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c038'><a href='#t160'>160</a></td> + <td class='c039'>the conflict raged at the breaches, when an explosion destroyed</td> + <td class='c040'>the conflict raged at the beaches, when an explosion destroyed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c038'><a href='#t376'>376</a></td> + <td class='c039'>divided into two columns, one operating from Burmah agains</td> + <td class='c040'>divided into two columns, one operating from Burmah against</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c038'><a href='#t578'>578</a></td> + <td class='c039'>direction. The route was complete, great loss being inflicted</td> + <td class='c040'>direction. The rout was complete, great loss being inflicted</td> + </tr> +</table> + + <ul class='ul_1'> + <li>Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. + + </li> + <li>Renumbered footnotes and moved them all to the end of the final chapter. + </li> + </ul> + +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78811 ***</div> +</body> +<!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57i (with regex) on 2026-06-03 15:43:17 GMT --> +</html> diff --git a/78811-h/images/cover.jpg b/78811-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..51ea617 --- /dev/null +++ b/78811-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78811-h/images/i_b_005.jpg b/78811-h/images/i_b_005.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5cdac66 --- /dev/null +++ b/78811-h/images/i_b_005.jpg diff --git a/78811-h/images/i_b_011fp.jpg b/78811-h/images/i_b_011fp.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..00dba04 --- /dev/null +++ b/78811-h/images/i_b_011fp.jpg diff 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